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is there an i am number four sequel

I Am Number Four is the first book in the Lorien Legacies series . It introduces readers to the Loric , an almost extinct race of extraterrestrials represented by nine teenagers living on Earth . Another alien race , the Mogadorians , wiped out the majority of the Loric , except those who escaped to Earth . Now the Mogadorians have come to finish the job . John ended up befriending a young man named Sam Goode , whose father had helped the Loriens when they first arrived , who has now mysteriously disappered . Then John laid his eyes on Sarah Hart a beautiful girl who has been taking photos and posting them on her website `` Strangers In Paradise '' . John goes home to find the website and saw a few pictures of him and then disappear. Deleted . John then ended up going out with sarah for the remainder of the book . John and sarah end up at the high school and then find out that the Mogs have found them . John tries to get himself and Sarah out of harms way when Number Six comes out of nowhere and kills two mogs in a matter of seconds . John thanks her then they work their way through the school , killing the mog commander sent after him . The school is half destroyed , reduced to a massive pile of rubble , the football field has a massive crater in the center and then John , Six , Henri ( He died earlier on ) , and Sam being a possible hostage . The book is told from the perspective of Number Four , also known as John Smith . John is the next target for the Mogadorians , who must kill the Loric in the order of their numbers . John is also inheriting Legacies , the ancestral right of some Loric , and must learn to keep his powers hidden from his human friends .

Lorien Legacies

lorien legacies

Lorien Legacies is a series of young adult science fiction books , written by James Frey , Jobie Hughes , and formerly , Greg Boose , under the collective pseudonym Pittacus Lore . It contains mild violence and sexual content .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Lorien Legacies novel series 1.1 I Am Number Four 1.2 The Power Of Six 1.3 The Rise of Nine 1.4 The Fall of Five 1.5 The Revenge of Seven 1.6 The Fate of Ten 1.7 United As One 2 The Lost Files series 2.1 The Legacies 2.1. 1 Six 's Legacy 2.1. 2 Nine 's Legacy 2.1. 3 The Fallen Legacies 2.2 Secret Histories 2.2. 1 The Search for Sam 2.2. 2 The Last Days of Lorien 2.2. 3 The Forgotten Ones 2.3 Hidden Enemy 2.3. 1 Five 's Legacy 2.3. 2 Return to Paradise 2.3. 3 Five 's Betrayal 2.4 Rebel Allies 2.4. 1 The Fugitive 2.4. 2 The Navigator 2.4. 3 The Guard 2.5 Zero Hour 2.5. 1 Legacies Reborn 2.5. 2 Last Defense 2.5. 3 Hunt for the Garde 3 Journals & Notebooks 3.1 Pittacus Lore 's transmissions 4 Characters 5 Critical reception 6 Film adaptation 7 References 8 External links Lorien Legacies novel series ( edit ) I Am Number Four ( edit ) Main article : I Am Number Four I Am Number Four is the first book in the Lorien Legacies series . It introduces readers to the Loric , an almost extinct race of extraterrestrials represented by nine teenagers living on Earth . Another alien race , the Mogadorians , wiped out the majority of the Loric , except those who escaped to Earth . Now the Mogadorians have come to finish the job . John ended up befriending a young man named Sam Goode , whose father had helped the Loriens when they first arrived , who has now mysteriously disappered . Then John laid his eyes on Sarah Hart a beautiful girl who has been taking photos and posting them on her website `` Strangers In Paradise '' . John goes home to find the website and saw a few pictures of him and then disappear. Deleted . John then ended up going out with sarah for the remainder of the book . John and sarah end up at the high school and then find out that the Mogs have found them . John tries to get himself and Sarah out of harms way when Number Six comes out of nowhere and kills two mogs in a matter of seconds . John thanks her then they work their way through the school , killing the mog commander sent after him . The school is half destroyed , reduced to a massive pile of rubble , the football field has a massive crater in the center and then John , Six , Henri ( He died earlier on ) , and Sam being a possible hostage . The book is told from the perspective of Number Four , also known as John Smith . John is the next target for the Mogadorians , who must kill the Loric in the order of their numbers . John is also inheriting Legacies , the ancestral right of some Loric , and must learn to keep his powers hidden from his human friends . The Power of Six ( edit ) Main article : The Power of Six The story is told by two members of the Garde : Number Four ( John Smith ) , who is on the run with Sam , Number Six , and Bernie Kosar , and Number Seven ( Marina ) , who is hiding at a convent in Spain . While John , Six and Sam try to stay ahead of the Mogadorians while searching for the other surviving Loric , Marina searches for news of John after his heroic battle at the school that came at the end of I Am Number Four . The plot begins by showing what life is like for Marina in the convent . Marina starts to suspect the Mogadorians have discovered her but believes the charm is what keeps them from attacking her . She keeps seeing the same Mogadorian watching her in various circumstances . A new 7 - year - old girl named Ella comes to the orphanage and Marina befriends her . Meanwhile , she tries to convince her Cepan ( Adelina ) to open her Loric Chest and take responsibility for her role as Cepan , but to no avail . Ella finds the hidden Chest , and she and Marina retrieve it after a scuffle with four women from the convent . In this fight , Ella breaks her arm , and Marina discovers her healing legacy . Later , Marina drugs Adelina and opens her Chest . Elsewhere , John , Six , BK ( Bernie Kosar ) , and Sam continue evading the police . After a particularly bad chase one night , John finally decides to open his Chest , which he has kept with him all his life and contains special Loric items . He and the others examine its contents but they are unfamiliar with almost all of the Chest 's objects . However , by opening the chest , they notify the Mogadorians of their location and prompt an attack on the house , which they narrowly escape . Later , John reads Henri 's letter and finds out the Mogadorians have captured Sam 's father . Sam remembers his father telling him of a secret Loric base in his backyard , and they set off to find it . Upon finding it , they are interrupted by Mogadorians , and the party splits up : Six and BK stay and fight , while John and Sam find Sarah . When they meet , the FBI appear and arrest John , putting him and Sam in a prison near Washington DC . They suspect Sarah had notified the FBI while they met . Meanwhile , Marina activates a communication device in her Chest , which alerts both the Mogadorians and the members of the Garde of her location . As Mogadorians catch up to John and Sam in prison , Six helps them escape , though she is very angry they left her during the battle in Paradise . After escaping , she shows them on the internet that someone has burned the same symbols on their ankles onto a mountain in Spain in giant letters and they decide on a plan : Six will go to Spain to help the newly discovered Marina ( Number seven ) , and Sam , BK , and John will go to the Mogadorian 's base in a hollowed - out mountain near West Virginia to retrieve John 's chest and possibly Six 's . Meanwhile , the Mogadorians catch up with Marina and Adelina as they try to escape the convent . Adelina is murdered while trying to help Marina . Marina , after being saved by the Mogadorian she had noticed watching her , learns that he is not a Mogadorian , but a Cêpan , named Crayton , protecting Ella . He explains that Ella is the tenth member of the Garde , who escaped on a second ship , and has disguised herself through her legacy of age - shifting . Together , they all escape to a lake where Crayton has Loric Chimæra waiting to help them . As they battle the Mogadorians at the lake , Six arrives at the scene and helps them win the battle . Afterwards , Six makes plans with the others to find the other Garde and the rest of the Chimæras . However , Crayton warns that their successes in battle will alert the Mogadorian ruler , Setrákus Ra , to join the fight . Elsewhere , Sam and John use a stone from John 's chest to transfer Six 's invisibility to them and sneak into the Mogadorian mountain base . They grab both John 's Chest and another , which turns out to be that of Nine , who is imprisoned in the mountain . They run out of invisibility , but manage to free Nine and escape the mountain with everyone but Sam , who was caught and had to be left behind . Setrákus Ra arrives , and as Nine is about to attack him , he hides in the base , unreachable . Nine , John , and BK head north , with nowhere to go since the address for meeting Six was in Sam 's pocket . The Rise of Nine ( edit ) Main article : The Rise of Nine The Rise of Nine , the 3rd book of The Lorien Legacies , was released on August 21 , 2012 . The fall of Five ( edit ) Main article : The Fall of Five The Fall of Five , the 4th book of The Lorien Legacies , was released on August 27 , 2013 . This book is also told in the first person perspective , between Sam Goode , John Smith ( Four ) , and Marina ( Seven ) . The novel opens with Sam 's imprisonment in New Mexico by the Mogadorians . Sam is being held incommunicado except for Mogadorian guards and fed a daily diet of stale cheese sandwiches and dirty water . Through a flashback , we learn that Sam was transported to New Mexico by human co-conspirators of the Mogadorians shortly after the battle in West Virginia . Before he was moved , he was tortured by the Mogadorian leader Setrákus Ra while suspended via chains from the ceiling . An acidic black goo crawls down the chains and burns Sam 's wrists , a pain only relieved by being touched by Setrákus Ra 's oddly shaped golden cane . Sam , unfortunately , does not know much , as he was the only one who had Six 's plan post-West Virginia in a letter that was seized by the Mogs . After the flashback , the base is attacked by the Garde , as related at the end of the third book . However , it is not the Garde that discover Sam , but surprisingly his long - missing father . In a further twist , we discover that Malcolm Goode is accompanied by Adam , a good Mog teenager with Legacies . Adam is able to cause localized earthquakes , an effect he uses to break the back of Sam 's cell , allowing Malcolm and Sam to escape . Apparently , Malcolm and Adam , having learned where Sam was being kept , decided to attack at the same time as the Garde . Adam stays behind to cover their exit . Sam and Malcolm sneak out during the chaos unnoticed by both the Mogs and the Garde . John ( Four ) begins to narrate and takes up the story , while the remaining Garde ( Six , Seven , Eight , Nine and Ten ) plus Bernie Kosar ( BK ) and Sarah are all safely at Nine 's penthouse apartment in Chicago . Initially aimless while healing , John is struggling to determine what next step to take . Ten ( Ella ) has been having nightmares , similar to the nightmares shared by John and Nine prior to going to New Mexico . John discusses the dreams with Ella . During the conversation , John recalls how Ella hurt Setrákus Ra by throwing a glowing piece of metal at him and speculates that it might be a new Legacy developing for her . He attempts to get her to practice , but she resists , declaring it `` wrong . '' She relates the dream of the fight with Setrákus Ra , except in this version he realizes who Ella is and kneels before her , asking if she has read the letter . She tells John she knows of no letter and the conversation ends . After a short detour for Sarah and Six to have target practice , it is then discovered via an old scanning program written by Nine 's Cêpan that the Loric symbol for `` five '' has been burned into crops in Florida . Five next leaves a message on the Internet , in spite of the fact that the Mogadorians regularly monitor it . After much discussion and fearful for the safety of the missing member of the Garde , John , Six , Sarah and BK leave for Arkansas to meet with Five before the Mogadorians arrive . Marina ( Seven ) takes over narration duties after the away team departs . After nudging Ella to read the letter her Cêpan left her , she leaves the penthouse with Eight to go sightseeing . Scolded by Nine on their return , they agree to train with him and thereby sharpen their skills . At the culmination of this fight , Ella returns having read the letter from her Cêpan . It reveals that unlike the other Loric , she is not to become one of the Elders . Instead , her father comes from the family that once held the position of the tenth elder , but had since had it taken away . Her escape from Lorien was a fluke , a byproduct of her father 's fascination with artifacts . He loaded her , her Cêpan and his menagerie of Chimæra onto an old , fuel - powered ship and sent it off the planet . He stayed with her mother , who was a Garde , to defend the planet , and fell with it . Ella 's initial shock at this revelation makes her feel a fraud , but the other Garde reassure her and she decides to stay . John takes over narration as the away team is driving to retrieve Five . On the way , John and Six resolve their tension over the kiss they shared in book two . After this , they go on to meet Five , who is waiting to meet them . On arrival , they discover Five is ignorant of the danger he created with the crop circle and the Internet message . Five wishes he could meet all of the Garde together and his mind is `` officially blown '' when he meets Sarah , their human ally . Just then they are attacked by the Mogadorians , who arrive in a cloaked ship . Five does not participate in the battle , and appears shell - shocked at what he says is his first time to see Mogadorians . Five demonstrates his Legacy , Externa , that allows him to take on the properties of things he touches . Six uses her weather powers to cause the ship to crash , and Sarah , Four and Six mop up the Mogadorians . Just as they think they have won , a new monster -- much larger than the piken -- appears , chasing Six . It is a centipede the size of a tanker truck , covered in a cracked and leathery skin with hundreds of tin arms . John remembers creatures like this caged in West Virginia . Five then demonstrates his power of flight , and John climbs on his back above the monster and uses his lumen - powered fireballs to attack the creature . John falls off of Five and lands in front of the creature . Just as he is about to be eaten , a red dot appears on the creatures massive single eye and then a rifle shot blows that orb apart in a grisly fashion . John kills the creature and turns to discover he has been rescued by Malcolm , with Sam in tow . With Sam , Sarah , John and Six reunited , and accompanied by Malcolm and Five , they return to the penthouse to meet up with Marina , Eight , Nine and Ella . Sam takes narration duties just in time to be hugged by Six and overwhelmed by it . Five continues to be both clueless and churlish , culminating in an evening where each of the Garde tells their stories . Five says he lived on the islands with his Cêpan and remained hidden until his Cêpan took ill . Five did n't believe he really was Lorien until he started to develop Legacies . After his Legacies had come in fully , he fulfilled his Cêpan 's dying wish and went to the US to join with the other Garde . After this story , Malcolm tells his own , about meeting Pittacus Lore . Struggling to undo the effects of the Mogadorian torture that left holes in his memory , Malcolm reveals that each chest holds a key to contact Lorien again . Malcolm also reveals that there are two kinds of Mogadorians -- the disposable vat - born , and the more rare trueborn that form the ruling class . He also revealed Adam -- a trueborn son of a Mogadorian general -- had One 's memories downloaded into him , which caused him to rebel . Malcolm also revealed Adam 's abilities were a `` gift from the Lorien . '' They theorize that One gave her legacies to Adam . John declares that they will seek out Adam if he is still alive . Five expresses suspicion about the humans , given how many stories of human collaborators he has heard and their recent contacts with the Mogadorians , but John talks him down . Five continues to be churlish and flips to steel to break Nine 's hands in response to Nine 's constant bullying . Bernie Kosar goes nuts over an antler artifact from a chest , trying to use it to call the other chimera . A capture the flag game ensues in the newly restored training room where Marina wins the day . John and Sarah go out on a date to the zoo and discover three Mogadorian spies collecting an envelope , filled with notes unhelpfully written in Mogadorian . Malcolm whips up a translator to figure out what was said . Sam attempts to ask Six out but is interrupted by Eight , who claims there is an emergency . The emergency is that Ella 's bad dreams have gotten worse . John touches her to try to wake her up and is sucked in , falling into a coma - like state . Urged on in part by Five 's story of a healing prism in his lost chest , the rest of the group go off to get the chest to help their friends . While gone , the wheels start to come off the Garde 's security . First , the translation software determines the encoded notes were none other than Malcolm 's notes on the Garde Legacies . He begins to wonder if the damage to his memory is so bad that he has been turned into a double agent . While Sam has his doubts , Malcolm consents to be willingly locked up . When the long - dead disposable cell phone that connects Malcolm to Adam rings , Sam answers and is warned by Adam that the Mogadorians are coming to raid their safehouse in the penthouse of the John Hancock building . In Florida , Five , Six , Seven , Eight and Nine arrive and acquire a fan boat to go pick up Five 's chest . Five flies up to get an aerial view but fails to return with his chest , instead of saying the group should go there together . Just as Five pulls his chest out of the mud , the group is attacked by a three - headed monstrosity initially mistaken for three alligator heads . At one point the narrator sees the letter `` S '' carved in the creatures foot , like a signature . While the group struggles with the creature , Five retrieves a glove with a retractable blade and a pan flute from his chest . He plays the flute and the creature subsides . When asked if he can put the creature out of its misery , Five says gladly , saying he made the creature . The `` S '' is an upside down 5 . Without warning , he strikes Six in the head , holds Nine underwater and keeps Marina back with telekinesis . He then declares to Seven and Eight that `` they should talk . '' He then pins Nine against a tree and tries to stab him with his weapon . Eight heroically teleports into the path of Five and is stabbed instead of Nine . Meanwhile , back at the penthouse , Mogadorians land on the roof and rappel into the penthouse . Sam notes it is a relatively small force as if they were not expecting much resistance . They did not expect the comatose Garde to be guarded by their human allies . Bernie Kosar and Malcolm keep them at bay while Sarah and Sam go to get weapons . More Mogadorians come in , and Sam baits them into the training room by declaring that the girl they are looking for -- Ella -- is this way . He then turns on the newly restored training software to `` insanity '' and watches as the room deals with the Mogadorians . Sarah and Sam shoot the stunned Mogadorians and then rejoin Bernie Kosar . They hear wave two getting ready to come and attack . Bernie Kosar tries to hold them off , but Sam discovers his dying father and is unwilling to leave him . The revenge of Seven ( edit ) Main article : The Revenge of Seven The book is narrated in the first person , with Number Four ( John ) , Number Six , and Ella as narrators . Ella wakes up in a strange place . She sees Mogadorians and tries to escape using the Great Book as a weapon . She realizes that she is in a spaceship . Setrákus Ra claims to be her grandfather . He tries to force her to eat and tells her that he used to be an Elder and that he experimented with altering genetics . He also tells her about how Lorien was controlling everything , and he rivaled it . Then , he puts a binding charm over himself and Ella . The Mogadorians try to force Ella to read the Great Book by blasting an alarm at her whenever she does n't . Ella rips the book apart . Setrákus Ra talks to her , mentioning her `` betrothed '' . Eventually , he arrives . Ella is disgusted to note that she is betrothed to the treacherous Number Five . She finds out that Five killed Eight , and is even more upset . Setrákus Ra trains Ella to use her Legacy Dreynen , using Five as the equivalent of a punching bag . She apologizes to him later telepathically . He responds that he deserved it and that they need to escape . Ella wakes up later to find Five talking about how Mogadorians were bad . She and Five decide to escape . She finds out that Five was not aware of their betrothal either . Setrákus Ra catches them . Five stabs Setrákus Ra and the blow injures Ella . She loses consciousness . Ella wakes up dressed formally for the invasion , with a Mogadorian injection of something disgusting where she was stabbed . Setrákus Ra forces her to get up . She sees a message from Phiri Dun - Ra saying that the Garde is at the Sanctuary . Ella accompanies Setrákus Ra to greet the humans . She sees Number Nine and tells him telepathically to break Ra 's staff . She witnesses Ra talking about how the faithful humans will greet him , and then a human leader denying what he said . She realizes that Number Four is there too . John , Sam , Sarah , Malcolm , and Adam , as well as a bunch of Chimærae , are staying in an abandoned textile factory . They figure out that the surviving Garde are in Florida , except for one of them , whose dot on the tablet is bouncing everywhere . But Adam suggests going to Ashwood Estates instead of predictably going to Florida . The others agree , Four with a bit of persuasion required . They find a website titled They Walk Among Us with information about the Mogadorians and Sarah goes to meet Mark James . Malcolm , Four , Sam , and most of the Chimærae go to Ashwood Estates . The Chimærae carry cameras . They survey Mogs carrying equipment and kill them . Adam admits that the General residing at the Estates is his father . Four attacks him , and his shield bracelet is broken . The Chimærae also attack . The General and Four wrestles . Adam stabs his father through the back and takes up his father 's old sword . Adam uses Mogadorian surveillance to help Seven , Six , and Nine break into the base . Adam hacks a ship and uses its guns to kill all of the Mogadorians . Number Six , Number Seven , and Number Nine are trying to escape the swamp . They find a form of town and see that the Chicago penthouse was destroyed . Marina finds a man who claims that there is an old NASA base in the swamp with UFOs flying around it . She believes that Eight 's body is there and decides to have the man lead them there . Nine and Six agree . Marina tells Six that she can feel Eight somewhere . They see Mogadorians from their boat and kill them . The man who was leading them is frightened and flees the boat . Nine , Seven , and Six find a huge Mogadorian base . They turn invisible and enter it . Nine uses his animal telepathy to tell a beast controlled by the Mogadorians to cause a distraction . It obliges but is killed , but it has given them enough time to make it into a greenhouse . They find Number Five lurking , as well as Number Eight 's body . Five stabs a Mogadorian telling him to bring Eight 's body to a ship . Six , Seven , and Nine are left with Eight 's body . Five apologizes out loud . A huge Mogadorian ship appears in the doorway and kills all of the Mogadorians . They hear Number Four 's voice coming out of the ship and board it . Six `` pilots '' it to Ashwood Estates , with Adam 's instruction . Six and Sam kiss . Shortly after Seven , Six , and Nine come to Ashwood Estates , Agent Walker and some FBI agents arrive . They have realized that the Mogadorians are villainous and want to help the Garde . They have seen what happens when someone stops taking the Mogadorian augmentations and they tell the Garde about the Mogadorians plan - to assassinate the secretary of defense , Bud Sanderson , who was working for the Mogadorians . They believe that his assassination will help stop Setrákus Ra 's invasion plan . The next day , Malcolm gathers footage of his mind being dredged . He shows them what he said , that Lorien is not a planet , but an entity , and that it can be awoken in Earth when their Inheritances are put in Calakmul . Four , Sam , and Nine decide to proceed with Walker 's plan and go to New York . Marina , Six , and Adam decide to go to Calakmul . They collect much of the Inheritances to `` commit to the earth '' and also bring Henri 's ashes and Eight 's body . On the plane , Marina is hostile toward Adam . When she finds out that he killed his Mogadorian father , she stops . They find a Mogadorian ship trying to contact them . Adam acts authoritative and their ship is allowed entry . When they leave the ship , Phiri Dun - Ra pretends to bargain with him , but hits him on the head . Six and Seven kill the Mogadorians except for Phiri Dun - Ra . Six , Seven , and Adam pass through a force field and climb . They open a door with three pendants and are transported to a place with Loralite everywhere . They see a cylinder in the ground that looks like a well . They dump the contents of the Chests , their pendants , and Henri 's ashes down it . Eight 's body reanimates . But it is n't him . It 's Lorien speaking . It speaks cryptically and annoys Six , but it temporarily resurrects Eight . He kisses Marina one last time before disappearing again . But they find out that the Lorien entity is spreading . Sam , Four , Nine , and Walker are driving . On the way , Nine tries to interrogate Sam about Six . Four stops him . Nine claps , wearing a pair of gloves from Marina 's Chest , and generates a huge noise . The Mogadorians , of course , find them and attack . The heroes are trying to get bystanders to flee . One bystander takes a video of Four using his healing power . They enter the hotel where Sanderson is staying to find him . He looks awful and has clearly been taking Mogadorian augmentations . He says that it is too late and then shoots himself in the head . Four somehow stops the bullet with telekinesis and heals him . Sanderson tells them that it is too late to prevent the invasion . A spaceship arrives soon after . Sanderson gives Walker names of politicians working for the Mogadorians . They arrive at Setrákus Ra 's planned invasion site . Nine breaks Setrákus Ra 's staff , and Ra reverts from his human form to the repulsive genetically modified Mogadorian one . Ra uses Dreynen when Number Four attacks . Ella stabs Setrákus Ra in the leg and realizes that she is the only one who can kill him . He would have killed her , but Four prevented it . Five stops Four from stabbing Setrákus Ra and killing Ella , and he later stops Nine when he attacks as well . Ella is dragged back onto the ship , half - conscious , her fate unknown . The warship starts to fire . Sam and Four are separated from everyone else except for a group of human survivors being pursued by a piken . It was knocked down with telekinetic force . John realizes he did n't do it , but Sam did . The Fate of Ten ( edit ) The Fate of Ten is the sixth in the series , and was released on 1 September , 2015 . Its title via facebook page for the series . It was also revealed that there will be seven books in the series , rather than the previously believed six . The cover for the book was released on the 23rd of April , 2015 , via an interview with MTV . The book is primarily narrated in first person , from the perspectives of Four ( John ) , Six and towards the end of the book , Ten ( Ella ) . A prologue in third person narrates briefly the story of an unnamed human - turned - Garde ( later known as Daniela ) as she survives a Mogadorian attack on New York . Prologue : An unnamed 15 - year - old girl and her 57 - year - old stepfather is watching the news of the Mogadorian invasion on TV ( the girl is hinted to have a crush on Four ) when they hear the Mogadorian soldiers breaking into the apartments on the lower floors of their building . Despite his poor relationship with his stepdaughter , the man sacrifices himself to save her and she flees via the fire escape . Cornered by Mogadorians , she discovers her telekinetic abilities and manages to kill her three attackers . Four ( John ) narrates chapter 1 , which picks up after the end of the previous book , Revenge of Seven . Together with Sam Goode and other survivors , they flee from the Mogadorians , but Four is exhausted from excessive use of his healing legacy . A cop leads the group to safety , but Sam and Four stay behind to continue looking for Nine , who was last seen fighting Five in front of the UN . John realizes that the videos posted online by Sarah and Mark about the Mogadorian invasion have made him into a celebrity , the face of the resistance against the Mogadorians . Sam and Four seek refuge in a deserted apartment where Sam experiments with his telekinesis . They watch the news on TV and are see Nine and Five both battling the Mogadorian soldiers , but they are also fighting each other . Four and Sam leave for Union Square to find them . Six narrates chapter 2 , where Six . Here , Seven ( Marina ) and Adam are leaving the Sanctuary , having recently awoken the Entity , or the spirit which previously dwelled on Lorien and now on Earth . They note that nothing else seems to have changed after the Entity woke . As they try operating a Skimmer ( Mogadorian ship ) to depart for the US they realize that an evil Mogadorian girl has sabotaged all the Skimmers by removing an important part from each of them . They decide to hunt her down to retrieve the components . Four narrates chapter 3 and 4 , where he and Sam are on their way to find Nine and Five . They avoid a Mogadorian patrol which Sam convinces Four not to antagonize . They notice a few Mogadorian soldiers ( and a Skimmer ) outside a bank , who are disarmed through telekinesis by someone inside the bank . They kill all the Mogadorian soldiers , but not before one radios for reinforcements . They enter the bank to find the girl from the prologue called Daniela , who recognizes Four immediately . Daniela is disinterested in joining forces with them as she only focuses on surviving . They are in the midst of bickering when Setrákus Ra 's ship , Anubis , comes into view , demolishing buildings left and right . Daniela guides Sam and Four to the subway to hide , and Four notices that the duffel bag Daniela carries is stuffed with cash from the bank . They flee into the tunnels , but the ceiling collapses , and all three work together to hold it up with telekinesis until they are out of danger . Four collapses , and in his dreams he witnesses Mogadorian augmentation surgery performed on Ten ( Ella ) . Six narrates chapter 5 and 6 , where Six , Seven and Adam and planning on how to catch Phiri Dun - Ra and retrieve the Skimmer engine parts . They successfully bait her and Marina binds her with ice shackles . Adam tortures her briefly , just enough to find out where the Skimmer parts are hidden . However , the bag is rigged with explosives and blows up in their faces . Adam and Six are badly injured with Adam almost dying but Marina heals both of them in time . Phiri Dun - Ra survives . Adam uses one of the Skimmers to tap into Mogadorian communications where they hear that the Garde 's resistance in New York has been apparently crushed . Chapter 7 is a continuation of Four 's dream from chapter 4 , which is revealed to be telepathically induced by Ten ( Ella ) . Ten takes him on a virtual tour of the Anubis from her memories where they see Setrákus Ra throw four Loric pendants into a vat of sludge . Four and Ten talk about Ten 's prescient visions of the future . Ten believes that she will have to be killed in order to harm Setrákus Ra because of the Mogadorian charm that is causing her to bear injuries inflicted upon Setrákus . She tells Four that he is likely to be the one who kills her . As the telepathic vision breaks apart due to the Anubis moving too far out of range , Ten tells Four to warn Six that Setrákus Ra is on his way to the Sanctuary and that they should flee . Chapter 8 - 9 : Four wakes up in an abandoned subway car with Daniela and Sam . Only Daniela is awake and she has illuminated the place with the light of cellphones left behind by the passengers when they ditched the train . She tells Four that the duffel bag actually belonged to bank robbers who had robbed the bank she was hiding in , when they fled and she thought the bag would be useful . She and Four talk some more about the whole saving - the - world - from - Mogadorians thing and she describes to him the video posted by Sarah and Mark . Sam wakes and they are about to leave for the civilian evac point at Brooklyn bridge when human soldiers find them in the subway car . They take the three to the Bridge anyway to meet Agent Walker , an ex-MogPro agent from a previous book . Daniela leaves the duffel bag behind in case they arrest her . Four meets with Agent Walker who has been designated as the middleman for the cautious government 's communication with the Garde . She tells him of the dire invasion situation all over the world and also tells him about Setrákus Ra 's threat to the government to surrender all the Garde and humans - turned - Garde to the Mogs in 48 hours . Walker tells Four that the government might actually consider the bargain . Chapter 10 snaps back to Six 's perspective in New Mexico where Adam is having trouble scraping together repairs for the Skimmer with his limited materials . Phiri Dun - Ra taunts them and attempts to sow discord but they gag her . Six gets a call from Four who has obtained a satellite phone back in New York . Sam , Four , Six and Seven chat happily with the revelation of Sam 's Legacies but Sam urgently warns them of Setrákus Ra 's incoming ship . Four narrates chapter 11 and 12 , where Walker tries to alleviate some of his stress . She shows him Sarah 's video , and Sam prompts him to give her a call . They chat for a while with Sarah ultimately encouraging him not to give up fighting when he updates her on the round - the - world Mog invasion . She tells him that she has met GUARD in person and fills him in on the details , but GUARD 's information is not revealed to the reader until later in the book . Four feels reinvigorated by his talk with Sarah and leaves the tent to find Sam advising Six not to fight Setrákus Ra at the Sanctuary by themselves . Sam asks Four to help but instead Four discusses with Six and Adam on how they can board the Anubis when it arrives at the Sanctuary . After the call ends , Sam argues with Four briefly but Four says Ten 's vision depends on it ( having misunderstood her warnings for Six and the others to flee instead of fight ) . Four walks off and Walker shows him footage taken by a civilian of a capsule dropped from the Anubis into the river . Four tells her that Setrákus Ra does n't do anything on accident . Suddenly , human soldiers turn up , one of them heavily injured . They are discovered to have been attacked by Five after mistaking him for an ally . They note that Five has taken an unconscious Nine hostage and that Five will expect Four to meet him at the Statue of Liberty at sunset , lest he give Four a new scar . Everyone expects Five to kill Nine if Four does n't turn up . Six narrates chapter 13 - 15 , where Six , Seven and Adam are fretting and arguing about the importance of protecting the Sanctuary . It escalates quickly into full - blown quarrelling with insults thrown everywhere , but they manage to resolve the issue and decide to set up traps in order to ambush the Mogs when they arrive at the Sanctuary . At the start of a new chapter , a non-Mog and non-human ship appears , and Sarah and Mark disembark . Six realises that it is the same Loric ship that brought the nine Garde and their Cepans to Earth . After some nostalgia , they meet Lexa , a Loric woman previously known as GUARD . She piloted the antique ship which brought Ten and Crayton to Earth . Mark and Sarah are mildly disappointed that they do n't have Legacies . Mark comments on the traps as they finish setting everything up . Six and Seven start to hear Ten 's voice in their heads , screaming at them to run or die as the Anubis draws closer , way before schedule . Ten panics but Six and Seven assure her that they have everything under control . The massive Anubis appears and instead of landing , blasts the Sanctuary apart . Six and Mark and badly injured by shrapnel and Seven moves to heal then . Four narrates chapter 16 and 17 , where he borrows a human boat and leaves for the Statue of Liberty with Sam , Daniela and a squad of human soldiers . Five is waiting for them and seems badly weakened . He hands over a badly damaged Nine to Four , who heals him almost immediately . Four starts to leave , fed up with Five 's theatrics , but Five reveals that he was never going to kill Nine all along , and takes off his shirt with difficulty , revealing that Nine had shoved a steel pole through him while he was still in metal form . Five asks Four to heal him , and turns back to flesh without warning . Four is forced to heal him against Sam 's wishes , so Daniela helps him instead . Five is disarmed and Four heals the rest of Nine 's injuries . He 's about to call Sarah when a military submarine sent to investigate the Mog capsule is hurled out of the water onto land , followed by a massive beast created by Setrakus Ra 's use of four Loric pendants . Before they can begin combat , a blue tentacle of light rises from the ground and causes Sam and Daniela to collapse unconscious , with nobody else being able to see it . All of the garde see the tentacle before they are knocked out , as well as all of the people who gained legacies when the Loric entity was released . When they awake after the collective vision , they start battle against what is dubbed the Mogasaur , and seem unable to do it much damage . Then Daniella finds a new legacy which turns the Mogasaur to stone . The final chapter snaps back to Six and the rest of the crew on the loric ship with Lexa . Marina is out from the beating she took at the hands of Setrakus , Ella sits crying while Six puts pressure on Sarah 's wound who is rapidly bleeding out . She phones Johns and tell him she loves him and urges him to carry on fighting before her words fade . Six checks for her pulse already aware that she is gone . United as one ( edit ) United As One is the 7th and final book in the series . The title was revealed on October 26 , 2015 . It was released on June 28 , 2016 . The fact that John ( Number four ) has Ximic may hint at the fact that he is Pittacus ' descendant , as Ella is Setrákus ' . Other clues include physical features , such as blonde hair , and Pittacus ' Lumen . United as One is told in first perspective of two characters , Number Four ( John Smith ) and Number Six . The book opens with brief descriptions of the state of some characters , describing them as `` a girl '' or `` a boy '' but can be determined who it is told about . It first describes Marina standing on the edge of a cliff in a dream . In The Fate of Ten she was left unconscious after a fight with Setrákus Ra . She sees Setrákus Ra taking the appearance of Eight , convincing her to let go and be with Eight , but she refuses and chooses to continue to fight . Next a scene is described of Five in a padded cell , locked up by Nine and John . Setrákus Ra also comes to him in a dream to convince him to come back on his side . Five refuses . The next scene is Mark walking the football field of his old school in Paradise , clutching a photo of Sarah . He is met by Setrákus Ra who tries to tell Mark he can bring Sarah back and they can fight together . John is sitting in his room in a bed and breakfast in Patience Creek . He is called out by Sam and Daniella for the arrival of Ella , Marina , Six , Mark , Adam , and Lexa . The Garde regroup and John has a moment with the deceased Sarah , and Mark James is disgusted at his lack of emotion and blames him for her death . The Garde talk tactics with Lawson , the acting general . John becomes increasingly cold and distant , no longer content with running and playing defense . A plan is hatched to hijack one of the warships and to strip the skimmers of their cloaking devices to co-ordinate a united strike against the other Mogadorian warships . Some new Human - Garde post a video on the internet to attract John 's attention to have him pick them up as they stand by a Loralite stone in Niagara Falls . The team splits , with half going to rescue the human garde , while John and Nine meet with Five , who is locked away in a cell . John wants Five to teach him how to fly so he can board the warship . However , he struggles to pick up the legacy , so Five attacks him , hoping the battle rush would help him learn the skill , which he does . However , Marina wakes up and levitates an icicle in front of Five 's face , threatening to kill him . The other team , en route to Niagara Falls , encounter turbulence when Sam uses his technopathic legacy to accidentally turn off the ship 's engines . With some help from Ella , Sam is able to visualize the workings of the ship and turn them back on . When they arrive on the scene they see fresh signs of a battle , with Skimmers destroyed and fire and ash swirling . The human garde managed to hold their own and fought off the Mogadorians . However , there is some disagreement if the teens are ready for war . To avoid any further people teleporting to Niagara Falls , Ella turns off the Loralite stone . As a neighboring warship makes its way there to check in , the team leaves for base . Adam instigates dissension in the Mogadorian ranks as they start to go against orders and do what they think is best , a warship fires on Sydney while another captain in Moscow declares himself the beloved leader , which leads to the captain in Berlin making an assassination attempt on the usurper . In Kazakhstan another 2 warships meet and began to blow each other apart . Sam attempts to use his techno legacy to copy the cloaking device codes into everyday electronics , he builds a prototype that he asks the team to test when they attack the warship . John , Six , and Adam board the warship . John begins killing all the Mogadorians in a cold ruthless manner , while Adam and Six strip the skimmers of their cloaking devices . Before the day is done the Garde have stolen a warship . They meet a Mogadorian named Rex , whom Adam recognizes and saves from John 's attack . Sam 's tech is found to be successful . John , not wanting to sacrifice any more friends , takes off to finish Setrákus without the others knowing . He realizes he needs a cloaking device and heads back to Patience Creek . However , the base is overrun by Mogadorians , who found the place through a mind controlled Mark James . Some of the true - borns have augmentations , twisted forms of legacies . Phiri dun Ra is there , whose arm has been replaced with black ooze - like tendrils , then she impales John and begins to drain his legacies while he 's helpless . While helpless , Mark James slips the Voron noose around John 's neck . The damage from this weapon can not be healed . The others find out about John 's suicide mission and argue among themselves over his chosen course of action . Six calls Sam to tell him about his prototype 's success when she hears firing in the background . Sam tells Six he thinks they are under attack . Back at the base , John is helpless as he 's dragged along the inside of the base , with Phiri mocking his failure at being a hero and his delusional idea of being able to save everyone . To prove a point she kills Mark . Phiri , John and the mind controlling Mogadorians run into resistance . The mind controlling Mogadorian releases a swarm of seemingly black flies that force half the marines to open fire on the others . The human garde make an appearance and are shocked to see John crawling on all fours with a noose around his neck. he screams at them to run but Phiri manages to kill 2 while the other 2 manage to escape . Sam shouts at the lights to turn off and frees Five who immediately attacks Phiri , however the mind controlling Mogadorian manages to overtake Five , but is quickly killed by Sam . Phiri screams for extraction and loses her grip on John as Five slams into her . The shadow Mogadorian makes an appearance and teleports both Phiri and Five . The shadow Mogadorian tries to finish them off , but Sam tells the lights to turn on while he 's in a mid teleport , which slices him in half . The others have no time to mourn the dead and set their plan in motion . The garde use the loralite stone to teleport across the world arming the governments with cloaking tech . The Garde aboard their stolen warship make their way to the West Virginia base where Setrákus waits . Six summons the biggest storm she has ever created to damage the Anubis , destroying it . Five flies Six and Adam into the base to deactivate the shield , once that 's done , Marina , John , Five , and Nine make their way underground to find Setrákus . They find a mass grave of Mogadorians and Garde Humans , which repulses them all and steels their drives to end this . Setrákus emerges from a pool of black ooze covered in black slime that has given him a youthful appearance and effective immortality . They try to fight against him , however , their legacies are ineffective against him . Setrákus grabs Five and drowns him in the black puddle . He maims Nine , taking off his arm . While trying to heal him , Marina attacks Setrákus with her healing legacy , to which he recoils in pain . John , picking up on this , continues the healing assault and urges Marina to run with Nine , who is no shape to fight , she protests but John insists . Nine transfers his strength and anti gravity legacy to her and she slings him over her shoulder and runs . John is locked in battle with Setrákus with both of them taking heavy damage , while John pours his healing legacy into him , while also using it on himself in small busts to keep him going . He establishes telepathic contact with Sam and tells him to blow up the mountain . While this is going on Adam and Six run into Phiri , who wounds Six and attacks Adam , Dust attacks Phiri but is quickly overwhelmed . Six manages to telekinetically pin Phiri to the wall , but a Mogadoraian sneaks behind her and shoots her , Adam promptly kills the Mogadorian but Phiri impales him and begins to drain his Loric spark , she releases a seismic wave that knocks Six back . Adam plunges his hands into the black oily tentacles and begins to tear itself away from Phiri 's stump and bond with Adam . He uses his seismic legacy and collapses the floor with both Adam and Phiri falling in . Six attempts to save him but there 's nothing there to telekinetically grab . Six realizes Dust has disappeared . Ella urges Six to make her way to the main entrance where Marina and Nine are on their way . Marina tries to get Six out of the base , but she refuses , asking Marina to heal her so she can finish the battle . Six makes her way to the central chamber where John lays beaten and broken . She sees a frail withered old man crawling across the cavern floor she picks up the Voron dagger and decapitates him . She makes her way over to John who she thinks is dead but a gasp from John proves otherwise . His eyes swollen shut he grasps six 's arm and whispers ' Sarah ? ' , Six gives him a quick kiss before he falls unconscious . Six grabs John and they climb on to Bernie Kosar 's back and fly up . John remembers snippets after that such as seeing Adam crying as he clutched the final form of dust who was frozen in a wolf / snake form . John decides to close his eyes not wanting to see any more sadness . One year later John is in the Himalayas restoring the cave that eight had found . He scrubs the prophecies from the wall and Ella tells him its time . John is hesitant as he secluded himself on the mountain after the fight until Ella found him and kept him company for some months. he flies to San Francisco , clutching a small box , to the Garde academy that 's still under construction . invisible he follows the sound to where kids are practicing their telekinesis , Nine stands on the catwalk and when they miss a ball he makes them run laps . His arm is still missing and he 's grown his hair . Still invisible John flies to him and turns visible and is greeted by a hug while he chastises him for not staying in contact . john apologizes and gives him something from his box . Lexa is also at the academy hacking into the dark web protecting the human garde from potential threats . He then goes to New York where repairs and construction is still under way . He observes Daniela from afar who uses her stone legacy to repair some foundation before embracing her mother . John sees agent walker in a Montreal car park where she kills someone . John reveals himself to her and she is pleased to see him , he says to her you better have a good reason for that , in response she shows what was in the man 's briefcase , 3 vials of black ooze which surprises John . Walker takes out a vial from her pocket and pours it into the black ooze destroying the substance . Walker says she could use some help tracking this down and John hands her a blue loralite pendant from his box saying we can talk about that soon . He finds Adam in Alaska with Rex in a prison camp with other Mogs who surrendered , John says he can break them out and he replies saying this is the best place for him to rehabilitate his people . It 's mentioned he got a full pardon but did n't use it . John gives him a pendant . He goes to paradise and hugs Malcolm which brings back memories of Henri . He ruminates on tracking Mark James ' father to tell him what really happened . Finally he steps on Sarah 's doorstep still unable to tell her parents what happened . He tracks Six and Sam who are on their vacation . He observes them in the ocean in an embrace and leaves 2 pendants with a note . Lastly he looks for Marina who John says would have taken ages to track if it were n't for her sporadic calls to Ella . Ella says she 's not the same and has become paranoid and angry . He finds her in a speedboat navigating islands in the south pacific . John recognizes the signs of isolation from his own experiences . When he appears she is n't started and asks if he 's really there or has gone crazy . He replies that it 's really him and she smiles . She says that he 's come at a good time and shows him a video footage of the West Virginia base where an object that looked like a missile shoots up into the sky . Marina says she found Five last week on one of the small deserted islands . His body is very skinny with lumps of skin hanging off with dark patches of obsidian blotching his skin . Marina confides in John that she has tried to get over the war and all the death and destruction but she just ca n't . She tells John that he said her she could decide what to do with Five but she does n't want to carry it around with her . John suggests her to get out of here and Marina asks what to do with Five to which John says that he 's a ghost we are n't . Marina returns with John to the Himalayas when she sees what he 's done with the cave she finally cries she reaches out to John before thanking him , she kisses him . He 's not sure what it means ruminating maybe nothing , maybe something . He shows Marina what he 's been working for the past year it 's a massive wooden table with a loralite stone in the middle reminiscent of the table in the Elder 's chamber with the loric symbol of unity burned into the table and the pendants . John plans to use this as a meeting place for friends and allies away from the petty governments where they will gather to solve problems with a space at the table for Loric / Garde / humans / allies . The only difference being there are no nine seats around the table saying he 's done with numbers . The Lost Files series ( edit ) The Legacies ( edit ) The Legacies , was released on July 24 , 2012 . It is a paperback edition of the three previously released Lost Files novellas -- Six 's Legacy , Nine 's Legacy , and The Fallen Legacies . Originally published as individual e-books , this was the first time they were available in print . All the included stories can be found under these names : Six 's Legacy , -- - Nine 's Legacy , -- - The Fallen Legacies . Six 's Legacy ( edit ) Six 's Legacy was released on July 26 , 2011 . It is told from the first person perspective of Pittacus Lore 's character , Six . Before she met John in Paradise , Ohio , she lived with her Cepan Katarina . They were captured by the Mogadorians in NY . Katarina was killed after Six gives the Mogs false information . While in prison , Six developed her legacy of invisibility and used it to escape . Before leaving she took revenge on the Mogadorian who killed Katarina . After years , she hears of Number Four in Ohio and takes a bus there . Nine 's Legacy ( edit ) Nine 's Legacy was released on February 28 , 2012 . It is told from the first person perspective of Pittacus Lore 's character , Nine . Nine and his Cepan , Sandor , live in a penthouse on top of the John Hancock Center in Chicago . Nine starts to date a girl . He realizes she was being used to find him and gets captured . The Mogadorians torture Sandor to break Nine . Eventually Nine kills him to put him out of his misery . Nine is held in the West Virginia Mog compound until he 's rescued by John . The Fallen Legacies ( edit ) The Fallen Legacies was released on July 24 , 2012 . It is told from the first person perspective of Adamus Sutekh , a Mogadorian general 's son . The book starts with in front of the Washington Monument in Washington D.C. Adam and his adopted brother Ivan are doing homework . Then Adam and Ivan are called by their father . The Mogadorians have found a lead on Number One . Adam and Ivan accompany their father to Malaysia to kill Number One . A vat - born soldier ( a Mogadorian soldier grown through genetic engineering ) kills Number One right as she develops the legacy to create earthquakes . Once back at Ashwood Estates , a Mogadorian compound , Adam is asked by his father to be hooked up to a special machine that is connected to One 's body . He falls asleep . In his deep sleep , he meets the ghost of One . One takes him through her life on Earth up until she is killed and tries to see doubt in Mogadorian progress . When Adam awakes it has been three years . Adam ca n't believe he 's been asleep that long . But , he is just in time to accompany his father and Ivan on a mission to find Number Two . Adam gets to the apartment where she 's staying first . He tells her he 's there to help . Just then Ivan arrives . He thinks Adam is trying to trick the Garde and kills her himself . After however Adam deletes a post that Number Two was using to try and contact the other members of the Garde . Time passes and Number Three is located . The Mogs proceed to Kenya to find him . Adam and Ivan meet a boy named Hannu . He is Number Three . Adam tries to warn him but is too late . His father kills Three . The book ends when Adam falls down a ravine . Secret Histories ( edit ) Secret Histories was released on July 23 , 2013 . Secret Histories refers to the second compilation of Lost Files in a paperback book . Secret Histories is a collection of three novellas . Originally published as e-novellas , they are now together in one print volume . The entire book contains three separate stories : The Search for Sam -- - Last Days of Lorien -- - The Forgotten Ones The Search for Sam ( edit ) The Search for Sam , was released on December 26 , 2012 . It is told from the first person perspective of Adamus Sutekh . It picks up where The Fallen Legacies left off . The last Days of Lorien ( edit ) The Last Days of Lorien was released on April 9 , 2013 . Harpercollins describes it as a `` stunning prequel novella to the New York Times bestselling I Am Number Four series '' . It is set on Lorien before it was attacked by the Mogadorians , and is told from the perspective of Sandor ( Nine 's Cêpan ) . The Forgotten Ones ( edit ) The Forgotten Ones was released on July 23 , 2013 . It is told from the first person perspective of Adamus Sutekh . It is the third and final of Pittacus Lore 's novellas told by the son of a mogadorian general turned to the Loric side . Hidden Enemy ( edit ) Hidden Enemy was released on July 22 , 2014 in the US and August 14 , 2014 in the UK . Hidden Enemy is the third compilation of Lost Files in one book . It is a collection of three novellas , originally published as separate e-novellas . The stories are `` Five 's Legacy , '' `` Return to Paradise , '' and `` Five 's Betrayal . '' Five 's Legacy ( edit ) The seventh Lost Files book , initially scheduled to be released on December 23 , 2013 , was released as an E-Book on February 11 , 2014 . Called `` Five 's Legacy , '' the novella centers around the origins of Number Five , including the short amount of time he spent with his Cepan , Rey , and his eventual `` capture '' by Mogadorians . Return to Paradise ( edit ) In this thrilling one - hundred - page prequel companion novella , discover what happened in the aftermath of the Mogadorians ' attack on Paradise , Ohio , from Mark James -- Number Four 's bully - turned - ally . After Four leaves town to find the rest of the Garde , Mark is left behind to pick up the pieces . His school has been destroyed , his home burned down , and , worst yet , Mark now knows the horrifying truth : aliens live among us and some of them seek to destroy us . Even with the FBI tailing him and Sarah Hart , Mark tries to return to a normal life . But when Sarah goes missing , he knows he can no longer sit back and do nothing . His quest to find her will lead him to new allies and a startling revelation about the Mogadorians ' plan for invasion . It was released April 15 , 2014 exclusively as an e-Book . Five 's Betrayal ( edit ) This sequel to Five 's Legacy finds Number Five entering the ranks of the Mogadorian army . The Mogs have convinced him that they will be the victors in the war for Earth , and Five decides he would rather be on the winning side , realizing that the only thing that matters is his survival . Rebel allies ( edit ) The fugitive ( edit ) Follows Mark James as he tries to track down Sarah Hart , evadesilly the Mogadorians and the FBI , and discover the identity of the mysterious blogger he knows only as GUARD . The navigator ( edit ) Reveals the truth about the crew of the two Loric spaceships who escaped to Earth and shows what happened to the pilots after they arrived and parted ways with the Garde . The GUARD ( edit ) Tells the story of the hacker who has been aiding the Lorien survivors from the shadows for years . She 's determined to defeat the Mogs -- and she just found her secret weapon . Zero hour ( edit ) Legacies reborn ( edit ) Gives a look at the Mogadorian invasion from the perspective of Daniela Morales , a human teen who 's shocked to discover aliens are attacking New York -- and that she suddenly has the power to fight back . Last defense ( edit ) Reveals what happens to Malcolm Goode after the warships descend . To get to the president 's secret bunker near Washington , DC , he 'll have to fight his way through a war zone . Hunt for the Garde ( edit ) Picks up after the events of The Fate of Ten , following the stories of three different Mogadorians . One will do anything for redemption . One has a thirst for blood . One questions everything . Journals & notebooks ( edit ) These very short works are meant to be read in line with the seven main novels . You can find the recommended order here . Pittacus Lore 's transmissions ( edit ) Eight 's Origin Sarah 's Journal Sam 's Journal Malcolm 's Journal The Scar Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Lorien Legacies characters John ( number four ) , Number five , number six , Marina ( Number seven ) , Eight ( dies in the fall of five ) , Stanley ( Number nine ) , Ella ( Number ten ) , Sarah Hart ( John 's girlfriend ) , Mark ( Sarah 's ex-boyfriend ) , Sam Goodey ( John 's friend ) , Malcolm Goodey ( Sam 's father ) , Adam ( mog with legacies ) , Setrakus Ra ( main antagonist , Mogadorian leader ) , Agent Walker . Critical reception ( edit ) Reception to the series has been mostly positive . The first two books , I Am Number Four and The Power of Six , both reached # 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list , collectively spending ten weeks in the top spot . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : I Am Number Four ( film ) In 2009 DreamWorks Pictures bought the rights to I Am Number Four and released the movie on February 18 , 2011 . The movie was the first DreamWorks film to be distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures and received generally negative reviews from critics , with review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes giving a score of 32 % based on 156 reviews . The movie had a worldwide gross of $145,982,798 and a budget of $50 million , but still fell short of expectations . Plans for any future installments for the series have been shelved . Director D.J. Caruso confirmed that he would like to direct a sequel , but in an interview with MTV Hollywood Crush Lore has stated that any questions or requests for a sequel should be directed to producer Michael Bay . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rich , Mokoto ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` James Frey Collaborating on a Novel for Young Adults , First in a Series '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith . `` See the trailer for ' The Power of Six , ' the sequel to ' I Am Number Four ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The title of book 6 '' . 2015 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Lorien Legacies - Lorien Powers - I am number Four I Am Number Four '' . iamnumberfourfans.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Books by Pittacus Lore '' . shelfari.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Pittacus Lore ( Author of I Am Number Four ) '' . goodreads.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Pittacus Lore : Books : HarperCollins Publishers '' . harpercollins.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Legacies by Pittacus Lore '' . harpercollins.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Six 's Legacy by Pittacus Lore '' . harpercollins.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Nine 's Legacy by Pittacus Lore '' . harpercollins.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Fallen Legacies by Pittacus Lore '' . harpercollins.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Histories by Pittacus Lore '' . harpercollins.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Search for Sam by Pittacus Lore '' . harpercollins.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Days of Lorien by Pittacus Lore '' . harpercollins.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Forgotten Ones by Pittacus Lore '' . harpercollins.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.harpercollins.com/9780062287687/i-am-number-four-the-lost-files-hidden-enemy Jump up ^ `` Five 's Legacy by Pittacus Lore '' . harpercollins.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four Facebook '' . facebook.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Young Adult : The Power of Six '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Boche , Benjamin . `` Review : The Rise of Nine '' . Teenreads . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Kristal . `` Review : The Rise of Nine '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . January 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ; Kaufman , Amy ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' I Am Number Four ' to be No. 1 at holiday weekend box office ( Updated ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stephan . `` Read five chapters of ' The Rise of Nine ' , the sequel to ' The Power of Six ' and ' I Am Number Four ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` D.J. Caruso Updates On Y : The Last Man , The Art Of Making Money And More '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy . `` ' The Power Of Six ' Debuts Today : Author , Lorien Elder Pittacus Lore Speaks '' . MTV Hollywood Crush . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lorien Legacies The Lorien Legacies official site UK The Lorien Legacies official site Works by James Frey Single novels A Million Little Pieces My Friend Leonard Bright Shiny Morning The Final Testament of the Holy Bible Lorien Legacies I Am Number Four The Power of Six The Rise of Nine The Fall of Five The Revenge of Seven The Fate of Ten United as One Endgame Endgame : The Calling Endgame : Sky Key Lorien Legacies James Frey Main series I Am Number Four The Power of Six The Rise of Nine The Fall of Five The Revenge of Seven The Fate of Ten United As One Film I Am Number Four ( film ) About the series List of Lorien Legacies characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorien_Legacies&oldid=817829646 '' Categories : Science fiction book series Young adult novel series Lorien Legacies Novels by James Frey Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2013 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 20 : 53 . 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Richmond began 2017 with 5 straight wins , a feat it had not achieved since 1995 . A series of close losses hampered the Tigers throughout the middle of the season , including a 5 - point loss to the Western Bulldogs , 2 - point loss to Fremantle , and a 3 - point loss to the Giants . Richmond ended the season strongly with convincing victories over Fremantle and St Kilda in the final two rounds , elevating the club to 3rd on the ladder . Richmond 's first final of the season -- their qualifying final against the Cats at the MCG attracted a record qualifying final crowd of 95,028 ; the Tigers won by 51 points . In their first preliminary final since 2001 , Richmond defeated Greater Western Sydney by 36 points in front of a crowd of 94,258 to progress to the Grand Final against Adelaide , their first Grand Final appearance since 1982 . The attendance was 100,021 , the largest crowd for a Grand Final since 1986 . The Crows led at quarter time and led by as many as 13 , but the Tigers took over the game as it progressed and kicked seven straight goals at one point . They eventually would win by 48 points -- 16.12 ( 108 ) to Adelaide 's 8.12 ( 60 ) -- to end their 37 - year flag drought . Dustin Martin also became the first player to win a Premiership medal , the Brownlow Medal and the Norm Smith Medal in the same season , while Damien Hardwick was named AFL Coaches Association Coach of the Year . Richmond 's jump from 13th to premiers also marked the biggest jump from one AFL season to the next .

Adelaide

Richmond Football club

richmond football club

The Richmond Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Between its inception in Richmond , Melbourne in 1885 and 1907 , the club competed in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , winning two premierships . Richmond joined the Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1908 and has since won eleven premierships , most recently in 2017 .

Richmond 's headquarters and training facilities are located at its original home ground , the Punt Road Oval , which sits adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the club 's playing home since 1965 . Richmond traditionally wears a black guernsey with a yellow sash . The club is coached by Damien Hardwick and its current captain is Trent Cotchin . Five Richmond players have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as `` Legends '' of the sport : Kevin Bartlett , Jack Dyer , Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Ian Stewart . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins and VFA years ( 1885 -- 1907 ) 1.2 Entry into the VFL ( 1908 -- 1944 ) 1.3 Tough times at Tigerland ( 1945 -- 1965 ) 1.4 Success through Hafey Era ( 1966 -- 1982 ) 1.5 Recruiting war ( 1983 -- 1986 ) 1.6 Save Our Skins and a return to the finals ( 1987 -- 1995 ) 1.7 Lost opportunities ( 1996 -- 2004 ) 1.8 Beginning to rebuild and another wooden spoon ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 1.9 Centenary ( 2008 ) 1.10 Wallace era ends 1.11 New coach , new list and a new beginning ( 2010 -- 2012 ) 1.12 Return to finals and premiership run ( 2013 -- 2017 ) 2 Club identity and culture 2.1 Guernseys 2.2 Song : We 're from Tigerland 2.3 Mascot 3 Stadium 4 Administration and corporate 4.1 Supporter base 4.1. 1 Membership 4.1. 2 Cheer squad 5 Club honour board 5.1 Premiership teams 5.2 Richmond Team of the Century 5.3 Australian Football Hall of Fame members 5.4 Richmond Hall of Fame 5.5 `` 100 Tiger Treasures '' 5.6 Captains 5.7 Coaches 6 Current squad 7 Records 7.1 Club records 7.2 Career records 7.3 Single game records 7.4 Single season records 8 Individual awards 9 Reserves team 9.1 Past premierships 9.2 Best and fairest award 10 Women 's teams 10.1 History 10.2 AFL Women 's team 10.3 VFL Women 's team 10.3. 1 Current squad 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : List of Richmond Football Club seasons Origins and VFA years ( 1885 -- 1907 ) ( edit ) The Richmond Football Club was formed at a meeting at the Royal Hotel in Richmond in 1885 . A short - lived football club named Richmond was established in 1860 with Tom Wills , one of the founders of Australian rules football , serving as its inaugural secretary and captain . Wills ' cousin H.C.A. Harrison captained Richmond briefly in the early 1860s before moving to Geelong . This club has no continuity to the present club . A number of teams formed in Richmond during the game 's rapid expansion in the 1870s and early 1880s . However , all played at a junior level and it was considered an anomaly that Richmond , one of Melbourne 's most prominent suburbs , did not boast a senior side . The wait ended when the Richmond Football Club was officially formed at the Royal Hotel in Richmond on 20 February 1885 . A successful application for immediate admission to the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) followed . The club shared the Punt Road Oval with the Richmond Cricket Club , one of the strongest cricket clubs in Australia which had been playing on the ground since 1856 . At first the team wore blue guernseys and caps with yellow and black stripes in the style of the Richmond Cricket Club . The football club soon adopted yellow and black as its official colours . The team was variously called the `` Richmondites '' , the `` Wasps '' or , most commonly , the `` Tigers '' . During the late 1880s , Richmond struggled to make an impression in the VFA , and after a promising season in 1888 ( when they finished fifth with eleven wins ) , the club slipped backwards , in the process losing players to more successful sides . As the local economy slipped into severe depression in the early 1890s and the crowds began to dwindle , some of the VFA 's strongest clubs began to agitate for a reform of the competition , and Richmond was not considered part of this elite group , which usually voted as a block at VFA meetings . In 1896 , Richmond walked off the field in a match against South Melbourne to protest the umpiring , and later in the season , the Tigers had their half - time score annulled against Essendon when it was discovered that they had too many men on the ground . In the closing three weeks of the season , Richmond 's cut of the gate takings amounted to just five pounds , and they finished the season with the wooden spoon . Alec Edmond captained Richmond from 1901 to his retirement in 1907 . In October 1896 , the cabal of six strong clubs broke with the association to form the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) . As a struggling club with a poor following , Richmond was not invited to join the new league . Richmond 's performances did not immediately improve in the emaciated VFA until the turn of the century . The Tigers were boosted by a significant country recruit in 1901 . George `` Mallee '' Johnson was an instant sensation and the first true star player at the club . Richmond leapt to third place and then in 1902 , with Johnson dominating the ruck , Richmond entered the closing weeks of the season neck and neck with Port Melbourne at the head of the ladder , but Port Melbourne faltered against Williamstown to hand Richmond its first flag . Having missed a potential bonanza from a premiership play - off , the VFA decided to emulate the VFL and introduce a finals series in 1903 , a fateful decision for the Tigers . After recruiting the competition 's leading goalkicker , Jack Hutchinson , and finishing the season as minor premier , Richmond lost both finals and were runner - up . The following season , the club became embroiled in a feud with umpire Allen , whom the Tigers accused of failing to curb field invasions or the dubious tactics of arch - rival North Melbourne . When the two clubs were scheduled to meet in the 1904 VFA Grand Final , Richmond announced that they would n't play with Allen as umpire . The VFA called Richmond 's bluff , and appointed Allen as umpire for the match , meaning that the Grand Final was scratched and North Melbourne won the premiership on forfeit . Richmond were now openly at odds with the VFA , and matters failed to improve in the next few years . The club was campaigning against violence ( both on - field and among the crowd ) , ungentlemanly conduct and poor sportsmanship , issues that plagued the VFA to a far greater extent than the rival VFL since the 1896 split . Richmond cultivated links with some VFL clubs by playing practice matches against them . Richmond knew that they were a major asset to the VFA , had built up a large following and played on one of the best grounds in the competition , where they remained unbeaten for five years . In 1905 , Richmond confirmed their status with a second premiership , this time overcoming bitter rivals North Melbourne , `` Mallee '' Johnson had moved to Carlton , but youngster Charlie Ricketts dominated the season and won plaudits among the pressmen , who voted him the best player in the VFA . However , Ricketts was also lost to the VFL and injury hit the club hard . In 1906 -- 07 , the Tigers played finals without looking likely to win the flag . The club earned a rebuke from the VFA for scheduling a practice match against Geelong before the 1907 season , then went ahead with the commitment and earned further censure . Later in the year it became clear that the VFL wanted to expand its competition and Richmond won a place ahead of North Melbourne , which had been strengthened by an amalgamation with the bankrupt West Melbourne as part of their bid . Richmond were granted admission along with the now defunct University Football Club . Entry into the VFL ( 1908 -- 1944 ) ( edit ) The Hon . Frank Tudor , federal leader of the ALP , was president of Richmond during World War I . The first few seasons in the VFL were less than spectacular . Although the club turned up some star players , it let a lot of talent leave and the administration was unstable after George Bennett 's death at the end of the 1908 season . In 1916 , the side played in the finals for the first time , however , with World War I having reduced the competition to just four clubs , finals qualification was automatic . Finally , in 1919 , Richmond made their first Grand Final appearance , losing to Collingwood . Richmond stoked a rivalry with Collingwood by recruiting their former skipper Dan Minogue as playing coach and gained vengeance by beating Collingwood in the 1920 VFL Grand Final to secure a first flag in the big league . This was followed by an even better performance the next year . The only club that continued to beat Richmond on a regular basis was Carlton . Finishing minor premier with only one loss for the season in 1921 , Carlton were the hottest premiership favourite , yet Richmond managed to beat them in two classic finals matches played over successive weeks to go back - to - back . The rest of the decade saw four more Grand Final appearances , all of which would end in frustration . From 1927 to 1929 Richmond became the first club in the VFL to lose three consecutive Grand Finals , all of which were to neighbouring archrivals , Collingwood . The next VFL flag came in 1932 , with Richmond 's triumph over Carlton in a tough encounter which saw Richmond wingman Alan Geddes play the second half with a broken jaw . Another premiership came in 1934 , this time against South Melbourne 's famed `` Foreign Legion '' , avenging Richmond 's loss in the 1933 VFL Grand Final . Richmond legend Jack Dyer Prior to the commencement of the 1940 season , internal problems were brewing between the key personalities at the club . Some felt that the uneven performance of the team was due to Percy Bentley 's coaching methods , and that he should be replaced . Jack Dyer walked out on the club and threatened to play in the VFA after his father , a committeeman who was involved with the anti-Bentley faction , lost his position at the board elections . Finally , the matter was resolved and Bentley kept his job , while Dyer returned to training on the eve of the season . The problems appeared to have been solved when Richmond won the semi-final against Melbourne to go straight into the 1940 VFL Grand Final . However , Melbourne reversed this result with a crushing win to pinch the premiership . Richmond had been out - thought by their old mentor Frank ' Checker ' Hughes , who had assigned a tagger to negate Dyer . Dyer was furious that Bentley had done nothing to prevent his opponent taking him out of the game . The Richmond committee agreed with this assessment , so when Bentley ( after retiring as a player ) attempted to negotiate a higher fee to continue his coaching tenure , he was rebuffed . Incensed , Bentley quit Punt Road and moved to Carlton as coach , adding further spice to an already fierce rivalry between the two clubs . Despite the tribulations created by the Second World War , Richmond was able to maintain a commendable level of consistency on the field . The club had quite a lot of players in reserved occupations who remained at home , while the administration became adept at securing star players who were temporarily in Melbourne on war service . Dyer was a fearsome presence in his role as playing coach , but he was unable to improve Richmond 's ability to win finals matches . A loss in the 1942 VFL Grand Final to Essendon ( after starting as favourite ) meant that over the previous 18 years , Richmond had won two flags but been runner - up eight times . Jack Titus set a still unbeaten record of playing in six losing Grand Final teams . In 1943 , Richmond broke through to beat Essendon in a thrilling Grand Final by five points , a win that the club dedicated to ex-player Bill Cosgrove , an RAF pilot who had been killed in action a few weeks before the match . But another Grand Final loss followed in 1944 , when Dyer 's team failed against Fitzroy on a very hot day . Tough times at Tigerland ( 1945 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) In the immediate post-war era , despite an influx of excellent new players , Richmond struggled to make the four , appearing in the finals only once , in 1947 . Dyer continued on as coach for three years after his playing retirement at the end of 1949 , but was asked to retire by the committee who felt the club needed a shake up . Under a succession of coaches in the 1950s , With the demands of potential players increasing with each passing year , the club refused to allocate sufficient funds to recruit and they failed to replace star players as they retired . When stalwarts such as Des Rowe and dual - Brownlow Medallist Roy Wright left , the team slumped dramatically and finished with a wooden spoon in 1960 . In 1962 Graeme Richmond was appointed Secretary of the club , Richmond was the under 19 's coach who had been around the club since the early 1950s as a junior player until knee injury stopped him from playing so he took on coaching . Graeme understood that for Richmond to improve so would the recruiting . A shrewd businessman , Richmond was able to sign young recruits for bargain like fees . Royce Hart was given a suit and six shirts , and Kevin Bartlett simply walked in off the street . Graeme kept a close eye on the success former player Tom Hafey was having with Shepparton in the Goulburn Valley Football League . When coach Len Smith had a heart attack in 1965 , the club appointed Jack Titus to serve as interim coach until a replacement could be found . Hafey was encouraged to apply , and the decision came down to Hafey and former club captain Ron Branton . Many expected Branton to get the job . However , Graeme Richmond saw something special in Hafey and he was appointed coach for the 1966 season . Success through Hafey era ( 1966 -- 1982 ) ( edit ) Statue of Kevin Bartlett outside the MCG 1966 heralded the start of the Tom Hafey era . Hafey , a former player of the club , was appointed coach and brought with him a couple of quality young footballers from northern Victoria . Out of the Goulburn Valley came Dick Clay from Kyabram and Francis Bourke from Nathalia . Further afield were Doug Strang and John Perry from Albury and Wodonga . On his return to Richmond , Hafey found the team had acquired a number of young , high quality players , Kevin Bartlett was a skinny 17 year old who lived locally walked in a asked for a tryout . Mike Green followed Kevin a year later . Even so , he quickly put his stamp on the club , bringing intensity and desire to reach the top . Although he acknowledged the ideas and tactical approach of Len Smith ( who remained at the club as a selector and consultant ) , Hafey opted for what became his trademark style : kick the ball long and quickly into the forward line . He raised the bar for fitness among his players , ( 4 ) extending pre-season training and introducing a third training night during the week . Richmond quickly became known for being the fittest team in the competition . Richmond began 1966 strongly . A month before the finals , they hit the top of the ladder for the first time since 1951 and seemed certain to play in September . However , two losses dropped the Tigers to fifth place with thirteen wins and a draw . Richmond dismissed a number of players , replacing them with new players such as Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Francis Bourke . Richmond dominated the 1967 season , running out winners in a classic Grand Final against Geelong . In his first two years , the team lost only seven games and Hafey had gone from an unknown coach in the bush to the toast of the football world . In hindsight , the 1967 premiership marked a turning point for the game . The Tigers were fitter than any team that had gone before and were the highest scoring team since 1950 . Australian football , after two decades of defensive - based play , was about to enter an era of high scoring , aided by rule changes , new tactics and betters standards of fitness . They won the 1967 flag in a thrilling encounter with Geelong , ending a 24 - year premiership drought . The Tigers started the 1968 season slowly . They rallied to win the last six games , but missed the finals . When the Tigers were again lethargic in mid-1969 , accusations of under - achievement arose and rumours that Hafey was on the way out circulated . The players rallied behind Hafey and finished the season strong , taking fourth place . The team won all three finals , beat the much fancied Carlton in the 1969 VFL Grand Final by 25 points . After missing the playoffs in 1970 , Hafey took the Tigers to the finals for the next five years . Basing the team 's strategy around all - out attack had drawbacks . Richmond were dominant in 1972 and were hot favourites in the 1972 VFL Grand Final against Carlton . However , Carlton stunned Richmond in a game of ridiculous high scoring . Even Richmond equalled the then record highest score in a Grand Final of 22.18 ( 150 ) , but Carlton beat it with 28.9 ( 177 ) . Richmond got their revenge in an intensely physical clash in the 1973 VFL Grand Final and went back - to - back in 1974 with a strong win against a resurgent North Melbourne . By now , the aggressive attitude of the club both on and off the field had created resentment toward the club . A number of incidents during the 1973 Grand Final -- the Windy Hill brawl , the attempted recruitment of John Pitura from South Melbourne and a poor reaction to Kevin Bartlett 's failure to win the Brownlow medal -- all focussed negative attention on the club . Hafey , however , used the resentment to his advantage , telling his players `` it 's Richmond against the world '' . Richmond showed signs of ageing in 1975 , when they lost in the preliminary final . Triple Brownlow medallist , Ian Stewart retired , Paul Sproule returned to Hobart , Brian Roberts and two others were part of the John Pitura trade . A raft of other player departures made for a poor 1976 season , Hart spent most of the year nursing a knee and Dick Clay opted to retire . The Tigers finishing seventh , Hafey 's worst ever result . Internally the Richmond board bickering had flared into the public domain . It took a majority vote for Hafey to be reappointed for 1977 , but not unanimously ( he had no contract with Richmond , instead being appointed on a year - to - year basis ) . When it leaked that Graeme Richmond , the club 's powerbroker , had voted against Hafey 's reappointment Hafey immediately resigned . The club appointed dual premiership player Barry Richardson as coach for two seasons before he was replaced by Tony Jewell . Richmond won its next premiership under Jewell with a then record - breaking margin of 81 points over arch - rivals Collingwood in 1980 . After reaching and losing the 1982 VFL Grand Final , it has been a rocky road for Richmond who have struggled to come to grips with the rules and regulations of a modernised VFL , including the draft and salary cap . The successes of the early 1980s were bought at high financial cost through expensive recruiting , and were followed by severe cut backs that saw several top players depart . Recruiting War ( 1983 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) Still smarting from the loss of star players to Collingwood , Richmond set themselves for war with Collingwood in 1984 by signing three of their players : John Annear , Craig Stewart and Phil Walsh . Not only were there big contracts and transfer fees to pay , but the costs of an expensive court action as well . Richmond also signed a number of mediocre players on big contracts , and the club 's financial situation took a battering . With the team failing to improve , a challenge to the committee was brewing and Richmond 's traditional political stability threatened . The rebel group , organised by long - time servant Bill Durham , convinced former player and coach Barry Richardson to be leader . An election in late 1984 failed to clarify the situation . Ian Wilson held on to the presidency into the new year . When the one hundredth birthday of the club arrived in February 1985 , there was too much dissension to mark the moment fittingly . Eventually , Wilson handed over to Richardson , who had selected his former premiership teammate Paul Sproule to return from Tasmania and take over the coaching position on a guaranteed contract . As the season progressed with Richmond still struggling , Sproule came under pressure . Richardson guaranteed his position , but at the end of the year , the committee overruled Richardson and sacked Sproule . Incensed , Richardson walked out of Punt Road , which was in turmoil again . Desperately , Richmond turned back to Tony Jewell , who was appointed coach for a second time , the only man in the club 's history to get a second go at the job . Jewell later commented on the destruction wrought on the club during his four - year absence : `` the supporters were gone , the members were gone , the money was gone , ... a real shame . '' With the competition set to expand , Richmond made a number of misguided moves in 1986 . To fill the vacancy left by Richardson , Richmond wooed high - flying West Australian entrepreneur Alan Bond to become president . Bond came with an agenda to raise money for the club by listing on the stockmarket and relocating to Brisbane . When the latter plan was revealed in the media , a furious reaction from supporters and high - profile club personalities buried the proposal almost immediately . Early in 1987 , Bond 's tenure at the club ended in farce when he resigned without presiding over a single game . The off - field confusion was reflected in the players ' performance as Richmond slumped to only its second wooden spoon in 70 years . Save Our Skins and a return to the finals ( 1987 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) Debuting for Richmond in 1993 , Matthew Richardson went on to become one of the league 's leading goal kickers . Although the new president , ex-captain Neville Crowe , had stabilised the club and scored a coup by persuading club legend Kevin Bartlett to coach , The club managed to stay solvent by cutting expenses to the bone and paying only two - thirds of the allowable salary cap . But there was no money for recruiting to improve an impoverished playing list . The club struggled to come to terms with the draft after its inception in 1986 , and made a number of poor choices -- notably , the number one pick in 1987 was used on a player who had only two games with Richmond . Finally , with the economy in serious recession and interest rates touching seventeen per cent , Richmond 's creditors came knocking . At one point , an attempt was made to seize the club 's 1973 and 1974 premiership trophies as securities for unpaid debts , an embarrassing situation . For a number of years , the exact amount that the club owed was not publicly known . After Bartlett came Allan Jeans , who then passed the job to ex-Richmond premiership player John Northey for 1993 . Northey returned the team to the simple long - kicking style of the halcyon days under the legendary Tom Hafey . Along with some draft concessions granted by the AFL , Northey 's efforts gradually improved Richmond . The team fumbled an opportunity to make the 1994 finals , then opened 1995 with its best start to a season in 75 years and eventually made it to the preliminary final . With a talented playing list and a strong administration led by Leon Daphne ( Richmond 's first president from the corporate world , the Alan Bond farce aside ) , Richmond looked set to become regular finalists again . Lost opportunities ( 1996 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) The anticipated success failed to materialise , partly because Richmond allowed the coaching position to again become unstable . With over a year still to run on his contract , John Northey demanded a contract extension that the club refused . This was because of a rumour that some people with an association with the club were pursuing Essendon coach and former Richmond premiership player Kevin Sheedy . So Northey walked out on Richmond and accepted a longer - term contract to coach the Brisbane Bears . Richmond , caught short , appointed the Bears ' ex-coach Robert Walls for 1996 . After several humiliating thrashings in 1997 , Robert Walls became the first Richmond coach to be sacked mid-season . After two - and - a-half seasons under Jeff Gieschen , the club appointed ex-St Kilda captain Danny Frawley . After a Preliminary Final appearance in Frawley 's second season , Richmond overestimated the strength of the list and settled for trading for established players rather than drafting youth . Over the next three seasons , the team managed just 18 wins . The administration continued to support Frawley and ensured that he would see out his contract , a far cry from the way many of his predecessors were treated . However , midway through the 2004 season ( a season in which Richmond only managed 4 wins , and lost their last 14 H&A matches ) , Frawley announced he would be relinquishing his role as Richmond coach at seasons ' end . Beginning to rebuild and another wooden spoon ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) See also : Richmond Football Club season 2007 The 2005 pre-season began with renewed optimism at the club , with No. 1 draft pick Brett Deledio being touted as a future star and leader . However , the Tigers ' first match of the season ( against Geelong ) , quickly dashed that hope , as they were thrashed by 62 points . However , this loss would spark a change in the Tigers , and in the next 8 weeks of the season , they would go on to win 7 matches ( the one exception being a 68 - point loss at the hands of St Kilda in Round 5 ) . This included wins over the then - reigning premiers , Port Adelaide , and over then - runners up , the Brisbane Lions . Sitting pretty at 7 wins and 2 losses , and 3rd on the ladder , the impossible prospect of finals football loomed large . However , in the Round 10 match against Melbourne , star player Nathan Brown suffered a horrible leg injury , that would sideline him for the rest of the season . They went on to lose the match by 57 points , and would only register 3 more wins for the season ( one of those was against eventual premiers the Sydney Swans by one point , who had a one - point win against Collingwood the round before ) , eventually finishing 12th . 2006 , a year which many experts predicted continued improvement for the Tigers , saw them lose their first H&A match by 115 points , against the Western Bulldogs , after which followed losses to St Kilda and West Coast . By the end of Round 3 , things were looking grim for the Tigers once again . However , just as they did in 2005 , the Tigers would respond to their poor start by winning 8 of their next 11 matches , and by the end of Round 14 , the Tigers were in the Top 8 by a game and percentage . However , their spot in the Top 8 would be short lived , as 4 straight losses between Rounds 15 and 18 would effectively end their finals chances . They finished the 2006 season in 9th place , with 11 wins and 11 losses . After promising seasons in 2005 and 2006 , it was expected that the Tigers would take the next step in 2007 , and play finals football . After massive hype in the off - season , the Tigers had a terrible start to the 2007 season , losing their first 9 matches ( this included suffering their biggest ever defeat , at the hands of eventual premiers Geelong , by a whopping 157 points ) . Their first premiership points came in a draw against the Brisbane Lions in Round 10 , and their first win of the season did n't come until Round 12 against fellow straggler Melbourne . After Round 18 of the season , the Tigers had registered a mere 1 win , 1 draw , and 16 losses , and were looking like recording their worst ever recorded season . However , late - season victories over old rivals Collingwood in Round 19 , and Essendon in Round 21 , saved them from this fate . They would eventually finish the year as wooden - spooners , with 3 wins , 1 draw , and 18 losses . Centenary ( 2008 ) ( edit ) After the end of the 2007 season , Richmond elected to delist Patrick Bowden , Brent Hartigan , Andrew Krakouer and Carl Peterson . These four joined another four players in leaving Punt Road -- veteran Darren Gaspar , Kent Kingsley , Trent Knobel and Ray Hall . While these players left the club Jake King and Angus Graham were elevated off the rookie list . Next up came the 2007 AFL Draft , in which the Tigers recruited highly rated midfielder Trent Cotchin with their first pick ( No. 2 overall ) , backman Alex Rance ( pick No. 18 overall ) and ruckman Dean Putt ( pick No. 51 overall ) . Then , in the pre-season draft , they elected to pick David Gourdis with the number one pick . The Tigers also picked Clayton Collard , Jarrod Silvester , Tristan Cartledge and Cameron Howat for the rookie list . Cam Howat had previously been on the rookie list but was delisted then picked up again . Richmond began the 2008 season with a surprise win over Carlton , but from Rounds 2 to 11 , registered only two more wins ( and a controversial draw against the Western Bulldogs ) . The club fought back in the latter half of the season , winning eight of its last 11 matches . However , this was not enough to reach the finals , as Richmond finished two premiership points short ( and percentage ) of 8th placed Collingwood . Wallace era ends ( edit ) At the start of 2009 , Richmond was said to be rising as a team , and they would be in the eight . They had recruited former Brownlow Medal winner Ben Cousins -- who had previously been released by the West Coast Eagles due to drug trouble -- and they had rising stars in Brett Deledio and Trent Cotchin . However , the club was beaten by 83 points in Round 1 by Carlton , and did not register a win until Round 5 , against North Melbourne . With a record of 2 -- 9 after eleven weeks , Terry Wallace stepped down as coach , having announced his intention during the previous week . Jade Rawlings was announced as caretaker senior coach ; he adopted a youth policy for the remainder of the year , which saw experienced players Joel Bowden and Matthew Richardson retire by the end of the year . Rawlings led Richmond to three wins and a draw from eleven games . Richmond finished fifteenth with a record of 5 -- 16 -- 1 . On 25 August , Damien Hardwick was appointed to be the senior coach from 2010 . As Jade Rawlings and Craig McRae and Brian Royal left the Tigers assistant coaching panel , Brendon Lade and Justin Leppitsch were appointed as assistant coaches , leaving only Wayne Campbell as a previous Richmond assistant coach . Brendon Gale was also appointed CEO of the Tigers . New coach , new list and a new beginning ( 2010 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Damien Hardwick has coached Richmond since 2010 . Richmond was not expected to be competitive in 2010 , with many commentators predicting the team would win no more than four games . From the 2009 AFL Draft , the Tigers drafted seven new players , which included midfielder Dustin Martin . At the 2010 Pre-season Draft , Richmond recruited young key defender Dylan Grimes , brother of Melbourne defender Jack Grimes . Damien Hardwick selected a young team at the start of the season , with four debutants , and only three players ( Ben Cousins , Chris Newman and Troy Simmonds ) over 25 in the Round 1 loss against Carlton . Richmond was winless after nine games , before a scrappy win over Port Adelaide in Round 10 . This was the start of a turnaround in Richmond 's form , with the team winning six out of eight games , to sit with a record of 6 -- 12 after eighteen rounds . After losing the final four matches , Richmond finished fifteenth out of sixteen with a record of 6 -- 16 . Young key forward Jack Riewoldt finished the season with 78 goals , to win the Coleman Medal . Very early in the season , Richmond were criticised for `` partying too much '' in the wake of its winless start to the season ; after the Round 3 loss to the Sydney Swans , Richmond players were reported to be at the bar drinking and acting in a disorderly manner . Richmond continued to show improvement to finish 12th out of 17 teams in 2011 with eight wins and a draw . Jack Riewoldt again led the goalkicking with 62 majors , down on his previous year 's tally of 78 . Young midfielder Trent Cotchin won his first Jack Dyer Medal with 236 votes . Cotchin also polled the most votes of any Richmond player in the 2011 Brownlow Medal count with 15 votes . Dustin Martin was next best , polling 12 votes . Richmond 's 2012 season did not see an improvement from the previous three years , as they lost 6 games by 12 points or less and finished 12th for the second year running . Gold Coast also beat them , while trailing by ten points with less than a minute remaining , the Tigers produced what former Sydney Swans coach Paul Roos labelled `` the worst 47 seconds in footy '' to lose by two points . They did , however , defeat both of the eventual grand finalists Hawthorn and Sydney during the season , the only team to do so the entire year . 2012 also saw Richmond have its first Brownlow Medallist in over 40 years when Trent Cotchin polled 26 votes to be the joint winner with Hawthorn 's Sam Mitchell . Return to finals and premiership run ( 2013 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Captain Trent Cotchin leads Richmond out onto the ground before a match against Greater Western Sydney late in the 2013 season . 2013 saw Richmond claim a victory over Hawthorn ( making it one of only two clubs that season to defeat the eventual premiers ) and go on to qualify for its first finals series in over a decade . However , before 94,690 fans -- the largest week - one crowd since the VFL / AFL adopted its current finals system -- Richmond lost to Carlton in the first elimination final . Also that year , Peggy O'Neal , an American - born lawyer , became the AFL 's first female club president when she got the position at Richmond . After its drought - breaking finals appearance the previous year , Richmond failed to live up to expectations in the first half of the 2014 season , losing 10 of its first 13 matches and dropping to 16th place on the ladder . Despite public sentiment that the season was lost , the club rallied behind a five - goal performance by Cotchin to win against St Kilda . It catalysed a nine - match winning streak , with a Round 23 victory against eventual grand - finalists Sydney raising Richmond to 8th on the ladder and putting the club into its first back - to - back finals appearance since 1975 . A 57 - point loss to Port Adelaide in an elimination final knocked Richmond out in the first week of the finals . Cotchin won the Jack Dyer Medal for the third time in four years , making him the youngest Richmond player to win three club best and fairest awards . Richmond faced the prospect of another disappointing season in 2015 , losing 4 of its first 6 games . In the following weeks , however , the club registered 4 straight wins , including an upset victory over the previously undefeated Fremantle in Perth , and went on to defeat top - four teams Sydney and reigning premiers Hawthorn . Richmond would go on to win the final four games of the home and away season to finish fifth on the ladder . Facing North Melbourne in an elimination final , Richmond lost by 17 points in front of a crowd of 90,186 , making it the club 's third consecutive first weeks finals loss . In 2016 , Richmond failed to qualify for the finals for the first time in four years . Following a comprehensive Round 3 loss to Adelaide , coach Hardwick said the team would have to `` take a little half - step back to go two steps forward . '' It would go on to be the story of the season with several major defeats including one against Greater Western Sydney in which Richmond registered its lowest score since 1961 . The club debuted six players and brought in two recruits for their first games in the yellow and black . During the preseason period for 2016 / 17 , Richmond made a number of changes to its playing list and coaching staff . Among these changes was the departure of Brett Deledio to Greater Western Sydney , in a three - way deal involving Geelong that saw the Tigers receive a 2017 first - round draft selection from the Cats , as well as a 2017 third - round selection from the Giants . Richmond also attained the services of Gold Coast Suns midfielder Dion Prestia , Geelong player Josh Caddy , and young Sydney Swans ruckman Toby Nankervis in preparation for the 2017 season . 2017 AFL Grand Final Total Richmond 16 12 108 Adelaide 8 12 60 Venue : Melbourne Cricket Ground Crowd : 100,021 37 years and the Tigers are kings of the jungle again -- it is Tiger Time , Bruce . There is no doubt about it at all ... The Tigers are going to win the Premiership ( siren sounds ) in 2017 ! The Tigers have got home for the first time in 37 years ! `` '' Brian Taylor 's TV call of the Grand Final final siren on Seven Network Richmond began 2017 with 5 straight wins , a feat it had not achieved since 1995 . A series of close losses hampered the Tigers throughout the middle of the season , including a 5 - point loss to the Western Bulldogs , 2 - point loss to Fremantle , and a 3 - point loss to the Giants . Richmond ended the season strongly with convincing victories over Fremantle and St Kilda in the final two rounds , elevating the club to 3rd on the ladder . Richmond 's first final of the season -- their qualifying final against the Cats at the MCG attracted a record qualifying final crowd of 95,028 ; the Tigers won by 51 points . In their first preliminary final since 2001 , Richmond defeated Greater Western Sydney by 36 points in front of a crowd of 94,258 to progress to the Grand Final against Adelaide , their first Grand Final appearance since 1982 . The attendance was 100,021 , the largest crowd for a Grand Final since 1986 . The Crows led at quarter time and led by as many as 13 , but the Tigers took over the game as it progressed and kicked seven straight goals at one point . They eventually would win by 48 points -- 16.12 ( 108 ) to Adelaide 's 8.12 ( 60 ) -- to end their 37 - year flag drought . Dustin Martin also became the first player to win a Premiership medal , the Brownlow Medal and the Norm Smith Medal in the same season , while Damien Hardwick was named AFL Coaches Association Coach of the Year . Richmond 's jump from 13th to premiers also marked the biggest jump from one AFL season to the next . Club identity and culture ( edit ) Initially , Richmond saw itself as a gentlemanly and sportsman - like club ; it even went to the extent of sacking a player who used poor language . During the early 1900s , the club used the press as a forum to publicise a campaign against violence in the game , which earned the derision of some rival clubs . This image followed the club into the VFL in 1908 and during the First World War the club emphasised the number of men associated with the club who had enlisted and served overseas . But the club 's actions in 1916 , when it voted with three other clubs seen as representative of the working class ( Collingwood , Fitzroy and Carlton ) to continue playing football , left no doubt as to which side of the class divide that the Tigers belonged . The club 's self - consciously non-confrontational image can be partly attributed to two of long serving presidents -- George Bennett ( 1887 -- 1908 ) and Frank Tudor ( 1909 -- 1918 ) . Both were Richmond men and respected parliamentarians who took the view that how the game was played was more important than whether the game was won . After World War I , the club 's attitude hardened as they attempted to match it with the then power clubs Collingwood and Carlton . Eventually , the Tigers became more prosaic in their approach to recruiting and training . The Hafey era transformed Richmond into one of the most feared combinations in the then VFL . The club 's football administrator , Graham Richmond , drove the `` win at all costs '' mentality across the whole club , making Richmond a formidable force , winning five premierships from 1967 to 1980 . Since the Tigers ' grand final appearance in 1982 , the club has appeared in six finals series ( 1995 , 2001 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) . Board and coaching instability during the 1980s and 1990s distracted the club and forced its focus away from becoming an on - field force . Guernseys ( edit ) The club 's current home jumper design is black and features a yellow sash running from the top left of the jumper to the bottom right . For away games against teams with dark coloured jumpers , the club wears a clash strip with a reverse of this design , a black sash on a yellow base . In its first season , Richmond wore a blue jumper with a thin yellow - and - black sash running from right to left . Between 2011 and 2016 , the club guernseys were manufactured by sportswear company BLK , who were known as KooGa Australia prior to 2014 , before it went into receivership in November 2016 . Puma manufactures the club 's on - and - off field apparel . Song : we 're from Tigerland ( edit ) Initially , Richmond 's club song was Onward the Tigers , set to the tune of Waltzing Matilda . In 1962 , Jack Malcolmson , a cabaret singer who was performing regularly at the Richmond Football Club Social Club , was approached to write a new club song and adapted Row , Row , Row ( Monaco / Jerome ) , a show tune from the Ziegfeld Follies of 1912 . ( America Football Club in Rio de Janeiro uses the same tune for its club song , the Hino do America . ) The current version of the song used by the club is a 1972 recording performed by the Fable Singers . In 2014 , the Herald Sun named it the top club song of any AFL team . Oh , we 're from Tigerland A fighting fury , we 're from Tigerland In any weather , you will see us with a grin Risking head and shin If we 're behind , then never mind We 'll fight and fight and win For we 're from Tigerland We never weaken ' till the final siren 's gone Like the tiger of old We 're strong and we 're bold For we 're from Tiger Yellow and black We 're from Tigerland Mascot ( edit ) Stripes during the pre-game entertainment Richmond 's club mascot is called Tiger `` Stripes '' Dyer , named after AFL legend Jack `` Captain Blood '' Dyer . After taking over from Tiggy ( Richmond 's earlier mascot ) , Stripes displays character and attributes synonymous to the club 's `` never say die '' attitude . He remains as a solid foundation for fan engagement and is commonly seen as the team 's playful and entertaining jokester , prowling the stands and getting among the fans , to be known as the league 's most loved mascot . Stadium ( edit ) The MCG , Richmond 's home ground since 1965 The club 's home ground is the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) where the team plays most of their home matches in the regular season . The MCG has a capacity of 100,024 and the club usually draws large attendances against Victorian clubs , particularly rivals such as Essendon , Collingwood , Carlton and Hawthorn . The club also plays select home games against smaller local and interstate clubs at the smaller capacity Docklands Stadium . Richmond 's training ground and base of operations is located at the Punt Road Oval , currently branded as the Swinburne Centre , located a few hundred metres from the MCG . Administration and corporate ( edit ) Club administration since 1908 ( show ) Year President Chief Executive Officer Treasurer 2013 -- present Peggy O'Neal Brendon Gale Robert Dalton 2010 -- 2012 Gary March Brendon Gale Robert Dalton Year President General Manager Treasurer 2006 -- 2009 Gary March Steve Wright Garry Cameron 2005 Clinton Casey Gary March Steve Wright Garry Cameron Clinton Casey Ian Campbell Steve Wright Garry Cameron 2003 Clinton Casey Ian Campbell Garry Cameron 2001 -- 2002 Clinton Casey Mark Brayshaw Garry Cameron 2000 Clinton Casey Mark Brayshaw Terry Grigg 1999 Leon Daphne Jim Malone Terry Grigg 1995 -- 1998 Leon Daphne Jim Malone Keith Miller 1994 Leon Daphne Cameron Schwab Jim Malone Keith Miller 1993 Neville Crowe Leon Daphne Cameron Schwab Keith Miller 1991 -- 1992 Neville Crowe Cameron Schwab Keith Miller 1989 -- 1990 Neville Crowe Cameron Schwab Michael Humphris 1988 Neville Cowe Richard Doggett Cameron Schwab Michael Humphris Alan Bond Neville Crowe Richard Doggett Michael Humphris 1986 Bill Durham Kevin Dixon Richard Doggett John McCormack Michael Humphris 1985 Ian Wilson Barry Richardson Kevin Dixon John McCormack 1981 -- 1984 Ian Wilson Kevin Dixon Ron Carson 1980 Ian Wilson Richard Doggett Richard Doggett 1979 Ian Wilson Gareth Andrews Richard Doggett Gareth Andrews Richard Doggett 1978 Ian Wilson Gareth Andrews Gareth Andrews ( show ) Year President Secretary Treasurer 1977 Ian Wilson Max Scales Max Scales 1974 -- 1976 Ian Wilson Alan Schwab Alan Schwab 1973 Al Board Alan Schwab Alan Schwab 1972 Al Board Alan Schwab Pat Kennelly Alan Schwab 1971 Ray Dunn Al Board Alan Schwab Pat Kennelly 1970 Ray Dunn Alan Schwab Ron Carson 1969 Ray Dunn Alan Schwab Graeme Richmond 1968 Ray Dunn Graeme Richmond Alan Schwab Ron Carson Graeme Richmond 1966 -- 1967 Ray Dunn Graeme Richmond Ron Carson 1965 Ray Dunn Graeme Richmond Graeme Richmond 1964 Ray Dunn Graeme Richmond I Cameron 1963 Maurie Fleming Graeme Richmond Bill Tymms 1962 Maurie Fleming Bill Tymms Graeme Richmond Bill Tymms 1960 -- 1961 Maurie Fleming Bill Tymms Bill Tymms 1959 Maurie Fleming Bill Tymms Bill Quinn 1958 Harry Dyke Maurie Fleming Bill Tymms Bill Quinn 1956 -- 1957 Harry Dyke Bill Tymms Bill Quinn 1955 Harry Dyke Hector Lingwood - Smith Bill Tymms Bill Quinn 1953 -- 1954 Harry Dyke Maurie Fleming Bill Quinn 1952 Harry Dyke Maurie Fleming Hector Lingwood - Smith Bill Quinn 1950 -- 1951 Harry Dyke Maurie Fleming Bill Quinn 1949 Harry Dyke Maurie Fleming Jack Smith Bill Quinn 1947 -- 1948 Harry Dyke Maurie Fleming Jack Smith 1940 -- 1946 Harry Dyke Maurie Fleming Charlie Turner 1939 Barney Herbert Maurie Sheahan Charlie Turner 1938 Lou Roberts John Smith Charlie Turner 1937 Lou Roberts John Smith George Smith 1936 Lou Roberts John Smith Jos Langdon 1932 -- 1935 Barney Herbert John Smith Jos Langdon 1925 -- 1931 Jack Archer Percy Page Jos Langdon 1924 Jack Archer Percy Page Abe Aarons 1921 -- 1923 Alf Wood Bill Maybury Abe Aarons 1919 -- 1920 Alf Wood Bill Maybury Jack Archer 1917 -- 1918 Frank Tudor Bill Maybury Jack Archer 1913 -- 1916 Frank Tudor Bill Lohse Jack Archer 1912 Frank Tudor George Beachcroft James MacDermott 1909 -- 1911 Frank Tudor Andrew Manzie Archie McNair 1908 George Bennett Andrew Manzie Archie McNair Supporter base ( edit ) Richmond has a large supporter base and which is known for its dedication , including its personal cheer squad who attend both home and away matches for the club . The club broke its membership record along with the all time AFL membership record with 95,000 signing up in 2018 making it the most supported club in the Australian Football League , overtaking Collingwood . The building of the fan base was a slow process for Richmond . In the 1890s , the club never sold more than 300 season tickets , but the following was built up with success in the VFA and membership numbered about 2,000 at the time of admission to the VFL in 1908 . Between the wars , the club captured the imagination of the residents of Richmond . The successful Tigers were a positive motif for the oppressed working class community which suffered deprivation during the Great Depression . At this time , the Richmond community was almost half Catholic , and this demographic was reflected in the club among the players and officials . As Melbourne dramatically spread out in the post-war years , so too did the Richmond supporters . Many were now concentrated in the eastern suburbs , which eventually formed the club 's metropolitan recruiting zone . Indeed , at one point during the early development of the Waverley Park ground , the Tigers considered making the stadium its home for this reason . Following the barren period of the 1950s , Richmond was able to tap into the large number of fans by moving home matches to the MCG and almost doubled attendance figures . The Tigers maintained this advantage over the other clubs until the mid-1980s , when poor administration led to a downturn in every area of the club . As the club struggled for funds , the membership plummeted from over 10,000 to under 3,000 . The greatest display of loyalty from the fans occurred during 1990 . Threatened by liquidation , the supporters rallied to pay off the multimillion - dollar debt via the `` Save Our Skins '' campaign . In 2011 , the club launched the Fighting Tiger Fund to reduce the club 's debt and to allow it to increase spending on the football department in order to be more competitive on field . RFC commemorative football 2013 In 2013 , the club launched The Roar is Back membership promotion aiming at signing up 60,000 members in a season for the first time ever . Following a successful campaign , on 24 June 2013 , Richmond chief executive Brendon Gale confirmed that membership had passed 60,000 . The club created a limited edition commemorative Sherrin football to celebrate the achievement and it was distributed free to families at the ' Thank you for 60,000 members BBQ / Training Morning ' at Punt Road Oval on 29 June 2013 . The official membership total for 2013 was 60,321 . For statistical purposes 30 June is the cut - off date for membership numbers although it does continue to sell memberships . In 2013 , after 30 June the club commenced bundling 2013 and 2014 membership years into a special `` Sign up as a member for 2014 and get the rest of 2013 free ! '' offer . The 2014 membership total of 66,122 gave Richmond the 3rd biggest membership base in the AFL behind Collingwood and Hawthorn ( 80,793 and 68,650 respectively ) . This record was again broken in 2015 with the club signing up 70,809 members , still ranking 3rd in total membership numbers . The club averaged the highest crowds in the AFL of 49,841 in 2015 , home crowd averaged 53,236 the highest in the 2015 AFL season Membership ( edit ) Season Ticketed Members Ladder Position Finals Premiers Average Home Attendance Average Away Attendance Average Finals Attendance Average Season Attendance Total Season Attendance 2018 95,072 * * * 2 * * 57,162 * * 57,148 * * 57,155 * * 571,552 * * 2017 75,777 55,958 37,201 96,436 52,562 * 1,314,058 * 2016 72,278 13 41,155 40,684 40,920 900,237 2015 70,809 5 49,877 45,974 90,186 49,841 * 1,146,335 * 2014 66,122 8 43,196 33,147 49,886 38,712 * 890,377 * 2013 60,321 5 50,901 43,671 94,690 49,477 * 1,137,980 * 2012 53,027 12 41,319 37,909 39,614 871,504 2011 40,184 12 42,784 38,606 40,695 895,290 35,960 15 37,452 38,434 37,943 834,744 2009 36,985 15 43,165 35,822 39,493 868,855 2008 30,820 9 43,548 41,452 42,500 935,002 2007 30,044 16 38,255 44,400 41,327 909,203 2006 29,406 9 42,929 34,849 38,889 855,556 2005 28,029 12 35,800 37,189 36,495 802,885 27,133 16 35,378 32,984 34,181 751,982 2003 25,101 13 35,630 39,901 37,766 830,841 2002 27,251 14 32,796 37,759 35,278 776,113 2001 26,501 46,129 42,532 66,203 46,955 * 1,173,875 * 2000 26,869 9 44,012 33,617 38,814 853,916 1999 29,047 12 40,533 39,936 40,235 885,159 1998 27,092 9 44,307 48,768 46,537 1,023,821 1997 24,975 13 34,515 36,713 35,614 783,517 20,308 9 38,624 38,737 38,680 850,966 1995 14,647 41,952 37,844 75,168 44,184 * 1,104,607 * 1994 8,229 9 33,968 24,787 29,377 646,301 1993 9,918 14 24,853 23,552 24,202 484,041 1992 8,158 13 20,088 22,255 21,572 474,575 Club records in bold text . Includes three finals in 1995 , 2001 , 2017 and one final in 2013 , 2014 , 2015 . At completion of Round 10 of 2018 Season . As at 28th May . Cheer squad ( edit ) The Official Richmond Cheer Squad is an organised group of passionate supporters who attend every Richmond game whether in Melbourne or interstate . There are also supporter groups located in each state of Australia . Club honour board ( edit ) Premiership teams ( edit ) See Richmond premiership teams Richmond team of the century ( edit ) In 1998 , Richmond announced its Team of the 20th Century . The selection of the 22 players shows an even spread of champions from all the eras of the club : Thorp from the club 's first premiership wins of 1920 -- 21 ; McCormack , Strang , Titus and Dyer from the inter-war years ; Rowe , Morris and Wright from the battling era after the war ; Richardson and Knights from recent times . But the great days from the late 1960s to the early 1980s provide the bulk of the side : Sheedy , Green , Keane , Bourke , Barrot , Clay , Hart , Dean and Bartlett who made up the core of Tom Hafey 's teams , and later success stories Weightman and Raines . Ian Stewart , named on the bench , managed selection in a team of the century at two clubs -- he was named in the centre of St Kilda 's team as well . Richmond has four players denoted below with an asterisk who are also members of AFL Team of the Century . This is the second-most of any club . Richmond Team of the Century B : Kevin Sheedy 1967 -- 79 , 180cm 81k , 251 games 91 goals Vic Thorp 1910 -- 25 , 178cm 83k , 263 games 7 goals Michael Green 1966 -- 75 , 193cm 94k , 146 games 83 goals HB : Basil McCormack 1925 -- 36 , 180cm 80k , 199 games 1 goal Gordon Strang 1931 -- 38 , 185cm 83k , 116 games 108 goals Mervyn Keane 1972 -- 84 , 185cm 82k , 238 games 36 goals C : Francis Bourke * 1967 -- 81 , 185cm 83k , 300 games 71 goals Bill Barrot 1961 -- 70 , 180 cm 76k , 120 games 91 goals Dick Clay 1966 -- 76 , 185cm 85k , 213 games 80 goals HF : Matthew Richardson 1993 -- 2009 , 197cm 103k , 282 games 800 goals Royce Hart * 1967 -- 77 , 187cm 86k , 187 games 369 goals Roger Dean 1957 -- 73 , 175cm 73k , 245 games 204 goals F : Dale Weightman 1978 -- 93 , 170cm 69k , 274 games 344 goals Jack Titus 1926 -- 43 , 175cm 66k , 294 games 970 goals Bill Morris 1942 -- 51 , 188cm 86k , 140 games 98 goals Foll : Roy Wright 1946 -- 59 , 188cm , 102k , 195 games 127 goals Jack Dyer * ( capt ) 1931 -- 49 , 185cm 89k , 312 games 443 goals Kevin Bartlett 1965 -- 83 , 175cm 71k , 403 games 778 goals Int : Des Rowe 1946 -- 57 , 182cm 83k , 175 games 24 goals Geoff Raines 1976 -- 82 , 180cm 78k , 134 games 53 goals Ian Stewart * 1971 -- 75 , 180cm 78k , 78 games 55 goals Matthew Knights 1988 -- 2002 , 179cm 74k , 279 games 141 goals Coach : Tom Hafey Played 248 Won 173 Lost 73 Drawn 2 ( 2 ) Australian Football Hall of fame members ( edit ) As legends of the game : Jack Dyer Kevin Bartlett Ian Stewart Royce Hart As players of the game : Percy Bentley Francis Bourke Dan Minogue Bill Morris Charlie Pannam Vic Thorp Jack Titus Dale Weightman Roy Wright Matthew Richardson Maurice Rioli As coaches of the game : Tom Hafey Frank ' Checker ' Hughes Richmond Hall of fame ( edit ) The club 's hall of fame was created in 2002 with 23 inductees . Below is a list , separated into categories , of members and the year they were inducted . To date , six Richmond `` Immortals '' have been named , the first of whom was Jack Dyer , the year before his death in 2003 . Dyer was followed by Kevin Bartlett , Tom Hafey , Francis Bourke , Royce Hart and Vic Thorp . Players Players Players Players Coaches Servants Neil Balme 2010 Bill Barrot 2007 Kevin Bartlett 2002 Percy Bentley 2002 Martin Bolger 2005 Francis Bourke 2002 Ron Branton 2006 Wayne Campbell 2013 Dick Clay 2002 David Cloke 2007 Roger Dean 2002 Donald Don 2015 Jack Dyer 2002 Alec Edmond 2007 Alan Geddes 2007 Michael Green 2004 Clarrie Hall 2006 Dick Harris 2004 Royce Hart 2002 Frank Hughes 2004 Hugh James 2005 Jim Jess 2008 Mervyn Keane 2005 Mark Lee 2010 Ray Martin 2010 Basil McCormack 2004 Bill Morris 2002 Tom O'Halloran 2013 Kevin O'Neill 2008 Max Oppy 2004 Geoff Raines 2008 Matthew Richardson 2015 Michael Roach 2002 Des Rowe 2004 Havel Rowe 2015 Barry Rowlings 2015 Kevin Sheedy 2002 Ian Stewart 2013 Vic Thorp 2002 Jack Titus 2002 Wayne Walsh 2013 Dale Weightman 2002 Bryan Wood 2006 Roy Wright 2002 Tom Hafey 2002 Dan Minogue 2002 Charlie Backhouse 2002 Charlie Callander 2002 James Charles 2002 Allan Cooke 2006 Neville Crowe 2002 Ray Dunn 2002 Barney Herbert 2004 Tony Jewell 2002 Barry Richardson 2004 Graeme Richmond 2002 Alice Wills 2002 Ian Wilson 2010 ( 3 ) `` 100 Tiger Treasures '' ( edit ) During the centenary season the tigers announced their 100 Tiger Treasures consisting of 10 awards , each with 10 nominees given by the Richmond Football Club in 2008 to celebrate their centenary year of competition in the VFL / AFL . The awards were mostly given to players but also club moments and campaigns . On Saturday , 28 June Richmond held a centenary celebration at Punt Road Oval before the centenary game at the MCG against arch rivials Carlton later that day . Award Winner Nominees Best Individual Performance of the Century Kevin Bartlett `` Put his unique stamp on the 1980 finals series , kicking 21 goals as a half - forward in Richmond 's three appearances , including seven in the Grand Final massacre of the Magpies , which earned him the Norm Smith Medal for being best afield . '' Jack Titus Doug Strang Jack Dyer Roy Wright Tommy Hafey Bill Barrot Michael Green David Cloke Matthew Knights Class of the Century Royce Hart `` Thrilled Tiger fans for a decade with his match - winning exploits at centre half - forward . His dominance up forward was a major factor in the Club 's run of four premierships from 1967 -- 74 . He was an extraordinary mark , a deadeye shot for goal , very courageous and , when the ball hit the ground , he swooped on it like a rover . '' Vic Thorp Bill Morris Ian Stewart Kevin Bartlett Dick Clay Paul Sproule Geoff Raines Dale Weightman Maurice Rioli The Strong & the Bold Jack Dyer `` No player in the history of the game epitomises his club more than the man known as ' Captain Blood ' . He struck fear into the hearts and minds of all opposition players during the 1930s and 40s . Was renowned for his bone - jarring shirtfronts , which left many an opponent bloodied , battered and bruised . He bled for the Tigers and expected his teammates to do likewise . '' Basil McCormack Percy Bentley Max Oppy Roger Dean Martin Bolger Des Rowe Matthew Richardson Kevin Sheedy Francis Bourke Defining Moment Save Our Skins `` On 15 August 1990 , Richmond announced that it needed to raise $1 million by 31 October that year , or it would cease to exist . The Save Our Skins campaign was immediately established to keep the Tigers alive . With Club president Neville Crowe as the figurehead , the SOS campaign did exactly what it set out to achieve , raising the necessary funds to stave off the threat of extinction . '' Joining The VFL The Sash First Premiership Eat ' Em Alive Jack Dyer 's Debut The Theme Song Move To The MCG Tommy Hafey 's Appointment As Coach Breaking The Drought In ' 67 Breaking the 37 Year Drought Servant of the Century Graeme Richmond `` Graeme Richmond filled a variety of important roles at Tigerland over more than 30 years of devoted service . He was a shrewd , ruthless administrator , who never wasted an opportunity that could benefit his beloved Tigers . His strength lay in his relentless persuasiveness -- he was a masterly recruiter and negotiator . And , as a speaker , arguably there have been none finer in league football history . '' Charlie Callander Charlie Priestley Ray Dunn Alan Schwab Allan Cooke Maurie Fleming Neville Crowe Alice Wills Ian Wilson Brave Act of the Century Francis Bourke `` Bourke collided with teammate Stephen Mount in a tense Round 21 , 1980 clash with North Melbourne at Arden Street and had trouble seeing because of the blood streaming down his face . He was subsequently moved from full - back to the opposite end of the ground , where he immediately made his presence felt , taking a diving chest mark and slotting through a crucial goal . '' Bill Burns George Smeaton Eric Moore Francis Bourke Royce Hart Laurie Fowler Robert Lamb Tony Free Matthew Richardson Premiership of the Century 1967 `` Richmond , under coach Tommy Hafey , finished the 1967 home - and - away season on top . The Tigers disposed of Carlton by 40 points in the second - semi , then faced up to a star - studded Geelong combination in the Grand Final . At the end of a spectacular contest , Richmond had broken a 24 - year premiership drought . Barrot , Brown , Hart , Dean and Bartlett starred , while unsung hero Ronaldson kicked three vital goals . '' 1920 1921 1932 1934 1943 1969 1973 1980 Mark of the Century Michael Roach `` The superstar full - forward was a noted high - flyer during his 200 - game career at Tigerland , but the mark he took against Hawthorn at the MCG in 1979 was , almost literally , out of this world . ' Roachy ' actually rose so high over a huge nest of Hawk players , he ended up making it a chest mark ! '' Thomas O'Halloran Royce Hart Malcolm Greenslade Kevin Sheedy Bryan Wood Geoff Raines Michael Mitchell David Bourke Matthew Richardson Goal of the Century Michael Mitchell `` The little Tiger excitement machine decided to take off on a bit of a trot during the team 's final home - and - away match of the 1990 season , against Sydney at the SCG . After gathering the ball deep in defence , ' Mitch ' took one bounce , then another , and then five more ( seven in total ) , before calmly drilling home an incredibly inspirational goal . '' John Ronaldson Bill Barrot Michael Roach Kevin Bartlett Jimmy Jess Matthew Knights Joel Bowden Nathan Brown Chris Newman Controversy of the Century Windy Hill Brawl `` On 18 May 1974 , all hell broke loose at half - time of Richmond 's clash with Essendon at Windy Hill as the players were leaving the field ... A massive brawl erupted , involving players and officials of both clubs . Following a league investigation , several players and officials received suspensions , the heaviest being for Graeme Richmond , who was rubbed out until 31 December and also fined $2000 . '' Dean / Barassi Incident In 1963 Crowe / Nicholls Incident In 1967 Second - Semi Barrot / Stewart Swap Neil Balme 's Rampage , 1973 Grand Final John Pitura Trade Jewell / Jones Quarter - Time Brawl 1980 's Trade Wars With Collingwood Alan Bond 's Brisbane Plan Jeff Hogg Trade Captains ( edit ) Trent Cotchin 2013 -- Chris Newman 2009 -- 12 Kane Johnson 2005 -- 08 Wayne Campbell 2001 -- 04 Matthew Knights 1997 -- 00 Tony Free 1994 -- 96 Jeff Hogg 1993 Dale Weightman 1988 -- 92 Mark Lee 1985 -- 87 Barry Rowlings 1983 -- 84 David Cloke 1982 Bryan Wood 1981 Bruce Monteath 1980 Kevin Bartlett 1979 Kevin Sheedy 1978 Francis Bourke 1976 -- 77 Royce Hart 1972 -- 75 Roger Dean 1968 -- 71 Fred Swift 1967 Neville Crowe 1963 -- 66 Ron Branton 1960 -- 62 Roy Wright 1958 -- 59 Des Rowe 1952 -- 57 Bill Morris 1950 -- 51 Jack Dyer 1941 -- 49 Percy Bentley 1932 -- 40 Maurie Hunter 1931 Alan Geddes 1930 Cyril Lilburne 1929 Alan Geddes 1927 -- 28 Mel Morris 1926 Dan Minogue 1920 -- 25 Bill Thomas 1919 Clarrie Hall 1918 Percy Maybury 1917 Bill Thomas 1914 -- 16 Hugh James 1913 Ted Ohlsen 1912 Len Incigneri 1911 Billy Schmidt 1910 Dick Condon / John Lawson 1909 Charlie Pannam Snr 1908 Coaches ( edit ) Damien Hardwick 2010 -- Jade Rawlings 2009 ( Rounds 12 -- 22 ) Terry Wallace 2005 -- 09 ( Rounds 1 -- 11 ) Danny Frawley 2000 -- 04 Jeff Gieschen 1997 -- 99 Robert Walls 1996 -- 97 John Northey 1993 -- 95 Allan Jeans 1992 Kevin Bartlett 1988 -- 91 Tony Jewell 1986 -- 87 Paul Sproule 1985 Mike Patterson 1984 Francis Bourke 1982 -- 83 Tony Jewell 1979 -- 81 Barry Richardson 1977 -- 78 Verdun Howell 1971 Tom Hafey 1966 -- 76 Jack Titus 1965 Len Smith 1964 -- 65 Dick Harris 1964 Des Rowe 1961 -- 63 Alan McDonald 1957 -- 60 Max Oppy 1956 Alby Pannam 1953 -- 55 Jack Dyer 1941 -- 52 Percy Bentley 1934 -- 40 Billy Schmidt 1933 Frank ' Checker ' Hughes 1927 -- 32 Mel Morris 1926 Dan Minogue 1920 -- 25 Norm Clark 1919 Bernie Nolan 1918 Percy Maybury 1917 Charlie Ricketts 1914 -- 16 Ern Jenkins 1913 Charlie Pannam Sr 1912 Len Incigneri 1911 Alex ' Joker ' Hall 1910 Dick Condon 1908 -- 09 Current squad ( edit ) Richmond Football Club view talk Senior list Rookie list Coaching staff 1 Nick Vlastuin 2 Dylan Grimes 3 Dion Prestia 4 Dustin Martin 5 Brandon Ellis 6 Shaun Grigg 7 Dan Butler 8 Jack Riewoldt ( vc ) 9 Trent Cotchin ( c ) 10 Shane Edwards 11 Jason Castagna 12 David Astbury 14 Bachar Houli 15 Jayden Short 16 Shaun Hampson 17 Daniel Rioli 18 Alex Rance ( vc ) 21 Jacob Townsend 22 Josh Caddy 23 Kane Lambert 25 Toby Nankervis 26 Anthony Miles 27 Sam Lloyd 28 Jack Higgins 29 Shai Bolton 30 Reece Conca 31 Oleg Markov 32 Corey Ellis 33 Kamdyn McIntosh 34 Jack Graham 35 Nathan Broad 37 Connor Menadue 38 Noah Balta 39 Nathan Drummond 40 Callum Coleman - Jones 42 Ryan Garthwaite 45 Patrick Naish 46 Ben Miller 47 Ivan Soldo 36 Callum Moore 41 Mabior Chol 43 Derek Eggmolesse - Smith ( B ) 44 Tyson Stengle 48 Liam Baker Head coach Damien Hardwick Assistant coaches Blake Caracella ( midfield spread ) Andrew McQualter ( midfield stoppage ) Justin Leppitsch ( forwards ) Ben Rutten ( defence ) Ivan Maric ( ruck ) Xavier Clarke ( development ) Ryan Ferguson ( development ) Craig McRae ( VFL coach / development ) Legend : ( c ) Captain ( s ) ( vc ) Vice captain ( s ) ( B ) Category B rookie Updated : 11 January 2018 Source ( s ) : Senior list , Rookie list , Coaching staff Records ( edit ) Club records ( edit ) VFL / AFL Premierships 11 - 1920 , 1921 , 1932 , 1934 , 1943 , 1967 , 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1980 , 2017 VFL / AFL Runner - up 12 - 1919 , 1924 , 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1931 , 1933 , 1940 , 1942 , 1944 , 1972 , 1982 VFL / AFL Reserve Premierships 9 - 1929 , 1946 , 1954 , 1955 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 , 1977 , 1997 VFL / AFL Under 19 Premierships 11 - 1958 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1980 , 1985 , 1989 McClelland Trophies 7 - 1967 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1977 , 1982 Champions of Australia 3 - 1969 , 1973 , 1974 VFL Night Series Premierships 1 - 1962 VFL / AFL Lightning Premierships 1 - 1953 VFL / AFL `` Wooden Spoons '' 6 - 1917 , 1960 , 1987 , 1989 , 2004 , 2007 Last updated : 4 October 2017 Win - Loss record Played : 2,241 Won : 1,134 Lost : 1,085 Drawn : 22 Highest score 222 ( 34.18 ) vs. St Kilda , Round 16 , 1980 at SCG Lowest score 8 ( 0.8 ) vs. St Kilda , Round 16 , 1961 at Junction Oval Greatest winning margin 168 points vs. North Melbourne , Round 2 , 1931 at Punt Road Oval Greatest losing margin 157 points vs. Geelong , Round 6 , 2007 at Telstra Dome Biggest match attendance 119,165 vs. Carlton , Grand Final , 1969 at MCG Biggest home & away match attendance 92,436 vs. Collingwood , Round 4 , 1977 at MCG Source : AFL Tables . Last updated : 28 May 2018 Career records ( edit ) Statistic Record Player Seasons inclusive Most league Best and Fairest awards Roy Wright 1952 , 1954 Most seasons as league leading goal kicker Michael Roach 1980 - 81 Jack Riewoldt 2010 , 2012 Most All - Australian selections Alex Rance 2014 -- 2017 Most Brownlow Medal votes 160 Kevin Bartlett 1965 -- 1983 Most club Best & Fairest awards 6 Jack Dyer 1932 , 1937 -- 1940 , 1946 Most seasons as club leading goal - kicker 13 Matthew Richardson 1994 , 1996 -- 1999 , 2001 -- 2008 Games played 403 Kevin Bartlett 1965 -- 1983 Games played as captain 168 Percy Bentley 1932 -- 1940 Games as coach 248 Tom Hafey 1966 -- 1976 Goals 970 Jack Titus 1926 -- 1943 Disposals 9151 Kevin Bartlett 1965 -- 1983 Kicks 8293 Kevin Bartlett 1965 -- 1983 Handballs 2736 Dale Weightman 1978 -- 1993 Marks 2270 Matthew Richardson 1993 -- 2009 Tackles 774 Trent Cotchin 2008 - current Hit Outs 4304 Mark Lee 1977 -- 1991 Clearances 983 Trent Cotchin 2008 - current Inside 50s 980 Brett Deledio 2005 - 2016 Rebound 50s 1006 Joel Bowden 1996 - 2009 One percenters 1333 Alex Rance 2009 - current Source : AFL Tables . Last updated 4 October 2017 Single game records ( edit ) Statistic Record Player Opponent Match Goals 14 Doug Strang North Melbourne Round 2 , 1931 at Punt Road Oval Disposals 46 Robert Wiley Carlton Round 8 , 1980 at MCG Kicks 38 Kevin Bartlett Geelong Round 17 , 1974 at Waverley Park Handballs 28 Nathan Foley Brisbane Round 6 , 2011 at MCG Marks 23 Joel Bowden Port Adelaide Round 13 , 2008 at Football Park Tackles 14 Shane Tuck Port Adelaide Round 10 , 2010 at Football Park 14 Angus Graham Port Adelaide Round 10 , 2010 at Football Park Hit Outs 56 Toby Nankervis Melbourne Round 5 , 2017 at MCG Clearances 15 Wayne Campbell Fremantle Round 19 , 2000 at WACA Ground Inside 50s 14 Kane Johnson Western Bulldogs Round 17 , 2003 at Docklands Stadium Rebound 50s 16 Joel Bowden Adelaide Round 8 , 2006 at Docklands Stadium One percenters 19 Alex Rance Geelong Round 21 , 2016 at MCG Source : AFL Tables . Last updated 4 October 2017 Single season records ( edit ) Statistic Record Player Season Goals 112 Michael Roach 1980 Disposals 744 Dustin Martin 2017 Kicks 634 Kevin Bartlett 1973 Handballs 320 Craig Lambert 1991 Marks 224 Mike Green 1969 Tackles 139 Trent Cotchin 2017 Hit Outs 711 Mark Lee 1984 Clearances 160 Dustin Martin 2017 Inside 50s 159 Nick Daffy 1998 Rebound 50s 190 Joel Bowden 2006 One percenters 242 Alex Rance 2017 Source : AFL Tables . Last updated 4 October 2017 Individual awards ( edit ) VFL / AFL Best & Fairest Stan Judkins -- 1930 Bill Morris -- 1948 Roy Wright -- 1952 , 1954 Ian Stewart -- 1971 Trent Cotchin -- 2012 Dustin Martin -- 2017 VFL / AFL leading goalkicker George Bayliss -- 1920 Jack Titus -- 1940 Dick Harris -- 1943 Michael Roach -- 1980 , 1981 Jack Riewoldt -- 2010 , 2012 Grand Final Best & Fairest First Awarded 1979 Kevin Bartlett -- 1980 Maurice Rioli -- 1982 Dustin Martin -- 2017 AFL Rising Star First Awarded 1993 Brett Deledio -- 2005 Mark of the Year Michael Roach -- 1979 Geoff Raines -- 1982 Michael Mitchell -- 1990 Goal of the Year Geoff Raines -- 1984 Michael Mitchell -- 1990 Daniel Rioli -- 2017 All - Australian selection First Awarded 1953 Des Rowe -- 1956 Roy Wright -- 1956 Neville Crowe -- 1966 Royce Hart -- 1969 David Cloke -- 1979 Bruce Monteath -- 1979 Michael Roach -- 1979 Jim Jess -- 1980 Geoff Raines -- 1980 Mark Lee -- 1980 , 1983 , 1985 Maurice Rioli -- 1983 , 1986 Dale Weightman -- 1985 , 1986 , 1988 Terry Wallace -- 1988 Wayne Campbell -- 1995 , 1999 Matthew Richardson -- 1996 , 1999 , 2008 Matthew Knights -- 1998 Andrew Kellaway -- 2000 Darren Gaspar -- 2000 , 2001 Brad Ottens -- 2001 Joel Bowden -- 2005 , 2006 Jack Riewoldt -- 2010 , 2015 Trent Cotchin -- 2012 Brett Deledio -- 2012 , 2015 Alex Rance -- 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ( captain ) Dustin Martin -- 2016 , 2017 AFL Coaches Association Champion Player of the Year Trent Cotchin -- 2012 Dustin Martin -- 2017 AFL Coaches Association Coach of the Year Damien Hardwick -- 2017 AFL Players Association Most Valuable Player Dustin Martin -- 2017 International Rules Series representatives Commenced 1998 Matthew Richardson -- 1996 , 1999 , 2008 Wayne Campbell -- 1998 , 1999 , 2000 Andrew Kellaway -- 2000 , 2002 Darren Gaspar -- 2001 Brad Ottens -- 2001 Joel Bowden -- 2001 , 2004 Nathan Brown -- 2003 , 2004 Brett Deledio -- 2005 Chris Newman -- 2005 Andrew Raines -- 2006 Jack Riewoldt -- 2010 Jake King -- 2011 Robin Nahas -- 2011 Club Best & Fairest See Jack Dyer Medal Club leading goalkicker See Michael Roach Medal Reserves team ( edit ) Richmond has had a reserves team participate in various competitions since the early 20th century . The reserves competition for the then - Victorian Football League ( now trading as the Australian Football League ) began in 1919 and the Richmond reserves recorded its first premiership in 1929 . In the following 68 years , Richmond went on to win a further eight premierships in reserve - grade football . The Richmond reserves participated in the VFL / AFL reserves , then the Victorian State Football League up to the 1999 season , then in the new Victorian Football League competition in 2000 . In 2001 , the Richmond reserves team was dissolved and the club entered a reserves affiliation with the Coburg Football Club in the VFL , using the latter as a feeder team . This arrangement lasted from 2001 until 2013 . Richmond ended the affiliation at the end of 2013 , seeking to re-establish a more direct developmental structure by operating a stand - alone reserves team . The reformed Richmond ( VFL ) reserves team has played in the VFL since 2014 , playing its home games at the Punt Road Oval , with many staged as curtain raisers to the club 's senior home and away games at the nearby Melbourne Cricket Ground . The team is made up of a combination of senior listed AFL players , rookie listed players and VFL exclusive contracted players . The VFL exclusive player list is below . Richmond Football Club ( reserves ) view talk Playing list Coaching staff 51 Sam Darley ( c ) 52 Anthony Scott 53 Hugh Beasley 54 Jacob Ballard 55 Ryan Bathie 57 Brandon Wood 58 Jake Aarts 59 Ash Morris 60 Tom Langford 61 James Fletcher 62 Jayden Cass 63 Jack Holden 64 Thomas Silvestro 67 Brenton Credlin 69 Shaun Mannagh 74 Tyson Kruse 75 Lachlan McKenzie 76 Alex Harnett 78 Daniel Coffield 79 Billy Coates 80 Antony Forato 81 Danko Bzenic 86 Zak McCubbin 88 Max O'Sullivan Head coach Craig McRae Assistant coaches Tom Hunter ( forwards ) Xavier Clarke ( midfield ) Ryan Ferguson ( backline ) Ben Waite ( midfield stoppage ) Marc Sophoulis ( development ) Legend : ( c ) Captain ( s ) ( vc ) Vice captain ( s ) Updated : 15 March 2017 Source ( s ) : Playing list , Coaching staff Past premierships ( edit ) Reserves Premierships ( 9 ) Year Competition Opponent Score Venue 1929 VFL Reserves Geelong 12.8 ( 80 ) - 7.15 ( 57 ) MCG 1946 VFL Reserves Fitzroy 7.15 ( 57 ) - 7.14 ( 56 ) MCG 1954 VFL Reserves Melbourne 10.20 ( 80 ) - 4.9 ( 33 ) MCG 1955 VFL Reserves Footscray 13.18 ( 96 ) - 9.12 ( 66 ) MCG 1966 VFL Reserves Collingwood 14.11 ( 95 ) - 13.12 ( 90 ) MCG 1971 VFL Reserves Essendon 14.14 ( 98 ) - 8.18 ( 66 ) MCG 1973 VFL Reserves Geelong 17.18 ( 120 ) - 8.12 ( 60 ) MCG 1977 VFL Reserves Footscray 19.18 ( 132 ) - 10.15 ( 75 ) MCG 1997 AFL Reserves ( VSFL ) Hawthorn 17.12 ( 114 ) - 10.10 ( 70 ) MCG Best and fairest award ( edit ) Year Player Award name Notes 2014 Ross Young Guinane Medal VFL - only 2015 Matt Dea Guinane Medal AFL listed 2016 Adam Marcon Guinane Medal AFL listed 2017 Anthony Miles Guinane Medal AFL listed Source : Tigerland Archive . Last updated 23 April , 2018 Women 's teams ( edit ) The Richmond Football Club has licenses for two women 's teams : one team in the AFL Women 's competition , which will enter the league in 2020 ; and one team in the VFL Women 's competition , which will be fielded for the first time in the 2018 VFLW season . The program , including development pathways , is presently overseen by female football operations manager , Kate Sheahan . History ( edit ) Richmond has a thin history with women 's football , with the club connected to just two women 's matches in the 20th century . The first occurred in 1923 , with a team dubbed the `` Tigresses '' playing off against the club 's junior men 's team ( Cubs ) as a fundraiser for a VFL team 's interstate trip . As was the case with women versus men charity matches in that era , the men 's team competed in the match in full fancy dress attire . In what was a non-serious affair the women 's side ( 9.14 ( 68 ) ) defeated the scoreless cubs side . In August 1933 however , an all women 's match was held between teams representing the suburbs of Richmond and Carlton in a charity match . While the Carlton team was associated with the club itself , Richmond did not pair with the side that played under its moniker . The match , played at Carlton 's home Princes Park drew an estimated crowd of 10,000 and raised funds as part of a VFL bye - week carnival for the Royal Melbourne Hospital . AFL women 's team ( edit ) In 2016 , Richmond was among 13 AFL clubs to bid for licenses to compete in the soon to be formed AFL Women 's competition . The club was one of five to miss out , instead being awarded provisional licenses guaranteeing access in later expansions . The following year they would again bid , this time winning the right to entry into the competition 's fourth season , to be held in 2020 . VFL women 's team ( edit ) In October 2017 , Richmond was granted a license to field a team in the 2018 VFL Women 's season . They are to be one of 13 clubs in the competition , including all 10 Victorian - based AFL clubs . The league operates in the winter season ( separately to the AFLW competition ) , with players not contractually bound to play for the same clubs in both leagues . Former men 's VFL assistant coach Tom Hunter was named the team 's head coach in November 2017 . He is additionally responsible for overseeing the womens arm of the club 's Next Generation Academy . Jess Kennedy was named the team 's inaugural captain in May 2018 . Current squad ( edit ) Richmond Football Club ( VFLW ) Playing list Coaching staff 51 Jess Kennedy ( c ) 52 Elise Hogan ( vc ) 53 Kate Dixon ( vc ) 54 Courtney Musico 55 Alana Woodward 56 Kate Dempsey 57 Trish Muller 58 Jacqueline Graham 59 Emma Gunn 60 Emma King 61 Alice Edmonds 62 Georgia Fisher 63 Evelyn Burry 64 Jenna Colwell 65 Courtney Wakefield 66 Emily Findlay 67 Natarsha Bamblett 68 Lisa Davie 69 Bethany Lynch 70 Lauren Tesoriero 71 Ella Ross 72 Jacinta Louttit 73 Justine Hocking 74 Vittoriana Tonin 75 Ellie George 76 Grace Bibby 77 Jess Gardner 78 Louise Stephenson 79 Louise Bieniara 80 Nuala Clarke 81 Niamh Clarke 82 Kirra Grimes 83 Amelia Barden 87 Jessica Provan 88 Grace Egan 89 Sophie Damon Head coach Tom Hunter Assistant coaches Shaun Smith Paul Griffiths Legend : ( c ) Captain ( s ) ( vc ) Vice captain ( s ) Updated : 5 May 2018 Source ( s ) : Playing list , Coaching staff See also ( edit ) Melbourne portal Australian rules football portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richmond Football Club . List of Richmond Football Club seasons List of Richmond Football Club players List of Richmond Football Club coaches References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blainey ( 1990 ) , p62 . Jump up ^ Hibbins , Gillian ; Ruddell , Trevor ( 2009 ) . `` '' A Code of Our Own `` : Celebrating 150 Years of the Rules of Australian Football '' ( PDF ) . The Yorker . Melbourne Cricket Club Library ( 39 ) : 8 . Jump up ^ Mancini & Hibbins ( 1987 ) , p119 . Jump up ^ Blainey ( 1990 ) , p64 . Jump up ^ Hansen ( 1992 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Richmond Cricket Club . Accessed 7 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Ben Cousins punched drunken teammate Daniel Connors in Sydney fracas - Herald Sun Jump up ^ Michael Gleeson ( 2011 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Cotchin 's top honour for yellow and black '' . Theage.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` AFL Tables - 2011 Brownlow Medal '' . AFL Tables . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Former Sydney Swans coach Paul Roos analyses Richmond implosion against Gold Coast Suns , Fox Sports , 17 July 2012 Jump up ^ Richmond sew up finals spot , The Roar , 11 August 2013 Jump up ^ Are Richmond ready for the finals ? , The Roar , 6 August 2013 Jump up ^ `` Feel - good Tigers must harden up '' . AFL News 8 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Woman to lead Tigers in AFL first '' . Ninemsn. 3 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/2014/141520140628.html Jump up ^ http://www.theroar.com.au/2014/09/12/mastermind-season-review-richmond-tigers/ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , AFL Media , 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://finalsiren.com/AFLLadder.asp?AFLLadderTypeID=2&SeasonID=2015&Round=10-1 Jump up ^ http://www.afl.com.au/match-centre/2015/24/rich-v-nmfc Jump up ^ Larissa Nicholson , Rohan Connoly and ( 9 April 2016 ) . `` AFL season 2016 : Hardwick says Richmond may need to go back to go forward '' . The Age . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GWS Giants pulverise Richmond by 88 points to sound AFL warning '' . ABC . 30 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Last 41 seconds -- Richmond vs Adelaide Crows ( AFL Grand Final 2017 ) YouTube ( originally broadcast by Seven Network ) Jump up ^ O'Halloran , Kate ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Richmond end 37 - year wait with AFL grand final win over Adelaide '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Richmond renews partnership with BLK '' . Richmond Football Club . Richmond Football Club . 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Richmond partner with world leading sports brand PUMA '' . richmondfc.com.au. 1 December 2016 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ AFL Tunes to Remember -- The Melbourne Age , 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Every AFL song ranked from best to worst '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` AFL mascots : Which team has the best mascot and are they scary or cool ? '' . Herald Sun . 24 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Superb salute to Save Our Skins Jump up ^ Richmond $6 million bid to buy an AFL flag Jump up ^ The Roar is Back . Richmond launches its 2013 membership theme RFC website 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 June 2013 Jump up ^ On and off field , Tigers are burning bright The Age 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 Jump up ^ Despite the drama , Bomber fans sign on AFL website 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 Jump up ^ Sign up as a member for 2014 and get the rest of 2013 free ! RFC website . Retrieved 9 July 2013 Jump up ^ Chenry , Daniel ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` St Kilda drops to bottom of Victorian membership table '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Supporter Groups '' . Jump up ^ http://www.richmondfc.com.au/club/history/100-tiger-treasures Jump up ^ `` History of the Richmond reserves '' . Richmondfc.com.au. 4 Dec 2013 . Retrieved 11 Jan 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VFL Genealogy ( See year 2000 ) '' . Angelfire.com . Retrieved 11 Jan 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Richmond set to walk away from Coburg in 2014 '' . HeraldSun.com.au . Retrieved 11 Jan 2014 . Jump up ^ VFL curtain - raiser bonanza for Tigers Jump up ^ History of the Richmond reserves Jump up ^ `` Sheahan secures key Tiger job '' . Richmond FC . Telstra Media . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Brunette Lenkic & Rob Hess ( 2016 ) . Play On ! - The Hidden History of Women 's Australian Rules Football . Richmond , Victoria : Echo Publishing . p. 49 . ISBN 9781760063160 . Jump up ^ Brunette Lenkic & Rob Hess ( 2016 ) . Play On ! - The Hidden History of Women 's Australian Rules Football . Richmond , Victoria : Echo Publishing . p. 77 . ISBN 9781760063160 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Bruce ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` Eight teams named for inaugural women 's league '' . AFL Media . Telstra Media . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Black , Sarah ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` FAQ : The AFLW 's expansion in 2019 and 2020 '' . AFL Media . Telstra Media . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richmond secures VFLW licence '' . Richmond FC . Telstra Media . 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers appoint inaugural VFLW coach '' . Richmond FC . Telstra Media . 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cahill , Georgina . `` VFLW leadership group '' . Richmond FC . Telstra Media . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Bibliography Blainey , G : A Game of Our Own : The Origins of Australian Football , Melbourne 1990 Hansen , B : Tigerland , Richmond Past Players and Officials Assoc , Melbourne 1992 Hogan , P : The Tigers Of Old , Richmond FC , Melbourne 1996 Richmond Football Club -- Hall of Fame External links ( edit ) Official website Richmond Football Club History Seasons Records Current squad Players Captains Coaches Individual awards Jack Dyer Medal Michael Roach Medal Captain : Trent Cotchin Coach : Damien Hardwick Nickname : Tigers Stadiums Punt Road Oval ( 1908 -- 64 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground ( 1964 -- present ) Premierships ( 11 ) 1920 1921 1932 1934 1943 1967 1969 1973 1980 2017 Seasons ( 111 ) 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related articles VFL team Dreamtime at the ' G Clubs in the Australian Football League Clubs Adelaide Brisbane Lions Carlton Collingwood Essendon Fremantle Geelong Gold Coast Greater Western Sydney Hawthorn Melbourne North Melbourne Port Adelaide Richmond St Kilda Sydney West Coast Western Bulldogs Former clubs Brisbane Bears ( 1987 -- 1996 ) Fitzroy ( 1897 -- 1996 ) University ( 1908 -- 1914 ) Victorian Football League clubs Current clubs Box Hill Casey Demons Coburg Collingwood reserves Essendon reserves Footscray reserves Frankston Geelong reserves North Melbourne reserves Northern Blues Port Melbourne Richmond reserves Sandringham Werribee Williamstown Former clubs Albert Park Ballarat Ballarat Imperial Berwick Bendigo Brighton Brunswick Camberwell Carlton Carlton reserves Caulfield Collingwood Dandenong East Melbourne Essendon Essendon ' A ' Fitzroy Footscray Geelong Geelong ' A ' Geelong West Gold Coast Hawthorn Hotham / North Melbourne Kilsyth Melbourne Melbourne City Moorabbin Mordialloc Murray Kangaroos North Ballarat Northcote Oakleigh Prahran Richmond St Kilda St Kilda reserves South Ballarat South Melbourne South Williamstown Sunshine Tasmanian Devils Traralgon University Waverley West Melbourne Yarraville Professional sports teams based in Melbourne Australian rules football AFL : Carlton Collingwood Essendon Hawthorn Melbourne North Melbourne Richmond St Kilda Western Bulldogs AFL Women 's : Carlton Collingwood Melbourne Western Bulldogs Baseball ABL : Melbourne Aces Claxton Shield : Victoria Aces Basketball NBL : Melbourne United WNBL : Dandenong Rangers Melbourne Boomers Cricket Sheffield Shield / 50 overs : Victorian Bushrangers Big Bash League : Melbourne Renegades Melbourne Stars WNCL : Victorian Spirit Women 's Big Bash League : Melbourne Renegades Melbourne Stars Field hockey AHL : Victorian Vikings ( men 's division ) Victorian Vipers ( women 's division ) Futsal F - League : Vic Vipers Futsal Club Ice hockey AIHL : Melbourne Ice Melbourne Mustangs Motorsport Supercars : Charlie Schwerkolt Racing Dragon Motor Racing Eggleston Motorsport Erebus Motorsport Garry Rogers Motorsport MW Motorsport Nissan Motorsport Tickford Racing Walkinshaw Andretti United 23Red Racing Netball Suncorp Super Netball : Collingwood Magpies Netball Melbourne Vixens Rugby league NRL : Melbourne Storm Rugby union Super Rugby : Melbourne Rebels NRC : Melbourne Rising Soccer A-League : Melbourne City Melbourne Victory W - League : Melbourne City Melbourne Victory Water polo ANWPL : Victorian Seals Main Article : Sport in Victoria Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richmond_Football_Club&oldid=843600283 '' Categories : Australian Football League clubs Sports clubs established in 1885 Richmond Football Club Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne Former Victorian Football League clubs 1885 establishments in Australia Melbourne Cricket Ground Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2014 Use Australian English from February 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles slanted towards recent events from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 06 : 05 . 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at what age can you get married in colorado

State Minimum age Notes Statutory age when all exceptions are taken into account General age Alabama 16 18 Alaska 14 18 Arizona 16 18 Since 2018 , the minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent is 16 . Arkansas none 18 California none 18 No minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent . Colorado none 18 No minimum age with judicial approval and parental consent . Connecticut 16 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 16 with parental and judicial consent . Delaware 18 18 Since May 2018 , the Delaware child marriage ban bill was signed into law and went into effect immediately to implement a clear minimum age of 18 with no exceptions . District of Columbia 16 18 Florida 17 18 From July 1 , 2018 17 - year - olds need both parental and judicial approval and may not marry anyone more than 2 years older . Georgia 16 18 Hawaii 15 18 15 with parental or judicial consent . Idaho none 18 Illinois 16 18 Indiana 15 18 15 in the case of pregnancy with both parental and judicial consent . Iowa 16 18 Kansas 15 18 Kentucky 17 18 Since 2018 , 17 - year - olds need judicial approval . Louisiana none 18 Maine none 18 Maryland 15 18 Massachusetts none 18 Consent can be just judicial , but is normally both parental and judicial . In the absence of any statutory minimum age , one opinion is that the traditional minimum common law marriageable age of 12 for girls and 14 for boys may still be in effect . Michigan none 18 16 with parental consent Minnesota 16 18 Mississippi none 21 females 15 -- 21 and males 17 -- 21 can marry with parental consent alone Missouri none 18 Parental consent required for ages 15 -- 17 . Judicial consent required below age 15 . Missouri is considered to have the least restrictions on child marriage within the United States . In May 2018 , a bill is pending on the Governor of Missouri desk to implement an absolute minimum age of 16 and to ban people over 21 years old marrying people under the age of 18 . Montana 16 18 Nebraska 17 19 Nevada none 18 New Hampshire 13 for heterosexual females , 14 for heterosexual males 18 In May 2018 , a bill is pending on the Governor of New Hampshire desk to implement immediately a clear minimum age of 16 with no exceptions . Also this bill allows same - sex couples to get married at 16 , currently you have to be 18 . Originally the bill had a minimum age of 18 , but was watered - down due to other concerns within conference committee . New Jersey none 18 16 with parental consent and in case of pregnancy . New Mexico none 18 New York 17 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 17 with parental and judicial consent . North Carolina 14 18 North Dakota 16 18 16 with parental consent . Ohio none 18 18 for males regardless of parental consent . 16 for females with parental consent , 18 for females without parental consent . Oklahoma none 18 Oregon 17 18 Consenting parent or guardian must accompany the applicant when applying for the marriage license . Pennsylvania none 18 Under 16 years of age if a Judge of the Orphans Court `` decides that it is to the best interest of the applicant and authorizes the issuance of the license . '' Rhode Island none 18 South Carolina 16 18 South Dakota 16 18 Tennessee none 18 Texas 16 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 18 , however emancipated minors aged 16 -- 17 have an exemption to legally marry . Utah 15 18 15 with court approval and parental consent . Vermont 16 18 Virginia 16 18 In 2016 , VA made 18 the minimum age ; and 16 with court approval in special cases Washington none 18 May be waived by superior court judge . West Virginia none 18 No minimum with both parental and judicial consent Wisconsin 16 18 Wyoming none 18

No minimum age with judicial approval and parental consent .

Age of marriage in the United states

age of marriage in the united states

Unlike most Western countries , 21 of the U.S. states do not have a legal minimum age of marriage . Individuals aged 18 have the ability to marry in U.S. states except Nebraska ( 19 ) and Mississippi ( 21 ) . In addition , all states , except Delaware , allow minors to marry in certain circumstances , such as parental consent , judicial consent , pregnancy , or a combination of these situations . Most states allow parties aged 16 and 17 to marry with parental consent alone . In most states , children under 16 can be married too . In the 29 states which have an absolute minimum age set by statute , this age varies between 13 and 18 , while in 21 states there is no statutory minimum age if other legal conditions are met . Although in such states there is no set minimum age by statute , the traditional common law minimum age is 14 for boys and 12 for girls - ages which have been confirmed by case law in some states . Over the past 15 years , more than 200,000 minors married in US , and in Tennessee girls as young as 10 were married in 2001 .

State Minimum age Notes Statutory age when all exceptions are taken into account General age Alabama 16 18 Alaska 14 18 Arizona 16 18 Since 2018 , the minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent is 16 . Arkansas none 18 California none 18 No minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent . Colorado none 18 No minimum age with judicial approval and parental consent . Connecticut 16 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 16 with parental and judicial consent . Delaware 18 18 Since May 2018 , the Delaware child marriage ban bill was signed into law and went into effect immediately to implement a clear minimum age of 18 with no exceptions . District of Columbia 16 18 Florida 17 18 From July 1 , 2018 17 - year - olds need both parental and judicial approval and may not marry anyone more than 2 years older . Georgia 16 18 Hawaii 15 18 15 with parental or judicial consent . Idaho none 18 Illinois 16 18 Indiana 15 18 15 in the case of pregnancy with both parental and judicial consent . Iowa 16 18 Kansas 15 18 Kentucky 17 18 Since 2018 , 17 - year - olds need judicial approval . Louisiana none 18 Maine none 18 Maryland 15 18 Massachusetts none 18 Consent can be just judicial , but is normally both parental and judicial . In the absence of any statutory minimum age , one opinion is that the traditional minimum common law marriageable age of 12 for girls and 14 for boys may still be in effect . Michigan none 18 16 with parental consent Minnesota 16 18 Mississippi none 21 females 15 -- 21 and males 17 -- 21 can marry with parental consent alone Missouri none 18 Parental consent required for ages 15 -- 17 . Judicial consent required below age 15 . Missouri is considered to have the least restrictions on child marriage within the United States . In May 2018 , a bill is pending on the Governor of Missouri desk to implement an absolute minimum age of 16 and to ban people over 21 years old marrying people under the age of 18 . Montana 16 18 Nebraska 17 19 Nevada none 18 New Hampshire 13 for heterosexual females , 14 for heterosexual males 18 In May 2018 , a bill is pending on the Governor of New Hampshire desk to implement immediately a clear minimum age of 16 with no exceptions . Also this bill allows same - sex couples to get married at 16 , currently you have to be 18 . Originally the bill had a minimum age of 18 , but was watered - down due to other concerns within conference committee . New Jersey none 18 16 with parental consent and in case of pregnancy . New Mexico none 18 New York 17 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 17 with parental and judicial consent . North Carolina 14 18 North Dakota 16 18 16 with parental consent . Ohio none 18 18 for males regardless of parental consent . 16 for females with parental consent , 18 for females without parental consent . Oklahoma none 18 Oregon 17 18 Consenting parent or guardian must accompany the applicant when applying for the marriage license . Pennsylvania none 18 Under 16 years of age if a Judge of the Orphans Court `` decides that it is to the best interest of the applicant and authorizes the issuance of the license . '' Rhode Island none 18 South Carolina 16 18 South Dakota 16 18 Tennessee none 18 Texas 16 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 18 , however emancipated minors aged 16 -- 17 have an exemption to legally marry . Utah 15 18 15 with court approval and parental consent . Vermont 16 18 Virginia 16 18 In 2016 , VA made 18 the minimum age ; and 16 with court approval in special cases Washington none 18 May be waived by superior court judge . West Virginia none 18 No minimum with both parental and judicial consent Wisconsin 16 18 Wyoming none 18 See also ( edit ) Child marriage in the United States Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Parental consent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ in 2017 , Connecticut and Texas became the 24th and 25th states to set a minimum age ( 1 ) ( 2 ) , and in 2018 , Florida , Kentucky , Arizona and Delaware became the 26th , 27th , 28th and 29th state to set a minimum age ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Understanding State Statutes on Minimum Marriage Age and Exceptions '' . Tahirih Justice Center . November 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/200000-children-married-us-15-years-child-marriage-child-brides-new-jersey-chris-christie-a7830266.html Jump up ^ `` Section 30 - 1 - 4 : Minimum age for contracting marriage '' . Code of Alabama . Alabama Legislature. 1975 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . A person under the age of 16 years is incapable of contracting marriage . ^ Jump up to : `` Marriage Laws of the Fifty States , District of Columbia and Puerto Rico '' . Legal Information Institute . 2008 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : ( 7 ) ^ Jump up to : Renick , Christie ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Arizona Sets Minimum Age for Marriage of Minors '' . Chronicle of Social Change . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` California Marriage Age Requirements Laws '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk and Recorder : Marriage & Recording / License Information / Marriage of Minors '' . City and County of Denver . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ C.R.S. Colorado Revised Statutes 14 - 2 - 106 ^ Jump up to : https://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/cgabillstatus/cgabillstatus.asp?selBillType=Bill&bill_num=HB05442&which_year=2017 Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Jump up ^ ( 12 ) Jump up ^ `` IC 31 - 11 - 1 : ARTICLE 11 . FAMILY LAW : MARRIAGE '' . Indiana Code 2016 . Indiana General Assembly . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( 13 ) Jump up ^ ( 14 ) Jump up ^ `` Nonage minors ; authorization of marriage '' , General Laws : Chapter 207 , Section 25 , Massachusetts General Court , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 Jump up ^ Richards , Victoria ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Child marriage chart reveals girls can wed at 12 in some parts of the US - as lawmakers battle to raise age to 16 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Meg ( 2007 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Child Brides '' . Massachusetts Trial Court Law Libraries . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Section 551.103 : MARRIAGE LICENSE ( EXCERPT ) , Act 128 of 1887 '' . Michigan Legislature. 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Title 93 - DOMESTIC RELATIONS , Chapter 1 - MARRIAGE § 93 - 1 - 5 - Conditions precedent to issuance of license ; penalty for noncompliance '' . 2013 Mississippi Code . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Every male who is at least seventeen ( 17 ) years old and every female who is at least fifteen ( 15 ) years old shall be capable in law of contracting marriage . Jump up ^ ( 15 ) Jump up ^ ( 16 ) Jump up ^ `` TITLE XLIII : DOMESTIC RELATIONS , CHAPTER 457 : MARRIAGES , Age : Section 457 : 4 '' . New Hampshire General Court . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ ( 18 ) Jump up ^ https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/20/us-new-york-governor-signs-anti-child-marriage-law `` Human Rights Watch : NY State Marriage Laws Update 2016 / 2017 '' . Human Rights Watch . Human Rights Watch . June 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t14c03.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Ohio 's Marriage Laws '' . Ohio State Bar Association . 2015 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Title 23 : CHAPTER 13 , MARRIAGE LICENSE '' . Pennsylvania General Assembly . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.legis.state.tx.us/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=85R&Bill=SB1705 Jump up ^ ( 19 ) Jump up ^ ( 20 ) Jump up ^ ( 21 ) Jump up ^ `` Marriage Licenses '' . Courts of Utah . 2016 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( 2016 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Why 13 - year - olds can no longer marry in Virginia '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tsui , Anjali ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` America 's child marriage crisis : Virginia law tackles continuing issue '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` RCW 26.04. 010 Marriage contract -- Void marriages '' . Revised Code of Washington . Washington State Legislature. 2016 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Every marriage entered into in which either person has not attained the age of seventeen years is void except where this section has been waived by a superior court judge of the county in which one of the parties resides on a showing of necessity . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_marriage_in_the_United_States&oldid=843336103 '' Categories : Adolescence in the United States Law - related lists Marriage , unions and partnerships in the United States Minimum ages Sex laws Statutory law Youth rights in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 13 : 28 . About Wikipedia

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when did how to train a dragon come out

How to Train Your Dragon is a 2010 American 3D computer - animated action fantasy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Loosely based on the book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell , the film was directed by Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois , the duo who wrote and directed Walt Disney Animation Studios ' Lilo & Stitch . It stars the voices of Jay Baruchel , Gerard Butler , Craig Ferguson , America Ferrera , Jonah Hill , T.J. Miller , Kristen Wiig , and Christopher Mintz - Plasse .

2010

How to Train Your Dragon ( film )

how to train your dragon ( film )

How to Train Your Dragon Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Produced by Bonnie Arnold Screenplay by Will Davies Dean DeBlois Chris Sanders Based on How to Train Your Dragon by Cressida Cowell Starring Jay Baruchel Gerard Butler Craig Ferguson America Ferrera Jonah Hill Christopher Mintz - Plasse T.J. Miller Kristen Wiig Music by John Powell Edited by Darren T. Holmes Maryann Brandon Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date March 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 26 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $165 million Box office $495.8 million How to Train Your Dragon is a 2010 American 3D computer - animated action fantasy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Loosely based on the book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell , the film was directed by Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois , the duo who wrote and directed Walt Disney Animation Studios ' Lilo & Stitch . It stars the voices of Jay Baruchel , Gerard Butler , Craig Ferguson , America Ferrera , Jonah Hill , T.J. Miller , Kristen Wiig , and Christopher Mintz - Plasse . The story takes place in a mythical Viking world where a young Viking teenager named Hiccup aspires to follow his tribe 's tradition of becoming a dragon slayer . After finally capturing his first dragon , and with his chance at last of gaining the tribe 's acceptance , he finds that he no longer wants to kill the dragon and instead befriends it . The film was released March 26 , 2010 , and was a critical and commercial success , earning acclaim from film critics and audiences and earning nearly $500 million worldwide . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Score at the 83rd Academy Awards , but lost to Toy Story 3 and The Social Network , respectively . The movie also won ten Annie Awards , including Best Animated Feature . A sequel , How to Train Your Dragon 2 , was released on June 13 , 2014 , with DeBlois writing and directing by himself . Much like its predecessor , the sequel was also universally acclaimed and became a box office success . A second and final sequel , How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World , is to be released on March 1 , 2019 . The film 's success has also inspired other merchandise , including a video game and a television series . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Competition for 3D screens 5.2 Box - office 5.3 Critical reception 5.4 Accolades 5.5 Home media 6 Expanded franchise 6.1 Sequels 6.2 Short films 6.3 Television series 6.4 Video games 6.5 Arena show 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On Berk , a Viking village located on a remote island from which dragons periodically steal livestock , Hiccup , the awkward fifteen - year - old son of the village chieftain , Stoick the Vast , works as a blacksmith 's apprentice . As he is too small and weak to fight the dragons , he instead fashions mechanical devices under his apprenticeship with Gobber , the senior blacksmith , though his inventions often malfunction or backfire . During one attack , Hiccup shoots down a Night Fury , an extremely rare and dangerous dragon , with a bola launcher of his ; he later finds it in the forest trapped in his bolas , but finding that he can not bring himself to kill the dragon , he instead sets it free . Stoick assembles a fleet to find the dragons ' nest , entering Hiccup in a dragon - killing class taught by Gobber . Hiccup returns to the forest to find the Night Fury still there ; he realizes the dragon is unable to fly properly because of its crippled tail fin . Hiccup befriends the dragon , gradually taming it and giving it the name ' Toothless ' due to its retractable teeth . Feeling guilty for crippling Toothless , Hiccup eventually makes a harness and prosthetic fin that allows him to guide the dragon in flight . By observing Toothless 's behavior , Hiccup becomes increasingly proficient in subduing the captive dragons during training nonviolently , earning him the admiration of his peers but causing Astrid , a tough Viking girl on whom Hiccup has a crush , to become increasingly suspicious of his behavior . Meanwhile , Stoick 's fleet arrives home unsuccessful , though he is cheered by Hiccup 's unexpected success in dragon training . Astrid eventually discovers that he is training Toothless . Hiccup takes her for a flight to demonstrate his relationship with the dragon before she can tell the village . Toothless unexpectedly takes the pair to the dragons ' nest where they discover a gargantuan dragon named the Red Death , which eats the smaller dragons unless they bring it stolen livestock ; the pair realize that the dragons have been attacking Berk under its control as opposed to their own free will . Back at the village , Hiccup , having won dragon training , is given the task of killing a captive Monstrous Nightmare dragon ; he , instead , subdues it in front of his father and village instead of killing it in an attempt to prove that the dragons are harmless . However , Stoick inadvertently angers the dragon into attacking . Toothless attempts to protect Hiccup in the ensuing panic but is instead captured by the Vikings in the process . Hiccup accidentally reveals to Stoick that Toothless is capable of locating the dragons ' nest ; Stoick disowns his son and sets off for the nest with Toothless chained to the lead ship as a guide . The Viking attack force locates and breaks open the dragon 's nest , allowing most of the dragons to fly out but also awakening the Red Death , soon overwhelming the attack force . Hiccup , Astrid , and their fellow pupils fly in riding the training dragons from Berk , providing cover fire for the attack force and distracting the Red Death . Hiccup almost drowns trying to break Toothless free , but Stoick saves them both , reconciling with his son . Working together , Toothless and Hiccup destroy the Red Death ; Hiccup , however , is injured in the fight , losing his lower left leg and requiring a prosthesis . Hiccup regains consciousness on Berk to find himself admired amongst the tribe and by Astrid , with the Vikings and the dragons now living in harmony . Cast ( edit ) Jay Baruchel as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III , the awkward son of Stoick the Vast . Gerard Butler as Stoick the Vast , the chieftain of Berk and Hiccup 's father . Craig Ferguson as Gobber the Belch , Berk 's blacksmith , a close friend of Stoick 's and teacher of the tribe 's young dragon - training recruits . America Ferrera as Astrid Hofferson , Hiccup 's fellow student in dragon training and his crush . Christopher Mintz - Plasse as Fishlegs Ingerman , an enthusiastic youth knowledgeable in dragon lore which he often relates in role - playing game style . Jonah Hill as Snotlout Jorgenson , one of Hiccup 's dragon - training classmates . Snotlout is brash , overconfident , and fairly unintelligent , but reliable . T.J. Miller and Kristen Wiig as Tuffnut and Ruffnut Thorston , a pair of quarrelsome twins . David Tennant as Spitelout , Snotlout 's father . Production ( edit ) Early production concept artwork of `` Toothless '' and `` Hiccup '' The book series by Cressida Cowell began coming to attention to the executives at DreamWorks Animation in 2004 . Coming off her success in Over the Hedge , producer Bonnie Arnold shortly became interested in the newly acquired property . She kept focusing on the project as time went on , and when DreamWorks Animation co-president of production Bill Damaschke asked her what she wanted to work on next , she chose `` How to Train Your Dragon '' . In initial development , the plot followed the original novel closely , but about halfway through production Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois , the writer - directors of Disney 's Lilo & Stitch , took over as co-directors and it was altered . The original plot was described as , `` heavily loyal to the book '' , but was regarded as being too `` sweet '' and `` whimsical '' as well as geared towards a too - young demographic , according to Baruchel . In the novel , Hiccup 's dragon , Toothless , is a Common or Garden Dragon , a small breed . In the film , Toothless is a Night Fury , the rarest of all dragons , and is large enough to serve as a flying mount for both Hiccup and Astrid . The filmmakers hired cinematographer Roger Deakins ( known for frequently collaborating with the Coen brothers ) as a visual consultant to help them with lighting and overall look of the film and to `` add a live - action feel '' . Extensive research was done to depict both flight , as the directors knew they would be the biggest draw of the film 's 3D effects , and fire , given animation could break away from the limitations seen in live - action films , where propane flames are usual due to being easier to extinguish . The dragons ' design made sure to create animals that were comical and also innovative compared to other dragon fiction . Toothless in particular tried to combine various dragon traits in a black panther - inspired design , that also had large ears and eyes to convey emotion better . The directors made sure to cash in the improvisation abilities of the secondary cast -- Christopher Mintz - Plasse , Jonah Hill , Kristen Wiig and T.J Miller -- by frequently bringing them together in the recording sessions . Music ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon : Music from the Motion Picture John Powell returned to DreamWorks Animation to score How to Train Your Dragon , making it his sixth collaboration with the studio , following his previous score for Kung Fu Panda ( which he scored with Hans Zimmer ) . Powell composed an orchestral score , combining bombastic brass with loud percussion and soothing strings , while also using exotic , Scottish and Irish tones with instruments like the penny whistle and bagpipes . Additionally , Icelandic singer Jónsi wrote and performed the song `` Sticks & Stones '' for the film . The score was released by Varèse Sarabande on March 23 , 2010 . Overall , the score was well received by film score critics . Powell earned his first Academy Award nomination for his work on the film , ultimately losing to Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross for their score for The Social Network . Release ( edit ) How to Train Your Dragon had its United States premiere on March 21 , 2010 , at the Gibson Amphitheatre in Universal City , California . It was theatrically released on March 26 , 2010 , in the United States . The film was digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D , and released to 186 North American IMAX theatres , and approximately 80 IMAX theatres outside North America . Competition for 3D screens ( edit ) A month before the release , DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg protested Warner Bros . ' decision to convert Clash of the Titans from 2D to 3D , then to release it one week after How to Train Your Dragon . Entertainment reporter Kim Masters described the 3D release schedule around March 2010 as a `` traffic jam '' , and speculated that the lack of 3D screen availability could hurt Katzenberg 's prospects despite his support of the 3D format . In March 2010 , theater industry executives accused Paramount of using high - pressure tactics to coerce theaters to screen How to Train Your Dragon rather than the competing 3D releases , Clash of the Titans and Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland . As theater multiplexes often had just one 3D screen , theaters were unable to accommodate more than one 3D presentation at a time . Box - Office ( edit ) How to Train Your Dragon topped the North American box office with $43.7 million in its first weekend of release . The film grossed $217,581,231 in the United States and Canada and $277,297,528 in foreign countries with a worldwide total of $494,878,759 . How to Train Your Dragon is DreamWorks Animation 's highest - grossing film in the American and Canadian box office other than the Shrek films . It is the fifth - highest - grossing animated film of 2010 with $494.8 million , behind Toy Story 3 with $1,063.2 million , Shrek Forever After with $752.6 million , Tangled with $576.6 million , and Despicable Me with $543.1 million and the 10th - highest - grossing movie of 2010 . As of 2018 , the How to Train Your Dragon series has grossed over $1 billion worldwide . Critical reception ( edit ) How to Train Your Dragon received critical acclaim upon its release . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 98 % of critics gave the film a positive review , based on 204 reviews from professional critics , with an overall rating average of 7.9 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus states , `` Boasting dazzling animation , a script with surprising dramatic depth , and thrilling 3 - D sequences , How to Train Your Dragon soars . '' By `` Tomatometer '' score , the film is DreamWorks Animation 's highest - rated film . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average rating of 74 based on 33 reviews from critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave How to Train Your Dragon was A on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun - Times gave it 3 stars out of 4 , stating that : `` It devotes a great deal of time to aerial battles between tamed dragons and evil ones , and not much to character or story development . But it 's bright , good - looking , and has high energy '' . Claudia Puig of USA Today gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars , saying , `` It 's a thrilling action - adventure saga with exhilarating 3 - D animation , a clever comedy with witty dialogue , a coming - of - age tale with surprising depth and a sweetly poignant tale of friendship between man and animal . '' Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film , giving it three out of four stars and in his print review wrote , `` ( The film ) works enough miracles of 3 - D animation to charm your socks off . '' Roger Moore of The Orlando Sentinel , who gave the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 , wrote a mixed review describing the film as a `` more coming - of - age dramedy or ' everything about your world view is wrong ' message movie than it is a comedy , and that seems like a waste of a funny book , some very funny actors and some darned witty animation . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film 2 / 4 stars labeling the film as , `` Avatar for simpletons . But that title is already taken , by Avatar '' . Contrarily , Brett Michel of The Boston Phoenix stated that the film was better than Avatar . A.O. Scott of At The Movies felt the characters and the story were not strong points , but loved the cinematography and said , `` that swooping and soaring , they are worth the price of a ticket , so go see it . '' Village Voice film critic Ella Taylor gave a more negative review of the film , describing it as an `` adequate but unremarkable animated tale '' . Film critic James Berardinelli of ReelViews praised the film and its story , giving it 3.5 out of 4 stars he wrote , `` Technically proficient and featuring a witty , intelligent , surprisingly insightful script , How to Train Your Dragon comes close to the level of Pixar 's recent output while easily exceeding the juvenilia DreamWorks has released in the last nine years . '' Entertainment Weekly film critic Owen Gleiberman praised the film giving it an A - and wrote , `` How to Train Your Dragon rouses you in conventional ways , but it 's also the rare animated film that uses 3 - D for its breathtaking spatial and emotional possibilities . '' ViewLondon 's Mathew Turner gave the film 4 / 5 stars , calling it , `` beautifully animated and superbly written '' , and praised the voice cast , humor , and action . Matt Risley of Variety gave the film a perfect score of 5 / 5 stars , hailing it as , `` undoubtedly Dreamworks ' best film yet , and quite probably the best dragon movie ever made '' . Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Name Outcome Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Nominated Academy Award for Best Original Score John Powell Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Feature Best Animated Female America Ferrera ( Astrid ) Won Annie Awards Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Bonnie Arnold Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Annie Award for Best Animated Effects in an Animated Production Brett Miller Jason Mayer Nominated Annie Award for Best Character Animation in a Feature Production Gabe Hordos Won Jakob Hjort Jensen Nominated David Torres Annie Award for Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Nico Marlet Won Annie Award for Best Directing in an Animated Feature Production Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Annie Award for Best Music in an Animated Feature Production John Powell Annie Award for Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Pierre - Olivier Vincent Annie Award for Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Tom Owens Alessandro Carloni Nominated Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Jay Baruchel ( Hiccup ) Won Gerard Butler ( Stoick ) Nominated Annie Award for Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production William Davies Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Won British Academy Film Awards BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Film Music John Powell Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Film Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Critics ' Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Film Genesis Awards Best Feature Film Won Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film Won International Film Music Critics Association Film Score of the Year John Powell Best Original Score for an Animated Feature John Powell Film Music Composition of the Year John Powell -- `` Forbidden Friendship '' Nominated John Powell -- `` Test Drive '' Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Animated Feature Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois People 's Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures Bonnie Arnold Satellite Awards Motion Picture ( Animated or Mixed ) Saturn Awards Saturn Award for Best Music John Powell Saturn Award for Best Production Design Kathy Altieri Saturn Award for Best Animated Film Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Teen Choice Awards Choice Animated Movie Toronto Film Critics Association Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film Won Venice Film Festival Most Creative 3D Film of the Year Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois Tied with James Cameron for Avatar Visual Effects Society Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Simon Otto Craig Ring Bonnie Arnold Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Gabe Hordos Cassidy Curtis Mariette Marinus Brent Watkins Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Effects Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Andy Hayes Laurent Kermel Jason Mayer Brett Miller Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Feature Chris Sanders Dean DeBlois Nominated World Soundtrack Academy World Soundtrack Award for Soundtrack Composer of the Year John Powell World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film Jón Þór Birgisson Home media ( edit ) How to Train Your Dragon was released on single - disc DVD , two - disc double DVD pack and Blu - ray / DVD combo pack in Canada and the United States on Friday , October 15 , 2010 . Among the features available in the two - disc DVD edition is an original sequel short film , Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon . As of July 18 , 2012 , units sold for the DVD stand at more than 6.5 million copies and has grossed $121,663,692 . Samsung signed a deal with DreamWorks to gain exclusive distribution rights to a Blu - ray 3D version of the film . The exclusive agreement ended on September 11 , 2011 , when How to Train Your Dragon - 3D was released in a two - disc Blu - ray combo pack . It was re-released by Paramount Home Entertainment on Blu - ray and DVD on May 27 , 2014 . Expanded franchise ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon ( franchise ) Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : How to Train Your Dragon 2 and How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World A sequel , How to Train Your Dragon 2 , was confirmed on April 27 , 2010 . The film was directed and written by Dean DeBlois , the co-director of the first film . Bonnie Arnold , the producer of the first film , also returned . The film was released on June 13 , 2014 by 20th Century Fox , to critical acclaim . The entire original voice cast -- Baruchel , Butler , Ferguson , Ferrera , Hill , Mintz - Plasse , Miller , and Wiig -- returned for the sequel with the addition of Cate Blanchett , Djimon Hounsou , and Kit Harington . A third film , How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World , is in production . The film will also be directed and written by DeBlois , produced by Bonnie Arnold , and exec - produced by Chris Sanders , with all the main cast set to return . Cate Blanchett and Djimon Hounsou will also reprise their roles as Valka and Drago respectively from the second film . It is scheduled to be released on March 1 , 2019 by Universal Pictures . Short films ( edit ) Four post-movie short films were released : Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) , Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) , Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) , and Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) . Television series ( edit ) Main article : DreamWorks Dragons A television series based on the film premiered on Cartoon Network in Autumn 2012 . Jay Baruchel , America Ferrera , Christopher Mintz - Plasse , and T.J. Miller reprise their roles as Hiccup , Astrid , Fishlegs , and Tuffnut . The series , set between the first and second film , follows Hiccup and his friends as they learn more about dragons , discover new ones , teach others to feel comfortable around them , adapt traditions within the village to fit their new friends and battle against enemies as they explore new worlds . Hiccup has been made head of Berk Dragon Academy . Video games ( edit ) An action adventure video game released by Activision , called How to Train Your Dragon , was released for the Wii , Xbox 360 , PS3 and Nintendo DS gaming consoles . It is loosely based on the film and was released on March 23 , 2010 . School of Dragons , a 3D free - to - play MMO , was released on July 17 , 2013 , at the San Diego Comic - Con . The game is available for PC , Android and iOS . Arena show ( edit ) Main article : How to Train Your Dragon ( franchise ) § Live Show How to Train Your Dragon Arena Spectacular is an arena show adaptation of the first film featuring 24 animatronic dragons , acrobats and projections . It premiered on March 2 , 2012 , in Melbourne , Australia . See also ( edit ) Animation portal Film portal List of animated feature - length films List of computer - animated films Notes ( edit ) ^ In July 2014 , the film 's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures and transferred to 20th Century Fox before reverting to Universal Studios in 2018 . ^ Though the dragon is never named in the film itself , its name is mentioned in the official illustrated tie - in book , as well as in DreamWorks Dragons . On the film 's soundtrack , the dragon is erroneously referred to as the `` Green Death '' in the track listings . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Viking - Sized Cast '' , How to Train Your Dragon Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Gerard Butler Interview , Movies Online '' . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nadder , Zippleback and Gronckle Lessons From ' How to Train Your Dragon ' '' . Lineboil . February 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Tennant News Updates : How To Train Your Dragon '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nasson , Tim ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` How To Train Your Dragon -- BEHIND THE SCENES '' . Wild About Movies . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : First look : DreamWorks ' 3 - D ' How to Train Your Dragon ' . USA Today . April 11 , 2009 . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Technical Artistry of ' Dragon ' '' , How to Train Your Dragon Blu - ray Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Exclusive Premiere Photos '' . About.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : IMAX Corporation ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation 's How to Train Your Dragon Flies Into IMAX ( R ) Theatres on March 26 , 2010 '' ( Press release ) . GlobeNewswire . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ; Claudia Eller ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Katzenberg angry over Warner 's ' Clash of the Titans ' 3 - D release '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim Masters ; Renee Montagne ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` Coming To A Screen Near You : A 3 - D Clash '' . Morning Edition . NPR . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Verrier ; Ben Fritz ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' How to Train Your Dragon , ' ' Clash of the Titans ' clash for 3 - D screens '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Dragon ' Takes Flight , ' Hot Tub ' Gets Soaked '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamann , John ( April 18 , 2010 ) . `` Dragons Roast Fake Hero Wannabes '' . Box Office Prophets . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo > Search '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` Box Office Breakdown : Dragon Slays All Comers '' . Daily Transom . The New York Observer . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . 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Deadline . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2011 : Winners '' . BBC News . February 13 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Social Network ' Tops Chicago Film Critics Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( December 13 , 2010 ) . `` Critics Choice Awards Nominations Announced ; BLACK SWAN Lands Record 12 Nominations '' . Collider . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( March 20 , 2011 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey , Steven Colbert , ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Win Genesis Awards '' . The Wrap . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` 2011 Golden Globe Nominations Announced '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Inception ' Tops Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA announces its 2010 nominees for scoring excellence '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA announces its 2010 Winners for scoring excellence '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2011 Nominees : Miley Cyrus , Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez lead '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Awards ( 14th Annual ) '' . Online Film Critics Society . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Day , Kevin ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Alice in Wonderland ' , ' Twilight Saga ' among People 's Choice Awards Nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bettinger , Brendan ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` INCEPTION , LET ME IN , TRON , and THE WALKING DEAD Top the 2011 Saturn Award Nominations '' . Collider.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Soll , Lindsay ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 : First Round Of Nominees Announced '' . MTV . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Linda ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Toronto critics name Incendies best Canadian movie '' . The Star . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` Venice Film Festival winners '' . Variety . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Inception ' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Tim ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` The 2010 WAFCA Award Winners '' . The Washington , D.C. Area Film Critics Association . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Members & Affiliates Score 2010 World Soundtrack Award Nominations '' . The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . August 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon 2014 Blu - ray '' . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Train Your Dragon ' sequel in the works '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Details of ' How to Train Your Dragon ' Sequel Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . DreamWorks Animation . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Announces Feature Film Release Slate Through 2014 '' ( Press release ) . DreamWorks Animation SKG , Inc . March 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` More How to Train Your Dragon Sequel Details '' . ComingSoon.net . October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How to Train Your Dragon 3 Pushed Back to 2017 '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Director Dean DeBlois Talks HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 3 at VES Awards '' . Collider . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Jeffrey Katzenberg on DWA 's Cutbacks : ' 3 Films a Year Was Too Ambitious ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How To Train Your Dragon Animation Collection '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bogan , Elaine ; Sanford , John ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) , Dragons : Dawn of the Dragon Racers , Jay Baruchel , America Ferrera , Christopher Mintz - Plasse , retrieved 2018 - 05 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Celebrates 20th Anniversary with Ratings Growth and a New Generation of Content for a New Generation of Kids '' . Reuters . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` School of Dragons at San Diego Comic Con 2013 ! '' . School of Dragons blog . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` School of Dragons producer interview '' . Berk 's Grapevine . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` School of Dragons Mobile App '' . schoolofdragons.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Clare ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Craft and heart breathe fiery life into dragons '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chney , Alexandra ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates , SEC Investigation Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller - Zarneke , Tracey ( 2009 ) . The Art of DreamWorks : How to Train Your Dragon ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 1557048630 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : How to Train Your Dragon ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to How to Train Your Dragon ( film ) . 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killing in the name by rage against the machine

Killing in the Name

killing in the name

`` Killing in The Name '' is a song by American rap metal band Rage Against the Machine , featured on their self - titled debut album , and was released as the lead single from the album in November 1992 . In 1993 , the song peaked at number 25 in the United Kingdom , but in 2009 became the Christmas number one . Written about revolution against institutional racism and police brutality , `` Killing in The Name '' is widely recognized as the band 's signature song , and has been noted for its distinctive guitar riffs and heavy use of profanity .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Release 2.1 Controversies 2.2 2009 UK Christmas number one campaign 3 Music video 4 Artwork 5 Accolades 6 Live performances 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 10 Other appearances 11 Cover versions 12 References 13 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Killing in the Name '' has been described as `` a howling , expletive - driven tirade against the ills of American society . '' The uncensored version contains the word `` fuck '' seventeen times . The song builds in intensity , with Zack de la Rocha chanting the line `` Fuck you , I wo n't do what you tell me '' , murmuring the line the first four times , building in a crescendo the next four times and screaming angrily the line the final eight times culminating with De La Rocha screaming `` Motherfucker ! '' The song makes the allegation that some members of US police forces are members of the Ku Klux Klan , whose symbol is the burning cross . The BBC News website refers to it as railing against `` the military -- industrial complex , justifying killing for the benefit of , as the song puts it , the chosen whites . '' The song reflects the racial tensions that exist in United States ; it was released six months after the Los Angeles Riots , which were triggered by the acquittal of four white police officers who beat black motorist Rodney King . Tom Morello created the heavier guitar riffs while teaching a student drop D tuning . He stopped the lesson and recorded the riff . The next day the band met in a studio and according to Morello the song `` Killing in the Name '' was created in a collaborative effort , combining his riff with `` Timmy C. 's magmalike bass , Brad Wilk 's funky , brutal drumming and Zack 's conviction '' . Like all Rage Against the Machine songs tuned to Drop D , it was recorded on a Fender Telecaster . Release ( edit ) `` Killing in the Name '' was originally written and recorded shortly after Rage Against the Machine formed as part of a 12 - song self - released cassette . The band 's first video for `` Killing in the Name '' did not receive heavy airplay in the United States due to the explicit lyrics . The song received substantial airplay in Europe and drove the band 's popularity outside its home country . After signing with Epic Records , the band released their self - titled debut album in November 12 , 1992 . It reached triple platinum status , driven by heavy radio play of `` Killing in the Name '' . The album also included the singles `` Freedom '' and `` Take the Power Back '' . Controversies ( edit ) The song earned its notoriety in the United Kingdom on February 21 , 1993 , when BBC Radio 1 DJ Bruno Brookes accidentally played the full uncensored version of the song on his Top 40 Countdown , leading to 138 complaints . Brookes was recording an advertisement for next week 's Top 40 Countdown while the song played . This moment of infamy has since been consistently referenced by numerous British rock media . The song drew controversy again in Britain on November 2008 , when it was played over the speakers in an Asda supermarket in Preston , Lancashire , prompting numerous complaints from customers . In 2012 Tom Morello criticized the UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) for using the song `` Killing in the Name '' ; Morello stated : `` Hey UKIP and Nigel Farage : Stop using ' KILLING IN THE NAME ' for your racist / rightwing rallies . We are against everything you stand for . STOP . IT . '' 2009 UK Christmas number one campaign ( edit ) In early December 2009 , English DJ Jon Morter and his wife Tracy launched a group on the social networking site Facebook encouraging people to buy the song in the week before Christmas to prevent the winner of the X Factor television show from achieving the Christmas number one slot in the United Kingdom for the fifth year running . On December 15 , the BBC reported the group had more than 750,000 members . As the X Factor song was donating some of the profits to charity the Rage against X Factor campaign encouraged supporters also to give to charity . Alongside the group , a Justgiving page was created to raise money for homeless charity Shelter which , as of 20 December , was reported to have raised over £ 70,000 ( approximately $110,000 ) . After the creator of The X Factor , Simon Cowell , publicly denounced the campaign as `` stupid '' and `` cynical , '' the group gained more attention and was mentioned on various UK news channels , radio stations and websites . Rage Against the Machine added their support to the campaign . Guitarist Tom Morello said that achieving the Christmas number one would be `` a wonderful dose of anarchy '' and that he planned to donate the unexpected windfall to charity . Dave Grohl , Muse , Them Crooked Vultures , Liam Howlett and The Prodigy were among many musicians and celebrities supporting the campaign . The campaign received support from Paul McCartney , who had appeared on the X Factor with the finalists , and X Factor contestants John & Edward also added their support . Critics noted that both The X Factor and Rage Against the Machine are signed to labels that are part of Sony BMG ; Morello dismissed conspiracy claims as ridiculous . Kasabian 's Tom Meighan and Sergio Pizzorno expressed their happiness at the campaign 's success in an NME interview , where they also heavily criticised The X Factor . Rage Against the Machine attracted controversy when they performed an uncensored rendition of the song on BBC Radio 5Live in mid-December 2009 , despite the hosts asking them to censor the expletive end . During the crescendo of their performance , frontman Zack De La Rocha started out only singing `` I wo n't do what you tell me , '' with a pause where he normally sings `` Fuck You '' , but after a few lines , he screamed the lyrics , `` Fuck you , I wo n't do what you tell me '' repeatedly . Hosts Nicky Campbell and Shelagh Fogarty apologized afterward . On December 20 , 2009 , BBC Radio 1 revealed the song had successfully reached the number one spot , selling more than 500,000 copies and being the first exclusively download - only single to be Christmas number one in the process . The following week Joe McElderry 's cover of the song `` The Climb '' became the last British number one single of 2009 . Killing In The Name dropped to number two , falling 38 places to number 40 the week after , and dropping out of the top 75 the following week , falling to number 100 . The campaign to get the song to Christmas number one also spread to Ireland , where , like the UK , the Christmas number one had been dominated by X Factor finalists for the previous five years . The campaign was less successful in Ireland and McElderry beat Rage Against the Machine to Christmas number one , with Rage Against The Machine taking the number - two spot . On June 6 , 2010 , Rage Against The Machine performed at a free ' thank you ' gig for 40,000 fans in Finsbury Park . On stage Tracy and Jon Morter were handed a representative cheque in the amount of £ 162,713.03 , representing the proceeds from donations to JustGiving and royalties from sales of the single . As a result of the campaign , the song is featured in the 2011 UK edition of the Guinness World Records under the category of ' Fastest - selling digital track ( UK ) ' , after recording 502,672 downloads in its first week . `` Darkness of Greed '' and `` Clear the Lane '' were re-mastered versions of the respective demo tracks . Another version of `` Darkness of Greed '' , titled merely `` Darkness '' , was included on the 1994 soundtrack album for The Crow . The previously unreleased demo appeared on the XX 20th Anniversary Edition of their debut album , which was released on November 27 , 2012 . Music video ( edit ) The video , produced and directed by Peter Gideon , a guitar student of Tom Morello who had a video camera , was filmed during two shows in small Los Angeles venues , the Whisky a Go Go and the Club With No Name . Released in December 1992 , the uncensored version of the video clip was shown on European MTV but was banned on American MTV because of the explicit lyrics . As a result , the video 's existence was in doubt until its release on the self - titled video . Artwork ( edit ) The cover of the CD - single is Malcolm Browne 's Pulitzer Prize - winning photograph of Thích Quảng Đức 's self - immolation in Saigon in 1963 in protest of the murder of Buddhists by the US - backed Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm 's regime . This photograph is also used as the cover of the eponymous Rage Against the Machine album . The cover of the Australian version of the CD - single has the words `` killing in the name '' , in large , red block capitals , and a much smaller and tightly - cropped version of the photograph in the bottom right - hand corner . Accolades ( edit ) In July 2009 , `` Killing in the Name '' was voted at number two in the Hottest 100 of all time countdown poll , conducted by Australian radio station , Triple J. More than half a million votes were cast in . The song was also voted at number 17 in the 1998 edition of Hottest 100 of All Time and was voted number 6 on the Hottest 100 list in 1993 . In 2007 , `` Killing in the Name '' earned a spot on Guitar World 's list of the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos '' at number 89 . In 2002 , Rolling Stone magazine listed `` Killing in the Name '' as the 24th in its 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time . In 2010 , the New Statesman listed it as number 12 on their list of the `` Top 20 Political Songs '' as voted for by the Political Studies Association . In 2010 , 2011 and 2012 , The Rock radio station in New Zealand have held the Rock 1000 countdown which counts down the top 1000 rock songs of all time , as voted by the public ; in 2010 and 2011 , the song was in the top five , while in 2012 , the song featured at number seven . In 2011 and 2012 , `` Killing in the Name '' was played uncensored , with a preceding message from the Prime minister , John Key , approving the playing of the uncensored version of the song due to the large number of complaints received by MediaWorks New Zealand regarding the 2010 countdown not giving any warning that the song was uncensored . In 2017 , Killing In The Name made it to number 1 in the Rock 1500 and was presented by long serving broadcaster , Roger Farrelly . Live performances ( edit ) Rage Against the Machine burning the American flag onstage while playing `` Killing in the Name '' during Woodstock 1999 . The song was performed as an extended instrumental at their first public performance at Cal State in the Quad , on October 23 , 1991 . Bassist Tim Commerford is known to chant the backing vocals of `` now you do what they told ya '' of the chorus during most live performances . Zack de la Rocha sometimes changes the lyrics in the second verse from `` Some of those that work forces are the same that burn crosses '' to `` Some of those that burn crosses are the same that hold office '' when playing live . As part of supergroup Audioslave , guitarist Tom Morello incorporated instrumentals from Rage Against the Machine and cover versions of Killing in the Name into their performances . Rage Against the Machine performed the song live in 1999 at the Woodstock ' 99 festival , burning the American flag during the song . In this performance , de la Rocha changed the lyrics to `` Some of those that work forces are the same that burn churches '' . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Killing in the Name '' 5 : 13 2 . `` Darkness of Greed '' 4 : 09 3 . `` Clear the Lane '' 3 : 47 Total length : 13 : 09 Personnel ( edit ) Zack de la Rocha -- vocals , lyrics Tom Morello -- guitar Tim Commerford -- bass guitar , backing vocals Brad Wilk -- drums Charts ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Rage Against The Machine top UK singles chart Chart Year Position UK Singles Chart 1993 25 ARIA Charts 1993 7 New Zealand Charts 1993 8 Dutch Singles Chart 1993 13 Irish Singles Chart 2009 Scotland Singles Chart 2009 UK Singles Chart 2009 European Hot 100 Singles 2009 Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position UK Top 100 Songs of the Decade 36 UK 's Official Top 100 Downloads Chart Position UK Download Chart ( All Time ) 79 Other appearances ( edit ) Lyrics from `` Killing in the Name '' appear throughout popular culture . During one of his last performances before he died , American comedian Bill Hicks ended a set by smashing his microphone against a stool while singing along to `` Killing in the Name '' playing over the loudspeakers . As part of the US War on Terror the song was used by military interrogators at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . Music was played at painfully high volume levels for hours on end , as a form of psychological torture . `` The fact that music I helped create was used in crimes against humanity sickens me , '' noted Morello . In the Daria episode `` The Big House '' , the opening guitar riffs from `` Killing in the Name '' can be heard in the background in the scene where Daria Morgendorffer is reading a book while her sister Quinn is pacing back and forth . `` Killing in the Name '' is featured on fictional alternative rock station Radio X in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas . A cover version of `` Killing in the Name '' is a playable song in the Guitar Hero II video game for PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 . The song reappears in Guitar Hero : Smash Hits , also for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 as well as the Nintendo Wii and PlayStation 3 , where it is a master recording . The song 's lyrics are altered in both games to remove the expletives . The song is offered as downloadable content for the guitar games Rock Band 3 , released in March 2012 , and Rocksmith 2014 , released in December 2014 . The song also briefly appeared in the South Park episode `` Guitar Queer - O '' . The song was featured in the British television series Skins . Metal music fan Rich Hardbeck encourages ballerina Grace Blood to stick up by playing the song and making her chant the chorus . Cover versions ( edit ) In July 2007 , a remix of the song by SebastiAn ( miscredited as a Mr. Oizo remix ) was Zane Lowe 's `` Hottest Record in the World '' on his show on BBC Radio 1 . In June 2007 , funk band The Apples from Tel Aviv , Israel , released a cover on a 7 '' vinyl on Freestyle Records . On 22 August 2008 , Scottish alt - rock band Biffy Clyro performed a re-worked acoustic cover version of `` Killing in the Name '' on Jo Whiley 's show at The Reading Festival on BBC Radio 1 . The band agreed that , for this live broadcast , they would not use expletives and sung just the melody in place of `` Fuck you '' in the song . The crowd were bound by no such agreement and began an impromptu mass sing along with `` Fuck you '' in place , audible by the recording equipment . As this broadcast was going out live at lunchtime , Jo Whiley was required to apologize on air after the performance . French band La Maison Tellier released a country - folk version of `` Killing in the Name '' in their first album ( 2006 ) . In 2008 Icelandic electronica group FM Belfast released a single called `` Lotus '' , a minimal electro cover version of `` Killing in the Name '' . Slovak DJ and producer L - Plus released a drum and bass remix of `` Killing in the Name '' in 2008 . Australian rock group FourPlay String Quartet recorded a version of the song for their 2009 album Fourthcoming . On July 4 , 2010 , American jam band Phish covered the song after introducing Rage Against the Machine as `` one of the only other bands , other than Phish , that wo n't bullshit you . '' New York - based band Emmure covered the song at the Hoodwink Festival along with `` Bulls on Parade '' . Zac Brown Band has covered the song on several occasions during their live performances . Richard Cheese recorded a version the song in the style of lounge music for his 2011 album A Lounge Supreme . Lauren Mayberry recorded a cover version of the song along with her band , Blue Sky Archives . Limp Bizkit covered the song live at Download Festival 2013 and Reading and Leeds Festival 2015 . Prophets of Rage , an American rap rock supergroup , formed in 2016 and including several former members of RATM , recorded a live cover of `` Killing in the Name '' in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ramirez , AJ ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` The 10 Best Alternative Metal Singles of the 1990s '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Peter ( 2003 ) . The rough guide to rock . Rough Guides . p. 844 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 105 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History Of : Rage Against The Machine '' . Ultimate Guitar. 2007 - 07 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Laura L. Finley ( 2002 - 03 - 09 ) . `` The Lyrics of Rage Against the Machine : A Study in Radical Criminology ? '' . Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture . Western Michigan University : JCJPC . ISSN 1070 - 8286 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Ian K ( 2010 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Top 20 Political Songs : Killing in the Name '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 25 . List of Top 20 Political songs ^ Jump up to : Alan Connor ( 2009 - 12 - 18 ) . `` What is anti-X Factor song Killing In The Name all about ? '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 16 December 2009 ) . `` What the critics say : X Factor chart battle '' . Quoting Luke Lewis of NME . BBC . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ McIver , Joel ( 2002 ) . Nu - metal : the next generation of rock & punk . Omnibus Press . p. 104 . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9209 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countdown : Hottest 100 -- Of All Time '' . Triple J. 2009 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Austin Scaggs ( 2002 - 12 - 16 ) . `` The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ajizian , Ara ( March 2012 ) . `` You Interview Tom Morello '' . Musician 's Friend . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . That 's the `` Killing in the Name '' guitar , the `` Freedom '' guitar , `` Testify '' ... all those jams are written on that cheap Telecaster . ^ Jump up to : Sonya Shelton ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Rage Against the Machine Biography : Contemporary Musicians '' . eNotes . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Rage Against the Machine 's first video for `` Killing in the Name '' did not receive any airplay in the U.S. because of the language in the song 's refrain . ( PDF ) Jump up ^ John Robinson ( 2000 - 01 - 29 ) . `` The revolution will not be trivialised '' . New Musical Express . Time Inc . Archived from the original on 2000 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Bruno played the wrong version while doing the Top 40 rundown . There were 138 phone calls of complaint to the BBC . Jump up ^ Robin Murray ( 2008 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Rage Against the Machine row '' . clashmusic.com . Idiomag.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Rage Against The Machine 's ' Killing In The Name ' sparks Asda furore '' . New Musical Express . Time Inc . November 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Morello Blasts UKIP Leader for Racist Use of RATM '' . Sonic State . September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rage Against The Machine to take on ' The X Factor ' for Christmas Number One '' . New Musical Express . Time Inc. 2009 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Johnny Famethrowa ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Rage Against The `` X-Factor '' `` . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock anthem outselling X Factor winner Joe McElderry '' . BBC . 2009 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Colothan ( 2009 - 12 - 16 ) . `` The Prodigy : ' Rise Up Against The X Factor And Buy Rage Against The Machine ' '' . Gigwise.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Kelly Jones from the Stereophonics and comedians Stephen Fry , Ross Noble and Bill Bailey are amongst the other celebrity supporters of the Tracy and Jon Morter 's campaign . ^ Jump up to : `` Rage Against the Machine beat X Factor winner in charts '' . BBC . 2009 - 12 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . The Los Angeles rock band 's hit also set two records : it is the first single to reach the top of the Christmas charts on download sales alone and has achieved the biggest download sales total in a first week ever in the UK charts . Jump up ^ Liz Thomas ( 2009 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Future of X Factor in chaos as Simon Cowell demands more money to return show to ITV '' . London : The Daily Mail . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . ( Simon Cowell ) The X Factor creator and judge said the Facebook campaign , which he saw as a personal vendetta against him , was `` cynical '' and `` dismissive '' of the show 's viewers . ^ Jump up to : `` Rage Against The Machine swear on 5 live '' . BBC News . BBC Corp. 2009 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Well , we were expecting it and asked them not to do it and they did it anyway -- so buy Joe 's record . Jump up ^ `` Rage Against The Machine 's Morello praises chart race '' . BBC News . BBC Corp. 2009 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Rage Against The Machine 's Tom Morello has said that beating the X Factor single to Christmas number one will be a `` wonderful dose of anarchy '' . Jump up ^ Scott Colothan ( 2009 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Dave Grohl : ' I 'm Buying Rage Against The Machine ' '' . Gigwise.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Grohl joins The Prodigy , Hadouken ! , Enter Shikari and the Stereophonics in endorsing the Facebook campaign . Jump up ^ `` Liam Howlett : ' Rage Against The Machine ' '' . TheProdigy.com. 2009 - 12 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 16 . this is the biggest rise up against the ' industry manufactured shite ' in years and thats why its important -- - and fukin funny at the same time act now . Jump up ^ Steve Hargrave ( 2009 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Macca Backs Rage Against X Factor No 1 '' . Sky News . British Sky Broadcasting . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . He 's just some kid with a career ahead . I 've got nothing against that , but it would be kind of funny if Rage Against The Machine got it because it would prove a point . Jump up ^ Swash , Rosie ( 2009 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Rage Against the Machine for Christmas No 1 : The celebrities wade in '' . London : The Guardian . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . Paul McCartney , Cheryl Cole and Simon Cowell get dragged into the most heated race for Christmas No 1 in years Jump up ^ Jonny Greatrex ( 2009 - 12 - 19 ) . `` X Factor 's Jedward support Rage Against The Machine in battle with Joe McElderry to Christmas Number One '' . The Sunday Mercury online . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Brian Boyd ( 2009 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Sony the ultimate winner in rage against the X Factor machine on music '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . The great irony ( ... ) is that both the gormless Joe McElderry and everyone 's favourite alt. metal anarcho - rockers are signed to the same label Jump up ^ Sam Jones ( 2009 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Rage against Cowell fuels battle for Christmas No 1 '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 16 . Whoever wins , though , the bosses of Sony Music will doubtless be full of festive cheer as both McElderry and Rage Against the Machine are signed to labels owned by the recording behemoth . Jump up ^ `` RATM dismiss Xmas No. 1 conspiracy theories '' . Jump up ^ `` Rage Against The Machine : ' Christmas Number One conspiracy theories are ridiculous ' '' . New Musical Express . Time Inc . Jump up ^ `` Kasabian -- ' The X Factor Is Horrible ' '' . Jump up ^ Alex Fletcher ( 2009 - 12 - 17 ) . `` RATM swear during 5Live performance '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . He also disputed claims that their track reaching number one would benefit Simon Cowell as it is released by Sony Records . Jump up ^ `` UK Singles Top 75 '' . January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bublé takes smooth path to top of charts '' . The Irish Times . 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` UK Singles Chart -- chart run '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor prevails in the New Year 's charts '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( 2010 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Rage Against the Machine announce free London concert '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Photographs from the free Rage Against The Machine Gig and cheque '' . Tracy Morter. 2010 - 06 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records . 2011 . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904994 - 57 - 2 . Jump up ^ Damian Fanelli ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Rage Against the Machine -- `` Killing In the Name '' Demo `` . Guitar World . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos : 51 -- 100 '' . Guitar World . 2008 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dan Cross ( 2007 - 07 - 19 ) . `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos Part 9 : Guitar Solos Number 81 -- 90 '' . Guitar World . About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Acapella performance Live from the Republican National Convention ( RNC ) '' . Above-TheFold.com. 2009 - 08 - 02 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chris Harris ( 2005 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Audioslave Performing Rage , Soundgarden Material At Shows . ' Black Hole Sun , ' ' Killing in the Name ' among songs played recently '' . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Rage Against The Machine -- Killing in the Name ( live Woodstock ' 99 ) '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=20608 Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Rage Against The Machine -- Killing In The Name '' . Jump up ^ Daniel Kilkelly ( 2009 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Joe McElderry beats Rage in Ireland '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rage Against The Machine -- Killing In The Name '' . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Music Charts , News , Photos & Video '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nihal ( 2009 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Christmas and New Year on Radio 1 , Chart of the Decade '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The UK 's Top 100 most downloaded tracks of all time revealed ! '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Bill ( 2004 ) . Love All the People : Letters , Lyrics , Routines . Foreword , Lahr . p. xxvi . ISBN 1 - 84119 - 878 - 1 . ( UK edition ) , ISBN 1 - 932360 - 65 - 4 ( US edition ) . Jump up ^ Stein , Sam ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Music Stars Demand Records On Bush Administration 's Use Of Music For Torture '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Reid , Tim ( 2009 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Musicians demand end to music torture on Guantánamo detainees '' . The Times . London : News Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 19 . Tom Morello , guitarist with the band Rage Against the Machine -- whose song Killing in the Name of was also used -- said : `` The fact that music I helped create was used as a tactic against humanity sickens me . '' Jump up ^ Clive Stafford Smith ( 2008 - 06 - 19 ) . `` How US interrogators use music as a tool of torture . Welcome to ' the disco ' '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 19 . while the song choices may sometimes verge on the unintentionally funny , this appropriation of music by the military is anything but a joke Jump up ^ Daria Season 1 Episode 11 The Big House MTV June 30 , 1997 Jump up ^ Tor Thorsen ( 2004 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Full San Andreas soundtrack details '' . Game Spot . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Chris Roper ( 2006 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Guitar Hero II Final Tracklist Revealed . It 's official : From Aerosmith to the Rolling Stones to RATM , all 40 licensed tracks unveiled '' . Game Spot . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ South Park episode Guitar Queer - o Jump up ^ `` Episode 2 : Rich '' . Skins . Season 5 . Episode 2 . Bristol . Channel 4 . E4 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Zane Lowe ( 2007 - 07 - 19 ) . `` BBC -- Radio 1 -- Zane Lowe -- Tracklisting '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ The Apples -- Killing ( 7 `` , Single , Promo ) at Discogs . Jump up ^ `` The Apples -- Killing '' . 2007 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Apples -- WOMAD Festival '' . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Paul Lester ( 2007 - 11 - 14 ) . `` New band of the day . No 226 : The Apples '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Biffy Clyro perform a cover of RATM 's Killing In The Name Of at Reading 2008 '' . 2006 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 07 . Scottish rockers surprise the audience at Reading 's Introducing stage with an impromptu set , including a Rage Against The Machine cover . Includes BBC iPlayer video ( UK only ) . Jump up ^ Darcy , Benoit ( 2008 - 05 - 15 ) . `` La reprise du jeudi : Killing in the Name '' . Musicspot . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fm Belfast - Killing In The Name Of ( Lotus ) '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` L Plus vs. Rage Against The Machine - Killing In The Name Of '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adam D Mills . `` FourPlay String Quartet -- Fourthcoming in Releases : '' . Mess + Noise . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Wars Revisited : Killing In The Name - Glide Magazine '' . 7 July 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phish Celebrates Independence Day with `` Harpua '' `` . Jambands . Jump up ^ `` Emmure Perform Live Set Of Rage Against The Machine Covers , Footage Available '' . PRP . Wookubu . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Joanna Prisco ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` My Backstage Arepa with Zac Brown '' . Jump up ^ Coplan , Chris ( 23 May 2013 ) . `` Listen to Chvrches ' Lauren Mayberry cover Rage Against the Machine 's `` Killing in the Name '' `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kerrang ! Limp Bizkit cover Rage Against The Machine 's Killing In The Name Of during Download 2nd headline set '' . Kerrang ! . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Killing In The Name - Live , 2016 - 08 - 19 , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rage Against the Machine . `` Killing In The Name '' Official music video on YouTube Killing in the Name at AllMusic Rage Against the Machine for Christmas No. 1 ( UK ) group on Facebook Tracy Morter , instigator of the campaign on Facebook Preceded by `` Hallelujah '' by Alexandra Burke United Kingdom Christmas number - one single 2009 Succeeded by `` When We Collide '' by Matt Cardle Preceded by `` Bad Romance '' by Lady Gaga UK Singles Chart number - one single December 20 , 2009 -- December 26 , 2009 Succeeded by `` The Climb '' by Joe McElderry UK Download Chart number - one download December 20 , 2009 -- January 2 , 2010 Succeeded by `` Bad Romance '' by Lady Gaga Preceded by `` Undisclosed Desires '' by Muse UK Rock Chart number - one single December 20 , 2009 -- January 17 , 2010 Succeeded by `` Where We Belong '' by Lostprophets Rage Against the Machine Zack de la Rocha Tom Morello Tim Commerford Brad Wilk Studio albums Rage Against the Machine Evil Empire The Battle of Los Angeles Renegades Live albums Live & Rare Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium Demo albums Rage Against the Machine Video albums Rage Against the Machine The Battle of Mexico City Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium Live at Finsbury Park Singles `` Killing in the Name '' `` Bullet in the Head '' `` Bombtrack '' `` Freedom '' `` Year of tha Boomerang '' `` Bulls on Parade '' `` People of the Sun '' `` Down Rodeo '' `` Vietnow '' `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' `` No Shelter '' `` Guerrilla Radio '' `` Sleep Now in the Fire '' `` Testify '' `` Calm Like a Bomb '' `` Renegades of Funk '' `` How I Could Just Kill a Man '' Other songs `` I 'm Housin '' `` Kick Out the Jams '' `` Know Your Enemy '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' `` Microphone Fiend '' `` Street Fighting Man '' `` Tire Me '' `` Wake Up '' Concert tours Rage Against the Machine Tour 1994 -- 1995 Tour Evil Empire Tour The Battle of Los Angeles Tour Reunion Tour Related articles Discography Songs Political views and activism Audioslave Prophets of Rage Inside Out Lock Up One Day as a Lion Street Sweeper Social Club The Nightwatchman WAKRAT UK Christmas number - one singles in the 2000s `` Can We Fix It ? '' ( Bob the Builder , 2000 ) `` Somethin ' Stupid '' ( Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman , 2001 ) `` Sound of the Underground '' ( Girls Aloud , 2002 ) `` Mad World '' ( Michael Andrews & Gary Jules , 2003 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` That 's My Goal '' ( Shayne Ward , 2005 ) `` A Moment Like This '' ( Leona Lewis , 2006 ) `` When You Believe '' ( Leon Jackson , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s UK Christmas number - one single downloads in the 2000s `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` JCB '' ( Nizlopi , 2005 ) `` Patience '' ( Take That , 2006 ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( Mariah Carey , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killing_in_the_Name&oldid=809772154 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Christmas number - one single downloads in the United Kingdom Rage Against the Machine songs 1992 singles 1993 singles 1992 songs Debut singles Epic Records singles Protest songs Songs against racism and xenophobia UK Singles Chart number - one singles Song recordings produced by Garth Richardson Songs written by Tom Morello Songs written by Brad Wilk Songs written by Tim Commerford Songs written by Zack de la Rocha Obscenity controversies in music Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2016 Track listings with input errors Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 08 : 48 . 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why did the electoral system break down in the election of 1800

At the end of a long and bitter campaign , Jefferson and Burr each won 73 electoral votes , Adams won 65 electoral votes , and Pinckney won 64 electoral votes . The Federalists swept New England , the Democratic - Republicans dominated the South , and the parties split the Mid-Atlantic states of New York , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania . The Democratic - Republicans ' failure to execute their plan to award Jefferson one more vote than Burr resulted in a tie , which necessitated a contingent election in the House of Representatives . Under the terms laid out in the Constitution , the outgoing House of Representatives chose between Jefferson and Burr . Each state delegation cast one vote , and a victory in the contingent election required one candidate to win a majority of the state delegations . Neither Burr nor Jefferson were able to win on the first 35 ballots of the contingent election , as most Federalist Congressmen backed Burr and all Democratic - Republican Congressmen backed Jefferson . Hamilton personally favored Jefferson over Burr , and he convinced several Federalists to switch their support to Jefferson , giving Jefferson a victory on the 36th ballot of the contingent election . The result of this election was affected by the three - fifths clause of the United States Constitution ; historians such as Garry Wills have noted that had slaves not been counted for the purposes of congressional apportionment , Adams would have won the electoral vote .

United states presidential election , 1800

united states presidential election, 1800

John Adams Federalist

Elected President Thomas Jefferson Democratic - Republican The United States presidential election of 1800 was the fourth United States presidential election . It was held from Friday , October 31 to Wednesday , December 3 , 1800 . In what is sometimes referred to as the `` Revolution of 1800 '' , Vice President Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic - Republican Party defeated incumbent President John Adams of the Federalist Party . The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic - Republican rule . Adams had narrowly defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election . Under the rules of the electoral system that were in place prior to the 1804 ratification of the 12th Amendment , each member of the Electoral College cast two votes , with no distinction made between electoral votes for president and electoral votes for vice president . As Jefferson received the second-most votes in 1796 , he was elected vice president . In 1800 , unlike in 1796 , both parties formally nominated tickets . The Democratic - Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of Jefferson and Aaron Burr , while the Federalists nominated a ticket consisting of Adams and Charles Pinckney . Each party formed a plan in which one of their respective electors would vote for a third candidate or abstain so that their preferred presidential candidate ( Adams for the Federalists and Jefferson for the Democratic - Republicans ) would win one more vote than the party 's other nominee . The chief political issues revolved around the fallout from the French Revolution and the Quasi-War . The Federalists favored a strong central government and close relations with Great Britain . The Democratic - Republicans favored decentralization to the state governments , and the party attacked the taxes imposed by the Federalists . The Democratic - Republicans also denounced the Alien and Sedition Acts , which the Federalists had passed to make it harder for immigrants to become citizens and to restrict statements critical of the federal government . While the Democratic - Republicans were well organized at the state and local levels , the Federalists were disorganized and suffered a bitter split between their two major leaders , President Adams and Alexander Hamilton . According to historian John Ferling , the jockeying for electoral votes , regional divisions , and the propaganda smear campaigns created by both parties made the election recognizably modern . At the end of a long and bitter campaign , Jefferson and Burr each won 73 electoral votes , Adams won 65 electoral votes , and Pinckney won 64 electoral votes . The Federalists swept New England , the Democratic - Republicans dominated the South , and the parties split the Mid-Atlantic states of New York , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania . The Democratic - Republicans ' failure to execute their plan to award Jefferson one more vote than Burr resulted in a tie , which necessitated a contingent election in the House of Representatives . Under the terms laid out in the Constitution , the outgoing House of Representatives chose between Jefferson and Burr . Each state delegation cast one vote , and a victory in the contingent election required one candidate to win a majority of the state delegations . Neither Burr nor Jefferson were able to win on the first 35 ballots of the contingent election , as most Federalist Congressmen backed Burr and all Democratic - Republican Congressmen backed Jefferson . Hamilton personally favored Jefferson over Burr , and he convinced several Federalists to switch their support to Jefferson , giving Jefferson a victory on the 36th ballot of the contingent election . The result of this election was affected by the three - fifths clause of the United States Constitution ; historians such as Garry Wills have noted that had slaves not been counted for the purposes of congressional apportionment , Adams would have won the electoral vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 General election 1.1 Candidates 1.2 Campaign 1.2. 1 Selection method changes 1.3 Voting 1.4 Disputes 1.4. 1 Defective certificates 1.5 Results 1.5. 1 Breakdown by ticket 1.5. 2 Breakdown by state 2 1801 contingent election 2.1 Results 3 Electoral college selection 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Primary references 6.2 Inline references 7 Bibliography 8 External links General election ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Both parties used congressional nominating caucuses to formally nominate tickets for the first time . The Federalists nominated a ticket consisting of incumbent President John Adams of Massachusetts and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina . Pinckney had fought in the American Revolutionary War and later served as the minister to France . The Democratic - Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of Vice President Thomas Jefferson of Virginia and former Senator Aaron Burr of New York . Jefferson had been the runner - up in the previous election and had co-founded the party with James Madison and others , while Burr was popular in the electorally important state of New York . Vice President Thomas Jefferson from Virginia ( D-R ) Former U.S. Senator Aaron Burr from New York ( D-R ) President John Adams from Massachusetts ( Federalist ) Former Minister to France Charles C. Pinckney from South Carolina ( Federalist ) Campaign ( edit ) The 1800 election was a re-match of the 1796 election . The campaign was bitter and characterized by slander and personal attacks on both sides . Federalists spread rumours that the Democratic - Republicans were radicals who would ruin the country ( based on the Democratic - Republican support for the French Revolution ) . In 1798 , George Washington had complained `` that you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white , as to change the principles of a professed Democrat ; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country '' . Meanwhile , the Democratic - Republicans accused Federalists of subverting republican principles with the Alien and Sedition Acts , some of which were later declared unconstitutional after their expiration by the Supreme Court , and relying for their support on foreign immigrants ; they also accused Federalists of favoring Britain and the other coalition countries in their war with France in order to promote aristocratic , anti-democratic values . Adams was attacked by both the opposition Democratic - Republicans and a group of so - called `` High Federalists '' aligned with Alexander Hamilton . The Democratic - Republicans felt that the Adams foreign policy was too favorable toward Britain ; feared that the new army called up for the Quasi-War would oppress the people ; opposed new taxes to pay for war ; and attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as violations of states ' rights and the Constitution . `` High Federalists '' considered Adams too moderate and would have preferred the leadership of Alexander Hamilton instead . Hamilton had apparently grown impatient with Adams and wanted a new president who was more receptive to his goals . During Washington 's presidency , Hamilton had been able to influence the federal response to the Whiskey Rebellion ( which threatened the government 's power to tax citizens ) . When Washington announced that he would not seek a third term , Adams was widely recognized by the Federalists as next - in - line . Hamilton appears to have hoped in 1796 that his influence within an Adams administration would be as great or greater than in Washington 's . By 1800 , Hamilton had come to realize that Adams was too independent and thought the Federalist vice presidential candidate , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina , more suited to serving Hamilton 's interests . In his third sabotage attempt toward Adams , Hamilton quietly schemed to elect Pinckney to the presidency . Given Pinckney 's lack of political experience , he would have been expected to be open to Hamilton 's influence . However , Hamilton 's plan backfired and hurt the Federalist party , particularly after one of his letters , a scathing criticism of Adams that was fifty - four pages long , fell into the hands of a Democratic - Republican and soon after became public . It embarrassed Adams and damaged Hamilton 's efforts on behalf of Pinckney , not to mention speeding Hamilton 's own political decline . Selection method changes ( edit ) Partisans on both sides sought any advantage they could find . In several states , this included changing the process of selecting electors to ensure the desired result . In Georgia , Democratic - Republican legislators replaced the popular vote with selection by the state legislature . Federalist legislators did the same in Massachusetts and New Hampshire . This may have had some unintended consequences in Massachusetts , where the makeup of the delegation to the House of Representatives changed from 12 Federalists and 2 Democratic - Republicans to 8 Federalists and 6 Democratic - Republicans , perhaps the result of backlash on the part of the electorate . Pennsylvania also switched to legislative choice , but this resulted in an almost evenly split set of electors . Virginia switched from electoral districts to winner - take - all , a move that probably switched one or two votes out of the Federalist column . Voting ( edit ) Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county . Shades of blue are for Jefferson ( Democratic - Republican ) and shades of yellow are for Adams ( Federalist ) . Because each state could choose its own election day in 1800 , voting lasted from April to October . In April , Burr 's successful mobilization of the vote in New York City succeeded in reversing the Federalist majority in the state legislature to provide decisive support for the Democratic - Republican ticket . With the two parties tied 63 -- 63 in the Electoral College in the autumn of 1800 , the last state to vote , South Carolina , chose eight Democratic - Republicans to award the election to Jefferson and Burr . Under the United States Constitution as it then stood , each elector cast two votes , and the candidate with a majority of the votes was elected president , with the vice presidency going to the runner - up . The Federalists therefore arranged for one of their electors to vote for John Jay rather than for Pinckney . The Democratic - Republicans had a similar plan to have one of their electors cast a vote for another candidate instead of Burr , but failed to execute it , thus all of the Democratic - Republican electors cast their votes for both Jefferson and Burr , 73 in all for each of them . According to a provision of the United States Constitution , a tie in a case of this type had to be resolved by the House of Representatives , with each state casting one vote . Although the congressional election of 1800 turned over majority control of the House of Representatives to the Democratic - Republicans by 65 seats to 35 , the presidential election had to be decided by the outgoing House that had been elected in the congressional election of 1798 ( at that time , the new presidential and congressional terms all started on March 4 of the year after a national election ) . In the outgoing House , the Federalists retained a majority of 90 seats to 54 . Disputes ( edit ) Defective certificates ( edit ) When the electoral ballots were opened and counted on February 11 , 1801 , it turned out that the certificate of election from Georgia was defective . While it was clear that the electors had cast their votes for Jefferson and Burr , the certificate did not take the constitutionally mandated form of a `` List of all the Persons voted for , and of the Number of Votes for each '' . Vice President Jefferson , who was counting the votes in his role as President of the Senate , immediately counted the votes from Georgia as votes for Jefferson and Burr . No objections were raised . If the disputed Georgia ballots were rejected on these technicalities , Jefferson and Burr would have lost 4 electoral votes , leaving them with 69 electoral votes each . The counting of the votes would have failed to result in a majority of 70 votes for any of the four candidates , causing a constitutionally mandated Congressional runoff among the top five finishers . Instead , the total number of votes for Jefferson and Burr was 73 , a majority of the total , but a tie between them . Results ( edit ) Jefferson won all or a majority of the voters in each state that he had won in 1796 , and additionally won majorities in New York and Maryland . Adams picked up votes in Pennsylvania and North Carolina , but these votes not enough to offset the Democratic - Republican gains elsewhere . Of the 155 counties and independent cities making returns , Jefferson won in 115 ( 74.19 % ) , whereas Adams carried 40 ( 25.81 % ) . This was the last time that Vermont voted for the Federalists . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Count Percentage Thomas Jefferson Democratic - Republican Virginia 41,330 61.4 % 73 Aaron Burr Democratic - Republican New York -- -- 73 John Adams ( incumbent ) Federalist Massachusetts 25,952 38.6 % 65 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Federalist South Carolina -- -- 64 John Jay Federalist New York -- -- Total 67,282 100.0 % 276 Needed to win 70 Source ( Popular Vote ) : U.S. President National Vote . Our Campaigns . ( February 10 , 2006 ) . Source ( Popular Vote ) : A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 - 1825 Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 30 , 2005 . Votes for Federalist electors have been assigned to John Adams and votes for Democratic - Republican electors have been assigned to Thomas Jefferson . Only 6 of the 16 states chose electors by any form of popular vote . Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements . Breakdown by ticket ( edit ) Presidential candidate Running mate Electoral vote Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr 73 John Adams Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 64 John Adams John Jay Breakdown by state ( edit ) State Jefferson Burr Adams Pinckney Jay New Hampshire 6 6 Massachusetts 16 16 Rhode Island Connecticut 9 9 Vermont New York 12 12 New Jersey 7 7 Pennsylvania 8 8 7 7 Delaware Maryland 5 5 5 5 Virginia 21 21 Kentucky North Carolina 8 8 Tennessee South Carolina 8 8 Georgia Total 73 73 65 64 Source : `` Tally of Electoral Votes for the 1800 Presidential Election , February 11 , 1801 '' . The Center for Legislative Archives . National Archives . August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . 1801 contingent election ( edit ) Aaron Burr tied Jefferson in the Electoral College vote . The members of the House of Representatives balloted as states to determine whether Jefferson or Burr would become president . There were sixteen states , each with one vote ; an absolute majority of nine was required for victory . It was the outgoing House of Representatives , controlled by the Federalist Party , that was charged with electing the new president . While everyone knew that Republicans intended Jefferson to be their candidate for president and Burr for vice president , that did not bind the Federalists . Jefferson was the great enemy of the Federalists , and a faction of them tried to block Jefferson and elect Burr in the House . Most Federalists voted for Burr , giving Burr six of the eight states controlled by Federalists . The seven delegations controlled by Republicans all voted for Jefferson , and Georgia 's sole Federalist representative also voted for him , giving him eight states . The Vermont delegation was evenly split and cast a blank ballot . The remaining state , Maryland , had five Federalist representatives to three Republicans ; one of its Federalist representatives voted for Jefferson , forcing that state delegation also to cast a blank ballot . Publicly , Burr remained quiet , and refused to disavow the presidency . Rumors circulated that he was encouraging Republicans to vote for him , but solid evidence was lacking and historians generally gave Burr the benefit of the doubt . In 2011 , however , historian Thomas Baker discovered a previously unknown letter from William P. Van Ness to Edward Livingston , two leading Republicans in New York . Van Ness was very close to Burr -- serving as his second in the later duel with Hamilton . As a leading Republican , Van Ness secretly supported the Federalist plan to elect Burr as president and tried to get Livingston to join . Livingston apparently agreed at first , then reversed himself . Baker argues that Burr probably supported the Van Ness plan : `` There is a compelling pattern of circumstantial evidence , much of it newly discovered , that strongly suggests Aaron Burr did exactly that as part of a stealth campaign to compass the presidency for himself . '' However it did not work , not just because of Livingston but even more due to the energetic opposition to Burr by Hamilton . Over the course of seven days , from February 11 to 17 , the House cast a total of 35 ballots , with Jefferson receiving the votes of eight state delegations each time -- one short of the necessary majority of nine . During the contest , Hamilton recommended to Federalists that they support Jefferson because he was `` by far not so dangerous a man '' as Burr ; in short , he would much rather have someone with wrong principles than someone devoid of any . Hamilton embarked on a frenzied letter - writing campaign to get delegates to switch votes . On February 17 , on the 36th ballot , Jefferson was elected . Federalist James A. Bayard of Delaware and his allies in Maryland and Vermont all cast blank ballots . This resulted in the Maryland and Vermont votes changing from no selection to Jefferson , giving him the votes of 10 states and the presidency . Bayard , as the sole representative from Delaware , changed his vote from Burr to no selection . The four representatives present from South Carolina , all Federalists , also changed their 3 -- 1 selection of Burr to four abstentions . Results ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Delegation result ( votes for Jefferson - votes for Burr - blank ballots ) State delegation Ballot 1st 2nd -- 35th 36th Overall results 8 Jefferson 6 Burr 2 No result 10 Jefferson 4 Burr 2 No result Georgia Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Kentucky Jefferson ( 2 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 2 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 2 -- 0 ) New Jersey Jefferson ( 3 -- 2 ) Jefferson ( 3 -- 2 ) Jefferson ( 3 -- 2 ) New York Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) North Carolina Jefferson ( 9 -- 1 ) Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 6 -- 4 ) Pennsylvania Jefferson ( 9 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 9 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 9 -- 4 ) Tennessee Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 ) Virginia Jefferson ( 16 -- 3 ) Jefferson ( 14 -- 5 ) Jefferson ( 14 -- 5 ) Maryland no result ( 4 -- 4 ) no result ( 4 -- 4 ) Jefferson ( 4 -- 0 -- 4 ) Vermont no result ( 1 -- 1 ) no result ( 1 -- 1 ) Jefferson ( 1 -- 0 -- 1 ) Delaware Burr ( 0 -- 1 ) Burr ( 0 -- 1 ) no result ( 0 -- 0 -- 1 ) South Carolina Burr ( 0 -- 4 ) Burr ( 1 -- 3 ) no result ( 0 -- 0 -- 4 ) Connecticut Burr ( 0 -- 7 ) Burr ( 0 -- 7 ) Burr ( 0 -- 7 ) Massachusetts Burr ( 3 -- 11 ) Burr ( 3 -- 11 ) Burr ( 3 -- 11 ) New Hampshire Burr ( 0 -- 4 ) Burr ( 0 -- 4 ) Burr ( 0 -- 4 ) Rhode Island Burr ( 0 -- 2 ) Burr ( 0 -- 2 ) Burr ( 0 -- 2 ) The votes of the representatives is typical and may have fluctuated from ballot to ballot , but the result for each state did not change . Even though Georgia had two representatives apportioned , one seat was vacant due to the death of James Jones . Even though South Carolina had six representatives apportioned , Thomas Sumter was absent due to illness , and Abraham Nott departed for South Carolina between the first and final ballots . Electoral college selection ( edit ) The Constitution , in Article II , Section 1 , provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their electors were chosen . Different state legislatures chose different methods : Method of choosing electors State ( s ) State is divided into electoral districts , with one Elector chosen per district by the voters of that district Kentucky Maryland North Carolina Each Elector chosen by voters statewide Rhode Island Virginia State is divided into electoral districts , with one Elector chosen per district Each county chooses an electoral delegate by popular vote Elector is chosen by electoral delegates of the counties within their district Tennessee Each Elector appointed by state legislature ( all other states ) In popular Culture ( edit ) The election of 1800 was the topic of the song ' The Election of 1800 ' from the Broadway musical Hamilton . In the song ' Hamilton ' says `` I have never agreed with Jefferson once , we have fought on like 75 different fronts , but when all is said and all is done : Jefferson has beliefs . Burr has none . '' This angers Burr and leads directly into the song ' Your Obedient Servant ' : in which Burr stands up to Hamilton and declares a duel . This duel led to the death of Alexander Hamilton . The election 's story and the eventual reconciliation between Jefferson and Adams was also retold in a second - season episode of Comedy Central 's Drunk History , with Jerry O'Connell portraying Jefferson and Joe Lo Truglio as Adams . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson United States House of Representatives elections , 1800 United States Senate elections , 1800 and 1801 History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Stephen Simpson ( writer ) ( editor of the Aurora , a Philadelphia newspaper Jefferson credited for his victory in 1800 ) References ( edit ) Primary references ( edit ) Annals of the Congress of the United States , Washington , D.C. : Gales and Seaton , 1834 -- 1856 , pp. 10 : 1028 -- 1033 `` A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved March 20 , 2005 . Inline references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National General Election VEP Turnout Rates , 1789 - Present '' . United States Election Project . CQ Press . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson : The Revolution of 1800 '' . PBS . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Revolution of 1800 After All : The Political Culture of the Earlier Early Republic and the Origins of American Democracy '' . Jeffrey L. Pasley University of Missouri - Columbia . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ferling ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Negro President : Jefferson and the Slave Power ; Garry Wills ; Houghton Mifflin : pp. 2 , 234 . Jump up ^ Deskins , Donald Richard ; Walton , Hanes ; Puckett , Sherman ( 2010 ) . Presidential Elections , 1789 - 2008 : County , State , and National Mapping of Election Data . University of Michigan Press . pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2003 ) . `` Gilder Lehrman Document Number : GLC 581 '' . Digital History . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2006 . Retrieved September 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Buel ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ McCullough ( 2001 ) ^ Jump up to : Chernow ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Party Divisions of the House of Representatives * 1789 -- Present '' . Office of the Historian , House of United States House of Representatives . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce Ackerman and David Fontana , `` How Jefferson Counted Himself In , '' The Atlantic , March 2004 . See also : Bruce Ackerman and David Fontana , `` Thomas Jefferson Counts Himself into the Presidency , '' ( 2004 ) , 90 Virginia Law Review 551 - 643 . Jump up ^ `` A New Nation Votes '' . Jump up ^ Ferling 2004 , pp. 175 - 196 . Jump up ^ Thomas N. Baker , `` ' An Attack Well Directed ' : Aaron Burr Intrigues for the Presidency . '' Journal of the Early Republic 31 # 4 ( 2011 ) : 553 - 598 , quotation on page 556 . Jump up ^ Roberts ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Noel Campbell and Marcus Witcher , `` Political entrepreneurship : Jefferson , Bayard , and the election of 1800 . '' Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 4.3 ( 2015 ) : 298 - 312 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral Count for the Presidential Election of 1789 '' . The Papers of George Washington . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Prokop , Andrew ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` The real - life election of 1800 was even wilder than Hamilton the musical lets on '' . Vox . Vox Media , Inc. http://www.vox.com/2015/11/28/9801376/hamilton-election-of-1800-burr-jefferson Bibliography ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson Ben - Atar , Doron ; Oberg , Barbara B. , eds. ( 1999 ) , Federalists Reconsidered , University of Virginia Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1863 - 1 Pasley , Jeffrey L. ; et al. , eds. ( 2004 ) , Beyond the Founders : New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic , University of North Carolina Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5558 - 4 Beard , Charles A. ( 1915 ) , The Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy , ISBN 978 - 1 - 146 - 80267 - 3 Bowling , Kenneth R. ; Kennon , Donald R. ( 2005 ) , Establishing Congress : The Removal to Washington , D.C. , and the Election of 1800 , Ohio University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8214 - 1619 - 8 Buel , Richard ( 1972 ) , Securing the Revolution : Ideology in American Politics , 1789 -- 1815 Chambers , William Nisbet ( 1963 ) , Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 Chernow , Ron ( 2005 ) , Alexander Hamilton , Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303475 - 9 Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr. ( 1965 ) , The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809 Dunn , Susan ( 2004 ) , Jefferson 's second revolution : The Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 13164 - 8 Elkins , Stanley ; McKitrick , Eric ( 1995 ) , The Age of Federalism Ferling , John ( 2004 ) . Adams vs. Jefferson : The Tumultuous Election of 1800 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1965 ) , The Revolution of American Conservatism : The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy Freeman , Joanne B. ( 2001 ) , Affairs of Honor : National Politics in the New Republic Freeman , Joanne B. ( 1999 ) , `` The election of 1800 : a study in the logic of political change '' , Yale Law Journal , 108 ( 8 ) : 1959 -- 1994 , doi : 10.2307 / 797378 , JSTOR 797378 Goodman , Paul ( 1967 ) , `` The First American Party System '' , in Chambers , William Nisbet ; Burnham , Walter Dean , The American Party Systems : Stages of Political Development , pp. 56 -- 89 Hofstadter , Richard ( 1970 ) , The Idea of a Party System Kennedy , Roger G. ( 2000 ) , Burr , Hamilton , and Jefferson : A Study in Character , Oxford University Press McCullough , David ( 2001 ) , John Adams Horn , James P.P. ; Lewis , Jan Ellen ; Onuf , Peter S. ( 2002 ) , The Revolution of 1800 : Democracy , Race , and the New Republic Miller , John C. ( 1959 ) , Alexander Hamilton : Portrait in Paradox Roberts , Cokie ( 2008 ) , Ladies of Liberty Schachner , Nathan ( 1961 ) , Aaron Burr : A Biography Schlesinger , Arthur Meier , ed. ( 1986 ) , History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 - 1984 , Vol. 1 , essay and primary sources on 1800 . Sharp , James Roger . The Deadlocked Election of 1800 : Jefferson , Burr , and the Union in the Balance ( University Press of Kansas ; 2010 ) 239 pages ; Wills , Garry ( 2003 ) , `` Negro President '' : Jefferson and the Slave Power , Houghton Mifflin Co. , pp. 47 -- 89 , ISBN 0 - 618 - 34398 - 9 ... also listed ( in at least one source ) as from Mariner Books ( Boston ) in 2004 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 1800 . United States presidential election of 1800 at Encyclopædia Britannica Presidential Election of 1800 : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Documentary Timeline 1787 - 1800 Lesson plans from NEH A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 - 1825 Vote Archive : Town Map of Election Results in Rhode Island Vote Archive : County Map of Election Results in Virginia Overview at Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections Booknotes interview with Bernard Weisberger on America Afire : Jefferson , Adams , and the First Contested Election , February 25 , 2001 . Booknotes interview with John Ferling on Adams vs. Jefferson : The Tumultuous Election of 1800 , October 3 , 2004 . Election of 1800 in Counting the Votes Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! 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Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → Category John Adams 2nd President of the United States , 1797 -- 1801 1st Vice President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1785 -- 1788 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1782 -- 1788 Delegate , Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 Delegate , First Continental Congress , 1774 Founding of the United States Braintree Instructions ( 1765 ) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus ; A History of the Dispute with America , From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time ( 1775 ) Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee , 1775 - 1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1780 ) Treaty of Paris , 1783 Presidency Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. 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when did the train service start in india

The first passenger train in India ran between Bombay ( Bori Bunder ) and Thane on 16 April 1853 . The 14 - carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives : Sahib , Sindh and Sultan . It could carry 400 people and ran on a line of 34 kilometres ( 21 mi ) built and operated by GIPR . This line was built in 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge , which became the standard for railways in the country . In Eastern India , the first passenger railway train ran from Howrah ( near Calcutta ) to Hoogly on 15 August 1854 . The 39 - kilometre ( 24 mi ) line was built and operated by EIR . In May 1854 the Bombay -- Thane line was extended to Kalyan by building India 's first railway bridge , the Dapoorie viaduct , over Ulhas river . The line was extended to Khopoli in 1855 . In August 1855 , EIR Express and Fairy Queen steam locomotives started hauling trains . The first passenger train in South India ran from Royapuram and Veyasarapady ( Madras ) to Wallajah Road ( Arcot ) on 1 July 1856 on a 97 - kilometre ( 60 mi ) line built and operated by Madras Railway .

16 April 1853

Rail transport in India

rail transport in india

Rail transport in India Operation National railway Indian Railways Statistics Ridership 9.116 billion ( 2018 ) Passenger km 1,149.835 billion ( 2017 ) Freight 1.106 billion tonnes ( 2017 ) System length Total 67,368 km ( 41,861 mi ) ( route ) 121,407 km ( 75,439 mi ) ( total track ) Electrified 25,367 km ( 15,762 mi ) ( route ) 48,239 km ( 29,974 mi ) ( running track ) Track gauge 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge 61,680 km ( 38,330 mi ) 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 1 / 2 in ) standard gauge Not available 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 3 / 8 in ) metre gauge 3,479 km ( 2,162 mi ) Two narrow gauges , 762 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) and 610 mm ( 2 ft ) 2,208 km ( 1,372 mi ) Features Longest tunnel Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel , 11.215 km ( 6.969 mi ) No. bridges 133,160 ( 2011 ) Longest bridge Vembanad Rail Bridge , 4.62 km ( 2.87 mi ) No. stations 7,349 Highest elevation 2,257 m ( 7,405 ft ) at Ghum on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Lowest elevation 4 m ( 13 ft ) at Barra Bazar Rail transport is an important mode of transport in India . All main - line rail operations in India are handled by Indian Railways ( IR ) , a state - owned organization of the Ministry of Railways . As of March 2017 , the rail network comprises 121,407 km ( 75,439 mi ) of track over a route of 67,368 km ( 41,861 mi ) and 7,349 stations . It is the fourth - largest railway network in the world ( after those of the United States , Russia and China ) . Thirty eight percent of the routes are electrified with 25 KV AC electric traction while thirty - three percent of them are double or multi-tracked . It is one of the busiest networks in the world , transporting 8.107 billion passengers and over 1.108 billion tonnes of freight annually , as of 2016 . Indian Railways is the world 's eighth largest employer , with more than 1.308 million employees as of March 2017 . As of March 2017 , IR 's rolling stock consisted of 277,987 freight wagons , 70,937 passenger coaches and 11,452 locomotives . IR owns locomotive and coach - production facilities at several locations in India . The urban rail transit systems across the country are operated independently of Indian Railways . There are currently 11 operational rapid transit ( also called ' metro ' ) systems in ten cities in India . As of November 2017 , India has 425 kilometres ( 264 miles ) of operational metro lines and 347 stations . A further 500 + km of lines are under construction . Contents 1 History 1.1 1832 -- 1852 : Industrial railways 1.2 1853 -- 1924 : Passenger railways and expansion 1.3 1925 -- 1950 : Electrification and further expansion 1.4 1951 -- 1983 : Zonal re-organisation and further developments 1.5 1984 -- present : Rapid transit and later developments 2 Rolling stock 2.1 Locomotives 2.2 Goods wagons 2.3 Passenger coaches 3 Manufacturing 4 Network 4.1 Tracks 4.2 Electrification 4.3 Signaling and Telecommunication 4.4 Links with adjacent countries 5 Services 5.1 Passenger service 5.1. 1 Station categories 5.1. 2 Travel classes 5.1. 3 Train types 5.1. 4 Tourism 5.1. 5 Ticketing 5.2 Freight service 6 Urban rail 6.1 Suburban rail 6.2 Metro 6.3 Monorail 6.4 Light rail 6.5 Tram 7 Private railways 8 UNESCO World Heritage Sites 9 Issues 10 Future 10.1 Infrastructure 10.2 Electrification and power 10.3 Safety 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport in India Rail transport in India began in the early nineteenth century . 1832 -- 1852 : industrial Railways ( edit ) The first proposals for railways in India were made in Madras in 1832 . The first train in India ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in 1837 . It was called Red Hill Railway and used a rotary steam locomotive manufactured by William Avery . The railway was built by Sir Arthur Cotton and was mainly used for transporting granite stones for road - building work in Madras . In 1845 Cotton built the Godavari Dam Construction Railway at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry , used to supply stones for construction of a dam over Godavari . On 8 May 1845 , Madras Railway was incorporated , and East India Railway ( EIR ) was incorporated the same year . On 1 August 1849 Great Indian Peninsular Railway ( GIPR ) was incorporated by an Act of Parliament . A `` Guarantee System '' providing free land and guaranteeing rates of return ( 5 % ) to private English companies building railways was finalized on 17 August 1849 . In 1851 the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built in Roorkee , hauled by a steam locomotive called Thomason , named after a British officer . It was used for transporting construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani river . In 1852 the Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was incorporated . 1853 -- 1924 : passenger Railways and expansion ( edit ) India 's first passenger train between Bombay and Thane in 1853 The first passenger train in India ran between Bombay ( Bori Bunder ) and Thane on 16 April 1853 . The 14 - carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives : Sahib , Sindh and Sultan . It could carry 400 people and ran on a line of 34 kilometres ( 21 mi ) built and operated by GIPR . This line was built in 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge , which became the standard for railways in the country . In Eastern India , the first passenger railway train ran from Howrah ( near Calcutta ) to Hoogly on 15 August 1854 . The 39 - kilometre ( 24 mi ) line was built and operated by EIR . In May 1854 the Bombay -- Thane line was extended to Kalyan by building India 's first railway bridge , the Dapoorie viaduct , over Ulhas river . The line was extended to Khopoli in 1855 . In August 1855 , EIR Express and Fairy Queen steam locomotives started hauling trains . The first passenger train in South India ran from Royapuram and Veyasarapady ( Madras ) to Wallajah Road ( Arcot ) on 1 July 1856 on a 97 - kilometre ( 60 mi ) line built and operated by Madras Railway . On 24 February 1873 the first tramway , a 3.8 - kilometre ( 2.4 mi ) horse - drawn tramway , opened in Calcutta between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street . On 9 May 1874 a horse - drawn tramway began operation in Bombay between Colaba and Parel . In 1880 Calcutta Tramways Company was incorporated . GIPR started its first workshops in Byculla in 1854 and Madras Railway set up their first workshop at Perambur in 1856 . The railway boom continued with the incorporation of Bombay , Baroda , and Central India Railway ( BB&CI ) in 1855 , Eastern Bengal Railway in 1858 , and East Coast State Railway in 1890 . Great South Indian Railway ( GSIR ) and Carnatic Railway merged in 1874 to form the South Indian Railway . In 1897 lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many railway companies . In 1902 the Jodhpur Railway became the first to introduce electric lights as standard fixtures . In 1920 electric lighting of signals was introduced between Dadar and Currey Road in Bombay . 1925 -- 1950 : electrification and further expansion ( edit ) The first railway budget was presented in 1925 . The Oudh and Rohilkhund Railway was merged with EIR in the same year . In 1930 , Hyderabad - Godavary Valley Railway was merged with Nizam 's state railway . On 3 February 1925 India 's first electric passenger train ran between Victoria terminus and Kurla , on 1500 V DC overhead traction with locomotives provided by Cammell Laird and Uerdingenwagonfabrik companies . Later that year the VT -- Bandra section was electrified with an elevated platform at Sandhurst Road . Kurla -- Kalyan and lines to Poona and Igatpuri were electrified in 1926 and the Bandra -- Virar section was electrified by January 1928 . On 1 June 1930 the Deccan Queen began running , hauled by a WCP - 1 ( No. 20024 , old No . EA / 1 4006 ) with 7 coaches , on the GIPR 's electrified route from Bombay VT to Poona ( Pune ) . The Frontier Mail made its inaugural run in 1928 between Bombay VT and Peshawar . In 1929 the Grand Trunk Express began running between Peshawar and Mangalore and Punjab Limited Express began running between Mumbai and Lahore . Technical advancements saw automatic colour - light signals first become operational on GIPR 's lines between Bombay VT and Byculla in 1928 and were extended to the Byculla -- Kurla section the following year . 1951 -- 1983 : zonal re-organisation and further developments ( edit ) India 's railways were re-organised into regional zones beginning in 1951 with the creation of Southern Railway on 14 April and Central Railway and Western Railway on 5 November . The post of Chief Commissioner of Railways was abolished and the Railway Board adopted the practice of making its senior-most member Chairman . Also in 1951 , the government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Calcutta Tramways Co. to take over its administrative functions . On 14 April 1952 Northern Railway , Eastern Railway and North - Eastern Railway were created . On 1 August 1955 South - Eastern Railway was split from Eastern Railway , and the following year divisional systems of administration were set up for the various regional zones . In 1958 the North - Eastern Railway split to form a new Northeast Frontier Railway . In 1952 fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in all classes of passenger accommodation and sleeping accommodation was introduced in coaches . In 1956 the first fully air - conditioned train was introduced between Howrah and Delhi . In 1966 the first containerized freight services began , between Bombay and Ahmedabad . In 1957 India Railways took a decision to adopt 25 kV AC electrification and chose SNCF ( French National Railway ) as technical consultant . The Main Line Electrification Project was established in the same year . Raj Kharswan -- Dongoposi became the first section to be electrified with 25 kV AC traction with the first train running on 11 August 1960 . In 1966 electrification of several suburban tracks around Delhi , Madras and Calcutta was completed with the 25 kV AC system . In 1979 the Main Line Electrification Project was reconstituted into Central Organization for Railway Electrification ( CORE ) . 1984 -- present : rapid transit and later developments ( edit ) Gatiman Express , India 's fastest train introduced in 2016 Calcutta Metro became the first metro in the country with the 24 October 1984 line between Esplanade and Bhowanipur ( now the Netaji Bhawan station ) . In 1988 the first Shatabdi Express was introduced between New Delhi and Jhansi ( later extended to Bhopal ) , and was the fastest train at the time . In 1993 air - conditioned 3 - tier coaches were introduced as well as a sleeper class separate from second class . In 1999 South East Central was constituted . On 6 July 2002 the East Coast , South Western , South East Central , North Central , and West Central zones were created . On 5 April 2016 Gatiman Express , India 's fastest train at a maximum speed of 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) , made its first run from Delhi to Agra . India 's first computerized ticketing and reservation was introduced at New Delhi in 1986 . In 1990 the first self - printing ticket machine ( SPTM ) was introduced . In September 1996 the CONCERT computerized reservation system was fully deployed at New Delhi , Mumbai and Chennai , and was completed nationwide on 18 April 1999 . In 1998 coupon validating machines ( CVMs ) were introduced at Mumbai CST . Credit cards were accepted for booking tickets and reservations starting in 1999 . Indian Railways launched its web site in February 2000 and began taking online train reservations and ticketing on 3 August 2002 , which was extended to many cities in December . On 26 September 2013 the Tatkal system of ticketing extended to ordinary trains . On 16 January 1995 the first regularly scheduled services using the 2 × 25 kV system of traction started on Bina -- Katni . On 5 February 2012 Western Railway switched completely to 25 kV AC traction , ending its use of 1.5 kV DC traction . On 11 April 2016 Central Railway completed switching to 25 kV AC traction , ending the use of DC traction on the country 's main - line rail network . Indian Railways announced on 31 March 2017 that the entire rail network would be electrified by 2022 . Rolling stock ( edit ) Locomotives ( edit ) Main article : Locomotives in India A WAP 7 class broad gauge AC electric locomotive at Baiyyappanahalli . A WDM - 3D broad - gauge diesel locomotive The Nilgiri Mountain Railway , one of the few running steam locomotives , in India Locomotives in India largely consist of electric and diesel locomotives . The world 's first compressed natural gas ( CNG ) locomotives are also being used . Steam locomotives are used only in heritage trains . In India , locomotives are classified according to their gauge , motive power , the work they are suited for and their power or model number . The class name , composed of four or five letters , encodes this information . The first letter denotes the track gauge ; the second denotes their motive power , diesel or alternating current ( electric ) ; the third letter denotes the type of traffic for which they are suited ( goods , passenger , multi or shunting ) . The fourth letter used to denote the chronological model number but from 2002 denotes the horsepower range for diesel locomotives . Electric locomotives do n't come under this scheme and not all diesels are covered ; for these , the fourth letter denotes their chronological model number . A locomotive may have a fifth letter in its class name which denotes a technical variant , subclass or subtype , indicating a variation in the basic model or series , possibly different motors or a different manufacturer . With the new scheme for classifying diesel locomotives ( as mentioned above ) the fifth letter further refines the horsepower indication in 100 hp ( 75 kW ) increments : ' A ' for 100 hp , ' B ' for 200 hp , ' C ' for 300 hp , etc . In this scheme , a WDM - 3A refers to a wide - gauge diesel multi-use 3100 hp loco , while a WDM - 3D would be a 3400 hp loco and WDM - 3F would be 3600 hp loco . Note : This classification system does not apply to heritage steam locomotives which retain their historical class names such as M class or WP class . Diesel locomotives have been fitted with auxiliary power units which save nearly 88 % of fuel while idling . Goods wagons ( edit ) Main article : Wagon numbering system in India The number of goods wagons was 205,596 on 31 March 1951 and peaked at 405,183 on 31 March 1980 , after which it declined to 239,321 on 31 March 2012 . The number is far less than that required for demand and Indian Railways loses freight traffic to road carriers . The railway carried 93 million tonnes of goods in 1950 -- 51 , increasing to 1010 million tonnes in 2012 -- 13 . However , its share in goods traffic is much lower than road traffic . In 1951 , its share was 65 % , and the share of the road was 35 % . Now the shares have been reversed , and the proportion of railways has declined to 30 % while the share of road has increased to 70 % . Since the 1990s , Indian Railways has stopped single - wagon consignments and provides only full - rake freight trains . Wagon types include : BOXN = BOXN - HL , BOXN - HS , BOXN - HL , BOXN - CR , BOXN - LW , BOXN - AL , BOXN - EL , BOBYN , BCNA , BCNHL , BTPN , BCACBM , BCCN , BOBRN , BRH , BTPGLN , VVN . Passenger coaches ( edit ) IR has several types of passenger coaches . ( See § Passenger services , below . ) The coaches used in IR are produced at Integral Coach Factory , Rail Coach Factory , and Modern Coach Factory , Raebareli . This includes the new Linke - Hofmann ( LHB ) coaches . Electric multiple unit ( EMU ) coaches are used for suburban traffic in large cities -- mainly Mumbai , Chennai , Delhi , Kolkata , Pune , Hyderabad and Bangalore . These coaches numbered 7,793 on 31 March 2012 . They have second - class and first - class seating accommodation . Passenger coaches numbered 46,722 and other coaches ( luggage coach , parcel van , guard 's coach , mail coach , etc . ) numbered 6,560 on 31 March 2012 . Manufacturing ( edit ) The Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in Chittaranjan makes electric locomotives . The Diesel Locomotive Works in Varanasi makes diesel locomotives . The Integral Coach Factory in Perambur , Chennai makes integral coaches . These have a monocoque construction , and the floor is an integral unit with the undercarriage . The Rail Coach Factory in Kapurthala also makes coaches . The Rail Wheel Factory at Yelahanka , Bangalore and Rail Wheel Plant , Bela , Chhapra , Bihar manufacture wheels and axles . Diesel - Loco Modernisation Works , Patiala upgrades the WDM - 2 diesel loco from 2,600 to 3,100 hp ( 1,900 to 2,300 kW ) . Some electric locomotives have been supplied by BHEL , Jhansi and Palakkad , and locomotive components are manufactured in several other plants around the country . Network ( edit ) Tracks ( edit ) Comparison of gauges in India with the standard gauge See also : Project Unigauge As of March 2017 , IR network spans 121,407 km ( 75,439 mi ) of track length , while the route length is 67,368 km ( 41,861 mi ) . Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from 80 to 200 km / h ( 50 to 124 mph ) , though the maximum speed attained by passenger trains is 180 km / h ( 110 mph ) . 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge , is the predominant gauge used by IR and spans 61,680 km ( 38,330 mi ) of route ( 92 % of total route network ) . It is the broadest gauge in use across the world for passenger movement . The 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 ⁄ in ) metre gauge tracks ; 762 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) and 610 mm ( 2 ft ) narrow gauge tracks are present on decreasing number of routes . All of these routes , except the heritage routes , are being converted to broad gauge . The metre gauge tracks were 3,479 kilometres ( 2,162 mi ) ( 5 % of total route network ) and narrow gauges tracks were 2,208 km ( 1,372 mi ) ( 3 % of total route network ) as of 31 March 2017 . Urban rail transit systems in India mostly use standard gauge tracks . Trams in Kolkata , the only remaining tram service in the country uses standard gauge tracks . The Line 1 of Kolkata Metro and Delhi Metro use same broad gauge tracks as main - line railways . All other metro lines -- constructed , under construction , future -- use standard gauge tracks . These metro trains are operated by metro rail corporations which are independent of Indian Railways . Metro trains operate in Delhi , Bangalore , Chennai , Mumbai , Hyderabad , Jaipur , Kochi and Lucknow . Gurgaon has a Metro system operated by a private organisation . Metro tracks are being constructed or planned in all million - plus cities in the country . As of March 2017 , most of the broad - gauge network is equipped with long - welded rails , pre-stressed concrete ( PSC ) sleepers and high tensile strength 52kg / 60kg 90 UTS rails . Electrification ( edit ) Main article : Central Organisation for Railway Electrification Around 30,012 km ( 18,649 mi ) of the route - kilometres or 43,357 km ( 26,941 mi ) of running track was electrified as of 31 March 2016 . India uses 25 kV AC traction on all of its electrified tracks . Railway electrification in India began with the first 1500 V DC electric train between Bombay Victoria Terminus and Kurla on Harbour Line in 1925 . Steep gradients on the Western Ghats necessitated the introduction of electric traction on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway ( GIPR ) up to Igatpuri on the North East line and to Pune on the South East line . 1500 V DC traction was introduced on the suburban section of the Bombay , Baroda and Central India Railway ( BB&CI ) between Colaba and Borivili in 1928 , and between Madras Beach and Tambaram of the then existing Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway in 1931 . This was primarily to meet the growing traffic on these metros . The electrification of the Howrah -- Burdwan section of the Eastern Railway was done at 3000 V DC and completed in 1958 . The 25 kV AC system of traction emerged as an economical modernization resulting from research and trials in Europe , particularly on French Railways ( SNCF ) . Indian Railways adopted this standard in 1957 , first operational on the Raj Kharswan -- Dongoaposi section on the South Eastern Railway in 1960 . The first 25 kV AC electric multiple unit ( EMU ) coaches which were for Kolkata suburban services were inaugurated in September 1962 . With a view to provide continuity of traction system , the Howrah -- Burdwan section of the Eastern Railway and Madras Beach -- Tambaram section of the Southern Railway were converted to the 25 kV AC system by 1968 . Considering the limitations in the DC traction system , a decision was made in 1996 -- 97 to convert to 25 kV AC . Conversion from DC traction to AC traction was completed on Western Railway in 2012 and on Central Railway in 2016 . Since then , the entire electrified mainline rail network in India uses 25 kV AC , and DC traction is used only for metros and trams . Indian Railways announced on 31 March 2017 that the country 's entire rail network would be electrified by 2022 . Signaling and telecommunication ( edit ) See also : Railway signal and Railway signalling IR uses a range of signalling technologies and methods to manage its train operations based on traffic density and safety requirements . As of March 2017 , around 2,850 kilometres ( 1,770 mi ) of the route uses automatic block signalling for train operations - concentrated in high density routes , large cities and junctions . Remaining routes are based on absolute block signalling with trains manually controlled by signal men from the signal boxes typically located at stations . Few low density routes still use manual block signalling methods with communication on track clearance based on physical exchange of tokens . In a few sections , intermediate block signalling is provided to further enhance line capacity with minimal investment . As of March 2017 . 501 block sections have intermediate block signals on IR . IR primarily uses coloured signal lights , which replaced semaphores and disc - based signalling ( dependent on position or colour ) . IR uses two - aspect , three - aspect and four ( or multiple ) aspect colour signalling across its network . Signals at most stations are interlocked using Panel Interlocking , Route - Relay Interlocking or Electronic Interlocking methods that eliminate scope for human signalling errors . IR uses track circuiting , and block proving axle counters for train detection . As of March 2017 , 5584 stations across IR ( about 90 % of stations on Broad Gauge ) have interlocked stations and multi-aspect signalling . Around 99 % of key routes ( A , B , C and D ) have track circuitry or block proving axle counters for automated train detection . Also , IR has about 51,000 Route kilometers of Optical Fiber Cable ( OFC ) network across India , that is used for train control , voice and data communication . Around 2,500 kilometres ( 1,600 mi ) of route is covered by GSM - R based Mobile Train Radio Communication . In December 2017 , IR announced that it will implement ETCS Level 2 system for signalling and control on key routes with an investment of ₹ 12,000 crore ( US $1.7 billion ) . Currently IR uses Centralised Traffic Control ( CTC ) on the busy Ghaziabad - Kanpur route and real - time train monitoring systems on Mumba i and Kolkata suburban routes . Links with adjacent countries ( edit ) Rail links between India and neighbouring countries are not well developed . Two trains operate to Pakistan : the Samjhauta Express between Delhi and Lahore , and the Thar Express between Jodhpur and Karachi . Bangladesh is connected by the biweekly Maitree Express , which runs from Kolkata to Dhaka , and Bandhan Express , which began running commercial trips between Kolkata and Khulna in November 2017 . Two rail links to Nepal exist : passenger service between Jainagar and Bijalpura and freight services between Raxaul and Birganj . Indian and Bangladeshi governments planned to start work by January 2015 on a new rail link to ease surface transport . India will build a 15 - kilometre ( 9.3 mi ) railway linking Tripura 's capital Agartala with Bangladesh 's southeastern city of Akhaura , an important railway junction connected to Chittagong port , resource - rich Sylhet and Dhaka . An agreement to implement the railway project was signed between India 's former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Bangladesh Premier Sheikh Hasina during her visit to India in January 2010 . Total cost of the proposed project is estimated at ₹ 252 crore ( ₹ 2.5 billion ) . The Indian Railway Construction Company ( IRCON ) would lay the new railway tracks on both sides of the border . Of the 15 km rail line , 5 km of tracks fall in Indian territory . The Northeast Frontier Railways ( NFR ) is laying tracks to connect Tripura 's southern-most border town , Sabroom , 135 km ( 84 mi ) south of here . From Sabroom , the Chittagong international sea port is 72 km ( 45 mi ) No rail link exists with Myanmar but a railway line is to be built from Jiribam ( in Manipur ) to Tamu through Imphal and Moreh . The construction of this missing link , as per the feasibility study conducted by the Ministry of External Affairs through RITES Ltd , is estimated to cost ₹ 29.41 billion ( US $430 million ) . An 18 - kilometre ( 11 mi ) railway link with Bhutan is being constructed from Hashimara in West Bengal to Toribari in Bhutan . No rail link exists with either China or Sri Lanka . Services ( edit ) Passenger service ( edit ) Station categories ( edit ) From December 2017 , stations are categorised into the Non-Suburban Group NSG1 to NSG6 , the Suburban Group SG1 to SG3 , and the Halt Group HG1 to HG3 based on the earnings , passenger footfall and strategic importance . Before December 2017 , stations were classified into A1 , A , B , C , D , E and F categories , based only on the passenger earnings from the sales of platform tickets , thus limiting the ability of IR to better focus its investments in passenger amenities . Travel classes ( edit ) Main article : Indian Railways coaching stock Interior of a First Class ( 1A ) compartment in the Rajdhani Express Interior of a 3 - tier AC ( 3AC ) compartment of the Dakshin Express Interior of an air - conditioned Chair Car ( CC ) coach in a Jan Shatabdi Express . IR has several classes of travel with or without air conditioning ; a train may include just one or several of these . Slow passenger trains have only unreserved seating class whereas Rajdhani , Duronto , Shatabdi , Garib Rath and Yuva trains have only air - conditioned classes . The fares are different for each class with unreserved seating class being the cheapest . The fare of Rajdhani , Duronto and Shatabdi trains includes food served in the train , but for other trains food has to be bought separately . From September 2016 , the IR have introduced dynamic fares for all accommodation classes for Rajdhani , Duronto and Shatabdi trains ( except 1AC and EC classes ) to shore up revenue . In long - distance trains a pantry car is usually included and the food is served at the berth or seat itself . Luxury trains such as Palace on Wheels have separate dining cars but fares are comparable to a five - star hotel . A standard passenger train has four unreserved ( also called `` general '' ) coaches , two at the front and two at the end , of which one may be exclusively for ladies . The number of other coaches varies according to the demand and route . A luggage coach may be included at the front or back . In some mail trains , a separate mail coach is attached . Lavatories are communal and feature both the Indian style as well as the Western style . The following table lists the classes in operation . A train may not include all of these classes . Class Description 1A AC first class : The most expensive class , with fares are almost at par with airfares . There are eight cabins ( including two coupes ) in full AC first class coach and three cabins ( including one coupe ) in the half AC first class coach . The coach has an attendant , and bedding is included in the fare . This air - conditioned coach , present only on popular routes , can carry 18 ( full coach ) or 10 passengers ( half coach ) . 2A AC two tier : These air - conditioned coaches have sleeping berths across eight bays . Berths are usually arranged in two tiers in bays of six : four across the width of the coach and two lengthwise across the corridor , with curtains along the corridor . Bedding is included in the fare . A coach can carry 48 ( full coach ) or 20 passengers ( half coach ) . FC First class : Similar to 1A , but without air - conditioning . No bedding is available in this class , and the berths are narrower than 1A . There is an attendant , and only heritage trains still have this class . 3A AC three tier : Air - conditioned coaches with 64 sleeping berths . Berths are similar to 2A , but with three tiers across the width and two lengthwise for eight bays of eight . They are slightly less well - appointed , usually with no reading lights or curtains . Bedding is included in the fare . 3E AC three tier ( economy ) : Air - conditioned coaches with sleeping berths on the Garib Rath Express . Berths are usually arranged as in 3A , but with three tiers across the width and three llengthwise . Appointments are similar to 3A , and bedding is not included . EC Executive chair car : An air - conditioned coach with spacious seats and legroom . With four seats in a row , it is used for intercity day travel and is available on the Tejas and Shatabdi Express . CC AC chair car : An air - conditioned coach with five seats in a row , used for intercity day travel . Air - conditioned double - deck coaches are used on the Double Decker Express . SL Sleeper class : The sleeper class is the most common coach on IR , with ten or more SL coaches attached to a train rake . They are sleeping coaches with three berths across the width and two lengthwise , without air - conditioning . They carry 72 passengers per coach . 2S Second seater : similar to CC , without air - conditioning . Double - deck second seaters are used on the Flying Ranee . UR / GEN Unreserved / General : The least - expensive accommodation , with a seat not guaranteed . Tickets are valid on any train on a route if used within 24 hours of purchase . At the rear of the train is a special compartment known as the guard 's cabin . It is fitted with a transceiver and is where the guard usually gives the all - clear signal before the train departs . Train types ( edit ) Main articles : Train numbering , Named passenger trains , Longest train services , and Longest non-stop run The Mumbai Rajdhani Express . The long - distance , high - speed Rajdhani Expresses connect state capitals and large cities with New Delhi . Secunderabad - Yeshwanthpur Garib Rath Express , an economy air - conditioned train Trains are sorted into categories which dictate the number of stops on a route , their priority on the network and their fare structure . Each express train is identified by a five - digit number . if the first digit is 1 or 2 in the train number , they are long - distance express trains . If the first digit is 0 , the train is a special train which will operate for a limited period of time with a different fare structure . A first digit of 5 denotes a passenger train . The second digit indicates the zone operating the train . However , for high - speed trains , the second digit is either 0 or 2 ( the first remains 1 or 2 ) . The third digit denotes the division within the zone which is responsible for maintenance and cleanliness , and the last two digits are the train 's serial number . The train numbering system was changed from four digits from December 2010 , to accommodate an increasing number of trains . Trains traveling in opposite directions along the same route are usually labelled with consecutive numbers . However , there is considerable variation in train numbers ; some zones , such as Central Railway , have a less - systematic method of numbering trains . Trains are classified by average speed . A faster train has fewer stops ( halts ) than a slower one , and is usually used for long - distance travel . Most express trains have special names to identify them easily . The names of the trains usually denote the regions they connect , the routes they traverse ; a famous person or a tourist spot connected with the train . S.no Train Description Tejas Express A semi-high - speed , air - conditioned train which had its inaugural run on 24 May 2017 , covering 551.7 kilometres ( 343 mi ) in eight hours , 30 minutes . Coaches have bio-vacuum toilets , water - level indicators , tap sensors , hand dryers , integrated Braille displays , an LED TV for each passenger with a phone jack , local cuisine , Wi - Fi , tea and coffee vending machines , magazines , snack tables , CCTV cameras and a fire and smoke detection and extinguishing system . Gatimaan Express The first semi-high - speed , air - conditioned train running between Delhi and Agra . With a speed of 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) , it is India 's fastest train and takes 100 minutes to cover 188 km ( 117 mi ) . Shatabdi Express Air - conditioned , intercity trains for daytime travel . Unlike the Rajdhani or Duronto Expresses , the Shatabdi expresses make a round trip on the same day . The Bhopal Shatabdi Express ( train number 12001 / 12002 ) is India 's second - fastest train between New Delhi and Agra , with an average speed of 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) and a top speed of 150 kilometres per hour ( 93 mph ) . The limited - stop trains have Wi - Fi . Rajdhani Express Limited - stop , air - conditioned trains linking major cities to New Delhi , they have a top speed of 130 -- 140 km / h ( 81 -- 87 mph ) . The 2014 railway budget proposed increasing the Rajdhani and Shatabdi Expresses to 180 km / h ( 110 mph ) . 5 Duronto Express Non-stop ( except for technical halts ) service introduced in 2009 . In January 2016 , it became possible to book tickets from those technical stops . They connect India 's metros and major state capitals , and were introduced to equal ( or exceed ) the speed of the Rajdhani Express . With air - conditioned one - , two - and three - tier seating , some have non-air - conditioned sleeper - class accommodations . 6 Humsafar Express Air - conditioned , three - tier coach trains with LED screens displaying information about stations and train speed , a PA system , vending machines for tea and coffee , charging ports for electronic devices , bio-toilets , smoke alarms , CCTV cameras , curtains and heating and refrigeration facilities for food . 7 AC Express Air - conditioned , limited - stop trains linking major cities , with a speed of about 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) . 8 Double Decker Express Air - conditioned , limited - stop , two - tier express trains for daytime travel 9 Uday Express Similar to the Double Decker Express , with berths for night travel 10 Garib Rath Air - conditioned , economy , three - tier trains with a top speed of 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) 11 Yuva Express Introduced with the Duronto Express to provide air - conditioned travel to young Indians , 60 percent of its seats were reserved for passengers between 18 and 45 years of age . The trains were unsuccessful , and operate only on the Delhi - Howrah and Delhi - Mumbai routes . 12 Jan Shatabdi Express A more - economical version of the Shatabdi Express , with air - conditioned and non-air - conditioned classes and a top speed of 110 km / h ( 68 mph ) 13 Sampark Kranti Express Express service to New Delhi 14 Kavi Guru Express Introduced in honor of Rabindranath Tagore , four pairs of the trains operate on the network . 15 Vivek Express Introduced to commemorate the 150th birth Anniversary of Swami Vivekananda in 2013 , four pairs of Vivek Expresses run in the country . 16 Rajya Rani Express Introduced to connect state capitals to major cities in that state . 17 Mahamana Express Superfast train with Indian Railways ModelRake coaches 18 Intercity Express Introduced to connect major cities on short routes with high and semi-high speeds . Trains include the Deccan Queen , Flying Ranee and Bilaspur Nagpur Intercity Express . 19 Antyodaya Express Non-reserved , high - speed LHB coaches on peak routes to ease congestion 20 Jan Sadharan Express Non-reserved express trains on peak routes to ease congestion 21 Superfast Express / Mail Trains with a speed greater than 100 -- 110 km / h ( 62 -- 68 mph ) , whose tickets have a superfast surcharge 22 Express / Mails India 's most common train type , with stops at relatively - important intermediate stations 23 Fast Passenger and Passenger Slow , economical trains which stop at every ( or almost every ) station on a route . With generally - unreserved seating , some night trains have sleeper and three - tier air - conditioned compartments . The trains travel at about 40 -- 80 km / h ( 25 -- 50 mph ) . 24 Suburban trains These trains operate in Mumbai , Delhi , Kolkata , Chennai , Hyderabad , Ahmedabad , Bengaluru , Pune and between Kanpur and Lucknow , usually stop at every station , and have unreserved seating . 25 Metro Designed for urban transport , the first metro was the Kolkata Metro . 26 Luxury Trains IR operates luxury trains , such as the Palace on Wheels , Royal Rajasthan on Wheels , Maharaja Express , Deccan Odyssey , The Golden Chariot and the Mahaparinirvan Express . The Fairy Queen , a tourist attraction as the world 's oldest operating steam engine , hauls a luxury train from Delhi to Alwar . 27 Mountain railways Three of the lines were declared a World Heritage site as Mountain Railways of India by UNESCO . Tourism ( edit ) The Palace on Wheels is a luxury - train service , frequently hauled by a steam locomotive , to promote tourism in Rajasthan . The train has a seven - night , eight - day itinerary on a round trip from New Delhi via Jaipur , Sawai Madhopur and Chittaurgarh , Udaipur , Jaisalmer , Jodhpur , Bharatpur and Agra . Royal Rajasthan on Wheels covers a number of tourist destinations in Rajasthan . The seven - day , eight - night tour is a round trip from New Delhi 's Safdarjung station via Jodhpur , Udaipur and Chittaurgarh , Ranthambore National Park and Jaipur , Khajuraho , Varanasi and Sarnath , and Agra . Maharajas ' Express , a luxury train operated by the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation ( IRCTC ) , runs on five routes to about 12 destinations across north - West and central India ( centered around Rajasthan ) from October to April . The Deccan Odyssey covers tourist destinations in Maharashtra and Goa . Its seven - night , eight - day tour begins in Mumbai and stops at Jaigad Fort , Ganapatipule and Ratnagiri , Sindhudurg , Tarkarli and Sawantwadi , Goa , Kolhapur and Pune ( Day 5 ) , Aurangabad and Ellora Caves , and Ajanta Caves and Nashik . The Golden Chariot runs on two tours : Pride of the South and Splendor of the South . The Mahaparinirvan Express , an air - conditioned service also known as the Buddhist Circuit Train , is run by the IRCTC for Buddhist pilgrims . Its seven - night , eight - day tour begins in New Delhi and visits Bodh Gaya , Rajgir and Nalanda , Varanasi and Sarnath , Kushinagar and Lumbini , Sravasti and the Taj Mahal . Ticketing ( edit ) An Indian Railway ticket from Salem to Vijayawada on Howrah Mail India has some of the lowest train fares in the world . Basic passenger traffic is heavily subsidised by more - expensive higher - class fares . Until the late 1980s , Indian Railways ticket reservations were done manually . In 1987 the Railways started using a computerised ticketing system . The entire ticketing system went online in 1995 to provide up - to - date information on status and availability . The ticketing network is computerised to a large extent , with the exception of some remote places . Computerized tickets can be booked for any two points in the country , through the Internet and via mobile phones , though this method carries an additional surcharge . Discounted tickets are available for senior citizens ( above 60 years ) and some other categories of passengers including the disabled , students , athletes , persons affected by serious diseases , or persons appearing for competitive examinations . One compartment of the lowest class of accommodation is reserved for ladies in every passenger - carrying train . Some berths or seats in sleeper class and second class are also reserved for ladies . Season tickets permitting unlimited travel on specific sections or specific trains for a specific time period may also be available . Foreign tourists can buy an Indrail Pass , which is modelled on the Eurail Pass , permitting unlimited travel in India for a specific time period . For long - distance travel , reservation of a berth can be made up to 120 days before departure . Details such as the name , age and concession ( if eligible ) are required and are recorded on the ticket . The ticket price usually includes the base fare , which depends on the classification of the train ( example : super-fast surcharge if the train is classified as a super-fast ) , the class in which one wishes to travel and the reservation charge for overnight journeys . If a seat is not available then the ticket is given a waitlist number ; otherwise the ticket is confirmed and a berth number is printed on the ticket . A person receiving a wait - listed ticket may be able to obtain a confirmed ticket if there are sufficient cancellations . Some of the tickets are assigned to the Reservation against Cancellation ( RAC ) , which is between the waiting list and the confirmed list . These allow the ticket holder to board the train and obtain an allotted seat decided by a ticket collector , after the ticket collector has ascertained that a seat is vacant . Reserved railway tickets can be booked through the website of Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation ( IRCTC ) and also through mobile phones and SMS . Tickets booked through this site are categorised into iTickets and eTickets . iTickets are booked by a passenger and then printed and delivered to the passenger for carrying during journey . eTickets are printed by the passenger and carried while travelling . While travelling on an eTicket , one must carry an authorised valid photo identity card . Cancellation of eTickets are also done online , without the requirement for the passenger to go to any counter . Unreserved tickets are available for purchase on the platform at any time before departure . An unreserved - ticket holder may only board the general - compartment class . All suburban networks issue unreserved tickets valid for a limited time . For frequent commuters , a season pass ( monthly or quarterly ) guarantees unlimited travel between two stops . Freight service ( edit ) In 1999 , the Konkan Railway Corporation introduced the Roll on Roll off ( RORO ) service , a unique road -- rail system , on the section between Kolad in Maharashtra and Verna in Goa , which was extended in 2004 to Surathkal in Karnataka . The RORO service , the first of its kind in India , allowed trucks to be transported on flatbed trailers . It was highly popular , carrying about 110,000 trucks and bringing in about ₹ 740 million worth of earnings to the corporation by 2007 . Urban rail ( edit ) Main article : Urban rail transit in India Suburban rail ( edit ) A suburban train in Mumbai The Mumbai Suburban Railway is India 's first commuter rail system and transports 6.3 million passengers daily , the highest passenger - density in the world . The Kolkata Suburban Railway was established in Kolkata in 1854 . The operational suburban rail systems in India are Mumbai Suburban Railway , Kolkata Suburban Railway , Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway , Chennai Suburban Railway , Delhi Suburban Railway , Pune Suburban Railway , Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System , Barabanki -- Lucknow Suburban Railway and Pernem -- Karwar Suburban Railway . Other planned systems are Bengaluru Commuter Rail , Ahmedabad Suburban Railway and Coimbatore Suburban Railway . Metro ( edit ) A metro in Chennai The first modern rapid transit in India is the Kolkata Metro which started operations in 1984 , as the 17th Zone of Indian Railways . The Delhi Metro in New Delhi is India 's second conventional metro and began operations in 2002 . The Namma Metro in Bangalore became India 's third rapid - transit system in 2011 . Following these were Rapid Metro in Gurgaon , Mumbai Metro , Jaipur Metro , Chennai Metro , Kochi Metro , Hyderabad Metro and Lucknow Metro . Further systems in planning include : Noida Metro , Ghaziabad Metro , Navi Mumbai Metro , Nagpur Metro , Metro - Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad , Varanasi Metro , Kanpur Metro , Pune Metro , Vijayawada Metro , Patna Metro , Meerut Metro , Guwahati Metro , Chandigarh Metro , Bhopal Metro , Kozhikode Light Metro , Indore Metro , Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro , Agra Metro , Coimbatore Metro , Visakhapatnam Metro , Dehradun Metro , Surat Metro , Srinagar Metro , Greater Gwalior Metro , Jabalpur Metro and Greater Nashik Metro . Some of these may be under construction and planned to be opened shortly . Monorail ( edit ) A monorail in Mumbai Monorail is generally considered a feeder system for the metro trains in India . The Mumbai Monorail , which started in 2014 , is the first operational monorail network in India ( excluding the Skybus Metro ) since the Patiala State Monorail Trainways closed in 1927 . Other planned systems are Chennai Monorail , Kolkata Monorail , Allahabad Monorail , Bengaluru Monorail , Delhi Monorail , Indore Monorail , Kanpur Monorail , Navi Mumbai Monorail , Patna Monorail , Pune Monorail , Ahmedabad Monorail , Aizawl Monorail , Bhubaneswar Monorail , Jodhpur Monorail , Kota Monorail , Nagpur Monorail and Nashik Monorail . Light rail ( edit ) Like monorail , light rail is also considered a feeder for the metro systems . The planned systems are Kolkata Light Rail Transit and Delhi Light Rail Transit . Tram ( edit ) A tram in Kolkata Main article : Trams in India In addition to trains , trams were introduced in many cities in late 19th century , though almost all of these were phased out . The trams in Kolkata are currently the only tram system in the country . The nationalised Calcutta Tramways Company is in the process of upgrading the existing tramway network at a cost of ₹ 240 million ( US $3.5 million ) . Private Railways ( edit ) Though state - owned companies like IR and the various metro companies enjoy a near monopoly in India , a few private railways do exist . These private railway lines are used exclusively for freight . There are railway lines owned and operated by companies including plantations , sugar mills , collieries and other mines , dams , harbours and ports . Broad - gauge railways are operated by the Mumbai Port Trust , Madras Port Trust , Calcutta Port Trust , Visakhapatnam Port Trust and Bhilai Steel Plant . The Tata Group operate funicular railways at Bhira and at Bhivpuri Road ( as well as the Kamshet -- Shirawta Dam railway line ) . The Pipavav Rail Corporation holds a 33 - year concession for building and operating a railway line from Pipavav to Surendranagar . The Kutch Railway Company , a joint venture of the Gujarat state government and private parties , is involved ( along with the Kandla Port Trust and the Gujarat Adani Port ) to build a Gandhidham -- Palanpur railway line . UNESCO world Heritage Sites ( edit ) There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on Indian Railways , the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus and the Mountain Railways of India . The latter consists of three separate railway lines located in different parts of India : the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway , a 610 mm ( 2 ft ) narrow gauge railway in Lesser Himalayas in West Bengal , the Nilgiri Mountain Railway , a 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 ⁄ in ) metre gauge rack railway in the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu and the Kalka -- Shimla Railway , a 762 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) narrow gauge railway in the Siwalik Hills in Himachal Pradesh . Issues ( edit ) The IR receive rail subsidies of around ₹ 260 billion ( $3.8 billion ) , 60 % of which goes to commuter rail and short - haul trips . IR earns about 70 % of its revenues from freight traffic ( ₹ 686.2 billion from freight and ₹ 304.6 billion from passengers in 2011 -- 12 ) . Most of its profits come from transporting freight , and this makes up for losses on passenger traffic . It deliberately keeps its passenger fares low . According to the Report of High Level Safety Review Committee of 2012 , from 2007 -- 08 to October 2011 casualties in train accidents accounted for 1,019 deaths and 2,118 injuries . In the same period 1,600 railway staff were killed and 8,700 injured . The committee estimated that almost 15,000 persons get killed each year by what is called unlawful trespassing . A Daily Telegraph article stated that Indian Railway officials believe that a large proportion of bodies found dead on railways died elsewhere and were put on the railway in dishonest attempts to get compensation from the railway authorities and companies . IR announced that by 2022 all trains would be electric to reduce their carbon footprint . Future ( edit ) Main article : Future of rail transport in India IR 's Research Design and Standards Organisation ( RDSO ) undertakes research , design and standardisation . The railway has undertaken several initiatives to upgrade its ageing infrastructure and improve its quality of service . The Indian government plans to invest ₹ 9.05 trillion ( US $130 billion ) to upgrade IR by 2020 . Infrastructure ( edit ) Infrastructure modernisation projects include high - speed rail , with the first Ahmdabad - Mumbai train in operation in 2025 ; redevelopment of 400 stations by monetizing 2,700 acres ( 1,100 ha ) of spare railway land under a ₹ 1,070,000 crore ( US $156 billion ) plan ; doubling tracks to reduce congestion and delays while improving safety ( 15,000 km of double track existed in 2016 , and funding for 12,500 km more was approved that year ) ; the refurbishing of 12 - to 15 - year - old coaches at the Carriage Rehabilitation Workshop in Bhopal to enhance passenger amenities and fire safety ; Global Positioning System ( GPS ) - enabled tracking of trains to improve safety and service ; Digital India - driven ₹ 3,500,000 million ( US $51 billion ) digitalisation of the railway to improve efficiency and reduce cost ; rainwater harvesting , with 1885 systems installed by December 2016 , and reforestation of railway land and along the tracks . Electrification and power ( edit ) All routes will be electrified to save on imported - fuel costs ( 48 percent of the network was electrified by May 2016 , with full electrification planned by March 2021 . Off - the - grid Solar - powered trains are planned with the installation of one gigawatt of solar and 130 megawatts of wind power between 2017 and 2022 ; India introduced the world 's first solar - powered train and 50 coaches with rooftop solar farms in June 2017 . Rooftop solar electricity is planned at stations to reduce long - term fuel costs and protect the environment , and sustainable LED lighting at all stations is planned by March 2018 to cut electricity costs . Locomotive factories have been modernised , including two new factories in Bihar : an electric locomotive factory in Madhepura and a diesel locomotive factory in Marhaura , and 2,285 bio-toilets were introduced from April to July 2014 . A ₹ 200 billion ( US $2.9 billion ) partnership with Alstom to supply 800 electric locomotives from 2018 to 2028 was announced . Safety ( edit ) Safety projects include the elimination of an average of 1,217 unguarded level crossings per year by building an average of 1,066 overpasses and underpasses per year ; an automated fire alarm system on Rajdhani Express trains was begun in 2013 , extending to the air - conditioned coaches of all trains , and 6,095 GPS - enabled Fog Pilot Assistance System railway signalling devices ( replacing the practice of placing firecrackers on tracks to alter train drivers ) installed in 2017 in four zones : Northern , North Central , North Eastern and North Western . See also ( edit ) Railways in India portal India portal List of railway stations in India List of countries by rail transport network size Indian Railways Fan Club References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2016 - 17 : Statistical summary - Indian Railways '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Railway . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/yearbook10-11/Track_bridges.pdf Jump up ^ Reporter , Staff . `` A bridge over Vembanad Lake '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2014 -- 15 : The Network '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Railway . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- Country Comparison : : Railways '' . CIA . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( IRFCA ) India 's First Railways '' . www.irfca.org . Jump up ^ `` 164 Years Ago On This Day , India 's First Train Ran From Mumbai To Thane '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's 1st train : When Sahib , Sindh & Sultan blew steam - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` ( IRFCA ) Indian Railways FAQ : IR History : Early Days - 1 '' . www.irfca.org . Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Indian Railways that will surprise you ! '' . 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Queen '' . www.irctctourism.com . Jump up ^ `` Legacy of First Railway Station of South India '' . RailNews Media India Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata 's trams -- A ride through history '' . 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History - The Calcutta Tramways Company ( 1978 ) Ltd '' . calcuttatramways.com . Jump up ^ `` Western Railway '' . www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Bengal Railway - Graces Guide '' . www.gracesguide.co.uk . Jump up ^ indiainfoline.com . `` History of Indian Railway Budget '' . Jump up ^ http://www.nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369423822-operating.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to Official Website of CORE '' . www.core.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Deccan Queen Facts - General Knowledge for Kids - Mocomi '' . 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frontier Mail '' . iaslic1955.org . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Trunk Express '' . iaslic1955.org . Jump up ^ `` Signalling in India - Past and Present '' . signalbox.org . Jump up ^ `` History of Railways '' . www.kportal.indianrailways.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf Jump up ^ `` 160 years of Indian Railways : Here 's how AC trains were kept cool '' . 2 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to Official Website of CORE '' . www.core.indianrailways.gov.in . Archived from the original on 26 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Official Website of CORE '' . www.core.indianrailways.gov.in . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal '' . www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` History of Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation - KMRC '' . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shatabdi Express - Shatabdi Express Train , Shatabadi Express Timetable , Shatabadi Express Schedule Booking India '' . www.iloveindia.com . Jump up ^ `` North Central Railways / Indian Railways Portal '' . www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gatimaan-express-reaches-agra-in-targeted-99-minutes/1/635554.html Jump up ^ http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf Jump up ^ `` Indian Railway '' . www.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` IRCTC Next Generation eTicketing System '' . www.irctc.co.in . Jump up ^ UK , DVV Media . `` Mumbai switches from DC to AC '' . Jump up ^ `` End of an era : Mumbai bids goodbye to last DC local '' . 11 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 48 per cent rail tracks electrified , aim to double it in 5 years : Govt '' . 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 's first CNG train flagged off '' . Jump up ^ `` New Technology allows Railways to save Rs 20 Lakhs Diesel per Engine '' . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Indian Railways joins 1 billion tonne club in freight loading - Yahoo ! News India . In.news.yahoo.com ( 2 April 2013 ) . Retrieved on 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BLC - A Container Flat Wagon '' . Titagarh Wagons Limited . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Locomotives -- General Information -- I '' . IRFCA.org . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 4 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Railways Statistical Publications 2016 - 17 : Statistics for Track and Bridges - Indian Railways '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Railway . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Railways opts for standard gauge first time in 160 yrs - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Central Organisation for Railway Electrification ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Railways - Statistical Publication 2016 - 17 - Signalling and Telecom '' ( PDF ) . 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Art of the token exchange '' . Railscapes. 2017 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Signalling System '' . IRFCA.org . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 4 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ( IRFCA ) Indian Railways FAQ : Signal Aspects and Indications - Principal Running Signals '' . www.irfca.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railways clears proposal to equip electric locomotives with European train protection systems - Technology News , Firstpost '' . Tech2 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bandhan Express , New Train Between Bengal And Bangladesh : 10 Facts '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bandhan Express makes its first commercial run between Kolkata and Khulna today '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Brief on the matter relating to Nepal '' ( PDF ) . Official webpage of Indian Railways . Retrieved 1 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Koushik Das . `` Construction Work Of New India - Bangladesh Railway Link To Begin In 2015 '' . InSerbia News . Jump up ^ `` Work on new India - Bangladesh railway link from 2015 - INews -- IBNLive Mobile '' . IBNlive. 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railway to build a 15 - km track linking Agartala with Bangladesh '' . Jump up ^ `` Work on Agartala - Akhaura rail link to commence soon '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Work on new India - Bangladesh railway link from 2015 '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` India , Bangladesh align rail link in Tripura '' . Meghalaya Times . Jump up ^ `` India 's rail - building challenge '' . By Sudha Ramachandran . Asia Times . 3 January 2007 . p. 2 . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` India signs trans - Asian railways pact '' . Indo - Asian News Service . 2 July 2007 . p. 1 . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IRFCA : Indian Railways FAQ : Geography : International '' . IRFCA , website of the Indian Railway Fan Club . Retrieved 24 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Railways revise station categories to improve services , Economic Times , 28 Dec 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premium railway fares hiked up to 50 per cent in new dynamic pricing model '' . 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accommodation Classes in Indian Railways '' . Indian Railways . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` General Information on travelling by IR '' . IRFCA.org . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 3 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Class of Travel '' . indiarail.co.uk . S.D. Enterprises Ltd . Retrieved 3 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The system of train numbers '' . IRFCA.org . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 3 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New Train Number Enquiry '' . Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Inquiry . Centre For Railway Information Systems . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` railway operations -- I '' . IRFCA.org . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Train names '' . IRFCA.org . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 3 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Sekhsaria , Pankaj ( 24 June 2005 ) . `` What 's in a Train Name ? '' . The Hindu Business Line . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Retrieved 4 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RRB Railway Recruitment '' . Archived from the original on 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Trains of India '' . Our Trips -- Royal Train Tours . India Calling Tours ( P ) Limited . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NPalace on wheels - Exclusive Indian train was originally used by royalty '' . Times of India . 13 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Rajasthan on Wheels Itinerary Tour Program for 2014 -- 15 '' . Royalsrajasthanonwheels.com . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Maharajas ' Express Train Journeys Season 2014 -- 2015 '' . The-maharajas.com . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Railways ( Railway Board ) Jump up ^ `` Tour Itinerary - Tour Itinerary of Golden Chariot Train , Itinerary of Golden Chariot Train '' . Goldenchariottrain.com . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Splendour Tour - South India Tour and South India Tour Package '' . Goldenchariottrain.com . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Railways ( Railway Board ) '' . Indianrailways.gov.in . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Joshi , V ; I.M.D. Little ( 17 October 1996 ) . `` Industrial Policy and Factor Markets '' . India 's Economic Reforms , 1991 -- 2001 . USA : Oxford University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829078 - 0 . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reservation Rules '' . Indian Railways . Archived from the original on 24 June 2007 . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` General Information on travelling by IR '' . Travelling by Train in India , IRFCA.org . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited '' . www.irctc.co.in . Archived from the original on 3 March 2007 . Retrieved 3 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Road - Rail Synergy System '' . Press release , Press Information Bureau , dated 2004 - 20 - 05 . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Konkan Rly service begins '' . Online edition of the Business Standard , dated 2004 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` RORO service again on Konkan Railway '' . Online edition of The Hindu Business Line , dated 2004 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ S. Vydhianathan . `` Convergence on the Konkan Railway '' . Online edition of The Hindu , dated 2003 - 14 - 11 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ROLL ON - ROLL OFF ( RORO ) SERVICE ON KONKAN RAILWAY '' ( PDF ) . Official webpage of the Konkan Railway Corporation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Overview Of the existing Mumbai Suburban Railway '' . Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation . Archived from the original on 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Opening up new frontiers '' . The Hindu Business Line . 27 October 2006 . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Sanjay K. Singh . `` Review of Urban Transportation in India '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Public Transportation , Vol. 8 , No. 1 , 2005 . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata Metro is now the 17th zone of Indian Railways -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai monorail to run in two years '' . The Times of India . 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata 's trams to sport a new look soon '' . Online edition of the Times of India , dated 2009 - 03 - 11 . 11 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Railways other than IR in India '' . IRFCA.org . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 18 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus ( formerly Victoria Terminus ) '' . World Heritage List . World Heritage Committee . 2004 . Retrieved 5 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mountain Railways of India '' . World Heritage List . World Heritage Committee . 1999 . Retrieved 5 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Govt defends fare hike , says rail subsidy burden was too heavy '' . Jump up ^ Report of High Level Safety Review Committee Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Railway Ministry , February 2012 Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph , Wednesday 18 April 2012 issue , page 14 , rightmost column ) Jump up ^ Sood , Jyotika ( 18 January 2017 ) . `` Prabhu unveils 10 - year energy plan for Railways to save Rs41 , 000 crore '' . livemint.com . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GE , Alstom land $5.6 - billion deals to supply locomotives for railways '' . Economic Times . 10 November 2015 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Diamond quadrilateral of high - speed trains - A Dastidar , Indian Express , 10 June 2014 Jump up ^ India to sign deal with Japan to get first bullet train - The Hindu Jump up ^ India Said to Pick Japan for High - Speed Rail Project - WSJ Jump up ^ Railways appoints IRSDC as nodal agency for station redevelopment , Livemint , 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Indian Railways orders conversion to Broad Gauge , Rail Digest , 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railways gets first model rake of luxury ' Make in India ' coaches '' . The Economic Times . Bennett , Coleman & Co. Ltd. 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railways unveils ' Make in India ' train coaches with new look '' . The Financial Express . The Indian Express Group . 13 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Just like your cabs , you can soon track trains in real time via GPS Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . dna. 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rain Water Harvesting System In Indian Railway , 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ India Plants 50 Million Trees in One Day , Smashing World Record , National Geographic , July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India 's first solar - powered DEMU train launched '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Railways , IIT - Madras tie up to power AC coaches with solar energy News Eco-Business - Asia 's Cleantech & Sustainable Business Community . Eco-Business ( 5 August 2013 ) . Retrieved on 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ India 's new solar - powered train is the first in the world , June 2017 Jump up ^ `` NORTHERN RAILWAYS TO INSTALL 5 MW ROOFTOP SOLAR IN FOUR OF ITS STATIONS '' . Jump up ^ Indian Railways plans to make all stations 100 % LED lit by 31 March 2018 , Times of India , 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Locomotive Factories in Bihar : In cold storage for years , two Railway projects to start soon '' . Indian Express . 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GE Gets $2.6 Billion Indian Railways Contract '' . Wall Street Journal . 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rail ministry awards Rs 14,656 - cr Marhowra locomotive project to GE '' . Business Standard . 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Indian Railways commissions around 4800 kilometer of broad gauge track in last two financial years which is a record performance , 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railways develops Automatic Fire and Smoke Detection System '' . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railways to use GPS - enabled devices to fight fog this season '' , The Economic Times , 12 December 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Aguiar , Marian . Tracking Modernity : India 's Railway and the Culture of Mobility ( University of Minnesota Press ; 2011 ) 226 pages ; draws on literature , film , and other realms to explore the role of the railway in the Indian imagination . excerpt and text search Bear , Linda . Lines of the Nation : Indian Railway Workers , Bureaucracy , and the Intimate Historical Self ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Kerr , Ian J. Railways in Modern India ( 2001 ) excerpt and text search Kerr , Ian J. Engines of Change : The Railroads That Made India ( 2006 ) Kumar , Sudhir , and Shagun Mehrotra . Bankruptcy to Billions : How the Indian Railways Transformed Itself ( 2009 ) `` IR History : Early Day '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 19 June 2005 . `` Zones '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Locomotives '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Production Units & Workshops '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Signalling Systems '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Geography : International '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Rolling stock '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Signal Aspects and Indications -- Principal Running Signals '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 26 June 2005 . `` Salient Features of Indian Railways '' . Indian Railways . Archived from the original on 18 June 2005 . Retrieved 19 June 2005 . `` Indian Railways Online Passenger Reservation Site '' . Indian Railways . Archived from the original on 1 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 June 2005 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rail travel in India . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rail transport in India . Indian Railways -- official website Rail transport in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Urban rail transit in India Suburban rail Operational Chennai Suburban Railway Delhi Suburban Railway Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System Kolkata Kolkata Suburban Railway Kolkata Circular Railway Lucknow Barabanki -- Lucknow Suburban Railway Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway Mumbai Suburban Railway Pune Suburban Railway Planned Ahmedabad Suburban Railway Bengaluru Commuter Rail Proposed Delhi -- Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System Rapid transit Operational Chennai Metro Delhi Metro Rapid Metro Gurgaon Hyderabad Metro Jaipur Metro Kochi Metro Kolkata Metro Lucknow Metro Mumbai Metro Namma Metro Under construction Metro - Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad Nagpur Metro Navi Mumbai Metro Noida Metro Pune Metro Planned Agra Metro Bhopal Metro Chandigarh Metro Guwahati Metro Indore Metro Jabalpur Metro Kanpur Metro Ludhiana Metro Meerut Metro Patna Metro Surat Metro Varanasi Metro Vijayawada Metro Visakhapatnam Metro Proposed Allahabad Metro Bareilly Metro Coimbatore Metro Greater Gwalior Metro Greater Nasik Metro Ranchi Metro Srinagar Metro Western railway elevated corridor Monorail Operational Mumbai Monorail Planned Chennai Monorail Coimbatore Monorail Proposed Ahmedabad Monorail Aizawl Monorail Bengaluru Monorail Bhubaneswar Monorail Delhi Monorail Indore Monorail Kanpur Monorail Kolkata Monorail Navi Mumbai Monorail Patna Monorail Pune Monorail Tiruchirappalli Monorail Light rail Proposed Delhi Light Rail Transit Kolkata Light Rail Transit Kozhikode Light Metro Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro Tram Operational Trams in Kolkata Transport in India Road Ministry of Road Transport and Highways National Highways Authority of India Expressways List of National Highways National Highways Development Project FASTag Bus rapid transit Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 Traffic collisions Rail Ministry of Railways Indian Railways High - speed rail Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Suburban rail Rapid transit Light rail Monorail Tram List of railway stations Rail accidents Air Ministry of Civil Aviation List of airports List of commercial airlines List of low cost airlines Water Ministry of Shipping Shipping Corporation of India Inland Waterways Authority of India List of National Waterways in India Ports Places States AP ( Eluru Vijayawada Visakhapatnam ) AR AS BR CT GA GJ HR HP JK JH KA ( Mangalore ) KL ( Kochi Kollam Thrissur Thiruvananthapuram ) MP MH ( Mumbai Nagpur Pune Thane ) MN ML MZ NL OR PB RJ SK TN ( Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Tiruchirappalli ) TG ( Hyderabad ) TR UP UT WB ( Asansol Darjeeling Kharagpur Kolkata Union Territories AN CH DN DD DL LD PY Miscellaneous Regional Transport Office ( RTO ) List of RTOs Licence plates Driving licence Road signs Speed limits Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_India&oldid=854665093 '' Categories : Rail transport in India Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2016 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Español Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 00 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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who is wulfgar and what is he doing in the story

Wulfgar ( Forgotten Realms )

wulfgar ( forgotten realms )

Wulfgar , son of Beornegar , is the barbarian hero of Icewind Dale in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting , and one of the Companions of the Hall along with Drizzt Do'Urden , Catti - brie , Regis the halfling , and Bruenor Battlehammer . He is the creation of R.A. Salvatore .

Wulfgar was originally planned to be the protagonist of the Salvatore 's first series ( Icewind Dale trilogy ) , which was initially to be set in Moonshae islands . As soon as the background was changed to Icewind Dale , Drizzt Do'Urden was invented as Wulfgar 's sidekick , and succeeded him as the protagonist in following novels . Wulfgar returned to the major role in The Spine of the World novel . He also appears in Baldur 's Gate II : Shadows of Amn computer role - playing game as minor NPC . Contents 1 Appearance 2 Biography 2.1 Early years 2.2 After resurrection 2.3 Return to Icewind Dale 3 Aegis - fang 4 References Appearance ( edit ) As described in The Crystal Shard , Wulfgar is roughly 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) , blond - haired and blue - eyed ( common for the barbarian tribes he hails from ) , and developed his awesomely muscled physique when he was in servitude to the dwarf Bruenor Battlehammer for five years -- working alongside dwarves , who are renowned for being tireless . Wulfgar is broad - shouldered and thick - chested with a wiry waist , and his arms have been described as thicker than a fat dwarf 's thighs . Despite his bulk , he 's moderately graceful . He 's also relatively young and has a boyish face , and eventually grew a beard . Wulfgar has incredible strength for even his barbarian race . For instance , Wulfgar once pulled the prow of an entire ship out of the water , and once lifted a three - hundred - pound man with one arm , and then threw him through the tavern where the bar fight had begun . Also , when he challenged King Heafstaag , a mighty barbarian leader in Icewind Dale , Wulfgar literally crushed the King 's head like a melon with his bare hands . Wulfgar managed to resist Heaftaag 's spine shattering bear hug as he did so . He also used a large , irritable camel as a projectile weapon to defeat a gang of bandits in The Halfling 's Gem , and escaped a flesh golem , Bok , that was slowly bear - hugging him to death by tearing off its head with his bare hands . Wulfgar would routinely take on foes much bigger than he and defeat them with his strength and mighty warhammer . Biography ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) As a youth , Wulfgar was the flag bearer for Heafstaag , king of the Elk Tribe . He participated in barbarian invasion of Ten - Towns , where Bruenor Battlehammer , a dwarf , knocked Wulfgar out by sweeping his legs out from under him . After the battle , when the people of Ten - towns were slitting throats of the barbarians not quite dead , Bruenor spared Wulfgar . Instead of death , Breunor sentenced Wulfgar to five years and a day of service to Bruenor . Wulfgar took to the forge and , over time , changed his opinion of Bruenor from a slaver to a father . Bruenor crafted the legendary warhammer Aegis - fang as a gift for Wulfgar . When Wulfgar 's sentence was almost up , Bruenor bade Drizzt Do'Urden , a drow , to teach Wulfgar how to fight . Wulfgar took up the task of killing the white dragon Icingdeath ( Ingeloakastimizilian ) in order to gain credibility , take leadership of his tribe and restore their glory . With the help of Drizzt , Wulfgar challenged and killed the dragon , earning the title Dragonsbane . It was in the Dragon 's lair that Drizzt found his scimitar named Icingdeath , with the power to repel flames . The dragon killing scene was criticized by some Dungeons & Dragons fans for violating the game rules , as both characters were of supposedly low level . Salvatore was quoted replying : `` I 'll let the poor game designers fret about the proper levels for characters . I just write stories . '' With this deed to his credit , he was able to challenge King Heafstaag to combat for leadership of the tribes . Wulfgar defeated Heafstaag , gaining rulership of the Tribe of the Elk , and led the tribes to the aid of the people of Ten - Towns . He also fell in love with Catti - brie , Bruenor 's adopted human daughter . Wulfgar followed Bruenor and Drizzt in their campaign for Mithral Hall and struggle against assassin Artemis Entreri . After Mithral Hall was conquered , Wulfgar resided there . His barbarian attitude , chauvinism and jealousy led to rift between Catti - brie , Drizzt , and himself . He also became hostile towards Drizzt and Cattie - brie after being informed by Regis ( who was really Artemis Entreri ) and the ruby that Cattie - brie was being unfaithful to him with Drizzt . This led to him attacking Drizzt once in Mithral Hall then backing off when he was reminded Drizzt was a friend . Even after Regis was revealed to be Entreri , Wulfgar was still bitter to Cattie - brie leading to a tongue lashing from Bruenor . He and Cattie - brie partially made up after that . When a drow party from Menzoberranzan captured Drizzt , though , Wulfgar followed his friends to rescue . In the battle with a yochlol , Wulfgar caused a ceiling to cave in on himself , and the handmaiden , in order to keep it from killing Cattie - brie . His companions believed he was dead . After resurrection ( edit ) Wulfgar 's death received mixed reception and affected some Forgotten Realms fans . It led to debate between author and TSR , Inc. publishing house . Editors ordered Wulfgar 's resurrection in Passage to Dawn after the fans ' request , and despite Salavatore 's argument . Later , though , Salavatore was quoted saying `` I 'm really glad I brought Wulfgar back . When I was writing Spine of the World , I came to appreciate making something of what Wulfgar had gone through . When I wrote that book , I sent it to my editor and I said , ' Half the people are going to love this book , and the other half are going to hate it . It is what it is , and there 's nothing I can do about it . ' '' In Passage to Dawn , it was explained that yochlol dragged Wulfgar to the Abyss and its master Lolth , who later gave Wulfgar to the demon Errtu , so that the demon would watch over the drow city Menzoberranzan during the Time of Troubles . When Errtu was summoned by a wizard , he escaped and brought Wulfgar with him . He was tortured and humiliated in the hands of the demon . Drizzt and company defeated Errtu and sent him back to the Abyss , but during his time as Errtu 's prisoner Wulfgar 's mind was almost broken . He later wound up attacking Cattie - brie during a hallucination , an occurrence which caused him much mental anguish . In an effort to stop the harm he was doing , Wulfgar broke off from the Companions of the Hall , and wandered the North for a time , eventually finding himself at a tavern called the Cutlass , owned by Arumn Gardpeckk . The Spine of the World portrays Wulfgar descending into alcoholism . The barbarian eventually became the bouncer of Arumn 's bar and the lover of the barmaid Delly Curtie . Josi Puddles , Arumn 's cowardly friend , stole Wulfgar 's hammer , fearing that when Arumn decided to fire the huge barbarian , Wulfgar would use the hammer to tear down the bar . Wulfgar was then accused of the attempted murder of Captain Deudermont of the Sea Sprite , with whom he had sailed several years earlier . He was then taken to the Prisoners Carnival , a vicious show run by the Magistrate Jarkheld , where felons ( even ones innocent of the crimes accused of ) were tortured in various fashions until they admitted to the crimes accused of , so that they might be killed swiftly . Wulfgar and his friend , Morik the Rogue , who had been accused of the same crime , were pardoned by Captain Deudermont , and took to the road after being banished from the city and refusing to once again sail with the Captain . Wulfgar then for a short time tried to , without alcohol , shut out the memories of his time with Errtu , and the horrible tortures he had suffered with him . After an incident in the small fiefdom of Auckney , involving the young king 's wife and a lie concocted to save her illegitimate child , Wulfgar and Morik left with a young child , and Wulfgar was finally able to banish his demons without alcohol , after being shown an act of massive courage by the king 's wife when she had nothing to gain from the act . He and Morik then headed back to Luskan for a short time . After apologizing to Arumn for his destructive behavior , and to Delly for not returning her feelings , Wulfgar and Morik parted ways and he left Luskan with Delly and their unnamed child at his side . In Sea of Swords , Wulfgar and Delly then traveled to Waterdeep , where Wulfgar took up with Captain Deudermont and the crew of the Sea Sprite in search of the pirate to whom Josie Puddles had sold his warhammer . After giving up his sea - based search , he travelled into the northlands in search of the pirate Sheila Kree . He eventually met up with his old friends , Drizzt and company , whom he had abandoned months earlier and who had thought him dead . With their help ( and to a smaller degree Morik 's , who had been sleeping with the female wizard of Sheila Kree 's crew ) he recovered his hammer , Aegis - fang , after facing an entire clan of ogres . Catti - brie then sunk Shelia Kree and her crew with her powerful bow , Taulmaril , as they tried to flee to the sea . When Thibbledorf Pwent and the Gutbuster Brigade arrived , bearing news that Gandalug Battlehammer had died , Wulfgar and his family travelled with his old companions , and the entire clan of Icewind - Dale Battlehammer dwarves , to Mithril Hall so that Bruenor could resume his reign . Sometime afterward , Bruenor decided to look for another lost dwarven homeland called Gauntlgrym , and the dwarf 's closest friends accompanied him , along with five hundred dwarves . On their trek through the Spine of the World , the caravan came upon the ruin of the small human settlement Clicking Heels , which had been sacked by a multitude of Orcs and Frost Giants . Later they picked up the only two survivors of an expedition from Citadel Felbarr , which had been similarly destroyed . Bruenor then determined that himself , Drizzt , Wulfgar , Catti - Brie , Regis , and a small detachment of dwarves , would see if other villages in the region had also been sacked . Wulfgar assured Delly that he would rejoin her at Mithril Hall after a short time . During their trek , the group entered the small town of Shallows , a small ( approximately 120 people and a local wizard ) prosperous community . It was during this time , that while out on patrol , one of Shallows militia teams encountered a large force of Orcs and was slaughtered , with only one survivor managing to escape and hide . The lone survivor then sped back to Shallows and told of the Orc force . When the attack began on the town , Wulfgar was charged with holding an entire section of the towns defensive wall , with Regis , Bruenor and his dwarves , the towns militia holding the rest ( Drizzt had been unable to get inside the walls before the assault began ) , while Withegroo the wizard and the towns archers ( Catti - Brie among them ) firing over the walls from the top of his tower in the center of the town . He performed admirably , holding the wall against the massive force of 1000 Orcs . Repelling grapplers and sweeping aside those few who crested the wall , Wulfgar was unmovable , even after countless hours when exhaustion began to set in . Unfortunately many townspeople still fell during the first assault , due to the 10 Frost Giants who tirelessly hurled boulders against their defenses . When the first assault ended , it left a third of Shallows defenders dead , and many more orcs . Unfortunately , after the last push by Bruenor and his dwarves to clear out the Orcs from in front of Shallows main gates , he fell unconscious , having sustained many blows that would have felled a lesser Dwarf . During this time , Regis left to try to make his way to one of the Dwarven outposts . When the attack began again , the defenders once again managed to hold their fortifications against the invasion . Unfortunately , Bruenor 's second in command , Dagnabbit , fell before it even started , when a giant thrown boulder struck Withegroo 's tower where he stood shouting commands to his forces , killing him and three other Dwarves . After the second assault was fended off , the towns walls lay in rubble and many more defenders had fallen , Wulfgar , Catti - Brie , Withegroo and their depleted forces emerged from the rubble and managed to stave off the last attack . After Withegroo cast his last fireball ever and killed many more orcs , Wulfgar stood unmovable against the sea of Orcs that swept against them , and continued to swing his hammer until the press lessened , leaving him and the defenders confused as to why it had stopped . A large wooden idol of Gruumsh One - Eye was then rolled in to the Orc encampment by a caravan of odd Orcs and pack animals . When the idol began to open the orcs crowded around , and were slaughtered by the emerging Gutbusters ... The orcs and pack animals then threw off their druid enchanted cloaks , revealing themselves as Regis , the Bouldershoulder brothers and a small force of Dwarves . In The Two Swords , Delly fell under the powerful will of the sentient sword , Khazid ' hea , and was slain by orcs . Townspeople took Colson , without telling Wulfgar . Wulfgar , grieving , is determined to find his adopted daughter . Return to Icewind Dale ( edit ) With the release of The Orc King , Wulfgar 's quest to get his adopted daughter back continues . In the novel , he and Catti - Brie go to Silverymoon , trying to find Cottie , the woman who took Colson , and through Alustriel , they find that she and the girl had gone to Nesme , where many refugees have gone to build new homes . After Cottie , who has lost everything dear to her , finally gives up Colson , Wulfgar finally tells Catti - Brie that he will be taking Colson back to her true mother , and that he will return to Icewind Dale , to become anew in his former tribal life . He says that he wants to find a wife and have a family , and that the comforts of Mithral Hall can not keep his spirit contented . After returning Colson to her true mother in Auckney , Wulfgar returns to the frigid northlands of Icewind Dale , content in his decision . In the novel Gauntlgrym , it is revealed that Wulfgar lived a very long and healthy life , having several children and grandchilden before he finally died . After his death , he was taken to a special heaven created by the goddess Meilikki , and rejoins Regis , Bruenor and Cattie - brie , but declines Meilikki 's offer of a rebirth to instead rejoin his ancestors among the presence of Tempus . It is revealed at the end of The Companions ( the first book of the series The Sundering ) , however , that he changed his mind , and rejoins his old companions for the re-creation of the Companions of the Hall . His story of rebirth and second life is not detailed . Aegis - fang ( edit ) Aegis - fang ( derived from the mythical shield Aegis ) is the weapon of Wulfgar . It was forged for him by his adoptive father Bruenor Battlehammer while he was in servitude of the dwarf king . It was Bruenor 's finest creation . Its head is made from pure Mithril with a diamond coating magically adhered during the forging and an adamantite shaft . Its head is engraved with the magical inscriptions of Clangeddin , the dwarven god of battle , as well as the symbols of Moradin , the dwarven god of creation , which covers the symbol of Dumathoin , `` keeper of secrets under the mountain '' . It is a large and heavy , perfectly balanced Dwarven war hammer + 5 . When thrown at any giant or giant - class monster , that monster is struck dead ( although a powerful Frost Giant named Biggrin was able to take the hit , though it gashed the side of his head and dropped the fifteen - foot - tall giant to the floor ) . Any person not standing over 6'5 '' and with considerable strength will have a hard time wielding it properly , though even someone of lesser strength can feel the flawless balance . It is magically attuned to Wulfgar and will reappear in his hand upon command . Wulfgar has been trained extensively by Drizzt Do'Urden with this weapon . He has used it in two battles against dragons , a shadow dragon named Shimmergloom and a white dragon named Icingdeath , both times ending in victory . He also used it in a battle beside Drizzt Do'Urden and Bruenor Battlehammer against the balor , Errtu , again ending in victory for the companions . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Introductions by R.A. Salvatore & Ed Greenwood Jump up ^ Snell , George ( February 2 , 1995 ) . `` Salvatore 's long quest ends with ' Sword ' '' , Telegram & Gazette ( Worcester , Mass ) , p . C1 . Jump up ^ Thousand Orcs by R.A. Salvatore ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ The Spine of the World by R.A. Salvatore ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Lavender Eyes -- Encyclopedia - Wulfgar Jump up ^ R.A. Salvatore chat with fans Jump up ^ Fantasy Book Critic : Dinner with Drizzt : An Interview with R.A. Salvatore Jump up ^ Dusk Before the Dawn : review of `` The Silent Blade '' by R.A. Salvatore ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the Best Sellers '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago Sun - Times , Inc . November 18 , 2001 . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Dungeons & Dragons Basics General Controversies Editions Gen Con Popular culture Film series Related products Retro - clones RPGA Sources and influences Gameplay Adventures Alignment Dungeon Master Game mechanics Magic Magic item major artifacts Miniatures Psionics Creators Gary Gygax Dave Arneson Keith Baker Richard Baker Ed Greenwood Jeff Grubb Tracy Hickman Robert J. 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who became emperor of rome after the death of caesar and the civil war

Afterward , Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar 's lover , Cleopatra , intending to use the fabulously wealthy Egypt as a base to dominate Rome . A third civil war broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other . This final civil war , culminating in the latter 's defeat at Actium , resulted in the permanent ascendancy of Octavian , who became the first Roman emperor , under the name Caesar Augustus , a name that raised him to the status of a deity .

Octavian , who became the first Roman emperor , under the name Caesar Augustus

Julius Caesar

julius caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar ( Latin : CAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR , pronounced ( ˈɡaː. i. ʊs ˈjuː. li. ʊs ˈkae̯. sar ) , 13 July 100 BC -- 15 March 44 BC ) , usually called Julius Caesar , was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire . He is also known as a notable author of Latin prose .

In 60 BC , Caesar , Crassus and Pompey formed a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years . Their attempts to amass power as Populares were opposed by the Optimates within the Roman Senate , among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero . Caesar 's victories in the Gallic Wars , completed by 51 BC , extended Rome 's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine . Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both the Channel and the Rhine , when he built a bridge across the Rhine and crossed the Channel to invade Britain . These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey , who had realigned himself with the Senate after the death of Crassus in 53 BC . With the Gallic Wars concluded , the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome . Caesar refused the order and instead marked his defiance in 49 BC by crossing the Rubicon with the 13th Legion , leaving his province and illegally entering Roman Italy under arms . Civil war resulted and Caesar 's victory in the war put him in an unrivalled position of power and influence . After assuming control of government , Caesar began a programme of social and governmental reforms , including the creation of the Julian calendar . He centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed `` dictator in perpetuity '' , giving him additional authority . However , the underlying political conflicts had not been resolved and on the Ides of March ( 15 March ) 44 BC Caesar was assassinated by a group of rebellious senators led by Gaius Cassius Longinus , Marcus Junius Brutus and Decimus Junius Brutus . A new series of civil wars broke out and the constitutional government of the Republic was never fully restored . Caesar 's adopted heir Octavian , later known as Augustus , rose to sole power after defeating his opponents in the civil war . Octavian set about solidifying his power and the era of the Roman Empire began . Much of Caesar 's life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns and from other contemporary sources , mainly the letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings of Sallust . The later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources . Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Consulship and military campaigns 2.1 Conquest of Gaul 2.2 Civil war 3 Dictatorship and assassination 3.1 Dictatorship 3.1. 1 Political reforms 3.2 Assassination 3.3 Aftermath of the assassination 3.4 Deification 4 Personal life 4.1 Health and physical appearance 4.2 Name and family 4.2. 1 The name Gaius Julius Caesar 4.2. 2 His family 4.3 Rumors of homosexuality 5 Literary works 5.1 Memoirs 6 Legacy 6.1 Historiography 6.2 Politics 6.3 Depictions 7 Chronology of Caesar 's life 8 Notes 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Primary sources 10.1. 1 Own writings 10.1. 2 Ancient historians ' writings 10.2 Secondary sources 11 External links Early life and career Main article : Early life and career of Julius Caesar Gaius Marius , Caesar 's uncle Caesar was born into a patrician family , the gens Julia , which claimed descent from Iulus , son of the legendary Trojan prince Aeneas , supposedly the son of the goddess Venus . The family originated from Alba Longa , twenty miles south of Rome . The cognomen `` Caesar '' originated , according to Pliny the Elder , with an ancestor who was born by Caesarean section ( from the Latin verb to cut , caedere , caes - ) . The Historia Augusta suggests three alternative explanations : that the first Caesar had a thick head of hair ( Latin caesaries ) ; that he had bright grey eyes ( Latin oculis caesiis ) ; or that he killed an elephant ( caesai in Moorish ) in battle . Caesar issued coins featuring images of elephants , suggesting that he favored this interpretation of his name . Despite their ancient pedigree , the Julii Caesares were not especially politically influential , although they had enjoyed some revival of their political fortunes in the early 1st century BC . Caesar 's father , also called Gaius Julius Caesar , governed the province of Asia , and his sister Julia , Caesar 's aunt , married Gaius Marius , one of the most prominent figures in the Republic . His mother , Aurelia Cotta , came from an influential family . Little is recorded of Caesar 's childhood . In 85 BC , Caesar 's father died suddenly , so Caesar was the head of the family at 16 . His coming of age coincided with a civil war between his uncle Gaius Marius and his rival Lucius Cornelius Sulla . Both sides carried out bloody purges of their political opponents whenever they were in the ascendancy . Marius and his ally Lucius Cornelius Cinna were in control of the city when Caesar was nominated to be the new high priest of Jupiter , and he was married to Cinna 's daughter Cornelia . Following Sulla 's final victory , though , Caesar 's connections to the old regime made him a target for the new one . He was stripped of his inheritance , his wife 's dowry , and his priesthood , but he refused to divorce Cornelia and was forced to go into hiding . The threat against him was lifted by the intervention of his mother 's family , which included supporters of Sulla , and the Vestal Virgins . Sulla gave in reluctantly , and is said to have declared that he saw many a Marius in Caesar . Caesar felt that it would be much safer far away from Sulla should the Dictator change his mind , so he left Rome and joined the army , serving under Marcus Minucius Thermus in Asia and Servilius Isauricus in Cilicia . He served with distinction , winning the Civic Crown for his part in the Siege of Mytilene . He went on a mission to Bithynia to secure the assistance of King Nicomedes 's fleet , but he spent so long at Nicomedes ' court that rumours arose of an affair with the king , which Caesar vehemently denied for the rest of his life . Ironically , the loss of his priesthood had allowed him to pursue a military career , as the high priest of Jupiter was not permitted to touch a horse , sleep three nights outside his own bed or one night outside Rome , or look upon an army . Hearing of Sulla 's death in 78 BC , Caesar felt safe enough to return to Rome . He lacked means since his inheritance was confiscated , but he acquired a modest house in Subura , a lower - class neighbourhood of Rome . He turned to legal advocacy and became known for his exceptional oratory accompanied by impassioned gestures and a high - pitched voice , and ruthless prosecution of former governors notorious for extortion and corruption . Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla stripped Caesar of the priesthood On the way across the Aegean Sea , Caesar was kidnapped by pirates and held prisoner . He maintained an attitude of superiority throughout his captivity . The pirates demanded a ransom of 20 talents of silver , but he insisted that they ask for 50 . After the ransom was paid , Caesar raised a fleet , pursued and captured the pirates , and imprisoned them . He had them crucified on his own authority , as he had promised while in captivity -- a promise that the pirates had taken as a joke . As a sign of leniency , he first had their throats cut . He was soon called back into military action in Asia , raising a band of auxiliaries to repel an incursion from the east . On his return to Rome , he was elected military tribune , a first step in a political career . He was elected quaestor for 69 BC , and during that year he delivered the funeral oration for his aunt Julia , and included images of her husband Marius in the funeral procession , unseen since the days of Sulla . His wife Cornelia also died that year . Caesar went to serve his quaestorship in Spain after her funeral , in the spring or early summer of 69 BC . While there , he is said to have encountered a statue of Alexander the Great , and realised with dissatisfaction that he was now at an age when Alexander had the world at his feet , while he had achieved comparatively little . On his return in 67 BC , he married Pompeia , a granddaughter of Sulla , whom he later divorced in 61 BC after her embroilment in the Bona Dea scandal . In 65 BC , he was elected curule aedile , and staged lavish games that won him further attention and popular support . In 63 BC , he ran for election to the post of Pontifex Maximus , chief priest of the Roman state religion . He ran against two powerful senators . Accusations of bribery were made by all sides . Caesar won comfortably , despite his opponents ' greater experience and standing . Cicero was consul that year , and he exposed Catiline 's conspiracy to seize control of the republic ; several senators accused Caesar of involvement in the plot . After serving as praetor in 62 BC , Caesar was appointed to govern Hispania Ulterior ( modern south - eastern Spain ) as propraetor , though some sources suggest that he held proconsular powers . He was still in considerable debt and needed to satisfy his creditors before he could leave . He turned to Marcus Licinius Crassus , one of Rome 's richest men . Crassus paid some of Caesar 's debts and acted as guarantor for others , in return for political support in his opposition to the interests of Pompey . Even so , to avoid becoming a private citizen and thus be open to prosecution for his debts , Caesar left for his province before his praetorship had ended . In Spain , he conquered two local tribes and was hailed as imperator by his troops ; he reformed the law regarding debts , and completed his governorship in high esteem . Caesar was acclaimed Imperator in 60 and 45 BC . In the Roman Republic , this was an honorary title assumed by certain military commanders . After an especially great victory , army troops in the field would proclaim their commander imperator , an acclamation necessary for a general to apply to the Senate for a triumph . However , he also wanted to stand for consul , the most senior magistracy in the republic . If he were to celebrate a triumph , he would have to remain a soldier and stay outside the city until the ceremony , but to stand for election he would need to lay down his command and enter Rome as a private citizen . He could not do both in the time available . He asked the senate for permission to stand in absentia , but Cato blocked the proposal . Faced with the choice between a triumph and the consulship , Caesar chose the consulship . Consulship and military campaigns Main articles : Military campaigns of Julius Caesar and First Triumvirate A denarius depicting Julius Caesar , dated February -- March 44 BC -- the goddess Venus is shown on the reverse , holding Victoria and a scepter In 60 BC , Caesar sought election as consul for 59 BC , along with two other candidates . The election was sordid -- even Cato , with his reputation for incorruptibility , is said to have resorted to bribery in favour of one of Caesar 's opponents . Caesar won , along with conservative Marcus Bibulus . Caesar was already in Crassus ' political debt , but he also made overtures to Pompey . Pompey and Crassus had been at odds for a decade , so Caesar tried to reconcile them . The three of them had enough money and political influence to control public business . This informal alliance , known as the First Triumvirate ( `` rule of three men '' ) , was cemented by the marriage of Pompey to Caesar 's daughter Julia . Caesar also married again , this time Calpurnia , who was the daughter of another powerful senator . Caesar proposed a law for redistributing public lands to the poor -- by force of arms , if need be -- a proposal supported by Pompey and by Crassus , making the triumvirate public . Pompey filled the city with soldiers , a move which intimidated the triumvirate 's opponents . Bibulus attempted to declare the omens unfavourable and thus void the new law , but he was driven from the forum by Caesar 's armed supporters . His bodyguards had their ceremonial axes broken , two high magistrates accompanying him were wounded , and he had a bucket of excrement thrown over him . In fear of his life , he retired to his house for the rest of the year , issuing occasional proclamations of bad omens . These attempts proved ineffective in obstructing Caesar 's legislation . Roman satirists ever after referred to the year as `` the consulship of Julius and Caesar . '' When Caesar was first elected , the aristocracy tried to limit his future power by allotting the woods and pastures of Italy , rather than the governorship of a province , as his military command duty after his year in office was over . With the help of political allies , Caesar later overturned this , and was instead appointed to govern Cisalpine Gaul ( northern Italy ) and Illyricum ( southeastern Europe ) , with Transalpine Gaul ( southern France ) later added , giving him command of four legions . The term of his governorship , and thus his immunity from prosecution , was set at five years , rather than the usual one . When his consulship ended , Caesar narrowly avoided prosecution for the irregularities of his year in office , and quickly left for his province . Conquest of Gaul Main article : Gallic Wars The extent of the Roman Republic in 40 BC after Caesar 's conquests Caesar was still deeply in debt , but there was money to be made as a governor , whether by extortion or by military adventurism . Caesar had four legions under his command , two of his provinces bordered on unconquered territory , and parts of Gaul were known to be unstable . Some of Rome 's Gallic allies had been defeated by their rivals at the Battle of Magetobriga , with the help of a contingent of Germanic tribes . The Romans feared these tribes were preparing to migrate south , closer to Italy , and that they had warlike intent . Caesar raised two new legions and defeated these tribes . In response to Caesar 's earlier activities , the tribes in the north - east began to arm themselves . Caesar treated this as an aggressive move and , after an inconclusive engagement against the united tribes , he conquered the tribes piecemeal . Meanwhile , one of his legions began the conquest of the tribes in the far north , directly opposite Britain . During the spring of 56 BC , the Triumvirs held a conference , as Rome was in turmoil and Caesar 's political alliance was coming undone . The Lucca Conference renewed the First Triumvirate and extended Caesar 's governorship for another five years . The conquest of the north was soon completed , while a few pockets of resistance remained . Caesar now had a secure base from which to launch an invasion of Britain . In 55 BC , Caesar repelled an incursion into Gaul by two Germanic tribes , and followed it up by building a bridge across the Rhine and making a show of force in Germanic territory , before returning and dismantling the bridge . Late that summer , having subdued two other tribes , he crossed into Britain , claiming that the Britons had aided one of his enemies the previous year , possibly the Veneti of Brittany . His intelligence information was poor , and although he gained a beachhead on the coast , he could not advance further , and returned to Gaul for the winter . He returned the following year , better prepared and with a larger force , and achieved more . He advanced inland , and established a few alliances . However , poor harvests led to widespread revolt in Gaul , which forced Caesar to leave Britain for the last time . Vercingetorix throws down his arms at the feet of Julius Caesar , painting by Lionel Royer While Caesar was in Britain his daughter Julia , Pompey 's wife , had died in childbirth . Caesar tried to re-secure Pompey 's support by offering him his great - niece in marriage , but Pompey declined . In 53 BC Crassus was killed leading a failed invasion of the east . Rome was on the brink of civil war . Pompey was appointed sole consul as an emergency measure , and married the daughter of a political opponent of Caesar . The Triumvirate was dead . Though the Gallic tribes were just as strong as the Romans militarily , the internal division among the Gauls guaranteed an easy victory for Caesar . Vercingetorix 's attempt in 52 BC to unite them against Roman invasion came too late . He proved an astute commander , defeating Caesar in several engagements , but Caesar 's elaborate siege - works at the Battle of Alesia finally forced his surrender . Despite scattered outbreaks of warfare the following year , Gaul was effectively conquered . Plutarch claimed that during the Gallic Wars the army had fought against three million men ( of whom one million died , and another million were enslaved ) , subjugated 300 tribes , and destroyed 800 cities . Civil war Main article : Caesar 's Civil War Caesar 's soldiers ( legionaries of this time did not wear lorica segmentata , as pictured , but rather lorica hamata ) In 50 BC , the Senate ( led by Pompey ) ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as governor had finished . Caesar thought he would be prosecuted if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a magistrate . Pompey accused Caesar of insubordination and treason . On January 10 , 49 BC , Caesar crossed the Rubicon river ( the frontier boundary of Italy ) with only a single legion , the Legio XIII Gemina , and ignited civil war . Upon crossing the Rubicon , Caesar , according to Plutarch and Suetonius , is supposed to have quoted the Athenian playwright Menander , in Greek , `` the die is cast '' . Erasmus , however , notes that the more accurate Latin translation of the Greek imperative mood would be `` alea iacta esto '' , let the die be cast . Pompey and many of the Senate fled to the south , having little confidence in Pompey 's newly raised troops . Pompey , despite greatly outnumbering Caesar , who only had his Thirteenth Legion with him , did not intend to fight . Caesar pursued Pompey , hoping to capture Pompey before his legions could escape . Pompey managed to escape before Caesar could capture him . Heading for Spain , Caesar left Italy under the control of Mark Antony . After an astonishing 27 - day route - march , Caesar defeated Pompey 's lieutenants , then returned east , to challenge Pompey in Illyria , where , in July 48 BC in the battle of Dyrrhachium , Caesar barely avoided a catastrophic defeat . In an exceedingly short engagement later that year , he decisively defeated Pompey at Pharsalus , in Greece . Cleopatra and Caesar , 1866 painting by Jean - Léon Gérôme In Rome , Caesar was appointed dictator , with Mark Antony as his Master of the Horse ( second in command ) ; Caesar presided over his own election to a second consulship and then , after 11 days , resigned this dictatorship . Caesar then pursued Pompey to Egypt , arriving soon after the murder of the general . There , Caesar was presented with Pompey 's severed head and seal - ring , receiving these with tears . He then had Pompey 's assassins put to death . Caesar then became involved with an Egyptian civil war between the child pharaoh and his sister , wife , and co-regent queen , Cleopatra . Perhaps as a result of the pharaoh 's role in Pompey 's murder , Caesar sided with Cleopatra . He withstood the Siege of Alexandria and later he defeated the pharaoh 's forces at the Battle of the Nile in 47 BC and installed Cleopatra as ruler . Caesar and Cleopatra celebrated their victory with a triumphal procession on the Nile in the spring of 47 BC . The royal barge was accompanied by 400 additional ships , and Caesar was introduced to the luxurious lifestyle of the Egyptian pharaohs . Caesar and Cleopatra were not married . Caesar continued his relationship with Cleopatra throughout his last marriage -- in Roman eyes , this did not constitute adultery -- and probably fathered a son called Caesarion . Cleopatra visited Rome on more than one occasion , residing in Caesar 's villa just outside Rome across the Tiber . Late in 48 BC , Caesar was again appointed dictator , with a term of one year . After spending the first months of 47 BC in Egypt , Caesar went to the Middle East , where he annihilated the king of Pontus ; his victory was so swift and complete that he mocked Pompey 's previous victories over such poor enemies . On his way to Pontus , Caesar visited Tarsus from 27 to 29 May 47 BC ( 25 -- 27 May ) , where he met enthusiastic support , but where , according to Cicero , Cassius was planning to kill him at this point . Thence , he proceeded to Africa to deal with the remnants of Pompey 's senatorial supporters . He quickly gained a significant victory in 46 BC over Cato , who then committed suicide . After this victory , he was appointed dictator for 10 years . Pompey 's sons escaped to Spain ; Caesar gave chase and defeated the last remnants of opposition in the Battle of Munda in March 45 BC . During this time , Caesar was elected to his third and fourth terms as consul in 46 BC and 45 BC ( this last time without a colleague ) . Dictatorship and assassination While he was still campaigning in Spain , the Senate began bestowing honours on Caesar . Caesar had not proscribed his enemies , instead pardoning almost all , and there was no serious public opposition to him . Great games and celebrations were held in April to honour Caesar 's victory at Munda . Plutarch writes that many Romans found the triumph held following Caesar 's victory to be in poor taste , as those defeated in the civil war had not been foreigners , but instead fellow Romans . On Caesar 's return to Italy in September 45 BC , he filed his will , naming his grandnephew Gaius Octavius ( Octavian , later known as Augustus Caesar ) as his principal heir , leaving his vast estate and property including his name . Caesar also wrote that if Octavian died before Caesar did , Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus would be the next heir in succession . In his will , he also left a substantial gift to the citizens of Rome . During his early career , Caesar had seen how chaotic and dysfunctional the Roman Republic had become . The republican machinery had broken down under the weight of imperialism , the central government had become powerless , the provinces had been transformed into independent principalities under the absolute control of their governors , and the army had replaced the constitution as the means of accomplishing political goals . With a weak central government , political corruption had spiralled out of control , and the status quo had been maintained by a corrupt aristocracy , which saw no need to change a system that had made its members rich . Between his crossing of the Rubicon in 49 BC , and his assassination in 44 BC , Caesar established a new constitution , which was intended to accomplish three separate goals . First , he wanted to suppress all armed resistance out in the provinces , and thus bring order back to the Republic . Second , he wanted to create a strong central government in Rome . Finally , he wanted to knit together all of the provinces into a single cohesive unit . The first goal was accomplished when Caesar defeated Pompey and his supporters . To accomplish the other two goals , he needed to ensure that his control over the government was undisputed , so he assumed these powers by increasing his own authority , and by decreasing the authority of Rome 's other political institutions . Finally , he enacted a series of reforms that were meant to address several long - neglected issues , the most important of which was his reform of the calendar . Dictatorship When Caesar returned to Rome , the Senate granted him triumphs for his victories , ostensibly those over Gaul , Egypt , Pharnaces , and Juba , rather than over his Roman opponents . Not everything went Caesar 's way . When Arsinoe IV , Egypt 's former queen , was paraded in chains , the spectators admired her dignified bearing and were moved to pity . Triumphal games were held , with beast - hunts involving 400 lions , and gladiator contests . A naval battle was held on a flooded basin at the Field of Mars . At the Circus Maximus , two armies of war captives , each of 2,000 people , 200 horses , and 20 elephants , fought to the death . Again , some bystanders complained , this time at Caesar 's wasteful extravagance . A riot broke out , and only stopped when Caesar had two rioters sacrificed by the priests on the Field of Mars . After the triumph , Caesar set out to pass an ambitious legislative agenda . He ordered a census be taken , which forced a reduction in the grain dole , and decreed that jurors could only come from the Senate or the equestrian ranks . He passed a sumptuary law that restricted the purchase of certain luxuries . After this , he passed a law that rewarded families for having many children , to speed up the repopulation of Italy . Then , he outlawed professional guilds , except those of ancient foundation , since many of these were subversive political clubs . He then passed a term - limit law applicable to governors . He passed a debt - restructuring law , which ultimately eliminated about a fourth of all debts owed . The Forum of Caesar , with its Temple of Venus Genetrix , was then built , among many other public works . Caesar also tightly regulated the purchase of state - subsidised grain and reduced the number of recipients to a fixed number , all of whom were entered into a special register . From 47 to 44 BC , he made plans for the distribution of land to about 15,000 of his veterans . The most important change , however , was his reform of the calendar . The calendar was then regulated by the movement of the moon , and this had left it in a mess . Caesar replaced this calendar with the Egyptian calendar , which was regulated by the sun . He set the length of the year to 365.25 days by adding an intercalary / leap day at the end of February every fourth year . To bring the calendar into alignment with the seasons , he decreed that three extra months be inserted into 46 BC ( the ordinary intercalary month at the end of February , and two extra months after November ) . Thus , the Julian calendar opened on 1 January 45 BC . This calendar is almost identical to the current Western calendar . Shortly before his assassination , he passed a few more reforms . He established a police force , appointed officials to carry out his land reforms , and ordered the rebuilding of Carthage and Corinth . He also extended Latin rights throughout the Roman world , and then abolished the tax system and reverted to the earlier version that allowed cities to collect tribute however they wanted , rather than needing Roman intermediaries . His assassination prevented further and larger schemes , which included the construction of an unprecedented temple to Mars , a huge theatre , and a library on the scale of the Library of Alexandria . He also wanted to convert Ostia to a major port , and cut a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth . Militarily , he wanted to conquer the Dacians and Parthians , and avenge the loss at Carrhae . Thus , he instituted a massive mobilisation . Shortly before his assassination , the Senate named him censor for life and Father of the Fatherland , and the month of Quintilis was renamed July in his honour . He was granted further honours , which were later used to justify his assassination as a would - be divine monarch : coins were issued bearing his image and his statue was placed next to those of the kings . He was granted a golden chair in the Senate , was allowed to wear triumphal dress whenever he chose , and was offered a form of semi-official or popular cult , with Mark Antony as his high priest . Political reforms Main article : Constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar La clémence de César , Abel de Pujol , 1808 The history of Caesar 's political appointments is complex and uncertain . Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate , but alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship . His powers within the state seem to have rested upon these magistracies . He was first appointed dictator in 49 BC , possibly to preside over elections , but resigned his dictatorship within 11 days . In 48 BC , he was reappointed dictator , only this time for an indefinite period , and in 46 BC , he was appointed dictator for 10 years . In 48 BC , Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers , which made his person sacrosanct and allowed him to veto the Senate , although on at least one occasion , tribunes did attempt to obstruct him . The offending tribunes in this case were brought before the Senate and divested of their office . This was not the first time Caesar had violated a tribune 's sacrosanctity . After he had first marched on Rome in 49 BC , he forcibly opened the treasury , although a tribune had the seal placed on it . After the impeachment of the two obstructive tribunes , Caesar , perhaps unsurprisingly , faced no further opposition from other members of the Tribunician College . When Caesar returned to Rome in 47 BC , the ranks of the Senate had been severely depleted , so he used his censorial powers to appoint many new senators , which eventually raised the Senate 's membership to 900 . All the appointments were of his own partisans , which robbed the senatorial aristocracy of its prestige , and made the Senate increasingly subservient to him . To minimise the risk that another general might attempt to challenge him , Caesar passed a law that subjected governors to term limits . In 46 BC , Caesar gave himself the title of `` Prefect of the Morals '' , which was an office that was new only in name , as its powers were identical to those of the censors . Thus , he could hold censorial powers , while technically not subjecting himself to the same checks to which the ordinary censors were subject , and he used these powers to fill the Senate with his own partisans . He also set the precedent , which his imperial successors followed , of requiring the Senate to bestow various titles and honours upon him . He was , for example , given the title of `` Father of the Fatherland '' and `` imperator '' . Coins bore his likeness , and he was given the right to speak first during Senate meetings . Caesar then increased the number of magistrates who were elected each year , which created a large pool of experienced magistrates , and allowed Caesar to reward his supporters . Caesar even took steps to transform Italy into a province , and to link more tightly the other provinces of the empire into a single cohesive unit . This addressed the underlying problem that had caused the Social War decades earlier , where individuals outside Rome and Italy were not considered `` Roman '' , thus were not given full citizenship rights . This process , of fusing the entire Roman Empire into a single unit , rather than maintaining it as a network of unequal principalities , would ultimately be completed by Caesar 's successor , the emperor Augustus . In February 44 BC , one month before his assassination , he was appointed dictator for life . Under Caesar , a significant amount of authority was vested in his lieutenants , mostly because Caesar was frequently out of Italy . In October 45 BC , Caesar resigned his position as sole consul , and facilitated the election of two successors for the remainder of the year , which theoretically restored the ordinary consulship , since the constitution did not recognise a single consul without a colleague . Denarius ( 42 BC ) issued by Cassius Longinus and Lentulus Spinther , depicting the crowned head of Liberty and on the reverse a sacrificial jug and lituus , from the military mint in Smyrna Near the end of his life , Caesar began to prepare for a war against the Parthian Empire . Since his absence from Rome might limit his ability to install his own consuls , he passed a law which allowed him to appoint all magistrates in 43 BC , and all consuls and tribunes in 42 BC . This , in effect , transformed the magistrates from being representatives of the people to being representatives of the dictator . Assassination See also : Assassination of Julius Caesar On the Ides of March ( 15 March ; see Roman calendar ) of 44 BC , Caesar was due to appear at a session of the Senate . Several Senators had conspired to assassinate Caesar . Mark Antony , having vaguely learned of the plot the night before from a terrified liberator named Servilius Casca , and fearing the worst , went to head Caesar off . The plotters , however , had anticipated this and , fearing that Antony would come to Caesar 's aid , had arranged for Trebonius to intercept him just as he approached the portico of the Theatre of Pompey , where the session was to be held , and detain him outside . ( Plutarch , however , assigns this action to delay Antony to Brutus Albinus . ) When he heard the commotion from the Senate chamber , Antony fled . According to Plutarch , as Caesar arrived at the Senate , Tillius Cimber presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother . The other conspirators crowded round to offer support . Both Plutarch and Suetonius say that Caesar waved him away , but Cimber grabbed his shoulders and pulled down Caesar 's tunic . Caesar then cried to Cimber , `` Why , this is violence ! '' ( `` Ista quidem vis est ! '' ) . The senators encircle Caesar , a 19th - century interpretation of the event by Carl Theodor von Piloty At the same time , Casca produced his dagger and made a glancing thrust at the dictator 's neck . Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca by the arm . According to Plutarch , he said in Latin , `` Casca , you villain , what are you doing ? '' Casca , frightened , shouted , `` Help , brother ! '' in Greek ( `` ἀδελφέ , βοήθει '' , `` adelphe , boethei '' ) . Within moments , the entire group , including Brutus , was striking out at the dictator . Caesar attempted to get away , but , blinded by blood , he tripped and fell ; the men continued stabbing him as he lay defenceless on the lower steps of the portico . According to Eutropius , around 60 men participated in the assassination . He was stabbed 23 times . According to Suetonius , a physician later established that only one wound , the second one to his chest , had been lethal . The dictator 's last words are not known with certainty , and are a contested subject among scholars and historians alike . Suetonius reports that others have said Caesar 's last words were the Greek phrase `` καὶ σύ , τέκνον ; '' ( transliterated as `` Kai su , teknon ? '' : `` You too , child ? '' in English ) . However , for himself , Suetonius says Caesar said nothing . Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing , pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators . The version best known in the English - speaking world is the Latin phrase `` Et tu , Brute ? '' ( `` And you , Brutus ? '' , commonly rendered as `` You too , Brutus ? '' ) ; this derives from Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar , where it actually forms the first half of a macaronic line : `` Et tu , Brute ? Then fall , Caesar . '' It has no basis in historical fact and Shakespeare 's use of Latin here is not from any assertion that Caesar would have been using the language , rather than the Greek reported by Suetonius , but because the phrase was already popular when the play was written , as it appears in Richard Edes 's Latin play Caesar Interfectus of 1582 and The True Tragedie of Richarde Duke of Yorke & etc. of 1595 , Shakespeare 's source work for other plays . The Death of Caesar , Jean - Léon Gérôme , 1867 According to Plutarch , after the assassination , Brutus stepped forward as if to say something to his fellow senators ; they , however , fled the building . Brutus and his companions then marched to the Capitol while crying out to their beloved city : `` People of Rome , we are once again free ! '' They were met with silence , as the citizens of Rome had locked themselves inside their houses as soon as the rumour of what had taken place had begun to spread . Caesar 's dead body lay where it fell on the Senate floor for nearly three hours before other officials arrived to remove it . Caesar 's body was cremated , and on the site of his cremation , the Temple of Caesar was erected a few years later ( at the east side of the main square of the Roman Forum ) . Only its altar now remains . A life - size wax statue of Caesar was later erected in the forum displaying the 23 stab wounds . A crowd who had gathered there started a fire , which badly damaged the forum and neighbouring buildings . In the ensuing chaos , Mark Antony , Octavian ( later Augustus Caesar ) , and others fought a series of five civil wars , which would end in the formation of the Roman Empire . Aftermath of the assassination The result unforeseen by the assassins was that Caesar 's death precipitated the end of the Roman Republic . The Roman middle and lower classes , with whom Caesar was immensely popular and had been since before Gaul , became enraged that a small group of aristocrats had killed their champion . Antony , who had been drifting apart from Caesar , capitalised on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the Optimates , perhaps with the intent of taking control of Rome himself . To his surprise and chagrin , Caesar had named his grandnephew Gaius Octavius his sole heir ( hence the name Octavian ) , bequeathing him the immensely potent Caesar name and making him one of the wealthiest citizens in the Republic . Mark Antony The crowd at the funeral boiled over , throwing dry branches , furniture , and even clothing on to Caesar 's funeral pyre , causing the flames to spin out of control , seriously damaging the Forum . The mob then attacked the houses of Brutus and Cassius , where they were repelled only with considerable difficulty , ultimately providing the spark for the civil war , fulfilling at least in part Antony 's threat against the aristocrats . Antony did not foresee the ultimate outcome of the next series of civil wars , particularly with regard to Caesar 's adopted heir . Octavian , aged only 18 when Caesar died , proved to have considerable political skills , and while Antony dealt with Decimus Brutus in the first round of the new civil wars , Octavian consolidated his tenuous position . To combat Brutus and Cassius , who were massing an enormous army in Greece , Antony needed soldiers , the cash from Caesar 's war chests , and the legitimacy that Caesar 's name would provide for any action he took against them . With the passage of the lex Titia on 27 November 43 BC , the Second Triumvirate was officially formed , composed of Antony , Octavian , and Caesar 's loyal cavalry commander Lepidus . It formally deified Caesar as Divus Iulius in 42 BC , and Caesar Octavian henceforth became Divi filius ( `` Son of a god '' ) . Because Caesar 's clemency had resulted in his murder , the Second Triumvirate reinstated the practice of proscription , abandoned since Sulla . It engaged in the legally sanctioned murder of a large number of its opponents to secure funding for its 45 legions in the second civil war against Brutus and Cassius . Antony and Octavian defeated them at Philippi . Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus , Caesar 's adopted heir Afterward , Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar 's lover , Cleopatra , intending to use the fabulously wealthy Egypt as a base to dominate Rome . A third civil war broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other . This final civil war , culminating in the latter 's defeat at Actium , resulted in the permanent ascendancy of Octavian , who became the first Roman emperor , under the name Caesar Augustus , a name that raised him to the status of a deity . Julius Caesar had been preparing to invade Parthia , the Caucasus , and Scythia , and then march back to Germania through Eastern Europe . These plans were thwarted by his assassination . His successors did attempt the conquests of Parthia and Germania , but without lasting results . Deification See also : Divus Julius and Caesar 's Comet Julius Caesar was the first historical Roman to be officially deified . He was posthumously granted the title Divus Iulius or Divus Julius ( the divine Julius or the deified Julius ) by decree of the Roman Senate on 1 January 42 BC . The appearance of a comet during games in his honour was taken as confirmation of his divinity . Though his temple was not dedicated until after his death , he may have received divine honours during his lifetime : and shortly before his assassination , Mark Antony had been appointed as his flamen ( priest ) . Both Octavian and Mark Antony promoted the cult of Divus Iulius . After the death of Antony , Octavian , as the adoptive son of Caesar , assumed the title of Divi Filius ( son of a god ) . Personal life Health and physical appearance Based on remarks by Plutarch , Caesar is sometimes thought to have suffered from epilepsy . Modern scholarship is sharply divided on the subject , and some scholars believe that he was plagued by malaria , particularly during the Sullan proscriptions of the 80s . Several specialists in headache medicine believe that instead of epilepsy , a more accurate diagnosis would be migraine headache . Other scholars contend his epileptic seizures were due to a parasitic infection in the brain by a tapeworm . Caesar had four documented episodes of what may have been complex partial seizures . He may additionally have had absence seizures in his youth . The earliest accounts of these seizures were made by the biographer Suetonius , who was born after Caesar died . The claim of epilepsy is countered among some medical historians by a claim of hypoglycemia , which can cause epileptoid seizures . In 2003 , psychiatrist Harbour F. Hodder published what he termed as the `` Caesar Complex '' theory , arguing that Caesar was a sufferer of temporal lobe epilepsy and the debilitating symptoms of the condition were a factor in Caesar 's conscious decision to forgo personal safety in the days leading up to his assassination . A line from Shakespeare has sometimes been taken to mean that he was deaf in one ear : Come on my right hand , for this ear is deaf . No classical source mentions hearing impairment in connection with Caesar . The playwright may have been making metaphorical use of a passage in Plutarch that does not refer to deafness at all , but rather to a gesture Alexander of Macedon customarily made . By covering his ear , Alexander indicated that he had turned his attention from an accusation in order to hear the defence . Francesco M. Galassi and Hutan Ashrafian suggest that Caesar 's behavioral manifestations -- headaches , vertigo , falls ( possibly caused by muscle weakness due to nerve damage ) , sensory deficit , giddiness and insensibility -- and syncopal episodes were the results of cerebrovascular episodes , not epilepsy . Pliny the Elder reports in his Natural History that Caesar 's father and forefather died without apparent cause while putting on their shoes . These events can be more readily associated with cardiovascular complications from a stroke episode or lethal heart attack . Caesar possibly had a genetic predisposition for cardiovascular disease . The Roman historian Suetonius , writing more than a century after Caesar 's death , describes Caesar as `` tall of stature with a fair complexion , shapely limbs , a somewhat full face , and keen black eyes '' . Name and family The name Gaius Julius Caesar Main article : Gaius Julius Caesar ( name ) Using the Latin alphabet of the period , which lacked the letters J and U , Caesar 's name would be rendered GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR ; the form CAIVS is also attested , using the older Roman representation of G by C. The standard abbreviation was C. IVLIVS CÆSAR , reflecting the older spelling . ( The letterform Æ is a ligature of the letters A and E , and is often used in Latin inscriptions to save space . ) In Classical Latin , it was pronounced ( ˈɡaː. i. ʊs ˈjuːl. i. ʊs ˈkae̯sar ) . In the days of the late Roman Republic , many historical writings were done in Greek , a language most educated Romans studied . Young wealthy Roman boys were often taught by Greek slaves and sometimes sent to Athens for advanced training , as was Caesar 's principal assassin , Brutus . In Greek , during Caesar 's time , his family name was written Καίσαρ ( Kaísar ) , reflecting its contemporary pronunciation . Thus , his name is pronounced in a similar way to the pronunciation of the German Kaiser . In Vulgar Latin , the original diphthong ( ae̯ ) first began to be pronounced as a simple long vowel ( ɛː ) . Then , the plosive / k / before front vowels began , due to palatalization , to be pronounced as an affricate , hence renderings like ( ˈtʃeːsar ) in Italian and ( ˈtseːzar ) in German regional pronunciations of Latin , as well as the title of Tsar . With the evolution of the Romance languages , the affricate ( ts ) became a fricative ( s ) ( thus , ( ˈseːsar ) ) in many regional pronunciations , including the French one , from which the modern English pronunciation is derived . The original / k / is preserved in Norse mythology , where he is manifested as the legendary king Kjárr . Caesar 's cognomen itself became a title ; it was promulgated by the Bible , which contains the famous verse `` Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar 's , and unto God the things that are God 's '' . The title became Kaiser in German and Tsar or Czar in the Slavic languages . The last Tsar in nominal power was Simeon II of Bulgaria , whose reign ended in 1946 . This means that for two thousand years after Julius Caesar 's assassination , there was at least one head of state bearing his name . His family Main article : Julio - Claudian family tree Julio - Claudian family tree Parents Father Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder ( proconsul of Asia in 90s BC ) Mother Aurelia ( one of the Aurelii Cottae ) Sisters Julia Major Julia Minor Wives First marriage to Cornelia ( Cinnilla ) , from 84 BC until her death in 69 or 68 BC Second marriage to Pompeia , from 67 BC until he divorced her around 61 BC over the Bona Dea scandal Third marriage to Calpurnia , from 59 BC until Caesar 's death Children Julia , by Cornelia , born in 83 or 82 BC Caesarion , by Cleopatra VII , born 47 BC , and killed at age 17 by Caesar 's adopted son Octavianus . Posthumously adopted : Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus , his great - nephew by blood ( grandson of Julia , his sister ) , who later became Emperor Augustus . Cleopatra and her son by Julius Caesar , Caesarion at the Temple of Dendera Suspected Children Marcus Junius Brutus ( born 85 BC ) : The historian Plutarch notes that Caesar believed Brutus to have been his illegitimate son , as his mother Servilia had been Caesar 's lover during their youth . Caesar would have been 15 years old when Brutus was born . Junia Tertia ( born ca . 60s BC ) , the daughter of Caesar 's lover Servilia was believed by Cicero among other contemporaries , to be Caesar 's natural daughter . Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus ( born ca . 85 -- 81 BC ) : On several occasions Caesar expressed how he loved Decimus Brutus like a son . This Brutus was also named an heir of Caesar in case Octavius had died before the latter . Ronald Syme argued that if a Brutus was the natural son of Caesar , Decimus was more likely than Marcus . Grandchildren Grandson from Julia and Pompey , dead at several days , unnamed . Lovers Cleopatra VII , mother of Caesarion Servilia , mother of Brutus Eunoë , queen of Mauretania and wife of Bogudes Notable relatives Gaius Marius ( married to his paternal aunt Julia ) Mark Antony ( his relative through Antony 's mother Julia ) Lucius Julius Caesar ( his third - cousin ) Julius Sabinus , a Gaul of the Lingones at the time of the Batavian rebellion of AD 69 , claimed to be the great - grandson of Caesar on the grounds that his great - grandmother had been Caesar 's lover during the Gallic Wars . Rumors of homosexuality Roman society viewed the passive role during sexual activity , regardless of gender , to be a sign of submission or inferiority . Indeed , Suetonius says that in Caesar 's Gallic triumph , his soldiers sang that , `` Caesar may have conquered the Gauls , but Nicomedes conquered Caesar . '' According to Cicero , Bibulus , Gaius Memmius , and others ( mainly Caesar 's enemies ) , he had an affair with Nicomedes IV of Bithynia early in his career . The tales were repeated , referring to Caesar as the Queen of Bithynia , by some Roman politicians as a way to humiliate him . Caesar himself denied the accusations repeatedly throughout his lifetime , and according to Cassius Dio , even under oath on one occasion . This form of slander was popular during this time in the Roman Republic to demean and discredit political opponents . A favorite tactic used by the opposition was to accuse a popular political rival as living a Hellenistic lifestyle based on Greek and Eastern culture , where homosexuality and a lavish lifestyle were more acceptable than in Roman tradition . Catullus wrote two poems suggesting that Caesar and his engineer Mamurra were lovers , but later apologised . Mark Antony charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favors . Suetonius described Antony 's accusation of an affair with Octavian as political slander . Octavian eventually became the first Roman Emperor as Augustus . Literary works Julii Caesaris quae exstant ( 1678 ) During his lifetime , Caesar was regarded as one of the best orators and prose authors in Latin -- even Cicero spoke highly of Caesar 's rhetoric and style . Only Caesar 's war commentaries have survived . A few sentences from other works are quoted by other authors . Among his lost works are his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia and his Anticato , a document written to defame Cato in response to Cicero 's published praise . Poems by Julius Caesar are also mentioned in ancient sources . Memoirs A 1783 edition of The Gallic Wars The Commentarii de Bello Gallico , usually known in English as The Gallic Wars , seven books each covering one year of his campaigns in Gaul and southern Britain in the 50s BC , with the eighth book written by Aulus Hirtius on the last two years . The Commentarii de Bello Civili ( The Civil War ) , events of the Civil War from Caesar 's perspective , until immediately after Pompey 's death in Egypt . Other works historically have been attributed to Caesar , but their authorship is in doubt : De Bello Alexandrino ( On the Alexandrine War ) , campaign in Alexandria ; De Bello Africo ( On the African War ) , campaigns in North Africa ; and De Bello Hispaniensi ( On the Hispanic War ) , campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula . These narratives were written and published annually during or just after the actual campaigns , as a sort of `` dispatches from the front . '' They were important in shaping Caesar 's public image and enhancing his reputation when he was away from Rome for long periods . They may have been presented as public readings . As a model of clear and direct Latin style , The Gallic Wars traditionally has been studied by first - or second - year Latin students . Legacy Historiography The texts written by Caesar , an autobiography of the most important events of his public life , are the most complete primary source for the reconstruction of his biography . However , Caesar wrote those texts with his political career in mind , so historians must struggle to filter the exaggerations and bias contained in it . The Roman emperor Augustus began a cult of personality of Caesar , which described Augustus as Caesar 's political heir . The modern historiography is influenced by the Octavian traditions , such as when Caesar 's epoch is considered a turning point in the history of the Roman Empire . Still , historians try to filter the Octavian bias . Many rulers in history became interested in the historiography of Caesar . Napoleon III wrote the scholarly work Histoire de Jules César , which was not finished . The second volume listed previous rulers interested in the topic . Charles VIII ordered a monk to prepare a translation of the Gallic Wars in 1480 . Charles V ordered a topographic study in France , to place in Gallic Wars in context ; which created forty high - quality maps of the conflict . The contemporary Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent catalogued the surviving editions of the Commentaries , and translated them to Turkish language . Henry IV and Louis XIII of France translated the first two commentaries and the last two respectively ; Louis XIV retranslated the first one afterwards . Politics Main article : Caesarism Julius Caesar is seen as the main example of Caesarism , a form of political rule led by a charismatic strongman whose rule is based upon a cult of personality , whose rationale is the need to rule by force , establishing a violent social order , and being a regime involving prominence of the military in the government . Other people in history , such as the French Napoleon Bonaparte and the Italian Benito Mussolini , have defined themselves as Caesarists . Bonaparte did not focus only on Caesar 's military career but also on his relation with the masses , a predecessor to populism . The word is also used in a pejorative manner by critics of this type of political rule . Depictions Main article : Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Bust in the Vatican Museums Bust in Naples National Archaeological Museum , photograph published in 1902 Bust in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples Bust of Julius Caesar from the British Museum Modern bronze statue of Julius Caesar , Rimini , Italy Chronology of Caesar 's life Notes Jump up ^ Caesar ruled as undisputed master of the Roman Republic from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC . During the time , he served as either dictator or consul , or both Jump up ^ Caesar 's titulary name was Imperator Gaius Iulius Gai ( i ) filius Gai ( i ) nepos Caesar Patris Patriae `` Commander Gaius Julius Caesar , son of Gaius , grandson of Gaius , Father of his Country '' , pronounced ( ɪm. pɛˈraː. tɔr ˈgaː. i. ʊs ˈjuː. li. ʊs ˈgaː. i. iː ˈfiː. li. ʊs ˈgaː. i. iː ˈnɛ. poːs ˈkae̯. sar ˈpa. trɪs ˈpa. tri. ae̯ ) ( Suetonius , Divus Julius 76.1 ) . Official name after deification in 42 BC : Divus Iulius ( `` The Divine Julius '' ) . See also Et tu , Brute ? Gaius Julius Caesar ( name ) Julian calendar Julius Caesar , a play by William Shakespeare ( c. 1599 ) Veni , vidi , vici References Jump up ^ Dates in this article are given in the Roman calendar before 1 January 45 BC , and in the Julian calendar as observed in Rome on and after that date . There is some dispute over the year of Caesar 's birth . Some scholars have made a case for 101 or 102 BC as the year of his birth , based on the dates that he held certain magistracies , but scholarly consensus favors 100 BC . Similarly , some scholars prefer 12 July , but most give 13 July . Goldsworthy , p. 30 , Ward , Heichelheim , & Yeo p. 194 . For a source arguing for 12 July , see Badian in Griffin ( ed . ) p. 16 Jump up ^ After Caesar 's death , the leap years were not inserted according to his intent , and there is uncertainty about when leap years were observed between 45 BC and AD 4 inclusive ; the dates in this article between 45 BC and AD 4 inclusive are those observed in Rome and there is an uncertainty of about a day as to where those dates would be on the proleptic Julian calendar . See Blackburn , B and Holford - Strevens , L. ( 1999 corrected 2003 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year . Oxford University Press . p. 671 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 Jump up ^ Keppie , Lawrence ( 1998 ) . `` The approach of civil war '' . The making of the Roman Army : from Republic to Empire . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3014 - 9 . Jump up ^ Suetonius ( 121 ) . `` De vita Caesarum '' ( The Twelve Caesars ) . University of Chicago . p. 107 . More than sixty joined the conspiracy against ( Caesar ) , led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus and Decimus Brutus . Jump up ^ Plutarch . `` Life of Caesar '' . University of Chicago . p. 595 ... at this juncture Decimus Brutus , surnamed Albinus , who was so trusted by Caesar that he was entered in his will as his second heir , but was partner in the conspiracy of the other Brutus and Cassius , fearing that if Caesar should elude that day , their undertaking would become known , ridiculed the seers and chided Caesar for laying himself open to malicious charges on the part of the senators ... Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2010 ) . Battles That Changed History : An Encyclopedia of World Conflict . ABC - CLIO . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Froude , James Anthony ( 1879 ) . Life of Caesar . Project Gutenberg e-text . p. 67 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2007 . See also : Suetonius , Lives of the Twelve Caesars : Julius 6 ; Velleius Paterculus , Roman History 2.41 ; Virgil , Aeneid Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annales , xi. 24 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural History 7.7 . The misconception that Julius Caesar himself was born by Caesarian section dates back at least to the 10th century ( Suda kappa 1199 ) . Julius was n't the first to bear the name , and in his time the procedure was only performed on dead women , while Caesar 's mother Aurelia lived long after he was born . Jump up ^ Historia Augusta : Aelius 2 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 1 ; Plutarch , Caesar 1 , Marius 6 ; Pliny the Elder , Natural History 7.54 ; Inscriptiones Italiae , 13.3. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Marius 6 ^ Jump up to : Plutarch , Caesar 1 ; Suetonius , Julius 1 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 1 ; Pliny the Elder , Natural History 7.54 Jump up ^ Velleius Paterculus , Roman History 2.22 ; Florus , Epitome of Roman History 2.9 Jump up ^ `` Julius Caesar '' . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 1 ; Plutarch , Caesar 1 ; Velleius Paterculus , Roman History 2.41 Jump up ^ Canfora , p. 3 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 2 -- 3 ; Plutarch , Caesar 2 -- 3 ; Cassius Dio , Roman History 43.20 Jump up ^ William Smith , A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities : Flamen Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 46 Jump up ^ Again , according to Suetonius 's chronology ( Julius 4 ) . Plutarch ( Caesar 1.8 -- 2 ) says this happened earlier , on his return from Nicomedes 's court . Velleius Paterculus ( Roman History 2 : 41.3 -- 42 ) says merely that it happened when he was a young man . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar Jump up ^ Thorne , James ( 2003 ) . Julius Caesar : Conqueror and Dictator . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Freeman , 39 Jump up ^ Freeman , 40 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , 77 - 78 Jump up ^ Freeman , 51 Jump up ^ Freeman , 52 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , 100 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , 101 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 5 -- 8 ; Plutarch , Caesar 5 ; Velleius Paterculus , Roman History 2.43 Jump up ^ Mouritsen , Henrik , Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic , Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press , 2001 , p 97 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79100 - 6 For context , see Plutarch , Julius Caesar , 5.4 . Jump up ^ Velleius Paterculus , Roman History 2.43 ; Plutarch , Caesar 7 ; Suetonius , Julius 13 Jump up ^ Sallust , Catiline War 49 Jump up ^ Kennedy , E.C. ( 1958 ) . Caesar de Bello Gallico . Cambridge Elementary Classics . III . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press . p. 10 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Mason ( 1966 ) . City - state and World State in Greek and Roman Political Theory Until Augustus . Biblo & Tannen . p. 114 . ISBN 9780819601766 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Suetonius ( 2004 ) . Lives of the Caesars . Barnes and Noble Library of Essential Reading Series . Translated by J.C. Rolfe . Barnes & Noble . p. 258 . ISBN 9780760757581 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ T.R.S. Broughton , The Magistrates of the Roman Republic ( American Philological Association , 1952 ) , vol. 2 , pp. 180 and 173 . Jump up ^ Colegrove , Michael ( 2007 ) . Distant Voices : Listening to the Leadership Lessons of the Past . iUniverse . p. 9 . ISBN 9780595472062 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar 11 -- 12 ; Suetonius , Julius 18.1 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Julius 13 ; Suetonius , Julius 18.2 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar 13 -- 14 ; Suetonius 19 Jump up ^ Cicero , Letters to Atticus 2.1 , 2.3 , 2.17 ; Velleius Paterculus , Roman History 2.44 ; Plutarch , Caesar 13 -- 14 , Pompey 47 , Crassus 14 ; Suetonius , Julius 19.2 ; Cassius Dio , Roman History 37.54 -- 58 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 21 Jump up ^ Cicero , Letters to Atticus 2.15 , 2.16 , 2.17 , 2.18 , 2.19 , 2.20 , 2.21 ; Velleius Paterculus , Roman History 44.4 ; Plutarch , Caesar 14 , Pompey 47 -- 48 , Cato the Younger 32 -- 33 ; Cassius Dio , Roman History 38.1 -- 8 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 19.2 Jump up ^ Velleius Paterculus , Roman History 2 : 44.4 ; Plutarch , Caesar 14.10 , Crassus 14.3 , Pompey 48 , Cato the Younger 33.3 ; Suetonius , Julius 22 ; Cassius Dio , Roman History 38 : 8.5 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 23 Jump up ^ See Cicero 's speeches against Verres for an example of a former provincial governor successfully prosecuted for illegally enriching himself at his province 's expense . Jump up ^ Cicero , Letters to Atticus 1.19 ; Julius Caesar , Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 1 ; Appian , Gallic Wars Epit. 3 ; Cassius Dio , Roman History 38.31 -- 50 Jump up ^ Julius Caesar , Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 2 ; Appian , Gallic Wars Epit. 4 ; Cassius Dio , Roman History 39.1 -- 5 Jump up ^ Cicero , Letters to his brother Quintus 2.3 ; Suetonius , Julius 24 ; Plutarch , Caesar 21 , Crassus 14 -- 15 , Pompey 51 Jump up ^ Julius Caesar , Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 3 ; Cassius Dio , Roman History 39.40 -- 46 Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 2003 ) . A History of the British Isles . Palgrave MacMillan . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Julius Caesar , Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 4 ; Appian , Gallic Wars Epit. 4 ; Cassius Dio , Roman History 47 -- 53 Jump up ^ Cicero , Letters to friends 7.6 , 7.7 , 7.8 , 7.10 , 7.17 ; Letters to his brother Quintus 2.13 , 2.15 , 3.1 ; Letters to Atticus 4.15 , 4.17 , 4.18 ; Julius Caesar , Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 5 -- 6 ; Cassius Dio , Roman History 40.1 -- 11 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius ( 1 ) ; Plutarch , Caesar 23.5 , Pompey 53 -- 55 , Crassus 16 -- 33 ; Velleius Paterculus , Roman History 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ `` France : The Roman conquest '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Because of chronic internal rivalries , Gallic resistance was easily broken , though Vercingetorix 's Great Rebellion of 52 bce had notable successes . Jump up ^ `` Julius Caesar : The first triumvirate and the conquest of Gaul '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Indeed , the Gallic cavalry was probably superior to the Roman , horseman for horseman . Rome 's military superiority lay in its mastery of strategy , tactics , discipline , and military engineering . In Gaul , Rome also had the advantage of being able to deal separately with dozens of relatively small , independent , and uncooperative states . Caesar conquered these piecemeal , and the concerted attempt made by a number of them in 52 bce to shake off the Roman yoke came too late . Jump up ^ Julius Caesar , Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 7 ; Cassius Dio , Roman History 40.33 -- 42 Jump up ^ Aulus Hirtius , Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 8 Jump up ^ `` Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans , by Plutarch ( chapter48 ) '' . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 28 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar 32.8 Jump up ^ Thomson , D.F.S. ; Sperna Weiland , Jan ( 1988 ) . `` Erasmus and textual scholarship : Suetonius '' . In Weiland , J.S. Erasmus of Rotterdam : the man and the scholar . Leiden , Netherlands : E.J. Brill . p. 161 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 08920 - 9 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar 35.2 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar 42 -- 45 ^ Jump up to : Plutarch , Caesar 37.2 ^ Jump up to : Martin Jehne , Der Staat des Dicators Caesar , Köln / Wien 1987 , p. 15 - 38 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Pompey 80.5 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Pompey 77 -- 79 ^ Jump up to : Salisbury , Joyce E ( 2001 ) . `` Cleopatra VII '' . Women in the ancient world . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 52 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 092 - 1 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 35.2 Jump up ^ Caesar : a history of the art of war among the Romans down to the end of the Roman empire , with a detailed account of the campaigns of Caius Julius Caesar , page 791 , Theodore Ayrault Dodge , Greenhill Books , 1995 . ISBN 9781853672163 Jump up ^ Paul : The Man and the Myth , page 15 , Studies on personalities of the New Testament Personalities of the New Testament Series , Calvin J. Roetzel , Continuum International Publishing Group , 1999 . ISBN 9780567086983 Jump up ^ Julius Caesar , page 311 , Philip Freeman , Simon and Schuster , 2008 . ISBN 9780743289535 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar 52 -- 54 Jump up ^ Martin Jehne , Der Staat des Dictators Caesar , Köln / Wien 1987 , p. 15 - 38 . Technically , Caesar was not appointed dictator with a term of 10 years , but he was appointed annual dictator for the next 10 years in advance . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar 56 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar 56.7 -- 56.8 Jump up ^ Appian , The Civil Wars 2 : 143.1 ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 133 ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 134 ^ Jump up to : Suetonius , Julius 40 Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , Roman History 43.19. 2 -- 3 ; Appian , Civil Wars 2.101. 420 ^ Jump up to : J.F.C. Fuller , Julius Caesar , Man , Soldier , Tyrant `` , Chapter 13 Jump up ^ Diana E.E. Kleiner . Julius Caesar , Venus Genetrix , and the Forum Iulium ( Multimedia presentation ) . Yale University . Jump up ^ Mackay , Christopher S. ( 2004 ) . Ancient Rome : A Military and Political History . Cambridge University Press . p. 254 . Jump up ^ Campbell , J.B. ( 1994 ) . The Roman Army , 31 BC -- AD 337 . Routledge . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 136 ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 135 ^ Jump up to : Abbott , 137 Jump up ^ Abbott , 138 Jump up ^ Huzar , Eleanor Goltz ( 1978 ) . Mark Antony , a biography By Eleanor Goltz Huzar . Minneapolis , MN : University of Minnesota Press . pp. 79 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 0863 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Plutarch -- Life of Brutus '' . Classics.mit.edu . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Suetonius , ' Life of the Caesars , Julius ' , trans . JC Rolfe '' . Fordham.edu . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Life of Caesar , ch. 66 : `` ὁ μεν πληγείς , Ῥωμαιστί ' Μιαρώτατε Κάσκα , τί ποιεῖς ; ' '' Jump up ^ Woolf Greg ( 2006 ) , Et Tu Brute ? -- The Murder of Caesar and Political Assassination , 199 pages -- ISBN 1 - 86197 - 741 - 7 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius , c. 82 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 82.2 Jump up ^ From the J.C. Rolfe translation of 1914 : `` ... he was stabbed with three and twenty wounds , uttering not a word , but merely a groan at the first stroke , though some have written that when Marcus Brutus rushed at him , he said in Greek , ' You too , my child ? '' . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar 66.9 Jump up ^ Stone , Jon R. ( 2005 ) . The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations . London : Routledge . p. 250 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96909 - 3 . Jump up ^ Morwood , James ( 1994 ) . The Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary ( Latin - English ) . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860283 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Alexander ( 1866 ) . The Works of William Shakespeare . London : Chapman and Hall . p. 648 . Quoting Malone Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar 67 Jump up ^ `` Temple of Caesar '' . Anamericaninrome.com . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Florus , Epitome 2.7. 1 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 83.2 Jump up ^ `` Suetonius , Life of Caesar , Chapters LXXXIII , LXXXIV , LXXXV '' . Ancienthistory.about.com. 29 October 2009 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Osgood , Josiah ( 2006 ) . Caesar 's Legacy : Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Augustus 13.1 ; Florus , Epitome 2.6 Jump up ^ Warrior , Valerie M. ( 2006 ) . Roman Religion . Cambridge University Press . p. 110 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82511 - 3 . Jump up ^ Florus , Epitome 2.6. 3 Jump up ^ Zoch , Paul A. ( 200 ) . Ancient Rome : An Introductory History . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 217 -- 218 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3287 - 6 . Jump up ^ Florus , Epitome 2.7. 11 -- 14 ; Appian , The Civil Wars 5.3 Jump up ^ Florus , Epitome 2.34. 66 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar 58.6 Jump up ^ Cicero , Phillipic ii. 110 : Cicero refers to the divine honours of : `` ... couch , image , pediment , priest '' given to Caesar in the months before his assassination . Jump up ^ According to Dio Cassius , 44.6. 4 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Caesar 17 , 45 , 60 ; see also Suetonius , Julius 45 . Jump up ^ Ronald T. Ridley , `` The Dictator 's Mistake : Caesar 's Escape from Sulla , '' Historia 49 ( 2000 ) , pp. 225 -- 226 , citing doubters of epilepsy : F. Kanngiesser , `` Notes on the Pathology of the Julian Dynasty , '' Glasgow Medical Journal 77 ( 1912 ) 428 -- 432 ; T. Cawthorne , `` Julius Caesar and the Falling Sickness , '' Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 51 ( 1957 ) 27 -- 30 , who prefers Ménière 's disease ; and O. Temkin , The Falling Sickness : A History of Epilepsy from the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modern Neurology ( Baltimore 1971 ) , p 162 . Jump up ^ Seymour Diamond and Mary Franklin , Conquering Your Migraine : The Essential Guide to Understanding and Treating Migraines for all Sufferers and Their Families , ( New York : Fireside , 2001 ) , 19 . Jump up ^ Bruschi , Fabrizio ( 2011 ) . `` Was Julius Caesar 's epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis ? '' . Trends in Parasitology . Cell Press . 27 ( 9 ) : 373 -- 374 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pt. 2011.06. 001 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McLachlan , Richard S. ( 2010 ) . `` Julius Caesar 's Late Onset Epilepsy : A Case of Historic Proportions '' . Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences . Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences Inc. 37 ( 5 ) : 557 -- 561 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Hughes J ; Atanassova , E ; Boev , K ( 2004 ) . `` Dictator Perpetuus : Julius Caesar -- did he have seizures ? If so , what was the etiology ? '' . Epilepsy Behav. 5 ( 5 ) : 756 -- 64 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yebeh. 2004.05. 006 . PMID 15380131 . Jump up ^ Gomez J , Kotler J , Long J ( 1995 ) . `` Was Julius Caesar 's epilepsy due to a brain tumor ? '' . The Journal of the Florida Medical Association . 82 ( 3 ) : 199 -- 201 . PMID 7738524 . Jump up ^ H. Schneble ( 1 January 2003 ) . `` Gaius Julius Caesar '' . German Epilepsy Museum . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Hodder , Harbour Fraser ( September 2003 ) . `` Epilepsy and Empire , Caveat Caesar '' . Accredited Psychiatry & Medicine . Harvard , Boston : Harvard University . 106 ( 1 ) : 19 . Jump up ^ William Shakespeare , Julius Caesar I. ii. 209 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Alexander 42 ; Jeremy Paterson discussing Caesar 's health in general in `` Caesar the Man , '' A Companion to Julius Caesar ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2009 ) , p. 130 online . Jump up ^ Galassi , Francesco M. ; Ashrafian , Hutan ( 29 March 2015 ) . `` Has the diagnosis of a stroke been overlooked in the symptoms of Julius Caesar ? '' . Neurological Sciences . 36 ( 8 ) : 1521 -- 1522 . doi : 10.1007 / s10072 - 015 - 2191 - 4 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Life of Caesar 45 : excelsa statura , colore candido , teretibus membris , ore paulo pleniore , nigris vegetisque oculis . Jump up ^ Anderson , Carl Edlund. ( 1999 ) . `` Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 March 2007 ... PhD thesis , University of Cambridge , Department of Anglo - Saxon , Norse & Celtic , p. 44 . ( 308 KB ) Jump up ^ Plutarch , Brutus 5 Jump up ^ Ronald Syme , `` Bastards in the Roman Aristocracy , '' pp. 323 -- 327 . Thomas Africa thought Syme had recanted this view ; see `` The Mask of an Assassin : A Psychohistorical Study of M. Junius Brutus , '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History 8 ( 1978 ) , p. 615 , note 28 , referring to Syme 's book Sallust ( Berkeley , 1964 ) , p. 134 . This would appear to be a misreading , given Syme 's fuller argument twenty years later in `` No Son for Caesar ? '' Historia 29 ( 1980 ) 422 -- 437 , pp. 426 -- 430 regarding the greater likelihood that Decimus would be the Brutus who was Caesar 's son . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Histories 4.55 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 49 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 49 ; Cassius Dio , Roman History 43.20 Jump up ^ Catullus , Carmina 29 , 57 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Julius 73 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Augustus 68 , 71 Jump up ^ Cicero , Brutus , 252 . Jump up ^ Edward Courtney , The Fragmentary Latin Poets ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1993 ) , pp. 153 -- 155 and 187 -- 188 . See also Poems by Julius Caesar . Jump up ^ T.P. Wiseman , `` The Publication of De Bello Gallico , '' Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter ( Classical Press of Wales , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Canfora , p. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Canfora , p. 10 Jump up ^ Canfora , pp. 11 - 12 Jump up ^ Caesarism , Charisma , and Fate : Historical Sources and Modern Resonances in the Work of Max Weber . Transaction Publishers . 2008 . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Canfora , pp. 12 - 13 Primary sources Own writings Dickinson College Commentaries : Selections from the Gallic War Forum Romanum Index to Caesar 's works online in Latin and translation Works by Julius Caesar at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Julius Caesar at Internet Archive Works by Julius Caesar at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Ancient historians ' writings Appian , Book 13 ( English translation ) Cassius Dio , Books 37 -- 44 ( English translation ) Plutarch on Antony ( English translation , Dryden edition ) Plutarch : The Life of Julius Caesar ( English translation ) Plutarch : The Life of Mark Antony ( English translation ) Suetonius : The Life of Julius Caesar . ( Latin and English , cross-linked : the English translation by J. C. Rolfe ) Suetonius : The Life of Julius Caesar ( J. C. Rolfe English translation , modified ) Library resources about Caesar Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Caesar Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Secondary sources Listen to this article ( 3 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Julius Caesar '' dated 10 January 2007 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Abbott , Frank Frost ( 1901 ) . A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions . Elibron Classics . ISBN 0 - 543 - 92749 - 0 . Canfora , Luciano ( 2006 ) . Julius Caesar : The People 's Dictator . Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 1936 - 4 . Freeman , Philip ( 2008 ) . Julius Caesar . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8953 - 6 . Fuller , J.F.C. ( 1965 ) . Julius Caesar : Man , Soldier , and Tyrant . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2006 ) . Caesar : Life of a Colossus . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 12048 - 6 . Grant , Michael ( 1969 ) . Julius Caesar . New York : McGraw - Hill . Grant , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Twelve Caesars . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044072 - 0 . Griffin , Miriam , ed. ( 2009 ) . A Companion to Julius Caesar . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781444308457 . Holland , Tom ( 2003 ) . Rubicon : The Last Years of the Roman Republic . Anchor Books . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 7897 - 0 . Jiménez , Ramon L. ( 2000 ) . Caesar Against Rome : The Great Roman Civil War . Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96620 - 8 . Kleiner , Diana E.E. ( 2005 ) . Cleopatra and Rome . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01905 - 9 . Meier , Christian ( 1996 ) . Caesar : A Biography . Fontana Press . ISBN 0 - 00 - 686349 - 3 . Ward , Allen M. ; Heichelheim , Fritz M. ; Yeo , Cedric A. ( 2016 ) . History of the Roman People . Routledge . ISBN 9781315511207 . Weinstock , Stefan ( 1971 ) . Divus Julius . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 814287 - 4 . External links Find more aboutJulius Caesarat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Learning resources from Wikiversity C. Julius Caesar Jona Lendering 's in ‐ depth history of Caesar ( Livius . Org ) Guide to online resources History of Julius Caesar Julius Caesar at BBC History Grey , D . The Assassination of Caesar , Clio History Journal , 2009 . Caesar : Courage and Charisma Political offices Preceded by Lucius Afranius Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer Consul of the Roman Republic 59 BC With : Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus Succeeded by Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus Aulus Gabinius In abeyance Title last held by Sulla in 81 BC Dictator of the Roman Republic 49 BC Succeeded by Himself in 48 BC Preceded by Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior Consul of the Roman Republic 48 BC With : Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus Succeeded by Quintus Fufius Calenus Publius Vatinius Preceded by Himself in 49 BC Dictator of the Roman Republic 48 -- 47 BC Succeeded by Himself in 46 BC Preceded by Quintus Fufius Calenus Publius Vatinius Consul of the Roman Republic 46 BC With : Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Succeeded by Himself without colleague Preceded by Himself in 47 BC Dictator of the Roman Republic 46 -- 44 BC Succeeded by Himself as Dictator in perpetuity ( in 44 BC ) Preceded by Himself Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Consul of the Roman Republic 45 BC Succeeded by Himself Mark Antony Preceded by Himself without colleague Consul of the Roman Republic 44 BC With : Mark Antony Succeeded by Publius Cornelius Dolabella Mark Antony Preceded by Himself as Dictator ( in 44 BC ) Dictator in perpetuity of the Roman Republic 44 BC Title abolished Religious titles Preceded by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Pontifex Maximus of the Roman Religion 63 -- 44 BC Succeeded by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Apuleius Caesar Catullus Cicero Ennius Horace Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Martial Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca Statius Suetonius Tacitus Terence Tibullus Marcus Terentius Varro Virgil Vitruvius Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Wars and battles Generals Legions Emperors Geographers Cities and towns Institutions Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction Films The works of Plutarch Works Parallel Lives Moralia Pseudo-Plutarch Lives Alcibiades and Coriolanus Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar Aratus of Sicyon / Artaxerxes and Galba / Otho Aristides and Cato the Elder Crassus and Nicias Demetrius and Antony Demosthenes and Cicero Dion and Brutus Fabius and Pericles Lucullus and Cimon Lysander and Sulla Numa and Lycurgus Pelopidas and Marcellus Philopoemen and Flamininus Phocion and Cato the Younger Pompey and Agesilaus Poplicola and Solon Pyrrhus and Gaius Marius Romulus and Theseus Sertorius and Eumenes Agis / Cleomenes and Tiberius Gracchus / Gaius Gracchus Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus Themistocles and Camillus Translators and editors Jacques Amyot Arthur Hugh Clough John Dryden Philemon Holland Thomas North Comparison extant Four unpaired Lives Ancient Greek and Roman wars Ancient Greece Trojan War First Messenian War Second Messenian War Lelantine War Greek -- Punic Wars ( Sicilian Wars ) Greco - Persian Wars Aeginetan War Wars of the Delian League Samian War Peloponnesian War Corinthian War First / Second / Third Sacred War Social War ( 357 -- 355 BC ) Rise of Macedon Wars of Alexander the Great Wars of the Diadochi Lamian War Chremonidean War Cleomenean War Social War ( 220 -- 217 BC ) Cretan War Aetolian War War against Nabis Maccabean Revolt Roman Republic Roman -- Latin wars ( First Latin War ( Battle of Lake Regillus ) Second Latin War ) Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Punic Wars ( First Second Third ) Macedonian Wars ( Illyrian First Macedonian Second Macedonian Seleucid Third Macedonian Fourth Macedonian ) Jugurthine War Cimbrian War Roman Servile Wars ( First Second Third ) Social War ( 90 -- 88 BC ) Sulla 's civil wars ( First Second ) Mithridatic Wars ( First Second Third ) Gallic Wars Julius Caesar 's civil war Augustus ' rise to power ( Battle of Mutina Liberators ' civil war Sicilian revolt Perusine War ( Fulvia 's civil war ) Final War of the Roman Republic ) Roman Empire Germanic Wars ( Marcomannic Alemannic Gothic Visigothic ) Conquest of Britain Wars of Boudica Armenian War Four Emperors Jewish wars Domitian 's Dacian War Trajan 's Dacian Wars Parthian Wars Wars against Persia Third - 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Papirius 449 BC : Q. Furius 431 BC : A. Cornelius Cossus 420 BC : S. Minucius 390 BC : M. Fabius Ambustus 332 BC : P. Cornelius Calussa 304 BC : P. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus 254 BC : Ti . Coruncanius 243 BC : L. Caecilius Metellus 221 BC : L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus 213 BC : M. Cornelius Cethegus 212 BC : P. Licinius Crassus Dives 180 BC : M. Aemilius Lepidus 150 BC : P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum 141 BC : P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio 132 BC : P. Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus 130 BC : P. Mucius Scaevola 114 BC : L. Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus 103 BC : Cn . Domitius Ahenobarbus 89 BC : Q. Mucius Scaevola 81 BC : Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius 63 BC : C. Julius Caesar 44 BC : M. Aemilius Lepidus 12 BC : C. Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus 12 BC - AD 375 : Held by the emperors . VIAF : 286265178 LCCN : n79021400 ISNI : 0000 0001 2283 4514 GND : 118518275 SELIBR : 180826 SUDOC : 027303136 BNF : cb11894764p ( data ) BIBSYS : 90063226 ULAN : 500077373 HDS : 10301 NLA : 36153573 NDL : 00435043 NKC : jn19981000434 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 024046 BNE : XX841352 IATH : w6455nw6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_Caesar&oldid=818073374 '' Categories : Julius Caesar Cleopatra First Triumvirate 100 BC births 44 BC deaths Ancient Roman dictators Ancient Roman generals Ancient Roman politicians Ancient Roman writers Assassinated heads of state Assassinated military personnel Assassinated Roman politicians Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid Characters in works by Geoffrey of Monmouth Correspondents of Cicero Deaths by stabbing Deified people Golden Age Latin writers Julii Latin - language writers People from Rome Pontifices Maximi of the Roman Republic Roman governors of Hispania Roman military writers Roman Republican consuls 1st - century BC clergy 1st - century BC historians 1st - century BC Romans 1st - century BC rulers 1st - century BC writers Senators of the Roman Republic Roman Republican praetors Royalty and nobility with disabilities Memoirists Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Spoken articles Use dmy dates from July 2012 AC with 16 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Bislama Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20Caesar

who plays devon on that's so raven

Jonathan Richard McDaniel ( born May 17 , 1985 ) , better known by his stage name Lil J , is an American actor and rapper . He is best known for his role as Devon Carter ( Raven Baxter 's boyfriend , and later husband ) on the hit Disney Channel shows That 's So Raven and Raven 's Home , as well as German Vega on VH1 's Hit the Floor .

Jonathan Richard McDaniel

Jonathan McDaniel

jonathan mcdaniel

Jonathan Richard McDaniel ( born May 17 , 1985 ) , better known by his stage name Lil J , is an American actor and rapper . He is best known for his role as Devon Carter ( Raven Baxter 's boyfriend , and later husband ) on the hit Disney Channel shows That 's So Raven and Raven 's Home , as well as German Vega on VH1 's Hit the Floor .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Web 4 Discography 4.1 Albums 4.2 Singles 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) In 2002 , he came on the music scene with his debut single `` It 's the Weekend '' from his debut album All About J. He later released a follow - up album the next year titled Back 2 J , which featured the single `` Baby Girl '' . During this period , he started his acting career , landing his noteworthy role on the Disney Channel series That 's So Raven . He also appeared in the film `` Nora 's Hair Salon '' which starred Jenifer Lewis and Tatyana Ali in 2004 . After the release of his studio albums on Hollywood Records , he left and joined 845 Entertainment / SMC Recordings , releasing his third album Back Like I Left Somethin ' in 2006 . McDaniel signed with London - based record label Transmission Records in 2009 and released his digital single ' London Girl ' on May 16 , 2010 . In 2012 , McDaniel starred in In the Hive to much acclaim . The film was shot in only 18 days . In 2013 , he joined the cast of VH1 's new series Hit the Floor . In 2017 , McDaniel reprised his role as DeVon Carter on the revamp of Disney Channel 's That 's So Raven , titled Raven 's Home . He appears as the ex-husband of Raven - Symoné 's character Raven Baxter , with whom DeVon shares twins Nia and Booker . Personal life ( edit ) McDaniel has a daughter , Aiza Jae McDaniel , born on August 21 , 2013 . On July 30 , 2017 , McDaniel 's son , Asher Levi , was born . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ring of Darkness Coordinator Nora 's Hair Salon Leronne Video 2006 Da Jammies Mike Fresh Short film 2007 South of Pico Fernando Kill Katie Malone Dixie Burning Palms Trey Detention T - Loc 2012 In the Hive Xavier `` X '' Keys Xtra Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 -- 2006 That 's So Raven Devon Carter Recurring role , 10 episodes 2007 Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board Sam Sterling Television film 2009 Cougar Town Ryan Episode : `` Pilot '' 2013 -- 2016 Hit the Floor German Vega Series regular 2017 Raven 's Home Devon Carter Guest star , 2 episodes Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Aim High Derek Long 6 episodes Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Year Title 2002 All About J 2003 Back 2 J 2006 Back Like I Left Somethin ' Singles ( edit ) Year Title `` It 's The Weekend '' 2003 `` Baby Girl '' 2006 `` I Know ( When We First Met ) '' `` ' London Girl '' 2013 `` Birthday Feat . Fletcher & iE - Z '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jonathan ' Lil J ' McDaniel '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/lil-j-brings-the-music-industry-somethin-11033.php Jump up ^ http://24-7style.blogspot.com/2011/09/rave-reviews-for-in-hives-jonathan.html Jump up ^ `` Pic Of The Day : German From Hit The Floor Is A Dad ! '' . VH1 News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Iam Geniuschild Jul 30 , 2017 at 7 : 29am UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Jonathan McDaniel on IMDb VIAF : 169956352 ISNI : 0000 0001 1889 0054 MusicBrainz : 23b7b7cf - 63ed - 4a0f - a2ea - 8a1992dbc864 This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1980s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_McDaniel&oldid=806933984 '' Categories : 1985 births African - American male actors African - American rappers American male child actors American male television actors Living people Musicians from Long Beach , California American television actor , 1980s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 00 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20McDaniel

when does the mother come in how i met your mother

They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer .

last episode of season 8

The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother )

the mother ( how i met your mother )

Tracy McConnell ( colloquial : `` The Mother '' ) is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti .

The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Tracy McConnell Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=815747465 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 21 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mother%20%28How%20I%20Met%20Your%20Mother%29

who played genie in i dream of jeannie

Barbara Eden as Jeannie Larry Hagman as Captain / Major Anthony `` Tony '' Nelson Bill Daily as Captain / Major Roger Healey Hayden Rorke as Dr. Alfred Bellows

Barbara Eden

I Dream of Jeannie

i dream of jeannie

I Dream of Jeannie is an American fantasy and comedy sitcom starring Barbara Eden as a 2,000 - year - old genie and Larry Hagman as an astronaut who becomes her master , with whom she falls in love and eventually marries . Produced by Screen Gems , the show originally aired from September 18 , 1965 to May 26 , 1970 with new episodes , and through September 1970 with season repeats , on NBC . The show ran for five seasons and produced 139 episodes .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Opening sequence 3.3 Setting 3.4 Jeannie 's origin 3.5 Theme music 3.6 The bottle 4 Broadcast 4.1 Multi-part story arcs 5 Reception 5.1 Nielsen ratings 5.2 Syndication 6 Reunion movies 7 Animated series 8 Factual and geographic errors 9 In popular culture 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of I Dream of Jeannie episodes Jeannie , free from her bottle , is excited to meet Tony . In the pilot episode , `` The Lady in the Bottle '' , astronaut Captain Tony Nelson , United States Air Force , is on a space flight when his one - man capsule Stardust One comes down far from the planned recovery area , near a deserted island in the South Pacific . On the beach , Tony notices a strange bottle that rolls by itself . When he rubs it after removing the stopper , smoke starts shooting out and a Persian - speaking female genie materializes and kisses Tony on the lips , shocking him . They can not understand each other until Tony expresses his wish that Jeannie ( a homophone of genie ) could speak English , which she then does . Then , per his instructions , she `` blinks '' and causes a recovery helicopter to show up to rescue Tony , who is so grateful , he tells her she is free , but Jeannie , who has fallen in love with Tony at first sight after being trapped for 2,000 years , re-enters her bottle and rolls it into Tony 's duffel bag so she can accompany him back home . One of the first things Jeannie does , in a subsequent episode , is break up Tony 's engagement to his commanding general 's daughter Melissa , who , along with that particular general , is never seen again . This event reflects producer Sidney Sheldon 's decision that the engagement depicted in the pilot episode would not be part of the series continuity ; he realized the romantic triangle he created between Jeannie , `` Master '' , and Melissa would not pan out in the long run . Tony at first keeps Jeannie in her bottle most of the time , but he finally relents and allows her to enjoy a life of her own . However , her life is devoted mostly to his , and most of their problems stem from her love and affection towards Tony , and her desire to please him and fulfill her ancient heritage as a genie , especially when he does not want her to do so . His efforts to cover up Jeannie 's antics , because of his fear that he would be dismissed from the space program if her existence were known , brings him to the attention of NASA 's resident psychiatrist , U.S. Air Force Colonel Dr. Alfred Bellows . In a running gag , Dr. Bellows tries over and over to prove to his superiors that Tony is either crazy or hiding something , but he is always foiled ( `` He 's done it to me , again ! '' ) and Tony 's job remains secure . A frequently used plot device is that Jeannie loses her powers when she is confined in a closed space . She is unable to leave her bottle when it is corked , and under certain circumstances , the person who removed the cork would become her new master . A multiple - episode story arc involves Jeannie ( in miniature ) becoming trapped in a safe when it is accidentally locked . Eden with husband Michael Ansara as The Blue Djinn ( 1966 ) Tony 's best friend and fellow astronaut , United States Army Corps of Engineers Captain Roger Healey , does not know about Jeannie for several episodes ; when he finds out ( in the episode `` The Richest Astronaut in the Whole Wide World '' ( January 15 , 1966 ) ) , he steals her so he can live in luxury , but not for long before Tony reclaims his status as Jeannie 's master . Roger is often shown trying to make a quick buck or girl - crazy , and hopes to claim Jeannie so he can use her to live a princely life or gain beautiful girlfriends , but overall he is respectful that Tony is Jeannie 's master , and later her husband . Both Tony and Roger are promoted to the rank of major late in the first season . In later seasons , Roger 's role is retconned to portray him knowing about Jeannie from the beginning ( i.e. , to him having been with Tony on the space flight that touched down , and thus having seen Jeannie introduce herself to Tony ) . Jeannie 's evil fraternal twin sister , mentioned in a second - season episode ( also named Jeannie and also portrayed by Barbara Eden in a brunette wig ) , proves to have a mean streak starting in the third season ( demonstrated in her initial appearance in `` Jeannie or the Tiger ? '' ( September 19 , 1967 ) ) , repeatedly trying to steal Tony for herself , with her as the real `` master '' . Her final attempt in the series comes right after Tony and Jeannie get married , with a ploy involving a man played by Barbara Eden 's real - life husband at the time , Michael Ansara ( in a kind of in - joke , while Jeannie 's sister pretends to be attracted to him , she privately scoffs at him ) . The evil sister , whose name is never revealed , wears a green costume , with a skirt rather than pantaloons . Early in the fifth season ( September 30 , 1969 ) , Jeannie is called upon by her Uncle Sully ( Jackie Coogan ) to become queen of their family 's native country , Basenji . Tony inadvertently gives grave offense to Basenji national pride in their feud with neighboring Kasja . To regain favor , Tony is required by Sully to marry Jeannie and avenge Basenji 's honor , by killing the ambassador from Kasja when he visits NASA . After Sully puts Tony through an ordeal of nearly killing the ambassador , Tony responds in a fit of anger that he is fed up with Sully and his cohorts and he would not marry Jeannie if she were `` the last genie on earth '' . Hearing this , Jeannie bitterly leaves Tony and returns to Basenji . With Jeannie gone , Tony realizes how deeply he loves her . That outweighs all concerns he has had about Jeannie 's threat to his career . He flies to Basenji to win Jeannie back . Upon their return to NASA , Tony introduces Jeannie as his fiancée , in which she attires herself as a modern American woman in public and it is easily accepted Tony found a girlfriend . This changed the show 's premise in that instead of the avoidance of Jeannie 's exposure , it was to hide her magical abilities . This is contrary to the mythology created by Sidney Sheldon 's own season - two script for `` The Birds and Bees Bit '' , in which it was claimed that , upon marriage , a genie loses all of her magical powers . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Barbara Eden as Jeannie Larry Hagman as Captain / Major Anthony `` Tony '' Nelson Bill Daily as Captain / Major Roger Healey Hayden Rorke as Dr. Alfred Bellows Recurring ( edit ) Philip Ober as Brig. Gen. Wingard Stone ( season 1 , episodes 1 and 4 ) Karen Sharpe as Melissa ( season 1 , episodes 1 and 4 ) Florence Sundstrom as Jeannie 's mother ( season 1 , episode 2 ) Lurene Tuttle as Jeannie 's mother ( season 1 , episode 14 ) Barton MacLane as Maj. Gen. Martin Peterson ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Emmaline Henry as Amanda Bellows ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) Abraham Sofaer as Haji , the `` master of all the genies '' ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Barbara Eden as Jeannie 's evil fraternal twin sister , Jeannie II ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Vinton Hayworth as Maj. Gen. Winfield Schaeffer ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Barbara Eden as Jeannie 's mother ( season 4 , episode 18 ) Production ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tony and Jeannie . Background ( edit ) The series was created and produced by Sidney Sheldon in response to the great success of rival network ABC 's Bewitched series , which had debuted in 1964 as the second-most watched program in the United States . Sheldon , inspired by the movie The Brass Bottle , which had starred Tony Randall , Barbara Eden , and Burl Ives as the jinn Fakrash , conceived of the idea for a beautiful female genie . Both I Dream of Jeannie and Bewitched were Screen Gems productions . The show debuted at 8 pm , Saturday , September 18 , 1965 , on NBC . When casting was opened for the role of Jeannie , producer Sidney Sheldon could not find an actress who could play the role the way that he had written it . He did have one specific rule : He did not want a blonde genie , because the similarity with the blonde witch on Bewitched would be too much . However , after many unsuccessful auditions , he called Barbara Eden 's agent . When NBC began telecasting most of its prime - time television programs in color in fall 1965 , Jeannie was one of two regular programs on NBC that remained in black and white , in this case because of the special photographic effects employed to achieve Jeannie 's magic . By the second season , however , further work had been done on techniques to create the visual effects in color , necessary because by 1966 all prime - time series in the United States were being made in color . According to Dreaming of Jeannie , a book by Stephen Cox and Howard Frank , Sheldon originally wanted to film season one in color , but NBC did not want to pay for the extra expenses , as the network ( and Screen Gems ) believed the series would not make it to a second season . According to Sheldon in his autobiography The Other Side of Me , he offered to pay the extra US $400 an episode needed for color filming at the beginning of the series , but Screen Gems executive Jerry Hyams advised him : `` Sidney , do n't throw your money away . '' Opening sequence ( edit ) The first few episodes after the pilot ( episodes two through eight ) used a nonanimated , expository opening narrated by Paul Frees ; the narration mentions that Nelson lived in `` a mythical town '' named Cocoa Beach in `` a mythical state called Florida '' . The remaining episodes of that first season featured an animated sequence that was redone and expanded in season two , when the show switched from black and white to color . This new sequence , used from season 2 -- 5 , featured Captain Nelson 's space capsule splashing down on the beach , and Jeannie dancing out of her bottle ( modified to reflect its new decoration ) and then kissing Nelson . Both original versions of the show 's animated opening sequence were done by famed animator Friz Freleng . Setting ( edit ) Although the series was set in and around Cape Kennedy , Florida , and Nelson lived at 1020 Palm Drive in nearby Cocoa Beach , locales in California were used in place of those in Florida . The exterior of the building where Healey and he had offices was actually the main building at the Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base , north of Los Angeles . `` If you look at some of those old ( episodes ) , it 's supposed to be shot in Cocoa Beach , but in the background you have mountains -- the Hollywood Hills , '' Bill Daily said . In actuality , the home of Major Nelson was filmed at the Warner Ranch , in Burbank ( on Blondie Street ) . Many exteriors were filmed at this facility . Interior filming was done at the Sunset Gower Studios in Hollywood . The cast and crew only made two visits to Florida 's Space Coast , both in 1969 . On June 27 , a parade in Cocoa Beach escorted Eden and the rest of the cast to Cocoa Beach City Hall , where she was greeted by fans and city officials . They were then taken to LC - 43 at Cape Canaveral where she pressed a button to launch a Loki - Dart weather rocket . They had dinner at Bernard 's Surf , where Eden was given the state of Florida 's Commodore Award for outstanding acting . Later , the entourage went to Lee Caron 's Carnival Club , where Eden was showered with gifts and kissed astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the cheek , just two weeks before the Apollo 11 launch . I Dream of Jeannie Lane sign in Cocoa Beach , Florida The cast and crew returned on November 25 , 1969 , for three days for a mock wedding of Eden and Hagman staged for television writers from around the nation ( timed to the airing of the nuptials episode on December 2 ) at the Patrick Air Force Base Officers Club . Then - Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk , Jr. , attended and cut the cake for the couple . Eden returned 27 years later , in July 1996 , as a featured speaker for Space Days at the Kennedy Space Center . Cocoa Beach Mayor Joe Morgan presented her an `` I Dream of Jeannie Lane '' street sign , later installed on a short street off Florida State Road A1A near Lori Wilson Park . On September 15 , 2005 , the area held a `` We Dream of Jeannie '' festival , including a Jeannie lookalike contest . Plans for one in 2004 were interrupted by Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne . However , a Jeannie lookalike contest was held in 2004 , with Bill Daily attending . On August 24 , 2012 , Cocoa Beach City leaders honored the show with a roadside plaque outside Lori Wilson Park . Jeannie 's origin ( edit ) In the first season , Jeannie clearly was originally a human who was turned into a genie by ( as later revealed ( Season 1 , Episode 2 : My Hero ? ) the Blue Djinn when she refused to marry him ( the term `` djinn '' is synonymous with `` genie '' ) . Several members of Jeannie 's family , including her parents , are rather eccentric , but none is a genie . Her mother describes the family as `` just peasants from the old country '' ( Season 1 , Episode 14 , What House Across the Street ? ) . The Blue Djinn was played by Barbara Eden 's first husband , Michael Ansara . In later seasons , he also played King Kamehameha ( Season 3 , Episode 15 The Battle of Waikiki ) , and Biff Jellico ( Season 5 , Episode 12 My Sister , the Homewrecker ) . The topic of Jeannie originally being human is restated in season two during the episode , `` How to be a Genie in 10 Easy Lessons '' . Jeannie mentions that she has a sister who is a genie , but the phrasing -- `` she was a genie when I left Baghdad '' -- does bring up the question of whether she , too , was born a genie . One small subplot that lasted over multiple episodes was WHEN Jeanie was born . In Season 2 , Episode 10 , `` The Girl Who Never Had a Birthday '' it was revealed that Jeanie was born in 46 BC and in Season 2 , Episode 13 `` My Master , the Great Caruso '' it was revealed that she was born on April 1 . In the third season , this continuity was changed retroactively and Jeannie was assumed to have always been a genie . All her relatives are then also genies , including , by the fourth season , her mother ( also played by Barbara Eden beginning in Season 4 , Episode 2 Jeannie and the Wild Pipchicks ) . This may have been done to increase the similarity with Bewitched , or simply to increase the number of possible plotlines . Whatever the reason , this new concept was retained for the rest of the series . The TV movie I Dream of Jeannie ... Fifteen Years Later ( 1985 ) reiterates most of Jeannie 's first - season origin when she tells her son , Tony Jr. , that she was trapped in her bottle by an evil djinn after she refused to marry him . ( No specific statement is given , however , about whether he turned her into a genie at that time or if she had been born one . ) In a 1966 paperback novel I Dream of Jeannie , by Dennis Brewster , published by Pocket Books , very loosely based on the series , Jeannie ( in the book , her real name is revealed as `` Fawzia '' ) and her immediate family were established in the story as genies living in Tehran hundreds of years before Tony found her bottle on an island in the Persian Gulf ( instead of the South Pacific , as depicted on TV ) . Theme music ( edit ) The first - season theme music was an instrumental jazz waltz written by Richard Wess . Eventually , Sidney Sheldon became dissatisfied with Wess 's theme and musical score . From the second season on , it was replaced by a new theme entitled `` Jeannie '' , composed by Hugo Montenegro with lyrics by Buddy Kaye . Episodes 20 and 25 used a rerecorded ending of `` Jeannie '' for the closing credits with new , longer drum breaks and a different closing riff . The lyrics were never used in the show . Songwriters Gerry Goffin and Carole King wrote a theme , called `` Jeannie '' , for Sidney Sheldon before the series started , but it was not used . In the third and fourth seasons of the show , another instrumental theme by Hugo Montenegro was introduced that was played during the show 's campy scenes . Simply titled `` Mischief '' , the theme was heard mainly on outdoor locations , showing the characters attempting to do something such as Jeannie learning to drive , Major Nelson arriving up the driveway , a monkey walking around , or reactions to Doctor Bellows . This theme featured the accompaniment of a sideshow organ , a trombone , and electric bass . It was introduced in the first episode of season 3 , `` Fly Me to the Moon '' . The I Dream of Jeannie theme music was sampled by Dutch dance music DJ Ben Liebrand for the 1990 re-release of American hip - hop artist Dimples D. 's single , `` Sucker DJ '' . The bottle ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jeannie 's famous bottle was not created for the show . The actual bottle was a special Christmas 1964 Jim Beam liquor decanter containing `` Beam 's Choice '' bourbon whiskey . It was designed by Roy Kramer for the Wheaton Bottle Company . For years , Sidney Sheldon was said to have received one as a gift and thought it would be a perfect design for the series . Several people in the Screen Gems art department also take credit for finding the bottle . Strong evidence , however , indicates first season director Gene Nelson saw one in a liquor store and bought it , bringing it to Sheldon . Jeannie 's bottle was left in its original dark , smoke - green color , with a painted gold - leaf pattern ( to make it look like an antique ) , during the first season . The plot description of the pilot episode in TV Guide in September 1965 referred to it as a `` green bottle '' . In that first episode , it also looked quite rough and weathered . Since the show was originally filmed in black and white , a lot of colors and patterns were not necessary . When the show switched to color , the show 's art director came up with a brightly colored purple bottle to replace the original . The colorized version of the show 's first season tried to make out that the smoked glass look of the original gold - leaf design is in fact purple , to match the consistent look of the bottle used in the second through fifth seasons . The first season bottle had a clear glass stopper that Tony took from a 1956 Old Grand - Dad Bourbon bottle in his home , as the original stopper was left behind on the beach where Tony found Jeannie . In the first color episode , Jeannie returns to the beach , and her bottle is seen to have its original stopper ( painted to match the bottle ) , presumably retrieved by her upon her return there . The rest of the TV series ( and the movies ) used the original bottle stopper . ( During some close - ups , one can still see the plastic rings that hold the cork part of the stopper in place . ) During the first season , in black and white , the smoke effect was usually a screen overlay of billowing smoke , sometimes combined with animation . Early color episodes used a purely animated smoke effect . Sometime later , a live smoke pack , lifted out of the bottle on a wire , was used . Jeannie 's color - episodes bottle was painted mainly in pinks and purples , while the bottle for the Blue Djinn was a first - season design with a heavy green wash , and Jeannie 's sister 's bottle was simply a plain , unpainted Jim Beam bottle . No one knows exactly how many bottles were used during the show , but members of the production have estimated that 12 bottles were painted and used during the run of the series . The stunt bottle used mostly for the smoke effect was broken frequently by the heat and chemicals used to produce Jeannie 's smoke . In the pilot episode , several bottles were used for the opening scene on the beach ; one was drilled through the bottom for smoke , and another was used to walk across the sand and slip into Tony 's pack . Two bottles were used from promotional tours to kick off the first season , and one bottle was used for the first - season production . Barbara Eden got to keep the color stunt bottle used on the last day of filming the final episode of the television series . It was given to her by her make - up woman after the show was canceled while the show was on hiatus . According to the DVD release of the first season , Bill Daily owns an original bottle , and according to the Donny & Marie talk show , Larry Hagman also owned an original bottle . In the penultimate episode , `` Hurricane Jeannie '' , Nelson dreams that Dr. Bellows discovers Jeannie 's secret , and that Jeannie 's bottle is broken when dropped . A broken bottle is shown on camera . This was intended to be the series ' final episode and is often shown that way in syndication . Broadcast ( edit ) Barbara Eden and Larry Hagman ( 1969 ) Main article : List of I Dream of Jeannie episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 30 September 18 , 1965 ( 1965 - 09 - 18 ) May 7 , 1966 ( 1966 - 05 - 07 ) 31 September 12 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 12 ) April 24 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 24 ) 26 September 12 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 12 ) March 26 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 26 ) 26 September 16 , 1968 ( 1968 - 09 - 16 ) May 12 , 1969 ( 1969 - 05 - 12 ) 5 26 September 16 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 16 ) May 26 , 1970 ( 1970 - 05 - 26 ) TV movies October 20 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 20 ) October 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 20 ) Multipart story arcs ( edit ) On several occasions , multipart story arcs were created to serve as backgrounds for national contests . During the second season , in a story that is the focus of a two - part episode and a peripheral plot of two further episodes ( the `` Guess Jeannie 's Birthday '' contest began with the opening two - part episode on November 14 , 1966 , concluding with the name of the winner revealed after the end of the fourth episode , `` My Master , the Great Caruso '' , on December 5 ) , it was established that Jeannie did not know her birthday , and her family members could not agree when it was , either . Tony and Roger use NASA 's powerful new computer and horoscopic guidance based on Jeannie 's traits to calculate it . The year is quickly established as 64 BC , but only Roger is privy to the exact date and he decides to make a game out of revealing it . This date became the basis of the contest . Jeannie finally forces it out of him at the end of the fourth episode : April 1 . This date conflicts with the birthday given to her in the season 1 episode `` G.I. Jeannie '' : July 1 . In a third - season four - part episode ( `` Genie , Genie , Who 's Got the Genie ? '' January 16 -- February 6 , 1968 ) , Jeannie is locked in a safe bound for the moon . Any attempt to force the safe or use the wrong combination will destroy it with an explosive . Jeannie is in there so long that whoever opens the safe will become her master . The episodes spread out over four weeks , during which a contest was held to guess the safe 's combination . This explains why Larry Hagman is never seen saying the combination out loud : His mouth is hidden behind the safe or the shot is on Jeannie when he says it . The combination was not decided until just before the episode aired , with Hagman 's voice dubbed in . Over the closing credits , Barbara Eden announced and congratulated the contest winner , with 4 -- 9 -- 7 as the winning combination . In the fourth season , a two - part episode , `` The Case Of My Vanishing Master '' ( January 6 -- 13 , 1969 ) , concerned Tony being taken to a secret location somewhere in the world , while a perfect double took his place at home . A contest was held to guess the location where Tony had been taken . Unlike earlier contests , the answer was not revealed within the story . At the end of `` Invisible House For Sale '' ( February 3 , 1969 ) , a special `` contest epilogue '' had Jeannie and Tony reveal to the audience the `` secret location '' , Puerto Rico , followed by the name of the `` Grand Prize Winner '' . Reception ( edit ) Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Time Rank Rating 1965 -- 66 Saturday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 PM # 27 21.8 ( tie ) 1966 -- 67 Monday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 PM Not in the Top 30 1967 -- 68 Tuesday at 7 : 30 - 8 : 00 PM 1968 -- 69 Monday at 7 : 30 - 8 : 00 PM # 26 20.7 1969 -- 70 Tuesday at 7 : 30 - 8 : 00 PM Not in the Top 30 Syndication ( edit ) When reruns debuted on New York 's WPIX , Jeannie won its time period with a 13 rating and a 23 share of the audience . The series averaged a 14 share and 32 share of the audience when WTTG in Washington , DC began airing the series . It was the first off - network series to best network competition in the ratings : `` The big switch no doubt representing the first time in rating history that indies ( local stations ) have knocked over the network stations in a primetime slot was promoted by WPIX 's premiere of the off - web Jeannie reruns back to back from 7 to 8 pm . '' Reunion movies ( edit ) Two made - for - television reunion movies were made that followed the further exploits of Jeannie and Tony in the successive years . For various reasons , Larry Hagman did not reprise his role as Anthony Nelson in either of these reunion movies . In 1985 , Wayne Rogers played the role of retiring Colonel Nelson in I Dream of Jeannie ... Fifteen Years Later . In 1991 , I Still Dream of Jeannie was released with Hagman 's Dallas co-star Ken Kercheval essentially playing the role of Jeannie 's `` master '' . A third film was planned , but never finalized . Animated series ( edit ) Hanna - Barbera Productions produced an animated series Jeannie . This animated series is completely separate from the Eden live - action series . Jeannie the animated series was originally broadcast from September 1973 to 1975 , which featured Jeannie ( voiced by Julie McWhirter ) and genie - in - training Babu ( voiced by former Three Stooges star Joe Besser ) as the servants of Corey Anders , a high - school student and surfer ( voiced by Mark Hamill ) . Factual and geographic errors ( edit ) NASA astronauts did not live in Florida at the time of the series . Since 1962 , they lived and trained at the Manned Spacecraft Center ( now Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center ) in Houston . Many of the exterior shots of Tony 's home or other areas show mountains or hills in the background . The actual respective terrains of Florida and southeast Texas -- where the real - life astronauts of that time lived and trained -- are flat ( especially the areas around Cape Canaveral and Cocoa Beach where the Nelsons were shown to have lived in the sitcom ) . In popular culture ( edit ) Philadelphia punk rock band The Dead Milkmen has a song called `` I Dream of Jesus '' , in which the singer 's mother finds Jesus who is trapped inside a bottle . The song appears on the 1993 album Not Richard , but Dick . `` I Dream of Jesus '' is also the title of a Family Guy episode . In The Monkees episode `` The Spy Who Came in from the Cool '' , Davy Jones rubs a small table lamp when a beautiful harem - costumed genie ( not Barbara Eden ) emerges from a puff of smoke and assures her `` master '' that she will help him . A bemused Jones remarks , `` Imagine that -- wrong show ! '' On Tom 's Album , a compilation of versions of the song `` Tom 's Diner '' , a parody by Mark Jonathan Davis is called `` Jeannie 's Diner '' , which references and samples I Dream of Jeannie . In Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , star Matthew Broderick dances to the I Dream Of Jeannie theme song . The Big Time Rush episode `` Big Time Songwriters '' contains a scene where Erin Sanders is dressed like Barbara Eden while reading a script for a movie or television show called `` Teen Genie '' . Episode 15 of season 6 of the supernatural TV series Charmed was called `` I Dream of Phoebe '' . In it , Phoebe Halliwell ( Alyssa Milano ) is turned into a genie , and wears a pale blue version of `` Jeanie 's '' costume . Indian serial Jeannie Aur Juju is based on this series . In The Bob Newhart Show 19th Anniversary special , Bob Hartley talks with his friends about the strange dream he had of being an innkeeper in Vermont . At one point , his neighbor Howard Borden recalls his own strange dream about being an astronaut in Florida , which leads to several I Dream of Jeannie clips with Roger Healey . ( Actor Bill Daily had played both roles . ) During the song in `` Stan of Arabia : Part 1 '' , Stan Smith ( the `` American Dad ! '' ) sings that he wants his wife to serve him in the same manner that Master Tony was served by Jeannie . The show 's title came from a 1854 parlor ballad , `` Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair '' by Stephen Foster , whose opening line says , `` I Dream of Jeanie with the light brown hair '' . I Dream of Jenna and This Ai n't I Dream of Jeannie XXX ( from the This Ai n't ... film series ) are porn parody film titles referring to I Dream of Jeannie , the former also being a play on porn actress Jenna Jameson 's name . In the X-Men episode `` Mojovision '' , the alien Mojo kidnaps most of the X-Men and casts them as his latest all - galaxy television hit . One of his TV shows featuring the X-Men is named I Dream of Jean ( starring Wolverine and Jean Grey ) , a play on both I Dream of Jeannie and Jean Grey . During the closing scene of A Very Brady Sequel , Barbara Eden cameos as Jeannie , crashing Mike and Carol Brady 's second wedding and introducing herself as Mike Brady 's wife . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sheldon , Sidney ( Aug 1 , 2006 ) . The Other Side of Me . Hachette Digital , Inc . Jump up ^ James Henerson ( writer ) & Claudio Guzman ( director ) ( January 27 , 1969 ) . `` Ride ' Em Astronaut '' . I Dream of Jeannie . Season 4 . Episode 15 . NBC . Jump up ^ James Henerson ( writer ) & Hal Cooper ( director ) ( February 3 , 1969 ) . `` Invisible House For Sale '' . I Dream of Jeannie . Season 4 . Episode 16 . NBC . Jump up ^ Creech , Gray ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` NASA on Classic TV '' . nasa.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Cocoa Beach celebrates 40 years of I Dream of Jeannie '' . Associated Press . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , Ray I Dream of Jeannie Days Jump up ^ `` ' I Dream of Jeannie ' gets historical marker in Cocoa Beach '' . Central Florida News 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cox , Stephen ; Howard Frank ( 2000 - 03 - 18 ) . Dreaming of Jeannie : TV 's Prime Time in a Bottle . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20417 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings > 1965 -- 1966 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTCHits.com : TV Ratings > 1966 -- 1967 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings > 1967 -- 1968 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings > 1968 -- 1969 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings > 1969 -- 1970 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Variety , October 6 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Variety , September 22 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Variety , October 6 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` I Dream Of Jesus '' , by The Dead Milkmen ( Lyrics Time ) Jump up ^ Green , Anna ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) . `` 11 Magical Facts About ' I Dream of Jeannie ' '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Erin Sanders : Big Time Rush episode `` Big Time Songwriters '' ( Childstarlets.com ) Jump up ^ `` Charmed , I Dream of Phoebe , Season 6 '' . Tntdrama.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 05 . Further reading ( edit ) Cox , Stephen ; Howard Frank ( 2000 ) . Dreaming of Jeannie : TV 's Prime Time in a Bottle . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20417 - 5 . Sheldon , Sidney ( 2005 ) . The Other Side Of Me . Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 53267 - 3 . Brewster , Dennis ( 1966 ) . I Dream Of Jeannie ( novel ) . Pocket Books . Kluger , Jeffery ( 1994 ) . Apollo 13 : Lost Moon . Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 61958 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : I Dream of Jeannie Wikimedia Commons has media related to I Dream of Jeannie . Television in the United States portal 1960s portal Barbara `` Jeannie '' Eden 's Official Website TV Land buys back the rights to I Dream of Jeannie I Dream of Jeannie on IMDb I Dream of Jeannie at TV.com Anthony ( Tony ) Nelson , fictitious astronaut -- Encyclopedia Astronautica Roger Healey , fictitious astronaut -- Encyclopedia Astronautica I Dream of Jeannie Cast Main characters Jeannie Major Anthony `` Tony '' Nelson Major Roger Healey Dr. Alfred Bellows Amanda Bellows Jeannie II General Martin Peterson General Winfield Schaeffer Episodes Pilot : `` The Lady in the Bottle '' Seasons : 1 5 TV movies I Dream of Jeannie ... Fifteen Years Later ( 1985 ) I Still Dream of Jeannie ( 1991 ) Animated series Jeannie ( 1973 -- 75 ) Cast Barbara Eden Larry Hagman Bill Daily Hayden Rorke Emmaline Henry Barton MacLane Vinton Hayworth Crew Sidney Sheldon Claudio Guzman Hal Cooper Gene Nelson Hugo Montenegro Works by Sidney Sheldon Novels The Naked Face The Other Side of Midnight A Stranger in the Mirror Bloodline Rage of Angels Master of the Game If Tomorrow Comes Windmills of the Gods The Sands of Time Memories of Midnight The Doomsday Conspiracy The Stars Shine Down Nothing Lasts Forever Morning , Noon and Night The Best Laid Plans Tell Me Your Dreams The Sky is Falling Are You Afraid of the Dark ? Non-fiction The Other Side of Me Television The Patty Duke Show I Dream of Jeannie Nancy Hart to Hart Adaptations The Other Side of Midnight ( 1977 ) Bloodline ( 1979 ) Rage of Angels ( 1983 ) Master of the Game ( 1984 ) If Tomorrow Comes ( 1986 ) Windmills of the Gods ( 1988 ) Memories of Midnight ( 1991 ) Kshana Kshana ( 2007 ) Tilly Bagshawe novels Sidney Sheldon 's Mistress of the Game ( 2009 ) Sidney Sheldon 's After the Darkness ( 2010 ) Sidney Sheldon 's The Tides of Memory ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Dream_of_Jeannie&oldid=806949998 '' Categories : 1965 American television series debuts 1970 American television series endings 1960s American comedy television series 1970s American comedy television series American fantasy television series NBC network shows American television sitcoms Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Florida Genies in television Television series about space programs I Dream of Jeannie Television series created by Sidney Sheldon Television programs adapted into films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 02 : 25 . 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where does the concept of limited government come from

The original authors of the United States Constitution saw fit to limit the powers of government , as set forth in the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson . Here , Jefferson outlined three basic statements widely adhered to by the people of the American colonies . Supporters of the Declaration believed that these statements were not sufficiently adhered to by or through the English monarchy . In order to prevent this travesty the framers of the constitution made limited government a principle tenet of the constitution . Among the assertions were that all men are created equal and are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights , and that governments are instituted in order to preserve these rights . It was the colonial experience of many Americans that the English government was not adhering to these premises , and it was for this reason that the colonies saw fit to establish their own government in which all three of these assertions would be respected .

Limited government

limited government

In political philosophy , limited government is where the government is empowered by law from a starting point of having no power , or where governmental power is restricted by law , usually in a written constitution . It is a key concept in the history of liberalism . The United States Constitution presents an example of the federal government not possessing any power except what is delegated to it by the Constitution - with the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution specifically stating that powers not specifically delegated to the federal government is reserved for the people and the states . The Magna Carta and the United States Constitution also represents important milestones in the limiting of governmental power . The earliest use of the term limited government dates back to King James VI and I in the late 16th century . Limited government put into practice often involves the protection of individual liberty from government intrusion .

Part of a series on Conservatism Variants ( show ) Cultural Fiscal Green Liberal Libertarian National Neo - New Right One - nation Paleo - Social Traditionalist Concepts ( show ) Familism Family values Free markets Limited government Private property Rule of law Small government People ( show ) Burke De Maistre De Chateaubriand Von Metternich Organizations ( show ) International Democrat Union ( IDU ) European People 's Party ( EPP ) Religious conservatism ( show ) Christian right Christian fundamentalism Jewish right Islamic fundamentalism Traditionalist Catholic National variants ( show ) Australia Canada China Colombia Germany Hong Kong India New Zealand Pakistan Serbia South Korea Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Aristocracy Capitalism Center - right Corporatism Counter-revolutionary Fascism Monarchism Neoliberalism New Right Radical centrism Radical right ( Europe ) Reactionary Right - wing politics Toryism Conservatism portal Politics portal Contents 1 Limited government and the United States 1.1 Justification 1.2 The Bill of Rights 1.3 Republicanism 1.4 Checks and balances 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Limited government and the United States ( edit ) Justification ( edit ) The original authors of the United States Constitution saw fit to limit the powers of government , as set forth in the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson . Here , Jefferson outlined three basic statements widely adhered to by the people of the American colonies . Supporters of the Declaration believed that these statements were not sufficiently adhered to by or through the English monarchy . In order to prevent this travesty the framers of the constitution made limited government a principle tenet of the constitution . Among the assertions were that all men are created equal and are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights , and that governments are instituted in order to preserve these rights . It was the colonial experience of many Americans that the English government was not adhering to these premises , and it was for this reason that the colonies saw fit to establish their own government in which all three of these assertions would be respected . The Preamble to the Constitution serves to communicate the goals sought to be accomplished by specifically enumerating the powers of the United States government -- the promotion of `` the general Welfare '' is one of these goals . The Preamble does not grant any power to the government , rather it serves to explain the limits of the delegated powers listed later in the Constitution . This is to say , in the case of the general welfare clause , that the government is not allowed to exercise its powers on a whim , rather they must be exercised for the general welfare of the country . The Bill of rights ( edit ) With the ratification of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights came a new era of government in which the powers and restrictions of government were both explicitly outlined . The Bill of Rights added to the American Constitution , along with other constitutional amendments , limits the power of government in two ways . First , it restricts the range of governmental authority by prohibiting the government from intruding in certain areas , like religious worship or freedom of speech , and grants the government authority over specifically enumerated aspects of life , like regulating the economy and collecting taxes . Second , it sets certain procedures the government must follow when dealing with the people . Examples of this include the protection from unreasonable search and seizure of property and protection from cruel and unusual punishment for crimes for which one is convicted . The explicit outline of what the government is permitted to do and barred from doing combined with the power of common people to seek repairs for breaches of their constitutional rights is what protects the rights of the people . The Ninth and Tenth Amendments to the Constitution are examples of how the government acknowledges it does n't have complete dominion over every facet of the people 's lives , and that the federal government is not the only entity with governmental power in the United States . The Ninth Amendment reads `` The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others held by the people . '' This shows the federal government does n't have the ability to infringe upon the rights of the people in any circumstance , even if the rights are n't explicitly protected by the Constitution . The Tenth Amendment states `` The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' This limits the authority of the United States government to those powers listed in the Constitution and concedes the premise that individual States retain the powers not granted to the national government but that are also not barred to the States by the Constitution . Also , it grants that the people themselves retain power under this system of government as well . These are key points of the concept of limited government established by the Constitution in the United States because they overtly state the power of the federal government is not unlimited . Republicanism ( edit ) Where the government oversteps its authority , the people have the right , as listed in the Constitution , to make their grievances known through petition and through public elections for government office . As 16th President of the United States Abraham Lincoln once said , `` Our government rests in public opinion . '' A principle tenet of the Republican conception of limited government is what Lincoln called self - government , a `` sacred right ( ... ) at the foundation of the sense of justice . '' The rationale behind this is simple : `` No man is good enough to govern another man , without that other 's consent . '' It is the adherence to republicanism that allows citizens to perpetuate the idea that the government must not only adhere to the Constitution , it must also listen to the will of the people . If the people disapprove of the actions of those in power and the rules they legislate , they have the ability to put new people in power who will better represent the public interest . Since , under the Constitution , the government is ultimately held accountable by the people , the public always has the opportunity to keep the government 's power in check . Checks and balances ( edit ) The Constitution also partially prevents the government from expanding its own power by creating a system of checks and balances through the separation of powers . Articles One , Two , and Three of the Constitution create three separate branches of government , equal in level power , but different in responsibility , that all control the government . In assuming each branch would want to expand its powers , it was necessary that each have the ability to fend off power grabs from other branches . The three branches -- legislative , executive , and judicial -- compete with each other through certain powers that allow them to `` check '' the others and `` balance '' the government . Examples of this include the legislative branch 's power to override Presidential Vetoes and the judicial branch 's power to declare laws created by the legislative branch unconstitutional . James Madison writes in Federalist No. 51 `` But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department , consists in giving to those who administer each department , the necessary constitutional means , and personal motives , to resist encroachments of the others . '' Without the capacity of each branch to check the others , power would concentrate with a small minority and could potentially allow the minority to infringe upon the rights of the people . This would be antithetical to the purpose of the Constitution , hence a system of checks and balances was set in place . See also ( edit ) Social contract Natural and legal rights Constitutionalism Enumerated powers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` limited government '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cima , Lawrence R. ; Cotter , Patrick S. ( 1985 ) . `` The Coherence of the Concept of Limited Government '' . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management . 4 ( 2 ) : 266 . doi : 10.2307 / 3324630 . JSTOR 3324630 . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Alan . `` The Roots of Limited Government '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Jump up ^ Jay , John ; Madison , James ; Hamilton , Alexander . The Federalist Papers . Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office . `` Unenumerated Rights -- Ninth Amendment '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office . `` Tenth Amendment -- Reserved Powers -- Contents '' ( PDF ) . GPO.gov . ^ Jump up to : Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2012 ) . Lincoln Speeches . New York , NY : Penguin Books . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Madison , James . Federalist No. 51 . p. 268 . External links ( edit ) Barth , Alan , 1991 , The Roots of Limited Government Unknown , Limited Government Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limited_government&oldid=866186544 '' Categories : Classical liberalism Political ideologies Libertarian theory Minarchism Paleoconservatism Paleolibertarianism Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from August 2018 All articles needing rewrite Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2016 USA - centric Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی 日本 語 Simple English தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 20 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what is the story behind cartier love bracelet

Unlike traditional bracelets , which are either wide enough to slip them over the hand onto the wrist or can readily be opened in order to put them on , the Love bracelet is designed to be opened only by using a special screwdriver that is supplied with every bracelet . The screwdriver is also available in the form of a necklace , allowing the bracelet to be `` locked '' onto one person , while the `` key '' is kept around the neck of another , as a symbol for their commitment to their relationship .

Love bracelet ( Cartier )

love bracelet ( cartier )

The Love Bracelet ( styled L ⊝ Ve , with the horizontal line inside the letter `` O '' alluding to the bracelet 's locking mechanism ) is a piece of jewelry designed in 1969 by Aldo Cipullo for Cartier SA . Early versions of the Love Bracelet featured gold plating while more recent designs are created from solid gold . Prices for the bracelets differ depending on the item 's materials and some can exceed $35,000 . As of 2015 the Love Bracelet is still in production and Cartier has expanded the line to include products based on the original bracelet 's design , including cufflinks , rings , earrings , necklaces , and watches . In 2006 the line was considered to be the `` most successful collection in Cartier 's history . ''

The bracelet has received some criticism over its design , which some have compared to medieval chastity belts . Love Bracelets have also posed issues with airline security personnel and a Transportation Security Administration agent stated in 2015 that the bracelets were `` the biggest problem item '' due to the need for airline passengers to remove all metal items when passing through Airport security metal detectors and because a tool is needed to remove the bracelets . In the 1990s Cartier filed a lawsuit against multiple jewelry stores in Manhattan and Puerto Rico , alleging that the stores were selling counterfeit Love Bracelets . Contents ( hide ) 1 The locking mechanism 2 Variations 3 See also 4 References 5 External links The locking mechanism ( edit ) Unlike traditional bracelets , which are either wide enough to slip them over the hand onto the wrist or can readily be opened in order to put them on , the Love bracelet is designed to be opened only by using a special screwdriver that is supplied with every bracelet . The screwdriver is also available in the form of a necklace , allowing the bracelet to be `` locked '' onto one person , while the `` key '' is kept around the neck of another , as a symbol for their commitment to their relationship . Variations ( edit ) Cartier has offered the Love bracelet in 18k yellow gold , 18k `` pink '' ( rose ) gold , 18k white gold , and in platinum . Some bracelets are offered with diamonds in place of or in rotation with the screw - motif . Ceramic details and special colored precious gems have been offered as well . Pave diamond versions were made available in 2009 . Cuff versions that do not close or lock are also available . In June 2006 , Cartier introduced the Love charity bracelet , a version consisting of a silk cord and a golden ring bearing the word LOVE . Cartier donates $150 from the sale of each bracelet to a variety of charities , each backed by a celebrity . The 2009 version of the charity bracelet was promoted by actress Eva Mendes . See also ( edit ) chastity belt References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Enduring Love : The Lasting Value of the Cartier Love Bracelet '' . Vogue . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wears the Cartier Love Bracelet ? '' . Town & Country Magazine . 2015 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ballentine , Sandra ( 2006 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Prisoner of Love '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Manacled ! Why ARE so many women paying £ 4,000 for this look - at - me bracelet ... which you can only take off with a screwdriver ? '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Would you spend £ 4,000 on a bracelet that you need a SCREWDRIVER to remove ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Georgia Diebelius , Georgia ( 24 November 2015 ) . `` What not to wear to the airport : The items of clothing most likely to spark a security delay revealed '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cartier suing neighbor stores for fake bracelets . ( alleged counterfeit Cartier Love Bracelet ) '' . Women 's Wear Daily ( subscription required ) . July 26 , 1993 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` CARTIER SUES LANDAU HYMAN '' . Women 's Wear Daily ( subscription required ) . July 6 , 1998 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cartier Love Bracelet '' . 2009 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Cartier launches charity bracelet '' . 2009 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Cartier Love Collection , Cartier 's showcase website for the Love brand 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_bracelet_(Cartier)&oldid=800660769 '' Categories : Bracelets Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 22 : 36 . About Wikipedia

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who has the most mlb world series wins

In the American League , the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27 , the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9 , and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8 , including the first World Series . In the National League , the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11 , the New York / San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8 , the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 18 and won 6 , and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5 .

New York Yankees

World Series

world series

The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in North America , contested since 1903 between the American League ( AL ) champion team and the National League ( NL ) champion team . The winner of the World Series championship is determined through a best - of - seven playoff , and the winning team is awarded the Commissioner 's Trophy . As the series is played in October ( and occasionally November ) , during the fall season in North America , sometimes it has been referred to as the Fall Classic .

Prior to 1969 , the team with the best regular season win - loss record in each league automatically advanced to the World Series ; since then each league has conducted a championship series ( ALCS and NLCS ) preceding the World Series to determine which teams will advance . As of 2016 , the World Series has been contested 112 times , with the AL winning 64 and the NL winning 48 . The 2016 World Series took place between the Cleveland Indians and the Chicago Cubs . Seven games were played , with the Cubs victorious after game seven , played in Cleveland . The final score was 8 -- 7 ; the game went into extra innings after a tied score of 6 -- 6 . This was the third World Series won by the Cubs but only their first since 1908 , a period of 108 years . With the Cubs ' record - long title drought finally ended , the Indians ' championship dry spell of 68 years and counting -- the Indians last won the Series in 1948 -- is currently the longest - running Series title absence . In the American League , the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27 , the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9 , and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8 , including the first World Series . In the National League , the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11 , the New York / San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8 , the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 18 and won 6 , and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5 . As of 2016 , no team has won consecutive World Series championships since the New York Yankees in 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 -- the longest such drought in Major League Baseball history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors to the modern World Series ( 1857 -- 1902 ) 1.1 The original World Series 1.2 1892 -- 1900 : `` The Monopoly Years '' 2 Modern World Series ( 1903 -- present ) 2.1 First attempt 2.2 Boycott of 1904 2.3 1919 Black Sox Scandal 2.4 New York Yankees dynasty ( 1920 -- 1964 ) 2.4. 1 1947 -- 1964 : New York City teams dominate World Series play 2.5 The World Series in California 2.6 1969 : League Championship Series 2.7 1970s 2.7. 1 1971 : World Series at night 2.7. 2 1972 -- 1978 : Threepeat , repeats , and Fisk 's home run 2.7. 3 1976 : The designated hitter comes to the World Series 2.8 1980s 2.8. 1 1984 : Anderson becomes first to win in both leagues 2.8. 2 1988 : Kirk Gibson 's home run 2.8. 3 1989 : Earthquake 2.9 1990s 2.9. 1 1992 -- 1993 : The World Series enters Canada 2.9. 2 1994 : League Division Series 2.9. 3 1994 -- 1995 strike 2.10 2000s 2.10. 1 All - Star Game and home - field advantage ( 2003 -- 2016 ) 2.11 2010s 3 Modern World Series appearances by franchise 3.1 World Series record by team or franchise , 1903 -- 2016 3.2 Team patterns in the World Series 3.2. 1 Streaks and droughts 3.2. 2 Game - by - game 3.2. 3 Local rivalries 3.2. 3.1 Cross-town Series 3.2. 3.2 Cross-state rivalries 3.2. 4 Pennants won in different cities 3.2. 5 The original sixteen teams 3.2. 6 Expansion teams ( after 1960 ) 3.2. 7 Other notes 4 Television coverage and ratings 5 International participation 6 Image gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Precursors to the modern World Series ( 1857 -- 1902 ) Further information : List of pre-World Series baseball champions The original World Series Until the formation of the American Association in 1882 as a second major league , the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( 1871 -- 1875 ) and then the National League ( founded 1876 ) represented the top level of organized baseball in the United States . All championships were awarded to the team with the best record at the end of the season , without a postseason series being played . From 1884 to 1890 , the National League and the American Association faced each other in a series of games at the end of the season to determine an overall champion . These series were disorganized in comparison to the modern World Series , with the terms arranged through negotiation of the owners of the championship teams beforehand . The number of games played ranged from as few as three in 1884 ( Providence defeated New York three games to zero ) , to a high of fifteen in 1887 ( Detroit beat St. Louis ten games to five ) . Both the 1885 and 1890 Series ended in ties , each team having won three games with one tie game . The series was promoted and referred to as `` The Championship of the United States '' , `` World 's Championship Series '' , or `` World 's Series '' for short . In his book Krakatoa : The Day the World Exploded : August 27 , 1883 , Simon Winchester mentions in passing that the World Series was named for the New York World newspaper , but this view is disputed . The 19th - century competitions are , however , not officially recognized as part of World Series history by Major League Baseball , as it considers 19th - century baseball to be a prologue to the modern baseball era . Until about 1960 , some sources treated the 19th - century Series on an equal basis with the post-19th - century series . After about 1930 , however , many authorities list the start of the World Series in 1903 and discuss the earlier contests separately . ( For example , the 1929 World Almanac and Book of Facts lists `` Baseball World 's Championships 1884 -- 1928 '' in a single table , but the 1943 edition lists `` Baseball World Championships 1903 -- 1942 '' . ) 1892 -- 1900 : `` the monopoly years '' Following the collapse of the American Association after the 1891 season , the National League was again the only major league . The league championship was awarded in 1892 by a playoff between half - season champions . This scheme was abandoned after one season . Beginning in 1893 -- and continuing until divisional play was introduced in 1969 -- the pennant was awarded to the first - place club in the standings at the end of the season . For four seasons , 1894 -- 1897 , the league champions played the runners - up in the post season championship series called the Temple Cup . A second attempt at this format was the Chronicle - Telegraph Cup series , which was played only once , in 1900 . In 1901 , the American League was formed as a second major league . No championship series were played in 1901 or 1902 as the National and American Leagues fought each other for business supremacy ( in 1902 , the top teams instead opted to compete in a football championship ) . Modern World Series ( 1903 -- present ) Further information : List of World Series champions First attempt After two years of bitter competition and player raiding ( in 1902 , the AL and NL champions even went so far as to challenge each other to a tournament in football after the end of the baseball season ) , the National and American Leagues made peace and , as part of the accord , several pairs of teams squared off for interleague exhibition games after the 1903 season . These series were arranged by the participating clubs , as the 1880s World 's Series matches had been . One of them matched the two pennant winners , Pittsburg Pirates of the NL and Boston Americans ( later known as the Red Sox ) of the AL ; that one is known as the 1903 World Series . It had been arranged well in advance by the two owners , as both teams were league leaders by large margins . Boston upset Pittsburg by five games to three , winning with pitching depth behind Cy Young and Bill Dinneen and with the support of the band of Royal Rooters . The Series brought much civic pride to Boston and proved the new American League could beat the Nationals . Boycott of 1904 This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 1904 Series , if it had been held , would have been between the AL 's Boston Americans ( Boston Red Sox ) and the NL 's New York Giants ( now the San Francisco Giants ) . At that point there was no governing body for the World Series nor any requirement that a Series be played . Thus the Giants ' owner , John T. Brush , refused to allow his team to participate in such an event , citing the `` inferiority '' of the upstart American League . John McGraw , the Giants ' manager , even went so far as to say that his Giants were already `` world champions '' since they were the champions of the `` only real major league '' . At the time of the announcement , their new cross-town rivals , the New York Highlanders ( now the New York Yankees ) , were leading the AL , and the prospect of facing the Highlanders did not please Giants management . Boston won on the last day of the season , and the leagues had previously agreed to hold a World 's Championship Series in 1904 , but it was not binding , and Brush stuck to his original decision . In addition to political reasons , Brush also factually cited the lack of rules under which money would be split , where games would be played , and how they would be operated and staffed . During the winter of 1904 -- 1905 , however , feeling the sting of press criticism , Brush had a change of heart and proposed what came to be known as the `` Brush Rules '' , under which the series were played subsequently . One rule was that player shares would come from a portion of the gate receipts for the first four games only . This was to discourage teams from `` fixing '' early games in order to prolong the series and make more money . Receipts for later games would be split among the two clubs and the National Commission , the governing body for the sport , which was able to cover much of its annual operating expense from World Series revenue . Most importantly , the now - official and compulsory World 's Series matches were operated strictly by the National Commission itself , not by the participating clubs . With the new rules in place and the National Commission in control , McGraw 's Giants made it to the 1905 Series , and beat the Philadelphia A 's four games to one . The Series was subsequently held annually , until 1994 , when it was canceled due to a players ' strike . The list of postseason rules evolved over time . In 1925 , Brooklyn owner Charles Ebbets persuaded others to adopt as a permanent rule the 2 -- 3 -- 2 pattern used in 1924 . Prior to 1924 , the pattern had been to alternate by game or to make another arrangement convenient to both clubs . The 2 -- 3 -- 2 pattern has been used ever since save for the 1943 and 1945 World Series , which followed a 3 -- 4 pattern due to World War II travel restrictions ; in 1944 , the normal pattern was followed because both teams were based in the same home stadium . 1919 Black Sox scandal Main article : Black Sox Scandal This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gambling and game - fixing had been a problem in professional baseball from the beginning ; star pitcher Jim Devlin was banned for life in 1877 , when the National League was just two years old . Baseball 's gambling problems came to a head in 1919 , when eight players of the Chicago White Sox were alleged to have conspired to throw the 1919 World Series . The Sox had won the Series in 1917 and were heavy favorites to beat the Cincinnati Reds in 1919 , but first baseman Chick Gandil had other plans . Gandil , in collaboration with gambler Joseph `` Sport '' Sullivan , approached his teammates and got six of them to agree to throw the Series : starting pitchers Eddie Cicotte and Lefty Williams , shortstop Swede Risberg , left fielder Shoeless Joe Jackson , center fielder Happy Felsch , and utility infielder Fred McMullin . Third baseman Buck Weaver knew of the fix but declined to participate , hitting . 324 for the series from 11 hits and committing no errors in the field . The Sox , who were promised $100,000 for cooperating , proceeded to lose the Series in eight games , pitching poorly , hitting poorly and making many errors . Though he took the money , Jackson insisted to his death that he played to the best of his ability in the series ( he was the best hitter in the series , including having hit the series ' only home run , but had markedly worse numbers in the games the White Sox lost ) . During the Series , writer and humorist Ring Lardner had facetiously called the event the `` World 's Serious '' . The Series turned out to indeed have serious consequences for the sport . After rumors circulated for nearly a year , the players were suspended in September 1920 . The `` Black Sox '' were acquitted in a criminal conspiracy trial . However , baseball in the meantime had established the office of Commissioner in an effort to protect the game 's integrity , and the first commissioner , Kenesaw Mountain Landis , banned all of the players involved , including Weaver , for life . The White Sox would not win a World Series again until 2005 . The events of the 1919 Series , segueing into the `` live ball '' era , marked a point in time of change of the fortunes of several teams . The two most prolific World Series winners to date , the New York Yankees and the St. Louis Cardinals , did not win their first championship until the 1920s ; and three of the teams that were highly successful prior to 1920 ( the Boston Red Sox , Chicago White Sox and the Chicago Cubs ) went the rest of the 20th century without another World Series win . The Red Sox and White Sox finally won again in 2004 and 2005 , respectively . The Cubs had to wait over a century ( until the 2016 season ) for their next trophy . They did not appear in the Fall Classic from 1945 until 2016 , the longest drought of any MLB club . New York Yankees dynasty ( 1920 -- 1964 ) The New York Yankees purchased Babe Ruth from the Boston Red Sox after the 1919 season , appeared in their first World Series two years later in 1921 , and became frequent participants thereafter . Over a period of 45 years from 1920 to 1964 , the Yankees played in 29 World Series championships , winning 20 . The team 's dynasty reached its apex between 1947 and 1964 , when the Yankees reached the World Series 15 times in eighteen years , helped by an agreement with the Kansas City Athletics ( after that team moved from Philadelphia during 1954 -- 1955 offseason ) whereby the teams made several deals advantageous to the Yankees ( until ended by new Athletics ' owner Charles O. Finley ) . During that span , the Yankees played in all World Series except 1948 , 1954 , and 1959 , winning ten . From 1949 to 1953 , the Yankees won the World Series five years in a row ; from 1936 -- 1939 the Yankees won four World Series Championships in a row . There are only two other occasions when a team has won at least three consecutive World Series : 1972 to 1974 by the Oakland Athletics , and 1998 to 2000 by the New York Yankees . 1947 -- 1964 : New York City teams dominate World Series play In an 18 - year span from 1947 to 1964 , except for 1948 and 1959 , the World Series was played in New York City , featuring at least one of the three teams located in New York at the time . The Dodgers and Giants moved to California after the 1957 season , leaving the Yankees as the lone team in the city until the Mets were enfranchised in 1962 . During this period , other than 1948 , 1954 , and 1959 , the Yankees represented the American League in the World Series . In the years 1947 , 1949 , 1951 -- 1953 , and 1955 -- 1956 , both teams in the World Series were from New York , with the Yankees playing against either the Dodgers or Giants . The World Series in California In 1958 , the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants took their long - time rivalry to the west coast , moving to Los Angeles and San Francisco , respectively , bringing Major League Baseball west of St. Louis and Kansas City . The Dodgers were the first of the two clubs to contest a World Series on the west coast , defeating the Chicago White Sox in 1959 . The 1962 Giants made the first California World Series appearance of that franchise , losing to the Yankees . The Dodgers made three World Series appearances in the 1960s : a 1963 win over the Yankees , a 1965 win over the Minnesota Twins and a 1966 loss to the Baltimore Orioles . In 1968 , the Kansas City Athletics relocated to Oakland and the following year 1969 , the National League granted a franchise to San Diego as the San Diego Padres . The A 's became a powerful dynasty , winning three consecutive World Series from 1972 -- 1974 . In 1974 , the A 's played the Dodgers in the first all - California World Series . The Padres have two World Series appearances ( a 1984 loss to the Detroit Tigers , and a 1998 loss to the New York Yankees ) . The Dodgers won two more World Series in the 1980s ( 1981 , 1988 ) . The A 's again went to three straight world series , from 1988 -- 1990 , winning once . 1988 and 1989 were all - California series as the A 's lost to the Dodgers and beat the Giants , respectively . The Giants have been in four World Series ' in the new millennium , losing in 2002 to the Anaheim Angels ( the most - recent all - California series ) , and winning in 2010 ( Rangers ) , 2012 ( Tigers ) , and 2014 ( Royals ) . 1969 : League championship Series Prior to 1969 , the National League and the American League each crowned its champion ( the `` pennant winner '' ) based on the best win - loss record at the end of the regular season . A structured playoff series began in 1969 , when both the National and American Leagues were reorganized into two divisions each , East and West . The two division winners within each league played each other in a best - of - five League Championship Series to determine who would advance to the World Series . In 1985 , the format changed to best - of - seven . The National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) and American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) , since the expansion to best - of - seven , are always played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format : Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 are played in the stadium of the team that has home - field advantage , and Games 3 , 4 and 5 are played in the stadium of the team that does not . 1970s 1971 : World Series at night MLB night games started being held in 1935 by the Cincinnati Reds , but the World Series remained a strictly daytime event for years thereafter . In the final game of the 1949 World Series , a Series game was finished under lights for the first time . The first scheduled night World Series game was Game 4 of the 1971 World Series at Three Rivers Stadium . Afterward , World Series games were frequently scheduled at night , when television audiences were larger . Game 6 of the 1987 World Series was the last World Series game played in the daytime , indoors at the Metrodome in Minnesota . ( The last World Series played outdoors during the day was the final game of the 1984 series in Detroit 's Tiger Stadium . ) 1972 -- 1978 : threepeat , repeats , and Fisk 's home run During this seven - year period , only three teams won the World Series : the Oakland Athletics from 1972 to 1974 , Cincinnati Reds in 1975 and 1976 , and New York Yankees in 1977 and 1978 . This is the only time in World Series history in which three teams have won consecutive series in succession . This period was book - ended by World Championships for the Pittsburgh Pirates , in 1971 and 1979 . However , the Baltimore Orioles made three consecutive World Series appearances : 1969 ( losing to the `` amazing '' eight - year - old franchise New York Mets ) , 1970 ( beating the Reds in their first World Series appearance of the decade ) , and 1971 ( losing to the Pittsburgh Pirates , as well their 1979 appearance , when they again lost to the Pirates ) , and the Los Angeles Dodgers ' back - to - back World Series appearances in 1977 and 1978 ( both losses to the New York Yankees ) , as well in 1974 losing against the cross-state rival Oakland Athletics . Game 6 of the 1975 World Series is regarded by most as one of the greatest World Series games ever played . It found the Boston Red Sox winning in the 12th inning in Fenway Park , defeating the Cincinnati Reds to force a seventh and deciding game . The game is best remembered for its exciting lead changes , nail - biting turns of events , and a game - winning walk - off home run by Carlton Fisk , resulting in a 7 -- 6 Red Sox victory . 1976 : the designated hitter comes to the World Series The National and American Leagues operated under essentially identical rules until 1973 , when the American League adopted the designated hitter ( DH ) rule , allowing its teams to use another hitter to bat in place of the ( usually ) weak - hitting pitcher . The National League did not adopt the DH rule . This presented a problem for the World Series , whose two contestants would now be playing their regular - season games under different rules . From 1973 to 1975 , the World Series did not include a DH . Starting in 1976 , the World Series allowed for the use of a DH in even - numbered years only . ( The Cincinnati Reds swept the 1976 Series in four games , using the same nine - man lineup in each contest . Dan Driessen was the Reds ' DH during the series , thereby becoming the National League 's first designated hitter . ) Finally , in 1986 , baseball adopted the current rule in which the DH is used for World Series games played in the AL champion 's park but not the NL champion 's . Thus , the DH rule 's use or non-use can affect the performance of the home team . 1980s 1984 : Anderson becomes first to win in both leagues The 1984 Detroit Tigers gained distinction as just the third team in major league history ( after the 1927 New York Yankees and 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers ) to lead a season wire - to - wire , from opening day through their World Series victory . In the process , Tigers skipper Sparky Anderson became the first manager to win a World Series title in both leagues , having previously won in 1975 and 1976 with the Cincinnati Reds . 1988 : Kirk Gibson 's home run The 1988 World Series is remembered for the iconic home run by the Los Angeles Dodgers ' Kirk Gibson with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning . The Dodgers were huge underdogs against the 104 - win Oakland Athletics , who had swept the Boston Red Sox in the ALCS . Baseball 's top relief pitcher , Dennis Eckersley , closed out all four games in the ALCS , and he appeared ready to do the same in Game 1 against a Dodgers team trailing 4 - 3 in the ninth . After getting the first two outs , Eckersley walked Mike Davis of the Dodgers , who were playing without Gibson , their best position player and the NL MVP . Gibson had injured himself in the NLCS and was expected to miss the entire World Series . Yet , despite not being able to walk without a noticeable limp , Gibson surprised all in attendance at Dodger Stadium ( and all watching on TV ) by pinch - hitting . After two quick strikes and then working the count full , Gibson hit a home run to right , inspiring iconic pronouncements by two legendary broadcasters calling the game , Vin Scully ( on TV ) and Jack Buck ( on radio ) . On NBC , as Gibson limped around the bases , Scully famously exclaimed , `` the impossible has happened ! '' and on radio , Buck equally famously exclaimed , `` I do n't believe what I just saw ! '' Gibson 's home run set the tone for the series , as the Dodgers went on to beat the A 's 4 games to 1 . The severity of Gibson 's injury prevented him from playing in any of the remaining games . 1989 : earthquake This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When the 1989 World Series began , it was notable chiefly for being the first ever World Series matchup between the two San Francisco Bay Area teams , the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics . Oakland won the first two games at home , and the two teams crossed the bridge to San Francisco to play Game 3 on Tuesday , October 17 . ABC 's broadcast of Game 3 began at 5 pm local time , approximately 30 minutes before the first pitch was scheduled . At 5 : 04 , while broadcasters Al Michaels and Tim McCarver were narrating highlights and the teams were warming up , the Loma Prieta earthquake occurred ( having a surface - wave magnitude of 7.1 with an epicenter ten miles ( 16 km ) northeast of Santa Cruz , California ) . The earthquake caused substantial property and economic damage in the Bay Area and killed 63 people . Television viewers saw the video signal deteriorate and heard Michaels say `` I 'll tell you what , we 're having an earth -- '' before the feed from Candlestick Park was lost . Fans filing into the stadium saw Candlestick sway visibly during the quake . Television coverage later resumed , using backup generators , with Michaels becoming a news reporter on the unfolding disaster . Approximately 30 minutes after the earthquake , Commissioner Fay Vincent ordered the game to be postponed . Fans , workers , and the teams evacuated a blacked out ( although still sunlit ) Candlestick . Game 3 was finally played on October 27 , and Oakland won that day and the next to complete a four - game sweep . 1990s 1992 -- 1993 : the World Series enters Canada World Series games were contested outside of the United States for the first time in 1992 , with the Toronto Blue Jays defeating the Atlanta Braves in six games . The World Series returned to Canada in 1993 , with the Blue Jays victorious again , this time against the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . No other Series has featured a team from outside of the United States . Toronto is the only expansion team to win successive World Series titles . The 1993 World Series was also notable for being only the second championship concluded by a home run and the first concluded by a come - from - behind homer , after Joe Carter 's three - run shot in the bottom of the ninth inning sealed an 8 -- 6 Toronto win in Game 6 . The first Series to end with a homer was the 1960 World Series , when Bill Mazeroski hit a ninth - inning solo shot in Game 7 to win the championship for the Pittsburgh Pirates . 1994 : League division Series In 1994 , each league was restructured into three divisions , with the three division winners and the newly introduced wild card winner advancing to a best - of - five playoff round ( the `` division series '' ) , the National League Division Series ( NLDS ) and American League Division Series ( ALDS ) . The team with the best league record is matched against the wild card team , unless they are in the same division , in which case , the team with the second - best record plays against the wild card winner . The remaining two division winners are pitted against each other . The winners of the series in the first round advance to the best - of - seven NLCS and ALCS . Due to a players ' strike , however , the NLDS and ALDS were not played until 1995 . Beginning in 1998 , home field advantage was given to the team with the better regular season record , with the exception that the Wild Card team can not get home - field advantage . 1994 -- 1995 strike Main article : 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike After the boycott of 1904 , the World Series was played every year until 1994 despite World War I , the global influenza pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 , the Great Depression of the 1930s , America 's involvement in World War II , and even an earthquake in the host cities of the 1989 World Series . A breakdown in collective bargaining led to a strike in August 1994 and the eventual cancellation of the rest of the season , including the playoffs . As the labor talks began , baseball franchise owners demanded a salary cap in order to limit payrolls , the elimination of salary arbitration , and the right to retain free agent players by matching a competitor 's best offer . The Major League Baseball Players Association ( MLBPA ) refused to agree to limit payrolls , noting that the responsibility for high payrolls lay with those owners who were voluntarily offering contracts . One difficulty in reaching a settlement was the absence of a commissioner . When Fay Vincent was forced to resign in 1992 , owners did not replace him , electing instead to make Milwaukee Brewers owner Bud Selig acting commissioner . Thus the commissioner , responsible for ensuring the integrity and protecting the welfare of the game , was an interested party rather than a neutral arbiter , and baseball headed into the 1994 work stoppage without an independent commissioner for the first time since the office was founded in 1920 . The previous collective bargaining agreement expired on December 31 , 1993 , and baseball began the 1994 season without a new agreement . Owners and players negotiated as the season progressed , but owners refused to give up the idea of a salary cap and players refused to accept one . On August 12 , 1994 , the players went on strike . After a month passed with no progress in the labor talks , Selig canceled the rest of the 1994 season and the postseason on September 14 . The World Series was not played for the first time in 90 years . The Montreal Expos , now the Washington Nationals , were the best team in baseball at the time of the stoppage , with a record of 74 -- 40 ( since their founding in 1969 , the Expos / Nationals have never played in a World Series . ) The labor dispute lasted into the spring of 1995 , with owners beginning spring training with replacement players . However , the MLBPA returned to work on April 2 , 1995 after a federal judge , future U.S. Supreme Court justice Sonia Sotomayor , ruled that the owners had engaged in unfair labor practices . The season started on April 25 and the 1995 World Series was played as scheduled , with Atlanta beating Cleveland four games to two . 2000s The 2001 World Series was the first World Series to end in November , due to the week - long delay in the regular season after the September 11 attacks . Game 4 had begun on Oct. 31 but went into extra innings and ended early on the morning of Nov. 1 , the first time the Series had been played in November . Yankee shortstop Derek Jeter won the game with a 12th inning walk - off home run and was dubbed `` Mr. November '' by elements of the media -- echoing the media 's designation of Reggie Jackson as `` Mr. October '' for his slugging achievements during the 1977 World Series . With the 2006 World Series victory by the St. Louis Cardinals , Tony La Russa became the second manager to a win a World Series in both the American and National Leagues . All - Star game and home - field advantage ( 2003 -- 2016 ) Prior to 2003 , home - field advantage in the World Series alternated from year to year between the NL and AL . After the 2002 Major League Baseball All - Star Game ended in a tie , MLB decided to award home - field advantage in the World Series to the winner of the All - Star Game . Originally implemented as a two - year trial from 2003 to 2004 , the practice was extended . The American League had won every All - Star Game since this change until 2010 and thus enjoyed home - field advantage from 2002 , when it also had home - field advantage based on the alternating schedule , through 2009 . From 2003 to 2010 , the AL and NL had each won the World Series four times , but none of them had gone the full seven games . Since then , the 2011 , 2014 , and 2016 World Series have gone the full seven games . This rule is subject to debate , with various writers feeling that home - field advantage should be decided based on the regular season records of the participants , not on an exhibition game played several months earlier . Some writers especially questioned the integrity of this rule after the 2014 All - Star Game , when St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Adam Wainwright suggested that he intentionally gave Derek Jeter some easy pitches to hit in the New York Yankees ' shortstop 's final All - Star appearance before he retired at the end of that season . As Bob Ryan of The Boston Globe wrote in July 2015 about the rule : `` So now we have a game that 's not real baseball determining which league hosts Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 in the World Series . It 's not a game if pitchers throw one inning . It 's not a game if managers try to get everyone on a bloated roster into the game . It 's not a game if every franchise , no matter how wretched , has to put a player on the team ... If the game is going to count , tell the managers to channel their inner Connie Mack and go for it . '' However , within the last seven seasons , home - field advantage , in terms of deciding World Series games , has not necessarily worked for teams of said games . Since 2014 , the home team has not won the deciding game of a World Series . 2010s The San Francisco Giants won the World Series in 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 while failing to qualify to play in the postseason in the intervening seasons . The Texas Rangers were twice only one strike away from winning their first World Series title in 2011 , but the St. Louis Cardinals scored late twice in Game 6 to force a Game 7 . The Kansas City Royals reached the World Series in 2014 , which was their first appearance in the postseason since winning the series in 1985 . At the time , it was the longest postseason drought in baseball . They lost in 7 games to the Giants . The following season , the Royals finished with the American League 's best record , and won a second consecutive American League pennant . They defeated the New York Mets in the World Series 4 - 1 , capturing their first title in 30 years . In 2016 , the Chicago Cubs ended their 108 - year long drought without a World Series title by defeating the Cleveland Indians , rallying from a 3 -- 1 Series deficit in the process . That extended Cleveland 's World Series title drought to 68 years and counting -- the Indians last won the Series in 1948 -- now the longest title drought in the majors . Beginning in 2017 , home field advantage in the World Series will be awarded to the league champion team with the better regular season win - loss record. If both league champions have the same record , the second tie - breaker would be head - to - head record , and if that does not resolve it , the third tie - breaker would be best divisional record . Modern World Series appearances by franchise Further information : List of World Series champions World Series record by team or franchise , 1903 -- 2016 Teams † Series Wins Series Played Last Won Last Played New York Yankees ( AL ) ( previously New York Highlanders / Baltimore Orioles ) 27 40 2009 2009 St. Louis Cardinals ( NL ) 11 19 2011 2013 Oakland Athletics ( AL ) ( previously Philadelphia / Kansas City ) 9 14 1989 1990 San Francisco Giants ( NL ) ( previously New York ) 8 20 2014 2014 Boston Red Sox ( AL ) ( previously Americans ) 8 12 2013 2013 Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) ( previously Brooklyn ) 6 18 1988 1988 Cincinnati Reds ( NL ) ( previously Redlegs , Red Stockings ) 5 9 1990 1990 Pittsburgh Pirates ( NL ) 5 7 1979 1979 Detroit Tigers ( AL ) 4 11 1984 2012 Chicago Cubs ( NL ) 3 11 2016 2016 Atlanta Braves ( NL ) ( previously Boston Red Stockings , Beaneaters , Doves , Rustlers , Braves / Milwaukee ) 3 9 1995 1999 Baltimore Orioles ( AL ) ( previously Milwaukee Brewers / St. Louis Browns ) 3 7 1983 1983 Minnesota Twins ( AL ) ( previously 1st Washington Senators ) 3 6 1991 1991 Chicago White Sox ( AL ) 3 6 2005 2005 Philadelphia Phillies ( NL ) 2 7 2008 2009 Cleveland Indians ( AL ) 2 6 1948 2016 New York Mets ( NL , 1962 ) * 2 5 1986 2015 Kansas City Royals ( AL , 1969 ) * 2 4 2015 2015 Toronto Blue Jays ( AL , 1977 ) * 2 2 1993 1993 Miami Marlins ( NL , 1993 ) * ( previously Florida ) 2 2 2003 2003 Arizona Diamondbacks ( NL , 1998 ) * 1 1 2001 2001 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ( AL , 1961 ) * ( previously Los Angeles / California / Anaheim Angels ) 1 1 2002 2002 San Diego Padres ( NL , 1969 ) * 0 2 0 ! -- 1998 Texas Rangers ( AL , 1961 ) * ( previously 2nd Washington Senators ) 0 2 0 ! -- 2011 Milwaukee Brewers ( AL , 1969 ; NL , 1998 ) * ( previously Seattle Pilots , AL ) 0 1 0 ! -- 1982 Houston Astros ( NL , 1962 ; AL , 2013 ) * ( previously Colt . 45 's , NL ) 0 1 0 ! -- 2005 Colorado Rockies ( NL , 1993 ) * 0 1 0 ! -- 2007 Tampa Bay Rays ( AL , 1998 ) * ( previously Devil Rays ) 0 1 0 ! -- 2008 Seattle Mariners ( AL , 1977 ) * 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- Washington Nationals ( NL , 1969 ) * ( previously Montreal Expos ) 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- Key to table AL = American League NL = National League * Joined the AL or NL after 1960 † Totals include a team 's record with another nickname or in a previous city ( bracketed in small type below its current name ) . For further details , see individual team articles or Major League franchises . See also : List of World Series champions Source : MLB.com Notes American League ( AL ) teams have won 64 of the 112 World Series played ( 57 % ) . The New York Yankees have won 27 titles , accounting for 24 % of all series played and 42 % of the wins by American League teams . The St. Louis Cardinals have won 11 World Series , accounting for 10 % of all series played and 23 % of the 48 National League victories . At least one New York team has been in 54 World Series ( 48 % ) of Series played . When the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , there were eight teams in each league . These 16 franchises , all of which are still in existence , have each won at least two World Series titles . The number of teams was unchanged until 1961 , with fourteen `` expansion teams '' joining MLB since then . Twelve have played in a World Series ( the Mariners and Expos / Nationals being the two exceptions ) . The expansion teams have won ten of the 22 Series ( 45 % ) in which they have played , which is 9 % of all 112 series played since 1903 . In 2015 , the first World Series featuring only expansion teams was played between the Kansas City Royals and New York Mets . Team patterns in the World Series This information is up to date through the present time : This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Streaks and droughts See also : List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks and List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts Since their first championship in 1923 , the New York Yankees have won two or more World Series titles in every decade except the 1980s , when they won none . Additionally , they have won at least one American League pennant in every decade since the 1920s . ( They have yet to win a pennant or Series in the 2010s . ) The Yankees are the only team in either League to win more than three series in a row , winning in four consecutive seasons from 1936 to 1939 , and a still MLB record five consecutive seasons from 1949 to 1953 . The New York Giants ' four World Series appearances from 1921 to 1924 are the most consecutive appearances for any National League franchise . The Yankees are the only American League franchise to appear in four or more consecutive World Series . The 1907 -- 1908 Cubs , 1921 -- 1922 Giants and the 1975 -- 1976 Reds are the only National League teams to win back - to - back World Series . The 1907 -- 1909 Detroit Tigers and the 1911 -- 1913 New York Giants are the only teams to lose three consecutive World Series . The Chicago Cubs hold the record for the longest World Series championship drought of all time , with no titles between 1908 and 2016 ( 108 years ) . They also hold the longest ever pennant drought of all time , which stretched from 1945 to 2016 . Their pennant drought ended with a 4 - 2 series victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2016 NLCS . With the Cubs ' subsequent victory in the 2016 World Series , the longest World Series championship drought belongs to the Cleveland Indians , who have not won a World Series since 1948 . The Indians ' drought is the second longest championship drought among all four major professional sports leagues in North America ( MLB , NBA , NFL , and NHL ) ; only the NFL 's Arizona Cardinals , who last won a league championship in 1947 , when the team still operated as the Chicago Cardinals , have a longer championship drought . The team with the longest active pennant drought among AL teams that have played in a World Series at least once is the Baltimore Orioles , who have not reached a World Series since winning their last title in 1983 . The team with the longest active pennant drought among NL teams that have played in a World Series at least once is the Pittsburgh Pirates , who have not reached a World Series since winning their last title in 1979 . This also means that the Pirates hold the second longest active World Series title drought among all teams that have at least one Series and longest championship drought among NL teams that have won a Series . Twenty - two of the 28 teams to play in the World Series have won it at least once . The only exceptions are : Houston Astros ( formerly Colt . 45s , enfranchised in 1962 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( formerly Seattle Pilots , 1969 ) , San Diego Padres ( 1969 ) , Colorado Rockies ( 1993 ) , Tampa Bay Rays ( formerly Devil Rays , 1998 ) , and Texas Rangers ( formerly Washington Senators , 1961 ) . The Padres and Rangers have both lost two World Series ; the remaining teams have all lost their only Series appearance . As of the present , all teams with three or more World Series appearances have won the World Series at least once . Two teams have never played in the World Series : the National League 's Washington Nationals ( formerly Montreal Expos , established in 1969 ) , and the American League 's Seattle Mariners ( established in 1977 ) . Both franchises have participated in post-season play and competed in a League Championship Series at least once , but neither team has any League Championship Series victories . The Red Sox have the most World Series titles before their first World Series loss , winning the championship in their first five appearances -- 1903 , 1912 , 1915 , 1916 , and 1918 -- before losing in the next series they played , in 1946 . The only other teams who have more than one Series victory before their first Series loss are the Cleveland Indians ( in 1920 and 1948 ) , the Toronto Blue Jays ( in 1992 and 1993 ) , and the Miami Marlins ( in 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) . The Blue Jays and the Marlins have never lost a World Series . The American League 's Toronto Blue Jays ( 1992 and 1993 ) and National League 's Miami Marlins ( 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) hold the record for most appearances in a Series without ever losing a Series . Two other franchises have won their lone appearance : the National League 's Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2001 ) and American League 's Los Angeles Angels ( 2002 ) . The Pirates , Reds , Red Sox , and Giants are tied with the longest active streak of World Series victories ( three ) since the last time they lost a series . After losing the 1927 series to the Yankees , the Pirates have emerged victorious in the next three series in which they played ( 1960 , 1971 , and 1979 ) . The Reds last series loss prior to their current active streak of three titles ( 1975 , 1976 , and 1990 ) was in 1972 . The Red Sox are the American League leaders in this category with three consecutive titles ( 2004 , 2007 , and 2013 ) since their last series loss ( 1986 ) . The Giants lost in 2002 before winning the next three they appeared in ( 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 ) . The Yankees have the most World Series victories ( eight ) between World Series losses . After losing the 1926 World Series to the Cardinals , the Yankees won their next eight appearances in the series ( 1927 , 1928 , 1932 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , and 1941 ) before losing in 1942 to the Cardinals again . After this loss , the Yankees went on to win their next seven Series appearances ( 1943 , 1947 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , and 1953 ) before their next Series loss in 1955 to the Brooklyn Dodgers . The Cardinals are the National League leader in this category , with four titles ( 1944 , 1946 , 1964 , and 1967 ) between series losses in 1943 and 1968 . The Cubs and Dodgers are tied at seven apiece for most World Series losses between World Series victories . The Dodgers lost their first seven appearances in the Fall Classics ( 1916 , 1920 , 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , and 1953 ) before winning their first title in 1955 . The Cubs ' situation was the opposite : between winning their last two titles ( in 1908 and 2016 ) , they lost the World Series in 1910 , 1918 , 1929 , 1932 , 1935 , 1938 , and 1945 . The Cleveland Indians have four World Series losses ( 1954 , 1995 , 1997 , and 2016 ) since their last crown in 1948 , more than any other team in the American League . The longest duration without repeat World Series champions is sixteen years , dating back to the 2000 New York Yankees . The previous record of fourteen years ( in between the 1978 New York Yankees ' win and the 1993 Toronto Blue Jays ' win ) was broken when the San Francisco Giants , who won the 2014 World Series , did not qualify for the postseason in 2015 . The longest sequence of World Series in which each Series was won by a different franchise is 10 , from 1978 ( Yankees ) through 1987 ( Minnesota Twins ) . This streak was broken when the Dodgers , which had won in 1981 , won in 1988 . Game - by - game Game 7 was won by the home team in the 9 World Series between 1980 and 2013 that went to seven games ( the 1982 St. Louis Cardinals , 1985 Kansas City Royals , 1986 New York Mets , 1987 and 1991 Minnesota Twins , 1997 Florida Marlins , 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2002 Anaheim Angels , and 2011 St. Louis Cardinals ) before the Giants won game 7 on the road in 2014 . This trend reverses the previous historical trend in which Game 7 had been most often won by the road team , in 1979 , 1975 , 1972 , 1971 , 1968 , 1967 , 1965 , and 1962 . During the 1960s and 1970s , the home team had won Game 7 only in 1960 , 1964 , and 1973 . Since 2003 , when home field advantage started to be awarded to the team representing the league that won the All - Star game , the first Series that reached Game 7 was in 2011 . The greatest comebacks in World Series history were in 1968 , when the Detroit Tigers came back from a 3 -- 1 game disadvantage to win Game 5 after being behind by 3 runs , before winning games 6 and 7 on the road at St. Louis , and 2016 , when the Chicago Cubs scored three runs to win Game 5 and won the last two games in Cleveland . The 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers are the last team to win a World Series after losing the first two games on the road ( against New York ) . The recent tendency of a team winning the first two games at home and then winning the Series suggests the theoretical advantage to gaining home - field advantage ( and the first two games at home ) . The Pittsburgh Pirates won all five of their World Series championships in seven games . The Minnesota Twins / Washington Senators won all three of their World Series championships in seven games . There have been 19 World Series four - game ( 4 -- 0 ) sweeps , the most recent of which occurred in 2012 . Nine different teams have swept a World Series at least once , the Yankees having done so most often ( 8 times ) . The Red Sox , Reds , and Giants have all done it twice . The Braves , Orioles , White Sox , Dodgers , and Athletics have each swept one Series . Six of these teams ( all but the Orioles , Red Sox and White Sox ) have also been swept 0 -- 4 in at least one World Series . The Red Sox ' two World Series sweeps are the most of any team that has never been swept in one . The Reds and Yankees are the only teams to have swept each other ( The Yankees swept the Reds in 1939 , while the Reds swept the Yankees in 1976 ) . The Giants are the only team to record World Series sweeps in two different cities : New York ( 1954 ) and San Francisco ( 2012 ) . The 1999 Yankees are the last team to date , and the only one since 1966 , to sweep a World Series it began on the road ( as well as the last American League champion to date to win a World Series it began on the road ) . The 1963 Dodgers are the last National League team to date to sweep a World Series it began on the road . The Athletics , Cardinals , Cubs , and Yankees are the only teams to be swept in two World Series . The Athletics and Yankees are the only two of these with at least one World Series sweep to their credit , the other two being among nine teams overall that have never swept a World Series , but have been swept in one ( the Tigers , Astros , Indians , Padres , Phillies , Pirates , and Rockies being the others ) . The Cubs in 1907 and the Giants in 1922 won 4 games to 0 , but each of those Series ' included a tied game and are not considered to be true sweeps . In 1907 , the first game was the tie and the Cubs won four straight after that . In 1922 , Game 2 was the tie . The Cincinnati Reds were the only National League team to sweep any World Series between 1963 and 2012 , sweeping their last two series appearances to date in 1976 and 1990 . When added to their Game 7 victory in 1975 , this means that the Reds have won their last 9 consecutive World Series games , making this the current longest winning streak in terms of consecutive World Series games won . Nine World Series have ended with `` walk - off '' hits , i.e. , that game and the Series ended when the home team won with a base hit in the bottom of the ninth or in extra innings : 1924 * , 1929 , 1935 , 1953 , 1960 * , 1991 * , 1993 , 1997 * , and 2001 * . Five of these ( marked with a * ) were in a deciding Game 7 . In addition , the deciding Game 8 ( one game had ended in a tie ) of the 1912 World Series ended in a walk - off sacrifice fly . Two men have ended a World Series with a walk - off home run : Bill Mazeroski in 1960 and Joe Carter in 1993 . Mazeroski 's was a solo shot in the bottom of the ninth of Game 7 to win a championship for the Pittsburgh Pirates , while Carter 's was a three - run shot in Game 6 that won a championship for the Toronto Blue Jays . There has been one World Series that ended on a runner caught stealing , on a play that involved three future Hall of Famers . In the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 of the 1926 World Series , Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees tried to steal second base with two outs and his team trailing the St. Louis Cardinals 3 - 2 . Ruth was thrown out by Cardinals catcher Bob O'Farrell after Bob Meusel swung at and missed a pitch from Grover Cleveland Alexander . St. Louis second baseman Rogers Hornsby applied the tag on Ruth , who in his career was successful on 51 % of his stolen base attempts . Ruth , Alexander and Hornsby were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . One World Series game has ended with a pick - off of a runner . Kolten Wong of the St. Louis Cardinals was picked off of first base in Game 4 of the 2013 World Series by Boston Red Sox closer Koji Uehara . The score was 4 - 2 and rookie Wong was a pinch runner . The Philadelphia Phillies and the Tampa Bay Rays are the first teams to have an elimination game ( or any game ) be suspended because of weather , and not have it cancelled . Game 5 ( in Philadelphia ) was suspended on Monday , October 27 , 2008 with a 2 -- 2 score , and resumed in the bottom of the sixth on Wednesday , October 29 . The Phillies went on to win the game and clinch the series . Both of the Minnesota Twins ' World Series titles since relocating to the Twin Cities from Washington , D.C. ( where they were the first Washington Senators ) were in 7 game series where all games were won by the home team . The Twins accomplished this in 1987 , when the Twins defeated the St. Louis Cardinals , then 4 years later in 1991 , when the Twins defeated the Atlanta Braves . The Twins victories in both series were in games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 , while their National League opponents won games 3 , 4 , and 5 . This same scenario also occurred in 2001 , when the Arizona Diamondbacks defeated the New York Yankees . Also of note when it comes to the three series where every game was won by the home team , a pitcher was MVP . In the 1987 World Series , Frank Viola was the MVP having pitched games 1 , 4 , and 7 , and finishing with a 2 -- 1 record . In 1991 , Jack Morris achieved the same feat pitching games 1 , 4 , and 7 with a 2 -- 0 record and a no decision in game 4 , and winning MVP honors . However , Morris 's MVP came on the heels of pitching 10 shutout innings in game 7 . Finally , in 2001 , Curt Schilling and Randy Johnson took MVP honors by being the reason the Arizona Diamondbacks were in position to win the series . The Boston Red Sox have lost 4 World Series , all in 7 games . ( 1946 , 1967 , 1975 , & 1986 ) Four World Series ended with teams clinching the championship in the final game of the series which was not a game 7 and went into extra innings . The title was won this way in 1939 , 1992 , 2012 , and 2015 , with the road team winning each time . The home team has not won a deciding game of a World Series since 2013 , and has not done so in four of the last six seasons . Local rivalries See also : Major League Baseball rivalries When two teams share the same state or metropolitan area , fans often develop strong loyalties to one and antipathies towards the other , sometimes building on already - existing rivalries between cities or neighborhoods . Before the introduction of interleague play in 1997 , the only opportunity for two teams playing in the same area but in different leagues to face each other in official competition would have been in a World Series . Cross-town Series The first city to host an entire World Series was Chicago in 1906 , when the Chicago White Sox beat the Chicago Cubs in six games . Fourteen `` Subway Series '' have been played entirely within New York City , all including the American League 's New York Yankees . Thirteen of them matched the Yankees with either the New York Giants or the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League . The initial instances occurred in 1921 and 1922 , when the Giants beat the Yankees in consecutive World Series that were not technically `` subway series '' since the teams shared the Polo Grounds as their home ballpark . The Yankees finally beat the Giants the following year , their first in their brand - new Yankee Stadium , and won the two teams ' three subsequent Fall Classic match - ups in 1936 , 1937 and 1951 . The Yankees faced Brooklyn seven times in October , winning their first five meetings in 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 and 1953 , before losing to the Dodgers in 1955 , Brooklyn 's sole World Championship . The last Subway Series involving the original New York ballclubs came in 1956 , when the Yankees again beat the Dodgers . The trio was separated in 1958 when the Dodgers and Giants moved to California ( although the Yankees subsequently met and beat the now - San Francisco Giants in 1962 , and played the now - Los Angeles Dodgers four times , losing to them in a four - game sweep in 1963 , beating them back - to - back in 1977 and 1978 and losing to them in 1981 ) . An all - New York Series did not recur until 2000 , when the Yankees defeated the New York Mets in five games . The last World Series played entirely in one ballpark was the 1944 `` Streetcar Series '' between the St. Louis Cardinals and the St. Louis Browns . The Cardinals won in six games , all held in their shared home , Sportsman 's Park . The 1989 World Series , sometimes called the `` Bay Bridge Series '' or the `` BART Series '' ( after the connecting transit line ) , featured the Oakland Athletics and the San Francisco Giants , teams that play just across San Francisco Bay from each other . The series is most remembered for the major earthquake that struck the San Francisco Bay Area just before game 3 was scheduled to begin . The quake caused significant damage to both communities and severed the Bay Bridge that connects them , forcing the postponement of the series . Play resumed ten days later , and the A 's swept the Giants in four games ( the earthquake disruption of the Series almost completely overshadowed the fact that the 1989 Series represented a resumption after many decades of the October rivalry between the Giants and the A 's dating back to the early years of the 20th Century , when the then - New York Giants had defeated the then - Philadelphia Athletics in 1905 , and had lost to them in 1911 and again in 1913 ) . Cross-state rivalries The historic rivalry between Northern and Southern California added to the interest in the Oakland Athletics - Los Angeles Dodgers series in 1974 and 1988 and in the San Francisco Giants ' series against the then - Anaheim Angels in 2002 . Other than the St. Louis World Series of 1944 , the only postseason tournament held entirely within Missouri was the I - 70 Series in 1985 ( named for the Interstate Highway connecting the two cities ) between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Kansas City Royals , who won at home in the seventh game . Going into the 2017 season , there has never been an in - state World Series between the teams in Ohio ( Cleveland Indians and Cincinnati Reds ) , Florida ( Tampa Bay Rays and Florida Marlins ) , Texas ( Texas Rangers and Houston Astros -- who now both play in the American League since the Astros changed leagues in 2013 , making any future joint World Series appearance an impossibility unless one of the teams switches leagues ) , or Pennsylvania ( the Philadelphia Phillies and the Pittsburgh Pirates have been traditional National League rivals going back to the late 19th Century ) . Neither the Phillies nor the Pirates ever faced the Athletics in October during the latter team 's tenure in Philadelphia , through 1954 . The Boston Red Sox never similarly faced the Braves while the latter team played in Boston through 1952 . There also was never an all - Canada World Series between the Toronto Blue Jays and the former Montreal Expos , who never won a National League pennant when they played in that Canadian city from 1969 through 2004 . The Expos became the Washington Nationals in 2005 -- raising the possibility of a potential future `` I - 95 World Series '' between the National League team and the AL 's Baltimore Orioles , who play just 50 miles to the north of Washington . Finally , the Los Angeles and / or Anaheim Angels have never faced off in October against either the Dodgers or against the San Diego Padres for bragging rights in Southern California , although all three of those teams have appeared in the World Series at various times . Pennants won in different cities The Braves are the only team to have both won and lost a World Series in three different home cities ( Boston , Milwaukee , and Atlanta ) . The Athletics have had three different home cities ( Philadelphia , Kansas City , and Oakland ) , but have appeared in the World Series ( both winning and losing ) while based in only two of them ( Philadelphia and Oakland ) . Three other teams have both won and lost the Fall Classic in two different home cities : The Dodgers ( Brooklyn and Los Angeles ) , the Giants ( New York and San Francisco ) , and the Twins ( the Twin Cities and Washington , D.C. , as the first Senators ) . The Orioles are the only other team to have played in the World Series in two different home cities ( Baltimore and St. Louis , as the Browns ) , but all three of their titles ( and three of their four losses ) have come while based in Baltimore . The original sixteen teams At the time the first modern World Series began in 1903 , each league had eight clubs , all of which survive today ( although sometimes in a different city or with a new nickname ) , comprising the `` original sixteen '' . Every original team has won at least two World Series titles . The Philadelphia Phillies ( National League ) were the last of the original teams to win their first Series , in 1980 . They were also the last to win at least two , with their second Series victory in 2008 . The Cubs were the first team to win the series twice , in 1907 and 1908 . The last original American League team to win its first World Series was the Baltimore Orioles ( former St. Louis Browns , originally the Milwaukee Brewers ) , winning in 1966 . They were also the last original American League team to win their second title , doing so in 1970 . The Orioles were also the last original team in the majors to make their first World Series appearance , as the St. Louis Browns in 1944 . Although they never won another American League pennant while in St. Louis , they have won three World Series in six appearances since moving to Baltimore . The St. Louis Cardinals were the last original National League team to appear in or win a modern World Series , doing both in 1926 . They have subsequently won more World Series than any other National League club : 11 championships through 2016 . The New York Yankees have defeated all eight original NL teams in a World Series . Conversely , they have lost at least one World Series to six of the original NL teams , never losing to the Chicago Cubs or the Philadelphia Phillies . The Boston Red Sox have played at least one Series against every original National League team except the ( Boston , Milwaukee and Atlanta ) Braves , with whom they shared a home city through 1952 . The St. Louis Cardinals are currently the only club of the National League 's original eight that holds an overall Series lead over the Yankees , 3 to 2 , taking that lead in 1964 . The Giants won their first two Series over the Yankees ( 1921 and 1922 ) , but the Yankees have faced the Giants five times since then and have won all five , taking the overall lead over the Giants in 1937 . The Pittsburgh Pirates and Yankees have faced each other twice ( 1927 and 1960 ) , with the Yankees winning in 1927 and the Pirates winning in 1960 , making the two teams . 500 against each other . Since the two leagues expanded beyond eight teams apiece in 1961 , the American League 's Cleveland Indians are the only original team that has not won a World Series against the larger field of competitors . The 2015 World Series was the first ever World Series to not feature any of the original sixteen teams . Expansion teams ( after 1960 ) The 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks won their first pennant and World Series in fewer seasons than any other expansion team ( both attained in their 4th season ) . The 1997 World Series Champion Florida Marlins achieved these milestones in the second - fewest number of seasons ( fifth season ) . The fastest AL expansion franchise to win a pennant was the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ( 11th season ) and the fastest AL expansion franchise to win a World Series was the Toronto Blue Jays in 1992 ( 16th season ) . While the New York Mets ( NL ) were the first expansion team to win or appear in the World Series ( doing both in 1969 ) , the American League would have to wait until 1980 for its first expansion - team World Series appearance , and until 1985 for its first expansion - team win . Both were by the Kansas City Royals . The AL also had two expansion teams appear in the World Series ( the Milwaukee Brewers being the second , in 1982 ) before the National League 's second expansion team to appear -- the San Diego Padres in 1984 . 12 expansion teams have now played in at least one Series . Until 2015 , all World Series matchups featured at least one of the 16 teams established by 1903 . As of the end of the 2014 edition , expansion teams were 9 -- 12 in the World Series , with three teams ( the New York Mets , Toronto Blue Jays and Miami Marlins ) each winning two . The Kansas City Royals , the then - Anaheim Angels and the Arizona Diamondbacks had each won one Series by the end of the 2014 season . With the New York Mets defeating the Chicago Cubs in a four - game sweep in the 2015 National League Championship Series and the Kansas City Royals defeating the Toronto Blue Jays in six games in the 2015 American League Championship Series , the 2015 World Series became the first ever World Series matchup in which both teams were expansion teams , where the Mets ( whose first season occurred in 1962 ) faced off against the Kansas City Royals ( whose first season occurred in 1969 ) , with the Royals winning in five games . Had the AL championship series ended differently , 2015 would have still been an all - expansion - team Series , as Toronto is also an expansion franchise . Six expansion teams have appeared in the World Series without ever winning a championship : twice for the Texas Rangers ( formerly the second Washington Senators ) and San Diego Padres , and once each for the Houston Astros ( formerly Colt . 45s ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( formerly Seattle Pilots ) , Colorado Rockies , and Tampa Bay Rays ( formerly Devil Rays ) . Two expansion teams have not yet won a league pennant ( and therefore also have not appeared in a World Series ) : the American League 's Seattle Mariners and the National League 's Washington Nationals ( formerly Montreal Expos ) . Both teams have competed in postseason play and appeared in their respective League Championship Series at least once , but have no League Championship Series victories . The Toronto Blue Jays ( 1992 and 1993 ) , Miami Marlins ( 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) , Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2001 ) and Los Angeles Angels ( 2002 ) have never lost a World Series appearance . Other notes The team with the better regular season winning percentage has won the World Series 53 times , or 48.62 % ( 53 of 109 ) of the time . Three World Series featured teams with identical records ( 1949 , 1958 , 2013 ) . The Toronto Blue Jays are the only Canadian team ever to win a pennant or a World Series , doing both twice , in 1992 and 1993 . The Chicago Cubs are the only team with a World Series title that have never clinched one at home . Three series have matched up the previous two World Champions , with the New York Yankees winning all three . The 1928 World Series was contested by the 1926 champion Cardinals and 1927 champion Yankees ; the Yankees won the series 4 - 0 . In 1943 , the 1941 champion Yankees met the 1942 champion Cardinals , which the Yankees won 4 - 1 . In the 1958 World Series , the 1956 champion Yankees faced the 1957 champion Milwaukee Braves ; the Yankees won this series 4 - 3 . The 2012 National League Championship Series also matched up the previous two World Champions : the 2010 champion Giants and the 2011 champion Cardinals ; the Giants won this series 4 - 3 . As of the present , there are two World Series that can not have a rematch , the 1982 World Series between the NL champion St. Louis Cardinals and AL champion Milwaukee Brewers and the 2005 World Series between the AL champion Chicago White Sox and NL champion Houston Astros . The Brewers , who were inaugurated by the American League as the Seattle Pilots in 1969 and relocated to Milwaukee in 1970 , were moved to the NL starting in 1998 . The Astros , who were inaugurated by the National League in 1962 as the Houston Colt . 45s and adopted their current name in 1965 , were moved to the AL starting in 2013 . Therefore , the latest postseason round where the Brewers could face the Cardinals today would be in the National League Championship Series ( which has occurred once , in 2011 ) while the latest postseason round where the Astros could face the White Sox today would be in the American League Championship Series ( has never occurred ) . This makes the Brewers the only team in MLB to have played in both the American League Championship Series and National League Championship Series . The 2015 World Series game 1 between the New York Mets and the Kansas City Royals was the longest game 1 in history at 5 hours and 9 minutes . Yogi Berra of the New York Yankees holds the record for most World Series championships by a player with 10 . Joe DiMaggio of the Yankees is second with 9 . Joe McCarthy and Casey Stengel are tied for the most World Series titles by a manager with 7 apiece , all 14 of them with the Yankees . Connie Mack managed the Philadelphia Athletics to 5 World Series crowns . The all - time World Series single - game attendance record is 92,706 , set in Game 5 of the 1959 World Series at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the temporary home of the Los Angeles Dodgers until Dodger Stadium opened in 1962 . The Chicago White Sox defeated the Dodgers 1 - 0 in the record - setting game . Games 3 and 4 of that series also drew crowds in excess of 92,000 . Television coverage and ratings See also : List of World Series broadcasters and World Series television ratings When the World Series was first broadcast on television in 1947 , it was only televised to a few surrounding areas via coaxial inter-connected stations : New York City ; Philadelphia ; Schenectady / Albany , New York ; Washington , D.C. and surrounding suburbs / environs . In 1948 , games in Boston were only seen in the Northeast . Meanwhile , games in Cleveland were only seen in the Midwest and Pittsburgh . The games were open to all channels with a network affiliation . In all , the 1948 World Series was televised to fans in seven Midwestern cities : Cleveland , Chicago , Detroit , Milwaukee , St. Louis , and Toledo . By 1949 , World Series games could now be seen east of the Mississippi River . The games were open to all channels with a network affiliation . By 1950 , World Series games could be seen in most of the country , but not all . 1951 marked the first time that the World Series was televised coast to coast . Meanwhile , 1955 marked the first time that the World Series was televised in color . Network Number broadcast Years broadcast Future scheduled telecasts ABC 11 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1977 , 1979 , 1981 , 1983 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 1995 ( Games 1 , 4 -- 5 ) CBS 8 1947 ( Games 3 -- 4 ) , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 DuMont 3 1947 ( Games 2 , 6 -- 7 ) , 1948 , 1949 Fox 18 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 , 2021 NBC 39 1947 ( Games 1 , 5 ) , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 , 1995 ( Games 2 -- 3 , 6 ) , 1997 , 1999 ^ * : Not currently broadcasting Major League Baseball . ^ * * : Per the current broadcast agreement , the World Series will be televised by Fox through 2021 . ^ * * * : Gillette , which sponsored World Series telecasts exclusively from roughly 1947 to 1965 ( prior to 1966 , the Series announcers were chosen by the Gillette Company along with the Commissioner of Baseball and NBC ) , paid for airtime on DuMont 's owned - and - operated Pittsburgh affiliate , WDTV ( now KDKA - TV ) to air the World Series . In the meantime , Gillette also bought airtime on ABC , CBS , and NBC . More to the point , in some cities , the World Series was broadcast on three different stations at once . ^ * * * * : NBC was originally scheduled to televise the entire 1995 World Series ; however , due to the cancellation of the 1994 Series ( which had been slated for ABC , who last televised a World Series in 1989 ) , coverage ended up being split between the two networks . Game 5 is , to date , the last Major League Baseball game to be telecast by ABC ( had there been a Game 7 , ABC would 've televised it ) . This was the only World Series to be produced under the `` Baseball Network '' umbrella ( a revenue sharing joint venture between Major League Baseball , ABC , and NBC ) . In July 1995 , both networks announced that they would be pulling out of what was supposed to be a six - year - long venture . NBC would next cover the 1997 ( NBC 's first entirely since 1988 ) and 1999 World Series over the course of a five - year - long contract , in which Fox would cover the World Series in even numbered years ( 1996 , 1998 , and 2000 ) . International participation See also : Baseball § Around - the - world , and History of baseball outside the United States Despite its name , the World Series remains solely the championship of the major - league baseball teams in the United States and Canada , although MLB , its players , and North American media sometimes informally refer to World Series winners as `` world champions of baseball '' . The United States , Canada , and Mexico ( Liga Méxicana de Béisbol , established 1925 ) were the only professional baseball countries until a few decades into the 20th century . The first Japanese professional baseball efforts began in 1920 . The current Japanese leagues date from the late 1940s ( after World War II ) . Various Latin American leagues also formed around that time . By the 1990s , baseball was played at a highly skilled level in many countries . Reaching North America 's high - salary major leagues is the goal of many of the best players around the world , which gives a strong international flavor to the Series . Many talented players from Latin America , the Caribbean , the Pacific Rim , and elsewhere now play in the majors . One notable exception is Cuban citizens , because of the political tensions between the US and Cuba since 1959 ( yet a number of Cuba 's finest ballplayers have still managed to defect to the United States over the past half - century to play in the American professional leagues ) . Japanese professional players also have a difficult time coming to the North American leagues . They become free agents only after nine years playing service in the NPB , although their Japanese teams may at any time `` post '' them for bids from MLB teams , which commonly happens at the player 's request . Several tournaments feature teams composed only of players from one country , similar to national teams in other sports . The World Baseball Classic , sponsored by Major League Baseball and sanctioned by the sport 's world governing body , the World Baseball Softball Confederation ( WBSC ) , uses a format similar to the FIFA World Cup to promote competition between nations every four years . The WBSC has since added the Premier12 , a tournament also involving national teams ; the first event was held in 2015 , and is planned to be held every four years ( in the middle of the World Baseball Classic cycle ) . The World Baseball Classic is held in March and the Premier12 is held in November , allowing both events to feature top - level players from all nations . The predecessor to the WBSC as the sport 's international governing body , the International Baseball Federation , also sponsored a Baseball World Cup to crown a world champion . However , because the World Cup was held during the Northern Hemisphere summer , during the playing season of almost all top - level leagues , its teams did not feature the best talent from each nation . As a result , baseball fans paid little or no attention to the World Cup and generally disregarded its results . The Caribbean Series features competition among the league champions from Mexico , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , and Venezuela but unlike the FIFA Club World Cup , there is no club competition that features champions from all professional leagues across the world . Image gallery Rooftop view of a 1903 World Series game in Boston Game action in the 1906 Series in Chicago ( the only all - Chicago World Series to date ) Bill Wambsganss completes his unassisted triple play in 1920 Washington 's Bucky Harris scores his home run in the fourth inning of Game 7 ( October 10 , 1924 ) The Chicago Cubs celebrate winning the 2016 World Series , which ended the club 's 108 - year championship drought . See also Baseball portal AL pennant winners ( 1901 -- 1968 ) AL Wild Card winners ( since 1994 ) Americas Baseball Cup Asia Series Asian Baseball Championship Baseball at the Asian Games Baseball at the Central American and Caribbean Games Baseball at the Pan American Games Baseball at the Summer Olympics Baseball World Cup Caribbean Series Chronicle - Telegraph Cup College World Series European Baseball Championship European Champion Cup Final Four European Cup ( baseball ) Home advantage Intercontinental Cup ( International Baseball Federation ( IBAF ) ) Japan Series Korean Series Little League World Series MLB division winners MLB franchise postseason droughts MLB postseason MLB postseason teams MLB rivalries Negro World Series NL pennant winners ( 1876 -- 1968 ) NL Wild Card winners ( since 1994 ) Temple Cup Women 's Baseball World Cup World Baseball Classic World Series broadcasters World Series champions World Series starting pitchers World Series television ratings Notes Jump up ^ `` World Series trophy profile '' . mlb.mlb.com . December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Enders , Eric ( 2007 ) . The Fall Classic : The Definitive History of the World Series . Sterling Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4770 - 0 . , et al . Jump up ^ `` List of World Series at Baseball Reference '' . Baseball Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` World Series : A Comprehensive History of the World Series '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved October 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Roger ( 2003 ) . The First World Series and the Baseball Fanatics of 1903 . Northeastern . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 561 - 2 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Simon ( 2005 ) . Krakatoa : The Day the World Exploded August 27 , 1883 . New York City : HarperCollins . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 083859 - 1 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barak , Tal ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` World Series ? Wait a Minute ... '' . NPR . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Summary '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ for example , Ernest Lanigan 's Baseball Cyclopedia from 1922 , and Turkin and Thompson 's Encyclopedia of Baseball series throughout the 1950s . Jump up ^ The Sporting News Record Book , which began publishing in the 1930s , listed only the modern Series , but also included regular - season achievements for all the 19th century leagues . Also , a paperback from 1961 called World Series Encyclopedia , edited by Don Schiffer , mentioned the 1880s and 1890s Series in the introduction but otherwise left them out of the discussion . Jump up ^ page 776 of the facsimile edition , published by the American Heritage Press and Workman Publishing , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 071881 - 4 Jump up ^ page 677 . The World Almanac has also long since modified that list 's heading to read simply `` World Series Results '' . Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Temple Cup at Baseball Library Jump up ^ `` BASEBALL LEGISLATION . -- The National League Abolishes the Temple Cup Series -- New Rule as to Drafting Players '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . November 13 , 1897 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 51 Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 52 -- 54 Jump up ^ `` FIVE GREAT MOMENTS AT THREE RIVERS STADIUM '' . The Sporting News . 2000 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . The first night game in World Series history was a thrilling one for Pittsburgh fans . Jump up ^ Tramel , Berry ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` World Series : Turn back clock on baseball '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Bless You Boys : A Celebration of the ' 84 Tigers '' at mlb.com `` . Detroit.tigers.mlb.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Nate ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` When will we end the charade of the All - Star game deciding World Series home - field advantage ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Should the All - Star Game ' count ' ? '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Did Wainwright let up on Jeter ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Machir , Troy ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Adam Wainwright admits , then denies he served fat pitch to Jeter '' . Sporting News . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Whatever happened to the All - Star Game ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Peace & glove : Owners , players reach CBA deal '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Most of the changes were regarding issues that had been discussed for weeks , but one surprising twist is that home - field advantage in the World Series will no longer be tied to the All - Star Game , as first reported by The Associated Press . Instead , the pennant winner with the better regular - season record will get home - field advantage in the Fall Classic . Jump up ^ `` Mets - Royals World Series is the first between 2 expansion teams '' . Newsday . October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series ended with walk - off hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Game 8 play by play , 1912 World Series Jump up ^ Barra , Allen ( October 2006 ) . `` The Greatest Series ? '' . American Heritage Magazine . 57 ( 5 ) . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil . `` Mets - Royals World Series is the first between 2 expansion teams -- Newsday '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Mike ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` TV signals limited viewing of 1948 World Series '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Will Carry Series on 5 Networks '' . Schenectady Gazette . Associated Press . September 24 , 1948 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 24 , 1948 ) . `` All Chains Get Offer on Series TV '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C4 . Jump up ^ Buttefield , C.E. ( September 19 , 1949 ) . `` World Series Via Video Destined for 45 Stations '' . The St. Petersburg Independent . Associated Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Drebinger , John ( October 5 , 1949 ) . `` Reynolds to Face Newcombe ( Maybe ) in Opener of Series Today '' . New York Times . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 16 , 1950 ) . `` TELEVISION ALL SET TO HIT LINE FOR GRID FANS '' . Chicago Tribune . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Wolters , Larry ( October 1 , 1950 ) . `` TELEVISION COMES OF AGE AND STARS FLOCK TO SIGN UP '' . Chicago Tribune . p . NW_B1 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( October 5 , 1950 ) . `` TV STRIKES OUT ON TWO INNINGS OF WORLD SERIES '' . Chicago Tribune . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Coast - to - Coast TV Lights Up For San Francisco Parley '' . Christian Science Monitor . Associated Press . September 4 , 1951 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 16 , 1951 ) . `` TELEVISION SET FOR A BOMBING SEASON '' . Chicago Tribune . p . N_D1 . Jump up ^ `` COAST - TO - COAST TV CARRIES PLAY - OFF '' . New York Times . October 2 , 1951 . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Adams , Val ( September 27 , 1955 ) . `` DUROCHER MEETS WITH NBC ON JOB '' . New York Times . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Crosby , John ( October 5 , 1955 ) . `` Series In Color Lacked Black And White 's Clarity '' . Hartford Courant . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Baseball Scores $12 Billion In Television Deals '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallant , Joseph . `` Channel 12 : Feedback '' . DuMont Television Network Historical Website . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frank Thomas in the Chicago White Sox victory celebration in 2005 exclaimed `` We 're world 's champions , baby ! '' At the close of the 2006 Series , Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig called the St. Louis Cardinals `` champions of the world '' . Likewise , the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine for November 6 , 2006 , featured Series MVP David Eckstein and was subtitled `` World Champions '' . Immediately after the final putout of the 2008 World Series , Philadelphia Phillies broadcaster Harry Kalas commented that `` the Philadelphia Phillies are 2008 World Champions of baseball ! '' References Ernest Lanigan , Baseball Cyclopedia , 1922 , originally published by Baseball Magazine , available as a reprint from McFarland . Turkin , Hy ; S.C. Thompson ( 1951 ) . The Official Encyclopedia of Baseball . A.S. Barnes and Company . Buchanan , Lamont ( 1951 ) . The World Series and Highlights of Baseball . E.P. Dutton & Company . Jordan A. Deutsch , Richard M. Cohen , David Neft , Roland T. Johnson , The Scrapbook History of Baseball , 1975 , Bobbs - Merrill Company . Cohen , Richard M. ; David Neft ; Roland T. Johnson ; Jordan A. Deutsch ( 1976 ) . The World Series . Dial Press . The New York Times ( 1980 ) . The Complete Book of Baseball : A Scrapbook History . Sporting News , Baseball Record Book and Baseball Guide , published annually since ca . 1941 . Lansch , Jerry ( 1991 ) . Glory Fades Away : The Nineteenth Century World Series Rediscovered . Taylor Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 726 - 1 . 100 Years of the World Series ( DVD ) . Major League Baseball . 2002 . Further reading Auf Der Mar , Nick . `` World Series Fever Offers No Relief from Agony of Stadium Envy . '' The ( Montreal ) Gazette . October 30 , 1991 ( p . A2 ) . Dickey , Glenn . The History of the World Series Since 1903 . New York : Stein and Day , 1984 . Seymour , Harold . Baseball : The Early Years . New York : Oxford University Press , 1960 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505912 - 3 . Sutherland , Norman . `` Unhappy Start for Yankees . '' The ( Glasgow ) Herald . March 20 , 1999 ( p. 9 ) . Thorn , John et al. Total Baseball . Kingston , New York : Total Sports Publishing , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 930844 - 01 - 8 ( pp. 265 -- 280 ) . Minneapolis Star Tribune . `` Q & A on the News . '' October 29 , 1999 ( p . A2 ) . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Series . WorldSeries.com -- Official website Baseball Reference `` postseason '' page , listing every World Series , with links to play - by - play summaries of every game Sporting News : History of the World Series Baseball Almanac : World Series List of World Series Winning Rosters Coolest World Series teams ever ESPN Classic -- Who 's # 1 ? : Best World Series ( show ) World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series ( show ) Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS NLWC AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS ALWC Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Steroid usage Drug policy Doping Pittsburgh drug trials Mitchell Report MLB players named MLB players suspended for doping Biogenesis baseball scandal Jose Canseco books Juiced Vindicated Barry Bonds - related articles BALCO scandal Game of Shadows perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training ( Cactus League , Grapefruit League ) Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Series&oldid=796131543 '' Categories : World Series Annual sporting events in the United States October sporting events Recurring sporting events established in 1903 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons العربية Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia

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who plays general talbot on agents of shield

Pasdar also played a role on The Lying Game as Alec Rybak , a corrupt district attorney . He currently plays the recurring role of Glenn Talbot on the Marvel TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D and Nolan Burgess on the series Colony . He also starred in the pilot of the Amazon Studios series The After . He will also portray the DC Comics character Morgan Edge in season 3 of The CW 's Supergirl .

Pasdar

Adrian Pasdar

adrian pasdar

Adrian Pasdar ( born April 30 , 1965 ) is an American actor and voice artist . He is known for playing Jim Profit on the TV series Profit , for his roles in Near Dark , Carlito 's Way , Mysterious Ways and as Nathan Petrelli on Heroes . Additionally , he directed the feature film Cement . Pasdar is the voice of Iron Man in Marvel Anime , as well as in the animated series , Ultimate Spider - Man and Avengers Assemble . He also played Alec Rybak , district attorney on The Lying Game .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Acting career 3 Acting and directing 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 Personal life 5 Awards and nominations 6 Filmography 6.1 Director 7 Audiobook narration 8 Further reading 9 References 10 External links Early years ( edit ) Pasdar was born in Pittsfield , Massachusetts . His father , Homayoon Pasdar , was an Iranian American immigrant and cardiac surgeon , with a practice near Philadelphia . His mother , Rosemarie ( née Sbresny ) , worked as a travel agent . He has a sister , Anamarie Pasdar , a theatrical artistic director and producer . Acting career ( edit ) Pasdar turned his attention to campus stage productions and rediscovered an early interest in writing and acting . No longer able to play football , he dropped out of school and returned home , taking a job with a theater group , People 's Light and Theatre Company . There he worked on sound and lighting as part of the stage crew responsible for set construction . He had a painful accident on the set , cutting off the end of his left thumb . His resulting medical compensation paid for attendance at the Lee Strasberg Theater Institute in New York City . Pasdar was also selected to play a bit part as a police officer in the Dixie Chicks video for their song , `` Goodbye Earl '' . The music video won both the Academy of Country Music and the Country Music Association 's Video of the Year Awards in 2000 . Acting and directing ( edit ) Film ( edit ) At the age of 19 , he auditioned for a role in Top Gun . Director Tony Scott was so impressed that he wrote the part of `` Chipper '' just for him . This led to bigger roles in Solarbabies ( 1986 ) , Streets of Gold ( 1986 ) , and Kathryn Bigelow 's cult vampire movie Near Dark ( 1987 ) , with Pasdar in the lead role of Caleb Colton . Other major roles include Vital Signs ( 1990 ) . Pasdar got his biggest break in movies , when he starred as a beautiful woman opposite Julie Walters in the British movie Just Like a Woman . In 1992 , he left Hollywood and returned to New York , working as a cashier for room and board , while taking the occasional small part , such as Frankie in Brian De Palma 's Carlito 's Way ( 1993 ) . Adrian Pasdar wrote and directed the short film Beyond Belief and directed his first feature film , the art - house neo-noir Cement , a contemporary re-telling of Othello , in 1999 . The $1.7 million independent feature , which won Best Picture awards on the festival circuit , starred Chris Penn , Jeffrey Wright , Sherilyn Fenn , Henry Czerny and was written by Farscape 's screenwriter Justin Monjo . `` I 've used every ounce of energy and every drop of money I had to make Cement , '' Pasdar said . Television ( edit ) Pasdar 's major break into television came in 1996 , when he was cast as the title character on the short - lived but critically acclaimed Fox series Profit . He also guest starred in the 2 hour season finale of the fourth season of Touched by an Angel , `` The Spirit of Liberty Moon '' . From 2000 to 2002 , Pasdar played the lead role of Anthropology Professor Declan Dunn in the spooky cult drama series Mysterious Ways on PAX . Pasdar played David McClaren in the final two seasons of the long - running CBS drama Judging Amy , from 2003 through 2005 . In 2006 , he had a high - profile guest role as Gabrielle Solis 's sleazy lawyer in Desperate Housewives . He starred as Nathan Petrelli in the NBC superhero drama Heroes . Pasdar based his mysterious character on `` the most morally liquid characters '' that he 's encountered in his life . The character is not based on one particular political figure , but on a melange of different ones , both good and bad . Pasdar 's character was killed off in an episode that aired November 30 , 2009 . Pasdar voices Hawkeye in the animated series The Super Hero Squad Show and voiced Captain America in the Black Panther animated series . Having also voiced Iron Man in the English dub of the Iron Man anime series , Pasdar reprises the role in Marvel 's Avengers Assemble , Ultimate Spider - Man , and Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. . Pasdar also played a role on The Lying Game as Alec Rybak , a corrupt district attorney . He currently plays the recurring role of Glenn Talbot on the Marvel TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D and Nolan Burgess on the series Colony . He also starred in the pilot of the Amazon Studios series The After . He will also portray the DC Comics character Morgan Edge in season 3 of The CW 's Supergirl . Personal life ( edit ) Pasdar married Natalie Maines of the Dixie Chicks on June 24 , 2000 . They have two sons , Jackson Slade Pasdar ( born March 15 , 2001 ) and Beckett Finn Pasdar ( born July 14 , 2004 ) . On July 5 , 2017 , Maines announced that she and Pasdar are divorcing after 17 years of marriage . Pasdar is a guitarist for charity rock band Band from TV . Part of the proceeds from the band 's concerts go to his nominated charity , the Rush Epilepsy Center . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Wins for Acting 2009 : Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films : Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor in Television , Heroes Award Wins for Directing 2000 : AngelCiti film festival : Audience Award , Cement Other Award Wins 2009 ( ensemble ) : Hollywood Note Foundation 's Change the World Awards , Humanitarian Award of Inspiration : Band From TV Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Director / Series creator Other notes 1986 Top Gun Lieutenant Charles `` Chipper '' Piper Tony Scott Film Debut Solarbabies Darstar Alan Johnson Streets of Gold Timmy Boyle Joe Roth Made in U.S.A. Dar Ken Friedman Near Dark Caleb Colton Kathryn Bigelow Cookie Vito Susan Seidelman Torn Apart Ben Arnon Jack Fisher The Lost Capone Ricard Hart / Jimmy Capone John Gray Lead Vital Signs Michael Chatham Marisa Silver 1991 Shanghai 1920 Dawson Cole Po - Chih Leong Grand Isle Robert Lebrun Mary Lambert Just Like a Woman Gerald Tilson / Geraldine Christopher Monger Ghost Brigade Captain John Harling George Hickenlooper Carlito 's Way Frankie Taglialucci Brian De Palma The Last Good Time Eddie Bob Balaban Shadows of Desire Jude Snow Sam Pillsbury 1995 Slave of Dreams Joseph Robert M. Young A Mother 's Gift William Deal Jerry London Profit Jim Profit David Greenwalt , John McNamara Lead The Pompatus of Love Josh Richard Schenkman Feds C. Oliver Resor Recurring role Wounded Hanaghan Richard Martin Love in Another Town Jake Cantrell Lorraine Senna Touched by Evil ( television film ) Jerry Braskin James A. Contner Co-starred with Paula Abdul House of Frankenstein 1997 Detective Vernon Coyle Peter Werner 1998 The Outer Limits Tanner Brooks David Warry - Smith Guest appearance : 4.5 - `` In the Zone '' 1999 Port Chicago Mutiny ( TV movie ) Lt. Maravich Kevin Hooks Film is mentioned in article Port Chicago disaster . Re Pasdar 's Role 2000 -- 2002 Mysterious Ways Declan Dunn Peter O'Fallon Lead 2002 The Twilight Zone Andrew Lomax Peter O'Fallon Season 1 - Episode 4 - `` Dream Lover '' 2003 -- 2005 Judging Amy David McClaren Amy Brenneman , Bill D'Elia , John Tinker Recurring role ( Seasons 5 - 6 ) 2003 Secondhand Lions Traveling Salesman Tim McCanlies 2005 Desperate Housewives David Bradley Marc Cherry Guest appearances : 2.4 `` My Heart Belongs to Daddy '' , 2.5 `` They Asked Me Why I Believe In You '' , 2.6 `` I Wish I Could Forget You '' 2006 -- 2009 Heroes Nathan Petrelli ( seasons 1 - 3 ) Sylar ( season 4 ) Tim Kring Main cast 2008 Home Movie David Poe Christopher Denham 2009 The Super Hero Squad Show Clint Barton / Hawkeye Voice Black Panther Steve Rogers / Captain America Voice 2011 Castle Mark Fallon Andrew W. Marlowe Guest Appearance : 3.16 `` Setup '' & 3.17 `` Countdown '' 2011 Chasing Leprechauns Michael Garrett Kevin Connor Lead 2011 Marvel Anime : Iron Man Tony Stark / Iron Man Voice : English dub 2011 -- 2013 The Lying Game Alec Rybak 29 episodes 2011 Young Justice Hugo Strange Voice 2012 Ultimate Spider - Man Tony Stark / Iron Man Voice 2012 Political Animals President Paul Garcetti 2013 -- 2017 Avengers Assemble Tony Stark / Iron Man Voice 2013 Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Tony Stark / Iron Man Voice 2013 Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel Tony Stark / Iron Man Voice 2013 Lego Marvel Super Heroes Tony Stark / Iron Man Voice 2013 Burn Notice Randall Burke Matt Nix Season 7 - 4 episodes 2013 Iron Man & Hulk : Heroes United Tony Stark / Iron Man Voice 2014 Iron Man and Captain America : Heroes United Tony Stark / Iron Man Voice 2014 -- present Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Glenn Talbot Recurring role 2015 -- present Transformers : Robots in Disguise Micronus Voice 2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Tony Stark / Iron Man Avalanche Studios Video game Voice 2016 -- present Colony Nolan Burgess Carlton Cuse Recurring role Director ( edit ) Year Title Writer Producer Main cast Other notes 1999 Cement Justin Monjo D.J. Paul , Adrian Pasdar Chris Penn Jeffrey Wrigh Sherilyn Fenn Anthony DeSando Henry Czerny Also co-producer and composer Audiobook narration ( edit ) In 2010 , Pasdar narrated an audiobook edition of the cult novel Queer Fish in God 's Waiting Room by the British writer Lee Henshaw . It was released in early 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Bridget Byrne . `` Adrian Pasdar 's television , film career working in Mysterious Ways '' Chicago Sun - Times . August 13 , 2000 . Adrienne Papp . `` Heroes Among Us '' . Westside Today . Retrieved on May 5 , 2008 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Adrian Pasdar Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adrian Pasdar Biography ( 1965 ? - ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Source notes that some sources gives birth year as 1967 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Iron Man ' : ' Heroes ' flying man Adrian Pasdar takes on anime '' . Hero Complex . Jump up ^ `` Pittsfield 's Grammy girls '' . Berkshire Eagle , The . 2007 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Pasdar , quoted in `` Adrian Pasdar 's television , film career working in Mysterious Ways '' Archived 2007 - 03 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . by Bridget Byrne . Chicago Sun - Times . August 13 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Maddox , Dante . `` Heroes Season Finale : Adrian Pasdar '' . Craveonline.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( 2009 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Adrian Pasdar ' never better , ' ' Heroes ' character never deader '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Television Announces Adrian Pasdar & Milo Ventimiglia For Iron Man & Wolverine Anime Series To Air On G4 July 2011 '' ( Press Release ) . Anime News Network . 2011 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Amazon Not Moving Forward with Chris Carter 's The After Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` DC TV Watch at Comic - Con : All the Highlights From ' Supergirl , ' ' Black Lightning , ' ' Arrow ' and More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Names & '' . The Washington Post . March 17 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie Maines gives birth to baby boy '' . Today . Associated Press . July 23 , 2004 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ux-origin.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2017/07/03/reports-natalie-maines-files-divorce-after-17-years/103400550/ Jump up ^ http://www.christianpost.com/news/natalie-maines-adrian-pasdar-divorce-what-went-wrong-190828/ Jump up ^ https://www.yahoo.com/news/natalie-maines-files-divorce-adrian-100703601.html Jump up ^ `` Band From TV Charities '' . Bandfromtv.org . Archived from the original on 29 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Award Winners 2009 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Band From TV News '' . Bandfromtv.org. 2009 - 05 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Variety Review Jump up ^ Avalanche Software . Disney Infinity 3.0 . Scene : Closing credits , 5 : 39 in , Featuring the Voice Talents of . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Queer Fish audio book read by Adrian Pasdar ! '' . legendpress.co.uk. 2010 - 02 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adrian Pasdar . Adrian Pasdar on IMDb Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television Dennis Haysbert ( 1999 ) James Marsters ( 2000 ) Michael Rosenbaum ( 2001 ) Victor Garber ( 2002 ) James Marsters ( 2003 ) Terry O'Quinn ( 2004 ) James Callis ( 2005 ) Masi Oka ( 2006 ) Michael Emerson ( 2007 ) Adrian Pasdar ( 2008 ) Aaron Paul ( 2009 ) John Noble ( 2010 ) Aaron Paul ( 2011 ) Jonathan Banks ( 2012 ) Aaron Paul ( 2013 ) Laurence Fishburne ( 2014 ) Richard Armitage ( 2015 ) Ed Harris ( 2016 ) VIAF : 227228450 LCCN : no2008099578 ISNI : 0000 0003 6314 0871 GND : 141932848 SUDOC : 152279555 BNF : cb14044737s ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Pasdar&oldid=798364470 '' Categories : 1965 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American people of German descent American people of Iranian descent Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute alumni Male actors from Massachusetts People from Pittsfield , Massachusetts University of Florida alumni 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Malagasy მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 13 : 38 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Pasdar

when did they stop using copper pipes in houses

Plumbing

plumbing

Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications . Plumbing uses pipes , valves , plumbing fixtures , tanks , and other apparatuses to convey fluids . Heating and cooling ( HVAC ) , waste removal , and potable water delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing , but it is not limited to these applications . The word derives from the Latin for lead , plumbum , as the first effective pipes used in the Roman era were lead pipes .

In the developed world , plumbing infrastructure is critical to public health and sanitation . Boilermakers and pipefitters are not plumbers , although they work with piping as part of their trade , but their work can include some plumbing . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Systems 3 Water pipes 3.1 History 4 Difference between pipes and tubes 4.1 Materials 4.1. 1 Steel 4.1. 2 Copper 4.1. 3 Plastic 4.2 Gallery 5 Components 5.1 Sealants 6 Equipment and tools 7 Problems 8 Regulation 9 See also 10 References 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of plumbing and Sanitation in ancient Rome Roman lead pipe with a folded seam , at the Roman Baths in Bath , England Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations such as the Greek , Roman , Persian , Indian , and Chinese cities as they developed public baths and needed to provide potable water and wastewater removal , for larger numbers of people . Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with broad flanges making use of asphalt for preventing leakages appeared in the urban settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 BC . The Romans used lead pipe inscriptions to prevent water theft . The word `` plumber '' dates from the Roman Empire . The Latin for lead is plumbum . Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes and some were also covered with lead , lead was also used for piping and for making baths . Plumbing reached its early apex in ancient Rome , which saw the introduction of expansive systems of aqueducts , tile wastewater removal , and widespread use of lead pipes . With the Fall of Rome both water supply and sanitation stagnated -- or regressed -- for well over 1,000 years . Improvement was very slow , with little effective progress made until the growth of modern densely populated cities in the 1800s . During this period , public health authorities began pressing for better waste disposal systems to be installed , to prevent or control epidemics of disease . Earlier , the waste disposal system had merely consisted of collecting waste and dumping it on the ground or into a river . Eventually the development of separate , underground water and sewage systems eliminated open sewage ditches and cesspools . Most large cities today pipe solid wastes to sewage treatment plants in order to separate and partially purify the water , before emptying into streams or other bodies of water . For potable water use , galvanized iron piping was commonplace in the United States from the late 1800s until around 1960 . After that period , copper piping took over , first soft copper with flared fittings , then with rigid copper tubing utilizing soldered fittings . The use of lead for potable water declined sharply after World War II because of increased awareness of the dangers of lead poisoning . At this time , copper piping was introduced as a better and safer alternative to lead pipes . Systems ( edit ) Copper piping system in a building The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are : potable cold and hot tap water supply plumbing drainage venting sewage systems and septic systems with or without hot water heat recycling and graywater recovery and treatment systems Rainwater , surface , and subsurface water drainage fuel gas piping hydronics , i.e. heating and cooling systems utilizing water to transport thermal energy , as in district heating systems , like for example the New York City steam system . Water pipes ( edit ) Not to be confused with Hookah or Bong . A system of copper water tubes used in a radiator heating system . A water pipe is a pipe or tube , frequently made of plastic or metal , that carries pressurized and treated fresh water to a building ( as part of a municipal water system ) , as well as inside the building . History ( edit ) Main article : History of water supply and sanitation Old water pipe , remnant of the Machine de Marly near Versailles , France For many centuries , lead was the favoured material for water pipes , because its malleability made it practical to work into the desired shape . ( Such use was so common that the word `` plumbing '' derives from plumbum , the Latin word for lead . ) This was a source of lead - related health problems in the years before the health hazards of ingesting lead were fully understood ; among these were stillbirths and high rates of infant mortality . Lead water pipes were still widely used in the early 20th century , and remain in many households . In addition , lead - tin alloy solder was commonly used to join copper pipes , but modern practice uses tin - antimony alloy solder instead , in order to eliminate lead hazards . Despite the Romans ' common use of lead pipes , their aqueducts rarely poisoned people . Unlike other parts of the world where lead pipes cause poisoning , the Roman water had so much calcium in it that a layer of plaque prevented the water contacting the lead itself . What often causes confusion is the large amount of evidence of widespread lead poisoning , particularly amongst those who would have had easy access to piped water . This was an unfortunate result of lead being used in cookware and as an additive to processed food and drink , for example as a preservative in wine . Roman lead pipe inscriptions provided information on the owner to prevent water theft . Wooden pipes were used in London and elsewhere during the 16th and 17th centuries . The pipes were hollowed - out logs , which were tapered at the end with a small hole in which the water would pass through . The multiple pipes were then sealed together with hot animal fat . They were often used in Montreal and Boston in the 1800s , and built - up wooden tubes were widely used in the USA during the 20th century . These pipes , used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes , were made of sections cut from short lengths of wood . Locking of adjacent rings with hardwood dowel pins produced a flexible structure . About 100,000 feet of these wooden pipes were installed during WW2 in drainage culverts , storm sewers and conduits , under highways and at army camps , naval stations , airfields and ordnance plants . Cast iron and ductile iron pipe was long a lower - cost alternative to copper , before the advent of durable plastic materials but special non-conductive fittings must be used where transitions are to be made to other metallic pipes , except for terminal fittings , in order to avoid corrosion owing to electrochemical reactions between dissimilar metals ( see galvanic cell ) . Bronze fittings and short pipe segments are commonly used in combination with various materials . Difference between pipes and tubes ( edit ) Typical PVC municipal water main being installed in Ontario , Canada A plastic water pipe being installed . Note that the inner tube is actually transporting the water , while the outer tube only serves as a protective casing The difference between pipes and tubes is simply in the way it is sized . PVC pipe for plumbing applications and galvanized steel pipe for instance , are measured in IPS ( iron pipe size ) . Copper tube , CPVC , PeX and other tubing is measured nominally , which is basically an average diameter . These sizing schemes allow for universal adaptation of transitional fittings . For instance , 1 / 2 '' PeX tubing is the same size as 1 / 2 '' copper tubing. 1 / 2 '' PVC on the other hand is not the same size as 1 / 2 '' tubing , and therefore requires either a threaded male or female adapter to connect them . When used in agricultural irrigation , the singular form `` pipe '' is often used as a plural . Pipe is available in rigid `` joints '' , which come in various lengths depending on the material . Tubing , in particular copper , comes in rigid hard tempered `` joints '' or soft tempered ( annealed ) rolls . PeX and CPVC tubing also comes in rigid `` joints '' or flexible rolls . The temper of the copper , that is whether it is a rigid `` joint '' or flexible roll , does not affect the sizing . The thicknesses of the water pipe and tube walls can vary . Pipe wall thickness is denoted by various schedules or for large bore polyethylene pipe in the UK by the Standard Dimension Ratio ( SDR ) , defined as the ratio of the pipe diameter to its wall thickness . Pipe wall thickness increases with schedule , and is available in schedules 20 , 40 , 80 , and higher in special cases . The schedule is largely determined by the operating pressure of the system , with higher pressures commanding greater thickness . Copper tubing is available in four wall thicknesses : type DWV ( thinnest wall ; only allowed as drain pipe per UPC ) , type ' M ' ( thin ; typically only allowed as drain pipe by IPC code ) , type ' L ' ( thicker , standard duty for water lines and water service ) , and type ' K ' ( thickest , typically used underground between the main and the meter ) . Because piping and tubing are commodities , having a greater wall thickness implies higher initial cost . Thicker walled pipe generally implies greater durability and higher pressure tolerances . Wall thickness does not affect pipe or tubing size . 1 / 2 '' L copper has the same outer diameter as 1 / 2 '' K or M copper . The same applies to pipe schedules . As a result , a slight increase in pressure losses is realized due to a decrease in flowpath as wall thickness is increased . In other words , 1 foot of 1 / 2 '' L copper has slightly less volume than 1 foot of 1 / 2 M copper . Materials ( edit ) Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water , using pipes or channels usually made of clay , lead , bamboo , wood , or stone . Hollowed wooden logs wrapped in steel banding were used for plumbing pipes , particularly water mains . Logs were used for water distribution in England close to 500 years ago . US cities began using hollowed logs in the late 1700s through the 1800s . Today , most plumbing supply pipe is made out of steel , copper , and plastic ; most waste ( also known as `` soil '' ) out of steel , copper , plastic , and cast iron . The straight sections of plumbing systems are called `` pipes '' or `` tubes '' . A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding , whereas a tube is made through extrusion . Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded , while tubing is thinner - walled and requires special joining techniques such as brazing , compression fitting , crimping , or for plastics , solvent welding . These joining techniques are discussed in more detail in the piping and plumbing fittings article . Steel ( edit ) Main article : Galvanized pipe Galvanized steel potable water supply and distribution pipes are commonly found with nominal pipe sizes from ⁄ inch ( 9.5 mm ) to 2 inches ( 51 mm ) . It is rarely used today for new construction residential plumbing . Steel pipe has National Pipe Thread ( NPT ) standard tapered male threads , which connect with female tapered threads on elbows , tees , couplers , valves , and other fittings . Galvanized steel ( often known simply as `` galv '' or `` iron '' in the plumbing trade ) is relatively expensive , and difficult to work with due to weight and requirement of a pipe threader . It remains in common use for repair of existing `` galv '' systems and to satisfy building code non-combustibility requirements typically found in hotels , apartment buildings and other commercial applications . It is also extremely durable and resistant to mechanical abuse . Black lacquered steel pipe is the most widely used pipe material for fire sprinklers and natural gas . Most typical single family home systems wo n't require supply piping larger than ⁄ inch ( 19 mm ) due to expense as well as steel piping 's tendency to become obstructed from internal rusting and mineral deposits forming on the inside of the pipe over time once the internal galvanizing zinc coating has degraded . In potable water distribution service , galvanized steel pipe has a service life of about 30 to 50 years , although it is not uncommon for it to be less in geographic areas with corrosive water contaminants . Copper ( edit ) Main article : Copper tubing Copper pipe and tubing was widely used for domestic water systems in the latter half of the twentieth century . Demand for copper products has fallen due to the dramatic increase in the price of copper , resulting in increased demand for alternative products including PEX and stainless steel . Plastic ( edit ) Main article : Plastic pipework Plastic hot and cold supply piping for a sink Plastic pipe is in wide use for domestic water supply and drain - waste - vent ( DWV ) pipe . Principal types include : Polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) was produced experimentally in the 19th century but did not become practical to manufacture until 1926 , when Waldo Semon of BF Goodrich Co. developed a method to plasticize PVC , making it easier to process . PVC pipe began to be manufactured in the 1940s and was in wide use for Drain - Waste - Vent piping during the reconstruction of Germany and Japan following WWII . In the 1950s , plastics manufacturers in Western Europe and Japan began producing acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ( ABS ) pipe . The method for producing cross-linked polyethylene ( PEX ) was also developed in the 1950s . Plastic supply pipes have become increasingly common , with a variety of materials and fittings employed . PVC / CPVC -- rigid plastic pipes similar to PVC drain pipes but with thicker walls to deal with municipal water pressure , introduced around 1970 . PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride , and it has become a common replacement for metal piping . PVC should be used only for cold water , or for venting . CPVC can be used for hot and cold potable water supply . Connections are made with primers and solvent cements as required by code . PP -- The material is used primarily in housewares , food packaging , and clinical equipment , but since the early 1970s has seen increasing use worldwide for both domestic hot and cold water . PP pipes are heat fused , being unsuitable for the use of glues , solvents , or mechanical fittings . PP pipe is often used in green building projects . PBT -- flexible ( usually gray or black ) plastic pipe which is attached to barbed fittings and secured in place with a copper crimp ring . The primary manufacturer of PBT tubing and fittings was driven into bankruptcy by a class - action lawsuit over failures of this system . However , PB and PBT tubing has since returned to the market and codes , typically first for `` exposed locations '' such as risers . PEX -- cross-linked polyethylene system with mechanically joined fittings employing barbs , and crimped steel or copper rings . Polytanks -- plastic polyethylene cisterns , underground water tanks , above ground water tanks , are usually made of linear polyethylene suitable as a potable water storage tank , provided in white , black or green . Aqua -- known as PEX - Al - PEX , for its PEX / aluminum sandwich , consisting of aluminum pipe sandwiched between layers of PEX , and connected with modified brass compression fittings . In 2005 , a large number of these fittings were recalled . Present - day water - supply systems use a network of high - pressure pumps , and pipes in buildings are now made of copper , brass , plastic ( particularly cross-linked polyethylene called PEX , which is estimated to be used in 60 % of single - family homes ) , or other nontoxic material . Due to its toxicity , most cities moved away from lead water - supply piping by the 1920s in the United States , although lead pipes were approved by national plumbing codes into the 1980s , and lead was used in plumbing solder for drinking water until it was banned in 1986 . Drain and vent lines are made of plastic , steel , cast - iron , or lead . Gallery ( edit ) Monument to water pipe in Mytishchi ( Russia ) A specific water pipe made for use with pressure vessels . The pipe can sustain high pressure - water and is relatively small Concrete water pipe Connecting to an existing water line ( white pipe ) with a stainless steel tapping sleeve and valve ( red ) . A concrete thrust block is being formed behind the new connection . Components ( edit ) A variety of stainless steel plumbing components commonly used to connect various pipes and devices together See also : Piping and plumbing fittings , Valves , and Plumbing fixtures In addition to lengths of pipe or tubing , pipe fittings are used in plumbing systems , such as valves , elbows , tees , and unions . Pipe and fittings are held in place with pipe hangers and strapping . Plumbing fixtures are exchangeable devices using water that can be connected to a building 's plumbing system . They are considered to be `` fixtures '' , in that they are semi-permanent parts of buildings , not usually owned or maintained separately . Plumbing fixtures are seen by and designed for the end - users . Some examples of fixtures include water closets ( also known as toilets ) , urinals , bidets , showers , bathtubs , utility and kitchen sinks , drinking fountains , ice makers , humidifiers , air washers , fountains , and eye wash stations . Sealants ( edit ) Threaded pipe joints are sealed with thread seal tape or pipe dope . Many plumbing fixtures are sealed to their mounting surfaces with plumber 's putty . Equipment and tools ( edit ) A plumber tightening the fitting on a gas supply line . Plumbing equipment includes devices often hidden behind walls or in utility spaces which are not seen by the general public . It includes water meters , pumps , expansion tanks , back flow preventers , water filters , UV sterilization lights , water softeners , water heaters , heat exchangers , gauges , and control systems . There are many tools a plumber needs to do a good plumbing job . While many simple plumbing tasks can be completed with a few common hand held tools , other more complex jobs require specialised tools , designed specifically to make the job easier . Specialized plumbing tools include pipe wrenches , flaring pliers , pipe vise , pipe bending machine , pipe cutter , dies and joining tools such as soldering torches and crimp tools . New tools have been developed to help plumbers fix problems more efficiently . For example , plumbers use video cameras for inspections of hidden leaks or problems , they use hydro jets , and high pressure hydraulic pumps connected to steel cables for trench-less sewer line replacement . Flooding from excessive rain or clogged sewers may require specialized equipment , such as a heavy duty pumper truck designed to vacuum raw sewage . Oh yea , and they use Tape measures . Problems ( edit ) Bacteria have been shown to live in `` premises plumbing systems '' . The latter refers to the `` pipes and fixtures within a building that transport water to taps after it is delivered by the utility '' . Community water systems have been known for centuries to spread waterborne diseases like typhoid and cholera , however `` opportunistic premises plumbing pathogens '' have been recognized only more recently ; Legionella pneumophila discovered in 1976 , Mycobacterium avium , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most commonly tracked bacteria , which people with depressed immunity can inhale or ingest and may become infected with . These opportunistic pathogens can grow for example in faucets , shower heads , water heaters and along pipe walls . Reasons that favor their growth are `` high surface - to - volume ratio , intermittent stagnation , low disinfectant residual , and warming cycles '' . A high surface - to - volume ratio , i.e. a relatively large surface area allows the bacteria to form a biofilm , which protects them from disinfection . Regulation ( edit ) A pipe wrench for holding and turning pipe Much of the plumbing work in populated areas is regulated by government or quasi-government agencies due to the direct impact on the public 's health , safety , and welfare . Plumbing installation and repair work on residences and other buildings generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the inhabitants of the buildings and to ensure safe , quality construction to future buyers . If permits are required for work , plumbing contractors typically secure them from the authorities on behalf of home or building owners . In the United Kingdom the professional body is the Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering ( educational charity status ) and it is true that the trade still remains virtually ungoverned ; there are no systems in place to monitor or control the activities of unqualified plumbers or those home owners who choose to undertake installation and maintenance works themselves , despite the health and safety issues which arise from such works when they are undertaken incorrectly ; see Health Aspects of Plumbing ( HAP ) published jointly by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the World Plumbing Council ( WPC ) . WPC has subsequently appointed a representative to the World Health Organization to take forward various projects related to Health Aspects of Plumbing . In the United States , plumbing codes and licensing are generally controlled by state and local governments . At the national level , the Environmental Protection Agency has set guidelines about what constitutes lead - free plumbing fittings and pipes , in order to comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act . Some widely used Standards in the United States are : ASME A112. 6.3 -- Floor and Trench Drains ASME A112. 6.4 -- Roof , Deck , and Balcony Drains ASME A112. 18.1 / CSA B125. 1 -- Plumbing Supply Fittings ASME A112. 19.1 / CSA B45. 2 -- Enameled Cast Iron and Enameled Steel Plumbing Fixtures ASME A112. 19.2 / CSA B45. 1 -- Ceramic Plumbing Fixtures See also ( edit ) Active fire protection Copper pipe Domestic water system Double - walled pipe EPA Lead and Copper Rule Fire hose Flange Garden hose Heat pipe Hose MS Pipe , MS Tube Passive fire protection Pipe Pipe fitting Pipe network analysis Pipeline transport Piping and plumbing fittings Plastic pipework Plastic pressure pipe systems Plumbing & Drainage Institute Plumbosolvency Sanitation in ancient Rome Tube Victaulic Water supply network References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Muscroft , Steve ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) . Plumbing . Elsevier . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Blankenbaker , Keith . Modern Plumbing . Goodheart Willcox . Jump up ^ `` What Is The Origin Of The Word `` plumbing '' ? `` . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . May 12 , 1942 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Health Aspects of Plumbing '' . Jump up ^ Plumbing : the Arteries of Civilization , Modern Marvels video series , The History Channel , AAE - 42223 , A&E Television , 1996 Jump up ^ `` Archaeologists Urge Pentagon To Keep Soldiers From Destroying '' . Herald - Journal . Mar 19 , 2003 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Teresi et al. 2002 Jump up ^ Pulsifer , Notes For a History of Lead , New York University Press , 1888 pp. 132 , 158 Jump up ^ Middleton , The Remains of Ancient Rome , Vol. 2 , A & C Black , 1892 Jump up ^ Historical production and uses of lead . ila-lead.org ^ Jump up to : Kavanaugh , Sean . `` History of Plumbing Pipe and Plumbing Material '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Public Notice . Lead Contamination Informative City Ok Moscow Water System '' . Moscow - Pullman Daily News . August 12 , 1988 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Plumbing System '' . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lead in Drinking Water '' . Epa.gov . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Roger . `` WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IN IMPERIAL ROME '' . Waterhistory.org . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lead Poisoning : http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/wine/leadpoisoning.html ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Wooden water pipe '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Types of Pipe Material '' . Virginia 's Community Colleges . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Worldwide Market for Industrial and Domestic Water Equipment as of 2010 . PwC . March 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Difference between Pipes and Tubes '' . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wall thickness does not affect pipe o '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.cispi.org/products/types.aspx Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute Jump up ^ `` What 's the difference between PVC and CPVC pipe ? '' . Jump up ^ Bidisha Mukherjee . `` Polypropylene Properties and Uses '' . Buzzle . Jump up ^ http://www.greenbuildingpro.com/resources/whitepapers/1337-one-of-utahs-leeding-residences-full Jump up ^ `` Walking The Talk '' . pmengineer.com . Jump up ^ Copper Tube Handbook , the Copper Development Association , New York , USA , 2006 Jump up ^ California 's PEX Battle Continues . Builderonline.com ^ Jump up to : Macek , MD. ; Matte , TD. ; Sinks , T. ; Malvitz , DM . ( Jan 2006 ) . `` Blood lead concentrations in children and method of water fluoridation in the United States , 1988 -- 1994 '' . Environ Health Perspect. 114 ( 1 ) : 130 -- 4 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 8319 . PMC 1332668 . PMID 16393670 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Richard ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) . `` The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes `` A MODEST CAMPAIGN '' `` . American Journal of Public Health . 98 ( 9 ) : 1584 -- 1592 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2007.113555 . ISSN 0090 - 0036 . PMC 2509614 . PMID 18633098 . Jump up ^ Uniform Plumbing Code , IAPMO Jump up ^ International Plumbing Code , ICC Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous Valves '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Plumbing Principles '' . The Evening Independent . November 10 , 1926 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Key To Pop - up Drain Is Fresh Plumber 's Putty '' . Daily News . January 12 , 2003 . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plumbing Tool Kit Jump up ^ Carol Potera ( August 2015 ) . `` Plumbing Pathogens : A Fixture in Hospitals and Homes '' . Environ Health Perspectives ;. 123 ( 8 ) . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 123 - A217 . PMC 4528999 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph O. Falkinham III ; Elizabeth D. Hilborn ; Matthew J. Arduino ; Amy Pruden ; Marc A. Edwards ( August 2015 ) . `` Epidemiology and Ecology of Opportunistic Premises Plumbing Pathogens : Legionella pneumophila , Mycobacterium avium , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa '' . Environ Health Perspectives ;. 123 ( 8 ) . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 1408692 . Jump up ^ `` The Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering ( CIPHE ) '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Plumbing Council '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Health aspects of plumbing '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Plumbing Council '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Section 1417 of the Safe Drinking Water Act : Prohibition on Use of Lead Pipes , Solder , and Flux '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Materials used to make water pipes are polyvinyl chloride , polypropylene , polyethylene , ductile iron , cast iron , steel , copper and formerly lead . Further reading ( edit ) Teresi , Dick ( 2002 ) . Lost Discoveries : The Ancient Roots of Modern Science -- from the Babylonians to the Maya . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 351 -- 352 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83718 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Plumbing at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of plumbing at Wiktionary Quotations related to Plumbing at Wikiquote Plumbing at Wikibooks ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine : Lead Toxicity U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Lead Water Pipes and Infant Mortality in Turn - of - the - Century Massachusetts Case Studies in Environmental Medicine - Lead Toxicity ToxFAQs : Lead LCCN : sh85103551 BNF : cb11933155r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plumbing&oldid=810210895 '' Categories : Plumbing Building engineering Bathrooms Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська ייִדיש 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 23 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when did brazil not qualify for world cup

Brazil at the FIFA World Cup

brazil at the fifa world cup

This is a record of Brazil 's results at the FIFA World Cup .

The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase , officially called the World Cup Finals . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated over 1 billion people watching the 2014 tournament final . Brazil is the most successful national team in the history of the World Cup , having won five titles , earning second - place , third - place and fourth - place finishes twice each . Brazil is one of the countries besides Argentina , Spain and Germany to win a FIFA World Cup away from its continent ( Sweden 1958 , Mexico 1970 , USA 1994 and South Korea / Japan 2002 ) . Brazil is the only national team to have played in all FIFA World Cup editions without any absence or need for playoffs . Brazil also has the best overall performance in World Cup history in both proportional and absolute terms with a record of 70 victories in 104 matches played , 119 goal difference , 227 points and only 17 losses . Traditionally , Brazil 's greatest rival is Argentina . The two countries have met each other four times in the history of the FIFA World Cup , with two wins for Brazil ( West Germany 1974 and Spain 1982 ) , one for Argentina ( Italy 1990 ) and a draw ( Argentina 1978 ) . The country that played most against Brazil in the finals is Sweden : 7 times , with five wins for Brazil and two draws . Three other historical rivals are Italy , which lost two World Cup finals against Brazil and eliminated the Brazilians in two tournaments ( France 1938 and Spain 1982 ) , France , which has eliminated Brazil on three occasions ( Mexico 1986 , France 1998 and Germany 2006 ) , and the Netherlands which has eliminated Brazil at two of their five meetings ( West Germany 1974 and South Africa 2010 ) and won the third place match in Brazil 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Records 1.1 Winning World Cups 2 By match 3 By opponent 4 Record Players 5 Top Goalscorers 6 References 7 External links Records ( edit ) Year Status Position GP D * GS GA 1930 Group stage 6th 0 5 1934 First round 14th 0 0 1938 Third place 3rd 5 14 11 1950 Runners - up 2nd 6 22 6 1954 Quarter - finals 5th 8 5 1958 Champions 1st 6 5 0 16 1962 Champions 1st 6 5 0 14 5 1966 Group stage 11th 0 6 1970 Champions 1st 6 6 0 0 19 7 Fourth place 4th 7 6 1978 Third place 3rd 7 0 10 1982 Second group stage 5th 5 0 15 6 1986 Quarter - finals 5th 5 0 10 1990 Round of 16 9th 0 1994 Champions 1st 7 5 0 11 1998 Runners - up 2nd 7 14 10 2002 Champions 1st 7 7 0 0 18 2006 Quarter - finals 5th 5 0 10 Quarter - finals 6th 5 9 2014 Fourth place 4th 7 11 14 2018 Qualified 2022 TBD Total 21 / 21 5 Titles 104 70 17 17 221 102 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . Winning World Cups ( edit ) Year Manager Captain Final Goal Scorer 1958 Vicente Feola Hilderaldo Bellini Vavá , Pelé , Mário Zagallo 1962 Aymoré Moreira Mauro Ramos Amarildo , Zito , Vavá 1970 Mário Zagallo Carlos Alberto Pelé , Gérson , Jairzinho , Carlos Alberto 1994 Carlos Alberto Parreira Dunga - 2002 Luiz Felipe Scolari Cafu Ronaldo By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1930 Group B Yugoslavia 1 -- 2 Preguinho Group B Bolivia 4 -- 0 Moderato ( 2 ) , Preguinho ( 2 ) 1934 Round 1 Spain 1 -- 3 Leônidas 1938 Round 1 Poland 6 -- 5 ( AET ) Leônidas ( 3 ) , Romeu , Perácio ( 2 ) Quarter - Final Czechoslovakia 1 -- 1 ( AET ) Leônidas Quarter - Final ( replay ) Czechoslovakia 2 -- 1 Leônidas , Roberto Semi-Final Italy 1 -- 2 Romeu Bronze Final Sweden 4 -- 2 Romeu , Leônidas ( 2 ) , Perácio 1950 Group A Mexico 4 -- 0 Ademir ( 2 ) , Jair , Baltazar Group A Switzerland 2 -- 2 Alfredo , Baltazar Group A Yugoslavia 2 -- 0 Ademir , Zizinho Final Round Sweden 7 -- 1 Ademir ( 4 ) , Chico ( 2 ) , Maneca Final Round Spain 6 -- 1 Ademir ( 2 ) , Jair , Chico ( 2 ) , Zizinho Final Round Uruguay 1 -- 2 Friaça 1954 Group A Mexico 5 -- 0 Baltazar , Didi , Pinga ( 2 ) , Julinho Group A Yugoslavia 1 -- 1 ( AET ) Didi Quarter - Final Hungary 2 -- 4 Djalma Santos , Julinho 1958 Group D Austria 3 -- 0 Mazzola ( 2 ) , Nilton Santos Group D England 0 -- 0 Group D Soviet Union 2 -- 0 Vavá ( 2 ) Quarter - Final Wales 1 -- 0 Pelé Semi-Final France 5 -- 2 Vavá , Didi , Pelé ( 3 ) Final Sweden 5 -- 2 Vavá ( 2 ) , Pelé ( 2 ) , Zagallo 1962 Group C Mexico 2 -- 0 Pelé , Zagallo Group C Czechoslovakia 0 -- 0 Group C Spain 2 -- 1 Amarildo ( 2 ) Quarter - Final England 3 -- 1 Garrincha ( 2 ) , Vavá Semi-Final Chile 4 -- 2 Garrincha ( 2 ) , Vavá ( 2 ) Final Czechoslovakia 3 -- 1 Amarildo , Zito , Vavá 1966 Group C Bulgaria 2 -- 0 Pelé , Garrincha Group C Hungary 1 -- 3 Tostão Group C Portugal 1 -- 3 Rildo 1970 Group C Czechoslovakia 4 -- 1 Rivelino , Pelé , Jairzinho ( 2 ) Group C England 1 -- 0 Jairzinho Group C Romania 3 -- 2 Pelé ( 2 ) , Jairzinho Quarter - Final Peru 4 -- 2 Rivelino , Tostão ( 2 ) , Jairzinho Semi-Final Uruguay 3 -- 1 Clodoaldo , Jairzinho , Rivelino Final Italy 4 -- 1 Pelé , Gérson , Jairzinho , Carlos Alberto Group B Yugoslavia 0 -- 0 Group B Scotland 0 -- 0 Group B Zaire 3 -- 0 Jairzinho , Rivelino , Valdomiro Group A Round 2 East Germany 1 -- 0 Rivelino Group A Round 2 Argentina 2 -- 1 Rivelino , Jairzinho Group A Round 2 Netherlands 0 -- 2 Bronze Final Poland 0 -- 1 1978 Group C Sweden 1 -- 1 Reinaldo Group C Spain 0 -- 0 Group C Austria 1 -- 0 Roberto Dinamite Group B Round 2 Peru 3 -- 0 Dirceu ( 2 ) , Zico Group B Round 2 Argentina 0 -- 0 Group B Round 2 Poland 3 -- 1 Nelinho , Roberto Dinamite ( 2 ) Bronze Final Italy 2 -- 1 Nelinho , Dirceu 1982 Group F Soviet Union 2 -- 1 Sócrates , Éder Group F Scotland 4 -- 1 Zico , Oscar , Éder , Falcão Group F New Zealand 4 -- 0 Zico ( 2 ) , Falcão , Serginho Group C Round 2 Argentina 3 -- 1 Zico , Serginho , Júnior Group C Round 2 Italy 2 -- 3 Sócrates , Falcão 1986 Group D Spain 1 -- 0 Sócrates Group D Algeria 1 -- 0 Careca Group D Northern Ireland 3 -- 0 Careca ( 2 ) , Josimar Round of 16 Poland 4 -- 0 Sócrates , Josimar , Edinho , Careca Quarter - Final France 1 -- 1 ( AET ) Careca 1990 Group C Sweden 2 -- 1 Careca ( 2 ) Group C Costa Rica 1 -- 0 Müller Group C Scotland 1 -- 0 Müller Round of 16 Argentina 0 -- 1 1994 Group B Russia 2 -- 0 Romário , Raí Group B Cameroon 3 -- 0 Romário , Márcio Santos , Bebeto Group B Sweden 1 -- 1 Romário Round of 16 United States 1 -- 0 Bebeto Quarter - Final Netherlands 3 -- 2 Romário , Bebeto , Branco Semi-Final Sweden 1 -- 0 Romário Final Italy 0 -- 0 ( AET ) 1998 Group A Scotland 2 -- 1 César Sampaio , Boyd ( OG ) Group A Morocco 3 -- 0 Ronaldo , Rivaldo , Bebeto Group A Norway 1 -- 2 Bebeto Round of 16 Chile 4 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 2 ) , César Sampaio ( 2 ) Quarter - Final Denmark 3 -- 2 Bebeto , Rivaldo ( 2 ) Semi-Final Netherlands 1 -- 1 ( AET ) Ronaldo Final France 0 -- 3 2002 Group C Turkey 2 -- 1 Ronaldo , Rivaldo Group C China PR 4 -- 0 Roberto Carlos , Rivaldo , Ronaldinho , Ronaldo Group C Costa Rica 5 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 2 ) , Edmílson , Rivaldo , Júnior Round of 16 Belgium 2 -- 0 Rivaldo , Ronaldo Quarter - Final England 2 -- 1 Rivaldo , Ronaldinho Semi-Final Turkey 1 -- 0 Ronaldo Final Germany 2 -- 0 Ronaldo ( 2 ) 2006 Group F Croatia 1 -- 0 Kaká Group F Australia 2 -- 0 Adriano , Fred Group F Japan 4 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 2 ) , Juninho , Gilberto Round of 16 Ghana 3 -- 0 Adriano , Ronaldo , Zé Roberto Quarter - Final France 0 -- 1 Group G North Korea 2 -- 1 Maicon , Elano Group G Ivory Coast 3 -- 1 Luís Fabiano ( 2 ) , Elano Group G Portugal 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Chile 3 -- 0 Juan , Luís Fabiano , Robinho Quarter - Final Netherlands 1 -- 2 Robinho 2014 Group A Croatia 3 -- 1 Neymar ( 2 ) , Oscar Group A Mexico 0 -- 0 Group A Cameroon 4 -- 1 Neymar ( 2 ) , Fred , Fernandinho Round of 16 Chile 1 -- 1 ( AET ) David Luiz Quarter - Final Colombia 2 -- 1 Thiago Silva , David Luiz Semi-Final Germany 1 -- 7 Oscar Bronze Final Netherlands 0 -- 3 2018 Group E Switzerland To be played Group E Costa Rica Group E Serbia By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Win % Sweden 7 5 0 21 8 + 13 71 Czechoslovakia 5 0 10 + 6 60 Spain 5 10 5 + 5 60 Italy 5 9 7 + 2 40 Mexico 0 11 0 + 11 75 Chile 0 12 + 8 75 Scotland 0 7 + 5 75 England 0 6 + 4 75 Poland 0 13 7 + 6 75 Argentina 5 + 2 50 Yugoslavia + 1 25 France 6 7 -- 1 25 Netherlands 5 5 10 -- 5 20 Russia 0 0 6 + 5 100 Cameroon 0 0 7 + 6 100 Peru 0 0 7 + 5 100 Costa Rica 0 0 6 + 4 100 Austria 0 0 0 + 4 100 Croatia 0 0 + 3 100 Turkey 0 0 + 2 100 Uruguay 0 + 1 50 Portugal 0 -- 2 0 Hungary 0 0 7 -- 4 0 Germany 0 7 - 4 50 Bolivia 0 0 0 + 4 100 Japan 0 0 + 3 100 Ghana 0 0 0 + 3 100 Morocco 0 0 0 + 3 100 Northern Ireland 0 0 0 + 3 100 Zaire 0 0 0 + 3 100 Ivory Coast 0 0 + 2 100 Australia 0 0 0 + 2 100 Belgium 0 0 0 + 2 100 Denmark 0 0 + 1 100 Romania 0 0 + 1 100 Bulgaria 0 0 + 1 100 North Korea 0 0 + 1 100 Colombia 0 0 + 1 100 Algeria 0 0 0 + 1 100 East Germany 0 0 0 + 1 100 United States 0 0 0 + 1 100 Wales 0 0 0 + 1 100 New Zealand 0 0 0 + 4 100 China PR 0 0 0 + 4 100 Switzerland 0 0 0 0 Norway 0 0 - 1 0 Record players ( edit ) Brazil 's record World Cup player , Cafu is also the only player ever to have appeared in three consecutive World Cup finals : 1994 , ' 98 and 2002 . No . Name Matches World Cups Cafu 20 1994 , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Ronaldo 19 1994 , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Cláudio Taffarel 18 1990 , 1994 and 1998 Dunga 18 1990 , 1994 and 1998 5 Roberto Carlos 17 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Lúcio 17 2002 , 2006 and 2010 7 Jairzinho 16 1966 , 1970 and 1974 Gilberto Silva 16 2002 , 2006 and 2010 9 Nílton Santos 15 1950 , 1954 , 1958 and 1962 Didi 15 1954 , 1958 and 1962 Rivellino 15 1970 , 1974 and 1978 Bebeto 15 1990 , 1994 and 1998 Top goalscorers ( edit ) Four Brazilians have won the World Cup Golden Boot Award over the years : Leônidas with 7 goals in 1938 , Ademir with 9 goals in 1950 , Garrincha with 4 goals in 1962 and Ronaldo with 8 goals in 2002 . No . Name Goals World Cups Ronaldo 15 1994 , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Pelé 12 1958 , 1962 , 1966 and 1970 Ademir 9 1950 Jairzinho 9 1966 , 1970 and 1974 Vavá 9 1958 , 1962 and 1966 6 Leônidas 8 1934 and 1938 Rivaldo 8 1998 and 2002 8 Careca 7 1986 and 1990 9 Bebeto 6 1994 and 1998 Rivellino 6 1970 , 1974 and 1978 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup TM reached 3.2 billion viewers , one billion watched final '' ( Press release ) . FIFA . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Teams Statistics '' . FIFA . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup All Time League Table '' . WorldFootball.net . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup official website Brazil at FIFA.com Brazil at the FIFA World Cup Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Brazil FIFA World Cup squads Brazil squad -- 1930 FIFA World Cup GK Joel GK Velloso DF Brilhante DF Itália DF Oscarino DF Zé Luiz MF Benevenuto MF Fausto MF Fernando MF Fortes MF Hermógenes MF Ivan Mariz MF Pamplona FW Araken FW Benedicto FW Carvalho Leite FW Doca FW Manoelzinho FW Moderato FW Nilo FW Poly FW Preguinho FW Russinho FW Teóphilo Coach : Píndaro Brazil squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup GK Germano GK Pedrosa DF Luiz Luz DF Octacílio DF Sylvio Hoffmann MF Ariel MF Canalli MF Martim MF Tinoco MF Waldyr FW Armandinho FW Áttila FW Carvalho Leite FW Leônidas FW Luisinho FW Patesko FW Waldemar de Brito Coach : Vinhaes Brazil squad -- 1938 FIFA World Cup Third Place GK Batatais GK Walter DF Domingos da Guia DF Jaú DF Machado DF Nariz MF Afonsinho MF Argemiro MF Brandão MF Britto MF Martim MF Zezé Procópio FW Hércules FW Leônidas FW Lopes FW Luisinho FW Niginho FW Patesko FW Perácio FW Roberto FW Romeu FW Tim Coach : Pimenta Brazil squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Barbosa 2 Castilho 3 Augusto ( c ) 4 Ely 5 Juvenal 6 Nena 7 Nílton Santos 8 Bauer 9 Bigode 10 Danilo 11 Noronha 12 Rui 13 Adãozinho 14 Ademir 15 Alfredo 16 Baltazar 17 Chico 18 Friaça 19 Jair 20 Maneca 21 Rodrigues 22 Zizinho Coach : Costa Brazil squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Castilho 2 Djalma Santos 3 Nílton Santos 4 Brandãozinho 5 Pinheiro 6 Bauer ( c ) 7 Julinho 8 Didi 9 Baltazar 10 Pinga 11 Rodrigues 12 Paulinho 13 Alfredo Ramos 14 Ely 15 Mauro 16 Dequinha 17 Maurinho 18 Humberto 19 Índio 20 Rubens 21 Veludo 22 Cabeção Coach : Moreira Brazil squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Castilho 2 Bellini ( c ) 3 Gilmar 4 Djalma Santos 5 Dino Sani 6 Didi 7 Zagallo 8 Oreco 9 Zózimo 10 Pelé 11 Garrincha 12 Nílton Santos 13 Moacir 14 De Sordi 15 Orlando 16 Mauro 17 Joel 18 Mazzola 19 Zito 20 Vavá 21 Dida 22 Pepe Coach : Feola Brazil squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) 1 Gilmar 2 Djalma Santos 3 Mauro ( c ) 4 Zito 5 Zózimo 6 Nílton Santos 7 Garrincha 8 Didi 9 Coutinho 10 Pelé 11 Pepe 12 Jair Marinho 13 Bellini 14 Jurandir 15 Altair 16 Zequinha 17 Mengálvio 18 Jair 19 Vavá 20 Amarildo 21 Zagallo 22 Castilho Coach : Moreira Brazil squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Gilmar 2 Djalma Santos 3 Fidélis 4 Bellini ( c ) 5 Brito 6 Altair 7 Orlando 8 Paulo Henrique 9 Rildo 10 Pelé 11 Gérson 12 Manga 13 Denílson 14 Lima 15 Zito 16 Garrincha 17 Jairzinho 18 Alcindo 19 Silva 20 Tostão 21 Paraná 22 Edu Coach : Feola Brazil squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup winners ( 3rd title ) 1 Félix 2 Brito 3 Piazza 4 Carlos Alberto ( c ) 5 Clodoaldo 6 Marco Antônio 7 Jairzinho 8 Gérson 9 Tostão 10 Pelé 11 Rivellino 12 Ado 13 Roberto 14 Baldocchi 15 Fontana 16 Everaldo 17 Joel 18 Paulo Cézar Caju 19 Edu 20 Dario 21 Zé Maria 22 Leão Coach : Zagallo Brazil squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place 1 Leão 2 Luís Pereira 3 Marinho Peres 4 Zé Maria 5 Piazza ( c ) 6 Marinho Chagas 7 Jairzinho 8 Leivinha 9 César Maluco 10 Rivellino 11 Paulo Cézar Caju 12 Renato 13 Valdomiro 14 Nelinho 15 Alfredo 16 Marco Antônio 17 Carpegiani 18 Ademir da Guia 19 Mirandinha 20 Edu 21 Dirceu 22 Waldir Peres Coach : Zagallo Brazil squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup Third Place 1 Leão 2 Toninho 3 Oscar 4 Amaral 5 Cerezo 6 Edinho 7 Zé Sérgio 8 Zico 9 Reinaldo 10 Rivellino ( c ) 11 Dirceu 12 Carlos 13 Nelinho 14 Abel 15 Polozzi 16 Rodrigues Neto 17 Batista 18 Gil 19 Jorge Mendonça 20 Roberto Dinamite 21 Chicão 22 Waldir Peres Coach : Coutinho Brazil squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Waldir Peres 2 Leandro 3 Oscar 4 Luizinho 5 Cerezo 6 Júnior 7 Paulo Isidoro 8 Sócrates ( c ) 9 Serginho 10 Zico 11 Éder 12 Paulo Sérgio 13 Edevaldo 14 Juninho 15 Falcão 16 Edinho 17 Pedrinho 18 Batista 19 Renato 20 Roberto Dinamite 21 Dirceu 22 Carlos Coach : Telê Santana Brazil squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Carlos 2 Édson 3 Oscar 4 Edinho ( c ) 5 Falcão 6 Júnior 7 Müller 8 Casagrande 9 Careca 10 Zico 11 Edivaldo 12 Paulo Vitor 13 Josimar 14 Júlio César 15 Alemão 16 Mauro Galvão 17 Branco 18 Sócrates 19 Elzo 20 Silas 21 Valdo 22 Leão Coach : Telê Santana Brazil squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup 1 Taffarel 2 Jorginho 3 Ricardo Gomes ( c ) 4 Dunga 5 Alemão 6 Branco 7 Bismarck 8 Valdo 9 Careca 10 Silas 11 Romário 12 Acácio 13 Mozer 14 Aldair 15 Müller 16 Bebeto 17 Renato 18 Mazinho 19 Ricardo Rocha 20 Tita 21 Mauro Galvão 22 Zé Carlos Coach : Lazaroni Brazil squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup winners ( 4th title ) 1 Taffarel 2 Jorginho 3 Ricardo Rocha 4 Ronaldão 5 Mauro Silva 6 Branco 7 Bebeto 8 Dunga ( c ) 9 Zinho 10 Raí 11 Romário 12 Zetti 13 Aldair 14 Cafu 15 Márcio Santos 16 Leonardo 17 Mazinho 18 Paulo Sérgio 19 Müller 20 Ronaldo 21 Viola 22 Gilmar Coach : Parreira Brazil squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Taffarel 2 Cafu 3 Aldair 4 Júnior Baiano 5 César Sampaio 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Giovanni 8 Dunga ( c ) 9 Ronaldo 10 Rivaldo 11 Emerson 12 Carlos Germano 13 Zé Carlos 14 Gonçalves 15 André Cruz 16 Zé Roberto 17 Doriva 18 Leonardo 19 Denílson 20 Bebeto 21 Edmundo 22 Dida Coach : Zagallo Brazil squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup winners ( 5th title ) 1 Marcos 2 Cafu ( c ) 3 Lúcio 4 Roque Júnior 5 Edmílson 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Ricardinho 8 Gilberto Silva 9 Ronaldo 10 Rivaldo 11 Ronaldinho 12 Dida 13 Belletti 14 Ânderson Polga 15 Kléberson 16 Júnior 17 Denílson 18 Vampeta 19 Juninho Paulista 20 Edílson 21 Luizão 22 Rogério Ceni 23 Kaká Coach : Scolari Brazil squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Dida 2 Cafu ( c ) 3 Lúcio 4 Juan 5 Emerson 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Adriano 8 Kaká 9 Ronaldo 10 Ronaldinho 11 Zé Roberto 12 Rogério Ceni 13 Cicinho 14 Luisão 15 Cris 16 Gilberto 17 Gilberto Silva 18 Mineiro 19 Juninho 20 Ricardinho 21 Fred 22 Júlio César 23 Robinho Coach : Parreira Brazil squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Júlio César 2 Maicon 3 Lúcio ( c ) 4 Juan 5 Felipe Melo 6 Michel Bastos 7 Elano 8 Gilberto Silva 9 Luís Fabiano 10 Kaká 11 Robinho 12 Gomes 13 Dani Alves 14 Luisão 15 Thiago Silva 16 Gilberto 17 Josué 18 Ramires 19 Júlio Baptista 20 Kléberson 21 Nilmar 22 Doni 23 Grafite Coach : Dunga Brazil squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place 1 Jefferson 2 Dani Alves 3 Thiago Silva ( c ) 4 David Luiz 5 Fernandinho 6 Marcelo 7 Hulk 8 Paulinho 9 Fred 10 Neymar 11 Oscar 12 Júlio César 13 Dante 14 Maxwell 15 Henrique 16 Ramires 17 Luiz Gustavo 18 Hernanes 19 Willian 20 Bernard 21 Jô 22 Victor 23 Maicon Coach : Scolari Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=822747208 '' Categories : Brazil at the FIFA World Cup History of the Brazil national football team Countries at the FIFA World Cup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 07 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil%20at%20the%20FIFA%20World%20Cup

when was the last time the chicago bears made the playoffs

Chicago Bears

chicago bears

Independent ( 1919 ) National Football League ( 1920 -- present )

Western Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) National Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Western Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Central Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) Central Division ( 1970 -- 2001 ) North Division ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Dark Navy Blue , Orange , White Fight song `` Bear Down , Chicago Bears '' Mascot Staley Da Bear Personnel Owner ( s ) Virginia Halas McCaskey Chairman George McCaskey President Ted Phillips General manager Ryan Pace Head coach John Fox Team history Decatur Staleys ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Chicago Bears ( 1922 -- present ) Team nicknames Da Bears The Monsters of the Midway Championships League championships ( 9 ) NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 8 ) 1921 , 1932 , 1933 , 1940 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1963 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 1985 ( XX ) Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Western : 1956 , 1963 NFC : 1985 , 2006 Division championships ( 18 ) NFL Western : 1933 , 1934 , 1937 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1946 NFC Central : 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 2001 NFC North : 2005 , 2006 , 2010 Playoff appearances ( 26 ) NFL : 1932 , 1933 , 1934 , 1937 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1946 , 1950 , 1956 , 1963 , 1977 , 1979 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 , 1994 , 2001 , 2005 , 2006 , 2010 Home fields Staley Field ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Wrigley Field ( 1921 -- 1970 ) Soldier Field ( 1971 -- 2001 , 2003 -- present ) Memorial Stadium ( 2002 ) Team owner ( s ) A.E. Staley Company ( 1919 -- 1921 ) George Halas and Dutch Sternaman ( 1921 -- 1932 ) George Halas ( 1932 -- 1983 ) Virginia Halas McCaskey ( 1983 -- present ) Team president ( s ) George Halas ( 1921 -- 1953 ) George Halas Jr. ( 1963 -- 1979 ) Michael McCaskey ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Ted Phillips ( 1999 -- present ) The Chicago Bears are a professional American football team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Bears compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The Bears have won nine NFL Championships , including one Super Bowl , and hold the NFL record for the most enshrinees in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the most retired jersey numbers . The Bears have also recorded more victories than any other NFL franchise . The franchise was founded in Decatur , Illinois , in 1919 , and moved to Chicago in 1921 . It is one of only two remaining franchises from the NFL 's founding in 1920 , along with the Arizona Cardinals , which was originally also in Chicago . The team played home games at Wrigley Field on Chicago 's North Side through the 1970 season ; they now play at Soldier Field on the Near South Side , next to Lake Michigan . The Bears have a long - standing rivalry with the Green Bay Packers . The team headquarters , Halas Hall , is in the Chicago suburb of Lake Forest , Illinois . The Bears practice at adjoining facilities there during the season . Since 2002 , the Bears have held their annual training camp , from late July to mid-August , at Ward Field on the campus of Olivet Nazarene University in Bourbonnais , Illinois . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1919 -- 1939 : Early Bears 1.2 1940s : The Monsters of the Midway 1.3 1950s -- 1968 : Late - Halas era 1.4 1969 -- 1982 : Struggles 1.5 1985 : Super Bowl Champions 1.6 1986 -- 2003 : Post-Super Bowl 1.7 2004 -- 2012 : Lovie Smith era 1.8 2013 -- 2014 : Marc Trestman era 1.9 2015 -- present : John Fox era 2 Ownership 3 Sponsorships 4 Logos , uniforms , mascots , and cheerleaders 4.1 Logo 4.2 Uniforms 4.3 Mascots 4.4 Cheerleaders 5 Rivals 5.1 Divisional rivals 5.1. 1 Green Bay Packers 5.1. 2 Minnesota Vikings 5.1. 3 Detroit Lions 5.2 Historic rivals 5.2. 1 Arizona Cardinals 5.3 Other rivals 6 Stadium 7 In popular culture 8 Broadcast media 8.1 Radio 8.2 Television 9 Statistics and records 9.1 Season - by - season results 9.2 Records 10 Players of note 10.1 Current roster 10.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 10.3 Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame 10.4 Retired numbers 11 Coaching staff 12 Partnership with ' A Safe Place ' 13 Notes and references 14 Sources 15 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Chicago Bears 1919 -- 1939 : early Bears In March of 1920 a man telephoned me ... George Chamberlain and he was general superintendent of the A.E. Staley Company ... In 1919 , ( the company 's Fellowship Club ) had formed a football team . It had done well against other local teams but Mr. Staley wanted to build it into a team that could compete successfully with the best semi-professional and industrial teams in the country ... Mr. Chamberlain asked if I would like to come to Decatur and work for the Staley Company . -- George Halas , in his book Halas by Halas . The team 's founder George Halas ( right ) with NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle Originally named the Decatur Staleys , the club was established by the A.E. Staley food starch company of Decatur , Illinois in 1919 as a company team . This was the typical start for several early professional football franchises . The company hired George Halas and Edward `` Dutch '' Sternaman in 1920 to run the team . The 1920 Decatur Staleys season was their inaugural regular season completed in the newly formed American Professional Football Association ( later renamed the National Football League ( NFL ) in 1922 ) . Full control of the team was turned over to Halas and Sternaman in 1921 . Official team and league records cite Halas as the founder as he took over the team in 1920 when it became a charter member of the NFL . The team relocated to Chicago in 1921 , where the club was renamed the Chicago Staleys . Under an agreement reached by Halas and Sternaman with Staley , Halas purchased the rights to the club from Staley for US $100 . In 1922 , Halas changed the team name from the Staleys to the Bears . The team moved into Wrigley Field , which was home to the Chicago Cubs baseball franchise . As with several early NFL franchises , the Bears derived their nickname from their city 's baseball team ( some directly , some indirectly -- like the Bears , whose young are called `` cubs '' ) . Halas liked the bright orange - and - blue colors of his alma mater , the University of Illinois , and the Bears adopted those colors as their own , albeit in a darker shade of each ( the blue is Pantone 5395 , navy blue , and the orange is Pantone 1665 , similar to burnt orange ) . The Staleys / Bears dominated the league in the early years . Their rivalry with the Chicago Cardinals , the oldest in the NFL ( and a crosstown rival from 1920 to 1959 ) , was key in four out of the first six league titles . During the league 's first six years , the Bears lost twice to the Canton Bulldogs ( who took two league titles over that span ) , and split with their crosstown rival Cardinals ( going 4 -- 4 -- 2 against each other over that span ) , but no other team in the league defeated the Bears more than a single time . During that span , the Bears posted 34 shutouts . The Bears ' rivalry with the Green Bay Packers is one of the oldest and most storied in American professional sports , dating back to 1921 ( the Green Bay Packers were an independent team until they joined the NFL in 1921 ) . In one infamous incident that year , Halas got the Packers expelled from the league in order to prevent their signing a particular player , and then graciously got them re-admitted after the Bears had closed the deal with that player . The 1924 team photo The franchise was an early success under Halas , capturing the NFL Championship in 1921 and remaining competitive throughout the decade . In 1924 the Bears claimed the Championship after defeating the Cleveland Bulldogs on December 7 , even putting the title `` World 's Champions '' on their 1924 team photo . But the NFL had ruled that games after November 30 did not count towards league standings , and the Bears had to settle for second place behind Cleveland . Their only losing season came in 1929 . During the 1920s the club was responsible for triggering the NFL 's long - standing rule that a player could not be signed until his college 's senior class had graduated . The NFL took that action as a consequence of the Bears ' aggressive signing of famous University of Illinois player Red Grange within a day of his final game as a collegian . Despite much of the on - field success , the Bears were a team in trouble . They faced the problem of increased operating costs and flatlined attendance . The Bears would only draw roughly 5,000 -- 6,000 fans a game , while a University of Chicago game would draw 40,000 -- 50,000 fans a game . By adding top college football draw Red Grange to the roster , the Bears knew that they found something to draw more fans to their games . C.C. Pyle was able to secure a $2,000 per game contract for Grange , and in one of the first games , the Bears defeated the Green Bay Packers , 21 -- 0 . However , Grange remained on the sidelines while learning the team 's plays from Bears quarterback Joey Sternaman . Later in 1925 , The Bears would go on a barnstorming tour , showing off the best football player of the day . 75,000 people paid to see Grange lead the Bears to a 17 -- 7 victory over the Los Angeles Tigers , who were a quickly put together team of West Coast college all - stars . After a loss to San Francisco , the Bears cruised to a 60 -- 3 over a semi-pro team called the Portland All Stars . Any hopes that Grange would lead the Bears to glory in 1926 were quickly dashed . A failed contract talk led to Grange bolting to the AFL 's New York Yankees , owned by Pyle . The Bears also lost star quarterback Joey Sternaman , who joined the Chicago Bulls of the AFL . The Bears replaced Grange with Paddy Driscoll , a star football player in his own right . The Bears used the money made from the Grange barn - storming tour to sign the man that replaced him . Grange split his time between making movies and playing football . However , the time was not right to have two competing pro football leagues , and the AFL folded after only one season . Grange would return to the Bears . After the financial losses of the 1932 Championship season , Halas ' partner Dutch Sternaman left the organization . Halas maintained full control of the Bears until his death in 1983 . He also coached the team off - and - on for forty seasons , an NFL record . In the 1932 `` Unofficial '' NFL Championship , the Bears defeated the Portsmouth Spartans in the first indoor American football game at Chicago Stadium . The success of the playoff game led the NFL to institute a championship game . In the very first NFL Championship , the Bears played against the New York Giants , defeating them 23 -- 21 . The teams met again in the 1934 NFL Championship where the Giants , wearing sneakers defeated the Bears 30 -- 13 on a cold , icy day at the Polo Grounds . 1940s : the Monsters of the Midway The 1946 NFL Championship team photo From 1940 -- 1947 , quarterback Sid Luckman led the Bears to victories in four out of the five NFL Championship Games in which they appeared . The team acquired the University of Chicago 's discarded nickname `` Monsters of the Midway '' and their now - famous helmet `` C '' , as well as a newly penned theme song that declared them `` The Pride and Joy of Illinois '' . One famous victory during that period was their 73 -- 0 victory over the favored Washington Redskins at Griffith Stadium in the 1940 NFL Championship Game ; the score is still an NFL record for lopsided results . The secret behind the one - sided outcome was the introduction of a new offensive formation by Halas . The T - formation , as Halas named it , involved two running backs instead of the traditional one in the backfield . Luckman established himself as one of the franchise 's most elite quarterbacks . Between 1939 and 1950 , He set the Bears ' passing records for most career touchdowns , yards , and completions . Many of Luckman 's records stood for decades before they were eclipsed by Jay Cutler in 2014 . Cutler then went on to break Luckman 's franchise record for most career passing touchdowns a year later in 2015 . 1950s -- 1968 : late - Halas era Bears Hall of Famer Mike Ditka is the only person in the modern era to win an NFL championship as a player and coach for the Chicago Bears . After declining throughout the 1950s , the team rebounded in 1963 to capture its eighth NFL Championship , which would be its last until 1985 . The late 1960s and early - 1970s produced notable players like Dick Butkus , Gale Sayers , and Brian Piccolo , who died of embryonal carcinoma in 1970 . The American television network ABC aired a movie about Piccolo in 1971 entitled Brian 's Song , starring James Caan and Billy Dee Williams in the roles of Piccolo and Sayers respectively ; Jack Warden won an Emmy Award for his performance as Halas . The movie was later released for theater screenings after first being shown on television . Despite Hall of Fame careers , Butkus and Sayers would also have their careers cut short due to injuries , hamstringing the Bears of this era . Halas retired as coach in 1967 and spent the rest of his days in the front office . He became the only person to be involved with the NFL throughout the first 60 years of its existence . He was also a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame 's first induction class in 1963 . As the only living founder of the NFL at the February 1970 merger between the NFL and the American Football League , the owners honored Halas by electing him the first President of the National Football Conference , a position that he held until his death in 1983 . In his honor , the NFL named the NFC Championship trophy as the George Halas Memorial Trophy . 1969 -- 1982 : struggles Payton set several franchise and NFL records in rushing during his 13 - season career with the Bears After the merger , the Bears finished the 1970 season last place in their division , a repeat of their placing in the 1969 season . In 1975 , the Bears drafted Walter Payton from Jackson State University with their first pick . He won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award in the 1977 -- 78 season . Payton would go on to eclipse Jim Brown 's NFL career rushing record in 1984 before retiring in 1987 , and would hold the mark until 2002 , when Emmitt Smith of the Dallas Cowboys surpassed it . Payton 's career and personality would capture the hearts of Bear fans , who called him `` Sweetness '' . He died from a rare form of liver cancer in 1999 at the age of 45 . On November 1 , 1983 , a day after the death of George Halas , his oldest daughter , Virginia McCaskey , took over as the majority owner of the team . Her husband , Ed McCaskey , succeeded her father as the Chairman of the Board . Their son Michael became the third president in team history . Mrs. McCaskey holds the honorary title of `` secretary of the board of directors '' , but the 90 - year -- old matriarch has been called the glue that holds the franchise together . Mrs. McCaskey 's reign as the owner of the Bears was not planned , as her father originally earmarked her brother , George `` Mugs '' Halas Jr. as the heir apparent to the franchise . However , he died of a massive heart attack in 1979 . Her impact on the team is well - noted as her own family has dubbed her `` The First Lady of Sports '' , and the Chicago Sun - Times has listed her as one of Chicago 's most powerful women . 1985 : Super Bowl Champions The Bears making a rushing play in the end zone against the Patriots during Super Bowl XX . Mike Ditka , a tight end for the Bears from 1961 to 1966 , was hired to coach the team by George Halas in 1982 . His gritty personality earned him the nickname `` Iron Mike '' . In the 1985 season the fire in the Bears -- Packers rivalry was relit when Ditka used 315 pound defensive tackle `` Refrigerator '' Perry as a running back in a touchdown play at Lambeau Field , against the Packers . The Bears won their ninth NFL Championship , first since the AFL - NFL merger , in Super Bowl XX after the 1985 season in which they dominated the NFL with their then - revolutionary 46 defense and a cast of characters that recorded the novelty rap song `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' . The season was notable in that the Bears had only one loss , the `` unlucky 13th '' game of the season , a Monday night affair in which they were defeated by the Miami Dolphins . At the time , much was made of the fact that the 1972 Dolphins were the only franchise in history to have had an undefeated season and post-season . The Dolphins came close to setting up a rematch in the Super Bowl , but lost to the New England Patriots in the AFC title game . `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' was videotaped the day after that Monday night loss in Miami . 1986 -- 2003 : post-super Bowl After the 1985 Championship season , the Bears remained competitive throughout the 1980s but failed to return to the Super Bowl under Ditka . Between the firing of Ditka and the hiring of Lovie Smith , the Bears had two head coaches , Dick Jauron and Dave Wannstedt . While both head coaches led the team to the playoffs once ( Wannstedt in 1994 and Jauron in 2001 ) , neither was able to accumulate a winning record or bring the Bears back to the Super Bowl . Therefore , the 1990s was largely considered to be a disappointment . Before the Bears hired Jauron in January 1999 , Dave McGinnis ( Arizona 's defensive coordinator , and a former Bears assistant under Ditka and Wannstedt ) backed out of taking the head coaching position . The Bears scheduled a press conference to announce the hiring before McGinnis agreed to contract terms . Soon after Jauron 's hiring , Mrs. McCaskey fired her son Michael as president , replacing him with Ted Phillips and promoting Michael to chairman of the board . Phillips , the current Bears president , became the first man outside of the Halas - McCaskey family to run the team . 2004 -- 2012 : Lovie Smith era Lovie Smith accomplished his first objective as the team 's head coach by sweeping the Green Bay Packers during the 2005 season . Lovie Smith , hired on January 15 , 2004 , is the third post-Ditka head coach . Joining the Bears as a rookie head coach , Smith brought the highly successful Tampa 2 defensive scheme with him to Chicago . Before his second season with the Bears , the team rehired their former offensive coordinator and then Illinois head coach Ron Turner to improve the Bears ' struggling offense . In 2005 , the Bears won their division and reached the playoffs for the first time in four years . Their previous playoff berth was earned by winning the NFC Central in 2001 . The Bears improved upon their success the following season , by clinching their second consecutive NFC North title during Week 13 of the 2006 season , winning their first playoff game since 1995 , and earning a trip to Super Bowl XLI . However , they fell short of the championship , losing 29 -- 17 to the Indianapolis Colts . Following the 2006 season , the club decided to give Smith a contract extension through 2011 , at roughly $5 million per year . This comes a season after being the lowest paid head coach in the National Football League . The club has played in over a thousand games since becoming a charter member of the NFL in 1920 . Through the 2010 season , they led the NFL in overall franchise wins with 704 and had an overall record of 704 -- 512 -- 42 ( going 687 -- 494 -- 42 during the regular season and 17 -- 18 in the playoffs ) . On November 18 , 2010 the Bears recorded franchise win number 700 in a win against the Miami Dolphins . The Bears made one of the biggest trades in team history by acquiring Pro Bowl quarterback Jay Cutler in 2009 . The Bears made one of the biggest trades in franchise history , acquiring Pro Bowl quarterback Jay Cutler from the Denver Broncos in exchange for Kyle Orton and draft picks on April 2 , 2009 . After a disappointing 2009 campaign with the team going 7 -- 9 , Mike Martz was hired as the team 's offensive coordinator on February 1 , 2010 . On March 5 , 2010 , the Bears signed defensive end Julius Peppers , running back Chester Taylor , and tight end Brandon Manumaleuna , spending over $100 million on the first day of free agency . Also during the 2010 offseason , Michael McCaskey was replaced by brother George McCaskey as chairman of the Bears . With a 38 -- 34 win against the New York Jets , the Bears clinched the No. 2 seed and a first - round bye for the 2010 -- 11 NFL playoffs . In their first Playoff game since Super Bowl XLI , The Bears defeated the No. 4 seed Seattle Seahawks 35 -- 24 in the Divisional Round . The Bears reached the NFC Championship Game , where they played Green Bay Packers at Soldier Field -- only the second playoff meeting between the two storied rivals , the only other game played in 1941 . The Bears lost the game , 21 -- 14 . The team started the 2011 season strong with a 7 -- 3 record , and running back Matt Forté led the NFL in total yards from scrimmage . Eventually , quarterback Jay Cutler fractured his thumb , and Forté also was lost for the season against the Kansas City Chiefs after spraining his MCL , and the Bears , with Caleb Hanie playing , lost five straight before winning against the Minnesota Vikings with Josh McCown starting in favor over Hanie . At season 's end , general manager Jerry Angelo was fired , and former Chiefs director of scouting and former Bears scout Phil Emery was brought in . Offensive coordinator Mike Martz resigned , and eventually retired , and was replaced by offensive line coach Mike Tice . The Bears made another notable move by trading for Miami Dolphins receiver and Pro Bowl MVP Brandon Marshall . The Bears became the first team in NFL history to return six interceptions for touchdowns in the first seven games of the season , with another pick - six by Brian Urlacher in Week 9 bringing Chicago two behind the record set by the 1961 San Diego Chargers . However , the Bears missed the playoffs with a record of 10 -- 6 ( after starting the season 7 -- 1 , the first team to start with the record and miss the playoffs since the 1996 Washington Redskins ) , and Smith was fired on December 31 . 2013 -- 2014 : Marc Trestman era Then - CFL head coach and former NFL journeyman Marc Trestman was hired to succeed Smith after an exhaustive search that included at least 13 known candidates . On March 20 , 2013 , Brian Urlacher 's 13 - year tenure with the Bears ended when both sides failed to agree on a contract . The Trestman era began on September 8 with a 24 -- 21 win over the Cincinnati Bengals , making Trestman the fourth head coach in Bears history to win in his coaching debut , after George Halas ( 1920 ) , Neill Armstrong ( 1978 ) and Dick Jauron ( 1999 ) . The Bears ended the 2013 season 8 -- 8 . The following season was a disaster for the Bears , as they finished 5 -- 11 and last in the NFC North . Trestman and Emery were fired after the season ended . 2015 -- present : John Fox era The Bears hired Ryan Pace of the New Orleans Saints to be their new general manager on January 8 , 2015 . On January 16 , 2015 , John Fox accepted a four - year deal to become head coach . In Fox 's first season as head coach , the Bears saw improvements from 2014 ; after USA Today projected the Bears to win three games , they doubled that total and finished the season with a 6 -- 10 record , including a Thanksgiving win over the Packers at Lambeau Field . However , during the 2016 season , the Bears regressed heavily , compiling a 3 -- 13 record , their worst since the NFL 's change to 16 - game seasons in 1978 . The season included several injuries to starters and secondary players , including Jay Cutler , who only played five games as a result of two separate injuries . The team 's backup quarterback Brian Hoyer would then start the next three games before being out for the season with a broken arm and being replaced by Matt Barkley , who earned his first career start with the Bears . Ownership Halas Hall in Lake Forest , Illinois is the Bears ' headquarters . Virginia Halas McCaskey , her children , and grandchildren control 80 percent of the team , and Mrs. McCaskey votes her children 's stock as well as her own . Patrick Ryan , executive chairman of Aon Corp. , and Aon director Andrew McKenna own 19.7 % of the club . In a Crain 's Chicago Business article , one businessman described his wishes for the team to maximize its potential . In 2009 , Yahoo ! Sports listed the McCaskeys as the third worst owner in the NFL , stating `` ( T ) hey get less for what they 've got than any team in our league . '' There have been rumors that the McCaskey family might split up over the team . In 2012 , Forbes magazine reported that the franchise is worth $1.19 billion , making it the eighth richest franchise in the NFL . Chicago is the third largest media market in the United States . Sponsorships The team has major sponsorship deals with Dr Pepper Snapple Group , Miller Brewing Company , PNC Financial Services , United Airlines , Verizon , Xfinity and Proven IT . The team was the first in the NFL to have a presenting sponsor , with the 2004 season advertised as `` Bears Football presented by BankOne ( now Chase ) '' . Additionally , the Bears have an agreement with WFLD ( the Fox owned - and - operated station in Chicago ) to broadcast pre-season football games . Logos , uniforms , Mascots , and cheerleaders Main article : Chicago Bears logos , uniforms , and mascots Logo One of the original logos ( 1962 -- 1973 ) The club 's first logo was introduced in the early 1950s as a black bear on top of a football . They kept this until 1962 , when the Bears trademark ' C ' logo was first introduced . The change in their logo from the black bear was due to the addition of logos on helmets , which pro football teams started adding in the late 1950s and early 1960s . Unlike some NFL franchises that have had many different looks over time , the Bears have kept the wishbone ' C ' for over 40 years . In 1974 , the team decided to keep the same ' C ' logo but change the color from white to orange with white trim . This is the current logo ; however , the club has since introduced alternate logos , including a black bear inside of the orange wishbone ' C ' , introduced in 1995 , and an orange bear head , introduced in 1999 . Uniforms In 1920 the team introduced uniforms containing brown and blue stripes . In the 1930s , the franchise 's uniform underwent substantial alterations . By 1933 the Bears donned all - orange jerseys with navy numbers and matching navy blue helmets . In 1936 , they modified this design into `` an early version of psychedelia '' by adding three orange stripes to their helmets , changing the color of the jerseys from orange to white , complementing the new white jerseys with 14 navy and orange alternating stripes on the sleeves , and introducing socks with a similar striped pattern extending from ankle to knee . Because of poor response from the fans and the media , this design lasted only one season . By 1949 , the team was wearing the familiar navy blue shirts with white , rounded numbers . In 1956 , the team added `` TV numbers '' to the sleeves . The Bears ' C ' logo first appeared on the helmets in 1962 . The logo changed from white to a white - bordered orange logo 11 years later , and has remained unchanged ever since . The Bears added the initials GSH to the left sleeve of their jerseys in 1984 in memory of George Halas . For decades , the team was known as the only NFL team to wear jersey numbers that were not the traditional block - style numbers ( though during the 1971 season , the Bears ' road jerseys used the block - style numbers ) . Although a handful of other NFL teams and the Houston Oilers during their early AFL days experimented with rounder jersey numbers , by the mid-1960s the Bears were the only team left to continue wearing rounded jersey numbers . Since the mid-1990s , however , several teams have shifted away from the block numbers in favor of numbers that match a specific team font ( e.g. Denver Broncos , Baltimore Ravens , Philadelphia Eagles , etc . ) or in the case of the Pittsburgh Steelers , match the jersey number font with the helmet numbers while otherwise leaving the jersey design alone . Other variations to the Bears uniforms over the years include the addition of navy blue pants as a part of the road kit in 1984 . During the 1994 season , the Bears -- with most of the other NFL franchises -- introduced throwback uniforms to be worn in the honor of the NFL 's 75th anniversary . These uniforms with brown and blue stripes resemble the original Bears uniforms worn in the 1920s . On October 7 , 2002 the Bears wore navy blue pants with their navy blue home jerseys for the first time , and lost at home to Green Bay before a national Monday Night Football audience . The Bears did not wear the all - blue combination again until the 2006 regular season finale against the Packers , also a loss , on December 31 . A variation of the all - blue look , this time featuring blue socks with orange stripes , was used on October 20 , 2016 against the Packers as part of the NFL Color Rush initiative , a game the Bears also lost . Then on September 10 , 2017 , the Bears played the Atlanta Falcons at home in their all - blue uniforms and lost , giving the combination an 0 -- 4 all - time record . On November 13 , 2005 and October 29 , 2006 ( both times in games against the San Francisco 49ers ) , the Bears introduced an orange alternate home jersey . The orange swaps roles with the navy blue on this alternate jersey , as it becomes the dominant color while the navy complements . The orange jerseys were worn again on October 19 , 2008 at home against the Minnesota Vikings in a 48 -- 41 victory . The Bears also wore the orange jerseys against the Detroit Lions in 2007 , a 2009 game vs. the Cleveland Browns , as well as in 2011 against the Packers and Lions . The Bears previously wore orange jerseys as part of a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2004 . Their uniforms , especially for their classic look , have been cited as one of the best in the league . Since 2005 , the Bears have worn their alternate orange jerseys for one home game a season that is near Halloween . For the 2005 -- 07 and 2010 home openers , the team wore the white jerseys with the navy blue pants . The team is 4 -- 0 in these games , beating the Lions in 2005 , 2006 , and 2010 , and beating the Chiefs in 2007 . The Bears honored the original Monsters of the Midway during the 2010 season by wearing throwback uniforms of the era for selected games . The uniforms are a nod to the 1940s when the Bears won four NFL titles with Hall of Famers Danny Fortman , Sid Luckman , George McAfee , George Musso , Bronko Nagurski , Joe Stydahar and Clyde `` Bulldog '' Turner . The Bears wore the throwbacks once again for the 2012 season . In 2012 , after Nike took over the NFL uniform supplier from Reebok , the Bears uniform received changes . One of the changes include moving the numbers on the sleeves onto the shoulder pad , as well as enlarging the GSH on the stripes . Mascots Main article : Staley Da Bear Staley Da Bear in 2008 . The team 's official mascot , Staley Da Bear , made his debut at Soldier Field in 2003 . He is named after A.E. Staley , the team 's founder . Cheerleaders Main article : Chicago Honey Bears The team also formerly had their own cheerleading squad called the Chicago Honey Bears . However , Bears owner Virginia Halas McCaskey terminated them after the 1985 season . The squad 's uniforms have changed 3 times : from 1977 -- 1979 was a white bodysuit with navy blue sleeves , from 1980 -- 1984 was also a white bodysuit , but with orange sleeves and the navy was moved to the trim , and in the squad 's final season in 1985 , the uniform was redesigned with an orange sequin vest . Rivals Divisional rivals Green Bay Packers Main article : Bears -- Packers rivalry The Green Bay Packers are the Bears ' biggest rivals since their team 's inception in 1920 . The Green Bay Packers currently have the lead at 95 -- 94 -- 6 , and the teams have met twice in the postseason . The Bears won the 1941 meeting , 33 -- 14 , and eventually defeated the New York Giants in the 1941 NFL Championship Game , and the Packers won the 2011 meeting , 21 -- 14 , en route to a Super Bowl XLV win over the Pittsburgh Steelers . The teams ' first meeting was a victory for the Bears ( known as the Staleys at the time ) in 1921 in a shutout , 20 -- 0 . The Packers claimed their first win over the Bears in 1925 , 14 -- 10 . The 1924 matchup ( which ended in a 3 -- 0 win for Chicago ) was notable for featuring the first ever ejection of players in a game in NFL history , as Frank Hanny of the Bears and Walter Voss of the Packers were ejected for punching each other . The rivalry also featured one of the last successful fair catch kicks in 1968 , when Bears kicker Mac Percival kicked the game - winning field goal . Minnesota Vikings Main article : Bears -- Vikings rivalry Chicago and Minnesota took each other on in the Vikings ' inaugural game , with the Vikings defeating the Bears in a 37 -- 13 rout , and Minnesota currently holds the series lead 54 -- 50 -- 2 . Detroit Lions Main article : Bears -- Lions rivalry The Detroit Lions and Bears have faced off since the Lions ' inception in 1930 , when they were known as the Portsmouth Spartans , with the Spartans winning , 7 -- 6 , and Chicago winning the second meeting , 14 -- 6 . Since then , the Bears have led the series , 95 -- 66 -- 5 . The rivalry grew in 1932 , when the Bears and Spartans met in the first ever postseason game in NFL history , with the Bears winning the game 9 -- 0 . The game also was known as the first `` indoor football '' game , as the game took place in indoor Chicago Stadium due to a blizzard at the time . The game also started the forward pass . Historic rivals Arizona Cardinals Former cross-town rivals , the Bears and the Cardinals have faced each other more times than any other teams not currently in the same division . Highlights of the rivalry include Ernie Nevers scoring 40 points against the Bears in 1929 in a 40 -- 7 rout . In 2006 , the Bears defeated the Cardinals in a 24 -- 23 comeback from a 20 - point deficit in the 2nd half , which resulted in Cardinals coach Dennis Green 's famous rant . The Bears currently lead the all - time series , 57 -- 27 -- 6 . Other rivals Cleveland Browns : Since 2005 , the Bears and Browns have met in the final game of the preseason , after the two teams made an agreement to play each other in alternating cities due to their close proximity . The Browns won the 2005 game 16 -- 6 , but the Bears have since gone 7 -- 5 , winning in their 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , and 2016 matchups . In their all - time series , the Browns lead 6 -- 9 ( as the current expansion team ) . Indianapolis Colts : Despite not meeting as often , the Bears and Colts are known as being geographic rivals , with NFL.com analyst Dave Dameshek calling the game the I - 65 Bowl , after Interstate 65 , which connects between Chicago and Indianapolis . The Colts ( while in Baltimore ) won the first meeting in 1953 13 -- 9 . Both teams have shared various moments in the past , with the Bears suffering their worst loss in franchise history 52 -- 0 to the Colts during their time in Baltimore . The Bears later won 57 -- 0 in 1962 against the Colts , which is the highest scoring differential in team history for a regular - season game . The most notable moment between the two teams was Super Bowl XLI , with Indianapolis pulling away with the win despite Chicago dominance in the first half , which was also known for being the first ever Super Bowl to be played in rain . The teams also share various relations with each other , including the relationship between former Colts coach Tony Dungy and Bears coach Lovie Smith , who both were on the Tampa Bay Buccaneers team in the late 1990s and early 2000s , and both coaches met in Super Bowl XLI . The Colts currently lead the series , 23 -- 19 , though the Bears have won the last two meetings both in 2008 , 23 - 19 and in 2012 , 41 -- 21 . Because of the NFL 's scheduling formula , The Bears and Colts will meet again in 2016 at Lucas Oil Stadium . San Francisco 49ers : In the 1980s , the Bears and San Francisco 49ers have met twice in the postseason , as well as many times in the regular season . In the teams ' first meeting in 1950 , the Bears triumphed , 17 -- 0 . In the 1980s , the Bears went 3 -- 4 , including 2 postseason meetings . The 49ers won the first meeting in a 23 -- 0 shutout , as well as the next meeting , 28 -- 3 . In 1985 , the Bears claimed their revenge for their humiliating loss by sending in rookie William `` The Refrigerator '' Perry in at fullback in a 26 -- 10 rout . Since the game , the Bears have lost all eight games at Candlestick Park , the last being a 32 -- 7 loss in 2012 . In the 49ers ' new stadium Levi 's Stadium 's opening game against the Bears , the Bears triumphed 28 -- 20 . However , the 49ers won the most recent meeting on December 6 , 2015 at Soldier Field , defeating the Bears 26 -- 20 . Because both teams finished in last place in their respective divisions , the Bears and 49ers will meet again in 2016 . New York Giants : In a newer preseason rivalry ( as well as an old rivalry ) , the Bears and Giants have taken each other on frequently in the preseason against each other since 2009 , and since 2011 , has been the 3rd game in the preseason ( both teams did n't meet in 2010 ) . The 2 teams have also shared some bad blood before the AFL - NFL merger , as the Bears defeated the Giants in the inaugural NFL Championship Game . The Giants would claim their revenge in the infamous `` Sneakers Game '' over the undefeated Bears . The Bears would defeat New York in the 1963 NFL Championship Game . In the recent decade , the Bears defeated the Giants in 2006 , 38 -- 20 , and Bears rookie Devin Hester showed his ability to return on special teams when he tied a Bears record for longest play when he ran a missed field goal back 108 yards for a touchdown on Sunday Night Football . The Giants would claim their revenge in 2010 , when they defeated the Bears in a 17 -- 3 victory , in which the Giants sacked Bears quarterback Jay Cutler nine times in the first half . The Bears eventually won in 2013 , 27 -- 21 . Because of the NFL 's scheduling formula , the Bears and Giants will meet again in 2016 at MetLife Stadium . Stadium Main articles : Wrigley Field and Soldier Field Soldier Field in 2011 , as seen from the lakeshore Soldier Field , located on Lake Shore Drive in Chicago , is the current home of the Bears . The Bears moved to Soldier Field in 1971 after outgrowing Wrigley Field , the team 's home for 50 years . Northwestern University 's residential neighbors objected to their playing at Dyche Stadium , now called Ryan Field . After the AFL - NFL Merger , the newly merged league wanted their teams to play in stadiums that could hold at least 50,000 fans . Even with the portable bleachers that the team brought into Wrigley , the stadium could still only hold 46,000 . Soldier Field 's playing turf was changed from natural grass to astroturf before the 1971 season , and then back to natural grass in time for the start of the 1988 season . The stadium was the site of the infamous Fog Bowl playoff game between the Bears and Philadelphia Eagles . In 2002 , the stadium was closed and rebuilt with only the exterior wall of the stadium being preserved . It was closed on Sunday , January 20 , 2002 , a day after the Bears lost in the playoffs . It reopened on September 27 , 2003 after a complete rebuild ( the second in the stadium 's history ) . Many fans refer to the rebuilt stadium as `` New Soldier Field '' . During the 2002 season , the Bears played their home games at the University of Illinois ' Memorial Stadium in Champaign , where they went 3 -- 5 . Many critics have negative views of the new stadium . They believe that its current structure has made it more of an eyesore than a landmark ; some have dubbed it the `` Mistake on the Lake '' . Soldier Field was stripped of its National Historic Landmark designation on February 17 , 2006 . In the 2005 season , the Bears won the NFC North Division and the No. 2 Seed in the NFC Playoffs , entitling them to play at least one home game in the postseason . The team hosted ( and lost ) their divisional round match on January 15 , 2006 against the Carolina Panthers . This was the first playoff game at Soldier Field since the stadium reopened . The stadium 's end zones and midfield were not painted until the 1982 season . The design sported on the field included the bolded word `` Chicago '' rendered in Highway Gothic in both end zones . In 1983 , the end zone design returned , with the addition of a large wishbone `` C '' Bears logo painted at midfield . These field markings remained unchanged until the 1996 season . In 1996 the midfield wishbone `` C '' was changed to a large blue Bears head , and the end zone design were painted with `` Bears '' in cursive . This new design remained until the 1999 season , at which point the artwork was returned to the classic `` Chicago '' and the `` C '' . In the new Soldier Field , the artwork was tweaked to where one end zone had the word `` Chicago '' bolded and the other had `` Bears '' . In popular culture The CNA Center in Chicago flashes a `` GO BEARS '' window display before a Bears Sunday Night Football game While the Super Bowl XX Champion Bears were a fixture of mainstream American pop culture in the 1980s , the Bears made a prior mark with the 1971 American TV movie Brian 's Song starring Billy Dee Williams as Gale Sayers and James Caan as Brian Piccolo . The film told of how Piccolo helped Sayers recover from a devastating knee injury to return to his status as one of the league 's best players , and how Sayers in turn helped the Piccolo family through Brian 's fatal illness . A 2001 remake of the movie for ABC starred Sean Maher as Piccolo and Mekhi Phifer as Sayers . The 1985 team is also remembered for recording the song `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' , which reached number forty - one on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for a Grammy Award . The music video for the song depicts the team rapping that they are `` not here to start no trouble '' but instead `` just here to do the Super Bowl Shuffle '' . The team took a risk by recording and releasing the song before the playoffs had even begun , but were able to avoid embarrassment by going on to win Super Bowl XX by a then - record margin of 46 -- 10 . That game was one of the most watched television events in history according to the Nielsen ratings system ; the game had a rating of 48.3 , ranking it 7th in all - time television history . In addition to the `` Super Bowl Shuffle '' rap song , the Bears ' success in the 1980s -- and especially the personality of head coach Mike Ditka -- inspired a recurring sketch on the American sketch comedy program Saturday Night Live , called `` Bill Swerski 's Superfans '' . The sketch featured Cheers co-star George Wendt , a Chicago native , as host of a radio talk - show ( similar in tone to WGN radio 's `` The Sportswriters '' ) , with co-panelists Carl Wollarski ( Robert Smigel ) , Pat Arnold ( Mike Myers ) and Todd O'Connor ( Chris Farley ) . To hear them tell it , `` Da Bears '' and Coach Ditka could do no wrong . The sketch stopped after Ditka was fired in 1993 . The sketch usually showed the panelists drinking lots of beer and eating lots of Polish sausage , and often featured Todd getting so agitated about what was happening with the Bears that he suffered a heart attack , but quickly recovered ( through self - administered CPR ) . The sketch also features the cast predicting unrealistic blowout victories for Bears games . Da Super Fan sketch has not been brought back by SNL , with the exception of a single appearance by Horatio Sanz as a Super Fan for the Cubs on `` Weekend Update '' in 2003 . Outside of SNL , George Wendt reprised his role of Swerski in the opening promo of Super Bowl XL on ABC . On TV shows based in Chicago such as The Bob Newhart Show , Married ... with Children , Family Matters , Still Standing , According to Jim , Early Edition and The Bernie Mac Show , the main characters are all Bears fans , and have worn Bears ' jerseys and T - shirts on some occasions . Some episodes even show them watching Bears games . Roseanne is another TV show based in Illinois ( albeit not in Chicago itself ) to feature the Bears as the consensus household favorite , as ' Dan Connor ' John Goodman is seen wearing Bears hats in several episodes . That ' 70s Show featured several Bears references , as it was based in Wisconsin , home of the Packers . On one episode while the gang is at a Bears vs. Packers game , Eric comes to the seat in a Walter Payton jersey and is booed by the surrounding Packers fans . In an episode of the Disney Channel show Shake It Up , based in Chicago , recurring character Dina Garcia ( Ainsley Bailey ) sold scalped Chicago Bears tickets . More recently , Modern Family character Cameron Tucker has been shown as a Bears fan . In an episode of the Disney Channel show `` I Did n't Do It '' , based in Chicago , Lindy Watson ( Olivia Holt ) and Logan Watson ( Austin North ) try to get a football signed by NFL Hall of Famer Dick Butkus after destroying their fathers Butkus signed ball , Alshon Jeffery also makes a cameo appearance as well . Ditka 's success and popularity in Chicago has led him to land analyst roles on various American football pregame shows . Ditka worked for both the NFL on NBC and CBS 's The NFL Today , and he currently works on ESPN 's Sunday NFL Countdown and provided Friday night analysis on the Bears on WBBM - TV 's 2 on Football with former WBBM - TV sports director Mark Malone . He is also the color analyst for all local broadcasts of Bears preseason games . Ditka also co-starred himself alongside actor Will Ferrell in the 2005 comedy film Kicking & Screaming . Also , Ditka , Dick Butkus , Walter Payton , Jim McMahon , William `` Refrigerator '' Perry and Brian Urlacher are among Bears figures known for their appearances in TV commercials . Urlacher , whose jersey was among the league 's best - selling in 2002 , was featured on Nike commercials with former Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick . In the 1961 Hanna - Barbera animated short `` Rah Rah Bear '' , Yogi Bear helps the Bears beat the New York Giants . The Bears were later depicted in an episode of the 1985 cartoon version of the NBC sitcom Punky Brewster , where the Bears are playing the Green Bay Packers . Clark Griswold ( Chevy Chase ) from the National Lampoon 's Vacation series appears in some scenes wearing a navy blue with burnt orange scripting Chicago Bears ball cap . He wears the same Chicago Bears cap throughout all four Vacation movies . Broadcast media Chicago Bears Network Radio Map of radio affiliates . Currently , WBBM ( 780 AM ) and its simulcasting partner , WCFS - FM ( 105.9 FM ) broadcast Bears games with Jeff Joniak doing the play - by - play , along with color commentator Tom Thayer , who played for the Bears from 1985 -- 1992 , and sideline reporter Zach Zaidman . Over the years , many Bears play - by - play broadcasters have included play - by - play announcers Jack Brickhouse , Joe McConnell and Wayne Larrivee , and color commentators Hub Arkush , Dick Butkus , Jim Hart and Irv Kupcinet . Spanish radio station WLEY - FM aired the Bears games from 2012 to 2014 . Since 2015 , WRTO and WVIV - FM air Bears games in Spanish . Chicago Bears Network Radio affiliates Market Station Notes Chicago WBBM ( 780 AM ) / WCFS - FM ( 105.9 FM ) All games Bears Insider WRTO ( 1200 AM ) / WVIV - FM ( 93.5 FM ) All games ( in Spanish ) WSCR ( 670 AM ) Bears All - Access Television Their current preseason TV announcers on WFLD ( channel 32 ) , which also carries the majority of the team 's regular season games through the NFL on Fox , are Sam Rosen ( play - by - play ) , Erik Kramer ( color commentary ) and Lou Canellis ( sideline reporter ) . When the games are played against an AFC team , it can be aired on the CBS O&O station , WBBM - TV . Sunday Night games are broadcast on WMAQ - TV , the NBC O&O station . Chicago Bears Network Television affiliates Market Station Notes Regional cable NBC Sports Chicago Bears Recap Bears Huddle Bears Blitz Chicago WFLD Preseason and Fox regional / national games Bears Gameday Live Bears Gamenight Live Cedar Rapids , Iowa KFXA Preseason and Fox regional / national games Champaign -- Urbana WCCU Preseason and Fox regional / national games Peoria WMBD - TV Preseason and CBS regional / national games Quad Cities KLJB Preseason and Fox regional / national games Rockford WIFR Preseason and CBS regional / national games Rockford WQRF Preseason and Fox regional / national games Springfield WRSP - TV Preseason and Fox regional / national games South Bend WSBT - TV Preseason and CBS regional / national games Statistics and records For more details on this topic , see Chicago Bears statistics . Patrick Mannelly holds the record for the most seasons in a Bears uniform with 16 . On the other hand , Steve McMichael holds the record for most consecutive games played by a Bear with 191 ; he accomplished the feat from 1981 to 1993 . In second place is Payton , who played 186 games from 1975 to 1987 at running back , a position considered to be conducive to injury , only missing one game in a span of 13 seasons . Kicker Robbie Gould became the Bears ' all - time scoring leader in Week 5 of 2015 season overtaking placekicker Kevin Butler who previously held the club record for scoring the most points in his ten - year Bear career . He scored 1,116 points as the Bears kicker from 1985 to 1995 . He is followed by running back Walter Payton , with 750 points . Payton holds the team record for career rushing yards with 16,726 . That was an NFL record until Emmitt Smith of the Dallas Cowboys broke it in 2002 . Former Bears running back Matt Forte , who started playing for the Bears in 2008 , is the closest to Payton 's record with 6,985 yards . Forte also holds the team 's single season record for rookies in rushing attempts , rushing yards and receptions . Mark Bortz holds the record for most Bear playoff appearances , with 13 between 1983 and 1994 , and is followed by Kevin Butler , Dennis Gentry , Dan Hampton , Jay Hilgenberg , Steve McMichael , Ron Rivera , Mike Singletary , and Keith Van Horne , who have each played in 12 playoff games . The 1940 Chicago Bears team holds the record for the biggest margin of victory in an NFL game ( playoff or regular season ) with a 73 -- 0 victory over the Washington Redskins in the 1940 NFL Championship Game . The largest home victory for the Bears came in a 61 -- 7 result against the Green Bay Packers in 1980 . The largest defeat in club history was a 52 -- 0 loss against the Baltimore Colts in 1964 . The club recorded undefeated regular seasons in 1934 and 1942 , but ( unlike the 1972 Dolphins ) did not win the championship game in either season . In 1934 , the club completed a 13 -- 0 record but were defeated by the New York Giants , and in 1942 the club completed an 11 -- 0 record but were defeated by the Redskins . Had the Bears won either championship , the club would have completed a championship three - peat -- a feat completed only by the Packers ( twice ) , although no team has done it since the AFL - NFL merger . Halas holds the team record for coaching the most seasons with 40 and for having the most career victories of 324 . Halas ' victories record stood until Don Shula surpassed Halas in 1993 . Ditka is the closest Bears coach to Halas , with 112 career victories . No other Bears coach has recorded over 100 victories with the team . During the 2006 season , return specialist Devin Hester set several kick return records . He currently holds the franchise record for most return yards with 2,261 . He had six touchdown returns , setting a record for most returns in a single season . In 2007 , he recorded another six touchdown season from returns . One of the most notable of these returns came on November 12 , 2006 , when he returned a missed field goal for a 108 - yard touchdown . The record tied former teammate Nathan Vasher 's previous record , which was set almost a year earlier . Additionally , Hester set a Super Bowl record by becoming the first player to return an opening kick of a Super Bowl for a touchdown . On December 20 , 2010 , Hester set an NFL record for most touchdowns on a punt or kickoff return with his 14th career return coming against the Minnesota Vikings . In 2011 , Hester broke the record for the most punt returns against the Carolina Panthers . In 2012 , Charles Tillman has the record for most forced fumbles in a single game with 4 against the Tennessee Titans . Also against the Titans , Chicago became the first team in league history to score a touchdown pass , a touchdown run , an interception return for a touchdown , and a blocked kick / punt for a score in the same quarter . Tillman and teammate Lance Briggs became the first pair in NFL history to return an interception for a touchdown in consecutive games against the Jacksonville Jaguars and Dallas Cowboys . Season - by - season results For more details on this topic , see List of Chicago Bears all - time record versus NFL . This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed or in progress by the Bears . For the full season - by - season franchise results , see List of Chicago Bears seasons . Note : The Finish , Wins , Losses , and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Record as of December 28 , 2014 Super Bowl Champions Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Post Season Results Ref Finish Wins Losses Ties 2012 2012 NFL NFC North 3rd 10 6 0 2013 2013 NFL NFC North 2nd 8 8 0 2014 2014 NFL NFC North 4th 5 11 0 2015 2015 NFL NFC North 4th 6 10 0 2016 2016 NFL NFC North 4th 13 0 All - time regular season record ( 1920 -- 2010 ) -- 722 526 42 -- -- All - time postseason record ( 1932 -- 2010 ) -- 17 18 -- -- -- All - time regular season and postseason record ( 1920 -- 2010 ) -- 739 542 42 -- -- Records All - Time Bears Leaders Leader Player Record Number Years with Bears Passing Jay Cutler 23,443 passing yards 2009 -- 2016 Rushing Walter Payton 16,726 rushing yards 1975 -- 1987 Receiving Johnny Morris 5,059 receiving yards 1958 -- 1967 Points Robbie Gould 1,142 points 2005 -- 2015 Coaching Wins George Halas 318 wins 1920 -- 29 , 1933 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1955 , 1958 -- 1967 Players of note For more details on this topic , see List of Chicago Bears players . Current roster Chicago Bears roster view talk Quarterbacks 8 Mike Glennon 6 Mark Sanchez 10 Mitchell Trubisky Running backs 46 Michael Burton FB 29 Tarik Cohen 30 Benny Cunningham 24 Jordan Howard 33 Taquan Mizzell Wide receivers 15 Josh Bellamy 17 Dontrelle Inman 12 Markus Wheaton 13 Kendall Wright Tight ends 84 Ben Braunecker 85 Daniel Brown 87 Adam Shaheen 88 Dion Sims Offensive linemen 76 Tom Compton T 55 Hroniss Grasu C 63 Cameron Lee G 72 Charles Leno Jr . T 70 Bobby Massie T 71 Josh Sitton G 79 Bradley Sowell T 65 Cody Whitehair C Defensive linemen 90 Jonathan Bullard DE 69 Rashaad Coward DE 91 Eddie Goldman NT 96 Akiem Hicks DE 73 John Jenkins NT 95 Roy Robertson - Harris DE Linebackers 93 Sam Acho OLB 99 Lamarr Houston OLB 52 Christian Jones ILB 57 Howard Jones OLB 44 Nick Kwiatkoski ILB 92 Pernell McPhee OLB 53 John Timu ILB 59 Danny Trevathan ILB Defensive backs 38 Adrian Amos FS 20 Prince Amukamara CB 26 Deon Bush FS 37 Bryce Callahan CB 31 Marcus Cooper CB 23 Kyle Fuller CB 32 Deiondre ' Hall FS 36 DeAndre Houston - Carson FS 39 Eddie Jackson FS 22 Cre'Von LeBlanc CB 27 Sherrick McManis CB 43 Chris Prosinski FS Special teams 49 Andrew DePaola LS 16 Pat O'Donnell P 1 Mike Nugent K Reserve lists 21 Quintin Demps SS ( IR ) 94 Leonard Floyd OLB ( IR ) 50 Jerrell Freeman ILB ( Susp . ) 47 Isaiah Irving OLB ( IR ) 64 Eric Kush C ( IR ) 75 Kyle Long G ( IR ) 81 Cameron Meredith WR ( IR ) 86 Zach Miller TE ( IR ) 67 Jordan Morgan G ( IR ) 48 Patrick Scales LS ( IR ) 11 Kevin White WR ( IR ) 97 Willie Young OLB ( IR ) 2 Cairo Santos K ( IR ) 98 Mitch Unrein DE ( IR ) Practice squad 58 Jonathan Anderson ILB 62 Travis Averill C 18 Demarcus Ayers WR 19 Tanner Gentry WR 35 Doran Grant CB 60 Brandon Greene T 74 Caushaud Lyons DE 68 Will Pericak OG 14 Nelson Spruce WR 82 Colin Thompson TE Rookies in italics Roster updated December 12 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 14 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Main article : List of Chicago Bears in the Pro Football Hall of Fame In the Pro Football Hall of Fame , the Bears have the most enshrined primary members with 27 , however the club also have had five Hall of Famers spend a minor portion of their career with the franchise . Founder , owner , head coach , and player George Halas , halfback Bronko Nagurski , and Red Grange were a part of the original class of inductees in 1963 . The franchise saw 14 individuals inducted into the Hall of Fame from 1963 -- 1967 . Defensive end Richard Dent , a member of the Super Bowl XX team is the most recent Bear inducted , a part of the Class of 2011 . Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame Retired numbers The Bears have retired 14 uniform numbers , which is the most in the NFL , and ranks fourth behind the basketball Boston Celtics ( 21 ) , baseball New York Yankees ( 21 ) , and hockey Montreal Canadiens ( 15 ) for the most in North American professional sports . The Bears retired Mike Ditka 's number 89 jersey on December 9 , 2013 . It is the last number that the Bears retired . Chicago Bears retired numbers view talk Bronko Nagurski FB / LB / T 1930 -- 1937 , 1943 Minnesota George McAfee RB / DB / PR 1940 -- 1941 , 1945 - 1950 Duke George Halas End / HC Owner / Founder 1920 -- 1983 Illinois Willie Galimore RB 1957 -- 1963 Florida A&M Walter Payton RB 1975 -- 1987 Jackson State Gale Sayers RB / KR 1965 -- 1971 Kansas Brian Piccolo RB / FB 1965 -- 1969 Wake Forest Sid Luckman QB / DB / P 1939 -- 1950 Columbia Dick Butkus MLB 1965 -- 1973 Illinois Bill Hewitt End 1932 -- 1936 Michigan Bill George MG / MLB 1952 -- 1965 Wake Forest Clyde Turner C / LB 1940 -- 1952 Hardin - Simmons Red Grange RB / DB 1925 , 1929 -- 1934 Illinois Mike Ditka TE 1961 -- 1966 HC 1982 -- 1992 Pittsburgh Coaching staff For a more in - depth look into the history of the head coaches of the Bears , see List of Chicago Bears head coaches . Chicago Bears staff Front Office Secretary of the Board of Directors -- Virginia Halas McCaskey Chairman -- George McCaskey President / CEO -- Ted Phillips General Manager -- Ryan Pace Vice President & General Counsel -- Cliff Stein Director of Player Personnel -- Josh Lucas Director of College Scouting -- Mark Sadowski Director of Pro Personnel -- Anthony Kelly Director of Football Administration -- Joseph Laine Head Coaches Head Coach -- John Fox Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Dowell Loggains Quarterbacks -- Dave Ragone Running Backs -- Curtis Modkins Wide Receivers -- Zach Azzanni Tight Ends -- Frank Smith Offensive Line -- Jeremiah Washburn Assistant Offensive Line -- Ben Wilkerson Offensive Assistant -- John Dunn Offensive Assistant -- Ben McDaniels Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Vic Fangio Defensive Line -- Jay Rodgers Inside Linebackers -- Glenn Pires Outside Linebackers -- Brandon Staley Defensive Backs -- Ed Donatell Assistant Defensive Backs -- Roy Anderson Defensive Quality Control -- Sean Desai Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Jeff Rodgers Assistant Special Teams -- Derius Swinton II Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Jason George Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Rick Perry Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Pierre Ngo → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Partnership with ' a Safe place ' Since 1998 , the Bears have partnered with ' A Safe Place , ' a domestic violence shelter in Waukegan , Illinois . In June 2017 , current and former Bears employees helped with renovations at the shelter by ripping up carpet , painting walls , demolishing a kitchen and building a fence . The Bears have also provided financial support throughout the years . Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Highlights from the 1920s '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Brand Book '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Bears . March 31 , 2011 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Halas , Jr '' . Chicago Bears Official Website . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Win - Loss Records By Team '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Halas , George ; Morgan , Gwen ; Veysey , Arthur ( 1979 ) . Halas By Halas . McGraw Hill . pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Training Camp Locations - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` 1920 Decatur Staleys '' . Independentfootball.site90.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Decatur Staleys '' . Local Website . Archived from the original on 23 February 2004 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` George Halas : Hall of Fame Member '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights from the 1920s '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Exoo , Thales ( 31 January 2007 ) . `` Ask Chicagoist : Why Are They Called the Bears ? '' . Chicagoist . Gothamist . Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Uniform History '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chicago Bears Brand '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Brian ( September 28 , 2000 ) . `` Love - Hate Relationship : Bears - Packers Rivalry Always Bittersweet '' . Green Bay Packers . Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 : The Third Time is Charmed '' . PFRA . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Galloping Ghost scared opponents '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Whittingham , Richard ; Ditka , Mike . The Chicago Bears : From George Halas to Super Bowl XX . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 62885 - 7 . OCLC 13795870 . Jump up ^ See 1934 NFL Championship Game for more information on how the Giants wore sneakers and defeated the Bears Jump up ^ `` General History -- Chronology ( 1940 to 1959 ) '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sid Luckman '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cutler sets Bears record with 138th TD pass '' . Jump up ^ the subject of the film Brian 's Song Jump up ^ `` Walter Payton 's Statistics '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved June 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Walter Payton '' . Daily Herald . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Smith passes Payton as NFL 's career rushing leader '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ed McCaskey '' . Cook County Clerk . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mike McCaskey '' . ChicagoBears Official Website . Archived from the original on 21 January 2007 . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` McCaskey '' . Cranes Chicago Business . Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago 's Most Powerful Women '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2004 . Retrieved April 24 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Dave McGinnis '' . Bears History . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Michael McCaskey '' . Cranes Chicago Business . Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Phillips '' . Chicago Bears.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2006 . Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` About the Chicago Bears '' . Vividseats.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` GameCenter : Recap -- Superbowl.com '' . Superbowl.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bears coach Smith , GM Angelo ink contract extensions '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Chicago Bears Record '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mulligan , Mike ( April 3 , 2009 ) . `` Bears get Cutler for two first - round picks , Orton '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 4 April 2009 . Retrieved April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Martz hired as Bears ' offensive coordinator - Chicago Breaking Sports '' . Wayback.archive.org. 2010 - 02 - 01 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears spend $100 on Free Agents -- The Way Things Should Be '' . Chicagonow.com . March 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George McCaskey becomes chairman '' . Chicagobears.com . May 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bears defeat Seahawks to set up NFC Title showdown '' . chicagobears.com . Archived from the original on 19 January 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bears land Marshall in trade with Miami '' . Chicagobears.com . March 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Bears picking on history '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . 2012 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Trister , Noah ( 2012 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Bears miss playoffs despite 26 -- 24 win over Lions '' . Boston.com . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( 2012 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Lovie Smith fired as Chicago Bears coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Brad ; Pompei , Dan ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Marc Trestman chosen to be Bears ' new coach '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Isaacson , Melissa ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Emery ca n't wait too long '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Brian ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Chicago Bears announce that Brian Urlacher will not be back in 2013 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cutler , Marshall lead Bears over Bengals 24 -- 21 '' . Sports Illustrated . 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` Chicago Bears fire Marc Trestman '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Brad ; Campbell , Rich ; Wiederer , Dan ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Bears hire Ryan Pace as general manager '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Bears hire John Fox as head coach '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Nate ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Who reaches Super Bowl 50 ? 2015 NFL record projections for all 32 teams '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bears Minority Owners '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Silver , Michael ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` ' 09 owner rankings , 17 -- 32 : Dysfunctional Davis '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on 3 November 2011 . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bears rated as eighth most valuable NFL franchise '' . Chicago Tribune . Reuters. 2012 - 09 - 05 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ariens , Chris ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) . `` In 2016 DMA Rankings , D.C. Moves Up One Spot , Tampa Up Two '' . AdWeek . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Partners '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Pepper Wins Exclusive Sponsorship Rights With Bears '' CBS Chicago `` . WBBM - TV . April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Feel at Home on WFLD - TV '' . TVWeek . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Chicago Bears Logo '' . Chicago Bears . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2005 . Retrieved August 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Chicago Bears Uniform -- Chicago Bears official website '' . Chicagobears.com . Archived from the original on 11 August 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports `` Bears hang on against Minnesota '' Jump up ^ `` Jay Mohr : Breaking down the best and worst NFL uniforms '' . Sports Illustrated . November 9 , 2005 . Retrieved November 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Bears unveil new throwback uniforms '' . Chicago Breaking Sports . Archived from the original on 22 April 2010 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Will Bears wear orange jerseys this season ? '' . Chicagobears.com. 2012 - 04 - 20 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nike unveils brand new NFL uniforms '' . Chicagobears.com. April 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears - Staley 's Page '' . Jump up ^ Taylor , Roy . `` The Honey Bears and Chicago Bears Mascots '' . Bearshistory.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Honey Bears.net '' . Chicago Honey Bears.net . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Phil ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Cubs clobber Bears in Thursday 's TV ratings '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` History is special between old rivals '' . Foxsportswisconsin.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bears shocked Pack with late free kick '' . Chicagobears.com. 2012 - 03 - 09 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` History : The First Playoff Game '' . Profootballhof.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears vs. Arizona Cardinals -- Recap -- October 16 , 2006 '' . Scores.espn.go.com. 2006 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( 2013 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Why do Bears always face Browns in finale ? '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` PRESEASON WEEK 4 '' . nfl.com. 2016 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Here are six ways to improve the NFL '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2009 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts vs Chicago Bears '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Bears crushed Packers in memorable 1980 meeting '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI Game Recap '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( 2012 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Bears suffer defeat at the hands of 49ers '' . Chicago Bears . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` BRANDON MARSHALL MAKES 3 TDS VIA JAY CUTLER TO BEAT 49ERS '' . WLS - TV . Associated Press . September 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears vs. New York Giants -- Recap -- November 12 , 2006 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com. 2006 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : Chicago Bears at New York Giants -- 2010 Week 4 '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soldier Field History '' . BearsHistory.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback : Eagles fly into fog '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2004 . Retrieved September 28 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Soldier Field History '' . ChicagoBears.com . Archived from the original on 5 December 2005 . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mistake on the Lake '' . The Times of Northwest Indiana . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties , 4 / 17 / 06 through 4 / 21 / 06 '' . National Register of Historic Places Listings . Jump up ^ `` Bears History `` Bits '' `` . Bears History.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bears Midfield Logo '' . Bears History.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New Soldier Field Art '' . Bears History.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Brian 's Song ( 1971 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Reel Life : Brian 's Song '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Brian 's Song ( 2001 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Greatest NFL Team 's of All - Time '' . WatchMojo.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` These records were meant to be broken '' . Floridan . Retrieved January 28 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen 's Top 10 '' . Nielsen Ratings . Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 . Retrieved July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering the Super Bowl Shuffle '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Swerski 's Super Fans '' . SNL Transcripts . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Super Fans Transcripts '' . SNL Transcripts . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ditka joins CBS2 '' . WBBM - TV . Archived from the original on 14 February 2007 . Retrieved July 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Kicking and Screaming ( 2005 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Urlacher 's not going anywhere '' . USA Today . June 4 , 2003 . Retrieved June 3 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( February 24 , 2004 ) . `` A Different Campaign for Nike '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 19 April 2005 . Retrieved February 24 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Video '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Punky Brewster '' . Retrieved September 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` YouTube Video '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vacation ( 1983 ) -- Trivia '' IMDb.com Jump up ^ Taylor , Roy . `` 1985 Chicago Bears '' . Bearshistory.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Bears Team Records '' . Chicago Bears . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved August 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Kicker Robbie Gould now holds Bears franchise record for points scored '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Chicagobears.com `` Devin Hester 's NFL Career '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Received on September 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ Super Bowl.com , `` Hester is Chicago 's not - so - secret weapon '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Retrieved on February 28 , 2007 Jump up ^ ESPN.com , Hester 's record return pushes Bears past sleeping Giants Retrieved on March 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ ESPN.com Page 2 , The Damn ! Moment of Week 10 Retrieved on March 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports , Indianapolis 29 , Chicago 17 Archived 2014 - 01 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on February 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears win big , gain steam in NFC playoff race '' . National Football League . 2012 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Sean ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Charles Tillman and Lance Briggs enter NFL history books together '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Roy Taylor . `` 2012 Chicago Bears '' . Bearshistory.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roy Taylor . `` 2013 Chicago Bears '' . Bearshistory.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Records of Current NFL Franchises '' ( PDF ) . Pro-Football Hall of Fame . Pro-Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Team '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( 24 May 2013 ) . `` Bears to retire Mike Ditka 's number '' . ChicagoBears.com . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Brad ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Ditka 's 89 final number Bears will retire '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Bears volunteer at ' A Safe Place ' shelter '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Sources Taylor , Roy ( 2004 ) . Chicago Bears History . Arcadia Publishing ( SC ) . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 3319 - X . External links Chicago portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Bears . Official website Chicago Bears at the National Football League official website Chicago Bears at ESPN.com Chicago Bears at the Chicago Tribune Chicago Bears Founded in 1919 Formerly the Decatur Staleys ( 1919 -- 20 ) and the Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Based in Chicago , Illinois Headquartered in Lake Forest , Illinois Franchise History Coaches Seasons Current season Records Records and statistics Franchise records All - time record versus NFL Team awards and honors Players Head coaches Pro Football Hall of Famers First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Staley Field Wrigley Field Soldier Field Memorial Stadium Soldier Field II Lore Staley Swindle 1932 Playoff Game First NFL Championship Game `` The Sneakers Game '' 73 -- 0 15 -- 1 46 defense Super Bowl XX Fog Bowl 75th Anniversary League Team NFL All - Time Team Cardiac Kids 2006 game vs. Arizona Cardinals Monsters of the Midway T formation George S. 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name for a person who loves to learn

A philomath ( / ˈfɪləmæθ / ; from Greek φίλος philos ( `` beloved '' , `` loving '' , as in philosophy or philanthropy ) and μανθάνειν , μαθ - manthanein , math - ( `` to learn '' , as in polymath ) is a lover of learning and studying . Philomathes , a `` lover of learning '' , has been contrasted to philalethes , a `` lover of truth '' . Philomathy is similar to , but distinguished from , philosophy in that - soph , the latter suffix , specifies `` wisdom '' or `` knowledge '' , rather than the process of acquisition thereof . Philomath is not synonymous with polymath , as a polymath is someone who possesses great and detailed knowledge and facts from a variety of disciplines , while a philomath is someone who greatly enjoys learning and studying .

philomath

Philomath

philomath

A philomath ( / ˈfɪləmæθ / ; from Greek φίλος philos ( `` beloved '' , `` loving '' , as in philosophy or philanthropy ) and μανθάνειν , μαθ - manthanein , math - ( `` to learn '' , as in polymath ) is a lover of learning and studying . Philomathes , a `` lover of learning '' , has been contrasted to philalethes , a `` lover of truth '' . Philomathy is similar to , but distinguished from , philosophy in that - soph , the latter suffix , specifies `` wisdom '' or `` knowledge '' , rather than the process of acquisition thereof . Philomath is not synonymous with polymath , as a polymath is someone who possesses great and detailed knowledge and facts from a variety of disciplines , while a philomath is someone who greatly enjoys learning and studying .

Contents 1 Overview 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Overview ( edit ) The shift in meaning for mathema is likely a result of the rapid categorization during the time of Plato and Aristotle of their `` mathemata '' in terms of education : arithmetic , geometry , astronomy , and music ( the quadrivium ) , which the Greeks found to create a `` natural grouping '' of mathematical ( in the modern usage ; `` doctrina mathematica '' in the ancient usage ) precepts . In a philosophical dialogue , King James first penned the character Philomathes to debate on arguments of whether the ancient religious concepts of witchcraft should be punished in a politically fueled Christian society . The arguments King James poses through the character Epistemon are based on concepts of theological reasoning regarding society 's belief as his opponent , Philomathes , takes a philosophical stance on society 's legal aspects but sought to obtain the knowledge of Epistemon . This philosophical approach signified a philomath seeking to obtain greater knowledge through epistemology . The dialogue was used by King James to educate society on various concepts including the history and etymology of the subjects debated . See also ( edit ) Benjamin Franklin , who used this pen name King James , who used a character named Philomathes to debate on the topics of witchcraft in his dissertation of Daemonologie Philomaths , Polish secret student organization that existed , 1817 -- 1823 , at the Imperial University of Vilnius . Philomathean Literary Society ( Erskine College ) Philomathean Society , a literary society at the University of Pennsylvania Philomathean Society ( New York University ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Philomath '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Thomson , George , MD. ( 1675 ) . Ortho - methodoz itro - chymikē : or the direct method of curing chymically . Jump up ^ King James . Daemonologie . A Critical Edition . In Modern English . 2016 . ISBN 1 - 5329 - 6891 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Philomath on Dictionary.com Etymology of Mathematics WorldCat Identities VIAF : 149525263 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philomath&oldid=846120195 '' Categories : Words Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 13 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when does the fall 2017 season of the voice begin

The thirteenth season of the American reality talent show The Voice premiered on September 25 , 2017 , on NBC . Adam Levine and Blake Shelton returned as coaches . Miley Cyrus and Jennifer Hudson replaced Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys as coaches .

September 25 , 2017

The Voice ( Us season 13 )

the voice ( us season 13 )

The thirteenth season of the American reality talent show The Voice premiered on September 25 , 2017 , on NBC . Adam Levine and Blake Shelton returned as coaches . Miley Cyrus and Jennifer Hudson replaced Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys as coaches .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Coaches and hosts 2 Teams 3 Blind auditions 3.1 Episode 1 ( September 25 ) 3.2 Episode 2 ( September 26 ) 3.3 Episode 3 ( October 2 ) 3.4 Episode 4 ( October 3 ) 3.5 Episode 5 ( October 9 ) 3.6 Episode 6 ( October 10 ) 4 The Battles 5 Contestants who appeared on previous shows or seasons 6 Reception 6.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 7 References 8 External links Coaches and hosts ( edit ) The Voice season 13 coaches Adam Levine Miley Cyrus Jennifer Hudson Blake Shelton There will be changes in the thirteenth season . Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys will not be returning as coaches . Instead , they will be replaced by Miley Cyrus , who returns after taking a one - season hiatus along with returning coaches Adam Levine and Blake Shelton . On May 10 , 2017 , NBC announced that Jennifer Hudson would join as a coach , following her success on The Voice UK . Carson Daly will return for his thirteenth season as host . This year , for the first time since season six , the Playoffs are not kicking off the live rounds and voting . This season , the Top 12 have been chosen by the coaches . Teams ( edit ) Color key Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Eliminated in the Live Shows Eliminated in the Playoffs Stolen in the Knockout rounds Eliminated in the Knockout rounds Stolen in the Battle rounds Eliminated in the Battle rounds Coaches Top 48 artists Adam Levine Anthony Alexander Brandon Brown Gary Carpentier Dave Crosby Whitney Fenimore Dylan Gerard Michael Kight Emily Luther Jon Mero Hannah Mrozak Adam Pearce Brandon Showell Stolen artist Stolen artist Stolen artist Miley Cyrus Addison Agen Sophia Bollman Ashland Craft Moriah Formica Janice Freeman Shilo Gold Chloe Kohanski Katrina Rose Megan Rose Brooke Simpson Illiana Viramontes Karli Webster Stolen artist Stolen artist Stolen artist Jennifer Hudson Ignatious Carmouche Davon Fleming Kathrina Feigh Lucas Holliday Shi'Ann Jones Alexandra Joyce Eric Lyn Maharasyi Stephan Marcellus Jeremiah Miller Meagan McNeal Chris Weaver Stolen artist Stolen artist Stolen artist Blake Shelton Rebecca Bruner Adam Cunningham Anna Katherine DeHart Dennis Drummond Kristi Hoopes Mitchell Lee Noah Mac Red Marlow Keisha Renee Ryan Scripps Natalie Stovall Esera Tuaolo Stolen artist Stolen artist Stolen artist Note : Italicized names are stolen contestants ( names struck through within former teams ) . Blind auditions ( edit ) Color key ✔ Coach pressed `` I WANT YOU '' button Artist joined this coach 's team Artist elected to pick a coach 's team Artist eliminated with no coach pressing their button Episode 1 ( September 25 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and contestant 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Chris Weaver 29 Long Island , New York `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Mitchell Lee 29 Charleston , South Carolina `` Hold My Hand '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Janice Freeman 32 Compton , California `` Radioactive '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Xaris 17 Gulf Breeze , Florida `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' -- -- -- -- 5 Shi'Ann Jones 15 Bowling Green , Kentucky `` Drown in My Own Tears '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 6 Dave Crosby 30 Seattle , Washington `` I Will Follow You Into The Dark '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ 7 Odiseas Georgiadis 20 Brooklyn , New York `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Bag '' -- -- -- -- 8 Esera Tuaolo 49 Minneapolis , Minnesota `` Rise Up '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 9 Brandon Showell 26 Virginia Beach , Virginia `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- 10 Lucas Holliday 26 Lansing , Michigan `` This Woman 's Work '' -- -- ✔ -- 11 Brooke Simpson 26 Hollister , North Carolina `` Stone Cold '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 2 ( September 26 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and contestant 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Keisha Renee 30 Inglewood , California `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Dylan Gerard 28 Macclenny , Florida `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ✔ -- ✔ -- Maharasyi 27 Indonesia / Los Angeles , California `` Tell Me Something Good '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Marlo Wells 61 Fontana , California `` Love Me Now '' -- -- -- -- 5 Red Marlow 40 Dickson , Tennessee `` Swingin ' '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 6 Ashland Craft 21 Piedmont , South Carolina `` You Are My Sunshine '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ Episode 3 ( October 2 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and contestant 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Adam Cunningham 38 Nashville , Tennessee `` Midnight Rider '' -- -- ✔ ✔ Hannah Mrozak 18 Richfield , Wisconsin `` Starving '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Shilo Gold 26 Denver , Colorado `` Stay with Me Baby '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Samantha Rios 16 Arlington , Virginia `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' -- -- -- -- 5 Noah Mac 17 Dublin , California `` Way Down We Go '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 6 Davon Fleming 25 Baltimore , Maryland `` Me & Mr Jones '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 7 Kathrina Feigh 24 Quezon City , Metro Manila , Philippines `` Big White Room '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 8 Alexandra Joyce 16 Strongsville , Ohio `` Wildest Dreams '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ 9 Eric Lyn 26 Los Angeles , California `` O-o-h Child '' -- -- ✔ -- 10 Anna Catherine DeHart 23 Sikeston , Missouri `` I Could Use a Love Song '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 11 Addison Agen 16 Fort Wayne , Indiana `` Jolene '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 12 Adam Pearce 31 New Orleans , Louisiana `` Hot Blooded '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 13 Myles Frost 17 Washington , D.C. `` My Cherie Amour '' -- -- -- -- 14 Moriah Formica 16 Latham , New York `` Crazy on You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 4 ( October 3 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and contestant 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Anthony Alexander 17 Fontana , California `` Redbone '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- Sophia Bollman 18 Norco , California `` Invincible '' -- ✔ -- ✔ Jessica Rowboat 28 New Delhi , India `` Imagine '' -- -- -- -- Karli Webster 20 Santa Clarita , California `` You 're So Vain '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 5 Stephan Marcellus 26 Englewood , New Jersey `` Take Me to Church '' -- -- ✔ -- 6 Emily Luther 24 Woonsocket , Rhode Island `` Summertime '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Episode 5 ( October 9 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and contestant 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Chloe Kohanski 23 Mount Juliet , Tennessee `` The Chain '' -- ✔ ✔ ✔ Olivia Kay 13 Edmond , Oklahoma `` Ghost '' -- -- -- -- Dennis Drummond 27 Nashville , Tennessee `` She Talks to Angels '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Ignatious Carmouche 23 Opelousas , Louisiana `` Latch '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 5 Rebecca Brunner 22 Mason , Michigan `` Believer '' -- -- -- ✔ 6 Brandon Brown 19 The Bronx , New York `` Georgia on My Mind '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ 7 Nathan Graham 27 Chicago , Illinois `` Nobody to Blame '' -- -- -- -- 8 Whitney Fenimore 28 Tulsa , Oklahoma `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 9 Ilianna Viramontes 18 Brentwood , California `` New Soul '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 10 Katrina Rose 34 Astoria , Queens , NY `` Kozmic Blues '' -- ✔ -- -- 11 Natalie Stovall 35 Columbia , Tennessee `` If It Had n't Been For Love '' -- -- -- ✔ 12 Ryan Scripps 24 Austin , Texas `` Body Like a Back Road '' -- -- -- ✔ 13 Meagan McNeal 31 Chicago , Illinois `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' -- -- ✔ -- 14 Jon Mero 31 Atlanta , Georgia `` Versace on the Floor '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 6 ( October 10 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and contestant 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Kristi Hoopes 19 Parker , Colorado `` Heaven , Heartache and the Power of Love '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Michael Kight 25 Dublin , Georgia `` Sugar '' ✔ -- -- Team full Jeremiah Miller 18 Fort Worth , Texas `` Slow Hands '' ✔ -- ✔ Serina Rae 17 Panama City Beach , Florida `` Stand By Me '' -- -- Team full 5 Austin Serrato 42 Ashville , Alabama `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' -- -- 6 Raycee Jones 29 Brooklyn , New York `` We Do n't Have to Take Our Clothes Off '' -- -- 7 Nik Singleton 28 Seattle , Washington `` Wide Open Spaces '' -- -- 8 Megan Rose 20 San Francisco , California `` Ode to Billie Joe '' ✔ ✔ 9 Gary Carpentier 26 Oswego , New York `` Home '' ✔ Team full The battles ( edit ) The Battle Rounds start on October 16 . Season thirteen 's advisors include : Joe Jonas for Team Adam , Billy Ray Cyrus for Team Miley , Kelly Rowland for Team Jennifer , and Rascal Flatts for Team Blake . The coaches can steal two losing artists from another coach . Contestants who win their battle or are stolen by another coach will advance to the Knockout rounds . Contestants who appeared on previous shows or seasons ( edit ) Esera Tuaolo played professional football for nine years . Adam Pearce auditioned for season twelve , but failed to turn any chairs . In October 2011 , Ellen DeGeneres signed Emily Luther and Charlie Puth to her label after seeing their duet of Adele 's `` Someone Like You '' on YouTube . Keisha Renee appeared on the tenth season of American Idol , where she finished in the Top 40 . Odiseas Georgiadis auditioned for season three , but failed to turn any chairs . He is the second contestant , after Sonia Rao , to be rejected twice and the first one to be rejected twice in different seasons . Samantha Rios previously appeared on the third season of La Voz Kids , as a member of Daddy Yankee 's team . She finished as a semi-finalist . Ignatious Carmouche previously won the show 's second Snapchat season on Team Adam . He won a blind audition for this season as his prize . Reception ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Original airdate Production Time slot ( ET ) Viewers ( in millions ) Adults ( 18 -- 49 ) Source Rating Share `` The Blind Auditions Premiere '' September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 1301 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.57 2.6 9 `` The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 2 '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 1302 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.98 2.7 10 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 3 '' October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 1303 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.04 2.6 9 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 4 '' October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1304 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.42 2.4 9 5 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 5 '' October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 1305 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.91 2.4 8 6 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 6 '' October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1306 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.92 2.4 9 7 `` The Battles Premiere '' October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 1307 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 8 `` The Battles Premiere , Part 2 '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 1308 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9 `` The Battles , Part 3 '' October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 1309 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10 `` The Battles , Part 4 '' October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 1310 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 11 `` The Knockouts Premiere '' October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 1311 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 12 `` The Voice : Best of the Season '' October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 1312 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Fall Premiere Dates for New 2017 - 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson Joins The Voice as Coach for Season 13 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Rejoins The Voice as Coach for Season 12 , Miley Cyrus Will Be Back in Season 13 '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santilli , M.J. ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Voice Season 13 Spoilers Reveal Day Contestant List '' . mjsbigblog . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Mark . ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` A WARNING ABOUT THE VOICE SEASON 13 . '' . idolchatteryd.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karen Mizoguchi ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` The Voice Season 13 Advisors Revealed : Billy Ray Cyrus , Joe Jonas , Kelly Rowland and Rascal Flatts '' . People . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - voice , the on nbc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) The Voice ( U.S. ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Coaches Adam Levine Blake Shelton CeeLo Green Christina Aguilera Shakira Usher Gwen Stefani Pharrell Williams Miley Cyrus Alicia Keys Jennifer Hudson Winners Javier Colon Jermaine Paul Cassadee Pope Danielle Bradbery Tessanne Chin Josh Kaufman Craig Wayne Boyd Sawyer Fredericks Jordan Smith Alisan Porter Sundance Head Chris Blue Winner 's singles `` Stitch by Stitch '' `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Cry '' `` Born to Fly '' `` Tumbling Down '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' `` My Baby 's Got a Smile on Her Face '' `` Please '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` Down That Road '' `` Darlin ' Do n't Go '' `` Money on You '' Runners - up Dia Frampton Juliet Simms Terry McDermott Michelle Chamuel Jacquie Lee Jake Worthington Matt McAndrew Meghan Linsey Emily Ann Roberts Adam Wakefield Billy Gilman Lauren Duski Other notable artists Vicci Martinez Frenchie Davis Rebecca Loebe Xenia Tje Austin Beverly McClellan Raquel Castro Nakia Serabee Casey Desmond Justin Grennan The Thompson Sisters Jared Blake Casey Weston RaeLynn Jesse Campbell Chris Mann Tony Lucca Gwen Sebastian Kim Yarbrough Angel Taylor Pip Katrina Parker Erin Martin Moses Stone Jordis Unga Naia Kete Jessica Poland Tony Vincent Mathai Lex Land Nicholas David Amanda Brown Melanie Martinez MacKenzie Bourg Liz Davis Collin McLoughlin Suzanna Choffel Jordan Pruitt Rod Michael Chris Trousdale Anita Antoinette Cupid The Swon Brothers Sasha Allen Judith Hill Kris Thomas Jeff Lewis Julie Roberts Holly Tucker Will Champlin James Wolpert Cole Vosbury Josh Logan E.G. Daily Holly Henry Donna Allen Dominic Scott Kay Christina Grimmie Sisaundra Lewis Paula DeAnda Lindsay Pagano Chris Jamison Taylor John Williams Blessing Offor Andy Cherry MEGG Koryn Hawthorne Barrett Baber Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Amy Vachal Viktor Király Keith Semple Alex Kandel Tyler Dickerson Laith Al - Saadi Mary Sarah Daniel Passino Owen Danoff Emily Keener Támar Chase Walker Chris Cron Josh Hoyer Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Contestants Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Voice_(U.S._season_13)&oldid=804972621 '' Categories : The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons American reality television series American female country singers American country singer - songwriters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 07 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what is the primary duty of a member of the presidents cabinet

Vice president of the United States

vice president of the united states

Vice President of the United States of America Seal of the Vice President Flag of the Vice President Incumbent Mike Pence since January 20 , 2017 Executive branch of the U.S. government Office of the Vice President Style Mr. Vice President ( informal ) The Honorable ( formal ) Mr. President ( as President of the Senate ) His Excellency ( international correspondence ) Member of Cabinet National Security Council President of the U.S. Senate Residence Number One Observatory Circle Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer Electoral College Term length 4 years , no term limit Constituting instrument U.S. Constitution Inaugural holder John Adams ( April 21 , 1789 ) Formation March 4 , 1789 ( 229 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Succession First Salary $230,700 Website WhiteHouse.gov The Vice President of the United States ( informally referred to as VPOTUS , or Veep ) is a constitutional officer in the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States as the President of the Senate under Article I , Section 3 , Clause 4 , of the United States Constitution , as well as the second highest executive branch officer , after the President of the United States . In accordance with the 25th Amendment , he is the highest - ranking official in the presidential line of succession , and is a statutory member of the National Security Council under the National Security Act of 1947 . As the Senate president , the vice president presides over its deliberations ( or delegates this task to a member of the Senate ) , but is allowed to vote only when it is necessary to break a tie . While this vote - casting prerogative has been exercised chiefly on legislative issues , it has also been used to break ties on the election of Senate officers , as well as on the appointment of Senate committees . In this capacity , the vice president also presides over joint sessions of Congress . The vice president is indirectly elected , together with the president , to a four - year term of office by the people of the United States through the Electoral College . The Office of the Vice President assists and organizes the vice president 's official functions . The role of the vice presidency evolved during the 20th century into more of an executive branch position , and today the vice president is widely seen as an integral part of a president 's administration , and presides over the Senate only infrequently . The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch , causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch , the legislative branch , or both . The modern view of the vice president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress . Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president . He assumed office on January 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Roles of the vice president 2.1 President of the United States Senate 2.1. 1 Regular duties 2.1. 2 Recurring , infrequent duties 2.2 Succession to the presidency 2.3 Presidential disabilities 2.4 Informal roles 2.4. 1 Office as stepping stone to the presidency 3 Selection process 3.1 Eligibility 3.2 Residency limitation 3.3 Nominating process 3.4 Election 3.5 Oath and tenure 3.6 Original election process and reform 3.7 Salary 3.8 Impeachment 4 Vacancies 5 Growth of the office 6 Post -- vice presidency 7 Timeline of vice presidents 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Origin ( edit ) No mention of an office of vice president was made at the 1787 Constitutional Convention until near the end , when an 11 - member committee on `` Leftover Business '' proposed a method of electing the president and vice president , and recommended that the vice president succeed the executive in the event of a vacancy in that position , but would otherwise serve as the president of the Senate , casting a vote only to break a tie . Although delegates approved establishing the office , with both its executive and senatorial functions , not many understood the extent of the vice president 's duties . Only a few states had an analogous position . Among those that did , New York 's constitution provided that , `` The lieutenant - governor shall , by virtue of his office , be president of the Senate , and , upon an equal division , have a casting voice in their decisions , but not vote on any other occasion . '' Convention delegates had previously considered the selection of the Senate 's presiding officer , deciding that , `` The Senate shall choose its own President , '' and had agreed that this official would be designated the executive 's immediate successor . They had also considered the mode of election of the executive but had not reached consensus . This all changed on September 4 , when the committee recommended that the nation 's chief executive be elected by a group of electors apportioned among the states , with each state receiving a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that state 's allocation of representatives and senators . The formation of the office of vice president was a by - product of this recommendation . The proposed presidential election process called for each state to choose members of the electoral college who were mandated to vote for the candidate who had received most votes in their state . Recognizing that loyalty to one 's individual state outweighed loyalty to the new federation , the Constitution 's framers assumed that individual electors would be inclined to choose a candidate from their own state ( a so - called `` favorite son '' candidate ) over one from another . So they created the office of vice president and required that electors vote for two candidates , requiring that at least one of their votes must be for a candidate from outside the elector 's state , believing that this second vote could be cast for a candidate of national character . Additionally , to guard against the possibility that some electors might strategically throw away their second vote in order to bolster their favorite son 's chance of winning , it was specified that the first runner - up presidential candidate would become vice president . Creating this new office imposed a political cost on strategically discarded electoral votes , incentivizing electors to make their choices for president without resort to electoral gamesmanship and to cast their second ballot accordingly . Roles of the vice president ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The vice presidency was established primarily to provide a successor in the event of the president 's death , disability , or resignation . Vice presidents have two constitutionally mandated duties : to serve as President of the Senate ( but without a vote , unless the Senate is evenly divided ) , and to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for president and vice president and to open the certificates during a joint session of Congress . Other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution . President of the United States Senate ( edit ) As President of the Senate ( Article I , Section 3 , Clause 4 ) , the vice president has two primary duties : to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over and certify the official vote count of the Electoral College . For example , in the first half of 2001 , the Senators were divided 50 - 50 between Republicans and Democrats . The Democrats had the majority from January 3 to noon January 20 with Al Gore 's tie - breaking vote . Dick Cheney 's tie - breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority until June 6 , 2001 when Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party . Regular duties ( edit ) The vice president oversees procedural matters in the Senate , and may cast a tie - breaking vote . There is a strong convention within the Senate that the vice president should not use his position as President of the Senate to influence the passage of legislation or act in a partisan manner , except in the case of breaking tie votes . As of February 2 , 2018 , a total of 262 tie - breaking votes had been cast by 36 vice presidents . As President of the Senate , John Adams cast 29 tie - breaking votes , a number later surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31 ; no other vice president since then has ever threatened this record . Adams 's votes protected the president 's sole authority over the removal of appointees , influenced the location of the national capital , and prevented war with Great Britain . On at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed , and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters . Adams 's political views and his active role in the Senate made him a natural target for critics of George Washington 's administration . Toward the end of his first term , a threatened resolution that would have silenced him except for procedural and policy matters caused him to exercise more restraint in hopes of seeing his election as President of the United States . Formerly , the vice president would preside regularly over Senate proceedings , but in modern times , the vice president rarely presides over day - to - day matters in the Senate ; in their place , the Senate chooses a President pro tempore ( or `` president for a time '' ) to preside in the vice president 's absence ; the Senate normally selects the longest - serving senator in the majority party . The President pro tempore has the power to appoint any other senator to preside , and in practice junior senators from the majority party are assigned the task of presiding over the Senate at most times . Except for this tie - breaking role , the Standing Rules of the Senate vest no significant responsibilities in the vice president . Rule XIX , which governs debate , does not authorize the vice president to participate in debate , and grants only to members of the Senate ( and , upon appropriate notice , former presidents of the United States ) the privilege of addressing the Senate , without granting a similar privilege to the sitting vice president . Thus , as Time magazine wrote during the controversial tenure of Vice President Charles G. Dawes , `` once in four years the Vice President can make a little speech , and then he is done . For four years he then has to sit in the seat of the silent , attending to speeches ponderous or otherwise , of deliberation or humor . '' Recurring , infrequent duties ( edit ) The President of the Senate also presides over counting and presentation of the votes of the Electoral College . This process occurs in the presence of both houses of Congress , generally on January 6 of the year following a U.S. presidential election . In this capacity , only four vice presidents have been able to announce their own election to the presidency : John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , Martin Van Buren , and George H.W. Bush . At the beginning of 1961 , it fell to Richard Nixon to preside over this process , which officially announced the election of his 1960 opponent , John F. Kennedy . In 2001 , Al Gore announced the election of his opponent , George W. Bush . In 1969 , Vice President Hubert Humphrey would have announced the election of his opponent , Richard Nixon ; however , on the date of the Congressional joint session ( January 6 ) , Humphrey was in Norway attending the funeral of Trygve Lie , the first elected Secretary - General of the United Nations . The president pro tempore presided in Humphrey 's absence . In 1933 , incumbent Vice President Charles Curtis announced the election of House Speaker John Nance Garner as his successor , while Garner was seated next to him on the House dais . The President of the Senate may also preside over most of the impeachment trials of federal officers . However , whenever the President of the United States is on trial , the Constitution requires the Chief Justice of the United States to preside . In 1986 , the Senate extended this to cover vice presidents as well -- the Constitution is silent as to who would preside in the instance where the vice president is the officer impeached . Succession to the presidency ( edit ) John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency following the death of his predecessor . The U.S. Constitution ( Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 ) provides that `` In Case of the Removal of the President from Office , or of his Death , Resignation , or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office , the Same shall devolve on the Vice President , ... '' Initially , it was unclear whether this meant the vice president became the new president or merely an acting president . This was first tested in 1841 with the death of President William Henry Harrison . Harrison 's vice president , John Tyler , asserted that he had succeeded to the full presidential office , powers , and title , and declined to acknowledge documents referring to him as `` Acting President . '' Despite some strong calls against it , Tyler took the oath of office as the nation 's tenth President . Although some in Congress denounced Tyler 's claim as a violation of the Constitution , it was not challenged legally , and so the Tyler precedent of full succession was established . This was made explicit by Section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1967 . In total , nine incumbent Vice Presidents have succeeded to the presidency . In addition to Tyler they are Millard Fillmore , Andrew Johnson , Chester A. Arthur , Theodore Roosevelt , Calvin Coolidge , Harry S. Truman , Lyndon B. Johnson , and Gerald Ford . Presidential disabilities ( edit ) Another issue was who had the power to declare that an incapacitated president is unable to discharge his duties . This question had arisen most recently with the illnesses of President Dwight D. Eisenhower . Sections 3 and 4 of the amendment provide means for the vice president to become acting president upon the temporary disability of the president . Section 3 deals with self - declared incapacity of the president . Section 4 deals with incapacity declared by the joint action of the vice president and of a majority of the Cabinet or of such other body as Congress may by law provide . While Section 4 has never been invoked , Section 3 has been invoked three times : on July 13 , 1985 when Ronald Reagan underwent surgery to remove cancerous polyps from his colon , and twice more on June 29 , 2002 and July 21 , 2007 when George W. Bush underwent colonoscopy procedures requiring sedation . Prior to this amendment , Vice President Richard Nixon informally assumed some of President Dwight Eisenhower 's duties for several weeks on each of three occasions when Eisenhower was ill . Informal roles ( edit ) The extent of any informal roles and functions of the vice president depend on the specific relationship between the president and the vice president , but often include tasks such as drafter and spokesperson for the administration 's policies , adviser to the president , and being a symbol of American concern or support . The influence of the vice president in this role depends almost entirely on the characteristics of the particular administration . Dick Cheney , for instance , was widely regarded as one of President George W. Bush 's closest confidants . Al Gore was an important adviser to President Bill Clinton on matters of foreign policy and the environment . Often , vice presidents are chosen to act as a `` balance '' to the president , taking either more moderate or radical positions on issues . Under the American system the president is both head of state and head of government , and the ceremonial duties of the former position are often delegated to the vice president . The vice president is often assigned the ceremonial duties of representing the president and the government at state funerals or other functions in the United States . This often is the most visible role of the vice president , and has occasionally been the subject of ridicule , such as during the vice presidency of George H.W. Bush . The vice president may meet with other heads of state or attend state funerals in other countries , at times when the administration wishes to demonstrate concern or support but can not send the president personally . Office as stepping stone to the presidency ( edit ) In recent decades , the vice presidency has frequently been used as a platform to launch bids for the presidency . The transition of the office to its modern stature occurred primarily as a result of Franklin Roosevelt 's 1940 nomination , when he captured the ability to nominate his running mate instead of leaving the nomination to the convention . Prior to that , party bosses often used the vice presidential nomination as a consolation prize for the party 's minority faction . A further factor potentially contributing to the rise in prestige of the office was the adoption of presidential preference primaries in the early 20th century . By adopting primary voting , the field of candidates for vice president was expanded by both the increased quantity and quality of presidential candidates successful in some primaries , yet who ultimately failed to capture the presidential nomination at the convention . Of the thirteen presidential elections from 1956 to 2004 , nine featured the incumbent president ; the other four ( 1960 , 1968 , 1988 , 2000 ) all featured the incumbent vice president . Former vice presidents also ran in 1984 ( Walter Mondale ) and in 1968 ( Richard Nixon , against the incumbent vice president , Hubert Humphrey ) . The presidential election of 2008 was the first presidential election since 1928 that saw neither an incumbent president nor an incumbent or former vice president take part in any primary or general election for the presidency on a major party ticket . Nixon is the only vice president to have been elected president while not an incumbent , as well as the only person elected twice to both the presidency and vice presidency . Selection process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eligibility ( edit ) John Adams , the first Vice President of the United States To be Constitutionally eligible to serve as the nation 's vice president , a person must , according to the 12th Amendment , meet the eligibility requirements to become president ( which are stated in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 ) . Thus , to serve as vice president , an individual must : be a natural - born U.S. citizen ; be at least 35 years old ; be a resident in the U.S. for at least 14 years . A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of vice president under the following conditions : Under Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 , upon conviction in impeachment cases , the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office , including that of vice president ; Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , no person who has sworn an oath to support the Constitution , who has later has gone to war against the United States , or given aid and comfort to the nation 's enemies can serve in a state or federal office -- including as vice president . This disqualification , originally aimed at former supporters of the Confederacy , may be removed by a two - thirds vote of each house of the Congress . An additional disqualifying condition may exist under the Twenty - second Amendment , which limits the number of times as person may be elected president to no more than twice . Constitutional scholars disagree on whether a president who has already served two full terms is also ineligible to be elected or appointed vice president , as suggested by the Twelfth Amendment . One viewpoint is that the 22nd Amendment 's presidential term limit disqualifies any two - term president from later serving as vice president as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the United States presidential line of succession . From another point of view , based on the literal language of the Constitution , a two - term former president could become vice president , as he or she is only barred from being elected president a third time , not from serving as president . The practical applicability of this distinction has not been tested , as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency . Residency limitation ( edit ) While it is commonly held that the president and vice president must be residents of different states , this is not actually the case . Nothing in the Constitution prohibits both candidates being from a single state . Instead , the limitation in the Twelfth Amendment is imposed on the members of the Electoral College , who must cast a ballot for at least one candidate who is not from their own state . In theory , the candidates elected could both be from one state , but the electors of that state would , in a close electoral contest , run the risk of denying their vice presidential candidate the absolute majority required to secure the election , even if the presidential candidate is elected . This would then place the vice presidential election in the hands of the Senate . In practice , however , residency is rarely an issue . Parties have avoided nominating tickets containing two candidates from the same state . Further , the candidates may themselves take action to alleviate any residency conflict . For example , at the start of the 2000 election cycle Dick Cheney was a resident of Texas ; Cheney quickly changed his residency back to Wyoming , where he had previously served as a U.S. Representative , when Texas governor and Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush asked Cheney to be his vice presidential candidate . Nominating process ( edit ) Though the vice president does not need to have any political experience , most major - party vice presidential nominees are current or former United States Senators or Representatives , with the occasional nominee being a current or former Governor , a high - ranking military officer , or a holder of a major post within the Executive Department . The vice presidential candidates of the major national political parties are formally selected by each party 's quadrennial nominating convention , following the selection of the party 's presidential candidates . The official process is identical to the one by which the presidential candidates are chosen , with delegates placing the names of candidates into nomination , followed by a ballot in which candidates must receive a majority to secure the party 's nomination . In practice , the presidential nominee has considerable influence on the decision , and in the 20th century it became customary for that person to select a preferred running mate , who is then nominated and accepted by the convention . In recent years , with the presidential nomination usually being a foregone conclusion as the result of the primary process , the selection of a vice presidential candidate is often announced prior to the actual balloting for the presidential candidate , and sometimes before the beginning of the convention itself . The first presidential aspirant to announce his selection for vice president before the beginning of the convention was Ronald Reagan who , prior to the 1976 Republican National Convention announced that Richard Schweiker would be his running mate . Reagan 's supporters then sought to amend the convention rules so that Gerald R. Ford would be required to name his vice presidential running mate in advance as well . The proposal was defeated , and Reagan did not receive the nomination in 1976 . Often , the presidential nominee will name a vice presidential candidate who will bring geographic or ideological balance to the ticket or appeal to a particular constituency . The vice presidential candidate might also be chosen on the basis of traits the presidential candidate is perceived to lack , or on the basis of name recognition . To foster party unity , popular runners - up in the presidential nomination process are commonly considered . While this selection process may enhance the chances of success for a national ticket , in the past it often insured that the vice presidential nominee represented regions , constituencies , or ideologies at odds with those of the presidential candidate . As a result , vice presidents were often excluded from the policy - making process of the new administration . Many times their relationships with the president and his staff were aloof , non-existent , or even adversarial . The ultimate goal of vice presidential candidate selection is to help and not hurt the party 's chances of getting elected , nonetheless several vice presidential selections have been controversial . In 1984 , Democratic nominee Walter Mondale 's groundbreaking choice of Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate ( the first woman in U.S. history nominated for Vice President by a major political party ) , became a drag on the ticket due to repeated questions about her husband 's finances . A selection whose positive traits make the presidential candidate look less favorable in comparison or which can cause the presidential candidate 's judgment to be questioned often backfire , such as in 1988 when Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis chose experienced Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen ; Bentsen was considered a more seasoned statesman in federal politics and somewhat overshadowed Dukakis . Questions about Dan Quayle 's experience were raised in the 1988 presidential campaign of George H.W. Bush , but the Bush - Quayle ticket still won handily . James Stockdale , the choice of third - party candidate Ross Perot in 1992 , was seen as unqualified by many and Stockdale had little preparation for the vice presidential debate , but the Perot - Stockdale ticket still won about 19 % of the vote . In 2008 , Republican John McCain chose Sarah Palin as his running mate over his primary rivals and / or campaign surrogates such as Mitt Romney or Tom Ridge . This surprise move would , it was hoped , draw women voters disappointed by Hillary Clinton 's defeat in the Democratic presidential primaries into the McCain camp . Palin 's selection soon came to be seen as a negative for McCain , due to her several controversies during her gubernatorial tenure which were highlighted by the press , and her feuding with McCain campaign chairman Steve Schmidt . This perception continued to grow throughout the campaign , especially after her interviews with Katie Couric led to concerns about her fitness for the presidency . Historically , vice presidential candidates were chosen to provide geographic and ideological balance to a presidential ticket , widening a presidential candidate 's appeal to voters from outside his regional base or wing of the party . Candidates from electoral - vote rich states were usually preferred . However , in 1992 , moderate Democrat Bill Clinton ( of Arkansas ) chose moderate Democrat Al Gore ( of Tennessee ) as his running mate . Despite the two candidates ' near - identical ideological and regional backgrounds , Gore 's extensive experience in national affairs enhanced the appeal of a ticket headed by Clinton , whose political career had been spent entirely at the local and state levels of government . In 2000 , George W. Bush chose Dick Cheney of Wyoming , a reliably Republican state with only three electoral votes , and in 2008 , Barack Obama mirrored Bush 's strategy when he chose Joe Biden of Delaware , a reliably Democratic state , likewise one with only three electoral votes . Both Cheney and Biden were chosen for their experience in national politics ( experience lacked by both Bush and Obama ) rather than the ideological balance or electoral vote advantage they would provide . The first presidential candidate to choose his vice presidential candidate was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 . The last not to name a vice presidential choice , leaving the matter up to the convention , was Democrat Adlai Stevenson in 1956 . The convention chose Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver over Massachusetts Senator ( and later president ) John F. Kennedy . At the tumultuous 1972 Democratic convention , presidential nominee George McGovern selected Senator Thomas Eagleton as his running mate , but numerous other candidates were either nominated from the floor or received votes during the balloting . Eagleton nevertheless received a majority of the votes and the nomination , though he later resigned from the ticket , resulting in Sargent Shriver becoming McGovern 's final running mate ; both lost to the Nixon - Agnew ticket by a wide margin , carrying only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia . In cases where the presidential nomination is still in doubt as the convention approaches , the campaigns for the two positions may become intertwined . In 1976 , Ronald Reagan , who was trailing President Gerald R. Ford in the presidential delegate count , announced prior to the Republican National Convention that , if nominated , he would select Senator Richard Schweiker as his running mate . This move backfired to a degree , as Schweiker 's relatively liberal voting record alienated many of the more conservative delegates who were considering a challenge to party delegate selection rules to improve Reagan 's chances . In the end , Ford narrowly won the presidential nomination and Reagan 's selection of Schweiker became moot . In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries which pitted Hillary Clinton against Barack Obama , Clinton suggested a Clinton - Obama ticket with Obama in the vice president slot as it would be `` unstoppable '' against the presumptive Republican nominee . Obama rejected the offer outright saying `` I want everybody to be absolutely clear . I 'm not running for vice president . I 'm running for president of the United States of America '' while noting `` With all due respect . I won twice as many states as Sen. Clinton . I 've won more of the popular vote than Sen. Clinton . I have more delegates than Sen. Clinton . So , I do n't know how somebody who 's in second place is offering vice presidency to the person who 's in first place '' . Obama stated that the nomination process would have to be a choice between himself and Clinton , saying `` I do n't want anybody here thinking that ' Somehow , maybe I can get both ' '' , by nominating Clinton as president and assuming he would be her running mate `` . Some suggested that it was a ploy by the Clinton campaign to denigrate Obama as less qualified for the presidency . Later , when Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee , former President Jimmy Carter cautioned against Clinton being picked for the vice president slot on the ticket , saying `` I think it would be the worst mistake that could be made . That would just accumulate the negative aspects of both candidates '' , citing opinion polls showing 50 % of US voters with a negative view of Hillary Clinton . Election ( edit ) Map of the United States showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the 2010 census to each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections ; it also notes that Maine and Nebraska distribute electoral votes by way of the Congressional District Method. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible . Main article : Electoral College ( United States ) Vice presidents are elected indirectly in the United States . A number of electors , collectively known as the Electoral College , officially select the president and vice president . On Election Day , voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors . Each state is allocated a number of electors , equal to the size of its delegation in both Houses of Congress combined . Generally , the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state 's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College . The winning slate of electors meets at its state 's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December , about six weeks after the election , to vote . They then send a record of that vote to Congress . The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president , acting in his capacity as President of the Senate and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress , which was elected at the same time as the president and vice president . Oath and tenure ( edit ) Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the vice president 's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election . This date , known as Inauguration Day , marks the beginning of the four - year terms of both the president and vice president . Although Article VI requires that the vice president take an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the US Constitution , unlike the president , the United States Constitution does not specify the precise wording of the oath of office for the vice president . Several variants of the oath have been used since 1789 ; the current form , which is also recited by Senators , Representatives and other government officers , has been used since 1884 : I , ( first name last name ) , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same ; that I take this obligation freely , without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion ; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter . So help me God . The term of office for vice president is four years . While the Twenty - Second Amendment generally restricts the president to two terms , there is no such limitation on the office of vice president , meaning an eligible person could hold the office as long as voters continued to vote for electors who in turn would reelect the person to the office . Additionally , a vice president could even serve under different presidents . This has happened twice : George Clinton ( 1805 -- 1812 ) served under both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison ; and John C. Calhoun ( 1825 -- 1832 ) served under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson . Original election process and Reform ( edit ) Four vice presidents : L-R , outgoing President Lyndon B. Johnson ( the 37th Vice President ) , incoming President Richard Nixon ( 36th ) , ( Everett Dirksen administering oath ) , incoming Vice President Spiro Agnew ( 39th ) , and outgoing Vice President Hubert Humphrey ( 38th ) , January 20 , 1969 Under the original terms of the Constitution ( Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ) , the electors of the Electoral College voted only for office of president rather than for both president and vice president . Each elector was allowed to vote for two people for the top office ; and could not differentiate between their first and second choice for the presidency . The person receiving the greatest number of votes ( provided that such a number was a majority of electors ) would be president , while the individual who received the next largest number of votes became vice president . If no one received a majority of votes , then the president and vice president would be elected by means of a Contingent election . The House of Representatives would choose among the five candidates with the largest numbers of votes , with each state 's representatives together casting a single vote . In such a case , the person who received the highest number of votes but was not chosen president would become vice president . In the case of a tie for second , then the Senate would choose the vice president . The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns during the 1790s ( which the Constitution 's framers had not contemplated ) soon frustrated this original plan . In the election of 1796 , Federalist John Adams came in first , but because the Federalist electors had divided their second vote amongst several vice presidential candidates , Democratic - Republican Thomas Jefferson came second . Thus , the president and vice president were from opposing parties . Conflict between the two arose early on over the increasingly turbulent relations between the U.S. and France . Ultimately , Jefferson became more an `` opposition leader '' , and actively sought to frustrate the president 's policies . Then , in the election of 1800 , Democratic - Republican electors ( for reasons that are disputed ) , though clearly preferring Jefferson over Aaron Burr , the party 's secondary candidate , sought to guarantee that their party won both offices , and cast 37 electoral votes for both Jefferson and Burr . In the contingent election that followed , Jefferson finally won on the 36th ballot , and Burr became vice president . This hardening of party lines and resultant straight - ticket voting practices led to the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804 , which directs electors to use separate ballots to vote for the president and vice president . While this solved the problems that had arisen under the previous system , it ultimately had the effect of lowering the prestige of the vice presidency , as the office was no longer for the leading challenger for the presidency . The amendment also prescribes that , if no vice presidential candidate receives an Electoral College majority , then the Senate selects the vice president , with a majority vote of the entire membership ( currently 51 of 100 senators , assuming there are no vacancies ) being necessary for election . There has been only one such contingent election since the 12th Amendment was ratified . It occurred on February 8 , 1837 , when no candidate for the vice presidency received a majority of electoral votes in the 1836 election . By a 33 - 17 vote , Richard Mentor Johnson ( Martin Van Buren 's running mate ) was elected the nation 's ninth vice president . Salary ( edit ) The vice president 's salary is $230,700 . The salary was set by the 1989 Government Salary Reform Act , which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees . The vice president does not automatically receive a pension based on that office , but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on his position as President of the Senate . The vice president must serve a minimum of two years to qualify for a pension . Since 1974 , the official residence of the vice president and their family has been Number One Observatory Circle , on the grounds of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington , D.C. Impeachment ( edit ) See also : Impeachment in the United States and Acting Vice President of the United States Article I , Section 2 , Clause 5 and Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution both authorize the House of Representatives to serve as a `` grand jury '' with the power to impeach high federal officials , including the vice president , for `` treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' Similarly , Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 and Article II , Section 4 both authorize the Senate to serve as a court with the power to remove impeached officials from office , given a two - thirds vote to convict . No vice president has ever been impeached . Vacancies ( edit ) ( Left to right ) President Richard Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon with Gerald Ford and Betty Ford after President Nixon nominated Ford to be Vice President , October 13 , 1973 . Prior to ratification of the Twenty - fifth Amendment in 1967 , no constitutional provision existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency . As a result , when one occurred , the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing election and inauguration . Between 1812 and 1967 , the vice presidency was vacant on sixteen occasions -- as a result of seven deaths , one resignation , and eight cases in which the vice president succeeded to the presidency . Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment established a procedure for filling such a vacancy : Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President , the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress . This procedure has been implemented twice since the amendment came into force . The first instance occurred in 1973 following the resignation of Spiro Agnew , when Gerald Ford was nominated by President Richard Nixon and confirmed by Congress . The second The occurred 10 months later following Ford 's accession to the presidency upon Nixon 's resignation , when Nelson Rockefeller was nominated by President Ford and confirmed by Congress . Ford and Rockefeller are the only two people to have served as vice president without having been elected to the office , and Ford remains the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office . Vice Presidency vacancies No . Dates Length in days Reason Next Vice President after vacancy April 20 , 1812 -- March 4 , 1813 7002318000000000000 ♠ 318 George Clinton died Elbridge Gerry , following election of 1812 November 23 , 1814 -- March 4 , 1817 7002832000000000000 ♠ 832 Elbridge Gerry died Daniel D. Tompkins , following election of 1816 December 28 , 1832 -- March 4 , 1833 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 John C. Calhoun resigned Martin Van Buren , following election of 1832 April 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 7003143000000000000 ♠ 1,430 John Tyler succeeded to presidency George M. Dallas , following election of 1844 5 July 9 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1853 7002969000000000000 ♠ 969 Millard Fillmore succeeded to presidency William R. King , following election of 1852 6 April 18 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1857 7003141600000000000 ♠ 1,416 William R. King died John C. Breckinridge , following election of 1856 7 April 15 , 1865 -- March 4 , 1869 7003141900000000000 ♠ 1,419 Andrew Johnson succeeded to presidency Schuyler Colfax , following election of 1868 8 November 22 , 1875 -- March 4 , 1877 7002468000000000000 ♠ 468 Henry Wilson died William A. Wheeler , following election of 1876 9 September 19 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 7003126200000000000 ♠ 1,262 Chester A. Arthur succeeded to presidency Thomas A. Hendricks , following election of 1884 10 November 25 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 7003119500000000000 ♠ 1,195 Thomas A. Hendricks died Levi P. Morton , following election of 1888 11 November 21 , 1899 -- March 4 , 1901 7002468000000000000 ♠ 468 Garret Hobart died Theodore Roosevelt , following election of 1900 12 September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1905 7003126700000000000 ♠ 1,267 Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to presidency Charles W. Fairbanks , following election of 1904 13 October 30 , 1912 -- March 4 , 1913 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 James S. Sherman died Thomas R. Marshall , following election of 1912 14 August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1925 7002580000000000000 ♠ 580 Calvin Coolidge succeeded to presidency Charles G. Dawes , following election of 1924 15 April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1949 7003137900000000000 ♠ 1,379 Harry S. Truman succeeded to presidency Alben W. Barkley , following election of 1948 16 November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1965 7002425000000000000 ♠ 425 Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to presidency Hubert Humphrey , following election of 1964 17 October 10 , 1973 -- December 6 , 1973 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Spiro Agnew resigned Gerald Ford , following confirmation by Congress 18 August 9 , 1974 -- December 19 , 1974 7002132000000000000 ♠ 132 Gerald Ford succeeded to presidency Nelson Rockefeller , following confirmation by Congress Jump up ^ Note that , as the year 1900 was not a leap year , the four - year term to which Garret Hobart was elected ( 1897 -- 1901 ) did not include a 366 - day leap year , and so was one day shorter than a normal full term . Because of this , the length of the vacancy following his death was one day less then it otherwise would have been . Growth of the office ( edit ) Further information : Office of the Vice President of the United States Though prominent as a Missouri Senator , Harry Truman had been vice president only three months when he became president ; he was never informed of Franklin Roosevelt 's war or postwar policies while vice president . For much of its existence , the office of vice president was seen as little more than a minor position . John Adams , the first vice president , was the first of many frustrated by the `` complete insignificance '' of the office . To his wife Abigail Adams wrote , `` My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man ... or his imagination contrived or his imagination conceived ; and as I can do neither good nor evil , I must be borne away by others and met the common fate . '' John Nance Garner , who served as vice president from 1933 to 1941 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt , claimed that the vice presidency `` is n't worth a pitcher of warm piss . '' Harry Truman , who also served as vice president under Roosevelt , said that the office was as `` useful as a cow 's fifth teat . '' Thomas R. Marshall , the 28th vice president , lamented : `` Once there were two brothers . One ran away to sea ; the other was elected Vice President of the United States . And nothing was heard of either of them again . '' His successor , Calvin Coolidge , was so obscure that Major League Baseball sent him free passes that misspelled his name , and a fire marshal failed to recognize him when Coolidge 's Washington residence was evacuated . When the Whig Party asked Daniel Webster to run for the vice presidency on Zachary Taylor 's ticket , he replied `` I do not propose to be buried until I am really dead and in my coffin . '' This was the second time Webster declined the office , which William Henry Harrison had first offered to him . Ironically , both of the presidents making the offer to Webster died in office , meaning the three - time presidential candidate could have become president if he had accepted either . Since presidents rarely died in office , however , the better preparation for the presidency was considered to be the office of Secretary of State , in which Webster served under Harrison , Tyler , and later , Taylor 's successor , Fillmore . In the first 100 years of the United States no fewer than seven proposals to amend the constitution to abolish the office of Vice President were advanced in the United States Congress . The first such amendment was presented by Samuel W. Dana in 1800 and was defeated by a vote of 27 to 85 in the United States House of Representatives . A second proposed amendment , introduced by United States Senator James Hillhouse in 1808 was also defeated . During the late - 1860s and 1870s , five additional amendments were proposed . One supporter of the proposals , James Mitchell Ashley , opined that the office of Vice President was `` superfluous '' and dangerous . Garret Hobart , the first vice president under William McKinley , was one of the very few vice presidents at this time who played an important role in the administration . A close confidant and adviser of the president , Hobart was called `` Assistant President . '' However , until 1919 , vice presidents were not included in meetings of the President 's Cabinet . This precedent was broken by President Woodrow Wilson when he asked Thomas R. Marshall to preside over Cabinet meetings while Wilson was in France negotiating the Treaty of Versailles . President Warren G. Harding also invited his vice president , Calvin Coolidge , to meetings . The next vice president , Charles G. Dawes , did not seek to attend Cabinet meetings under President Coolidge , declaring that `` the precedent might prove injurious to the country . '' Vice President Charles Curtis was also precluded from attending by President Herbert Hoover . In 1933 , Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings , which every president since has maintained . Roosevelt 's first vice president , John Nance Garner , broke with him over the `` court - packing '' issue , early in his second term , and became Roosevelt 's leading critic . At the start of that term , on January 20 , 1937 , Garner had been the first Vice President to be sworn into office on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president ; a tradition that continues . Prior to that time , vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber . Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller , who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment , were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers , respectively . Henry Wallace , Roosevelt 's Vice President during his third term ( 1941 -- 1945 ) , was given major responsibilities during World War II . However , after numerous policy disputes between Wallace and other Roosevelt Administration and Democratic Party officials , he was denied renomination to office at the 1944 Democratic National Convention . Harry Truman was selected instead . During his 82 day vice presidency , Truman was not informed about any war or post-war plans , including the Manhattan Project , leading Truman to remark , wryly , that the job of the Vice President was to `` go to weddings and funerals . '' As a result of this experience , Truman , after succeeding to the presidency upon Roosevelt 's death , recognized the need to keep the Vice President informed on national security issues . Congress made the vice president one of four statutory members of the National Security Council in 1949 . The stature of the Vice-presidency grew again while Richard Nixon was in office ( 1953 -- 1961 ) . He attracted the attention of the media and the Republican party , when Dwight Eisenhower authorized him to preside at Cabinet meetings in his absence . Nixon was also the first vice president to formally assume temporary control of the executive branch , which he did after Eisenhower suffered a heart attack on September 24 , 1955 , ileitis in June 1956 , and a stroke in November 1957 . Until 1961 , vice presidents had their offices on Capitol Hill , a formal office in the Capitol itself and a working office in the Russell Senate Office Building . Lyndon B. Johnson was the first vice president to be given an office in the White House complex , in the Old Executive Office Building . The former Navy Secretary 's office in the OEOB has since been designated the `` Ceremonial Office of the Vice President '' and is today used for formal events and press interviews . President Jimmy Carter was the first president to give his vice president , Walter Mondale , an office in the West Wing of the White House , which all vice presidents have since retained . Because of their function as Presidents of the Senate , vice presidents still maintain offices and staff members on Capitol Hill . Though Walter Mondale 's tenure was the beginning of the modern day power of the vice presidency , the tenure of Dick Cheney saw a rapid growth in the office of the vice president . Vice President Cheney held a tremendous amount of power and frequently made policy decisions on his own , without the knowledge of the President . After his tenure , and during the 2008 presidential campaign , both vice presidential candidates , Sarah Palin and Joe Biden , stated the office had expanded too much under Cheney 's tenure and both claimed they would reduce the role to simply being an adviser to the president . This rapid growth has led to calls for abolition of the vice presidency from various constitutional scholars and political commentators such as : Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. , Matthew Yglesias , and Bruce Ackerman . Post -- vice presidency ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Living former vice presidents Walter Mondale ( age 90 ) since 1981 George H.W. Bush ( age 94 ) since 1989 Dan Quayle ( age 71 ) since 1993 Al Gore ( age 70 ) since 2001 Dick Cheney ( age 77 ) since 2009 Joe Biden ( age 75 ) since 2017 Four vice presidents have been elected to the presidency while serving as vice president : John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , Martin Van Buren and George H.W. Bush . Additionally , John C. Breckinridge , Richard Nixon , Hubert Humphrey and Al Gore were each nominated by their respective parties , but did not succeed the presidents with whom they were elected , though Nixon was elected president eight years later . Two former vice presidents unsuccessfully sought a non-conconsecutive term in office : Adlai Stevenson I , vice president under Grover Cleveland , in 1900 , as William Jennings Bryan 's running mate . Charles W. Fairbanks , vice president under Theodore Roosevelt , in 1916 , as Charles Evans Hughes ' running mate . One vice president sought the office unsuccessfully , but was later elected to it : Thomas A. Hendricks ran in 1876 as the running mate of Democratic nominee Samuel J. Tilden . Eight years later , he was elected vice president as the running mate of Grover Cleveland . Several former vice presidents have sought other offices after serving as vice president : Daniel D. Tompkins ran for Governor of New York in 1820 while serving as vice president under James Monroe . He lost to DeWitt Clinton , but was re-elected vice president . John C. Calhoun resigned as vice president to accept election as US Senator from South Carolina . Hannibal Hamlin , Andrew Johnson , Alben Barkley and Hubert H. Humphrey were all elected to the Senate after leaving office . Levi P. Morton , vice president under Benjamin Harrison , was elected Governor of New York after leaving office . Adlai Stevenson I was narrowly defeated for Governor of Illinois in 1908 . Richard Nixon unsuccessfully sought the governorship of California in 1962 , nearly two years after leaving office as vice president and just over six years before becoming president . Walter Mondale ran unsuccessfully for president in 1984 , served as United States Ambassador to Japan from 1993 to 1996 , and then sought unsuccessfully to return to the Senate in 2002 . George H.W. Bush 's vice president , Dan Quayle , unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination in 2000 . Since 1977 , former presidents and vice presidents who are elected or re-elected to the Senate are entitled to the largely honorific position of Deputy President pro tempore . So far , the only former vice president to have held this title is Hubert Humphrey following his return to the Senate . Walter Mondale would have been entitled to the position had his 2002 Senate bid been successful . Under the terms of an 1886 Senate resolution , all former vice presidents are entitled to a portrait bust in the Senate wing of the United States Capitol , commemorating their service as presidents of the Senate . Dick Cheney is the most recent former vice president to be so honored . Unlike former presidents , who receive a pension automatically regardless of their time in office , former vice presidents must reach pension eligibility by accumulating the appropriate time in federal service . Since 2008 , former vice presidents are also entitled to Secret Service personal protection . Former vice presidents traditionally receive Secret Service protection for up to six months after leaving office , by order of the Secretary of Homeland Security , though this can be extended if the Secretary believes the level of threat is sufficient . In 2008 , a bill titled the `` Former Vice President Protection Act '' was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Bush . It provides six - month Secret Service protection by law to a former vice president and family . According to the Department of Homeland Security , protection for former vice president Cheney has been extended numerous times because threats against him have not decreased since his leaving office . Timeline of vice presidents ( edit ) This is a graphical timeline listing of the Vice Presidents of the United States . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Presiding Officer of the United States Senate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John . `` Essays on Amendment XXV : Presidential Succession '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Executive Branch : Vice President '' . The US Legal System . U.S. Legal Support . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vice President of the United States ( President of the Senate ) '' . senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Joel K. ( 1995 ) . `` The New Constitutional Vice Presidency '' . Wake Forest Law Review . Winston Salem , NC : Wake Forest Law Review Association , Inc. 30 : 505 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Todd ( 2008 ) . `` A Constitutional Anomaly : Safeguarding Confidential National Security Information Within the Enigma That Is the American Vice Presidency '' . William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal . Williamsburg : Publications Council of the College of William and Mary . 17 : 565 . Jump up ^ Subhawong , Aryn ( 2008 ) . `` A Realistic Look at the Vice Presidency : Why Dick Cheney Is An `` Entity Within the Executive Branch '' `` . Saint Louis University Law Journal . Saint Louis : Saint Louis University School of Law . 53 : 281 . Jump up ^ `` Vice President Mike Pence '' . The White House . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate and the United States Constitution '' . www.senate.gov . Washington , D.C. : Secretary of the Senate . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Major Themes at the Constitutional Convention : 8 . Establishing the Electoral College and the Presidency '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Ashland , Ohio : Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Albert , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 : 811 , at 816 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Rathbone , Mark ( December 2011 ) . `` US Vice Presidents '' . History Review . No. 71 . London : History Today . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Draper , Robert ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` How Donald Trump Picked His Running Mate '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 50 U.S.C. § 402 Jump up ^ 20 U.S.C. § 42 Jump up ^ `` Occasions When Vice President Have Voted to Break Tie Votes in the Senate '' ( PDF ) . www.senate.gov . Washington , D.C. : Secretary of the Senate . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President Dawes , '' Time Magazine , December 14 , 1924 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 15 Jump up ^ `` St. Petersburg Times , January 7 , 1969 , p. 6A '' . News.google.com . January 7 , 1969 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ( 2011 ) . `` Presidential Succession and Inability : Before and After the Twenty - Fifth Amendment '' . Fordham Law Review . New York City : Fordham University School of Law . 79 ( 3 ) : 907 -- 949 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Amendment '' . Annenberg Classroom . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The Annenberg Public Policy Center . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fourteenth Amendment '' . Annenberg Classroom . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The Annenberg Public Policy Center . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ See : Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis , MN : Minnesota Law Review . 83 : 565 . Jump up ^ See : Albert , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 : 811 , at 856 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` VP Bill ? Depends on Meaning of ' Elected ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nagourney , Adam ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Concerns About Palin 's Readiness as Big Test Nears '' . The New York Times . p . A16 . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The `` Veepstakes '' : Strategic Choice in Presidential Running Mate Selection , by Lee Sigelman and Paul J. Wahlbeck , American Political Science Review , December 1997 Jump up ^ Stratton , Allegra ; Nasaw , Daniel ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` Obama scoffs at Clinton 's vice-presidential hint '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Obama rejects being Clinton 's No. 2 '' . CNN . March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Trump throws 2008 Obama ad in Clinton 's face '' . Politico . June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freedland , Jonathan ( June 4 , 2008 ) . `` US elections : Jimmy Carter tells Barack Obama not to pick Hillary Clinton as running mate '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ See : 5 U.S.C. § 3331 Jump up ^ `` OATHS - Rules of the Senate - United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa . `` Essays on Article II : Electoral College '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fried , Charles . `` Essays on Amendment XII : Electoral College '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , L. Paige ; Neale , Thomas H. ( November 5 , 2004 ) ( First published 2001 ) . `` The Electoral College : An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Mentor Johnson , 9th Vice President ( 1837 - 1841 ) '' . www.senate.gov . Washington , D.C. : Secretary of the Senate . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Current salary information '' . Usgovinfo.about.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Patrick J. ( January 21 , 2005 ) . `` Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Emily Yoffe ( January 3 , 2001 ) . `` Pension information '' . Slate.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Succession : Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts '' . CNN . September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Page ( 1962 ) . John Adams . Volume II 1784 -- 1826 . New York : Doubleday . p. 844 . LCCN 63 - 7188 . Jump up ^ `` John Nance Garner quotes '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nation : Some Day You 'll Be Sitting in That Chair '' . Time.com . November 29 , 1963 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A heartbeat away from the presidency : vice presidential trivia '' . Case Western Reserve University . October 4 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , David ( 2007 ) . Calvin Coolidge profile . Macmillan . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6957 - 7 . Jump up ^ Binkley , Wilfred Ellsworth ; Moos , Malcolm Charles ( 1949 ) . A Grammar of American Politics : The National Government . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 265 . ^ Jump up to : Ames , Herman ( 1896 ) . The Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the United States During the First Century of Its History . American Historical Association . pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ `` Garret Hobart '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Harold C. Relyea ( February 13 , 2001 ) . `` The Vice Presidency : Evolution of the Modern Office , 1933 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate Web page on Charles G. Dawes , 30th Vice President ( 1925 -- 1929 ) '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kenneth T. Walsh ( October 3 , 2003 ) . `` Dick Cheney is the most powerful vice president in history . Is that good ? '' . U.S. News and World Report . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full Vice Presidential Debate with Gov. Palin and Sen. Biden '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Natoli , Marie ( 1979 ) . `` Abolish the Vice-Presidency ? '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 9 ( 2 ) : 202 -- 203 . JSTOR 27547463 . Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew ( July 2009 ) . `` End the Vice Presidency '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Bruce ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` Abolish the vice presidency '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Public Library : FARQs '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry King Live : Interview with Al , Tipper Gore '' . CNN . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Former Vice President Protection Act of 2008 '' . Opencongress.org . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` President Barack Obama authorizes extended Secret Service guard for former VP Dick Cheney '' . Daily News . New York . July 21 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Goldstein , Joel K. ( 1982 ) . The Modern American Vice Presidency . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02208 - 9 . Tally , Steve ( 1992 ) . 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who does the commentary on celebs go dating

Celebs Go Dating Genre Dating Reality television Created by E4 Directed by Jamie Wiggins Starring See below Narrated by Rob Beckett Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 54 Production Executive producer ( s ) Kalpna Patel - Knight Phil Harris Sharon Powers Location ( s ) London Editor ( s ) Justin Saculles Lyndon Tovey Nick Walker Camera setup Multi camera Running time 65 minutes ( includes adverts ) Production company ( s ) Lime Pictures Distributor All3Media Release Original network E4 ( 2016 -- present ) Picture format 1080i HDTV Audio format Stereo Original release 29 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) -- present External links Website www.channel4.com/programmes/celebs-go-dating

Rob Beckett

Celebs Go Dating

celebs go dating

Celebs Go Dating is a British reality television dating program . It began broadcasting on 29 August 2016 . The first series had 15 episodes and was shown at 10 pm on weekdays on E4 . In November 2016 , it was confirmed that Celebs Go Dating had been renewed for two more series , with the second airing in spring of 2017 and the third airing in late 2017 . The second series finished on 10 March 2017 . The third series began on 4 September 2017 and finished on 29 September 2017 .

It was confirmed on 27 September 2017 that the show was renewed for a fourth series to air in 2018 , the fourth series was confirmed on the Celebs Go Dating official Twitter page on 29 September 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Development and production 3 Broadcasts 3.1 Series averages 4 Series overview 5 Episodes 5.1 Series 1 ( August to September 2016 ) 5.2 Series 2 ( February to March 2017 ) 5.3 Series 3 ( September 2017 ) 5.4 Series 4 ( 2018 ) 6 References Cast ( edit ) This is a list of the main cast , recurring cast and guest starring currently appearing on Celebs Go Dating . Key = Main cast ( Cast member receives `` Starring '' credit that series ) = Recurring cast ( Cast member appears in two or more episodes that series ) = Guest cast ( Cast member appears in only one episode that series ) Cast member Series Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Agents and Psychologist Eden Blackman Main Nadia Essex Main Tom Read Wilson Main Dr Pam Spurr Not on Show Recurring Celebrities Joey Essex Main Not on Show Charlotte Crosby Main Not on Show Jack Jones Main Not on Show Tyger Drew - Honey Main Not on Show Paisley Billings Main Not on Show Stephanie Pratt Main Not on Show Jonathan Cheban Not on Show Main Not on Show Perri Kiely Not on Show Main Not on Show Stephen Bear Not on Show Main ( Removed from show ) Not on Show Ferne McCann Not on Show Main Not on Show Jorgie Porter Not on Show Main Not on Show Melody Thornton Not on Show Main Not on Show Bobby Norris Not on Show Guest Main Not on Show James Argent Not on Show Main Not on Show Sarah - Jane Crawford Not on Show Main Not on Show Frankie Cocozza Not on Show Main Not on Show Georgia Toffolo Not on Show Main Not on Show Calum Best Not on Show Main Not on Show Charlotte Dawson Not on Show Main Not on Show Courtney Stodden Not on Show Main Not on Show Ollie Locke Not on Show Main Tallia Storm Not on Show Main Jonathan Lipnicki Not on Show Main London Hughes Not on Show Main Jade Jones Not on Show Main Sam Thompson Not on Show Main Mike Thalassitis Not on Show Main Gemma Collins Not on Show Main Former Cast Members Judi James Recurring Not on Show Development and production ( edit ) It was announced in March 2016 that E4 had commissioned a new reality dating show which see celebrities go on dates with members of the public . Filming for the first series started in August 2016 , with the show airing later that month . The show is filmed a few weeks in advance . The first series was made up of 15 episodes airing every weekday . In 2017 , a second and third series was confirmed to air in early and late 2017 unlike the first series the second and third series would last one week longer with 20 episodes . Filming began for the second series in late January with the series launching in February 2017 , with filming finishing in early March . Series two saw the return of Joey Essex who broke the rules in the first series when he started dating a celebrity on the show . During the filming of series two , Stephen Bear brought many problems to the dating agency , breaking the rules of the show by dating another celebrity outside of the show ; this led to his removal from the show . It was announced on the official Celebs Go Dating Twitter account that the third series of the show will feature same - sex relationships for the first time . In September 2017 it was confirmed that the series would return for a fourth series in 2018 . The fourth series will again feature same - sex relationships . Broadcasts ( edit ) The first and second series of Celebs Go Dating aired every week night on E4 at 10pm with a repeat at the weekend on Sunday morning at 12am . The third series was due to end on 29 September 2017 , however an episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air , seemingly pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time . The show 's social media accounts even posted the trailer for the evening 's episode hours before airing . An E4 spokesman cited `` editorial reasons '' and said the show will return on Monday 17 September . Series averages ( edit ) All information in this table comes from BARB . Series Day # Ep . Premiere Final Aired Average Viewers Date Premiere Viewers Date Finale Viewers Weekdays 15 29 August 2016 642,000 16 September 2016 559,000 2016 N / A Weekdays 20 13 February 2017 783,000 10 March 2017 N / A 2017 N / A Weekdays 20 ( 1 unaired ) 4 September 2017 735,000 29 September 2017 488,000 2017 N / A Weekdays 20 2018 TBA 2018 TBA 2018 TBA Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 15 29 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 16 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) 20 13 February 2017 10 March 2017 20 4 September 2017 29 September 2017 20 2018 2018 Episodes ( edit ) Series 1 ( August to September 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Celebs Go Dating ( series 1 ) It was announced that E4 had made a new reality dating show which see celebrities go on number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love . The series stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts , also starting in the show is Tom Read Wilson who was on The Voice but is the shows receptionist who gets along well with all the celebrity clients . The series launched on 29 August and finished on 16 September 2016 It was announced after the first series ended that E4 had ordered two more series of the show to air in 2017 . Series 2 ( February to March 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Celebs Go Dating ( series 2 ) In November 2016 it was confirmed via the official Twitter account for Celebs Go Dating that the show would return for a second series in Spring 2017 . This is the first in the second of a new contract by E4 with the third series airing later in 2017 . The second series launched on 13 February 2017 and finished on 10 March 2017 . Series 2 was the longest series with a total of 20 episodes . Series 3 ( September 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Celebs Go Dating ( series 3 ) It was announced that E4 had renewed the show for a third series , which see celebrities go on number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love . The third series again stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts and Tom Read Wilson as the shows receptionist . The third series was announced alongside the second series , which aired in January 2017 . It was announced on the official Celebs Go Dating Twitter account that the third series of the show will feature same - sex relationships for the first time . The third series began airing on 4 September 2017 on E4 and the series finished on 29 September 2017 . The third series was due to end on 29 September 2017 , however an episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air , seemingly pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time . The show 's social media accounts even posted the trailer for the evening 's episode hours before airing . An E4 spokesman cited `` editorial reasons '' and said the show will return on Monday 17 September . Updated transmission dates for the remaining episodes are currently unknown . It was confirmed on TV listings that the episode that was due to air on 15 September will air on Monday 18 November 2017 . The series has been cut from 20 episodes to 19 ; the reason behind this is unknown . The third series saw the most celebrities take part with a total of 8 . Unlike the first two series where the final was just the celebs and their dates and the agents , the third series will see the celebs invite their friends and family to meet their perfect plus one date and to enjoy an evening party / meal . The third series was the only series which saw all the celebs get a successful couple . Series 4 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Celebs Go Dating ( series 4 ) It was confirmed on 27 September 2017 that the show was renewed for a fourth 20x65 minute series to air in 2018 ; the fourth series was confirmed by Eden when interviewed about the third series . The line up for the fourth series of Celebs Go Dating was revealed on 20 November 2017 . Filming for the fourth series begun on 20 November 2017 in London References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Digital Spy - Showbiz news , showbiz pictures , showbiz interviews '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferne McCann on Twitter '' . ^ Jump up to : Dating , Celebs Go ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Would you want to date a celeb ? YOU could be on the next series of # CelebsGoDating Send your details to dating@limepictures.compic.twitter.com / nlvpJTOGMc '' . line feed character in title = at position 84 ( help ) Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CelebsGoDating/status/932677436126371841 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CelebsGoDating/status/932682717870768128 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CelebsGoDating/status/932687756307808259 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CelebsGoDating/status/932692800927252480 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CelebsGoDating/status/932697828975001600 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CelebsGoDating/status/932702847061311488 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CelebsGoDating/status/932707877147389952 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CelebsGoDating/status/932712931212476416 ^ Jump up to : `` 12 behind the scenes secrets from Celebs Go Dating - revealed by Eden Blackman '' . 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Saunders , Emmeline ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Reason Celebs Go Dating was pulled from E4 schedule without warning revealed '' . mirror . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Top Programmes BARB Jump up ^ `` Celebs Go Dating on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CelebsGoDating/status/932665278210732033 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/edenblackman/status/932526497788846083 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebs_Go_Dating&oldid=813408586 '' Categories : 2016 British television programme debuts 2010s British reality television series British dating and relationship reality television series E4 reality television programmes English - language television programs Television series by All3Media Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 15 : 11 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebs%20Go%20Dating

when was shadow of the colossus first released

Shadow of the Colossus The game cover emphasizes the massive size of the colossus compared to the protagonist Developer ( s ) SCE Japan Studio Team Ico Publisher ( s ) Sony Computer Entertainment Director ( s ) Fumito Ueda Producer ( s ) Kenji Kaido Designer ( s ) Fumito Ueda Writer ( s ) Fumito Ueda Junichi Hosono Masashi Kudo Takashi Izutani Composer ( s ) Kow Otani Platform ( s ) PlayStation 2 Release NA : October 18 , 2005 JP : October 27 , 2005 AU : February 16 , 2006 EU : February 17 , 2006 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player

October 18 , 2005

Shadow of the Colossus

shadow of the colossus

Shadow of the Colossus , released in Japan as Wander and the Colossus , is an action - adventure game developed by SCE Japan Studio and Team Ico , and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 . The game was released in North America and Japan in October 2005 and PAL regions in February 2006 . It was directed by Fumito Ueda and developed at SCEI 's International Production Studio 1 , also known as Team Ico ; the same development team responsible for the cult hit Ico , to which the game is considered a spiritual successor .

The game 's storyline focuses on a young man named Wander who enters a forbidden land . Wander must travel across a vast expanse on horseback and defeat sixteen massive beings , known simply as colossi , in order to restore the life of a girl named Mono . The game is unusual within the action - adventure genre in that there are no towns or dungeons to explore , no characters with whom to interact , and no enemies to defeat other than the colossi . Shadow of the Colossus has been described as a puzzle game , as each colossus can only be killed by attacking certain weak points which require specific actions to access . Cited as an influential title in the video game industry and one of the greatest games of all time , Shadow of the Colossus is often regarded as an important example of video game as art due to its minimalist landscape designs , immersive gameplay and emotional journey . It received wide critical acclaim by the media and was met with strong sales compared to Ico , due in part to a larger marketing campaign . The soundtrack was also widely praised . The game won several awards for its audio , design , and overall quality . Shadow of the Colossus is also referenced numerous times in debates regarding the art quality and emotional perspectives of video games . A remastered version for the PlayStation 3 was developed by Bluepoint Games and released alongside Ico as The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection in September 2011 . It features high - definition ( HD ) graphics , content previously missing from the North American version , PlayStation Network Trophies , and 3D support . The HD version was released separately in Japan . A high - definition remake for the PlayStation 4 was released in February 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot and setting 2.1 Characters 2.2 Story 2.3 Connections to Ico 3 Development 3.1 PAL release 3.2 Music 3.3 Remake 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Awards 5 In other media 5.1 Film adaptation 6 References Gameplay ( edit ) Progression through Shadow of the Colossus occurs in cycles . Beginning at a central point in an expansive landscape , the player seeks out and defeats a colossus , and is then returned to the central point to repeat the process . To find each colossus , Wander may raise his sword while in a sunlit area to reflect beams of light , which will converge when the sword is pointed in the right direction of the next encounter . The journey to a colossus is seldom a straightforward matter : stretches of varied terrain often require that a detour be taken along the way . Most colossi are located in remote areas , such as atop cliffs or within ancient structures . Wander climbs the first colossus to stab the sigil on its forehead . The heads - up display shows the character 's health and stamina ( lower right ) , as well as the colossus ' health ( upper left ) . Once a colossus is found , the player must discover its weaknesses to defeat it . Each colossus dwells in a unique lair , and many colossi can not be defeated without making use of the surrounding environment . Every colossus has at least one weak point , indicated by a glowing sigil that can be illuminated and identified by the sword 's reflected light . Each colossus has areas covered with fur or protruding ledges , which Wander may use to grip and scale the colossus while it thrashes about in an attempt to dislodge him . While scaling a colossus , the player must act quickly , as Wander has a limited stamina gauge that decreases while he hangs onto the creature . Wander and the colossi have life bars to indicate their remaining health . A colossus ' health will decrease significantly when its weak points are attacked , while Wander can be harmed by a colossus ' attacks or a fall from great height . Throughout the game , Wander is equipped with only a sword and a bow with arrows , but may obtain other weapons from completing the Time Attack trials . While the colossi are the only enemies , there are natural animals in the environment . Only one species , however , has any effect on gameplay : eating the tail of a certain kind of lizard increases Wander 's stamina gauge . Likewise , the player may find fruit that increases Wander 's maximum health . Wander 's horse , Agro , plays a large role in the game . In addition to serving as a means of transportation , fighting from horseback is vital to defeating some of the colossi . There are , however , many environments that can not be traversed by horse , and colossi often inhabit areas within deep water or beyond large obstacles that must be scaled . Agro can not travel beyond these , and when separated from Wander by such obstacles , can not participate in the following battle . Agro is referred to as a male in the English - language version of the game , though director Fumito Ueda said that he saw Wander 's horse as female . The environment must be used to the player 's advantage more often as the game progresses . The first two battles take place on simple , large , flat areas of land , with the only goal being to discover how to scale the colossi and attack their weak points . However , the majority of the following fourteen battles require that some aspect of the battlefield be used . Plot and setting ( edit ) During Shadow of the Colossus , the player receives little information concerning the backstories of the characters and their relationships with one another . The game takes place in a fantasy setting , with most of the game 's events occurring within a vast and unpopulated peninsula , known as the Forbidden Land , separated from the outside world by a mountain range to its north and sea to the south and east . The presence of ruins and other ancient structures indicate the area was once a settlement . The region is only accessible via a small cleft in the mountains to the north , leading to a massive stone bridge . This bridge spans half the distance of the landscape and terminates at a large temple called the `` Shrine of Worship '' located at its center . It is , however , forbidden to enter the land , which is characterized by diverse geographical features , such as lakes , plateaus , canyons , caves , and deserts in addition to human - made structures . Characters ( edit ) Wander standing before Mono . Both Wander and Mono were designed with long hair from the start of the design process . The protagonist of the game is Wander ( ワンダ , Wanda , voiced by Kenji Nojima ) , a young man whose goal is to resurrect a girl named Mono ( モノ , voiced by Hitomi Nabatame ) . Little is known about Mono other than that she was a maiden who was somehow sacrificed because she was believed to have a cursed destiny . Wander and Mono were designed with long hair from the start of the design process , with Mono 's long hair specifically as a contrast to Yorda of Ico , who has short hair . Assisting Wander in his quest to revive her is his loyal horse , Agro ( アグロ , Aguro ) , who serves as his only ally in defeating the colossi . Wander also receives aid from an entity called Dormin ( ドルミン , Dorumin , voiced by Kazuhiro Nakata and Kyōko Hikami ) . The story revolves around these characters but features a small supporting cast including Lord Emon ( エモン , voiced by Naoki Bandō ) and his men . Speaking with two voices at once ( one male and one female ) , Dormin is a mysterious , disembodied entity . In legends of the game 's world , it is said that Dormin has the power to revive the dead ; it is for this reason that Wander enters the forbidden land , seeking its assistance in reviving Mono . Dormin offers to revive her in exchange for Wander destroying the sixteen colossi . `` Dormin '' , which spells `` Nimrod '' backwards , has been speculated to be a reference to the body of the biblical King Nimrod which was cut up and scattered . Lord Emon is a shaman who narrates a vision in the game 's introduction , vaguely explaining the origin of the land Wander has come to , and emphasizing that entry to this place is forbidden . He is portrayed as having extensive knowledge regarding the nature and containment of Dormin , and the ability to use powerful magic . He has a small group of warriors at his command , and is pursuing Wander to prevent the use of `` the forbidden spell '' , the ritual involving the destruction of the sixteen colossi and the restoration of Dormin 's power . The colossi are armored , most often enormous creatures with forms ranging from various humanoids to predatory animals , and live in all manner of surroundings and environments , including beneath water and flying through the air . Their bodies are a fusion of organic and inorganic parts such as rock , earth , fur , and architectural elements , some of which are weathered or fractured . Some colossi are peaceful and will only attack when provoked , while others are aggressive and will attack on sight . Inhabiting specific locations in the forbidden land , they do not venture outside their own territory . Once slain they will remain where fallen , as a mound of earth and rock vaguely resembling the original colossus . A pillar of light marks the location of each colossus after they are defeated . The Latin names of the colossi , though featured throughout fan related media , are not official and are never referred to within the game . Story ( edit ) The story of Shadow of the Colossus begins as Wander enters the forbidden land , traveling across the long bridge at its entrance on his horse , Agro . Unknown to the player , prior to entering the forbidden land Wander had stolen an ancient sword , which is the only weapon capable of slaying the colossi of the forbidden land . Led to the massive Shrine of Worship at the center of the region , Wander carries with him the body of a maiden named Mono . A moment later , several man - like shadowy creatures appear and prepare to attack Wander before he easily dismisses them with a wave of the ancient sword in his possession . After vanquishing the shadow creatures , the voice of the disembodied entity known as `` Dormin '' echoes from above , expressing surprise that Wander possesses the weapon . Wander requests that Dormin return Mono 's soul to her body , to which Dormin states may be possible on the condition that Wander can destroy the sixteen idols lining the temple 's hall by using the ancient sword to kill the sixteen colossi located throughout the land . Despite being warned by Dormin that he may have to pay a great price to revive Mono , Wander sets out to search the land for the colossi and destroy them . What Wander does not know is that the colossi contain portions of Dormin 's own essence that were scattered long ago to render the entity powerless . As Wander kills each colossus , a released fragment of Dormin enters his body . Over time , the signs of Wander 's deterioration from the gathered essence become clearer -- his skin becoming paler , his hair darker , and dark streaks growing across his face . After the death of the twelfth colossus , it is revealed to the player that Wander is being pursued by a group of warriors led by Emon . Urged to hurry with his task by Dormin , Wander soon heads off to defeat the sixteenth and final colossus . On the way to this confrontation , he travels on horseback across a long bridge which begins to collapse as he is halfway across . At the last second when it seems he will not make it , Wander is thrown to the other side by Agro before the horse falls into the distant river below . Soon after , Wander goes on to defeat the final colossus as Emon 's company arrives in the Shrine of Worship to witness the last temple idol crumble . Wander appears back in the temple soon after , the signs of his corruption readily apparent : his skin is clammy , his eyes are milky , and a pair of tiny horns has sprouted from his head . Emon orders his warriors to kill the `` possessed '' man as he approaches Mono and finally falls once stabbed through the heart by one of Emon 's men . However , a newly whole Dormin takes control of Wander 's body and transforms into a shadowy giant . While his men flee , Lord Emon casts the ancient sword into a small pool at the back of the temple 's hall to evoke a whirlwind of light that consumes Dormin and Wander , sealing Dormin within the temple once again . After fleeing with the bridge connecting to the temple collapsing behind them , forever isolating the forbidden land from the rest of the world , Emon expresses hope that Wander may be able to atone for his crimes should he have survived . Back in the temple , Mono awakens and finds Agro limping into the temple with an injured hind leg . Mono follows Agro to the pool into which Wander and Dormin were pulled by Emon 's spell , finding a male infant with tiny horns on his head . She takes the child with her , following the horse to higher levels of the Shrine of Worship , and arrives at a secret garden within the shrine as the game ends . Connections to Ico ( edit ) Shadow of the Colossus is considered both a spiritual successor and prequel to Ico . For several months during and after the game 's release , the game 's director and lead designer , Fumito Ueda , maintained that the game 's status as a prequel was simply his personal take on the game and not necessarily its canon nature , as he largely intended for players to decide the specifics of the story for themselves , but he confirmed the two do have a connection . Moreover , the shadowy figures which appear in the Shrine of Worship are connected to the shadows which the player must fight in Ico . Both games feature `` horned '' characters for protagonists ( Wander sprouts horns at the end of the game ) . The Queen 's Sword from Ico is also available as a bonus unlockable item . Both games also use unique fictional languages . Development ( edit ) With a team of thirty - five people , Shadow of the Colossus began development in 2002 under the project name Nico ( a portmanteau of ni , 2 in Japanese , and `` Ico '' ) and was intended to be a sequel to Ico . An early technology demo for the project shown at the DICE Summit in 2003 depicted a group of masked , horned boys riding horses while attacking and defeating a colossus . However , Fumito Ueda expressed that , at the time , it was simpler to reuse the character design of Ico 's protagonist , and that he never explicitly desired a sequel to Ico . Japanese pre-orders of Shadow of the Colossus later included a bonus DVD with the concept video , a trailer describing Nico 's plot , and an introduction the development team states they wanted to use in Shadow of the Colossus . Ueda and producer Kenji Kaido held their team to a high standard throughout production . An admitted perfectionist , Ueda felt that only one or two out of 500 artists who applied to work on Shadow of the Colossus met his criteria , and often demanded thorough changes in design until it matched his vision . For his part , Kaido challenged the programmers to meet the concept of realistic physics in relation to the movement of the colossi and the subsequent effect this movement would have for Wander , both in terms of how he might be displaced and how he may be able to use this movement to his advantage . For instance , if a colossus were to shake , Kaido wanted Wander 's position to shift realistically in response . Additionally , if a colossus ' limb was currently horizontal , Kaido wanted the player to be able to run across the limb as though it were any other flat surface . He referred to these two concepts as `` player dynamics and reactions '' and `` organic collision deformation '' . The realistic physics engine produced as a result required that faster colossi had to be smaller as well . Kenji Kaido , producer of the game , and Fumito Ueda , lead designer of the game at Art Futura 2005 Ueda wished the game to have a unique presentation and change how both players and developers perceived the idea of what bosses should be in video games . To achieve this , he ensured that the game 's only enemies would be the sixteen colossi , that they could only be approached one at a time , and that they would have various behavior patterns . Though limiting the presence of enemies to only bosses was partly intended to differentiate the game from others , Ueda also expressed that it was to ensure that the programmers ' focus was entirely on the colossi so that their quality would be as high as possible . In accordance with this focus upon the colossi -- and his preference for simple controls -- he intended that one button on the game controller be used solely for targeting the colossi during battles . Ueda cited The Legend of Zelda as an influence on the boss design , referring to the bosses as `` inverted Zelda dungeons . '' A theme of companionship between the player and an AI - controlled partner was a concern for Ueda . In Ico , this theme was presented through the protagonist and the character Yorda , whom the player was required to work with and protect while navigating the game 's environments . Similarly , a key element in Shadow of the Colossus is the relationship between Wander and his horse , Agro . Intended to be a realistic representation of a horse , Agro will occasionally ignore commands . In Ueda 's words , `` a real horse ... does n't always obey . It 's not like a car or a motorcycle , it wo n't always turn when you say ' turn ! ' '' However , he has admitted that the team had to seek a balance in how often Agro did not respond to commands so as to not sacrifice playability in the pursuit of realism . All elements of the game -- including audio , gameplay and visuals -- were used to achieve an atmosphere of a `` lonely hero '' , which Ueda considered important in the development of the game . Lighting , in particular , was used to establish a dark , fearsome setting for the forbidden land , while the protagonist 's sword would provide a means of navigation that was `` direct and only expressible visually '' . Like Ico , Shadow of the Colossus uses a distinct style of lighting . The game 's engine uses elements such as desaturated colors , motion blur and partial high dynamic range rendering , with a heavy emphasis on bloom lighting . A PlayStation 3 remastered version of Ico and Shadow of the Colossus was announced at Tokyo Game Show 2010 and released in September 2011 . Developed by Bluepoint Games , both were improved graphically to take advantage of the PlayStation 3 's hardware and HDTVs , with numerous other improvements implemented . PAL release ( edit ) The PAL version of the game was released in February 2006 . Much like the PAL release for Ico , the game came in cardboard packaging displaying various pieces of artwork from the game , and contained four art cards . The game also came with a `` making of '' documentary , a trailer for Ico and a gallery of concept art , accessible from the game 's main menu . Sony Computer Entertainment also re-released Ico in PAL territories at the time of Shadow of the Colossus 's release , both to promote the game through Ico 's reputation , and to allow players who did not buy Ico during its original limited release to `` complete their collections '' . Some confusion has arisen in PAL regions concerning the official name of the protagonist primarily because of the manual 's usage of `` Wanda '' , while the North American manual and the game itself uses the name `` Wander '' . In fact , the Japanese version of the game spells the name `` Wander '' as ワンダ ( Wanda ) , which is also the common transliteration of the English name `` Wanda '' , hence the mistake in the manual . Music ( edit ) Shadow of the Colossus : Roar of the Earth ( Original Game Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Kō Ōtani Released December 7 , 2005 Recorded Victor Studio Genre Video game soundtrack Length 75 : 36 Label King Records While the game has an extensive orchestral soundtrack , the music is only heard during cut scenes and colossus encounters , while time spent at the Shrine of Worship and traversing the landscape is silent save for the sounds made by the protagonist , his horse and their surroundings . The open nature of the game world and lack of life , coupled with this limited use of music , aids in establishing an atmosphere of solitude , similar to that of Ico . On December 7 , 2005 , a soundtrack album containing music from the game was released only in Japan , titled Wander and the Colossus Original Soundtrack : Roar of the Earth ( Japanese : ワンダ と 巨像 オリジナル サウンド トラック 大地 の 咆哮 , Hepburn : Wanda to Kyozō Original Soundtrack : Daichi no Hōkō ) . There are currently no announced plans to release the album in other territories . The game 's score was composed by Kow Otani , whose previous video game work included the soundtracks to the PlayStation 2 flight simulator Sky Odyssey and the PlayStation shooter Philosoma . He has also worked on several of the 1990s - era Gamera films , as well as a variety of anime . Roar of the Earth won the award for `` Soundtrack of the Year '' in the US - based video game magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly . Remake ( edit ) Main article : Shadow of the Colossus ( 2018 video game ) Sony announced a remake of Shadow of the Colossus for the PlayStation 4 during their Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 press conference . It was released on February 6 , 2018 . The remake is led by Bluepoint , who developed the earlier PlayStation 3 remaster . The developers remade all the game 's assets from the ground up , but the game retains the same gameplay from the original title along with the introduction of a new control scheme . Ueda had since left Sony , but provided a list of recommended changes to Bluepoint for the remake ; he stated that he does not believe many of them will be implemented , nor would they add any of the colossi that had been cut from the original game . Reception ( edit ) Shadow of the Colossus 's commercial reception was positive , with sales of 140,000 copies in its first week at retail in Japan , reaching number one in the charts . Almost 80 % of the initial Japanese shipment was sold within two days . These figures compare favorably with Ico , which was well received by critics but failed to sell a significant number of units . The game was placed on Sony 's list of Greatest Hits titles on August 6 , 2006 . Unlike Ico , Shadow of the Colossus received far more exposure , due in part to Sony putting its weight behind a massive advertising campaign . It was advertised in game magazines , on television and on the internet , including a viral marketing campaign launched in October 2005 . The site posted links to several websites claiming that the remains of five giants resembling certain colossi had been discovered in various parts of the world . The website has since been taken down . Some speculate that Ico 's sales figures could have been improved if similar advertising efforts were made before its release . Critical response ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 91.43 % Metacritic 91 / 100 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com Edge 8 / 10 EGM 8.8 / 10 Eurogamer 10 / 10 Famitsu 37 / 40 Game Informer 8.75 / 10 GameSpot 8.7 / 10 GameTrailers 9.3 / 10 IGN 9.7 / 10 PSM Shadow of the Colossus received critical acclaim , with an average critic score of 91 % at GameRankings , making it the 11th - highest rated game of 2005 . These include the Japanese magazine Famitsu , who rated the game 37 / 40 , the UK - based Edge , who awarded an 8 / 10 , and Electronic Gaming Monthly , who granted 8.8 / 10 . GameSpot 's review gave it an 8.7 , commenting that `` the game 's aesthetic presentation is unparalleled , by any standard '' , while multimedia website IGN hailed the game as `` an amazing experience '' and `` an absolute must - have title '' , rating it 9.7 / 10 . GameSpy described it as `` possibly the most innovative and visually arresting game of the year for the PS2 '' . A retrospective Edge article described the game as `` a fiction of unquestionable thematic richness , of riveting emotional power , whose fundamental artistic qualities are completely fused with its interactivity . '' Dave Ciccoricco , a literature lecturer at the University of Otago , praised the game for its use of long cutscenes and stretches of riding to make the player engage in self - reflection and feel immersed in the game world . Many reviewers consider the game 's soundtrack to be one of its greatest aspects . In addition to Electronic Gaming Monthly 's award of `` Soundtrack of the Year '' , GameSpot commented that the musical score conveyed , and often intensified , the mood of any given situation , while it was described as `` one of the finest game soundtracks ever '' by a reviewer from Eurogamer . However , the game has been criticised for its erratic frame rate , which is usually smooth while traversing the landscape , but often slows down in fast - paced situations , such as colossus battles . Concern was also expressed about the game 's camera , which was described by GameSpy as being `` as much of an opponent as the Colossi '' , `` manag ( ing ) to re-center itself at the worst and most inopportune times '' . Reviewers are often mixed about Agro 's AI and controls ; while gaming website Thunderbolt insists the realism of Agro 's movement and behaviour `` create ( s ) a videogame experience unlike any other '' , Edge commented that the controls were `` clumsy , crude , and unpredictable '' . Other critics like Game Revolution and GameSpot felt the game was too short ( average playthrough time estimated 6 to 8 hours ) , with little replay value given the puzzle elements to each colossus battle . Awards ( edit ) Shadow of the Colossus has received several awards , including recognition for `` Best Character Design '' , `` Best Game Design '' , `` Best Visual Arts '' and `` Game of the Year '' , as well as one of three `` Innovation Awards '' at the 2006 Game Developers Choice Awards . At the 2006 DICE Summit , the game won the award for `` Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction '' at the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences , while it received one of two `` Special Rookie Awards '' at the Famitsu Awards 2005 . It was nominated for `` Best Original Music '' , `` Best Artistic Graphics '' and `` Best PS2 Game '' , yet also `` Most Aggravating Frame Rate '' in GameSpot 's awards for 2005 , while it won `` Best Adventure Game '' and `` Best Artistic Design '' in IGN 's Best of 2005 awards , who cited Agro as the best sidekick in the history of video games . Two years after its release IGN listed Shadow as the fourth greatest PlayStation 2 game of all time . Games Radar awarded it Best Game of the Year 2006 ( being released in the UK in early 2006 , later than the US ) , and appears in the site 's `` The 100 best games ever '' list at number ten . The game 's ending was selected as the fourth greatest moment in gaming by the editors of GamePro in July 2006 . The readers of PlayStation Official Magazine voted it the 8th greatest PlayStation title ever released . Destructoid named the game # 1 in their list of the top 50 video games of the decade . IGN named Shadow of the Colossus the best game of 2005 , and the second best game of the decade , behind Half - Life 2 . In 2012 , Complex magazine named Shadow of the Colossus the second - best PlayStation 2 game of all time , behind God of War II . In 2015 , the game placed 4th on USgamer 's The 15 Best Games Since 2000 list . In other media ( edit ) The game plays a significant role in the 2007 Mike Binder film Reign Over Me as one of the ways Adam Sandler 's character copes with his primary struggle -- with aspects of the game mirroring the tragedy that befell Sandler 's character ; Shadow of the Colossus falling giants mirroring the crashing towers of the September 11 attacks in which his wife and children died , and the game 's lead character trying to resurrect his deceased love are two of the main themes which strike a similarity . Sandler is said to have ad libbed a detailed description of the control scheme in a scene with Don Cheadle , who plays his old friend . Both actors are said to have become experts at the game during the filming . Film Adaptation ( edit ) In April 2009 , it was reported that Sony Pictures would adapt Shadow of the Colossus into a film . Kevin Misher , producer of The Scorpion King , The Interpreter and the recent attempted remake of Dune , negotiated to produce . It was announced that Fumito Ueda , the game 's creator , would be involved in the film 's production . On May 23 , 2012 , it was reported that Chronicle director Josh Trank would be directing the film adaptation . Seth Lochhead was due to write the film . In September 2014 , Variety reported that Mama director Andrés Muschietti would direct the film after Trank dropped out due to his commitment to one of the upcoming Star Wars spin - off movies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ワンダ と 巨像 ( Wanda to Kyozō ) in Japanese Jump up ^ IGN site staff , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` IGN : Shadow of the Colossus '' . IGN . Retrieved July 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reed , Kristan . `` The Bluffer 's Guide To PS2 Cult Classics '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved April 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : PlayStation.com Australia site staff . `` NICO : the game that never was '' . PlayStation.com Australia . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2006 . Retrieved July 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ of Famitsū , ed. ( 2006 ) . Wander to Kyozō Kōshiki Kōryaku & Setteibon Inishie no Chi Kitan ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain . p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Andy & Berghammer , Billy ( 2006 ) . `` Colossal Creation : The Kenji Kaido and Fumito Ueda Interview '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Kohler , Chris ( March 9 , 2006 ) . `` Behind the Shadow : Fumito Ueda '' . Wired News . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Brad ( October 17 , 2005 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus for PlayStation 2 Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Kristan ( 2005 ) . `` Review -- Shadow of the Colossus '' . Euro Gamer . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Okay , kids , play on my lawn '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shuman , Sid ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` Ico and Shadow of the Colossus Collection hits PS3 Spring 2011 with 3D '' . SCEA . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dunham , Jeremy ( 2005 ) . `` Pre-E3 2005 : Shadow of the Colossus '' . IGN . Retrieved August 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Guides : Shadow of the Colossus Walkthrough '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sulic , Ivan ( 2005 ) . `` A Colossus Falls '' . IGN . Retrieved August 16 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Kohler , Chris ( October 26 , 2005 ) . `` Colossus Is Giant Leap for Games '' . Wired News . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2006 . Retrieved July 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dunham , Jeremy ( 2005 ) . `` E3 2005 : Shadow of the Colossus Update '' . IGN . Retrieved August 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Shadow of the Colossus Guide '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shadow of the Colossus instruction book . Sony Computer Entertainment , 2005 . pp. 14 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Gantayat , Anoop ( 2005 ) . `` Wanda and Colossus '' . IGN . Retrieved August 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sony Computer Entertainment . Shadow of the Colossus . ( Sony Computer Entertainment ) . PlayStation 2 . ( October 18 , 2005 ) `` Kick the side of the horse to make him run by using X . '' Jump up ^ of Famitsū , ed. ( 2006 ) . Wander to Kyozō Kōshiki Kōryaku & Setteibon Inishie no Chi Kitan ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain . p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Roper , Chris ( 2005 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus Review '' . IGN . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Page 2 . ^ Jump up to : McGarvey , Sterling ( 2005 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus Review '' . GameSpy . Retrieved August 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Daultrey , Stephen ( 2004 ) . `` An epic called Wanda : Sony 's `` awesome '' PS2 works uncovered `` . Computer and Videogames ) . Retrieved August 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roper , Chris ( 2005 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus Review '' . IGN . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Page 3 . Jump up ^ Scott , Alan Marriott ( 2005 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus Preview '' . G4 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2006 . Retrieved August 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Jonahthan ( 2005 ) . `` Larger than Life -- New York Magazine Video Game Review '' . New York Arts & Events . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Stuart ( February 22 , 2006 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus '' . TrustedReviews . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2007 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sony Computer Entertainment ( October 18 , 2005 ) . Shadow of the Colossus . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Emon ( narrating ) : That place ... began from the resonance of intersecting points ... They are memories replaced by ens and naught and etched into stone . Blood , young sprouts , sky -- and the one with the ability to control beings created from light ... In that world , it is said that if one should wish it one can bring back the souls of the dead ... But to trespass upon that land is strictly forbidden ... ^ Jump up to : Sony Computer Entertainment ( October 18 , 2005 ) . Shadow of the Colossus . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Wander : She was sacrificed , for she has a cursed fate . Please , I need you to bring back her soul ... / Dormin : That maiden 's soul ? Souls that are once lost can not be reclaimed ... is that not the law of mortals ? With that sword , however ... it may not be impossible . / Wander : Really ? ! / Dormin : That is , of course , if thou manage to accomplish what We askest . / Wander : What do I have to do ? / Dormin : Behold the idols that stand along the wall ... Thou art to destroy all of them . But those idols can not be destroyed by the mere hands of a mortal ... / Wander : Then what am I to do ? / Dormin : In this land there exist colossi that are the incarnations of those idols . If thou defeat those colossi -- the idols shall fall . Jump up ^ of Famitsū , ed. ( 2006 ) . Wander to Kyozō Kōshiki Kōryaku & Setteibon Inishie no Chi Kitan ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain . p. 173 . ISBN 4 - 7577 - 2580 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Sony Computer Entertainment staff ( 2006 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus English ( UK ) '' . Shadow of the Colossus official site . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2008 . Retrieved July 29 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Ciccoricco , Dave . ( 2008 ) . `` ' Play , Memory ' : Shadow of the Colossus and Cognitive Workouts '' . In Ennslin , A. and Bell , A. New Perspectives on Digital Literature . Dichtung Digital , Special Edition . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Sony Computer Entertainment ( October 18 , 2005 ) . Shadow of the Colossus . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Emon : Have you any idea what you 've done ? ! Not only did you steal the sword and trespass upon this cursed land , you used the forbidden spell as well ... Jump up ^ Schilling , Chris ( 2006 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus '' . Press Start Online . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2006 . Retrieved August 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gillett , Nick ( February 11 , 2006 ) . `` Preview Guitar Hero / Shadow Of The Colossus '' . Guardian Unlimited . London . Retrieved August 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ IGN site staff ( 2005 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus Cheats , Code and Cheat Codes '' . IGN . Retrieved August 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sony Computer Entertainment ( October 18 , 2005 ) . Shadow of the Colossus . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Dormin : But heed this , the price you pay may be heavy indeed . / Wander : It does n't matter . ^ Jump up to : Sony Computer Entertainment ( October 18 , 2005 ) . Shadow of the Colossus . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Dormin : Thou severed Our body into sixteen segments for an eternity in order to seal away Our power ... Jump up ^ Sony Computer Entertainment ( October 18 , 2005 ) . Shadow of the Colossus . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Emon : Eradicate the source of the evil . Look ... He 's possessed by the dead . Hurry up and do it ! It is better to put him out of his misery than to exist , cursed as he is . Jump up ^ Sony Computer Entertainment ( October 18 , 2005 ) . Shadow of the Colossus . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Dormin : We have borrowed the body of this warrior ... Jump up ^ Sony Computer Entertainment ( October 18 , 2005 ) . Shadow of the Colossus . PlayStation 2 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Emon : Poor ungodly soul ... Now , no man shall ever trespass upon this place again . Should you be alive ... If it 's even possible to continue to exist in these sealed lands ... one day , perhaps you will make atonement for what you 've done . Jump up ^ GameSpot site staff , ed . ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` The Long - Awaited Spiritual Successor to ICO Arrives Mid-February in Europe '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Matthew ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus walkthrough '' . IGN . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Gaming Intelligence Agency site staff ( 2001 ) . `` Interview with Fumito Ueda '' . The Gaming Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dengeki PlayStation staff , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Interview Wander to Kyozō '' . Dengeki Online ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Translation of paragraph 1 : Ueda Fumihito : In the first stages of development , `` Wander to Kyozō '' was called `` Nico , '' short for `` Next Ico . '' The idea for our new game was to use what we had learned in `` Ico '' and come up with something new . However , `` Nico '' was nothing more than a temporary project name and it was clear from the beginning that the title would change . ^ Jump up to : Kosak , Dave `` Fargo '' ( 2006 ) . `` Making Colossal Games '' . GameSpy . Retrieved July 18 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : PlayStation.com New Zeal ; site staff ( eds . ) . `` A Colossus Speaks '' . PlayStation.com New Zealand . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Mielke , James ( 2005 ) . `` Shadow Talk : Interview with Fumito Ueda and Kenji Kaido '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Tim Rogers ( October 25 , 2005 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus '' . Insert Credit . ^ Jump up to : Mielke , James & Rybicki , Joe ( 2005 ) . `` A Giant In The Making '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nishikawa ( 2005 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus PS2 Preview '' . Impress Watch . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2006 . Retrieved August 2 , 2006 . Translation available at The Making of `` Shadow of the Colossus '' ^ Jump up to : Wales , Matt , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` PAL Colossus gets exclusive content '' . computerandvideogames . Retrieved July 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Li , Felix M.C. a.k.a. `` Maskrider '' , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Zone of the Gamers : Wanda to Kyozou / Shadow of the Colossus Scans / Photos '' . Zone Of the Gamers . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2006 . Retrieved July 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Wales , Matt , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Fumito Ueda '' . computerandvideogames . Retrieved July 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ramsey ( 2006 ) . `` Review of Shadow of the Colossus '' . GameChew . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Tim ( 2005 ) . `` Review of Shadow of the Colossus '' . insert credit . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2006 . Retrieved July 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Wander and the Colossus Original Soundtrack : Roar of the Earth ( Media notes ) . King Record Co. , Ltd. 2005 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shadow of the Colossus Electronic Gaming Monthly '' . Find Articles . November 2005 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved July 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Valdez , Nick ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus is getting a remake '' . Destructoid . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` PS4 's Shadow Of The Colossus Remaster Release Date Confirmed '' . Gamespot . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shadow of the Colossus ' was rebuilt from the ground up for PS4 '' . Engadget . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purchase , Robert ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Fumito Ueda submitted a proposal of changes for the Shadow of the Colossus PS4 remake '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Rob ( 2006 ) . `` Shadow of the Colossus goes in at number one '' . Games Industry . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ kellercl ( 2006 ) . `` PS2 Shadow of the Colossus '' . ControllerFreaks . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( 2006 ) . `` Five added to PS2 Greatest Hits '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sony Computer Entertainment staff , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` PlayStation 2 -- Greatest Hits '' . PlayStation.com . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2006 . Retrieved August 4 , 2006 . 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Team Ico / genDESIGN Video games Ico Shadow of the Colossus ( 2018 remake ) The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection The Last Guardian People Fumito Ueda Kenji Kaido Book Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year The Sims ( 2000 ) Grand Theft Auto III ( 2001 ) Metroid Prime ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 ) Half - Life 2 ( 2004 ) Shadow of the Colossus ( 2005 ) Gears of War ( 2006 ) Portal ( 2007 ) Fallout 3 ( 2008 ) Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) Red Dead Redemption ( 2010 ) The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim ( 2011 ) Journey ( 2012 ) The Last of Us ( 2013 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ( 2014 ) The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt ( 2015 ) Overwatch ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shadow_of_the_Colossus&oldid=838921639 '' Categories : 2005 video games Action - adventure games Art games Interactive Achievement Award winners Kaiju video games Fantasy video games PlayStation 2 games Single - player video games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Video game prequels Video games developed in Japan Video games with stereoscopic 3D graphics Sacrifices in fiction Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from February 2015 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Kiswahili Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 吴语 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 03 : 50 . 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where's the next world cup gonna be

The FIFA Council went back and forth between 2013 and 2017 on limitations within hosting rotation based on the continental confederations . Originally , it was set that bids to be host would not be allowed from countries belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments . It was temporarily changed to only prohibit countries belonging to the confederation that hosted the previous World Cup from bidding to host the following tournament , before the rule was changed back to its prior state of two World Cups . However , the FIFA Council did make an exception to potentially grant eligibility to member associations of the confederation of the second - to - last host of the FIFA World Cup in the event that none of the received bids fulfill the strict technical and financial requirements . In March 2017 , FIFA president Gianni Infantino confirmed that `` Europe ( UEFA ) and Asia ( AFC ) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively . '' Therefore , the 2026 World Cup could be hosted by one of the remaining four confederations : CONCACAF ( last hosted in 1994 ) , CAF ( last hosted in 2010 ) , CONMEBOL ( last hosted in 2014 ) , or OFC ( never hosted before ) , or potentially by UEFA in case no bid from those four met the requirements .

2022

2026 FIFA World Cup

2026 fifa world cup

2026 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup United 2026 Copa Mundial de la FIFA Unidos 2026 Coupe du Monde de la FIFA - Unis 2026 Bid logo Tournament details Host countries Canada Mexico United States Teams 48 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 16 ( in 16 host cities ) ← 2022 2030 → The 2026 FIFA World Cup ( Spanish : Copa mundial de la FIFA de 2026 ; French : Coupe du monde de la FIFA de 2026 ) will be the 23rd FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international men 's association football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA . The tournament will be jointly hosted by 16 cities in three North American countries ; 60 matches , including the quarterfinals , semi-finals , and the final , will be hosted by the United States while neighboring Canada and Mexico will each host 10 matches . The tournament will be the first hosted by three nations . The United 2026 bid beat a rival bid by Morocco during a final vote at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow . It will be the first World Cup since South Korea / Japan in 2002 that will be hosted by more than one nation . With its past hosting of the 1970 and 1986 tournaments , Mexico will also become the first country to host all or part of three men 's World Cups . The 2026 World Cup will also see the tournament expanded from 32 to 48 teams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Slot allocation 1.1. 1 Playoff tournament 1.2 Host selection 2 Qualification 3 Candidate cities and venues 3.1 Canada 3.2 Mexico 3.3 United States 4 Controversies 5 Broadcasting rights 6 References Format ( edit ) Michel Platini , who was then the UEFA president , had suggested in October 2013 an expansion of the tournament to 40 teams , an idea that FIFA president Gianni Infantino also suggested in March 2016 . A desire to increase the number of participants in the tournament from the previous 32 team format was announced on 4 October 2016 . Four expansion options were considered : Expand to 40 teams ( 8 groups of 5 teams ) -- 88 matches Expand to 40 teams ( 10 groups of 4 teams ) -- 76 matches Expand to 48 teams ( opening 32 - team playoff round ) -- 80 matches Expand to 48 teams ( 16 groups of 3 teams ) -- 80 matches On 10 January 2017 , the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand to a 48 - team tournament . The tournament will open with a group stage consisting of 16 groups of three teams , with the top two teams progressing from each group to a knockout tournament starting with a round of 32 teams . The number of games played overall will increase from 64 to 80 , but the number of games played by finalists remains at seven , the same as with 32 teams , but one group match will be replaced by a knockout match . The tournament will also be completed within 32 days , the same as previous 32 - team tournaments . The European Club Association and its member clubs opposed the proposal for expansion , saying that the number of games was already at an `` unacceptable '' level and they urged the governing body to reconsider its idea of increasing the number of teams that qualify . They contended that it was a decision taken for political reasons because Infantino would thus satisfy his electorate , rather than for sporting reasons . Liga de Fútbol Profesional president Javier Tebas agreed , affirming the unacceptability of the new format . He told Marca that the football industry is maintained thanks to clubs and leagues , not FIFA , and that Infantino did politics because to be elected he promised more countries in the World Cup ; he wanted to keep the electoral promises . German national team coach Joachim Löw warned that expansion , as had occurred for Euro 2016 , would dilute the value of the world tournament because players have already reached their physical and mental limit . Another criticism of the new format is that with three - team groups , the risk of collusion between the two teams playing in the last round of the group stage will increase compared with four - team groups ( where simultaneous kick - offs have been employed ) . One suggestion by president Infantino is that group matches that end in draws will be decided by penalty shootouts . Slot allocation ( edit ) On 30 March 2017 , the Bureau of the FIFA Council ( composed of the FIFA president and the presidents of each of the six confederations ) proposed a slot allocation for the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The recommendation was submitted for the ratification by the FIFA Council . On 9 May 2017 , two days before the 67th FIFA Congress , the FIFA Council approved the slot allocation in a meeting in Manama , Bahrain . It includes an intercontinental playoff tournament involving six teams to decide the last two FIFA World Cup berths . Confederation FIFA eligible members Places in finals ( including hosts ) Percentage of members with places in finals Places before 2026 ( excluding hosts , including half - places ) AFC 46 8 17 % 4.5 CAF 54 9 17 % 5 CONCACAF 35 6 17 % 3.5 CONMEBOL 10 6 60 % 4.5 OFC 11 9 % 0.5 UEFA 55 16 29 % 13 Playoff -- 33 % -- Total 211 48 23 % 31 ( + hosts ) The issue of how to allocate automatic host country qualification given that there are multiple host countries has not yet been resolved and will be decided by the FIFA council . The United bid anticipated all three host countries being awarded automatic places . Playoff tournament ( edit ) A playoff tournament involving six teams will be held to decide the last two FIFA World Cup berths , consisting of one team per confederation ( except for UEFA ) and one additional team from the confederation of the host country ( i.e. CONCACAF ) . Two of the teams will be seeded based on the FIFA World Rankings , and the seeded teams will play for a FIFA World Cup berth against the winners of the first two knockout games involving the four unseeded teams . The tournament is to be played in the host country ( ies ) and to be used as a test event for the FIFA World Cup . The existing playoff window of November 2025 has been suggested as a tentative date for the 2026 edition . Host selection ( edit ) Main articles : 2026 FIFA World Cup bids , Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid , and United 2026 FIFA World Cup bid Map of the World with the six confederations The FIFA Council went back and forth between 2013 and 2017 on limitations within hosting rotation based on the continental confederations . Originally , it was set that bids to be host would not be allowed from countries belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments . It was temporarily changed to only prohibit countries belonging to the confederation that hosted the previous World Cup from bidding to host the following tournament , before the rule was changed back to its prior state of two World Cups . However , the FIFA Council did make an exception to potentially grant eligibility to member associations of the confederation of the second - to - last host of the FIFA World Cup in the event that none of the received bids fulfill the strict technical and financial requirements . In March 2017 , FIFA president Gianni Infantino confirmed that `` Europe ( UEFA ) and Asia ( AFC ) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively . '' Therefore , the 2026 World Cup could be hosted by one of the remaining four confederations : CONCACAF ( last hosted in 1994 ) , CAF ( last hosted in 2010 ) , CONMEBOL ( last hosted in 2014 ) , or OFC ( never hosted before ) , or potentially by UEFA in case no bid from those four met the requirements . After the selection , the map of world cup hosts stayed like this . Remember that some city locations may be wrong Co-hosting the FIFA World Cup -- which had been banned by FIFA after the 2002 World Cup -- was approved for the 2026 World Cup , though not limited to a specific number but instead evaluated on a case - by - case basis . Also by 2026 , the FIFA general secretariat , after consultation with the Competitions Committee , will have the power to exclude bidders who do not meet the minimum technical requirements to host the competition . Canada , Mexico and the United States had all publicly considered bidding for the tournament separately , but the United joint bid was announced on 10 April 2017 . The United bid contacted 48 venues in 43 cities ( 3 venues in 3 cities in Mexico , 8 venues in 6 cities in Canada and 37 venues in 34 cities in the United States ) . This bid was ultimately cut down to 23 venues in 23 cities ( 3 in Canada , 3 in Mexico and 17 in the United States ; the American venues will be cut down to 10 for a total of 16 venues for the tournament ) . Morocco announced its bid in August 2017 , and had 14 proposed venues in 12 cities . Voting results : Allowed to vote Banned from voting Voted for United bid Canada / Mexico / United States Voted for Moroccan bid Morocco Voted for neither Sanctioned by FIFA Abstained from voting Not a FIFA member The voting took place on 13 June 2018 , during FIFA 's annual congress in Moscow , and it was reopened to all eligible members . The United bid won receiving 134 valid ballots , while the Morocco bid received 65 valid ballots . Upon the selection , Canada becomes the fifth country to host both men 's and women 's World Cup -- the latter was in 2015 , Mexico becomes the first country to host three men 's World Cups -- previously in 1970 and 1986 , and the United States becomes the first country to host both men 's and women 's World Cup twice each -- having hosted the 1994 men 's and the 1999 and 2003 women 's World Cups . Qualification ( edit ) The 2026 World Cup 's qualification process has yet to be decided . The FIFA Council is expected to decide which hosts , if any , will receive automatic qualifications to the tournament . The United Bid personnel anticipated that all three host countries would be awarded automatic places . Candidate cities and venues ( edit ) There are 23 candidate cities that will be narrowed down to 16 in 2020 or 2021 ( 3 in Canada , 3 in Mexico , and 10 in the United States ) : A denotes a stadium used for previous men 's World Cup tournaments ( United States and Mexico only ) A denotes a stadium with a retractable roof . Canada ( edit ) Montreal Edmonton Toronto Olympic Stadium Commonwealth Stadium BMO Field Capacity : 61,004 ( Bid book capacity : 55,822 ) ( Expandable to 73,000 ) Capacity : 56,302 ( Bid book capacity : 56,418 ) Capacity : 30,000 ( Expanding to 45,500 for tournament ) Edmonton Montreal Toronto Canadian candidate cities Mexico ( edit ) Mexico City Monterrey Guadalajara Estadio Azteca Estadio BBVA Bancomer Estadio Akron Capacity : 87,523 Capacity : 53,500 ( Bid book capacity : 53,460 ) Capacity : 46,232 ( Bid book capacity : 48,071 ) Mexico City Monterrey Guadalajara Mexican candidate cities United States ( edit ) Los Angeles New York City Metro Washington , D.C. Dallas Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford , New Jersey ) FedExField ( Landover , Maryland ) AT&T Stadium ( Arlington , Texas ) Capacity : 92,000 ( Bid book capacity : 88,432 ) Capacity : 82,500 ( Bid book capacity : 87,157 ) Capacity : 82,000 ( Bid book capacity : 70,249 ) Capacity : 80,000 ( Bid book capacity : 92,967 ) ( expandable to 100,000 ) Kansas City Denver Houston Baltimore Arrowhead Stadium Broncos Stadium at Mile High NRG Stadium M&T Bank Stadium Capacity : 76,416 ( Bid book capacity : 76,640 ) Capacity : 76,125 ( Bid book capacity : 77,595 ) Capacity : 71,795 ( Bid book capacity : 72,220 ) Capacity : 71,006 ( Bid book capacity : 70,976 ) Atlanta Atlanta Baltimore Boston Cincinnati Dallas Denver Houston Kansas City Los Angeles Miami Nashville NYC / NJ Orlando Philadelphia San Francisco Bay Area Seattle Washington , D.C. United States candidate cities Mercedes - Benz Stadium Capacity : 71,000 ( Bid book capacity : 75,000 ) ( expandable to 83,000 ) Philadelphia Nashville Seattle San Francisco Bay Area Lincoln Financial Field Nissan Stadium CenturyLink Field Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara , California ) Capacity : 69,176 ( Bid book capacity : 69,328 ) Capacity : 69,143 ( Bid book capacity : 69,722 ) ( expandable to 75,000 ) Capacity : 69,000 ( expandable to 72,000 ) Capacity : 68,500 ( Bid book capacity : 70,909 ) ( expandable to 75,000 ) Boston Cincinnati Miami Orlando Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough , Massachusetts ) Paul Brown Stadium Hard Rock Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) Camping World Stadium Capacity : 65,878 ( Bid book capacity : 70,000 ) Capacity : 65,515 ( Bid book capacity : 67,402 ) Capacity : 64,767 ( Bid book capacity : 67,518 ) Capacity : 60,219 ( Bid book capacity : 65,000 ) Controversies ( edit ) FIFA president Gianni Infantino criticized the U.S. travel ban on several Muslim - majority nations . Infantino said , `` When it comes to FIFA competitions , any team , including the supporters and officials of that team , who qualify for a World Cup need to have access to the country , otherwise there is no World Cup . That is obvious . '' However , assurances were later given by the government that there would be no such discrimination . U.S. President Donald Trump threatened the countries that intended to support the Morocco bid to host the 2026 World Cup , tweeting : `` The US has put together a STRONG bid w / Canada & Mexico for the 2026 World Cup . It would be a shame if countries that we always support were to lobby against the U.S. bid . Why should we be supporting these countries when they do n't support us ( including at the United Nations ) ? '' Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Canada -- CTV , TSN , RDS United States -- Fox , Telemundo FIFA awarded Fox and Telemundo the U.S. English and Spanish rights , respectively , to the 2026 World Cup on 12 February 2015 . FIFA did so without opening it up for bidding with ESPN , Univision , and other interested American broadcasters , in order to placate Fox and Telemundo regarding the move of the 2022 World Cup ( which they had the rights to ) from summer ( in the Northern Hemisphere ) to November and December , during the heart of the National Football League regular season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Carlise , Jeff ( 10 April 2017 ) . `` U.S. , neighbors launch 2026 World Cup bid '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 11 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unanimous decision expands FIFA World Cup TM to 48 teams from 2026 '' . FIFA. 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini calls for 40 - team World Cup starting with Russia 2018 '' . The Guardian . 28 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport -- Michel Platini 's World Cup expansion plan unlikely -- Fifa '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Infantino suggests 40 - team World Cup finals '' . Independent Online . South Africa : IOL . Reuters. 30 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Fifa chief backs 48 - team World Cup '' . HeraldLIVE. 7 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2016 . It 's an idea , just as the World Cup with 40 teams is already on the table with groups of four or five teams . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 's 5 options for a 2026 World Cup of 48 , 40 or 32 teams '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . 23 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup format proposals '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Federations ' overwhelmingly in favour ' of 48 - team World Cup -- Infantino '' . ESPN . 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa approves Infantino 's plan to expand World Cup to 48 teams from 2026 '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : Gianni Infantino defends tournament expansion to 48 teams '' . BBC Sport. 10 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : Europe 's top clubs oppose FIFA 's expansion plans '' . CNN . 15 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Críticas a decisión de la FIFA de jugar el Mundial 2026 con 48 selecciones '' . El Universo ( in Spanish ) . Agence France - Presse. 10 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mundial de 48 equipos : durísimas críticas en Europa '' . Clarín ( in Spanish ) . 10 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Low confirms opposition to 40 - team World Cup '' . sbs.com.au . Australian Associated Press . 2 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ George Flood ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` How 48 - team World Cup in 2026 will work and what is left to be decided '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on 11 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bureau of the Council recommends slot allocation for the 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 30 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2026 : Fifa reveals allocation for 48 - team tournament '' . BBC . 30 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Council prepares Congress , takes key decisions for the future of the FIFA World Cup TM '' . FIFA. 9 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` United 2026 bid book '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup TM confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA. 30 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Council discusses vision for the future of football '' . FIFA. 14 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup , lifting Canada 's chances '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Associated Press . 14 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump travel ban could prevent United States hosting World Cup '' . The Guardian . 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2018/jun/13/world-cup-2026-vote-fifa-nations-choose-between-north-america-and-morocco-live ^ Jump up to : `` United 2026 bid book '' ( PDF ) . united2026.com . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump travel ban could prevent USA from hosting 2026 World Cup '' . The Independent . 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Scott . `` Anti-Trump sentiments around the world could reportedly cost the US a chance to host the 2026 World Cup '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` U.S. offers assurances over 2026 World Cup '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump issues warning to other countries over voting against US 2026 World Cup bid '' . The Independent . 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 12 February 2015 ) . `` Fox and Telemundo to Show World Cup Through 2026 as FIFA Extends Contracts '' `` . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` FIFA extending TV deals through 2026 World Cup with CTV , TSN and RDS '' . The Globe and Mail . 12 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan . `` 2026 World Cup TV rights awarded without bids ; ESPN ' surprised ' '' Archived 3 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Los Angeles Times . 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA grants Fox , Telemundo U.S. TV rights for World Cup through 2026 '' . SI.com. 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why FIFA Made Deal With Fox for 2026 Cup '' . The New York Times . 26 February 2015 . 2026 FIFA World Cup General information Qualification Bids `` The template below ( 2026 FIFA World Cup stadiums ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' 2026 FIFA World Cup stadiums ( proposed ) Canada BMO Field ( Toronto ) Commonwealth Stadium ( Edmonton ) Olympic Stadium ( Montreal ) Mexico Estadio Akron ( Guadalajara ) Estadio Azteca ( Mexico City ) Estadio BBVA Bancomer ( Monterrey ) United States † AT&T Stadium ( Dallas ) Arrowhead Stadium ( Kansas City ) Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) CenturyLink Field ( Seattle ) FedExField ( Washington , D.C. ) Gillette Stadium ( Boston ) Hard Rock Stadium ( Miami ) Levi 's Stadium ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Lincoln Financial Field ( Philadelphia ) M&T Bank Stadium ( Baltimore ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( Atlanta ) MetLife Stadium ( New York City ) Mile High Stadium ( Denver ) NRG Stadium ( Houston ) Nissan Stadium ( Nashville ) Paul Brown Stadium ( Cincinnati ) Rose Bowl ( Los Angeles ) Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( Los Angeles ) † The number of US stadiums will be reduced to 10 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 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rick and morty season 3 episode 10 date

No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' Juan Meza - León Mike McMahan April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) 0.68 23 `` Rickmancing the Stone '' Dominic Polcino Jane Becker July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 2.86 24 `` Pickle Rick '' Anthony Chun Jessica Gao August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 2.31 25 `` Vindicators 3 : The Return of Worldender '' Bryan Newton Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 2.66 26 5 `` The Whirly Dirly Conspiracy '' Juan Meza - León Ryan Ridley August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 2.29 27 6 `` Rest and Ricklaxation '' Anthony Chun Tom Kauffman August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 2.47 28 7 `` The Ricklantis Mixup '' Dominic Polcino Dan Guterman & Ryan Ridley September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 2.38 29 8 `` Morty 's Mind Blowers '' Bryan Newton Mike McMahan , James Siciliano , Ryan Ridley , Dan Guterman , Justin Roiland & Dan Harmon September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 2.51 30 9 `` The ABC 's of Beth '' Juan Meza - León Mike McMahan September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 2.49 31 10 `` The Rickchurian Mortydate '' Anthony Chun Dan Harmon October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 2.60

October 1 , 2017

List of Rick and Morty episodes

list of rick and morty episodes

Rick and Morty is an American animated science fiction television sitcom that premiered on December 2 , 2013 , on Adult Swim . The series follows Rick , an alcoholic super-scientist , and his easily distressed , chronically underachieving grandson , Morty , on their adventures to alternate dimensions . These adventures commonly cause trouble for Morty 's family , who are often caught up in the mayhem .

In August 2015 , Adult Swim renewed the series for a third season , which consisted of 10 episodes . The first episode of season 3 premiered without any prior announcement on April 1 , 2017 , with the rest of the season beginning on July 30 , 2017 . A fourth season was mentioned in a post-credits scene following the third season 's finale . As of October 1 , 2017 , 31 episodes of Rick and Morty have aired , concluding the third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures 4 Ratings 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 11 December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) 10 July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 10 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rick and Morty ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Justin Roiland Dan Harmon & Justin Roiland December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) 1.10 `` Lawnmower Dog '' John Rice Ryan Ridley December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) 1.51 `` Anatomy Park '' John Rice Eric Acosta & Wade Randolph December 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) 1.30 `` M. Night Shaym - Aliens ! '' Jeff Myers Tom Kauffman January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1.32 5 5 `` Meeseeks and Destroy '' Bryan Newton Ryan Ridley January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1.61 6 6 `` Rick Potion # 9 '' Stephen Sandoval Justin Roiland January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.75 7 7 `` Raising Gazorpazorp '' Jeff Myers Eric Acosta & Wade Randolph March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.76 8 8 `` Rixty Minutes '' Bryan Newton Tom Kauffman & Justin Roiland March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.48 9 9 `` Something Ricked This Way Comes '' John Rice Mike McMahan March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.54 10 10 `` Close Rick - counters of the Rick Kind '' Stephen Sandoval Ryan Ridley April 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) 1.75 11 11 `` Ricksy Business '' Stephen Sandoval Ryan Ridley & Tom Kauffman April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) 2.13 Season 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rick and Morty ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 12 `` A Rickle in Time '' Wes Archer Matt Roller July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) 2.12 13 `` Mortynight Run '' Dominic Polcino David Phillips August 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) 2.19 14 `` Auto Erotic Assimilation '' Bryan Newton Ryan Ridley August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) 1.94 15 `` Total Rickall '' Juan Meza - León Mike McMahan August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) 1.96 16 5 `` Get Schwifty '' Wes Archer Tom Kauffman August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) 2.12 17 6 `` The Ricks Must Be Crazy '' Dominic Polcino Dan Guterman August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) 1.91 18 7 `` Big Trouble in Little Sanchez '' Bryan Newton Alex Rubens September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) 1.97 19 8 `` Interdimensional Cable 2 : Tempting Fate '' Juan Meza - León Dan Guterman , Ryan Ridley & Justin Roiland September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 1.79 20 9 `` Look Who 's Purging Now '' Dominic Polcino Dan Harmon , Ryan Ridley & Justin Roiland September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 1.89 21 10 `` The Wedding Squanchers '' Wes Archer Tom Kauffman October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 1.84 Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rick and Morty ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' Juan Meza - León Mike McMahan April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) 0.68 23 `` Rickmancing the Stone '' Dominic Polcino Jane Becker July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 2.86 24 `` Pickle Rick '' Anthony Chun Jessica Gao August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 2.31 25 `` Vindicators 3 : The Return of Worldender '' Bryan Newton Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 2.66 26 5 `` The Whirly Dirly Conspiracy '' Juan Meza - León Ryan Ridley August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 2.29 27 6 `` Rest and Ricklaxation '' Anthony Chun Tom Kauffman August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 2.47 28 7 `` The Ricklantis Mixup '' Dominic Polcino Dan Guterman & Ryan Ridley September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 2.38 29 8 `` Morty 's Mind Blowers '' Bryan Newton Mike McMahan , James Siciliano , Ryan Ridley , Dan Guterman , Justin Roiland & Dan Harmon September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 2.51 30 9 `` The ABC 's of Beth '' Juan Meza - León Mike McMahan September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 2.49 31 10 `` The Rickchurian Mortydate '' Anthony Chun Dan Harmon October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 2.60 Rick and Morty the Non-Canonical Adventures ( edit ) On October 26 , 2016 , Adult Swim began releasing a series of 15 -- 21 second claymation shorts , compiling a web series titled Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures . The shorts are following Rick and Morty characters into parodies of scenes from various science - fiction and horror films . The title of each short is the same as that of the film the short is parodying . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` The Thing '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) Parodying the 1982 film of the same name , the Smith family , with the exception of Rick , is tied up , with Rick holding a flame thrower . There are four vials on the table containing blood of each member of the family . Rick begins to test everyone 's blood with a heated piece of copper wire , starting with Jerry whose blood flees from the hot wire . `` The Fly '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) Parodying the 1986 film of the same name , Rick turns on an unknown portal and informs Morty that they will be the `` ultimate family '' . His face then falls off revealing a head resembling that of a fly . Morty screams `` No ! '' as the episode ends . `` Honey I Shrunk the Kids '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) Parodying the 1989 film of the same name , a shrunken Morty has fallen into a bowl of milk and cereal . Morty screams at Rick , who is planning to eat the cereal , to not eat . However , Rick does n't hear Morty , unintentionally eating him while talking to Snuffles , their dog . `` Ex Machina '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) Parodying the 2015 film of the same name , Morty inquires as to Rick 's location with Jessica . `` Drunk Rick '' shows up from behind him , and says that although he is wasting his time talking to her , he should n't waste his time dancing with her . Rick proceeds to turn on music and lights , and begins dancing with Jessica as Morty watches them . In this episode , Morty Smith replaces Caleb Smith , Rick Sanchez replaces Nathan Bateman and Jessica replaces Kyoko . 5 `` Halloween '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) Parodying the 1978 film of the same name , Morty is hiding in a closet from an unspeciied assailant . The person begins making a hole in one of the doors of the closet . When the hole is big enough , the person sticks their head inside , revealing a person wearing a mask of Rick Sanchez . The episode adapts a scene from Halloween wherein Laurie Strode is attacked in identical circumstances by Michael Meyers wearing a painted mask of James T. Kirk . 6 `` 2001 : A Space Odyssey '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) Parodying the 1968 film of the same name , Morty is seen in a space shuttle wearing a space suit . He asks Rick to open the shuttle door . Rick instead says that he ca n't do that ; after Morty asks him as to the problem Rick replies that their conversation can serve no purpose and proceeds to say `` Goodbye '' to Morty in multiple languages . 7 `` Blade Runner '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) Parodying the 1982 film of the same name , Rick attacks Morty and pushes him to a pillar . He grabs him and prepares to kill him , but is suddenly shot in the head . Morty looks at the person who shot Rick to find it to be Jessica . As Morty looks at Jessica , the neon sign to the left lights up , revealing the Adult Swim logo . In this short , adapting a scene from Blade Runner , Morty Smith takes the place of Rick Deckard , Rick Sanchez takes the place of Leon Kowalski and Jessica takes the place of Rachael . 8 `` Poltergeist '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) Parodying the 1982 film of the same name , Morty suddenly spots a `` Clown Rick '' at his door , while lying in his bed . Trying to sleep , but hearing honking , he looks to where Rick was to find him gone . Rick suddenly shows up by his side , grabs Morty and drags him under his bed , laughing hysterically . The episode adapts a scene from Poltergeist when Robbie is attacked in his bedroom by a clown doll . 9 `` Re-Animator '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) Parodying the 1985 film of the same name , Rick has Morty 's severed head on a table . Connecting it to machinery , he manages to wake him up and attempts to talk with him . Morty , realizing his predicament , angrily yells `` You bastard ! '' and , controlling his body , approaches Rick from behind and knocks him out . 10 `` Aliens '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) Parodying the 1986 film of the same name , Morty is about to be attacked by a xenomorph queen . Jerry , robotic in nature as well as legless , is seen to be in agony nearby . Suddenly , the door of the elevator opens , revealing a drunk Rick in a power loader , determined to take on the queen ; he instead passes out and falls over , crushing the legless robotic Jerry . The episode parodies the climax of Aliens , with Rick Sanchez taking the role of Ellen Ripley , Morty taking the role of Newt , and Jerry taking the role of Bishop . The Rick and Morty franchise has had multiple canonical connections to the Alien franchise : Rick mentions facehuggers in the episode `` Auto Erotic Assimilation '' , later encountering one with Morty upon travelling to the dimension in which the Alien films are set in Alien : Covenant - Rick and Morty . 11 `` E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) Parodying the 1982 film of the same name , E.T. Rick takes cans of beer from Fridge and drinks them . At the same time , Morty , telepathically connected to E.T. Rick , is seen in a classroom being affected by the alcohol that Rick consumes . Upon trying to leave the Kitchen , E.T. Rick passes out ; at the same time Morty vomits upon his desk . 12 `` Gremlins '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) Parodying the 1984 film of the same name , an incredibly injured Morty is seen sitting beside Gizmo on a Couch . Rick shows up and places money on the couch , holding up a cage intended for Gizmo as Morty accepts the money . The episode parodies the conclusion of Gremlins , with Rick taking place of Mr. Wing and Morty taking place of Billy . 13 `` A Clockwork Orange '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) Parodying the 1971 film of the same name , Rick is drinking with Birdperson , Mr. Meeseeks and Mr. Poopybutthole , surrounded by furniture and statues of Morty . 14 `` Body Snatchers '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) Parodying the 1978 film Invasion of the Body Snatchers , Rick is seen fixing a television as Morty enters the room . A picture of Mr. Poopybutthole is on the wall behind him . Looking at each other , Rick points to Morty and starts emitting a piercing scream , shocking Morty . The screen turns to black then white as the Adult Swim logo hatches from a nearby pod . 15 `` The Matrix '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) Parodying the 1999 film of the same name , Morty is on a roof of a building when Rick shows up in front of him . Rick pulls out a weapon and begins to shoot at Morty . Morty successfully avoids most of the bullets in slow - motion until one of them enters Morty 's head through his sunglasses , causing Morty to fall off of the roof as it begins to rain . In this episode , a parody of a scene from The Matrix , Morty takes the place of Neo while Rick takes the place of Agent Smith . 16 `` Ghostbusters '' Lee Hardcastle Lee Hardcastle July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) Parodying the 1984 film of the same name , Morty , employed as a Ghostbuster , walks through a hotel corridor and spots a ghost of Rick , who glides quickly towards him . Morty hides his face behind hands as Rick slimes him . Morty takes the place of Ray Stantz in this parody while Rick takes the place of Slimer . Ratings ( edit ) Rick and Morty : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 1.10 1.51 1.30 1.32 1.61 1.75 1.76 1.48 1.54 1.75 2.13 2.12 2.19 1.94 1.96 2.12 1.91 1.97 1.79 1.89 1.84 N / A 0.68 2.86 2.31 2.66 2.29 2.47 2.38 2.51 2.49 2.60 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' premiered unannounced and re-ran for four hours straight with improving ratings . This is the viewership of only the first broadcast of the episode . Jump up ^ An alternate title used for this episode is `` Tales from the Citadel '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty Season 1 episodes '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Rick And Morty ' Renewed For Season 3 By Adult Swim '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty : Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland Finally Reveal Season 3 Premiere Date '' . IGN . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rick and Morty ' Season 3 Gets Premiere Date and Trailer '' . EW.com. 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Adult Swim Weekly Ratings Scorecard ( December 2 -- 8 , 2013 ) '' . TV Ratings . TV Media Insights . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Monday Night Football , Voice Continue Reign '' . Ratings . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Monday Night Football Leads Night + Monday Night RAW , Black Ink Crew & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Monday Night RAW & Love & Hip Hop Tie for Lead + Single Ladies , Archer & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Love & Hip Hop Wins Night , WWE Raw , Single Ladies , Klondike , The Fosters & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Monday Night RAW Tops Night + Love & Hip Hop , Fast N Loud , Single Ladies & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amanda , Kondolojy ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Basketball Wives ' , ' WWE Hall of Fame ' , ' Bates Motel ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Archer ' , ' Dallas ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' I am Cait ' Tops Night + ' Naked & Afraid XL ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' True Detective ' , NASCAR , ' Ballers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Rick and Morty ' & ' Naked and Afraid XL ' , Win Night , ' True Detective ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Detective ' Tops Night + ' Naked and Afraid XL ' , ' Rick and Morty ' , ' Ballers ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sara , Bibel . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' Wins Night , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Rick and Morty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' MTV Video Music Awards ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Rick & Morty ' , ' The Strain ' , NFL Countdown & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.20. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.27. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.4. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Saturday cable ratings : Surprise ' Rick & Morty ' premiere gets solid numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Deuce ' starts off on par with ' The Night Of ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' and ' The Deuce ' steady with second episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' hits total - viewer high , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Curb Your Enthusiasm ' returns , ' Outlander ' ticks up again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaudette , Emily ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Adult Swim Releases ' Rick and Morty ' Claymation Horror Shorts '' . Inverse . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : The Thing ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : The Fly ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : Honey I Shrunk The Kids ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : Ex Machina ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : Halloween ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : Blade Runner ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : Poltergeist ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : Re-Animator ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : Aliens ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : Gremlins ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : A Clockwork Orange ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : Body Snatchers ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : The Matrix ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick and Morty The Non-Canonical Adventures : Ghostbusters ( YouTube ) . Adult Swim . July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Rick and Morty episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Rick and Morty Characters Rick Sanchez Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Lawnmower Dog '' `` Meeseeks and Destroy '' `` Rick Potion # 9 '' `` Rixty Minutes '' Season 2 `` A Rickle in Time '' `` The Ricks Must Be Crazy '' `` The Wedding Squanchers '' Season 3 `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' `` Pickle Rick '' Video games Pocket Mortys Rick and Morty : Virtual Rick - ality Related `` Mathlete 's Feat '' ( The Simpsons episode ) `` Terryfold '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rick_and_Morty_episodes&oldid=817609836 '' Categories : Rick and Morty episodes 2010s - related lists Lists of American animated television series episodes Lists of American comedy television series episodes Lists of science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Gaeilge Magyar Português Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 13 : 41 . 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who found the all india harijan sevak sangh

Harijan Sevak Sangh is a non-profit organisation founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932 to eradicate untouchability in India , working for Harijan or Dalit people and upliftment of scheduled castes of India . It is headquartered at Kingsway Camp in Delhi , with branches in 26 states across India . Prof. Sankar Kumar Sanyal is its present president. ( 1 )

Mahatma Gandhi

Harijan Sevak Sangh

harijan sevak sangh

Harijan Sevak Sangh is a non-profit organisation founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932 to eradicate untouchability in India , working for Harijan or Dalit people and upliftment of scheduled castes of India . It is headquartered at Kingsway Camp in Delhi , with branches in 26 states across India . Prof. Sankar Kumar Sanyal is its present president. ( 1 )

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Headquarters 3 Activities 4 Bibliography 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) After the Second Round Table Conference , British government agreed to give Communal Award to the depressed classes on the request of B.R. Ambedkar . Gandhi opposed the government 's decision which he considered it would divide the Hindu society and subsequently went on to the indefinite fast in Yerwada Jail . He ended his fast after signed Poona Pact with Ambedkar on 24 September 1932 . On 30 September , Gandhi founded All India Anti Untouchability League , to remove untouchability in the society , which later renamed as Harijan Sevak Sangh ( `` Servants of Untouchables Society '' ) . At the time industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla was its founding president with Amritlal Takkar as its Secretary. ( 2 ) Headquarters ( edit ) The Sangh is headquartered at Kingsway Camp in Delhi . It was Valmiki Bhawan within the campus , which functioned as Gandhiji 's one - room ashram , Kasturba Gandhi and their children stayed at the nearby Kasturba Kutir , between April 1946 and June 1947 , before he moved to Birla House . Today , the 20 - acre campus includes the Gandhi ashram , Harijan Basti , Lala Hans Raj Gupta Industrial Training Institute and also has a residential school for boys and girls . Its headquarter Gandhi Ashram , Kingsway Camp is listed as Gandhian Heritage Site by the Ministry of Culture , Govt. of India . ( 3 ) Activities ( edit ) The Sangh helped the depressed classes to access public places such as temples , schools , roads and water resources , also conducted inter dining and inter caste marriages . It constructed and maintains several schools and hostels across the country . In 1939 , Harijan Sevak Sangh of Tamil Nadu headed by A. Vaidyanatha Iyer entered the Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai , with members of depressed class including P. Kakkan despite opposition from the upper caste Hindus . The Sangh led by Iyer organised several temple entry movements in other Parts of Tamil Nadu and in Travancore . Through their movements , more than 100 temples were opened to all sections of the society . Bibliography ( edit ) Viyogī Hari ( 1971 ) . History of the Harijan Sevak Sangh , 1932 - 1968 . Harijan Sevak Sangh . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harijan Sevak Sangh to publicise activities '' . The Hindu . 10 February 2007 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Organisation '' . Harijan Sevak Sangh . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ratna G. Revankar ( 1 January 1971 ) . The Indian Constitution : A Case Study of Backward Classes . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 7670 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Share Gandhi 's space @ Rs 800 pm '' . CNN - IBN. 30 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tirath spends time with Dalits on Gandhi Jayanti '' . The Indian . 2 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Raj Kumar ( 1 January 2003 ) . Essays on Dalits . Discovery Publishing House . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7141 - 708 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bindeshwar Pathak ( 1 September 1999 ) . Road to Freedom : A Sociological Study on the Abolition of Scavenging in India . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1258 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Man who led Harijans into the temple '' . The Hindu . 12 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reliving the historic temple entry '' . The Hindu . 9 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Rajendra Kumar Sharma ( 1997 ) . Rural Sociology . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7156 - 671 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Harijan Sevak Sangh , website ( hide ) Mahatma Gandhi Life events and movements Indian Ambulance Corps Bardoli Satyagraha Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Indian independence movement Gandhi cap Non-cooperation Movement Chauri Chaura incident Purna Swaraj flag Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vaikom Satyagraha Aundh Experiment Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Second Round Table Conference Padayatra Poona Pact Natal Indian Congress Quit India speech Gujarat Vidyapith University Harijan Sevak Sangh Ashrams ( Kochrab Tolstoy Farm Sabarmati Sevagram ) List of fasts Assassination Philosophy Gandhism Economics trusteeship Education Sarvodaya Satyagraha Swadeshi Swaraj Publications Harijan Hind Swaraj ( Indian Home Rule ) Indian Opinion The Story of My Experiments with Truth Young India Seven Social Sins ( Gandhi Heritage Portal ) Influences A Letter to a Hindu Ahimsa nonviolence Bhagavad Gita Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience ( essay ) Civil disobedience Fasting Harishchandra Hinduism John Ruskin Leo Tolstoy The Kingdom of God Is Within You The Masque of Anarchy Muhammad Narmad Pacifism Sermon on the Mount Shravan Shrimad Rajchandra Henry Stephens Salt Tirukkural Unto This Last Gandhi 's translation `` Vaishnava Jana To '' Vegetarianism Associates Swami Anand C.F. Andrews Jamnalal Bajaj Shankarlal Banker Sarla Behn Vinoba Bhave Brij Krishna Chandiwala Sudhakar Chaturvedi Jugatram Dave Mahadev Desai Dada Dharmadhikari Kanu Gandhi Shiv Prasad Gupta Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri J.C. Kumarappa Hermann Kallenbach Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Acharya Kripalani Mirabehn Mohanlal Pandya Vallabhbhai Patel Narhari Parikh Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Parsee Rustomjee Bibi Amtus Salam Sonja Schlesin Anugrah Narayan Sinha Sri Krishna Sinha Rettamalai Srinivasan V.A. Sundaram Abbas Tyabji Ravishankar Vyas Mithuben Petit Legacy Artistic depictions Gandhigiri Gandhi Peace Award Gandhi Peace Prize Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith Indian currency Family Karamchand Gandhi ( father ) Kasturba ( wife ) Harilal ( son ) Manilal ( son ) Ramdas ( son ) Devdas ( son ) Maganlal ( cousin ) Samaldas ( nephew ) Arun ( grandson ) Ela ( granddaughter ) Rajmohan ( grandson ) Gopalkrishna ( grandson ) Ramchandra ( grandson ) Kanu ( grandson ) Kanu ( grandnephew ) Tushar ( great - grandson ) Leela ( great - granddaughter ) Influenced James Bevel Steve Biko 14th Dalai Lama Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Morarji Desai Eknath Easwaran Maria Lacerda de Moura James Lawson Martin Luther King Jr . Nelson Mandela Brajkishore Prasad Rajendra Prasad Ramjee Singh Aung San Suu Kyi Lanza del Vasto Abhay Bang Sane Guruji Memorials Statues Houston Johannesburg London ( Parliament Square ) New York Patna Pietermaritzburg Washington Observances Gandhi Jayanti International Day of Non-Violence Martyrs ' Day Season for Nonviolence Other Aga Khan Palace Gandhi Bhawan Gandhi Mandapam Gandhi Market Gandhi Promenade Gandhi Smriti Gandhi Memorial Gandhi Memorial Museum , Madurai Kaba Gandhi No Delo Kirti Mandir Mahatma Gandhi College Mohandas Gandhi High School National Gandhi Museum Raj Ghat Sabarmati Ashram Satyagraha House Roads named after Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre , Matale Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harijan_Sevak_Sangh&oldid=769670843 '' Categories : Organizations established in 1932 Mahatma Gandhi Organisations based in Delhi Non-profit organisations based in India Dalit Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2017 , at 23 : 19 . About Wikipedia

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how much can the strongest man bench press

Progression of the bench press World record

progression of the bench press world record

Bench press world records are the international records in bench press across the years , regardless of weight class or governing organization , for bench pressing on the back without using a bridge technique . The advent of bench press shirts , which support the lifter 's shoulders and provide upward force , have increased records significantly since 1985 ( for example , when the shirted record was 438.64 kg ( 965 lb ) , the unshirted record was 323.41 kg ( 713 lb ) ) . As of 2018 , the world record bench press without a bench shirt is 335 kg kg ( 738.5 lb lb ) , set by Kirill Sarychev ( Russian ) in November 2015 . The recent junior bench press world record was broken by Remi Johnson from England , who lifted 165.0 kg . The women bench press record ( single lift , equipped with shirt ) belongs to Sandra Lönn from Sweden , who lifted 235.0 kg ( 517 lb ) and the women bench press record ( equipped with shirt ) belongs to Hugdal Hildeborg from Norway , who lifted 227.0 kg ( 499.4 lb ) ( IPF standards ) .

Contents 1 Prior to IPF Formation 2 Foundation of the International Powerlifting Federation 2.1 Equipped ( with bench shirt ) 2.2 Unequipped ( without bench shirt ) 3 IPC Powerlifting 4 See also 5 References Prior to IPF formation ( edit ) Weight Year Record Gear 164 kg ( 362 lb ) 1898 Georg Hackenschmidt presses 164 kg ( 361 lb ) . raw 165 kg ( 364 lb ) 1916 Joe Nordquest presses 165 kg ( 363 lb ) . raw 227.27 kg ( 501.0 lb ) early 1950s Doug Hepburn becomes the first man to bench press 400 , 450 , and 500 lb . In November 1950 he pressed 400 lb ( 181.82 kg ) . He pressed 450 lb ( 204.55 kg ) in 1951 , and 500 lb ( 227.27 kg ) in December 1953 . raw 256.82 kg ( 566.2 lb ) 1959 Bruno Sammartino presses 256.82 kg ( 565 lb ) . raw 279.2 kg ( 616 lb ) 1967 Pat Casey presses 615.5 lb ( 279.2 kg ) on March 25 , 1967 and becomes the first man to bench press over 600 lb . raw 288.64 kg ( 636.3 lb ) 1971 Jim Williams presses 635 lb ( 288.64 kg ) at the Eastern USA Open . Then in November , he presses 661 lb ( 300.45 kg ) . raw 306.2 kg ( 675 lb ) 1972 Jim Williams presses 675 lb ( 306.2 kg ) with only ace bandages on his elbows , wearing a T - shirt on November 9 , at the 1972 AAU World Powerlifting Championships . raw Foundation of the international Powerlifting Federation ( edit ) With the foundation of the IPF ( International Powerlifting Federation ) , the Federation began keeping `` official '' powerlifting world records as the international governing body for the sport of powerlifting . Previous records which had n't been set within the newly established rules , were reset ( For example , elbow bandages had been allowed prior to the formation of the IPF , but were later outlawed ) . These are the official bench press records after the IPF - reset until they surpass the previously set mark of 306 kg ( 675 lb ) by Jim Williams . Weight Year Record Gear 263 kg ( 580 lb ) 1973 Don Reinhoudt presses 580.04 lb ( 263 kg ) Raw at the inaugural IPF World Powerlifting Championships in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania on November 10 , 1973 . raw 267.6 kg ( 590 lb ) Don Reinhoudt presses 590 lb ( 267.6 kg ) raw at the AAU Senior National Championships in Fort Worth , Texas on September 1 , 1974 . raw 275.5 kg ( 607 lb ) Don Reinhoudt presses 607.37 lb ( 275.5 kg ) Raw on May 3 , 1975 in Chattanooga . raw 276.69 kg ( 610.0 lb ) 1977 Wayne Bouvier presses 610 lb ( 276.69 kg ) in August , 1977 . raw 277.5 kg ( 612 lb ) 1978 Doug Young presses 611.8 lb ( 277.5 kg ) on April 3 , 1978 in El Dorado , Arkansas . raw 278 kg ( 613 lb ) 1979 Lars Hedlund presses 612.9 lb ( 278 kg ) on June 21 , 1979 in Stockholm . raw 282.5 kg ( 623 lb ) 1979 Bill Kazmaier presses 617.3 lb ( 280.0 kg ) on July 8 at the USPF Nationals in Bay St. Louis , Mississippi and then breaks his own record with 622.8 lb ( 282.5 kg ) on November 4 , 1979 in Dayton , Ohio at the IPF Men 's World Powerlifting Championships . raw 285 kg ( 628 lb ) 1980 Lars Hedlund presses 628.3 lb ( 285.0 kg ) on March 4 , 1980 Copenhagen . raw 287.5 kg ( 634 lb ) 1980 Bill Kazmaier presses 633.83 lb ( 287.5 kg ) despite quadriceps injury at the 1980 World Series of Powerlifting in May 1980 in Auburn , Alabama . raw 300 kg ( 660 lb ) 1981 Bill Kazmaier first presses 639.3 lb ( 290.0 kg ) and then 661.4 lb ( 300.0 kg ) at the USPF West Georgia Open Powerlifting Championships , held in Columbus , Georgia on January 31 , 1981 to become the first human to officially bench press 300 kg ( 661.4 lb ) ( raw ) in an IPF - sanctioned meet ( and without elbow wraps ) . raw 302.5 kg ( 667 lb ) 1984 Ted Arcidi presses 666.9 lb ( 302.50 kg ) without wrist wraps on April 1 , 1984 in Honolulu , Hawaii at the Hawaiian Internationals at only 286 lb bodyweight . raw Equipped ( with bench shirt ) ( edit ) Weight Year Record Gear 320 kg ( 710 lb ) 1985 Ted Arcidi first presses 678 lb and then becomes the first man to bench press over 700 lb with a lift of 705.5 lb ( 320.0 kg ) , performed without wrist wraps , but with one of the first prototype supportive bench press shirts , which was 50 % polyester and 50 % cotton and only one layer thick . shirt 325.72 kg ( 718.1 lb ) Ted Arcidi presses 718.1 lb ( 325.72 kg ) at the APF Bench Press Invitational on September 30 in Keene , New Hampshire . shirt 328.85 kg ( 725.0 lb ) Anthony Clark presses 725 lb ( 328.85 kg ) in May and then on September 25 , breaks his own record with a 735 lb ( 333.39 kg ) lift at the USPF Northwest Open . shirt 334.75 kg ( 738.0 lb ) Anthony Clark presses 738 lb ( 334.75 kg ) . shirt 335.66 kg ( 740.0 lb ) 1995 Jamie Harris presses 740 lb ( 335.66 kg ) at the APF State Championships in March 1995 . shirt 336.11 kg ( 741.0 lb ) 1995 Chris Confessore presses 741 lb ( 336.11 kg ) at only 236 lb bodyweight on June 17 , 1995 . shirt 339.29 kg ( 748.0 lb ) 1995 Anthony Clark presses 748 lb ( 339.29 kg ) and 750 lb ( 340.19 kg ) at the Great Bench Press of America Meet in Texas . shirt 349.26 kg ( 770.0 lb ) Anthony Clark presses 770 lb ( 349.26 kg ) and later 780 lb ( 353.80 kg ) in September 1996 at the Mr. Olympia . shirt 356 kg ( 785 lb ) 1997 Anthony Clark presses 785 lb ( 356.0 kg ) . shirt 363.78 kg ( 802.0 lb ) 1999 Tim Isaac is the first man to bench press over 800 lb * with a lift of 802 lb ( 363.78 kg ) on July 24 in Phoenix , Arizona . shirt 409.09 kg ( 901.9 lb ) 2003 Gene Rychlak is the first man to bench press 900 lb ( 409.09 kg ) . shirt 456.36 kg ( 1,006.1 lb ) Gene Rychlak is the first man to bench press over 1000 lb with a lift of 1004 lb ( 456.36 kg ) in November . shirt 458.18 kg ( 1,010.1 lb ) 2006 Scot Mendelson presses 1008 lb ( 458.18 kg ) ( February 18 ) in a powerlifting exhibition called FIT EXPO in Pasadena , CA . shirt 459.09 kg ( 1,012.1 lb ) 2006 Gene Rychlak presses 1010 lb ( 459.09 kg ) ( December 16 ) . shirt 470.91 kg ( 1,038.2 lb ) 2007 Ryan Kennelly presses 1036 lb ( 470.91 kg ) ( September 22 -- 23 ) . shirt 476.27 kg ( 1,050.0 lb ) 2007 Ryan Kennelly presses 1050 lb ( 476.27 kg ) ( December 1 ) . shirt 485.34 kg ( 1,070.0 lb ) 2008 Ryan Kennelly presses 1070 lb ( 485.34 kg ) ( April 12 ) . shirt 487.5 kg ( 1,075 lb ) 2008 Ryan Kennelly presses 1074.8 lb ( 487.5 kg ) ( July 13 ) . shirt 487.6 kg ( 1,075 lb ) 2008 Ryan Kennelly presses 1075.0 lb ( 487.6 kg ) ( November 8 ) . shirt * note : Anthony Clark performed a controversial 800 - pound bench press at the Arnold Classic in 1997 , 2 years before Tim Isaac . This lift was , however , later turned down . Unequipped ( without bench shirt ) ( edit ) For the bench press to be considered raw , no bench shirts are allowed ; however , wrist wraps , singlets and belts are allowed . Elbow bandages had been allowed prior to the formation of the IPF , but were later outlawed . Weight Year Record Gear 322 kg ( 710 lb ) James Henderson presses 705 lb raw in a T - shirt without wrist wraps or a belt to become the first man to bench press over 700 lb raw in May 1996 . raw 322.5 kg ( 711 lb ) 1997 James Henderson first presses 699.97 lb and on a later attempt the same day 711 lb ( 322.5 kg ) raw without wrist wraps or a belt on July 13 , 1997 , at the USPF Senior Nationals in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( full three - lift - meet ) . Today , it is still the highest bench press ever performed in a drug - tested competition as well as the highest ever done in an IPF - sanctioned three - lift - meet . raw 323.4 kg ( 713 lb ) 2003 Scot Mendelson presses 713 lb ( 323.4 kg ) on February 8 , 2003 . raw 324.3 kg ( 715 lb ) 2005 Scot Mendelson presses 715 lb ( 324.3 kg ) with belt and wrist wraps on May 22 , 2005 in Worcester , Massachusetts at the New England Bench Press Classic . raw 325 kg ( 717 lb ) 2013 Eric Spoto first presses 716 lb ( 325 kg ) and then 722 lb ( 327.5 kg ) with belt and wrist wraps on May 19 , 2013 , at the 2013 SPF California State Powerlifting Meet in Sacramento , California . Eric successfully benched 661 lb on his 1st , 716 lb on his 2nd and 722 lb on his 3rd attempt on the same day . raw 335 kg ( 739 lb ) 2015 Kirill Sarychev presses 739 lb ( 335 kg ) with wrist wraps and without a belt on Nov 22 , 2015 , at the `` SN - PRO CUP '' . Link raw IPC Powerlifting ( edit ) International Paralympic Committee regulates unequipped paralympic powerlifting competition without wrist wraps or belt . Weight Year Record Gear 305 kg ( 672 lb ) 2015 Siamand Rahman presses 295 kg ( 650 lb ) on July 30 , 2015 , at the 2015 IPC Powerlifting Asian Open Championships in Almaty , Kazakhstan ; presses 305 kg ( 672 lb ) on December 28 , 2012 . raw 310 kg ( 680 lb ) 2016 Siamand Rahman presses 310 kg ( 682 lb ) on September 14 , 2016 , at the 2016 Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . raw See also ( edit ) NFL Scouting Combine # Bench press records References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Josh Levin ( 2004 - 08 - 09 ) . `` One Giant Lift for Mankind : The race for the 7,000 lb bench press '' . Slate . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.mk.ru/sport/2015/11/22/kirill-sarychev-ustanovil-novyy-mirovoy-rekord-v-zhime-lezha.html Jump up ^ Кирилл Сарычев ( Россия ) , жим лёжа - RAW - 335 кг , ALL TIME RECORD ! ! ! Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klxXDtI4S8g Jump up ^ http://www.powerlifting-ipf.com/championships/records.html ^ Jump up to : Katterle , S ( February 2015 ) . `` Power Surge : The Bench Press - History , Records and Raw Lifts '' . Ironman Magazine . p. 237 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Sammartino and Strength '' . Physicalstrategies , 2006 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24 ^ Jump up to : Katterle , 2009 , p. 241 Jump up ^ `` Jim Williams - a Powerlifting Pioneer '' . House of Payne Powerlifting. 1993 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Weightlifter ' Chimesy ' Williams dies '' . The Scranton Times Tribune . 2007 - 01 - 27 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Payne , K ( 2000 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Jim Williams - a Powerlifting Pioneer '' . heavysports.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : ALL TIME HISTORICAL MEN AND WOMEN 'S POWERLIFTING WORLD RECORDS Archived 2013 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Don Reinhoudt Powerlifting statistics ( incomplete ) '' . en.allpowerlifting.com . Jump up ^ Pileggi , Sarah . `` The Pleasure Of Being The World 's Strongest Woman '' . sportsillustrated.cnn.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Lars Hedlund Powerlifting statistics ( incomplete ) '' . en.allpowerlifting.com . ^ Jump up to : `` American Strength Legends : Bill Kazmaier ( Career Statistics ) '' . Samson-power.com. 1998 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Kazmaier Powerlifting statistics ( incomplete ) '' . en.allpowerlifting.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Encyclopedia of Alabama : Bill Kazmaier '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . encyclopediaofalabama.org . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ 1980 World Series of Powerlifting part 2 / 3 ( Kazmaier bench presses 633.8 lb starting at 8 minutes 31 seconds ) Jump up ^ Video : Ted Arcidi Breaks Bench Press Record - Legend ( pressing 678lb & 705.5 lb ) Jump up ^ http://healthyair.tripod.com/TedArcidi.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Strongest ? Who 's to argue ? '' . The Boston Globe . 1985 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Strongest Man of ... Wrestling '' . PYGOD . strengthfighter.com . Jump up ^ `` Lifter Breaks Bench Press World Record '' . The Seattle Times . 1993 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Confessore '' . lifesource.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Strength Legends : Jamie Harris '' . samson-power.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Local Man Sets Powerlifting Record '' . WTAE TV 4 Pittsburgh . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ video : JAMIE HARRIS WORLD BENCH PRESS RECORD 740lbs 1995 ^ Jump up to : Bruner , Tim ( 2001 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Anthony Clark Interview '' . criticalbench.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Walters , J ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) . `` A Historic Benchmark : Tim Isaac is the first to bench - press 800 lb '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hibbard , J ( 2000 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Comeback of the 800 - Pound Gorilla '' . Phoenix New Times News . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rys , R ( May 2004 ) . `` Mr Big standard barbell '' . Men 's Fitness . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Seip , J ( 2006 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Rychlak presses onward '' . York Daily Record . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` video : Scot Mendelson 's 1008lb Record Bench Press 2 / 18 / 2006 at FIT EXPO in Pasadena , CA '' . YouTube.com . Jump up ^ Hallman , J ( 2006 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Royersford 's Rychlak Sets Record by Benching 1,010 lbs '' . The Mercury . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` WPO World Power Stars '' . World Powerlifting Organization . 2007 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Taylor , S ( 2007 - 12 - 01 ) . `` APA Northwest Open '' . American Powerlifting Association . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Taylor , S ( 2008 - 04 - 12 ) . `` APA Northwest Iron War '' . American Powerlifting Association . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` UPA Bench Bash For Cash Results '' . United Powerlifting Association . 2008 - 07 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pride Strength Wars Results '' . Pride Powerlifting. 2008 - 11 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` video : Ryan Kennelly All time 308 best bench 1075 lbs '' . YouTube.com . ^ Jump up to : `` James Henderson Powerlifting statistics ( incomplete ) '' . en.allpowerlifting.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Powerlifting USA , volume 19 number 10 ( cover with James Henderson pressing 705 in a t - shirt ) '' . Powerlifting USA magazine . vintagemusclemags.com . ^ Jump up to : Vasquez , Johnny . `` 600 Pound raw Bench Press Hall of Fame '' . powerliftingwatch.com . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records Editors , Mark C. Young , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Guinness Book of World Records 1999 . Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 58075 - 2 . OCLC 41382761 . ^ Jump up to : Vasquez , Johnny . `` Men 's All - time Raw World Records '' . powerliftingwatch.com . Jump up ^ `` video : Scot Mendelson 715 Raw Bench Press World Record '' . YouTube.com . Jump up ^ `` video : Ricky Burns 722 lb World Record Raw Bench Press - Official Video '' . SuperTraining.TV . YouTube.com . Jump up ^ Rahman king of the powerlifters at Almaty 2015 , IPC Powerlifting Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0V8SzaNzS7g Jump up ^ ( 1 ) IPC Powerlifting Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progression_of_the_bench_press_world_record&oldid=848583836 '' Categories : Powerlifting Weightlifting record progressions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 21 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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who runs the brothel in game of thrones

Baelish hides Catelyn at one of his brothels when she brings the news of the attempt on Bran 's life , and tells her the dagger used was won from him by Tyrion Lannister . This leads to Catelyn 's capture of Tyrion ; but this information is later identified as a lie . Petyr helps Eddard expose the secret parentage of the royal children , but advises him to abet Joffrey 's rise to power in order to consolidate their own . Ned insists that Stannis must be king and asks Baelish to secure the help of the City Watch when he moves against the Lannisters , but Petyr betrays Lord Stark and aids his arrest .

Baelish

Petyr Baelish

petyr baelish

Petyr Baelish , nicknamed Littlefinger , is a fictional character created by American author George R.R. Martin . He is a prominent non-point of view character in Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , and a main character in HBO 's adaptation of the series , Game of Thrones , where he was portrayed by Aidan Gillen . In A Storm of Swords , it is revealed that several major plot points have hinged on Baelish 's intrigues , including the framing of Tyrion Lannister for the attempt on Bran Stark 's life , the downfall of Lord Eddard Stark , the deaths of Lord Jon Arryn and King Joffrey Baratheon , and the War of the Five Kings .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 1.1 Background 1.2 Appearance and personality 2 Storylines 2.1 Book series 2.1. 1 A Game of Thrones 2.1. 2 A Clash of Kings 2.1. 3 A Storm of Swords 2.1. 4 A Feast for Crows 2.2 Television series 2.2. 1 Season 3 2.2. 2 Season 4 2.2. 3 Season 5 2.2. 4 Season 6 2.2. 5 Season 7 3 Reception 3.1 Recognition and awards 4 References Character ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Petyr descends from a Braavosi sellsword who served House Corbray . His father befriended Lord Hoster Tully during the War of the Ninepenny Kings , and Tully took the young Petyr as a ward . Petyr grew up at House Tully 's castle Riverrun with Hoster 's daughters Catelyn and Lysa and his son Edmure , the latter of whom gave Petyr the nickname `` Littlefinger '' as a reference to his short stature and his family 's lands on the smallest of the Fingers . He was a sly , mischievous child with the ability to always look contrite after his mischief . He became infatuated with Catelyn and claims to have lost his virginity to her while drunk ; in reality , he lost it to Lysa , who was herself obsessed with him . When Catelyn was betrothed to Brandon Stark ( Eddard Stark 's elder brother ) , Petyr brazenly challenged him to a duel for her hand in marriage but lost easily to Brandon . His life was spared at the behest of Catelyn . During his convalescence , he impregnated Lysa but the pregnancy ended in a forced abortion and Petyr was banished from Riverrun . Even after her marriage to Jon Arryn , Lysa remained in love with Petyr . Her patronage saw Baelish appointed as customs officer at Gulltown , a position he excelled at . In the books it was around this time that Petyr 's unnamed father died and passed the unnamed `` Baelish Tower '' in the Fingers to his son making him a lord . However , in the show it is implied that both Baelish 's parents died when Petyr is much younger . Jon Arryn , who was Hand to King Robert Baratheon , eventually brought Baelish to King 's Landing as Master of Coin . When Arryn tries to have his and Lysa 's son Robert sent to Dragonstone to be fostered by Stannis Baratheon , Baelish gives Lysa poison to kill Jon and convinces her to tell Catelyn that House Lannister was responsible . This subterfuge sets in motion the main events of the series . Appearance and personality ( edit ) Petyr Baelish is a small man , shorter than Catelyn Stark . He is slender and quick with sharp features and laughing gray - green eyes . He has a pointed chin beard and threads of silver in his hair . He often wears a silver mockingbird to fasten his cloak . He clearly enjoys the intrigues of court life at King 's Landing . He is dangerously intelligent and cunning enough to hide his machinations . Since Petyr is not a POV character his motivations are somewhat of a mystery . However , his methods have been totally ruthless , including lies , treachery , and murder to achieve his goals . Storylines ( edit ) Book series ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( edit ) Baelish hides Catelyn at one of his brothels when she brings the news of the attempt on Bran 's life , and tells her the dagger used was won from him by Tyrion Lannister . This leads to Catelyn 's capture of Tyrion ; but this information is later identified as a lie . Petyr helps Eddard expose the secret parentage of the royal children , but advises him to abet Joffrey 's rise to power in order to consolidate their own . Ned insists that Stannis must be king and asks Baelish to secure the help of the City Watch when he moves against the Lannisters , but Petyr betrays Lord Stark and aids his arrest . A Clash of Kings ( edit ) After the death of Renly Baratheon , Petyr arranges an alliance between the Lannisters and the powerful House Tyrell , which leads to Stannis Baratheon 's defeat . When Joffrey is convinced to marry Renly 's widow , Margaery , in A Storm of Swords , Petyr is named Lord of Harrenhal and Lord Paramount of the Trident in place of Edmure Tully . A Storm of Swords ( edit ) Baelish is given charge to marry Lysa Arryn and bring the Vale under the control of the Lannisters ; before departing he reveals Olenna Tyrell 's plan to marry Sansa to Willas Tyrell , leading to Sansa 's forced marriage to Tyrion . When Joffrey is poisoned at his wedding feast , Petyr has Sansa taken from King 's Landing in the confusion and takes her to his holdings on The Fingers disguised as his illegitimate daughter . During the voyage , Petyr reveals that he had conspired with Olenna Tyrell to poison Joffrey and blame Tyrion for the murder . Lysa arrives at Petyr 's keep and the two are promptly married at Lysa 's insistence , though Petyr would prefer a court wedding . After the wedding Baelish and Sansa travel to the Eyrie , where he spends much of the time asserting his new authority over the lords of the Vale . While alone with Sansa , he notes her physical similarity to Catelyn and kisses Sansa . Witnessing the encounter , Lysa tries to kill Sansa a short time later . Petyr rushes to comfort Lysa , but reveals that he had only ever loved Catelyn and pushes Lysa to her death . He immediately implicates the only other witness , the minstrel Marillion . A feast for crows ( edit ) Petyr names himself Lord Protector and claims Lysa 's son Robert as his ward . The Lords of the Vale try to claim Robert , but Petyr bribes Lyn Corbray to help Petyr obtain leverage to keep Robert . Petyr later reveals to Sansa that he plans to either eliminate the lords or win them to his side , and to help Sansa regain the North . He also tells her that he has arranged for her to marry Robert Arryn 's cousin and heir , Harrold Hardyng , and that on Robert 's death she will reveal herself and use the Knights of the Vale to recover the North . Television series ( edit ) Coat of arms of House Arryn Baelish 's storyline remains much the same as in the books for the first few seasons of the television series , with only minor details changed . In later seasons , however , his story is significantly different . Season 3 ( edit ) Having become Lord of Harrenhal , Petyr plans to sail to the Eyrie to offer Lysa Arryn a marriage proposal , taking Sansa with him . One of his prostitutes , Ros , learns of his plan and warns Varys , who arranges with Olenna Tyrell to have Sansa wed to Loras Tyrell . Baelish 's spy Olyvar , who is posing as Loras ' squire and lover , tips Baelish off to the plot ; Baelish in turn gives this information to Tywin Lannister , who has Sansa wed to Tyrion instead . Realising that Ros has betrayed him , Baelish hands her over to Joffrey to kill for his entertainment . Season 4 ( edit ) In the aftermath of Lysa Arryn 's death , Baelish is questioned by several lords of the Vale . Baelish maintains that Lysa committed suicide , and Sansa corroborates this assertion . Baelish decides to take Robin Arryn on a tour of his domain , with Sansa accompanying them . Season 5 ( edit ) Baelish brokers a marriage alliance between Sansa and Ramsay Bolton , the sadistic son of the new Warden of the North Roose Bolton . Although Baelish assures Roose that the marriage alliance will strengthen their respective positions , Baelish privately tells Sansa that Stannis Baratheon is marching on Winterfell and will likely defeat the Boltons in battle . However , before Sansa and Ramsay 's wedding , Cersei summons Baelish to King 's Landing to ascertain his loyalties . Baelish reassures Cersei of the Vale 's allegiance to the Lannisters and tells her of Sansa 's marriage to Ramsay , neglecting to reveal his role in arranging the marriage . Cersei is outraged , and Baelish offers to use the Vale 's forces to defeat whoever is left of the Bolton and Baratheon armies following the battle , revealing that his true plan all along was to be named Warden of the North , a request Cersei grants . Before his departure Baelish meets with Olenna Tyrell , who is furious that testimony from Olyvar has led to the arrest of Margaery and Loras Tyrell . When Olenna threatens to reveal Baelish 's role in Joffrey 's murder , Baelish arranges for Lancel Lannister to tell religious leader the High Sparrow of Cersei 's crimes , leading to her arrest . Season 6 ( edit ) Baelish reunites with Robin Arryn at Runestone and claims that Sansa was abducted by the Boltons , before manipulating him into sending the Vale 's forces to defend her . Baelish later meets Sansa in Mole 's Town , insisting that he was unaware of Ramsay 's cruelty . He offers the support of the knights of the Vale in retaking Winterfell and mentions that Sansa 's great - uncle Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully has seized Riverrun from the Freys ; Sansa refuses his offer and declares that she never wants to see him again . However , after Sansa and Jon Snow are unable to gather enough men to match the Boltons , Sansa sends a raven to Baelish asking for his aid . Baelish leads the men on Winterfell , and they arrive in time to destroy the unsuspecting Bolton army before they can slaughter the Starks . After the battle , Baelish reveals to Sansa that his ambition is to take the Iron Throne with her at his side , but she rebuffs his advances . Baelish is present when the Northmen and Valemen declare Jon King in the North , but instead of cheering for Jon , he glares at Sansa . Season 7 ( edit ) Throughout the season , after Jon threatened him to stay away from Sansa , Baelish attempts to turn Sansa and Arya against each other following the latter 's return to Winterfell . To add further incentive , Baelish arranged for Arya to find Sansa 's letter to Robb while she was held by the Lannisters . Littlefinger continues his manipulation of Sansa , seemingly convincing her that Arya intends to murder her and take her role as Lady of Winterfell . However , at the trial that follows , Sansa and Arya reveal that they are aware of Baelish 's lies and treason . They reveal his numerous crimes , including his murder of Lysa Arryn , his orchestrating the murders of both Jon Arryn and Eddard Stark , and his manipulating the Starks and Lannisters to war . Baelish denies the accusations until Bran ( now known as Three - Eyed Raven ) reveals that he has seen Baelish 's betrayal of Eddard Stark himself . Baelish tries to plea for his life , but Sansa refuses , then he goes for the law of self defense and orders to be taken out of the area , which is also refused . Arya then slits Baelish 's throat with his own Valyrian dagger , finally putting an end to his lies and quest for power . Reception ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( October 2016 ) Aidan Gillen plays the role of Petyr Baelish in the television series Gillen 's performance has received praise . Huw Fullerton of Radio Times praised his performance on the show . Writing for The Huffington Post , Gil Kidron described the character as `` gross ... creepy ... evil '' and stated `` you should root for him to win . '' Kidron claims `` in Westeros he 's a 99 percenter . '' Kidron writes Petyr is `` doing it for himself '' , but `` he 's working tirelessly to destroy an old and decaying world that none of us would want to live in . '' In an article published in the National Review , Grant Starrett claimed that every red - blooded American should root for Littlefinger . Starrett praised Baelish 's rags - to - riches story , saying that `` He epitomizes what could soon be called the Westerosi Dream . '' Meritocracy , social mobility , and an end to failing system are all reasons to support Petyr Baelish for the Iron Throne according to Starrett . Recognition and Awards ( edit ) Aidan Gillen has received award nominations for his portrayal . His nominations include Portal Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2012 , and Irish Film & Television Awards for Best Supporting Actor on Television in 2012 and 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Game of Thrones : Chapter 18 , Catelyn IV '' . Jump up ^ `` A Game of Thrones : Chapter 40 , Catelyn VII '' . Jump up ^ `` A Game of Thrones : Chapter 20 , Eddard IV '' . Jump up ^ `` A Clash of Kings : Chapter 15 , Tyrion III '' . Jump up ^ `` A Game of Thrones : Chapter 32 , Arya III '' . ^ Jump up to : `` A Storm of Swords : Chapter 80 , Sansa V '' . ^ Jump up to : `` A Storm of Swords : Chapter 80 , Sansa VII '' . Jump up ^ `` A Game of Thrones : Chapter 31 , Tyrion IV '' . Jump up ^ `` A Game of Thrones : Chapter 25 , Eddard V '' . Jump up ^ `` A Game of Thrones : Chapter 33 , Eddard VIII '' . Jump up ^ `` A Game of Thrones : Chapter 35 , Eddard IX '' . Jump up ^ `` A Game of Thrones : Chapter 49 , Eddard XIV '' . ^ Jump up to : `` A Storm of Swords : Chapter 19 , Tyrion III '' . Jump up ^ `` A Storm of Swords : Chapter 68 , Sansa VI '' . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` The Winds of Winter '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 episode 5 - as it happened '' . Radio Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kidron , Gil ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Why You Should Root for Littlefinger to Win '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Starrett , Grant . `` Every Red - Blooded American Should Root For Littlefinger To Claim The Iron Throne '' . The National Review . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Conquers With 4 Portal Awards '' . airlockalpha.com . September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFTA 2012 Winners Announced -- The Irish Film & Television Network '' . Irish Film & Television Academy . February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFTA Award Winners '' . Irish Film & Television Academy . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petyr_Baelish&oldid=803791117 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional secret agents and spies Fictional lords and ladies Fictional murderers Fictional government officials Fictional pimps and madams Fictional advisors Fictional uxoricides Literary villains Hidden categories : NPOV disputes from October 2016 All NPOV disputes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Català Español فارسی Italiano Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 17 : 26 . 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the acts of the apostles is often thought of as part two of which gospel

Acts and the Gospel of Luke make up a two - part work , Luke -- Acts , by the same anonymous author , usually dated to around 80 -- 90 AD . The first part , the Gospel of Luke , tells how God fulfilled his plan for the world 's salvation through the life , death , and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth , the promised Messiah . Acts continues the story of Christianity in the 1st century , beginning with Jesus 's Ascension to Heaven . The early chapters , set in Jerusalem , describe the Day of Pentecost ( the coming of the Holy Spirit ) and the growth of the church in Jerusalem . Initially , the Jews are receptive to the Christian message , but soon they turn against the followers of Jesus . Rejected by the Jews , under the guidance of the Apostle Peter the message is taken to the Gentiles . The later chapters tell of Paul 's conversion , his mission in Asia Minor and the Aegean , and finally his imprisonment in Rome , where , as the book ends , he awaits trial .

Gospel of Luke

Acts of the Apostles

acts of the apostles

Acts of the Apostles ( Ancient Greek : Πράξεις τῶν Ἀποστόλων , Práxeis tôn Apostólōn ; Latin : Actūs Apostolōrum ) , often referred to simply as Acts , is the fifth book of the New Testament ; it tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire .

Acts and the Gospel of Luke make up a two - part work , Luke -- Acts , by the same anonymous author , usually dated to around 80 -- 90 AD . The first part , the Gospel of Luke , tells how God fulfilled his plan for the world 's salvation through the life , death , and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth , the promised Messiah . Acts continues the story of Christianity in the 1st century , beginning with Jesus 's Ascension to Heaven . The early chapters , set in Jerusalem , describe the Day of Pentecost ( the coming of the Holy Spirit ) and the growth of the church in Jerusalem . Initially , the Jews are receptive to the Christian message , but soon they turn against the followers of Jesus . Rejected by the Jews , under the guidance of the Apostle Peter the message is taken to the Gentiles . The later chapters tell of Paul 's conversion , his mission in Asia Minor and the Aegean , and finally his imprisonment in Rome , where , as the book ends , he awaits trial . Luke -- Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem , namely how the Messiah of the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church ; the answer it provides , and its central theme , is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it . Luke -- Acts can be also seen as a defense of ( or `` apology '' for ) the Jesus movement addressed to the Jews : the bulk of the speeches and sermons in Acts are addressed to Jewish audiences , with the Romans featuring as external arbiters on disputes concerning Jewish customs and law . On the one hand Luke portrays the Christians as a sect of the Jews , and therefore entitled to legal protection as a recognised religion ; on the other , Luke seems unclear as to the future God intends for Jews and Christians , celebrating the Jewishness of Jesus and his immediate followers while also stressing how the Jews had rejected God 's promised Messiah . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Title , unity of Luke -- Acts , authorship and date 1.2 Genre , sources and historicity of Acts 1.3 Audience and authorial intent 1.4 Manuscripts 2 Structure and content 2.1 Structure 2.2 Outline 2.3 Content 3 Theology 4 Comparison with other writings 4.1 Gospel of Luke 4.2 Pauline epistles 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of Luke -- Acts Ministry of the Apostles : Russian icon by Fyodor Zubov , 1660 Title , Unity of Luke -- Acts , authorship and date ( edit ) The title `` Acts of the Apostles '' ( Greek Πράξεις ἀποστόλων Praxeis Apostolon ) was first used by Irenaeus in the late 2nd century . It is not known whether this was an existing title or one invented by Irenaeus ; it does seem clear , however , that it was not given by the author . The Gospel of Luke and Acts make up a two - volume work which scholars call Luke -- Acts . Together they account for 27.5 % of the New Testament , the largest contribution attributed to a single author , providing the framework for both the Church 's liturgical calendar and the historical outline into which later generations have fitted their idea of the story of Jesus and the early church . The author is not named in either volume . According to Church tradition dating from the 2nd century , he was the `` Luke '' named as a companion of the apostle Paul in three of the letters attributed to Paul himself ; this view is still sometimes advanced , but `` a critical consensus emphasizes the countless contradictions between the account in Acts and the authentic Pauline letters . '' ) ( An example can be seen by comparing Acts 's accounts of Paul 's conversion ( Acts 9 : 1 -- 31 , 22 : 6 -- 21 , and 26 : 9 -- 23 ) with Paul 's own statement that he remained unknown to Christians in Judea after that event ( Galatians 1 : 17 -- 24 ) . ) He admired Paul , but his theology was significantly different from Paul 's on key points and he does not ( in Acts ) represent Paul 's views accurately . He was educated , a man of means , probably urban , and someone who respected manual work , although not a worker himself ; this is significant , because more high - brow writers of the time looked down on the artisans and small business people who made up the early church of Paul and were presumably Luke 's audience . The earliest possible date for the composition of Acts is set by the events with which it ends , Paul 's imprisonment in Rome c. 63 AD , but an early date is now rarely put forward . The last possible date would be set by its first definite citation by another author , but there is no unanimity on this -- some scholars find echoes of Acts in a work from c. 95 AD called I Clement , while others see no indisputable citation until the middle of the 2nd century . The majority of scholars date Luke -- Acts to 80 -- 90 AD , on the grounds that it uses Mark as a source and looks back on the destruction of Jerusalem , and does not show any awareness of the letters of Paul ( which began circulating late in the century ) ; if , however , it does show awareness of Paul and also of Josephus , then a date early in the 2nd century is more likely . In either case , there is evidence that it was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century . Genre , sources and historicity of Acts ( edit ) Luke ( or more accurately the anonymous author of Luke -- Acts ) aligned his work , Luke -- Acts , to the `` narratives '' ( διήγησις , diēgēsis ) which many others had written , and described his own work as an `` orderly account '' ( ακριβώς καθέξης ) . Acts , the second part , is widely thought of as a history , but it lacks exact analogies in Hellenistic or Jewish literature . The title `` Acts of the Apostles '' ( Prαxeis Apostolon ) would seem to identify it with the genre telling of the deeds and achievements of great men ( praxeis ) , but it was not the title given by the author . Luke seems to have taken as his model the works of two respected Classical authors , Dionysius of Halicarnassus , who wrote a well - known history of Rome , and the Jewish historian Josephus , author of a history of the Jews . Like them , he anchors his history by dating the birth of the founder ( Romulus for Dionysius , Moses for Josephus , Jesus for Luke ) and like them he tells how the founder is born from God , taught authoritatively , and appeared to witnesses after death before ascending to heaven . By and large the sources for Acts can only be guessed at , but Luke would have had access to the Septuagint ( a Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures ) , the gospel of Mark and the collection of `` sayings of Jesus '' called the Q source . He transposed a few incidents from Mark 's gospel to the time of the Apostles -- for example , the material about `` clean '' and `` unclean '' foods in Mark 7 is used in Acts 10 , and Mark 's account of the accusation that Jesus has attacked the Temple ( Mark 14 : 58 ) is used in a story about Stephen ( Acts 6 : 14 ) . ) There are also points of contacts ( meaning suggestive parallels but something less than clear evidence ) with 1 Peter , the Letter to the Hebrews , and 1 Clement . Other sources can only be inferred from internal evidence -- the traditional explanation of the three `` we '' passages , for example , is that they represent eye - witness accounts . The search for such inferred sources was popular in the 19th century , but by the mid-20th it had largely been abandoned . Acts was read as a reliable history of the early church well into the post-Reformation era . By the 17th century , however , biblical scholars began to notice that it was incomplete and tendentious -- its picture of a harmonious church is quite at odds with that given by Paul 's letters , and it omits important events such as the deaths of both Peter and Paul . The mid-19th - century scholar Ferdinand Baur suggested that Luke had re-written history to present a united Peter and Paul and advance a single orthodoxy against the Marcionites . ( Marcion was a 2nd - century heretic who wished to cut Christianity off entirely from the Jews ) . Baur continues to have enormous influence , but today there is less interest in determining Luke 's historical accuracy ( although this has never died out ) than in understanding his theological program . In How Jesus Became Christian Canadian religious historian Barrie Wilson has renewed Baur 's charge that Acts is a work of historical revisionism whose main purpose was to link Paul 's new and separate Christ religion to Jesus and Judaism . Audience and authorial intent ( edit ) Luke was written to be read aloud to a group of Jesus - followers gathered in a house to share the Lord 's supper . The author assumes an educated Greek - speaking audience , but directs his attention to specifically Christian concerns rather than to the Greco - Roman world at large . He begins his gospel with a preface addressed to Theophilus , informing him of his intention to provide an `` ordered account '' of events which will lead his reader to `` certainty '' . He did not write in order to provide Theophilus with historical justification -- `` did it happen ? '' -- but to encourage faith -- `` what happened , and what does it all mean ? '' Acts ( or Luke -- Acts ) is intended as a work of `` edification . '' Edification means `` the empirical demonstration that virtue is superior to vice , '' but is not all of Luke 's purpose . He also engages with the question of a Christian 's proper relationship with the Roman Empire , the civil power of the day : could a Christian obey God and also Caesar ? The answer is ambiguous . The Romans never move against Jesus or his followers unless provoked by the Jews , in the trial scenes the Christian missionaries are always cleared of charges of violating Roman laws , and Acts ends with Paul in Rome proclaiming the Christian message under Roman protection ; at the same time , Luke makes clear that the Romans , like all earthly rulers , receive their authority from Satan , while Christ is ruler of the kingdom of God . Manuscripts ( edit ) There are two major textual variants of Luke -- Acts , the Western text - type and the Alexandrian . The oldest complete Alexandrian manuscripts date from the 4th century and the oldest Western ones from the 6th , with fragments and citations going back to the 3rd . Western texts of Acts are 6.2 -- 8.4 % longer than Alexandrian texts , the additions tending to enhance the Jewish rejection of the Messiah and the role of the Holy Spirit , in ways that are stylistically different from the rest of Acts . These conflicts suggest that Luke -- Acts was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century . The majority of scholars prefer the Alexandrian ( shorter ) text - type over the Western as the more authentic , but this same argument would favour the Western over the Alexandrian for the gospel of Luke , as in that case the , Western version is the shorter . The debate therefore continues . Structure and content ( edit ) Acts 1 : 1 -- 2a from the 14th century Minuscule 223 Structure ( edit ) Acts has two key structural principles . The first is the geographic movement from Jerusalem , centre of God 's Covenantal people , the Jews , to Rome , centre of the Gentile world . This structure reaches back to the author 's preceding work , the Gospel of Luke , and is signaled by parallel scenes such as Paul 's utterance in Acts 19 : 21 , which echoes Jesus 's words 9 : 51 ( Paul has Rome as his destination , as Jesus had Jerusalem ) . The second key element is the roles of Peter and Paul , the first representing the Jewish Christian church , the second the mission to the Gentiles . Transition : reprise of the preface addressed to Theophilus and the closing events of the gospel ( Acts 1 -- 1 : 26 ) Petrine Christianity : the Jewish church from Jerusalem to Antioch ( Acts 2 : 1 -- 12 : 25 ) 2 : 1 -- 8 : 1 -- beginnings in Jerusalem 8 : 2 -- 40 -- the church expands to Samaria and beyond 9 : 1 -- 31 -- conversion of Paul 9 : 32 -- 12 : 25 -- the conversion of Cornelius , and the formation of the Antioch church Pauline Christianity : the Gentile mission from Antioch to Rome ( Acts 13 : 1 -- 28 : 21 ) 13 : 1 -- 14 : 28 -- the Gentile mission is promoted from Antioch 15 : 1 -- 35 -- the Gentile mission is confirmed in Jerusalem 15 : 36 -- 28 : 31 -- the Gentile mission , climaxing in Paul 's passion story in Rome ( 21 : 17 -- 28 : 31 ) Outline ( edit ) Dedication to Theophilus ( 1 : 1 -- 2 ) Resurrection appearances ( 1 : 3 ) Great Commission ( 1 : 4 -- 8 ) Ascension ( 1 : 9 ) Second Coming Prophecy ( 1 : 10 -- 11 ) Matthias replaced Judas ( 1 : 12 -- 26 ) the Upper Room ( 1 : 13 ) Holy Spirit came at Pentecost ( 2 ) , see also Paraclete Peter healed a crippled beggar ( 3 : 1 -- 10 ) Peter 's speech at the Temple ( 3 : 11 -- 26 ) Peter and John before the Sanhedrin ( 4 : 1 -- 22 ) Resurrection of the dead ( 4 : 2 ) Believers ' Prayer ( 4 : 23 -- 31 ) Everything is shared ( 4 : 32 -- 37 ) Ananias and Sapphira ( 5 : 1 -- 11 ) Signs and Wonders ( 5 : 12 -- 16 ) Apostles before the Sanhedrin ( 5 : 17 -- 42 ) Seven Deacons appointed ( 6 : 1 -- 7 ) Stephen before the Sanhedrin ( 6 : 8 -- 7 : 60 ) The `` Cave of the Patriarchs '' was located in Shechem ( 7 : 16 ) `` Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians '' ( 7 : 22 ) First mentioning of Saul ( Paul the Apostle ) in the Bible ( 7 : 58 ) Paul the Apostle confesses his part in the martyrdom of Stephen ( 7 : 58 -- 60 ) Saul persecuted the Church of Jerusalem ( 8 : 1 -- 3 ) Philip the Evangelist ( 8 : 4 -- 40 ) Simon Magus ( 8 : 9 -- 24 ) Ethiopian eunuch ( 8 : 26 -- 39 ) Conversion of Paul the Apostle ( 9 : 1 -- 31 , 22 : 1 -- 22 , 26 : 9 -- 24 ) Paul the Apostle confesses his active part in the martyrdom of Stephen ( 22 : 20 ) Peter healed Aeneas and raised Tabitha from the dead ( 9 : 32 -- 43 ) Conversion of Cornelius ( 10 : 1 -- 8 , 24 -- 48 ) Peter 's vision of a sheet with animals ( 10 : 9 -- 23 , 11 : 1 -- 18 ) Church of Antioch founded ( 11 : 19 -- 30 ) term `` Christian '' first used ( 11 : 26 ) James the Great executed ( 12 : 1 -- 2 ) Peter 's rescue from prison ( 12 : 3 -- 19 ) Death of Herod Agrippa I ( in 44 ) ( 12 : 20 -- 25 ) `` the voice of a god '' ( 12 : 22 ) Mission of Barnabas and Saul ( 13 -- 14 ) `` Saul , who was also known as Paul '' ( 13 : 9 ) called `` gods ... in human form '' ( 14 : 11 ) Council of Jerusalem ( 15 : 1 -- 35 ) Paul separated from Barnabas ( 15 : 36 -- 41 ) 2nd and 3rd missions ( 16 -- 20 ) Areopagus sermon ( 17 : 16 -- 34 ) `` God ... has set a day '' ( 17 : 30 -- 31 ) Trial before Gallio c. 51 -- 52 ( 18 : 12 -- 17 ) Trip to Jerusalem ( 21 ) Before the people and the Sanhedrin ( 22 -- 23 ) Before Felix -- Festus -- Herod Agrippa II ( 24 -- 26 ) Trip to Rome ( 27 -- 28 ) called a god on Malta ( 28 : 6 ) Content ( edit ) See also : Early Christianity and Jewish Christians The Gospel of Luke began with a prologue addressed to Theophilus ; Acts likewise opens with an address to Theophilus and refers to `` my earlier book '' , almost certainly the gospel . The apostles and other followers of Jesus meet and elect Matthias to replace Judas as a member of The Twelve . On Pentecost , the Holy Spirit descends and confers God 's power on them , and Peter , along with John , preaches to many in Jerusalem , and performs Christ - like healings , casting out of evil spirits , and raising of the dead . At first many Jews follow Christ and are baptized , but the Christians begin to be increasingly persecuted by the Jews . Stephen is arrested for blasphemy , and after a trial , is found guilty and stoned by the Jews . Stephen 's death marks a major turning point : the Jews have rejected the message , and henceforth it will be taken to the Gentiles . The message is taken to the Samaritans , a people rejected by Jews , and to the Gentiles . Saul of Tarsus , one of the Jews who persecuted the Christians , is converted by a vision to become a follower of Christ ( an event which Luke regards as so important that he relates it three times ) . Peter , directed by a series of visions , preaches to Cornelius the Centurion , a Gentile God - fearer , who becomes a follower of Christ . The Holy Spirit descends on Peter and Cornelius , thus confirming that the message of eternal life in Christ is for all mankind . The Gentile church is established in Antioch ( north - western Syria , the third - largest city of the empire ) , and here Christ 's followers are first called Christians . The mission to the Gentiles is promoted from Antioch and confirmed at meeting in Jerusalem between Paul and the leadership of the Jerusalem church . Paul spends the next few years traveling through western Asia Minor and the Aegean , preaching , converting Gentiles , and founding new churches . On a visit to Jerusalem he is set on by a Jewish mob . Saved by the Roman commander , he is accused by the Jews of being a revolutionary , the `` ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes '' , and imprisoned . Paul asserts his right as a Roman citizen , to be tried in Rome and is sent by sea to Rome , where he spends another two years under house arrest , proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching the `` Lord Jesus Christ '' . Acts ends abruptly without recording the outcome of Paul 's legal troubles . Theology ( edit ) Paul 's conversion , from Livre d'Heures d'Étienne Chevalier ( c. 1450 -- 1460 ) , Jean Fouquet , in the Château de Chantilly . Prior to the 1950s , Luke -- Acts was seen as a historical work , written to defend Christianity before the Romans or Paul against his detractors ; since then , however , the tendency has been to see the work as primarily theological . Luke 's theology is expressed primarily through his overarching plot , the way scenes , themes and characters combine to construct his specific worldview . His `` salvation history '' stretches from the Creation to the present time of his readers , in three ages : first , the time of `` the Law and the Prophets '' ( Luke 16 : 16 ) , the period beginning with Genesis and ending with the appearance of John the Baptist ( Luke 1 : 5 -- 3 : 1 ) ; second , the epoch of Jesus , in which the Kingdom of God was preached ( Luke 3 : 2 -- 24 : 51 ) ; and finally the period of the Church , which began when the risen Christ was taken into Heaven , and would end with his second coming . Luke -- Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem , namely how the Messiah promised to the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church ; the answer it provides , and its central theme , is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it . This theme is introduced at the opening of the gospel of Luke , when Jesus , rejected in Nazareth , recalls that the prophets were rejected by Israel and accepted by Gentiles ; at the end of the gospel he commands his disciples to preach his message to all nations , `` beginning from Jerusalem . '' He repeats the command in Acts , telling them to preach `` in Jerusalem , in all Judea and Samaria , and to the end of the Earth . '' They then proceed to do so , in the order outlined : first Jerusalem , then Judea , then Samaria , then the entire ( Roman ) world . For Luke , the Holy Spirit is the driving force behind the spread of the Christian message , and he places more emphasis on it than do any of the other evangelists . The Spirit is `` poured out '' at Pentecost , on the first Samaritan and Gentile believers , and on disciples who had been baptised only by John the Baptist , each time as a sign of God 's approval . The Holy Spirit represents God 's power ( At his ascension , Jesus tells his followers , `` You shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you '' ) : through it the disciples are given speech to convert thousands in Jerusalem , forming the first church ( the term is used for the first time in Acts 5 ) . Comparison with other writings ( edit ) Saint Paul Writing His Epistles , ascribed to Valentin de Boulogne , 17th century Gospel of Luke ( edit ) As the second part of the two - part work Luke -- Acts , Acts has significant links to the Gospel of Luke . Major turning points in the structure of Acts , for example , find parallels in Luke : the presentation of the child Jesus in the Temple parallels the opening of Acts in the Temple , Jesus 's forty days of testing in the wilderness prior to his mission parallel the forty days prior to his Ascension in Acts , the mission of Jesus in Samaria and the Decapolis ( the lands of the Samaritans and Gentiles ) parallels the missions of the Apostles in Samaria and the Gentile lands , and so on ( see Gospel of Luke ) . These parallels continue through both books . There are also differences between Luke and Acts , amounting at times to outright contradiction . For example , the gospel seems to place the Ascension on Easter Sunday , immediately after the Resurrection , while Acts 1 puts it forty days later . There are similar conflicts over the theology . While not seriously questioning the single authorship of Luke -- Acts , these differences do suggest the need for caution in seeking too much consistency in books written in essence as popular literature . Pauline epistles ( edit ) Acts agrees with Paul 's letters on the major outline of Paul 's career : as Saul he is converted and becomes Paul the Christian missionary and apostle , establishing new churches in Asia Minor and the Aegean and struggling to free Gentile Christians from the Jewish Law . There are also agreements on many incidents , such as Paul 's escape from Damascus , where he is lowered down the walls in a basket . But details of these same incidents are frequently contradictory : for example , according to Paul it was a pagan king who was trying to arrest him in Damascus , but according to Luke it was , characteristically , the Jews ( 2 Corinthians 11 : 33 and Acts 9 : 24 ) . Many of the disagreements are not so immediately obvious : Acts speaks of `` Christians '' and `` disciples '' , but Paul never uses either term , and there are striking differences in the accounts of Paul 's relationship with the Jerusalem church and its leaders ( Acts 9 -- 15 vs. Galatians 1 -- 2 ) . Acts omits much from the letters , notably Paul 's problems with his congregations ( internal difficulties are said to be the fault of the Jews instead ) , and his apparent final rejection by the church leaders in Jerusalem ( Acts has Paul and Barnabas deliver an offering that is accepted , a trip that has no mention in the letters ) . There are also major differences between Acts and Paul on Christology ( the understanding of Christ 's nature ) , eschatology ( understanding of the `` last things '' ) , and apostleship . See also ( edit ) Book : Acts of the Apostles Bible portal Acts of the Apostles ( genre ) List of Gospels List of omitted Bible verses The Lost Chapter of the Acts of the Apostles , also known as the Sonnini Manuscript Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Charlesworth 2008 , p. no page numbers . ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Pickett 2011 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 563 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews 2011 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Theissen & Merz 1998 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins 1998 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 590 . ^ Jump up to : Green 1997 , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Boring 2012 , p. 587 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins 2009 , pp. 250 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 1 , 3 Jump up ^ Aune 1988 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Balch 2003 , p. 1104 . Jump up ^ Bruce 1990 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Witherington 1998 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 578 . Jump up ^ Bruce 1990 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 579 . Jump up ^ Holladay 2011 , p. no page numbers . Jump up ^ Barrie Wilson . How Jesus Became Christian . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2008 . Jump up ^ Green 1995 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Green 1997 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Fitzmyer 1998 , pp. 55 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Aune 1988 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 562 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2010 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , pp. 569 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Buckwalter 1996 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Allen 2009 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Evans 2011 , p. no page numbers . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 268 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Zwiep 2010 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Parsons 1993 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , pp. 581 , 588 -- 90 . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , O. Wesley , Jr. ( 2009 ) . `` Luke '' . In Petersen , David L. ; O'Day , Gail R. Theological Bible Commentary . Westminster John Knox Press . Aune , David E. ( 1988 ) . The New Testament in its literary environment . Westminster John Knox Press . Balch , David L. ( 2003 ) . `` Luke '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . Boring , M. Eugene ( 2012 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament : History , Literature , Theology . Westminster John Knox Press . Bruce , F.F. ( 1990 ) . The Acts of the Apostles : The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0802809667 . Buckwalter , Douglas ( 1996 ) . The Character and Purpose of Luke 's Christology . Cambridge University Press . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Charlesworth , James H. ( 2008 ) . The Historical Jesus : An Essential Guide . Abingdon Press . Evans , Craig A. ( 2011 ) . Luke . Baker Books . Fitzmyer , Joseph A. ( 1998 ) . The Anchor Bible : The Acts of the Apostles - A new Translation with Introduction and Commentary . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0385490207 . Gooding , David ( 2013 ) . True to the Faith : The Acts of the Apostles : Defining and Defending the Gospel . Myrtlefield House . Green , Joel ( 1995 ) . The Theology of the Gospel of Luke . Cambridge University Press . Green , Joel ( 1997 ) . The Gospel of Luke . Eerdmans . Holladay , Carl R. ( 2011 ) . A Critical Introduction to the New Testament : Interpreting the Message and Meaning of Jesus Christ . Abingdon Press . Matthews , Christopher R. ( 2011 ) . `` Acts of the Apostles '' . In Coogan , Michael D . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible . Oxford University Press . Parsons , Mikeal C. ( 1993 ) . Rethinking the Unity of Luke and Acts . Fortress Press . Perkins , Pheme ( 1998 ) . `` The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles : Telling the Christian Story '' . In Barton , John . The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7 . Perkins , Pheme ( 2009 ) . Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6553 - 3 . Pickett , Raymond ( 2011 ) . `` Luke and Empire : An Introduction '' . In Rhoads , David ; Esterline , David ; Lee , Jae Won . Luke - Acts and Empire : Essays in Honor of Robert L. Brawley . Wipf and Stock Publishers . Theissen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1998 ) . The historical Jesus : a comprehensive guide . Eerdmans . Thompson , Richard P. ( 2010 ) . `` Luke - Acts : The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles '' . In Aune , David E. The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament . Wiley -- Blackwell . Witherington , Ben ( 1998 ) . The Acts of the Apostles : A Socio - rhetorical Commentary . Eerdmans . Zwiep , Arie W. ( 2010 ) . Christ , the Spirit and the Community of God : Essays on the Acts of the Apostles . Mohr Siebeck . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acts of the Apostles . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Acts Wikiversity has learning resources about Biblical Studies ( NT ) # Acts : The Birth and Growth of the Early Church Wikiquote has quotations related to : Acts of the Apostles A Brief Introduction to Luke -- Acts is available online . Book of Acts at Bible Gateway ( NIV & KJV ) Tertullian.org : The Western Text of the Acts of the Apostles ( 1923 ) J.M. WILSON , D.D. Texts on Wikisource : Breen , Andrew Edward ( 1913 ) . `` Acts of the Apostles '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Aherene , C. ( 1913 ) . `` Gospel of Saint Luke '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . See Section VI : Saint Luke 's Accuracy `` Acts of the Apostles '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Acts of the Apostles '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . Bible : Acts public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Acts of the Apostles Acts of the Apostles Preceded by Gospel of John New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Paul 's Epistle to the Romans Acts of the Apostles Bible Acts 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Places Achaea Alexandria Amphipolis Antioch of Pisidia Antioch of Syria Asia Assos Atalia Athens Berea Bithynia Caesarea Cenchrea Chios Cilicia Corinth Cos Creta Cyprus Derbe Ephesus Forum Appii Galatia Iconium Italy Jerusalem Lycaonia Lystra Macedonia Malta Mytilene Miletus Mysia Neapolis Paphos Pamphilia Patara Perga Philippi Phrygia Pisidia Pontus Ptolemais Puteoli Regium Rodos Rome Salamis Samos Samothrace Seleucia Syracuse Syria Thessalonica Thyatira Tyre Three Taverns Troas People Aeneas Agabus Agrippa Agrippa II Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ben Nebedeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Bar - jesus Barnabas Berenice Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Drusilla Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Felix Festus Gallio Gamaliel James the Just Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Lysias Manaen ( John ) Mark Mary mother of John Mark Matthias Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Paullus Peter Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon the Sorcerer Sopater Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Other Events Ascension Pentecost Conversion of Paul Peter 's vision Peter 's liberation Council of Jerusalem Areopagus sermon Book burning at Ephesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of John ( chapter 21 ) Epistle to the Romans ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list ) New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book New Testament people Jesus Christ In Christianity Historical Life in the New Testament Gospels Individuals Alphaeus Anna the Prophetess Annas Barabbas Bartimaeus Blind man ( Bethsaida ) Caiaphas Man born blind ( `` Celidonius '' ) Cleopas Clopas Devil Penitent thief ( `` Dismas '' ) Elizabeth Gabriel Impenitent thief ( `` Gestas '' ) Jairus ' daughter Joanna John the Baptist Joseph Joseph of Arimathea Joses Jude Lazarus Legion Luke Lysanias Malchus Martha Mary , mother of Jesus Mary Magdalene Mary , mother of James Mary of Bethany Mary of Clopas Naked fugitive Son of Nain 's widow Nathanael Nicodemus ( Nicodemus ben Gurion ) Salome Samaritan woman Simeon Simon , brother of Jesus Simon of Cyrene Simon the Leper Simon the Pharisee Susanna Syrophoenician woman Theophilus Zacchaeus Zebedee Zechariah Groups Angels Jesus 's brothers Demons Disciples Evangelists Female disciples of Jesus God - fearers Herodians Magi Myrrhbearers Nameless Pharisees Proselytes Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Scribes Seventy disciples Shepherds Zealots Apostles Andrew Bartholomew James of Alphaeus ( James the Less ) James of Zebedee John Evangelist Patmos `` Disciple whom Jesus loved '' Judas Iscariot Jude Thaddeus Matthew Philip Simon Peter Simon the Zealot Thomas Acts Aeneas Agabus Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias son of Nedebeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Barnabas Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Elymas Egyptian Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Gamaliel James , brother of Jesus Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Manaen ( John ) Mark Evangelist cousin of Barnabas Mary , mother of ( John ) Mark Matthias Mnason Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon Magus Sopater Sosthenes Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Zenas Romans Herod 's family Gospels Antipas Archelaus Herod the Great Herodias Longinus Philip Pilate Pilate 's wife Quirinius Salome Tiberius Acts Agrippa Agrippa II Berenice Cornelius Drusilla Felix Festus Gallio Lysias Paullus Epistles Achaicus Alexander Andronicus Archippus Aretas IV Carpus Claudia Crescens Demas Diotrephes Epaphras Epaphroditus Erastus Eunice Euodia and Syntyche Herodion Hymenaeus Jesus Justus John the Presbyter Junia Lois Mary Michael Nymphas Olympas Onesimus Onesiphorus Pudens Philemon Philetus Phoebe Quartus Sosipater Tertius Revelation Antipas Four Horsemen Apollyon Two witnesses Woman Beast Three Angels Whore of Babylon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acts_of_the_Apostles&oldid=799508580 '' Categories : New Testament books 1st - century Christianity 1st - century books Acts of the Apostles Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - 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who won the nba finals for the last 4 years

Year Western Champion Coach Result Eastern Champion Coach Reference 1947 Chicago Stags ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Harold Olsen 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1948 Baltimore Bullets ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Buddy Jeannette 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1949 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Washington Capitols ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1950 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Al Cervi 1951 Rochester Royals ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Les Harrison 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Joe Lapchick 1952 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Joe Lapchick 1953 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Joe Lapchick 1954 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Al Cervi 1955 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Charles Eckman 3 -- 4 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Al Cervi 1956 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Charles Eckman 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) George Senesky 1957 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Red Auerbach 1958 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Kundla 0 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1960 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Ed Macauley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1961 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Paul Seymour 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1962 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1963 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Fred Schaus 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1964 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 8 , 7 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1965 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Fred Schaus 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 9 , 8 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1966 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 10 , 9 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1967 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Bill Sharman 2 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1968 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 11 , 10 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1969 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 12 , 11 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1970 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Joe Mullaney 3 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Red Holzman 1971 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Larry Costello 4 -- 0 Baltimore Bullets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Gene Shue 1972 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 14 , 6 -- 8 ) Bill Sharman 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Red Holzman 1973 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 15 , 6 -- 9 ) Bill Sharman 1 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Red Holzman Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Larry Costello 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 13 , 12 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Al Attles 4 -- 0 Washington Bullets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1976 Phoenix Suns ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) John MacLeod 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 14 , 13 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn 1977 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jack Ramsey 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Gene Shue 1978 Seattle SuperSonics ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 3 -- 4 Washington Bullets ( 3 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Dick Motta 1979 Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 4 -- 1 Washington Bullets ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Dick Motta 1980 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Paul Westhead 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Billy Cunningham 1981 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Del Harris 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 15 , 14 -- 1 ) Bill Fitch 1982 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 17 , 8 -- 9 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 18 , 8 -- 10 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham 1984 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 19 , 8 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 16 , 15 -- 1 ) K.C. Jones 1985 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 20 , 9 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 17 , 15 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1986 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bill Fitch 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 18 , 16 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 21 , 10 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 19 , 16 -- 3 ) K.C. Jones 1988 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 22 , 11 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1989 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1990 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Adelman 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1991 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Mike Dunleavy 1 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1992 Portland Trail Blazers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rick Adelman 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1993 Phoenix Suns ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Paul Westphal 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1994 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Pat Riley 1995 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 0 Orlando Magic ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Brian Hill Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) George Karl 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1997 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1998 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 6 , 6 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1999 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 8 ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Jeff Van Gundy 2000 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 25 , 12 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Indiana Pacers ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Larry Bird 2001 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 26 , 13 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Larry Brown 2002 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 27 , 14 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 0 New Jersey Nets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Byron Scott 2003 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 2 New Jersey Nets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Byron Scott Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 28 , 14 -- 14 ) Phil Jackson 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 3 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Larry Brown 2005 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Larry Brown 2006 Dallas Mavericks ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Avery Johnson 2 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pat Riley 2007 San Antonio Spurs ( 3 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mike Brown 2008 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 29 , 14 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 20 , 17 -- 3 ) Doc Rivers 2009 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 30 , 15 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Orlando Magic ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Stan Van Gundy Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 31 , 16 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 3 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 21 , 17 -- 4 ) Doc Rivers 2011 Dallas Mavericks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Carlisle 4 -- 2 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2012 Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Scott Brooks 1 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2013 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 3 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2014 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Erik Spoelstra 2015 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 2 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) David Blatt 2016 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 3 -- 4 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tyronn Lue 2017 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 1 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Tyronn Lue 2018 Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) ( 10 , 6 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Tyronn Lue

Golden State Warriors|Cleveland Cavaliers

List of NBA champions

list of nba champions

hide National Basketball Association awards and honors Championship O'Brien Trophy Brown Trophy ( defunct ) Individual awards All - Star Game MVP Bill Russell Finals MVP Coach of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Executive of the Year J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Community Assist Award Most Improved Player Most Valuable Player Rookie of the Year Sixth Man of the Year Sportsmanship Award Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Honors All - NBA Team All - Rookie Team All - Defensive Team The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ( formerly Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) from 1946 to 1949 ) Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the NBA 's postseason . All Finals have been played in a best - of - seven format , and contested between the winners of the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference ( formerly Divisions before 1970 ) , except in 1950 in which the Eastern Division champion faced the winner between the Western and Central Division champions . Prior to 1949 , the playoffs were instituted a three - stage tournament where the two semifinal winners played each other in the finals . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . The home - and - away format in the NBA Finals is in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 5 and 7 ) during 1947 -- 1948 , 1950 -- 1952 , 1957 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1984 , 2014 -- present . It was previously in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 ) during 1949 , 1953 -- 1955 , and 1985 -- 2013 , in a 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1956 and 1971 and in a 1 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1975 and 1978 . The Eastern Conference / Division leads the Western Conference / Division in series won ( 38 -- 32 ) . The defunct Central Division won one championship . The Boston Celtics and the Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers alone own almost half of the titles , having won a combined 33 of 72 championships . Contents 1 Champions 2 Results by teams 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Champions The first brackets in the Western Champion and Eastern Champion columns indicate the teams ' playoff seed . The second brackets indicate the number of times that teams have appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective team 's NBA Finals record to date . Bold Winning team of the NBA Finals Year Western Champion Coach Result Eastern Champion Coach Reference 1947 Chicago Stags ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Harold Olsen 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1948 Baltimore Bullets ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Buddy Jeannette 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1949 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Washington Capitols ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1950 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Al Cervi 1951 Rochester Royals ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Les Harrison 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Joe Lapchick 1952 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Joe Lapchick 1953 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Joe Lapchick 1954 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Al Cervi 1955 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Charles Eckman 3 -- 4 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Al Cervi 1956 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Charles Eckman 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) George Senesky 1957 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Red Auerbach 1958 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Kundla 0 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1960 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Ed Macauley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1961 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Paul Seymour 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1962 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1963 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Fred Schaus 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1964 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 8 , 7 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1965 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Fred Schaus 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 9 , 8 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1966 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 10 , 9 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1967 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Bill Sharman 2 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1968 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 11 , 10 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1969 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 12 , 11 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1970 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Joe Mullaney 3 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Red Holzman 1971 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Larry Costello 4 -- 0 Baltimore Bullets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Gene Shue 1972 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 14 , 6 -- 8 ) Bill Sharman 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Red Holzman 1973 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 15 , 6 -- 9 ) Bill Sharman 1 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Red Holzman Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Larry Costello 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 13 , 12 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Al Attles 4 -- 0 Washington Bullets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1976 Phoenix Suns ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) John MacLeod 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 14 , 13 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn 1977 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jack Ramsey 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Gene Shue 1978 Seattle SuperSonics ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 3 -- 4 Washington Bullets ( 3 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Dick Motta 1979 Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 4 -- 1 Washington Bullets ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Dick Motta 1980 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Paul Westhead 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Billy Cunningham 1981 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Del Harris 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 15 , 14 -- 1 ) Bill Fitch 1982 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 17 , 8 -- 9 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 18 , 8 -- 10 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham 1984 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 19 , 8 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 16 , 15 -- 1 ) K.C. Jones 1985 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 20 , 9 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 17 , 15 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1986 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bill Fitch 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 18 , 16 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 21 , 10 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 19 , 16 -- 3 ) K.C. Jones 1988 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 22 , 11 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1989 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1990 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Adelman 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1991 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Mike Dunleavy 1 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1992 Portland Trail Blazers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rick Adelman 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1993 Phoenix Suns ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Paul Westphal 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1994 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Pat Riley 1995 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 0 Orlando Magic ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Brian Hill Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) George Karl 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1997 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1998 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 6 , 6 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1999 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 8 ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Jeff Van Gundy 2000 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 25 , 12 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Indiana Pacers ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Larry Bird 2001 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 26 , 13 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Larry Brown 2002 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 27 , 14 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 0 New Jersey Nets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Byron Scott 2003 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 2 New Jersey Nets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Byron Scott Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 28 , 14 -- 14 ) Phil Jackson 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 3 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Larry Brown 2005 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Larry Brown 2006 Dallas Mavericks ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Avery Johnson 2 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pat Riley 2007 San Antonio Spurs ( 3 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mike Brown 2008 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 29 , 14 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 20 , 17 -- 3 ) Doc Rivers 2009 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 30 , 15 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Orlando Magic ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Stan Van Gundy Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 31 , 16 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 3 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 21 , 17 -- 4 ) Doc Rivers 2011 Dallas Mavericks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Carlisle 4 -- 2 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2012 Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Scott Brooks 1 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2013 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 3 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2014 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Erik Spoelstra 2015 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 2 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) David Blatt 2016 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 3 -- 4 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tyronn Lue 2017 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 1 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Tyronn Lue 2018 Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) ( 10 , 6 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Tyronn Lue Results by teams Teams Win Loss Total Year ( s ) won Year ( s ) lost Boston Celtics 17 21 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 1958 , 1985 , 1987 , 2010 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1972 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 1959 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , 1991 , 2004 , 2008 Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 6 10 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 1948 , 1964 , 1967 , 2016 Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 -- San Antonio Spurs 5 6 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 2013 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 9 1955 , 1967 , 1983 1950 , 1954 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 2001 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons 7 1989 , 1990 , 2004 1955 , 1956 , 1988 , 2005 Miami Heat 5 2006 , 2012 , 2013 2011 , 2014 New York Knicks 6 8 1970 , 1973 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1972 , 1994 , 1999 Houston Rockets 1994 , 1995 1981 , 1986 Cleveland Cavaliers 5 2016 2007 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks 1958 1957 , 1960 , 1961 Baltimore / Washington Bullets / Washington Wizards 1978 1971 , 1975 , 1979 Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder 1979 1978 , 1996 , 2012 Portland Trail Blazers 1977 1990 , 1992 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 Dallas Mavericks 2011 2006 Baltimore Bullets ( original ) ( folded in 1954 ) 0 1948 -- Rochester / Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City / Sacramento Kings 0 1951 -- Phoenix Suns 0 -- 1976 , 1993 New Orleans / Utah Jazz 0 -- 1997 , 1998 New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 0 -- 2002 , 2003 Orlando Magic 0 -- 1995 , 2009 Chicago Stags ( folded in 1950 ) 0 -- 1947 Washington Capitols ( folded in 1951 ) 0 -- 1949 Indiana Pacers 0 -- 2000 Buffalo Braves / San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers -- -- -- Charlotte Hornets / Bobcats -- -- -- Denver Nuggets -- -- -- Minnesota Timberwolves -- -- -- New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans -- -- -- Toronto Raptors -- -- -- Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies -- -- -- Notes Jump up ^ Due to the NBA 's realignment into three divisions , the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist . Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions , causing Central Division ( no relation to the current Central Division ) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown . Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until December 25 , 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 - game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present - day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997 . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award List of NBA Development League champions List of NBA championship head coaches List of NBA players with most championships References Jump up ^ Rosen , Charley ( 2008 ) . The First Tip - Off : The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA . Mc - Graw Hill . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148785 - 9 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Corrie ; Reheuser , Rob ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Sporting News Official 2006 -- 2007 NBA Guide . Sporting News Books . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 854 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brown , Donald H. ( 2007 ) . A Best of Basketball Story . AuthorHouse . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 1 - 4343 - 4193 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 -- 53 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 -- 54 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 -- 55 Syracuse Nationals Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Time to turn back clock on format '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Vote is unanimous to change Finals '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 -- 56 Philadelphia Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 -- 71 Milwaukee Bucks Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 -- 75 Golden State Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 Washington Bullets Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Win Inaugural Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/playoffs/ Jump up ^ `` Mikan , Lakers Begin Championship Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1949 -- 50 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers : First Champs of Newly Formed NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Royals Reign , Despite Knicks ' Unlikely Comeback '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Reclaim the NBA Crown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Unstoppable in Big Apple '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minneapolis Makes One Last Title Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nats Win First Title of Shot - Clock Era '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Reign Over League 's 10th Season '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Officially Launch Their Dynasty '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pettit Drops 50 on Celtics in Game 6 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Sweep Past Minneapolis '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Force Game 7 , But Celtics Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Give Sharman Championship Sendoff '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , Lakers Work OT to Start Rivalry '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cousy Retires as Six - Time Champion '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston ' D ' at Center of Title Defense '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win Seventh Straight Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Red Lights Cigar to Close Coaching Career '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prolific Sixers Bring Ring to Philly '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston is Alive and Well '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` West 's Heroics Ca n't Deprive Russell of 11th Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gutsy Reed Rallies Knicks in Game 7 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big O ' Completes Bucks ' Championship Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Legendary Season Leads to Elusive Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Win One for the ' Aged ' '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Title of Post-Russell Era '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barry 's Warriors Produce Epic Upset '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . 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where can uranium be found in the world

Uranium ore

uranium ore

Uranium ore deposits are economically recoverable concentrations of uranium within the Earth 's crust . Uranium is one of the more common elements in the Earth 's crust , being 40 times more common than silver and 500 times more common than gold . It can be found almost everywhere in rock , soil , rivers , and oceans . The challenge is to find those areas where the concentrations are adequate to form an economically viable deposit .

Globally , the distribution of uranium ore deposits is widespread on all continents , with the largest deposits found in Australia , Kazakhstan , and Canada . To date , high - grade deposits are only found in the Athabasca Basin region of Canada . Uranium deposits are generally classified based on host rocks , structural setting , and mineralogy of the deposit . The most widely used classification scheme was developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) and subdivides deposits into 15 categories . Contents 1 Uranium 2 Uranium minerals 3 Ore genesis 4 Classification schemes 4.1 IAEA Classification ( 1996 ) 4.2 Alternate scheme 5 Deposit types ( IAEA Classification ) 5.1 Unconformity - related deposits 5.1. 1 Athabasca Basin 5.1. 2 McArthur Basin 5.2 Sandstone deposits 5.2. 1 Tabular 5.2. 2 Roll front 5.2. 3 Basal channel ( palaeochannel ) 5.2. 4 Structurally related 5.3 Quartz - pebble conglomerate deposits 5.3. 1 Witwatersrand sub-type 5.3. 2 Elliot Lake sub-type 5.4 Breccia complex deposits ( IOCG - U ) 5.5 Vein deposits 5.6 Intrusive associated deposits 5.7 Phosphorite deposits 5.8 Collapse breccia pipe deposits 5.9 Volcanic deposits 5.10 Surficial deposits ( calcretes ) 5.11 Metasomatite deposits 5.12 Metamorphic deposits 5.13 Lignite 5.14 Black shale deposits 5.15 Other types of deposits 6 See also 7 References 8 Additional sources Uranium ( edit ) Main article : Uranium Uranium is a silvery - gray metallic weakly radioactive chemical element . It has the chemical symbol U and atomic number 92 . The most common isotopes in natural uranium are U ( 99.27 % ) and U ( 0.72 % ) . All uranium isotopes present in natural uranium are radioactive and fissionable , and U is fissile ( will support a neutron - mediated chain reaction ) . Uranium , thorium , and potassium are the main elements contributing to natural terrestrial radioactivity . Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the naturally occurring elements and is approximately 70 % denser than lead , but not as dense as tungsten , gold , platinum , iridium , or osmium . It is always found combined with other elements . Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron , it is only naturally formed in supernova explosions . Uranium minerals ( edit ) Uraninite , also known as pitchblende Autunite , a secondary uranium mineral named after the town of Autun in France Torbernite , an important secondary uranium mineral The primary uranium ore mineral is uraninite ( UO ) ( previously known as pitchblende ) . A range of other uranium minerals can be found in various deposits . These include carnotite , tyuyamunite , torbernite and autunite . The davidite - brannerite - absite type uranium titanates , and the euxenite - fergusonite - samarskite group are other uranium minerals . A large variety of secondary uranium minerals are known , many of which are brilliantly coloured and fluorescent . The most common are gummite , autunite ( with calcium ) , saleeite ( magnesium ) and torbernite ( with copper ) ; and hydrated uranium silicates such as coffinite , uranophane ( with calcium ) and sklodowskite ( magnesium ) . Uranium Minerals Primary uranium minerals Name Chemical Formula uraninite or pitchblende UO coffinite U ( SiO ) ( OH ) brannerite UTi O davidite ( REE ) ( Y , U ) ( Ti , Fe ) O thucholite Uranium - bearing pyrobitumen Secondary uranium minerals Name Chemical Formula autunite Ca ( UO ) ( PO ) x 8 - 12 H O carnotite K ( UO ) ( VO ) x 1 -- 3 H O gummite gum like amorphous mixture of various uranium minerals saleeite Mg ( UO ) ( PO ) x 10 H O torbernite Cu ( UO ) ( PO ) x 12 H O tyuyamunite Ca ( UO ) ( VO ) x 5 - 8 H O uranocircite Ba ( UO ) ( PO ) x 8 - 10 H O uranophane Ca ( UO ) ( HSiO ) x 5 H O zeunerite Cu ( UO ) ( AsO ) x 8 - 10 H O Ore genesis ( edit ) There are several themes of uranium ore deposit formation , which are caused by geological and chemical features of rocks and the element uranium . The basic themes of uranium ore genesis are host mineralogy , reduction - oxidation potential , and porosity . Uranium is a highly soluble , as well as a radioactive , heavy metal . It can be easily dissolved , transported and precipitated within ground waters by subtle changes in oxidation conditions . Uranium also does not usually form very insoluble mineral species , which is a further factor in the wide variety of geological conditions and places in which uranium mineralization may accumulate . Uranium is an incompatible element within magmas , and as such it tends to become accumulated within highly fractionated and evolved granite melts , particularly alkaline examples . These melts tend to become highly enriched in uranium , thorium and potassium , and may in turn create internal pegmatites or hydrothermal systems into which uranium may dissolve . Classification schemes ( edit ) IAEA classification ( 1996 ) ( edit ) The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) assigns uranium deposits to 15 main categories of deposit types , according to their geological setting and genesis of mineralization , arranged according to their approximate economic significance . Unconformity - related deposits Sandstone deposits Quartz - pebble conglomerate deposits Breccia complex deposits Vein deposits Intrusive deposits ( Alaskites ) Phosphorite deposits Collapse breccia pipe deposits Volcanic deposits Surficial deposits Metasomatite deposits Metamorphic deposits Lignite Black shale deposits Other types of deposits Alternate scheme ( edit ) The IAEA classification scheme works well , but is far from ideal , as it does not consider that similar processes may form many deposit types , yet in a different geological setting . The following table groups the above deposit types based on their environment of deposition . Uranium Deposit Classification Uranium Transport / Precipitation Conditions Deposit Type Surface Processes / synsedimentary Surficial deposits Quartz - pebble conglomerate deposits Phosphorite deposits Lignite Black shales Diagenetic Sandstone deposits Diagenetic -- Hydrothermal ? Unconformity - related deposits Vein deposits Collapse breccia pipe deposits Magmatic -- Hydrothermal ? Breccia complex deposits Volcanic deposits Metasomatite deposits Vein deposits Intrusive deposits Metamorphic -- Hydrothermal ? Metamorphic deposits Deposit types ( IAEA classification ) ( edit ) Unconformity - related deposits ( edit ) Ranger 3 open pit , Northern Territory , Australia : Uranium mineralised Cahill Formation as visible in the pit is unconformably overlain by Kombolgie sandstone forming the mountains in the background Unconformity - type uranium deposits host high grades relative to other uranium deposits and include some of the largest and richest deposits known . They occur in close proximity to major unconformities between relatively quartz - rich sandstones comprising the basal portion of relatively undeformed sedimentary basins and deformed metamorphic basement rocks . These sedimentary basins are typically of Proterozoic age , however some Phanerozoic examples exist . Phanerozoic unconformity - related deposits occur in Proterozoic metasediments below an unconformity at the base of overlying Phanerozoic sandstone . These deposits are small and low - grade ( Bertholene and Aveyron deposits , in France ) . The two most significant areas for this style of deposit are currently the Athabasca Basin in Saskatchewan , Canada , and the McArthur Basin in the Northern Territory , Australia . Athabasca Basin ( edit ) Main article : Athabasca Basin The highest grade uranium deposits are found in the Athabasca Basin in Canada , including the two largest high grade uranium deposits in the world , Cigar Lake with 217 million pounds ( 99,000 t ) U O at an average grade of 18 % and McArthur River with 324 million pounds ( 147,000 t ) U O at an average grade of 17 % . These deposits occur below , across and immediately above the unconformity . Additionally , another high grade discovery is in the development stage at Patterson Lake ( Triple R deposit ) with an estimated mineral resource identified as ; `` Indicated Mineral Resources '' estimated to total 2,291,000 tons at an average grade of 1.58 % U3O8 containing 79,610,000 pounds of U3O8 . `` Inferred Mineral Resources '' are estimated to total 901,000 tons at an average grade of 1.30 % U3O8 containing 25,884,000 pounds of U3O8 . http://www.fissionuranium.com/_resources/reports/RPA_Fission_U_Patterson_Lake_South_Technical_Report_FINAL_Feb_2015.pdf McArthur Basin ( edit ) Main article : McArthur Basin The deposits of the McArthur River basin in the East Alligator Rivers region of the Northern Territory of Australia ( including Jabiluka , Ranger , and Nabarlek ) are below the unconformity and are at the low - grade end of the unconformity deposit range but are still high grade compared to most uranium deposit types . There has been very little exploration in Australia to locate deeply concealed deposits lying above the unconformity similar to those in Canada . It is possible that very high grade deposits occur in the sandstones above the unconformity in the Alligator Rivers / Arnhem Land area . Sandstone deposits ( edit ) A uranium mine , near Moab , Utah . Note alternating red and white / green sandstone . This corresponds to oxidized and reduced conditions in groundwater redox chemistry . The rock forms in oxidizing conditions , and is then `` bleached '' to the white / green state when a reducing fluid passes through the rock . The reduced fluid can also carry uranium - bearing minerals . Sandstone deposits are contained within medium to coarse - grained sandstones deposited in a continental fluvial or marginal marine sedimentary environment . Impermeable shale or mudstone units are interbedded in the sedimentary sequence and often occur immediately above and below the mineralised horizon . Uranium is mobile under oxidising conditions and precipitates under reducing conditions , and thus the presence of a reducing environment is essential for the formation of uranium deposits in sandstone . Primary mineralization consists of pitchblende and coffinite , with weathering producing secondary mineralization . Sandstone deposits constitute about 18 % of world uranium resources . Orebodies of this type are commonly low to medium grade ( 0.05 -- 0.4 % U O ) and individual orebodies are small to medium in size ( ranging up to a maximum of 50,000 t U O ) . Sandstone hosted uranium deposits are widespread globally and span a broad range of host rock ages . Some of the major provinces and production centers include : the Wyoming basins the Grants District of New Mexico deposits in Central Europe and Kazakhstan Significant potential remains in most of these centers as well as in Australia , Mongolia , South America , and Africa . This model type can be further subdivided into the following sub-types : tabular roll front basal channel structurally related Many deposits represent combinations of these types . Tabular ( edit ) Tabular deposits consist of irregular tabular or elongate lenticular zones of uranium mineralisation within selectively reduced sediments . The mineralised zones are oriented parallel to the direction of groundwater flow , but on a small scale the ore zones may cut across sedimentary features of the host sandstone . Deposits of this nature commonly occur within palaeochannels cut in the underlying basement rocks . Tabular sandstone uranium deposits contains many of the highest grades of the sandstone class , however the average deposit size is very small . Roll front ( edit ) Structures interpreted as Palaeo - rollfronts in South Australia Roll - front uranium deposits are generally hosted within permeable and porous sandstones or conglomerates . The mechanism for deposit formation is dissolution of uranium from the formation or nearby strata and the transport of this soluble uranium into the host unit . When the fluids change redox state , generally in contact with carbon - rich organic matter , uranium precipitates to form a ' front ' . The Rollfront subtype deposits typically represent the largest of the sandstone - hosted uranium deposits and one of the largest uranium deposit types with an average of 21 million lb ( 9,500 t ) U O. Included in this class are the Inkai deposit in Kazakhstan and the Smith Ranch deposit in Wyoming . Probably more significant than their larger size , rollfront deposits have the advantage of being amenable to low cost in - situ leach recovery . Typical characteristics : roll - front deposits are crescent - shaped bodies that transect the host lithology typically the convex side points down the hydraulic gradient . the limbs or tails tend to be peneconcordant with the lithology . most ore - bodies consist of several interconnected rolls . individual roll - front deposits are quite small but collectively can extend for considerable distances . Basal channel ( palaeochannel ) ( edit ) Basal channel deposits are often grouped with tabular or rollfront deposits , depending on their unique characteristics . The model for formation of palaeochannel deposits is similar to that for roll - front deposits , above , except that the source of uranium may be in the watershed leading into a stream , or the bed load of the palaeochannel itself . This uranium is transported through the groundwaters and is deposited either at a reduced boundary , or in ephemeral drainage systems such as those in deserts of Namibia and Australia , it is deposited in calcretised evaporation sites or even in saline lakes as the ground water evaporates . Some particularly rich uranium deposits are formed in palaeochannels which are filled in the lower parts by lignite or brown coal , which acts as a particularly efficient reductive trap for uranium . Sometimes , elements such as scandium , gold and silver may be concentrated within these lignite - hosted uranium deposits . The Frome Embayment in South Australia hosts several deposits of this type including Honeymoon , Oban , Beverley and ( Four - Mile ) ( which is the largest deposit of this class ) . These deposits are hosted in palaeochannels filled with Cainozoic sediments and sourced their uranium from uranium - rich Palaeo - to Mesoproterozoic rocks of the Mount Painter Inlier and the Olary Domain of the Curnamona Province . Structurally related ( edit ) Westmoreland uranium deposit , Queensland , Australia : most of the orebodies ( position of two of them marked ) are hosted along the Redtree dolerite dyke ( broken line ) within the Paleoproterozoic Westmoreland conglomerate Tectonic - lithologic controlled uranium deposits occur in sandstones adjacent to a permeable fault zone which cuts the sandstone / mudstone sequence . Mineralisation forms tongue - shaped ore zones along the permeable sandstone layers adjacent to the fault . Often there are a number of mineralised zones ' stacked ' vertically on top of each other within sandstone units adjacent to the fault zone . Quartz - pebble conglomerate deposits ( edit ) Quartz pebble conglomerate hosted uranium deposits are of historical significance as the major source of primary production for several decades after World War 2 . This type of deposit has been identified in eight localities around the world , however the most significant deposits are in the Huronian Supergroup in Ontario , Canada and in the Witwatersrand Supergroup of South Africa . These deposits make up approximately 13 % of the world 's uranium resources . Two main sub-types have been identified : Elliot Lake Witwatersrand Quartz pebble conglomerate hosted uranium deposits formed from the transport and deposition of uraninite in a fluvial sedimentary environment and are defined as stratiform and stratabound paleoplacer deposits . Host rocks are typically submature to supermature , polymictic conglomerates and sandstones deposited in alluvial fan and braided stream environments . The host conglomerates of the Huronian deposits in Canada are situated at the base of the sequence , whereas the mineralized horizons in the Witwatersand are arguably along tectonized intraformational unconformities . Uranium minerals were derived from uraniferous pegmatites in the sediment source areas . These deposits are restricted to the Archean and early Paleoproterozoic and do not occur in sediments younger than about 2200 million years when oxygen levels in the atmosphere reached a critical level , making simple uranium oxides no longer stable in near - surface environments . Quartz pebble conglomerate uranium deposits are typically low grade but characterized by high tonnages . The Huronian deposits in Canada generally contain higher grades ( 0.15 % U O ) and greater resources ( as shown by the Denison and Quirke mines ) , however some of the South African gold deposits also contain sizeable low grade ( 0.01 % U O ) uranium resources . Witwatersrand subtype ( edit ) In the Witwatersrand deposits ores are found along unconformities , shale and siltstone beds , and carbonaceous seams . The West Rand Group of sediments tend to host the most uranium within the Witwatersrand Supergroup . The uranium rich Dominion Reef is located at the base of the West Rand Supergroup . The Vaal Reef is the most uranium rich reef of the Central Rand Group of sediments . Structural controls on the regional scale are normal faults while on the deposit scale are bedding parallel shears and thrusts . Textural evidence indicates that the uranium and gold have been remobilized to their current sites ; however the debate continues if the original deposition was detrital or was entirely hydrothermal , or alternatively related to high grade diagenesis . Uranium minerals in the Witwatersrand deposits are typically uraninite with lesser uranothorite , brannerite , and coffinite . The uranium is especially concentrated along thin carbonaceous seams or carbon leaders . Strong regional scale alteration consists of pyrophyllite , chloritoid , muscovite , chlorite , quartz , rutile , and pyrite . The main elements associated with the uranium are gold and silver . Gold contents are much higher than in the Elliot Lake type with U : Au ranging between 5 : 1 and 500 : 1 , which indicates that these gold - rich ores are essentially very low grade uranium deposits with gold . Elliot Lake subtype ( edit ) Sedimentological controls on the Huronian deposits of the Elliot Lake district appear to be much stronger than in the Witwatersrand deposits . Ores grade from uranium through thorium to titanium - rich with decreasing pebble size and increasing distance from their source . While evidence of post-diagenetic remobilization has been identified , these effects appear far subordinate to the sedimentological controls . Ore consists of uraninite with lesser brannerite and thucholite . These occur in thin beds exhibiting graded bedding reminiscent of placer sorting . Alteration is nonexistent to very weak at best and the weak chlorite and sericite are believed to be mainly post-ore effects . Other post-depositional alteration includes pyritization , silicification , and alteration of titanium minerals . The most prominent geochemical associations with the uranium are thorium and titanium . It should be noted that this schematic model represents the original depositional setting . The Huronian underwent mild post-depositional folding during the Penokean orogeny around 1.9 billion years . The main regional structure is the Quirke syncline along the margins of which the majority of the known deposits are situated . Due to this structural overprint ore bodies range from subhorizontal to steeply dipping . Breccia complex deposits ( IOCG - U ) ( edit ) See also : Iron oxide copper gold ore deposits Chalcopyrite - rich ore specimen from Olympic Dam : copper - rich sections of the deposits are usually also rich in uranium Uranium - rich breccia at Mount Gee , Mount Painter Inlier , South Australia Only one iron - ore - copper - gold ( IOCG ) deposit of this type is known to contain economically significant quantities of uranium . Olympic Dam in South Australia is the world 's largest resource of low - grade uranium and accounts for about 66 % of Australia 's reserves plus resources . Uranium occurs with copper , gold , silver , and rare earth elements ( REE ) in a large hematite - rich granite breccia complex in the Gawler Craton overlain by approximately 300 metres of flat - lying sedimentary rocks of the Stuart Shelf geological province . Another example for the Breccia type is the Mount Gee area in the Mount Painter Inlier , South Australia . Uranium mineralised quartz - hematite breccia is related to Palaeoproterozoic granites with uranium contents of up to 100 ppm . Hydrothermal processes at about 300 million years ago remobilised uranium from these granites and enriched them in the quartz - hematite breccias . The breccias in the area host a low grade resource of about 31,400 t U O at 615 ppm in average . Vein deposits ( edit ) Uranium ore ( pitchblende in dolomite ) from the vein - type deposit Niederschlema - Alberoda Polymetallic uranium ore , Marienberg , Erzgebirge Mts , Germany Vein deposits play a special role in the history of uranium : the term `` pitchblende '' ( `` Pechblende '' ) originates from German vein deposits when they were mined for silver in the 16th century . F.E. Brückmann made the first mineralogical description of the mineral in 1727 and the vein deposit Jachymov in the Czech Republic became the type locality for uraninite . In 1789 the German chemist M.H. Klaproth discovered the element of uranium in a sample of pitchblende from the Johanngeorgenstadt vein deposit . The first industrial production of uranium was made from the Jachymov deposit and Marie and Pierre Curie used the tailings of the mine for their discovery of polonium and radium . Vein deposits consist of uranium minerals filling in cavities such as cracks , veins , fractures , breccias , and stockworks associated with steeply dipping fault systems . There are three major subtypes of vein style uranium mineralisation : intragranitic veins ( Central Massif , France ) veins in metasedimentary rocks in exocontacts of granites quartz - carbonate uranium veins ( Erzgebirge Mts , Germany / Czech Republic ; Bohemian Massif , Czech Republic ) uranium - polymetal veins ( Erzgebirge Mts , Germany / Czech Republic ; Saskatchewan , Canada ) mineralised fault and shear zones ( central Africa ; Bohemian Massif , Czech Republic ) Intragranitic veins form in the late phase of magmatic activity when hot fluids derived from the magma precipitate uranium on cracks within the newly formed granite . Such mineralisation contributed much to the uranium production of France . Veins hosted by metasedimentary units in the exocontact of granites are the most important sources of uranium mineralisation in central Europe including the world class deposits Schneeberg - Schlema - Alberoda in Germany ( 96,000 t uranium content ) as well as Pribram ( 50,000 t uranium content ) and Jachymov ( ~ 10,000 t uranium content ) in the Czech Republic . Also they are closely related to the granites , the mineralization is much younger with a time gap between granite formation and mineralisation of 20 million years . The initial uranium mineralisation consists of quartz , carbonate , fluorite and pitchblende . Remobilsation of uranium occurred at later stages producing polymetal veins containing silver , cobalt , nickel , arsenic and other elements . Large deposits of this type can contain more than 1,000 individual mineralized veins . However , only 5 to 12 % of the vein areas carry mineralization and although massive lenses of pitchblende can occur , the overall ore grade is only about 0.1 % uranium . The Bohemian Massif also contains shear zone hosted uranium deposits with the most important one being Rozna - Olsi in Moravia northwest of Brno . Rozna is currently the only operating uranium mine in central Europe with a total uranium content of 23,000 t and an average grade of 0.24 % . The formation of this mineralisation occurred in several stages . After the Variscan Orogeny , extension took place and hydrothermal fluids overprinted fine grained materials in shear zones with a sulphide - chlorite alteration . Fluids from the overlying sediments entered the basement mobilising uranium and while uprising on the shear zone , the chlorite - pyrite material caused precipitation of uranium minerals in form of coffinite , pitchblende and U-Zr - silicates . This initial mineralisation event took place at about 277 million to 264 million years . During the Triassic a further mineralisation event took place relocating uranium into quartz - carbonate - uranium veins . Another example of this mineralisation style is the Shinkolobwe deposit in Congo , Africa , containing about 30,000 t of uranium . Intrusive associated deposits ( edit ) Intrusive deposits make up a large proportion of the world 's uranium resources . Included in this type are those associated with intrusive rocks including alaskite , granite , pegmatite and monzonites . Major world deposits include Rossing ( Namibia ) , Ilimaussaq intrusive complex ( Greenland ) and Palabora ( South Africa ) . Phosphorite deposits ( edit ) Marine sedimentary phosphorite deposits can contain low grade concentrations of uranium , up to 0.01 -- 0.015 % U O , within fluorite or apatite . These deposits can have a significant tonnage . Very large phosphorite deposits occur in Florida and Idaho in the United States , Morocco , and some middle eastern countries . Collapse breccia pipe deposits ( edit ) Collapse breccia pipe deposits occur within vertical , circular solution collapse structures , formed by the dissolution of limestone by groundwater . Pipes are typically filled with down - dropped coarse fragments of limestone and overlying sediments and can be from 30 to 200 metres ( 100 to 660 ft ) wide and up to 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) deep . Primary ore minerals are uraninite and pitchblende , which occur as cavity fills and coatings on quartz grains within permeable sandstone breccias within the pipe . Resources within individual pipes can range up to 2500 tonnes U O at an average grade of between 0.3 and 1.0 % U O . The best known examples of this deposit type are in Arizona , USA , where several of these deposits have been mined . Volcanic deposits ( edit ) Volcanic deposits occur in felsic to intermediate volcanic to volcaniclastic rocks and associated caldera subsidence structures , comagmatic intrusions , ring dykes and diatremes . Mineralization occurs either as structurally controlled veins and breccias discordant to the stratigraphy and less commonly as stratabound mineralization either in extrusive rocks or permeable sedimentary facies . Mineralization may be primary , that is magmatic - related or as secondary mineralization due to leaching , remobilization and re-precipitation . The principal uranium mineral in volcanic deposits is pitchblende , which is usually associated with molybdenite and minor amounts of lead , tin and tungsten mineralization . Volcanic hosted uranium deposits occur in host rocks spanning the Precambrian to the Cenozoic but because of the shallow levels at which they form , preservation favors younger age deposits . Some of the more important deposits or districts are Streltsovskoye , Russia ; Dornod , Mongolia ; and McDermitt , Nevada . The average deposit size is rather small with grades of 0.02 % to 0.2 % U O. These deposits make up only a small proportion of the world 's uranium resources . The only volcanic hosted deposits currently being exploited are those of the Streltsovkoye district of eastern Siberia . This is in fact not a single stand - alone deposit , but 18 individual deposits occurring within the Streltsovsk caldera complex . Nevertheless , the average size of these deposits is far greater than the average volcanic type . Surficial deposits ( calcretes ) ( edit ) Surficial deposits are broadly defined as Tertiary to Recent near - surface uranium concentrations in sediments or soils . Mineralization in calcrete ( calcium and magnesium carbonates ) are the largest of the surficial deposits . They are interbedded with Tertiary sand and clay , which are usually cemented by calcium and magnesium carbonates . Surficial deposits also occur in peat bogs , karst caverns and soils . Surficial deposits account for approximately 4 % of world uranium resources . The Yeelirrie deposit is by far the world 's largest surficial deposit , averaging 0.15 % U O. Langer Heinrich in Namibia is another significant surficial deposit . Metasomatite deposits ( edit ) Metasomatite deposits consist of disseminated uranium minerals within structurally deformed rocks that have been affected by intense sodium metasomatism . Ore minerals are uraninite and brannerite . Th / U ratio in the ores is mostly less than 0.1 . Metasomatites are typically small in size and generally contain less than 1000 t U O. Giant ( up to 100 thousands t U ) U deposits in sodium metasomatites ( albitites ) are known in Central Ukraine and Brazil . Two subtypes are defined based on host lithologies : metasomatized granite ; ex . Ross Adams deposit in Alaska , United States , Novokostantynivka deposit in Kirovogradska oblast , Ukraine . metasomatised metasediment ; ex . Zhovta Richka and Pervomayske deposits in Dnipropetrovska oblast , Ukraine and Valhalla deposit in northwestern Queensland , Australia . Metamorphic deposits ( edit ) Abandoned open pit of Mary Kathleen uranium mine ; the orebody is a skarn mineralisation enriched in U , Cu , Th and REE Metamorphic deposits those that occur in metasediments or metavolcanic rocks where there is no direct evidence for mineralization post-dating metamorphism . These deposits were formed during regional metamorphism of uranium bearing or mineralized sediments or volcanic precursors . The most prominent deposits of this type are Mary Kathleen , Queensland , Australia , and Forstau , Austria . Lignite ( edit ) Lignite deposits ( soft brown coal ) can contain significant uranium mineralization . Mineralization can also be found in clay and sandstone immediately adjacent to lignite deposits . Uranium has been adsorbed onto carbonaceous matter and as a result no discrete uranium minerals have formed . Deposits of this type are known from the Serres Basin , in Greece , and in North and South Dakota in the USA . The uranium content in these deposits is very low , on average less than 0.005 % U O , and does not currently warrant commercial extraction . Black shale deposits ( edit ) Black shale mineralisations are large low - grade resources of uranium . They form in submarine environments under oxygen - free conditions . Organic matter in clay - rich sediments will not be converted to CO by biological processes in this environment and it can reduce and immobilise uranium dissolved in seawater . Average uranium grades of black shales are 50 to 250 ppm . The largest explored resource is Ranstad in Sweden containing 254,000 t of uranium . However , there are estimates for black shales in the USA and Brazil assuming a uranium content of over 1 million tonnes , but at grades below 100 ppm uranium . The Chattanooga Shale in the southeastern USA for example is estimated to contain 4 to 5 million tonnes at an average grade of 54 ppm . Because of their low grades , no black shale deposit ever produced significant amounts of uranium with one exception : the Ronneburg deposit in eastern Thuringia , Germany . The Ordovician and Silurian black shales at Ronneburg have a background uranium content of 40 to 60 ppm . However , hydrothermal and supergene processes caused remobilsation and enrichment of the uranium . The production between 1950 and 1990 was about 100,000 t of uranium at average grades of 700 to 1,000 ppm . Measured and inferred resources containing 87,000 t uranium at grades between 200 and 900 ppm are left . Other types of deposits ( edit ) There are also uranium deposits , of other types , in the Jurassic Todilto Limestone in the Grants District , New Mexico , USA . The Freital / Dresden - Gittersee deposit in eastern Germany produced about 3.700 t of uranium from Permian hard coal and its host rocks . The average ore grade was 0.11 % . The deposit formed in a combination of syngenetic and diagenetic processes . In some countries like China trials are underway to extract uranium from fly ash . See also ( edit ) Mining portal Energy portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geology of Uranium . List of countries by uranium reserves Ore genesis Uranium List of uranium mines Uranium mining Uranium depletion Nuclear fuel cycle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cameco -- Uranium 101 '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cameco -- Uranium 101 , Where is uranium found ? '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Plant , J. , Simpson , P.R. , Smith , B. , and Windley , B.F. ( 1999 ) , `` Uranium Ore Deposits : Products of the Radioactive Earth '' , in Burns , P.C. , and Finch , R. , Reviews in Mineralogy , Volume 38 : Uranium : Mineralogy , Geochemistry and the Environment. , Washington D.C. , U.S.A. : Mineralogical Society of America , pp. 255 -- 320 , ISBN 0 - 939950 - 50 - 2 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Uranium '' . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` WorldBook@NASA : Supernova '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Klein , Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut , Jr. , Manual of Mineralogy , Wiley , 1985 , 20th ed . pp. 307 -- 308 ISBN 0 - 471 - 80580 - 7 Jump up ^ Merkel , B. , und Sperling , B. ( 1998 ) , Schriften 117 : Hydrogeochemische Soffsysteme Teil II , DVWK , ISSN 0170 - 8147 Missing or empty title = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mineralogy Database '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lally , J. & Bajwah , Z. ( 2006 ) , Report 20 : Uranium Deposits of the NT. , Northern Territory Geological Survey , ISBN 0 - 7245 - 7107 - 8 Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : McKay , A.D. & Meiitis , Y. ( 2001 ) , Australia 's uranium resources , geology and development of deposits . ( PDF ) , AGSO - Geoscience Australia , Mineral Resources Report 1 , ISBN 0 - 642 - 46716 - 1 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2012 , retrieved February 12 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Geology of Uranium Deposits - World Nuclear Association '' . world-nuclear.org . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , G. , Butt , C. , and Gray , D. ( 2003 ) . `` Mulga Rock Uranium and Multielement Deposits , Officer Basin , WA '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Page not found '' . www.allianceresources.com.au . Archived from the original on 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AGM Presentation by MD Mr Patrick Mutz '' . allianceresources.com.au . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/default.aspx?id=24098&terms=four-mile#4mile Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Tilsley , J.E. ( 1988 ) , `` Genetic Considerations Relating to Some Uranium Ore Deposits '' , in Roberts , R.G. , and Sheahan , P.A. , Ore Deposit Models , Volume 1 , Ottawa , Canada : Geological Association of Canada , pp. 91 -- 102 , ISBN 0 - 919216 - 34 - X CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Marathon Resources Ltd -- Paralana Mineral System ( Mt Gee ) '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Veselovsky , F. , Ondrus , P. , Gabsová , A. , Hlousek , J. , Vlasimsky , P. , Chernyshew , I.V. ( 2003 ) . `` Who was who in Jáchymov mineralogy II '' . Journal of the Czech Geological Society ( 3 - 4 ed . ) . 48 : 93 -- 205 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ruzicka , V. ( 1993 ) . `` Vein uranium deposits '' . Ore Geology Reviews . 8 : 247 -- 276 . doi : 10.1016 / 0169 - 1368 ( 93 ) 90019 - U . ^ Jump up to : various ... ( 1999 ) , Chronik der Wismut , Chemnitz : Wismut GmbH Jump up ^ Kribek , B. , Zák , K. , Dobes , P. , Leichmann , J. , Pudilová , M. , René , M. , Scharm , B. , Scharmova , M. , Hájek , A. , Holeczy , D. , Hein , U.F. , Lehmann , B. ( 2009 ) . `` The Rožná uranium deposit ( Bohemian Massif , Czech Republic ) : shear zone - hosted , late Variscan and post-Variscan hydrothermal mineralization '' . Mineralium Deposita. 44 : 99 -- 128 . Bibcode : 2009MinDe ... 44 ... 99K . doi : 10.1007 / s00126 - 008 - 0188 - 0 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : unknown ( 2001 ) , Analysis of uranium supply to 2050 , Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency Jump up ^ http://www.mining-technology.com/projects/langer-heinrich/ Jump up ^ `` Out of the Ashes '' . Additional sources ( edit ) Dahlkamp , Franz ( 1993 ) . Uranium Ore Deposits . Berlin , Germany : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 3 - 540 - 53264 - 1 . Burns , P.C. , and Finch , R. , eds. ( 1999 ) , Reviews in Mineralogy , Volume 38 : Uranium : Mineralogy , Geochemistry and the Environment. , Washington D.C. , U.S.A. : Mineralogical Society of America , ISBN 0 - 939950 - 50 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) `` Geoscience Australia Uranium factsheet '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . `` Uranium Ore Deposits '' . WISE Uranium Project . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uranium_ore&oldid=854028069 '' Categories : Economic geology Ore deposits Uranium Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Pages with citations lacking titles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 13 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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what is the meaning of thriller by michael jackson

Thriller ( song )

thriller ( song )

`` Thriller '' is a song recorded by American singer Michael Jackson , composed by Rod Temperton , and produced by Quincy Jones . It is the seventh and final single released by Epic Records from his 1982 studio album of the same name . A 14 - minute video showing Jackson in a horror - themed performance premiered on November 14 , 1983 . It was first shown on MTV on December 2 , 1983 . The song was not released as a single until January 23 , 1984 .

`` Thriller '' has appeared on multiple greatest hits compilation albums from Jackson , including HIStory ( 1995 ) , Number Ones ( 2003 ) , The Essential Michael Jackson ( 2005 ) and Michael Jackson 's This Is It ( 2009 ) and was remixed for the Immortal album in 2011 . The song has a voice - over from actor Vincent Price . In the song , sound effects such as a creaking door , thunder , feet walking on wooden planks , winds and howling dogs can be heard , and the lyrics contain frightening themes and elements . `` Thriller '' received positive reviews from critics and became Jackson 's seventh top - ten single on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart from the album , while reaching the top of the charts in France and Belgium and the top ten in many other countries . `` Thriller '' was adapted by director John Landis into a highly successful music video , known independently as `` Michael Jackson 's Thriller '' . At fourteen minutes the video is substantially longer than the song , which ties together a narrative featuring Jackson and actress Ola Ray in a setting heavily inspired by horror films of the 1950s . In the video 's most iconic scene , Jackson leads other actors costumed as zombies in a choreographed dance routine . Though it garnered some criticism for its occult theme and violent imagery , the video was immediately popular and received high critical acclaim , being nominated for six MTV Video Music Awards in 1984 and winning three . In 2009 it was added to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress , the first music video ever selected . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Recording and production 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Concept 5.2 Reception 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions 8 Appearances in other media 9 Personnel 10 Charts and certifications 10.1 Charts 10.2 Sales and certifications 11 Track listing 12 Film adaptation 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background and composition ( edit ) `` Thriller '' was written by Rod Temperton , and produced by Quincy Jones . An inspiration was the Jacksons ' hit `` This Place Hotel '' . Early titles include `` Starlight '' , `` Starlight Sun '' and `` Give Me Some Starlight '' . The title was changed to ' Thriller ' after Michael told Temperton he wanted something that would appeal to kids . While still titled `` Starlight '' , the song 's hook lyrics were `` Give me some starlight ! Starlight sun ... '' , but after the song was changed to `` Thriller '' the hook was rewritten to `` ' Cause this is thriller ! Thriller night ... '' . Temperton commented , Originally , when I did my ' Thriller ' demo , I called it ' Starlight ' . Quincy said to me , `` You managed to come up with a title for the last album , see what you can do for this album . ' I said , `` Oh great , '' so I went back to the hotel , wrote two or three hundred titles , and came up with the title ' Midnight Man ' . The next morning , I woke up , and I just said this word ... Something in my head just said , this is the title . You could visualize it on the top of the Billboard charts . You could see the merchandising for this one word , how it jumped off the page as ' Thriller ' . While Temperton was writing `` Thriller '' he stated that he 'd `` always envisioned '' a `` talking section at the end '' on the song , but did not really know what `` to do with it '' , until deciding `` to have somebody , a famous voice , in the horror genre , to do this vocal . '' Jones ' then - wife , Peggy Lipton , who knew Vincent Price , suggested Price for the vocal part , which Price agreed to do . `` Thriller '' is considered a disco - funk song . Set in the key of C ♯ Modern Dorian , its instrumentation consists of synthesizer , guitar , trumpet , flugelhorn , saxophone , flute and trombone . The song has a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute . The lyrics and sound effects on `` Thriller '' pertain to frightful elements and themes . Recording and production ( edit ) Quincy Jones produced `` Thriller '' . `` Thriller '' , along with other songs from Thriller , was recorded by Jackson over the course of eight weeks , in 1982 . Jackson recorded the song at Westlake Recording Studios on Santa Monica Boulevard in Los Angeles , California . Bruce Swedien , the song 's engineer , said of the song being recorded , When we started ' Thriller ' , the first day at Westlake , we were all there and Quincy ( Jones , the producer ) walked in followed by me and Michael and Rod Temperton and some of the other people . Quincy turned to us and he said , ' OK guys , we 're here to save the recording industry . ' Now that 's a pretty big responsibility -- but he meant it . And that 's why those albums , and especially ' Thriller ' , sound so incredible . The basic thing is , everybody who was involved gave 150 percent ... Quincy 's like a director of a movie and I 'm like a director of photography , and it 's Quincy 's job to cast ( it ) . Quincy can find the people and he gives us the inspiration to do what we do . Swedien and Jones stated that Vincent Price recorded his introduction and voice - over rap for the song in two takes ; Jones , acknowledging that doing a voice - over for a song is `` difficult '' , praised Price and described his recording takes as being `` fabulous '' . Swedien said of Jackson recording the song , that , `` I tried all sorts of things with Michael -- for instance , he would sing the main vocal part and we 'd double it one time and then I 'd ask him to step away from the mic and do it a third time and that really changed the acoustics in the room so it gave Michael 's vocals a unique character ... We recorded some of those background vocals in the shower stall at Westlake . '' Throughout the song , sound effects such as a creaking door , thunder , feet walking on wooden planks , winds and howling dogs can be heard . Bruce Cannon , a sound effects editor for `` Thriller '' , said that , `` Things like the lightning may have come from old Hollywood movies -- we 'll never know which movies -- but the best sound - effects editors do go out in the desert and find a coyote , so I have a feeling that was a real howl . '' The backing track , especially the bassline , has certain similarities to the 1981 number - one R&B hit `` Give It to Me Baby '' by Rick James . The bass part was made from two modified Minimoogs playing in unison . Other instruments featured on the track are a LinnDrum drum machine , a Rhodes piano , a Roland Jupiter 8 synthesizer , an electric guitar , and a horn section consisting of a trumpet , a trombone and a flugelhorn . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Thriller '' is a contemporary critical favourite . Ashley Lasimone , of AOL 's Spinner.com , noted that it `` became a signature for Jackson '' and described `` the groove of its bassline , paired with Michael 's killer vocals and sleek moves '' as having `` produced a frighteningly great single . '' Jon Pareles of The New York Times noted that ' Billie Jean ' , ' Beat It ' , ' Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' ' and `` the movie in the song ' Thriller ' '' , were the songs , unlike the `` fluff '' `` P.Y.T. '' , that were `` the hits that made Thriller a world - beater ; along with Mr. Jackson 's stage and video presence , listeners must have identified with his willingness to admit terror . '' Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times described `` Thriller '' as `` adequately groovy '' with a `` funked - out beat '' and lyrics `` seemingly lifted from some little kid 's ' scary storybook ' '' . 50 Cent told NME that the song is the one he wished he 'd written : `` I had his poster on my wall . He had me moonwalkin ' around my bedroom . I 'd love to have written any Michael Jackson song , so maybe start with one of the greatest . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Prior to `` Thriller '' 's official release as a single , six other songs from the album had charted `` Thriller '' became Jackson 's seventh and final Billboard Hot 100 top - ten single from his Thriller album . In Billboard issue date February 11 , 1984 , the song entered the charts at number 20 on the Hot 100 . The song entered the top ten the following week at number eight . One week later , it reached number five , then the next week it rose to number four ; its peak position which it held for a second week . The song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on December 4 , 1989 , for sales of over one million physical units in the U.S. ( the requirement for gold and platinum singles was lowered after 1989 ) . It has sold a further 3.6 million copies in digital downloads as of October 2014 in the US . As of November 2016 , the song sold 4.024 million total copies in the US . For the issue date February 25 , 1984 , `` Thriller '' charted at number 19 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Chart . The following week , the song placed at number five . On March 10 , 1984 , it charted at number 3 , where it peaked . `` Thriller '' debuted on the UK Singles Chart on November 19 , 1983 , at number 24 , and the following week charted at number ten , where it peaked ; the song appeared on the chart for 52 weeks . Beginning on February 5 , 1984 , `` Thriller '' peaked on the French Singles Chart at number one and topped the chart for four consecutive weeks . `` Thriller '' also topped the Belgian VRT Top 30 Chart for two weeks in January 1984 . Following Jackson 's death , his music experienced a surge in popularity . In the week of Jackson 's death , `` Thriller '' was Jackson 's best - selling track in the US , with sales of 167,000 copies on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart . On July 11 , 2009 , `` Thriller '' charted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number two ( its peak ) , and the song remained in the charts ' top ten for three consecutive weeks . In the United Kingdom , the song charted at number 23 the week of Jackson 's death . The following week , the song reached its peak at number 12 on the UK Single Chart . On July 12 , 2009 , `` Thriller '' peaked at number two on the Italian Singles Chart and was later certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry . `` Thriller '' reached at number three on the Australian ARIA Chart and Swiss Singles Chart and topped the Spanish Singles Charts for one week . The song also placed within the top ten on the German Singles Chart , Norwegian Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart , at number nine , number seven and number eight respectively . `` Thriller '' also landed at number 25 on the Danish Singles Chart . In the third week of July `` Thriller '' peaked at number 11 in Finland . The song finished at # 78 for the year on Billboard Hot 100 of 1984 . In 2013 , the song re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 42 . Music video ( edit ) Main article : Michael Jackson 's Thriller ( music video ) In his 1988 book Moonwalk , Jackson expressed interest in having director John Landis direct the music video for `` Thriller '' . Having seen Landis ' previous work on the horror film An American Werewolf in London , Jackson envisioned the main character of his short film to undergo similar transitions parallel to those of the characters in Landis ' horror film . Hence , Landis was asked to direct the video seeing as Michael felt he would make the best fit towards properly conveying his personal concepts for the short feature film . Landis accepted Jackson 's invitation and production began soon thereafter , filming in various locations in New York and Los Angeles . Contrary to reports of $800,000 to $1 million production budgets , Landis stated that the music video was made for $500,000 . Within the same excerpt of Moonwalk , Jackson noted how he personally financed much of the short film for `` Thriller '' out of his own pocket . Due to all the technical details of production and the nature of the video , the budget nearly doubled in costs . John Branca -- Jackson 's attorney and advisor -- suggested creating a documentary outlining the process of creating the short film . The behind - the - scenes documentary was aimed towards seeking a third - party sponsor to finance the project and thus alleviate some of the costs of the doubled budget . The documentary was entitled , `` The Making of Thriller '' , and achieved significant sales among audiences . Jackson also said of making the music video , in an interview that aired on December 11 , 1999 , for MTV 's 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made : My idea was to make this short film with conversation ... I like having a beginning and a middle and an ending , which would follow a story . I 'm very much involved in complete making and creating of the piece . It has to be , you know , my soul . Usually , you know , it 's an interpretation of the music . ( ... ) It was a delicate thing to work on because I remember my original approach was , ' How do you make zombies and monsters dance without it being comical ? ' So I said , ' We have to do just the right kind of movement so it does n't become something that you laugh at . ' But it just has to take it to another level . So I got in a room with ( choreographer ) Michael Peters , and he and I together kind of imagined how these zombies move by making faces in the mirror . I used to come to rehearsal sometimes with monster makeup on , and I loved doing that . So he and I collaborated and we both choreographed the piece and I thought it should start like that kind of thing and go into this jazzy kind of step , you know . Kind of gruesome things like that , not too much ballet or whatever . The music video of the song also included on the video albums : Video Greatest Hits - HIStory , HIStory on Film , Volume II , Number Ones , on the bonus DVD of Thriller 25 and Michael Jackson 's Vision . Following the release of the music video , a 45 - minute documentary was released that provided candid glimpses behind the scenes of the music video 's production . Entitled Making Michael Jackson 's Thriller , it , like the music video , was shown heavily on MTV for a time and was the top - selling home - video release of all time at one point , with over nine million copies sold . MTV paid $250,000 for the exclusive rights to show the documentary ; Showtime paid $300,000 for pay - cable rights ; and Vestron Video reportedly paid $500,000 to market the cassette , in a profit participation agreement . Concept ( edit ) Set in the 1950s , Michael and his unnamed date ( Ola Ray ) run out of gas near a dark wooded area . They walk off into the forest , and Michael asks her if she would be `` his girl '' ; she accepts and he gives her a ring . He warns her , however , that he is `` different '' . A full moon appears , and Michael begins convulsing in agony , transforming into a werewolf . His date runs away in terror , but the werecat catches up to her , knocking her down and begins lunging at her with his claws . He also knocks down a tree . The scene then cuts to a modern - day movie theater where Michael and his date , along with a repulsed audience , are actually watching the scene unfold in a movie called Thriller . Michael 's date leaves the theater as Michael hands his popcorn to a stranger , catches up to her , and assures her that `` It 's only a movie '' . Some debate follows as to whether or not she was scared by the movie . They then walk down a foggy road as Michael teases her by singing the verses of `` Thriller '' . They pass a nearby graveyard , in which zombies begin to rise out of their caskets as Vincent Price performs his soliloquy . The zombies corner Michael and his date threateningly , and suddenly , Michael becomes a zombie himself . The zombies then break into an elaborate song and dance number , followed by the main chorus of `` Thriller '' ( during which Michael was reverted to human form ) , frightening his date to the point where she runs for cover . Michael ( turned back into a zombie ) and his fellow corpses then back the frightened girl into the corner of a nearby abandoned house . Michael then reaches for his date 's throat as she lets out a bloodcurdling scream , only to awake and realize it was all a dream . Michael then offers to take her home , and she happily obliges . As they walk out of the house , Michael turns around and looks at the camera , thus revealing his yellow werewolf eyes and fangs from the beginning of the video , as we hear Vincent Price 's haunting laugh , while Michael grins . Reception ( edit ) Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly commented on the music video , `` Every aspect of the 14 - minute horror musical , directed with creepy - comical zest by John Landis , is beyond iconic , from Michael 's red leather ensemble to the immortal ( no pun ) herky - jerky zombie dance and bwah - ha - ha Vincent Price narration . '' Though the video was met with widespread praise , it was also criticized for its content . In 1982 , the National Coalition on Television Violence ( NCTV ) classified more than half of 200 MTV music videos surveyed as `` too violent '' . Both `` Thriller '' and Jackson 's duet with Paul McCartney , `` Say , Say , Say '' made the list . The Los Angeles Times quoted Dr. Thomas Radecki , chairman of the NCTV , as saying , `` It 's not hard to imagine young viewers after seeing ' Thriller ' saying , ' Gee , if Michael Jackson can terrorize his girlfriend , why ca n't I do it too ? ' The music video was nominated for six awards at the 1984 MTV Video Music Awards , winning three out of six of the nominations . `` Thriller '' won Viewers Choice , Best Overall Performance and Best Choreography -- but lost Best Concept Video , Best Male Video and Video of the Year . The music video was listed as the `` Greatest Video '' on VH1 's `` VH1 : 100 Greatest Videos '' in 2001 . MTV listed the music video as being the `` Greatest Music Video Ever Made '' on their list , `` MTV : 100 Greatest Music Videos Ever Made '' in 1999 . In July 2011 , the music video was named one of `` The 30 All - TIME Best Music Videos '' by TIME magazine . Live performances ( edit ) Jackson performed `` Thriller '' on all three of his solo world concert tours . From the Dangerous Tour onwards , half the song was always performed by a masked backup dancer as Jackson prepared for his next song as part of a stage illusion . Despite Jackson performing multiple songs from his Thriller album , `` Thriller '' was not included on the Jacksons set list during their Victory Tour in 1984 , as Michael Jackson was not satisfied with the way the song sounded live . Jackson performed `` Thriller '' during his first world tour as a solo artist , the Bad world tour , lasting sixteen months , from 1987 to 1989 , for a total of 123 shows . During the Bad tour , in both legs , the jacket had flashing lights in the middle of the song and at the end . An impersonator was only used for the introduction of the song ; a masked dancer emerges from the costume tent at the side of the stage , and goes back in hiding while Jackson himself , also masked at first , swings down from a rope on the other side of the stage before taking off his mask . `` Thriller '' was also performed during Jackson 's second world tour , the Dangerous Tour , where stage illusions were used to transition between `` Thriller '' and `` Billie Jean '' . In the middle of `` Thriller '' , Jackson secretly switched places with a masked backup dancer who finishes the song appearing as Jackson prepares for Billie Jean . When the song ends , Jackson appears fully dressed on the upper floor as `` Billie Jean '' begins . In the third leg of the Dangerous Tour , there was no upper floor but the masked dancer still performed the latter half of the song . Jackson performed `` Thriller '' for all of his 82 shows during his third , and final , world tour , the HIStory World Tour . Once again , a masked dancer posing as Jackson was used as a stage illusion , this time to the transition between `` Thriller '' and `` Beat It '' . As with the Dangerous tour , Jackson switches with the background dancer in the middle of the song . At the end of Thriller , the masked dancer is taken by the zombie dancers into a coffin where it appears he is impaled with spikes and burned . Jackson would appear at the side of the stage in a cherry - picker , starting off `` Beat It '' . Jackson had planned to perform `` Thriller '' during his 50 - show concert series , which would have been his fourth concert tour , entitled This Is It from 2009 to 2010 . For Jackson 's performance of the song , he had planned for the stage that he was to perform on to be set up with a background that looked like a `` graveyard '' ( which was a brief setting in the music video ) with 3 - D effects . Jackson would emerge from a giant black widow spider . According to a setlist that was released in March 2009 , `` Thriller '' was to close out the 16 - song show , although the film Michael Jackson 's This Is It , which documents the concert series , lists 18 songs and `` Man in the Mirror '' as the closing song for the planned shows . Live versions of the song are available on the DVDs Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 and Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour . Cover versions ( edit ) 1980s In 1984 , British comedian Lenny Henry recorded a spoof video of Thriller , titled `` Thinner '' . In 1989 , American composer Henry Mancini and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra recorded an orchestral version of the song . 2000s In 2000 , British death metal band Ten Masked Men covered the song on their album Return of the Ten Masked Men . In 2001 , American - born Australian singer Joe Dolce covered the song on a compilation album , Andrew Denton 's Musical Challenge . In 2003 , British rock band Aereogramme recorded `` Thriller '' for their Livers & Lungs EP . In 2003 , German a cappella group Maybebop covered the song for their album Heiße Luft . In 2004 , British electronic music group the Prodigy sampled `` Thriller '' on their The Way It Is . In 2007 , Ian Brown covered `` Thriller '' . Amos Barshad and Nick Catucci , of NYMag.com , commented that `` before you dismiss '' the song , if you `` give it a listen '' , Brown 's `` louche , drugged - out reinvention is actually pretty great . '' In 2008 , German group Wise Guys recorded an a cappella version of the song as `` Schiller '' for their tenth album Frei ! . The stage choreography based on Michael Jackson 's music video and member Ferenc also recites a part of Friedrich Schiller 's Die Bürgschaft . In 2008 , `` Thriller '' was also covered by Ben Gibbard , lead singer of Death Cab for Cutie and the Postal Service . In 2008 , industrial metal band Gothminister covered Jackson 's song for their album Happiness in Darkness . In October 2009 , Imogen Heap covered `` Thriller '' for BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge . 2010s In 2010 , Italian gothic metal band the LoveCrave released a cover of `` Thriller '' on their album Soul Saliva . In 2011 , Patrick Stump covered the song in an a cappella mash - up tribute along with several other Michael Jackson songs over pre-recorded backing vocals . In 2012 , Italian jazz trumpeter Enrico Rava released a version on his tribute album Rava on the Dance Floor . In 2012 , Kidz Bop released a cover on the album KIDZ BOP Halloween Hits ! . In 2013 , Jiordan Tolli covered an stripped - down slower version of song for fifth season of The X Factor Australia during week two . The cover was released as a single on September 3 , 2013 . Tolli 's performance of `` Thriller '' debuted at number 63 on the ARIA Singles Chart . In 2014 and 2015 , Demi Lovato covered the song on her Demi World Tour . This version included a remixed dancing at the end , which Lovato would dance to with fellow background dancers . In 2017 , Scandroid covered the song on the album Monochrome . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) Michael Jackson 's Thriller music video , particularly the songs dance routine in the video , have been referenced in television series and films including Donga ( 1985 ) , Coming to America ( 1988 ) , The Malibu Beach Vampires ( 1991 ) , South Park ( 1997 ) , Dead & Breakfast ( 2004 ) , 13 Going on 30 ( 2004 ) , Bo ! in the USA ( 2006 ) , Jelly Jamm ( 2007 ) , and Furby ( 2011 ) . The song is also used on Party City ads during Halloween . The Chemical Brothers said in a January 2002 interview that if their song `` My Elastic Eye '' is played on large speakers , the bass would resemble `` Thriller '' . In 2008 , a remake of the `` Thriller '' music video was directed by Corey Grant as a tribute for the 25th anniversary of the original music video in 1983 , featuring the Step Up stars Adam G. Sevani and Alyson Stoner . In 2011 , the cast of American musical TV series Glee ( Naya Rivera , Kevin McHale and Cory Monteith with New Directions ) performed `` Thriller '' as a mash up with `` Heads Will Roll '' by Yeah Yeah Yeahs in episode `` The Sue Sylvester Shuffle '' . Pop singer Britney Spears made a reference to `` Thriller '' in her music video for `` I Wanna Go '' ( 2011 ) . In the ending of her video actor Guillermo Díaz leads Spears out of the room . He then turns to the camera with glowing red eyes and his laugh is heard , similar to Vincent Price . The song was featured in a San Diego Comic - Con promo for the 2nd season of the Netflix series Stranger Things . Personnel ( edit ) Written and composed by Rod Temperton Produced by Quincy Jones Michael Jackson : lead and background vocals , drum machine Featuring : Narration by Vincent Price ( Not featured on original edited single version ) Rod Temperton and Brian Banks : synthesizers Brian Banks : synthesizer Greg Phillinganes : synthesizers , electric piano , Minimoog synth - bass Anthony Marinelli : synthesizer programming David Williams : guitar Jerry Hey , Gary Grant : trumpets , flugelhorns Larry Williams : saxophone , flute Bill Reichenbach : trombone Vocal , rhythm and synthesizer arrangement by Rod Temperton Horn arrangement by Jerry Hey Effects by Bruce Cannon and Bruce Swedien Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 -- 84 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgian VRT Top 30 Canadian RPM Top Singles France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Spain ( AFYVE ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Black Singles US Billboard Adult Contemporary 24 Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 35 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 34 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 20 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 57 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 55 Norway ( VG - lista ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 53 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 35 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 30 Back Catalogue Singles Wallonia ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 25 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 16 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) Japan Singles Top 100 ( Oricon ) 41 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 12 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 68 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 68 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 143 Ireland ( IRMA ) 30 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 49 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 159 US Billboard Hot 100 42 Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 152 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 38 US Billboard Hot 100 35 Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 145 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 48 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 61 US Billboard Hot 100 45 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 164 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 46 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 32 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 34 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 6 × Platinum 360,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 975,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum ( physical ) 1,000,000 Gold ( digital ) 3,600,000 Gold ( MT ) 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single ' `` Thriller '' ( edit ) -- 3 : 42 `` Things I Do for You '' ( live ) -- 3 : 31 12 '' single `` Thriller '' -- 5 : 57 `` Thriller '' ( instrumental ) -- 5 : 57 12 '' maxi `` Thriller '' -- 5 : 57 `` Thriller '' ( remixed short version ) -- 4 : 05 `` Things I Do for You '' ( live ) -- 3 : 31 Mini CD single `` Thriller '' - 4 : 08 `` Human Nature '' - 3 : 47 CD single `` Thriller '' ( remixed short version ) -- 4 : 08 `` Ca n't Get Outta the Rain '' -- 4 : 09 DualDisc single CD side `` Thriller '' ( remixed short version ) -- 4 : 09 `` Thriller '' ( album version ) -- 5 : 58 DVD side Michael Jackson 's Thriller -- 13 : 40 Digital Download `` Thriller ( Steve Aoki Midnight Hour Remix ) '' -- 5 : 02 Film adaptation ( edit ) In October 2010 , it was found that GK Films plans to produce a horror film inspired by the song , directed by Kenny Ortega and produced with Ivan Reitman . As of February 2016 , there has been no further news . See also ( edit ) Michael Jackson portal List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States List of most expensive music videos `` Michael Jackson 's Thriller '' Thriller ( viral video ) Thrill the World References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eagan , Daniel ( 24 November 2011 ) . America 's Film Legacy , 2009 - 2010 : A Viewer 's Guide to the 50 Landmark Movies Added To The National Film Registry in 2009 - 10 . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 9328 - 5 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Richin , Leslie ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` On This Day In 1983 , Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' Premiered On MTV '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Kevin Day ; Todd Martens ( February 18 , 2008 ) . `` 25 ' Thriller ' facts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Lyle ( November 25 , 2007 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's monster smash '' . Telegraph.co.uk . 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Billboard.com . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : Thriller '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Download Single Top 50 -- 04 / 07 / 2009 '' . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs '' ( Week Of : November 16 , 2013 ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs '' ( Week Of : November 15 , 2014 ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs '' ( Week Of : November 21 , 2015 ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select MICHAEL JACKSON and click OK Jump up ^ `` Les Singles de Platine : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Type Michael Jackson in the box under the ARTISTA column heading . Jump up ^ `` Certificados Musicales Amprofon '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2009 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Thriller in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Gold and Platinum Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson -- Thriller ( Chanson ) '' . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson - Thriller / Human Nature '' . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike . `` Michael Jackson Song ' Thriller ' In Center Of Pic Auction '' . Deadline . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's Thriller to become a feature - length movie '' . Digital Trends . 2010 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Bibliography Brooks , Darren ( 2002 ) . Michael Jackson : An Exceptional Journey . Chrome Dreams . ISBN 1 - 84240 - 178 - 5 . George , Nelson ( 2004 ) . Michael Jackson : The Ultimate Collection booklet . Sony BMG . Grant , Adrian ( 2009 ) . Michael Jackson : The Visual Documentary . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84938 - 261 - 8 . Jones , Jel ( 2005 ) . Michael Jackson , the King of Pop : The Big Picture : the Music ! the Man ! the Legend ! the Interviews ! . Amber Books Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9749779 - 0 - X . Taraborrelli , J. Randy ( 2004 ) . The Magic and the Madness . Terra Alta , WV : Headline . ISBN 0 - 330 - 42005 - 4 . Halstead , Craig ( 2003 ) . Michael Jackson The Solo Years . On - Line Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7552 - 0091 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Michael Jackson - Thriller on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Michael Jackson : Thriller Side one `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' Side two `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Related articles Quincy Jones Victory Tour Michael Jackson 's Thriller Thriller jacket Thriller 25 ( Limited Japanese Single Collection ) Thrill the World Thriller viral video Thriller -- Live John Landis Vincent Price Ola Ray Parodied in films Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki Donga Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Get on the Floor '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` I Ca n't Help It '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' `` Burn This Disco Out '' 1980s `` Someone in the Dark '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Ca n't Get Outta the Rain '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Baby Be Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` The Lady In My Life '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Todo Mi Amor Eres Tu '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` Why You Wanna Trip On Me '' `` In the Closet '' `` She Drives Me Wild '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Money '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` 2 Bad '' `` HIStory '' `` Little Susie '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Morphine '' `` Superfly Sister '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s `` Speechless '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Carousel '' `` Streetwalker '' `` Fly Away '' `` Unbreakable '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Invincible '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` Butterflies '' `` 2000 Watts '' `` You Are My Life '' `` Privacy '' `` Do n't Walk Away '' `` Cry '' `` The Lost Children '' `` Whatever Happens '' `` Threatened '' `` Shout '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Beautiful Girl '' `` We 've Had Enough '' `` Sunset Driver '' `` Scared of the Moon '' `` We Are Here to Change the World '' `` Monkey Business '' `` Fall Again '' `` In the Back '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` For All Time '' `` Got the Hots '' `` This Is It '' 2010s `` Breaking News '' `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` Keep Your Head Up '' `` Monster '' `` Best of Joy '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Much Too Soon '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` I 'm So Blue '' `` Song Groove ( aka Abortion Papers ) '' `` Free '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Al Capone '' `` Je Ne Veux Pas La Fin De Nous '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Do You Know Where Your Children Are '' `` Blue Gangsta '' `` Xscape '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Todo Para Ti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Save Me '' `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` The Man '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thriller_(song)&oldid=842674222 '' Categories : 1982 songs 1983 singles 1984 singles Songs written by Rod Temperton Michael Jackson songs Halloween songs Songs about films Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Epic Records singles CBS Records singles Columbia Records singles Compositions with a narrator SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Spain Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2013 Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 22 : 58 . 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which of the following is not a characteristic of windows server core

Server Core

server core

Server Core is a minimalistic Microsoft Windows Server installation option , debuted in Windows Server 2008 . Server Core provides a server environment with functionality scaled back to core server features , and because of limited features , it has reduced servicing and management requirements , attack surface , disk and memory usage . Andrew Mason , a program manager on the Windows Server team , noted that a primary motivation for producing a Server Core variant of Windows Server 2008 was to reduce the attack surface of the operating system , and that about 70 % of the security vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows from the prior five years would not have affected Server Core . Most notably , no Windows Explorer shell is installed . All configuration and maintenance is done entirely through command - line interface windows , or by connecting to the machine remotely using Microsoft Management Console ( MMC ) , remote server administration tools , and PowerShell .

Contents 1 Configuration levels 2 History 2.1 Windows Server 2008 2.2 Windows Server 2008 R2 2.3 Windows Server 2012 2.4 Windows Server 2012 R2 2.5 Windows Server 2016 3 Supported GUI programs 3.1 Windows Server 2016 3.1. 1 Some graphical programs supported in Core version 3.1. 2 Other working programs with GUI 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Configuration levels ( edit ) As Server Core implementations matured , it has evolved from an installation option to a configuration level . Server Core is less looked down as a stripped version , instead the full GUI version is being thought of having a rarely needed client layer on top of the server layer Configuration levels in order of increasing complexity for Windows server installations Install type Nano Server Server Core Minimal Server Interface Server with a GUI or `` Full Server '' Desktop Experience Availability Server 2016 Server 2008 -- Server 2012 -- 2012 R2 -- 2012 R2 Server 2008 -- In newer Windows versions there is more granularity in configuration levels : History ( edit ) Windows Server 2008 ( edit ) Further information : Windows Server 2008 § Server Core Windows Server 2008 was the first Windows Server with the Server Core option ( in all editions , except IA - 64 ) . Though no Windows Explorer shell is installed , Notepad and some control panel applets , such as Regional Settings , are available . Server Core on Windows Server 2008 does not include the . NET Framework , Internet Explorer , Windows PowerShell or many other features not related to core server features . A Server Core machine can be configured for several basic roles : Active Directory Domain Services , Active Directory Application Mode ( ADAM ) , DNS Server , DHCP server , file server , print server , Windows Media Server , IIS 7 web server and Hyper - V virtual server . Server Core can also be used to create a cluster with high availability using failover clustering or network load balancing . As Server Core is not a different version of Windows Server 2008 , but simply an installation option , it has the same file versions and default configurations as the full server version . In Windows Server 2008 and 2008 R2 , if a server was installed as Server Core , it can not be changed to the full GUI version and vice versa . To make administration of a Server Core machine easier , a Windows script called `` scregedit. wsf '' was included to make basic changes like turning Automatic Updates on or off , turning Remote Desktop on or off and change page file settings . Windows Server 2008 R2 ( edit ) In Windows Server 2008 R2 , Server Core includes a subset of the . NET Framework , so that some applications ( including ASP.NET web sites and Windows PowerShell 2.0 ) can be used . Having . NET support , it is also the first Server Core version where Microsoft SQL Server can be installed ( a supported scenario only with SQL Server 2012 + ) . Server Manager has become remoteable . New roles had been enabled to run on Server Core , including Active Directory Certificate Services and the File Server Resource Manager component of the File Services role . WoW64 is available by default , but can be disabled . In addition to the DISM command , a new command line Server Configuration tool ( Sconfig. cmd ) has arrived to configure and manage several common aspects of Server Core installations . Server Manager can be used to remotely administer a Server Core machine . Windows Server 2012 ( edit ) Unlike its predecessors , Windows Server 2012 can switch between `` Server Core '' and server with a DE installation option without reinstallation . Server Core is now the default configuration level . There is also a new installation option , `` minimal server interface '' that allows some GUI elements such as MMC and Server Manager to run , but without the normal desktop , shell or default programs like File Explorer . The `` minimal server interface '' is in fact a server role ( Server - Gui - Mgmt - Infra ) , the full GUI version contains the Server - Gui - Shell role as well . Some new roles are available , like Windows Server Update Services ( WSUS ) , Active Directory Rights Management Server , and Routing and Remote Access Server , and many new features as well . Windows Server 2012 R2 ( edit ) In Windows Server 2012 R2 , Windows Defender is available in a Server Core installation , and is installed and enabled by default . Windows Server 2016 ( edit ) Windows Server 2016 has a minimal footprint installation option ( smaller than Server Core ) called Nano Server , optimized for Windows Server Containers and Hyper - V Containers , as well as other cloud - optimized scenarios . Microsoft removed the GUI stack , WoW64 and Windows Installer . There is no local logon or Remote Desktop support . On installation , Server 2016 offers two options : Windows Server 2016 ( which is Server Core ) and Windows Server 2016 Desktop Experience . Switching between these versions , as is available in Server 2012 , is not supported ( the possibility was removed in Technical Preview 3 ) . Supported GUI programs ( edit ) Windows Server 2016 ( edit ) Some graphical programs supported in Core version ( edit ) Subset of Control Panel control. exe intl. cpl - Region control. exe timedate. cpl - Date and Time regedit. exe - Registry Editor notepad. exe - Notepad cmd. exe - Command prompt msinfo32. exe - System Information msiexec. exe - Windows Installer taskmgr. exe - Task Manager powershell. exe - Windows PowerShell subset of Explorer function - all what can be done from File - Open dialog like File Copy , Paste , Rename , Delete , make new Folder Disk properties including tools on dialog like Error check Other working programs with GUI ( edit ) adexplorer. exe - Sysinternals Active Directory Explorer procexp. exe - Sysinternal Process Explorer procmon. exe - Sysinternal Process Monitor tcpview. exe - Sysinternal TCPview vmmap. exe - Sysinternal VMMap rammap. exe - Sysinternal RamMap 1.50 portqueryui. exe - Microsoft PortQueryUI Version 1.0 ... and possibly many other See also ( edit ) MinWin References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Microsoft Developer Network : What Is Server Core ? ^ Jump up to : Petri IT Knowledgebase : Understanding Windows Server 2008 Server Core Jump up ^ `` Iain McDonald and Andrew Mason show off the new Windows Server OS '' . Channel 9 . Microsoft . May 24 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . 18 : 55 ^ Jump up to : WindowsITPro : Windows Server 2012 Installation Options ^ Jump up to : `` Our Server Journey '' . Channel 9 . Microsoft . Feb 4 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 10 . 29 : 20 . Jump up ^ TechNet : Desktop Experience Feature Jump up ^ `` About Windows Server Installation Options '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . This option is only available on Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 . Jump up ^ `` Installation Options for Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview '' . Microsoft . 2015 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . The `` Minimal Server Interface '' and `` Server with a GUI '' modes present in Windows Server 2012 R2 are not available in this release . Jump up ^ Windows IT Pro : Scregedit Streamlines Server Core Jump up ^ SQL Coffee : How to Install SQL Server 2012 on Windows Server Core Jump up ^ Network Worls : Server Core 2008 -- SQL Server not supported Jump up ^ 4SysOps : Uninstall Windows 32 - bit on Windows 64 - bit ( WoW64 ) on Windows Server 2008 R2 Server Core Jump up ^ TechNet : Configuring a Server Core installation of Windows Server 2008 R2 with Sconfig. cmd Jump up ^ Bisson , Simon ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Windows 8 Server Developer Preview '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ TechNet : Install Server Roles and Features on a Server Core Server Jump up ^ `` What 's Changed in Security Technologies in Windows 8.1 '' . Jump up ^ Windows Server Blog : Microsoft Announces Nano Server for Modern Apps and Cloud Jump up ^ Server & Cloud Blog : Microsoft Announces New Container Technologies for the Next Generation Cloud Archived 2015 - 04 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Windows Server Blog : Windows Server 2016 Installation Option Changes Further reading ( edit ) Mitch Tulloch , Windows Server Core Team at Microsoft ( 2008 ) . Windows Server 2008 Server Core Administrator 's Pocket Consultant . Microsoft Press . ISBN 9780735626263 John Paul Mueller ( 2008 ) . Administering Windows Server 2008 Server Core . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780470238400 External links ( edit ) Microsoft Developer Network : What Is Server Core ? Microsoft Developer Network : Server Core for Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows Server 2012 Michael Pietroforte : Nano Server -- Goodbye Windows Server ? hide Microsoft Windows components Management tools App Installer Command Prompt Control Panel Applets Device Manager Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Driver Verifier Event Viewer IExpress Management Console Netsh Performance Monitor Recovery Console Resource Monitor Settings Sysprep System Configuration System File Checker System Information System Policy Editor System Restore Task Manager Windows Error Reporting Windows Ink Windows Installer PowerShell Windows Update Windows Insider WinRE WMI Apps Alarms & Clock Calculator Calendar Camera Character Map Cortana Edge Fax and Scan Feedback Hub File Manager Get Help Groove Music Magnifier Mail Messaging Maps Media Player Movies & TV Mobility Center Money News Narrator Notepad OneDrive OneNote Paint Paint 3D People Phone Companion Photos Quick Assist Snipping Tool Speech Recognition Skype Sports Sticky Notes View 3D Store Tips Voice Recorder Wallet Weather Windows To Go Windows Story Remix WordPad Xbox Shell Action Center Aero AutoPlay AutoRun ClearType Explorer Search Indexing Service IFilter Saved search Namespace Special folder Start menu Taskbar Task View Windows Spotlight Windows XP visual styles Services Service Control Manager BITS CLFS Multimedia Class Scheduler Shadow Copy Task Scheduler Error Reporting Wireless Zero Configuration File systems CDFS DFS exFAT IFS FAT NTFS Hard link Junction point Mount Point Reparse point Symbolic link TxF EFS ReFS UDF Server Domains Active Directory DNS Group Policy Roaming user profiles Folder redirection Distributed Transaction Coordinator MSMQ Windows Media Services Rights Management Services IIS Remote Desktop Services WSUS SharePoint Network Access Protection PWS DFS Replication Remote Differential Compression Print Services for UNIX Remote Installation Services Windows Deployment Services System Resource Manager Hyper - V Server Core Architecture Architecture of Windows NT Startup process NT Vista CSRSS Desktop Window Manager Portable Executable EXE DLL Enhanced Write Filter Graphics Device Interface hal. dll I / O request packet Imaging Format Kernel Transaction Manager Library files Logical Disk Manager LSASS MinWin NTLDR Ntoskrnl. exe Object Manager Open XML Paper Specification Registry Resource Protection Security Account Manager Server Message Block Shadow Copy SMSS System Idle Process USER WHEA Win32 console Winlogon WinUSB Security Security and Maintenance BitLocker Data Execution Prevention Family Safety Kernel Patch Protection Mandatory Integrity Control Protected Media Path User Account Control User Interface Privilege Isolation Windows Defender Windows Firewall Compatibility COMMAND.COM Virtual DOS machine Windows on Windows WoW64 Windows Subsystem for Linux API Active Scripting WSH VBScript JScript COM ActiveX ActiveX Document COM Structured storage DCOM OLE OLE Automation Transaction Server DirectX . NET Framework Universal Windows Platform Windows Mixed Reality Windows Runtime WinUSB Games Solitaire Collection Discontinued Games 3D Pinball Chess Titans FreeCell Hearts InkBall Hold ' Em Purble Place Reversi Spider Solitaire Solitaire Tinker Apps ActiveMovie Anytime Upgrade Address Book Backup and Restore Cardfile CardSpace Contacts Desktop Gadgets Diagnostics DriveSpace DVD Maker Easy Transfer Fax Food & Drink Help and Support Center Health & Fitness HyperTerminal Internet Explorer Journal Media Center Meeting Space Messaging Messenger Mobile Device Center Movie Maker MSN Dial - up NetMeeting NTBackup Outlook Express Travel Photo Gallery Photo Viewer Program Manager Steps Recorder WinHelp Write Others ScanDisk File Protection Media Control Interface Next - Generation Secure Computing Base POSIX subsystem Interix Video for Windows Windows SideShow Windows Services for UNIX Windows System Assessment Tool WinFS Spun off to Microsoft Store DVD Player Hover ! Mahjong Minesweeper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Server_Core&oldid=840781199 '' Categories : Windows Server Windows administration Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles that are too technical from April 2015 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from April 2015 All articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2015 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Magyar 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 03 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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words and music to london bridge is falling down

London Bridge is Falling down

london bridge is falling down

`` London Bridge Is Falling Down '' Illustration from Walter Crane 's A Baby 's Bouquet ( c. 1877 ) . Play ( help info ) Nursery rhyme Published c. 1744 Songwriter ( s ) Unknown `` London Bridge Is Falling Down '' ( also known as `` My Fair Lady '' or `` London Bridge '' ) is a traditional English nursery rhyme and singing game , which is found in different versions all over the world . It deals with the depredations of London Bridge and attempts , realistic or fanciful , to repair it . It may date back to bridge rhymes and games of the Late Middle Ages , but the earliest records of the rhyme in English are from the seventeenth century . The lyrics were first printed in close to their modern form in the mid-eighteenth century and became popular , particularly in Britain and the United States during the 19th century . The modern melody was first recorded in the late nineteenth century and the game resembles arch games of the Middle Ages , but seems to have taken its modern form in the late nineteenth century . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 502 . Several theories have been advanced to explain the meaning of the rhyme and the identity of the `` fair lady '' of the refrain . The rhyme is one of the best known in the world and has been referenced in a variety of works of literature and popular culture . Contents 1 Lyrics 2 Melody 3 The game 4 Origins 5 Meaning 5.1 Viking attack theory 5.2 Child sacrifice theory 5.3 Age and damage theory 5.4 `` Fair lady '' identity 6 Legacy and popular culture 7 See also 8 References Lyrics ( edit ) London Bridge Is Falling Down Tune for London Bridge Is Falling Down Problems playing this file ? See media help . London Bridge ( 1616 ) by Claes Van Visscher A prospect of Old London Bridge in 1710 . New London Bridge in the late 19th century . The reconstructed New London Bridge in Lake Havasu City , Arizona . The modern concrete London Bridge . There is considerable variation in the lyrics of the rhyme . The most frequently used first verse is : London Bridge is falling down , Falling down , falling down . London Bridge is falling down , My fair lady . In the version quoted by Iona and Peter Opie in 1951 the first verse is : London Bridge is broken down , Broken down , broken down . London Bridge is broken down , My fair lady . The rhyme is constructed of quatrains in trochaic tetrameter catalectic , ( each line made up of four metrical feet of two syllables , with the stress falling on the first syllable in a pair ; the last foot in the line missing the unstressed syllable ) , which is common in nursery rhymes . In its most common form it relies on a double repetition , rather than a rhyming scheme , which is a frequently employed device in children 's rhymes and stories . The Roud Folk Song Index , which catalogues folk songs and their variations by number , classifies the song as 502 . Melody ( edit ) The melody now most associated with the rhyme . A melody is recorded for `` London Bridge '' in an edition of John Playford 's The Dancing Master published in 1718 , but it differs from the modern tune and no lyrics were given . An issue of Blackwood 's Magazine in 1821 noted the rhyme as a being sung to the tune of `` Nancy Dawson '' , now better known as `` Nuts in May '' and the same tune was given in Richard Thomson 's Chronicles of London Bridge ( 1827 ) . Another tune was recorded in Samuel Arnold 's Juvenile Amusements in 1797 . E.F. Rimbault 's Nursery Rhymes ( 1836 ) has the same first line , but then a different tune . The tune now associated with the rhyme was first recorded in 1879 in the US in A.H. Rosewig 's Illustrated National Songs and Games . The game ( edit ) Girls playing `` London Bridge '' in 1898 . The rhyme is often used in a children 's singing game , which exists in a wide variety of forms , with additional verses . Most versions are similar to the actions used in the rhyme `` Oranges and Lemons '' . The most common is that two players hold hands and make an arch with their arms while the others pass through in single file . The `` arch '' is then lowered at the song 's end to `` catch '' a player . In the United States it is common for two teams of those that have been caught to engage in a tug of war . In England until the nineteenth century the song may have been accompanied by a circle dance , but arch games are known to have been common across late medieval Europe . Five of nine versions published by Alice Gomme in 1894 included references to a prisoner who has stolen a watch and chain . This may be a late nineteenth century addition from another game called `` Hark the Robbers '' , or `` Watch and Chain '' . This rhyme is sung to the same tune and may be an offshoot of `` London Bridge '' or the remnant of a distinct game . In one version the first two verses have the lyrics : Who has stole my watch and chain , Watch and chain , watch and chain ; Who has stole my watch and chain , My fair lady ? Off to prison you must go , You must go , you must go ; Off to prison you must go , My fair lady . This 1904 column from the Tacoma Times describes various alternate verses and their accompanying gestures Origins ( edit ) Detail from Philippe Pigouchet 's Heures a lusaige de Paris ( 1497 ) , showing an arch game similar to that known to be associated with the rhyme from the late nineteenth century . The cover of the third edition of Dumpling and Pudding , which contains Henry Carey 's satire `` Namby Pamby '' ( 1725 ) , one of the earliest surviving works to refer to the rhyme . Similar rhymes can be found across Europe , pre-dating the records in England . These include `` Knippelsbro Går Op og Ned '' from Denmark , `` Die Magdeburger Brück '' from Germany , `` pont chus '' from sixteenth - century France ; and `` Le porte '' , from fourteenth - century Italy . It is possible that the rhyme was acquired from one of these sources and then adapted to fit the most famous bridge in England . One of the earliest references to the rhyme in English is in the comedy The London Chaunticleres , printed in 1657 , but probably written about 1636 , in which the dairy woman Curds states that she had `` danced the building of London - Bridge '' at the Whitsun Ales in her youth , although no words or actions are mentioned . Widespread familiarity with the rhyme is suggested by its use by Henry Carey in his satire Namby Pamby ( 1725 ) , as : Namby Pamby is no Clown , London Bridge is broken down : Now he courts the gay Ladee Dancing o'er The Lady - Lee . The oldest extant version could be that recalled by a correspondent to the Gentleman 's Magazine in 1823 , which he claimed to have heard from a woman who was a child in the reign of Charles II ( r . 1660 -- 85 ) and had the lyrics : London Bridge is broken down , Dance over the Lady Lea ; London Bridge is broken down , With a gay lady ( la - dee ) . The earliest printed English version is in the oldest extant collection of nursery rhymes , Tommy Thumb 's Pretty Song Book , printed by John Newbery in London ( c. 1744 ) , beginning with the following text : The first page of the rhyme from an 1815 edition of Tommy Thumb 's Pretty Song Book ( c. 1744 ) . James Ritson , whose Gammer Gurton 's Garland contains one of the earliest versions of the rhyme ( Engraving by James Sayers , published in 1803 ) . London Bridge Is Broken down , Dance over my Lady Lee . London Bridge Is Broken down With a gay Lady . A version from James Ritson 's Gammer Gurton 's Garland ( 1784 ) is similar but replaces the last verse with : Build it up with stone so strong , Dance o'er my Lady lee , Huzza ! ' twill last for ages long , With a gay lady . Meaning ( edit ) Cnut the Great 's men on the London bridge , under attack by Olaf II of Norway from a Victorian children 's book published in 1894 . The meaning of the rhyme is not certain . It may simply relate to the many difficulties experienced in bridging the River Thames , but a number of alternative theories have been put forward . Viking attack theory ( edit ) One theory of origin is that the rhyme relates to the supposed destruction of London Bridge by Olaf II of Norway in 1014 ( or 1009 ) . The nineteenth - century translation of the Norse saga the Heimskringla , published by Samuel Laing in 1844 , included a verse by Óttarr svarti , that looks very similar to the nursery rhyme : London Bridge is broken down . -- Gold is won , and bright renown . Shields resounding , War - horns sounding , Hild is shouting in the din ! Arrows singing , Mail - coats ringing -- Odin makes our Olaf win ! However , modern translations make it clear that Laing was using the nursery rhyme as a model for his very free translation , and the reference to London Bridge does not appear at the start of the verse and it is unlikely that this is an earlier version of the nursery rhyme . Some historians have raised the possibility that the attack never took place . However , the original document detailing the attack was written only about 100 years after what would be a famous event in a highly populated area , leading the majority of historians to conclude that the account is at least relatively accurate . While it might or might not be the origin of the rhyme , this would make King Olaf 's victory the only historically recorded incidence of London Bridge `` falling down . '' Child sacrifice theory ( edit ) Detail of the Great Fire of London 1666 by an unknown painter . The Tower of London is on the right and London Bridge on the left . The theory that the song refers to the burying , perhaps alive , of children in the foundations of the bridge was first advanced by Alice Bertha Gomme ( later Lady Gomme ) in The Traditional Games of England , Scotland and Ireland ( 1894 -- 1898 ) and perpetuated by the usually sceptical Iona and Peter Opie . This was based around the idea that a bridge would collapse unless the body of a human sacrifice were buried in its foundations and that the watchman is actually a human sacrifice , who will then watch over the bridge . However , there is no archaeological evidence for any human remains in the foundations of London Bridge . Age and damage theory ( edit ) Until the mid-eighteenth century the Old London Bridge was the only crossing on the Thames in London . It was damaged in a major fire in 1633 , but in the fire of 1666 this damage acted as a fire break and prevented the flames from further damaging the bridge and crossing to the south side of the Thames . With its 19 narrow arches , it impeded river traffic and flow . Central piers were removed to create a wider navigational span . Widening and the removal of its houses was completed in 1763 , but it remained relatively narrow and needed continual and expensive repairs . In the early nineteenth century it was decided to replace the bridge with a new construction . New London Bridge was opened in 1831 and survived until it was replaced in 1972 . It was then transported and reconstructed in Lake Havasu City , Arizona . `` Fair lady '' identity ( edit ) The seal of Matilda of Scotland , one of the candidates for the `` fair lady '' of the refrain . Several attempts have been made to identify the ' fair lady ' , ' lady gay ' , or lady ' lee / lea ' of the rhyme . They include : Matilda of Scotland ( c. 1080 -- 1118 ) Henry I 's consort , who between 1110 and 1118 was responsible for the building of the series of bridges that carried the London - Colchester road across the River Lea and its side streams between Bow and Stratford . Eleanor of Provence ( c. 1223 -- 91 ) , consort of Henry III who had custody of the bridge revenues from 1269 to about 1281 . A member of the Leigh family of Stoneleigh Park , Warwickshire , who have a family story that a human sacrifice lies under the building . The River Lea , which is a tributary of the Thames . Legacy and popular culture ( edit ) Since the late 19th century the rhyme has been seen as one of the most popular and well known in the English - speaking world . It has also been referenced in both literature and popular culture . It was used by T.S. Eliot at the climax of his poem The Waste Land ( 1922 ) . The final line of the verse was probably the inspiration for the title of Lerner and Loewe 's 1956 musical My Fair Lady . Chorus of the 1963 Brenda Lee song My Whole World is Falling Down are based on `` London Bridge is Falling Down '' . The musical unicorn - in - glass - dome ornament bought by William Foster in the 1993 movie Falling Down plays the tune of the nursery rhyme `` London Bridge is falling down '' . ( So the movie title is evidently derived from this old nursery rhyme . ) The tune is often used by English football supporters as the basis for chants . In 1982 was sampled as `` Halloween Montage '' by John Carpenter and Alan Howarth feat . Tommy Lee Wallace , for the film Halloween III : Season of the Witch , who was used as a song of the Silver Shamrock commercial . In The Inbetweeners episode Bunk Off , Simon expresses about losing his virginity to Carli and Jay teases him about the prospect of that - and part of this teasing is riding Simon on Neil 's dad 's sofa and singing about intercourse with Carli to the tune of London Bridge is Falling Down . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Dong , Dong , Dongdaemun , a similar Korean nursery rhyme . References ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : London Bridge Is Falling Down Wikimedia Commons has media related to London Bridge Is Falling Down . ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Singing Game ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1985 ) , ISBN 0192840193 , pp. 61 -- 72 . ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , ISBN 0198600887 , pp. 270 -- 6 . Jump up ^ A.L. Lazarus , A. MacLeish , and H.W. Smith , Modern English : a Glossary of Literature and Language ( London : Grosset & Dunlap , 1971 ) , ISBN 0448021315 , p. 194 Jump up ^ L. Turco , The Book of Forms : a Handbook of Poetics ( Lebanon , NH : University Press of New England , 3rd edn. , 2000 ) , ISBN 1 - 58465 - 022 - 2 , pp. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ R.B. Browne , Objects of Special Devotion : Fetishism in Popular Culture ( Madison , WI : Popular Press , 1982 ) , ISBN 087972191X , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Searchable database , English Folk Song and Dance Society , retrieved 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ J.J. Fuld , The Book of World - famous Music : Classical , Popular , and Folk ( London : Courier Dover , 2000 ) , ISBN 0486414752 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ S. Roud , The Lore of the Playground : One Hundred Years of Children 's Games , Rhymes & Traditions ( New York City , NY : Random House , 2010 ) , ISBN 1905211511 , pp. 270 -- 1 . Jump up ^ W. Carew Hazlitt , A Manual for the Collector and Amateur of Old English Plays ( London : Ayer Publishing , 1966 ) , ISBN 0833716298 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ M. Gibson , The Vikings ( London : Wayland , 1972 ) , ISBN 0 - 85340 - 164 - 0 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : J. Clark , ' London bridge archaeology of a nursery rhyme ' , London Archaeologist , 9 ( 2002 ) , pp. 338 -- 40 ; for the original Old Norse see Wikisource Jump up ^ J.R. Hagland and B. Watson , ' Fact or folklore : the Viking attack on London Bridge ' , London Archaeologist , 12 ( 2005 ) , pp. 328 -- 33 . Jump up ^ E. Monsen ' Heimskringla or the Lives of the Norse Kings ' , Dover Publications , Inc ( 1 ) ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26366 - 3 ) Jump up ^ D.J. Brown , Bridges : Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature ( St. Paul , MN : MBI , 2001 ) , ISBN 0760312346 , pp. 52 -- 55 . Jump up ^ C. Raine , T.S. Eliot ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , ISBN 0195309936 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ W.E. Studwell , The National and Religious Song Reader : Patriotic , Traditional , and Sacred Songs from Around the World ( London : Routledge , 1996 ) , ISBN 0789000997 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Michael Jack Kirby . `` Brenda Lee '' . Wayback Attack . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Not Economically Viable `` '' . YouTube . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ G. Robson , No One Likes Us , We Do n't Care : The Myth and Reality of Millwall Fandom ( Berg , 2000 ) , ISBN 1859733727 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ D. Russell , Looking North : Northern England And The National Imagination ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 2004 ) , ISBN 0719051789 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ The repeated notes of `` London Bridge is Falling Down '' ( where the Silver Shamrock song comes from ) add to a already disturbing scene . Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sing a Song of Sixpence '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Three Little Kittens '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Stella Ella Ola '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge_Is_Falling_Down&oldid=854489388 '' Categories : English folklore Children 's songs Singing games Songs about London English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Tagalog 粵語 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 18 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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who attends each party's national convention which is held in a presidential election year

Each party sets its own rules for the participation and format of the convention . Broadly speaking , each U.S. state and territory party is apportioned a select number of voting representatives , individually known as delegates and collectively as the delegation . Each party uses its own formula for determining the size of each delegation , factoring in such considerations as population , proportion of that state 's Congressional representatives or state government officials who are members of the party , and the state 's voting patterns in previous presidential elections . The selection of individual delegates and their alternates , too , is governed by the bylaws of each state party , or in some cases by state law .

United states presidential nominating convention

united states presidential nominating convention

A United States presidential nominating convention is a political convention held every four years in the United States by most of the political parties who will be fielding nominees in the upcoming U.S. presidential election . The formal purpose of such a convention is to select the party 's nominee for President , as well as to adopt a statement of party principles and goals known as the platform and adopt the rules for the party 's activities , including the presidential nominating process for the next election cycle .

In the modern U.S. presidential election process , voters participating in the presidential primaries are actually helping to select many of the delegates to these conventions , who then in turn are pledged to help a specific presidential candidate get nominated . Other delegates to these conventions include political party members who are seated automatically , and are called `` unpledged delegates '' because they can choose for themselves for whom they vote for . Generally , usage of `` presidential campaign nominating convention '' refers to the two major parties ' quadrennial events : the Democratic National Convention and the Republican National Convention . Some minor parties also select their nominees by convention , including the Green Party , the Socialist Party USA , the Libertarian Party , the Constitution Party , and the Reform Party USA . Contents ( hide ) 1 Logistics 1.1 Calendars 1.2 Participation 1.3 Host city 2 Proceedings 2.1 Platform 2.2 Voting 2.3 Speeches 3 History 3.1 Television coverage 4 Lists of political party conventions 4.1 Significant third - party conventions before 1860 4.2 Major party conventions 4.3 Third - party conventions since 1872 4.3. 1 Prohibition and socialist parties 4.3. 2 Libertarian , Green , and Constitution Parties 5 See also 6 References Logistics ( edit ) Calendars ( edit ) The convention cycle begins with the Call to Convention . Usually issued about 18 months in advance , the Call is an invitation from the national party to the state and territory parties to convene to select a presidential nominee . It also sets out the number of delegates to be awarded to each , as well as the rules for the nomination process . The conventions are usually scheduled for four days of business , with the exception of the 1972 Republican and 2012 Democratic conventions , which were three days each . ( The 2008 and 2012 Republican conventions were also three days each , but in each case was shortened from the scheduled four days due to weather issues ) . There is no rule dictating the order of the conventions , but since 1956 the incumbent party has held its convention second . Between 1864 and 1952 , the Democrats went second every year ( except for 1888 ) . In 1956 , when Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower was the incumbent , the Democrats went first , and the party out of power has gone first ever since . ( Between 1936 and 1952 , the Democrats were the incumbent party and went second , but it is unclear whether they went second because they held the White House or because they had always gone second . ) Since 1952 , all major party conventions have been held in the months of July , August or ( for the first time in 2004 ) , early September . ( Election laws in some states would likely prevent conventions from moving into mid-September ) . Between the middle of the 20th century and 2004 , the two major party conventions were primarily scheduled about one month apart , often with the Summer Olympics in between so they did not have to compete for viewers . In 1996 , both were held in August to accommodate the Atlanta Olympics in July , the last Summer Olympics to date to be played in the U.S. In 2000 , both conventions preceded the Sydney Olympics in late September . In 2008 and 2012 , the Democratic and Republican conventions were moved to back - to - back weeks following the conclusion of the Olympics . One reason for these late conventions had to do with campaign finance laws , which allow the candidates to spend an unlimited amount of money before the convention , but forbid fundraising after the convention , in order for the parties to receive federal campaign funds . However , if Barack Obama 's choice not to receive federal campaign funds for the 2008 general election is repeated in future elections , this reason for the late scheduling of conventions will no longer be valid . Another reason for the lateness of the conventions is due to the primary calendar , which ends in early June , and the political party 's desire to turn the convention into a four - day tightly scripted political rally for their nominee , which just happens to have a roll call vote for President . This includes such logistics as where each delegation sits on the convention floor , the order of speeches , how the nominee wants to present him or herself , and allows time for any negotiations in regards to the running mate . Finally , the parties also did not want to schedule their conventions around the Olympics . One reason why the Democratic Party held its 2008 convention after the two - week - long Beijing Olympics was , according to them , to `` maximize momentum for our Democratic ticket in the final months of the Presidential election '' . But moving the conventions later into early September led to conflicts with the National Football League 's season kickoff game , which opens the season on the first Thursday of September . However , the NFL accommodated the conventions and moved its games to an earlier start time in 2008 , and an earlier date in 2012 . In 2016 , both the Republican and Democratic conventions moved to July , before the Rio de Janeiro Olympics in August . One reason why the Republican Party wanted a July convention was to help avoid a drawn - out primary battle similar to what happened in 2012 that left the party fractured heading into the general election . The Democrats then followed suit so they could provide a quicker response to the Republicans , rather than wait for more than two weeks until after the Olympics are over . Participation ( edit ) The 2008 Green Party National Convention held in Chicago . Various third parties also hold their own national conventions . Each party sets its own rules for the participation and format of the convention . Broadly speaking , each U.S. state and territory party is apportioned a select number of voting representatives , individually known as delegates and collectively as the delegation . Each party uses its own formula for determining the size of each delegation , factoring in such considerations as population , proportion of that state 's Congressional representatives or state government officials who are members of the party , and the state 's voting patterns in previous presidential elections . The selection of individual delegates and their alternates , too , is governed by the bylaws of each state party , or in some cases by state law . The 2004 Democratic National Convention counted 4,353 delegates and 611 alternates . The 2004 Republican National Convention had 2,509 delegates and 2,344 alternates . But these individuals are dwarfed by other attendees who do not participate in the formal business of the convention . These include non-delegate party officials and activists , invited guests and companions , and international observers , not to mention numerous members of the news media , volunteers , protesters , and local business proprietors and promoters hoping to capitalize on the quadrennial event . Host city ( edit ) The Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans was the site of the 1988 Republican National Convention , which nominated George H.W. Bush for president . In recent decades , the two major parties have held their conventions at sports stadiums and arenas . The convention is typically held in a major city selected by the national party organization 18 -- 24 months before the election is to be held . As the two major conventions have grown into large , publicized affairs with significant economic impact , cities today compete vigorously to be awarded host responsibilities , citing their meeting venues , lodging facilities , and entertainment as well as offering economic incentives . The location of early conventions was dictated by the difficulty of transporting delegates from far - flung parts of the country ; early Democratic and Whig Conventions were frequently held in the central Eastern Seaboard port of Baltimore , Maryland . As the U.S. expanded westward and railroads connected cities , Midwestern cities such as Chicago , Illinois -- which since 1860 has held 25 Republican and Democratic Conventions combined , more than any other urban center in the USA -- became the favored hosts . In the present day , political symbolism affects the selection of the host city as much as economic or logistical ones do . A particular city might be selected to enhance the standing of a favorite son , or in an effort to curry favor with residents of that state . For example , in 2011 , Obama campaign manager Jim Messina noted : `` We put the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte , North Carolina in part because we believe so deeply in '' a `` New South map . '' Likewise , New York City was selected as the host of the 2004 Republican National Convention to evoke memories of George W. Bush 's leadership in the September 11 attacks . The conventions have historically been held inside convention centers , but in recent decades the two major parties have favored sports arenas and stadiums to accommodate the increasing capacity , the former because indoor arenas are usually off - season outside of WNBA sites , allowing plenty of time for preparation ( the major political parties have avoided baseball stadiums ever since the 1992 Republican National Convention at the Houston Astrodome forced the Houston Astros to play 26 consecutive road games ) . Bids for the 2008 Republican National Convention , for example , were required to have a facility with a seating capacity of at least 20,500 people , including a convention floor of about 5,500 delegates and alternates ; the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul , Minnesota was eventually selected . Meanwhile , approximately 84,000 people attended the last day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention at Denver 's Invesco Field at Mile High . The last day of the 2012 Democratic Convention was originally also scheduled for an outdoor football stadium , but was moved indoors due to weather concerns . The last non-sporting venue to host the Democratic National Convention was San Francisco 's Moscone Center in 1984 . In 1996 , the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego became the last non-sporting venue to host the Republican National Convention . Proceedings ( edit ) Roll call of states during the 2008 Democratic National Convention at the Pepsi Center in Denver , Colorado . The floor of the 2008 Republican National Convention at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul , Minnesota . During the day , party activists hold meetings and rallies , and work on the platform . Voting and important convention - wide addresses usually take place in the evening hours . In recent conventions , routine business such as examining the credentials of delegations , ratifying rules and procedures , election of convention officers , and adoption of the platform usually take up the business of the first two days of the convention . Balloting was usually held on the third day , with the nomination and acceptance made on the last day , but even some of these traditions have fallen away in 21st century conventions . The only constant is that the convention ends with the nominee 's acceptance speech . Platform ( edit ) Each convention produces a statement of principles known as its platform , containing goals and proposals known as planks . Relatively little of a party platform is even proposed as public policy . Much of the language is generic , while other sections are narrowly written to appeal to factions or interest groups within the party . Unlike electoral manifestos in many European countries , the platform is not binding on either the party or the candidate . Because it is ideological rather than pragmatic , however , the platform is sometimes itself politicized . For example , defenders of abortion rights lobbied heavily to remove the Human Life Amendment plank from the 1996 Republican National Convention platform , a move fiercely resisted by conservatives despite the fact that no such amendment had ever come up for debate . Voting ( edit ) Since the 1970s , voting has for the most part been perfunctory ; the selection of the major parties ' nominees have rarely been in doubt , so a single ballot has always been sufficient . Each delegation announces its vote tallies , usually accompanied with some boosterism of their state or territory . The delegation may pass , nominally to retally their delegates ' preferences , but often to allow a different delegation to give the leading candidate the honor of casting the majority - making vote . Before the presidential nomination season actually begins , there is often speculation about whether a single front runner would emerge . If there is no single candidate receiving a majority of delegates at the end of the primary season , a scenario called a brokered convention would result , where a candidate would be selected either at or near the convention , through political horse - trading and lesser candidates compelling their delegates to vote for one of the front runners . The best example was the 1924 Democratic Convention , which took 103 ballots . The situation is more likely to occur in the Democratic Party , because of its proportional representation system , but such a scenario has been the subject of speculation with regard to most contested nominations of both parties without actually coming to pass in recent years . It is a common scenario in fiction , most recently in an episode of The West Wing . The closest to a brokered convention in recent years was at the 1976 Republican National Convention , when neither Gerald Ford nor Ronald Reagan received enough votes in the primary to lock up the nomination . Since then , candidates have received enough momentum to reach a majority through pledged and bound delegates before the date of the convention . More recently , a customary practice has been for the losing candidates in the primary season to release their delegates and exhort them to vote for the winning nominee as a sign of party unity . Thus , the vote tallied on the floor is unanimous or nearly so . Some delegates may nevertheless choose to vote for their candidate . And in 2008 both happened : Hillary Clinton received over 1,000 votes before she herself moved to nominate Barack Obama by acclamation , officially making it a unanimous vote . The voting method at the conventions is a `` roll call of the states '' -- which include territories such as Washington D.C. , American Samoa , Guam , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and a catch - all `` delegates abroad '' category . The states are called in alphabetical order ( Alabama is first ; Wyoming is last ) . The state 's spokesperson ( who generally begins his or her speech with glowing comments about the state 's history , geography , and notable party elected officials ) can either choose to announce its delegate count or pass . Once all states have either declared or passed , those states which passed are called upon again to announce their delegate count . ( Generally , a decision is made beforehand that some states will pass in the first round , in order to allow a particular state -- generally either the presidential or vice presidential nominee 's home state -- to be the one whose delegate count pushes the candidate `` over the top '' , thus securing the nomination . ) Vice Presidential voting has been problematic since the beginning , as the delegates generally do n't really want to deal with it , and it provides for mischief , as was the case in 1972 's Democratic Convention where the vote was scattered between 50 `` candidates '' and 1976 Republican convention , where the vote was also scattered widely . In 1988 , both parties decided to have the designated candidate nominated by `` suspending the rules '' and declaring him or her nominated by `` acclamation . '' The last Vice Presidential roll call vote was at the 1984 Republican convention . If , after the first round of voting , there is no candidate with a majority of votes , subsequent roll calls are held . In between , `` back room deals '' can be made between candidates , swapping delegates for positions in the administration or other favors , or candidates can release their delegates to vote for whoever they personally prefer . Roll calls continue until one candidate has a majority . The record is held by the 1924 Democratic National Convention where divisions within the party concerning Prohibition led to 102 ballots between Alfred E. Smith and William G. McAdoo before the relatively unknown John W. Davis was chosen as a compromise candidate on the 103rd ballot . Speeches ( edit ) First Lady Pat Nixon speaking at the 1972 Republican National Convention . She was the first Republican First Lady to do what is now considered common practice . Michelle Obama speaking at the 2008 Democratic National Convention . Minor figures in the party are given the opportunity to address the floor of the convention during the daytime , when only the small audiences of C - SPAN and other cable television outlets are watching . The evening 's speeches - designed for broadcast to a large national audience -- are reserved for major speeches by notable , respected public figures ; the speakers at the 2004 Democratic convention included Ted Kennedy , a forty - year veteran of the United States Senate , and Jimmy Carter , a former Democratic President , while at the Republican convention speakers included Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger of California and Governor George Pataki of New York , two of the largest states in the nation . The organizers of the convention may designate one of these speeches as the keynote address , one which above all others is stated to underscore the convention 's themes or political goals . For instance , the 1992 Democratic National Convention keynote address was delivered by Georgia Governor Zell Miller , whose stories of an impoverished childhood echoed the economic themes of the nominee , Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton . The 1996 Republican National Convention was keynoted by U.S. Representative Susan Molinari of New York , intended to reassure political moderates about the centrism of the nominee , former Senator Bob Dole . And the 2004 Democratic National Convention featured Senator Barack Obama , whose speech brought the future President national recognition for the first time . Uniquely , Miller , by then a Senator , would also be the keynote speaker at the 2004 Republican convention , despite still maintaining his Democratic registration . The final day of the convention usually features the formal acceptance speeches from the nominees for President and Vice President . Despite recent controversy maintaining that recent conventions were scripted from beginning to end , and that very little news ( if any ) comes out of the convention , the acceptance speech has always been televised by the networks , because it receives the highest ratings of the convention . In addition , the halls of the convention are packed at this time , with many party loyalists sneaking in . Afterwards , balloons are usually dropped and the delegates celebrate the nomination . History ( edit ) Barack Obama and Joe Biden appear together at the 2008 Democratic National Convention . Primary foes Ronald Reagan ( left ) and Gerald Ford ( right ) shake hands during the 1976 Republican National Convention , the last major party convention whose outcome was in doubt . In the early 19th century , members of Congress met within their party caucuses to select their party 's nominee . Conflicts between the interests of the Eastern Congressional class and citizens in newer Western states led to the hotly contested 1824 election , in which factions of the Democratic - Republican Party rejected the caucus nominee , William H. Crawford of Georgia , and backed John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay , and Andrew Jackson ( all of whom carried more states than Crawford in the election ) instead . In 1831 the Anti-Masonic Party convened in Baltimore , Maryland to select a single presidential candidate agreeable to the whole party leadership in the 1832 presidential election . The National Republican and Democratic Parties soon followed suit . Conventions were often heated affairs , playing a vital role in deciding each party 's nominee . The process remained far from democratic or transparent , however . The party convention was a scene of intrigue among political bosses , who appointed and otherwise controlled nearly all of the delegates . Winning a nomination involved intensive negotiations and multiple votes ; the 1924 Democratic National Convention required a record 103 ballots to nominate John W. Davis . The term `` dark horse candidate '' was coined at the 1844 Democratic National Convention , at which little - known Tennessee politician James K. Polk emerged as the candidate after the failure of the leading candidates -- former President Martin Van Buren and Senator Lewis Cass -- to secure the necessary two - thirds majority . A few , mostly Western , states adopted primary elections in the late 19th century and during the Progressive Era , but the catalyst for their widespread adoption came during the election of 1968 . The Vietnam War energized a large number of supporters of anti-war Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota , but they had no say in the matter . Vice President Hubert Humphrey -- associated with the unpopular administration of Lyndon B. Johnson -- did not compete in a single primary , yet controlled enough delegates to secure the Democratic nomination . This proved one of several factors behind rioting which broke out at the Democratic convention in Chicago . Media images of the event -- angry mobs facing down police -- damaged the image of the Democratic Party , which appointed a commission headed by South Dakota Senator George McGovern to select a new , less controversial method of choosing nominees . The McGovern -- Fraser Commission settled on the primary election , adopted by the Democratic National Committee in 1968 . The Republicans adopted the primary as their preferred method in 1972 . Henceforth , candidates would be given convention delegates based on their performance in primaries , and these delegates were bound to vote for their candidate . As a result , the major party presidential nominating convention has lost almost all of its old drama . The last attempt to release delegates from their candidates came at the 1980 Democratic National Convention , when Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts sought votes of delegates held by incumbent President Jimmy Carter . The last major party convention whose outcome was in doubt was the 1976 Republican National Convention , when former California Governor Ronald Reagan nearly won the nomination away from the incumbent President , Gerald Ford . Television coverage ( edit ) While rank and file members had no input in early nominations , they were still drawn by the aura of mystery surrounding the convention , and networks began to broadcast speeches and debates to the general public . NBC affiliate W2XBS in New York City made the first telecast of a national party convention , of the 1940 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and the other two of the Big Three television networks soon followed . As NBC News anchorman John Chancellor stated just before the start of the 1972 Democratic National Convention , `` convention coverage is the most important thing we do . The conventions are not just political theater , but really serious stuff , and that 's why all the networks have an obligation to give gavel - to - gavel coverage . It 's a time when we all ought to be doing our duty '' . With the rise of the direct primary , and in particular with states moving earlier and earlier in the primary calendar since the 1988 election , the nominee has often secured a commanding majority of delegates far in advance of the convention . As such , the convention has become little more than a coronation , a carefully staged campaign event designed to draw public attention and favor to the nominee , with particular attention to television coverage . For instance , speeches by noted and popular party figures are scheduled for the coveted prime time hours , when most people would be watching . News anchor Ted Koppel ( pictured in 2002 ) , who midway through the 1996 Republican National Convention told viewers that he was going home because it has become `` more of an infomercial than a news event '' . As the drama has left the conventions , and complaints grown that they were scripted and dull pep rallies , viewership -- and television network advertising revenue -- have fallen off . Midway through the 1996 Republican National Convention , Nightline host Ted Koppel told viewers he was going back home , saying : There was a time when the national political conventions were news events of such complexity that they required the presence of thousands of journalists ... But not this year ... This convention is more of an infomercial than a news event . Thus in subsequent election years , the broadcast networks began increasingly limiting their coverage , arguing that those interested can watch the proceedings on a cable news network such as CNN , MSNBC , or the Fox News Channel . In 2004 , the big three networks started devoting only three hours of live coverage to each political convention , although there were highlights of speeches during the networks ' morning and evening newscasts . However , many journalists still believe that the public should be exposed to political conventions . PBS , of note , continues to provide full prime - time coverage of the political conventions , although it breaks away from minor speakers and mundane business for analysis and discussion . C - SPAN broadcasts both major conventions in their entirety , and the parties stream their conventions on the internet . The presence of journalists at presidential nominating conventions have increased with the television networks . In 1976 , the Democratic Convention consisted of 3,381 delegates and 11,500 reporters , broadcasters , editors and camera operators . This is on par with the increase in the number of televisions in American 's homes . In 1960 , 87 percent of people had a television , compared to 98 percent by 1976 . By the 1992 conventions , network coverage increased from three networks ( NBC , ABC and CBS ) to five networks ( NBC , ABC , CBS , Fox and PBS ) . At the 1996 Republican National Convention there were approximately seven journalists per one delegate , or about 15,000 journalists . The increase of the media at these conventions originally led to a growth in the public 's interest in elections . Voter turnout in the primaries increased from less than five million voters in 1948 to around thirteen million in 1952 . By broadcasting the conventions on the television , people were more connected to the suspense and the decisions being made , therefore making them more politically aware , and more educated voters . When scholars studied the 1976 conventions they determined that by watching nomination conventions , even viewers that were not previously very politically active developed a much stronger interest in the election process and the candidate . Lists of political party conventions ( edit ) Significant third - party conventions before 1860 ( edit ) Elec - tion Party City Year Presidential nominee Notes 1832 Anti-Masonic Baltimore 1831 William Wirt usually considered the first U.S. political party nominating convention 1840 Liberty Albany 1840 James G. Birney first U.S. anti-slavery political party 1844 Liberty Buffalo 1843 James G. Birney 1848 Free Soil Utica & Buffalo 1848 Martin Van Buren united Liberty Party supporters with anti-slavery Democrats and Whigs 1852 Free Soil Pittsburgh 1852 John P. Hale Most Free - Soilers joined the Republican Party after its foundation in 1854 . 1856 American Philadelphia 1856 Millard Fillmore The anti-immigrant American ( or Know Nothing ) Party endorsed Fillmore in February 1856 , followed by the Whigs in September . Major party conventions ( edit ) Main articles : List of Democratic National Conventions , List of Republican National Conventions , and List of Whig National Conventions The two right - hand columns show nominations by notable conventions not shown elsewhere . Some of the nominees ( e.g. the Whigs before 1860 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 ) received very large votes , while others who received less than 1 % of the total national popular vote are listed to show historical continuity or transition . Many important candidates are not shown here because they were never endorsed by a national party convention ( e.g. William Henry Harrison in 1836 , George C. Wallace in 1968 , John B. Anderson in 1980 and Ross Perot in 1992 ) . Note that there is no organizational continuity between the American Parties of 1856 and 1972 , the Union Parties of 1860 , 1864 , 1888 and 1936 , or the Progressive Parties of 1912 - 16 , 1924 and 1948 - 52 ... Presidential winner in bold . `` Middle of the Road '' faction of the People 's Party , who opposed fusing with the Democrats after 1896 . Elec - tion Democratic convention Democratic nominee Republican convention Republican nominee Other conventions Other nominees 1832 Baltimore Andrew Jackson Baltimore ( National Republican , 1831 ) Henry Clay 1836 Baltimore ( 1835 ) Martin Van Buren 1840 Baltimore Martin Van Buren Harrisburg , Penna . ( Whig , 1839 ) William Henry Harrison 1844 Baltimore James K. Polk Baltimore ( Whig ) Henry Clay 1848 Baltimore Lewis Cass Baltimore ( Whig ) Zachary Taylor 1852 Baltimore Franklin Pierce Baltimore ( Whig ) Winfield Scott 1856 Cincinnati James Buchanan Philadelphia John C. Frémont Baltimore ( Whig ) Millard Fillmore 1860 Charleston & Baltimore Stephen A. Douglas ( Official ) ; John C. Breckinridge ( Southern ) Chicago Abraham Lincoln Baltimore ( Constitutional Union ) John Bell 1864 Chicago George B. McClellan Baltimore ( National Union ) Abraham Lincoln Cleveland ( Radical Democracy ) John C. Frémont -- withdrew 1868 New York City Horatio Seymour Chicago Ulysses S. Grant 1872 Baltimore Horace Greeley Philadelphia Ulysses S. Grant Cincinnati ( Liberal Republican ) Horace Greeley 1876 St. Louis Samuel J. Tilden Cincinnati Rutherford B. Hayes Indianapolis ( Greenback ) Peter Cooper 1880 Cincinnati Winfield S. Hancock Chicago James A. Garfield Chicago ( Greenback ) James B. Weaver 1884 Chicago Grover Cleveland Chicago James G. Blaine Indianapolis ( Greenback ) Benjamin F. Butler 1888 St. Louis Grover Cleveland Chicago Benjamin Harrison Cincinnati ( Union Labor ) Alson Streeter 1892 Chicago Grover Cleveland Minneapolis Benjamin Harrison Omaha ( People 's ) James B. Weaver 1896 Chicago William Jennings Bryan St. Louis William McKinley St. Louis ( People 's ) William Jennings Bryan 1900 Kansas City William Jennings Bryan Philadelphia William McKinley Cincinnati ( People 's ) Wharton Barker 1904 St. Louis Alton B. Parker Chicago Theodore Roosevelt Indianapolis ( People 's ) Thomas E. Watson 1908 Denver William Jennings Bryan Chicago William Howard Taft Chicago ( Independence ) Thomas L. Hisgen 1912 Baltimore Woodrow Wilson Chicago William Howard Taft Chicago ( Progressive ) Theodore Roosevelt 1916 St. Louis Woodrow Wilson Chicago Charles Evans Hughes Chicago ( Progressive ) Theodore Roosevelt -- declined 1920 San Francisco James M. Cox Chicago Warren G. Harding Chicago ( Farmer - Labor ) Parley P. Christensen 1924 New York City John W. Davis Cleveland Calvin Coolidge Cincinnati ( Progressive ) Robert La Follette 1928 Houston Al Smith Kansas City Herbert Hoover Chicago ( Farmer - Labor ) Frank E. Webb 1932 Chicago Franklin Roosevelt Chicago Herbert Hoover Omaha ( Farmer - Labor ) Jacob S. Coxey , Sr . 1936 Philadelphia Franklin Roosevelt Cleveland Alf Landon Cleveland ( Union ) William Lemke 1940 Chicago Franklin Roosevelt Philadelphia Wendell Willkie 1944 Chicago Franklin Roosevelt Chicago Thomas E. Dewey 1948 Philadelphia Harry S. Truman Philadelphia Thomas E. Dewey Philadelphia ( Progressive ) ; Birmingham ( States ' Rights Democratic ) Henry A. Wallace ( Prog . ) ; Strom Thurmond ( States ' Rights ) 1952 Chicago Adlai Stevenson II Chicago Dwight Eisenhower Chicago ( Progressive ) Vincent Hallinan 1956 Chicago Adlai Stevenson II San Francisco Dwight Eisenhower Richmond ( States ' Rights ) T. Coleman Andrews 1960 Los Angeles John F. Kennedy Chicago Richard Nixon Dayton ( National States ' Rights ) Orval Faubus 1964 Atlantic City Lyndon B. Johnson San Francisco Barry Goldwater 1968 Chicago Hubert Humphrey Miami Beach Richard Nixon 1972 Miami Beach George McGovern Miami Beach Richard Nixon Louisville ( American ) John G. Schmitz 1976 New York City Jimmy Carter Kansas City Gerald Ford 1980 New York City Jimmy Carter Detroit Ronald Reagan Cleveland ( Citizens ) Barry Commoner 1984 San Francisco Walter Mondale Dallas Ronald Reagan St. Paul ( Citizens ) Sonia Johnson 1988 Atlanta Michael Dukakis New Orleans George H.W. Bush 1992 New York City Bill Clinton Houston George H.W. Bush Chicago Bill Clinton San Diego Bob Dole Long Beach & Valley Forge ( Reform ) Ross Perot 2000 Los Angeles Al Gore Philadelphia George W. Bush Long Beach ( Reform ) Pat Buchanan Boston John Kerry New York City George W. Bush 2008 Denver Barack Obama St. Paul John McCain 2012 Charlotte Barack Obama Tampa Mitt Romney 2016 Philadelphia Hillary Clinton Cleveland Donald Trump Orlando ( Libertarian ) Gary Johnson Third - party conventions since 1872 ( edit ) For American Party ( or American Independent Party ) conventions since 1968 , see American Party ( 1969 ) . For Communist Party and Workers ' Party conventions , see National conventions of the Communist Party USA . Prohibition and Socialist parties ( edit ) The Prohibition Party was organized in 1869 . The Socialist Party of America ( 1901 -- 1972 ) resulted from a merger of the Social Democratic Party ( founded 1898 ) with dissenting members of the Socialist Labor Party ( founded 1876 ) . The Socialist Party of America stopped running its own candidates for President after 1956 , but a minority of SPA members who disagreed with this policy broke away in 1973 to form the Socialist Party USA ( SPUSA ) . ¶ Note that the years refer to the relevant presidential election and not necessarily to the date of a convention making a nomination for that election . Some nominating conventions meet in the year before an election . Elec - tion Prohibition Party convention Prohibition Party nominee Socialist Labor Party convention Socialist Labor Party nominee Social Democratic or Socialist Party convention Social Democratic or Socialist Party nominee 1872 Columbus , Ohio James Black 1876 Cleveland Green Clay Smith 1880 Cleveland Neal Dow 1884 Pittsburgh John St. John 1888 Indianapolis Clinton B. Fisk 1892 Cincinnati John Bidwell New York City Simon Wing 1896 Pittsburgh Joshua Levering New York City Charles Matchett 1900 Chicago John G. Woolley New York City Joseph F. Malloney Indianapolis ( SDP ) Eugene V. Debs 1904 Indianapolis Silas C. Swallow New York City Charles H. Corregan Chicago ( SPA ) Eugene V. Debs 1908 Columbus Eugene W. Chafin New York City August Gillhaus Chicago ( SPA ) Eugene V. Debs 1912 Atlantic City Eugene W. Chafin New York City Arthur E. Reimer Indianapolis ( SPA ) Eugene V. Debs 1916 St. Paul J. Frank Hanly New York City Arthur E. Reimer ( mail ballot ) 1920 Lincoln , Nebraska Aaron Watkins New York City William Wesley Cox New York City ( SPA ) Eugene V. Debs 1924 Columbus Herman P. Faris New York City Frank T. Johns Cleveland ( SPA ) Robert La Follette , Sr. ( Progressive ) 1928 Chicago William F. Varney New York City Verne L. Reynolds New York City ( SPA ) Norman Thomas 1932 Indianapolis William D. Upshaw New York City Verne L. Reynolds Milwaukee ( SPA ) Norman Thomas 1936 Niagara Falls , New York D. Leigh Colvin New York City John W. Aiken Cleveland ( SPA ) Norman Thomas 1940 Chicago Roger W. Babson New York City John W. Aiken Washington , D.C. ( SPA ) Norman Thomas 1944 Indianapolis Claude A. Watson New York City Edward A. Teichert Reading ( SPA ) Norman Thomas 1948 Winona Lake , Indiana Claude A. Watson New York City Edward A. Teichert Reading ( SPA ) Norman Thomas 1952 Indianapolis Stuart Hamblen New York City Eric Hass Cleveland ( SPA ) Darlington Hoopes 1956 Milford , Indiana Enoch A. Holtwick New York City Eric Hass Chicago ( SPA ) Darlington Hoopes 1960 Winona Lake Rutherford Decker New York City Eric Hass 1964 Chicago E. Harold Munn New York City Eric Hass 1968 Detroit E. Harold Munn Brooklyn Henning A. Blomen 1972 Wichita , Kansas E. Harold Munn Detroit Louis Fisher 1976 Wheat Ridge , Colorado Benjamin C. Bubar Southfield , Michigan Jules Levin Milwaukee ( SPUSA ) Frank P. Zeidler 1980 Birmingham Benjamin C. Bubar Milwaukee ( SPUSA ) David McReynolds 1984 Mandan , North Dakota Earl Dodge Milwaukee ( SPUSA ) Sonia Johnson ( Citizens ' ) 1988 Springfield , Illinois Earl Dodge Milwaukee ( SPUSA ) Willa Kenoyer 1992 Minneapolis Earl Dodge Chicago ( SPUSA ) J. Quinn Brisben Denver Earl Dodge Cambridge ( SPUSA ) Mary Cal Hollis 2000 Bird - in - Hand , Pennsylvania Earl Dodge Milwaukee ( SPUSA ) David McReynolds Fairfield Glade , Tennessee Gene Amondson Chicago ( SPUSA ) Walt Brown 2008 Indianapolis Gene Amondson St. Louis ( SPUSA ) Brian Moore 2012 Cullman , Alabama Jack Fellure Los Angeles ( SPUSA ) Stewart Alexander 2016 Conference Call James Hedges Libertarian , Green , and Constitution parties ( edit ) Further information : Libertarian National Convention , Green National Convention , and Constitution Party National Convention In 1999 , the United States Taxpayers ' Party changed its name to the Constitution Party . The individual article about a Libertarian convention after 1980 or a Green Party convention after 1996 is linked to its respective city in the table below . Cities linked for Constitution and U.S. Taxpayers ' Party conventions lead to individual sections of Constitution Party National Convention . Elec - tion Libertarian Party convention Libertarian Party nominee Green Party convention Green Party nomineee U.S. Taxpayers ' or Constitution Party convention U.S. Taxpayers ' or Constitution Party nominee 1972 Denver John Hospers 1976 New York Roger MacBride 1980 Los Angeles Ed Clark 1984 New York ( 1983 ) David Bergland 1988 Seattle ( 1987 ) Ron Paul 1992 Chicago ( 1991 ) André Marrou New Orleans ( USTP ) Howard Phillips Washington , D.C. Harry Browne Los Angeles Ralph Nader San Diego ( USTP ) Howard Phillips 2000 Anaheim Harry Browne Denver Ralph Nader St. Louis ( Const. 1999 ) Howard Phillips Atlanta Michael Badnarik Milwaukee David Cobb Valley Forge , Pa . ( Const . ) Michael Peroutka 2008 Denver Bob Barr Chicago Cynthia McKinney Kansas City ( Const . ) Chuck Baldwin 2012 Las Vegas Gary Johnson Baltimore Jill Stein Nashville ( Const . ) Virgil Goode 2016 Orlando Gary Johnson Houston Jill Stein Salt Lake City ( Const . ) Darrell Castle See also ( edit ) National conventions of the Communist Party USA References ( edit ) Note Jump up ^ Presidential Campaign Finance Jump up ^ `` Week In Review : National Organizing Kickoff a Great Success '' . democrats.org . November 2005 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` NFL season opener yields to McCain speech '' . Reuters . March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Alexandra ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Democratic National Convention date set '' . CNN.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evan McMorris - Santoro ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Team Obama Likes Its Chances : AZ , VA , NC Could Go Democrat In 2012 ( VIDEO ) '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dena Bunis . `` News : Anaheim asked to make bid for Republican convention - OCRegister.com '' . Ocregister.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` Barack Obama , Al Gore raise the roof at Invesco Field '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Robert Moran on Election 2004 on National Review Online Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2012 - 02 - 20 ) . `` GOP 's worst nightmare -- a contested convention '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . ( 2012 Republicans ) Jump up ^ Garber , Kent ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Obama , Clinton Head Toward Contested Convention '' . USNews.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . ( 2008 Democrats ) Jump up ^ Blankley , Tony ( 2007 - 12 - 19 ) . `` None of the Above : GOP Heading to a Brokered Convention '' . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved 2005 - 06 - 30 . ( 2008 Republicans ) Jump up ^ Orin , Deborah ( 2004 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Dems May Be In for Brokered Convention '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . ( 2004 Democrats ) Jump up ^ Rusher , William ( 1996 - 03 - 01 ) . `` A fun idea : Brokered convention '' . Rome News - Tribune . p. 4 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . ( 1996 Republicans ) Jump up ^ Wicker , Tom ( 1991 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Snakeskins and Democrats '' . Lakeland Ledger . p. 7A . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . ( 1992 Democrats ) Jump up ^ `` Democrats worrying about a brokered convention '' . The Spokesman - Review . Spokane , Wash . Associated Press . 1988 - 03 - 17 . p . A6 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . ( 1988 Democrats ) Jump up ^ Greenfield , Jeff ( 1984 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Brokered convention : Is it possible ? '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . p. 16 . Part 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . ( 1984 Democrats ) Jump up ^ `` REPUBLICANS : Ford Is Close , but Watch Those Trojan Horses '' . Time . August 2 , 1976 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Paletz & Elson ( 1976 ) . `` Television Coverage of Presidential Conventions : Now You See It , Now You Do n't '' . Political Science Quarterly . 91 ( 1 ) : 109 -- 131 . doi : 10.2307 / 2149161 . ^ Jump up to : Bennet , James ( 15 August 1996 ) . `` ' Nightline ' Pulls the Plug on Convention Coverage '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Trent & Friedenberg ( 2004 ) . Political Campaign Communication Principles & Practices . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc . Jump up ^ Kraus , Sidney ( 1979 ) . The Great Debates . Indiana University Press . Jump up ^ Trent & Friedenberg ( 2004 ) . Political Campaign Communication Principles and Practices . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc . Jump up ^ Valley , David ( 1974 ) . `` Significant Characteristics of Democratic Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speeches '' . Central States Speech Journal . 25 . Jump up ^ Kraus , Sidney ( 1979 ) . The Great Debate . Indiana University Press . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bibliography National Party Conventions eGuide , The Campaign Finance Institute , ( 2 ) Chase , James S. Emergence of the Presidential Nominating Convention , 1789 -- 1832 ( Houghton Mifflin : 1973 ) . Congressional Research Service . Presidential Elections in the United States : A Primer . ( Washington , Congressional Research Service , April 17 , 2000 ) . History House : Conventional Wisdom Kull , Irving S. and Nell M. , An Encyclopedia of American History in Chronological Order , enlarged and updated by Samuel H. Friedelbaum ( Popular Library , New York , 1961 ) Morris , Richard B. , Encyclopedia of American History , revised and enlarged edition ( Harper & Row , New York and Evanston , Ill. , 1961 ) Online NewsHour : Interview with Historian Michael Beschloss on the origins of the convention process Republican National Convention 2004 : Convention History Taylor , Tim , The Book of Presidents ( Arno Press , New York , 1972 ; ISBN 0 - 405 - 00226 - 2 ) National political parties in the United States List of political parties in the United States Major parties Democratic Republican Third parties Larger Green Libertarian Constitution Smaller America 's American ( 1969 ) American Freedom American Populist American Reform American Solidarity Black Riders Liberation Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Freedom Road Socialist Freedom Socialist Humane Independent American Justice Legal Marijuana Now Marijuana Modern Whig National Socialist Movement New Afrikan Black Panther New Black Panther Objectivist Pacifist Peace and Freedom Pirate Progressive Labor Prohibition Reform Revolutionary Communist Socialism and Liberation Socialist Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Socialist Workers Traditionalist Worker Unity Veterans Working Families Workers World World Socialist Former parties America First American ( Know Nothing ) American ( 1924 ) American Nazi American Vegetarian Anti-Masonic Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Commonwealth Land Constitution ( 1952 ) Constitutional Union Democratic - Republican Farmer -- Labor Federalist Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Independence ( 2007 ) Labor ( 1919 ) Labor ( 1996 ) Liberal Republican Liberty National Republican National States ' Rights National Union ( 1864 ) Natural Law New Alliance New Union Nullifier Opposition Populist ( People 's ) Personal Choice Progressive ( 1912 ) Progressive ( 1924 ) Progressive ( 1948 ) Radical Democracy Raza Unida Readjuster Silver Silver Republican Socialist Socialist Labor States Rights ( Dixiecrat ) Unconditional Union Union ( 1936 ) Unionist ( 1850s / 60s ) U.S. Labor Whig Youth International Recognized as a major national party by the FEC Not recognized as a major national party by the FEC State and local political parties ( without national body ) Presidential nominating conventions Politics of the United States Politics portal United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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how old was aisha when prophet muhammad married her

The majority of traditional hadith sources state that Aisha was married to Muhammad at the age of six or seven , but she stayed in her parents ' home until the age of nine , or ten according to Ibn Hisham , when the marriage was consummated with Muhammad , then 53 , in Medina . This timeline has been challenged by a number of scholars in modern times .

six or seven

Aisha

aisha

Aisha Mother of the Believers Native name ( Arabic ) : عائشة ' Ā'ishah bint Abī Bakr c. 613 / 614 CE Mecca , Hejaz , Arabia ( present - day Saudi Arabia ) 13 July 678 / 17 Ramadan 58 AH ( aged 64 ) Medina , Hejaz , Arabia ( present - day Saudi Arabia ) Resting place Jannat al - Baqi , Medina , Hejaz , Arabia ( present - day Saudi Arabia ) Spouse ( s ) Muhammad ( m . 620 - 8 June 632 ) Parent ( s ) Abu Bakr ( father ) Umm Ruman ( mother ) Military career Battles / wars First Fitna Battle of the Camel ' Ā'ishah bint Abī Bakr ( 613 / 614 -- 678 CE ; Arabic : عائشة بنت أبي بكر ‎ or عائشة , transliteration : ' Ā'ishah ( ʕaːʔɪʃa ) , also transcribed as A'ishah , Aisyah , Ayesha , A'isha , Aishat , Aishah , or Aisha / ˈɑːiːʃɑː / ) was one of Muhammad 's wives . In Islamic writings , her name is thus often prefixed by the title `` Mother of the Believers '' ( Arabic : أمّ المؤمنين umm al - mu'min īn ) , per the description of Muhammad 's wives in the Qur'an . Aisha had an important role in early Islamic history , both during Muhammad 's life and after his death . In Sunni tradition , Aisha is portrayed as scholarly and inquisitive . She contributed to the spread of Muhammad 's message and served the Muslim community for 44 years after his death . She is also known for narrating 2210 hadiths , not just on matters related to Muhammad 's private life , but also on topics such as inheritance , pilgrimage , and eschatology . Her intellect and knowledge in various subjects , including poetry and medicine , were highly praised by early luminaries such as al - Zuhri and her student Urwa ibn al - Zubayr . Her father , Abu Bakr , became the first caliph to succeed Muhammad , and after two years was succeeded by Umar . During the time of the third caliph Uthman , Aisha had a leading part in the opposition that grew against him , though she did not agree either with those responsible for his assassination nor with the party of Ali . During the reign of Ali , she wanted to avenge Uthman 's death , which she attempted to do in the Battle of the Camel . She participated in the battle by giving speeches and leading troops on the back of her camel . She ended up losing the battle , but her involvement and determination left a lasting impression . Afterwards , she lived quietly in Medina for more than twenty years , took no part in politics , became reconciled to Ali and did not oppose caliph Mu'awiya . The majority of traditional hadith sources state that Aisha was married to Muhammad at the age of six or seven , but she stayed in her parents ' home until the age of nine , or ten according to Ibn Hisham , when the marriage was consummated with Muhammad , then 53 , in Medina . This timeline has been challenged by a number of scholars in modern times . The Shia have a generally negative view of Aisha . They accuse her of hating Ali and defying him during his caliphate in the Battle of the Camel , when she fought men from Ali 's army in Basra . Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Marriage to Muhammad 1.2 Age at marriage 2 Personal life 2.1 Relationship with Muhammad 2.2 Accusation of adultery 2.3 Story of the honey 2.4 Death of Muhammad 3 Political career 3.1 Role during caliphate 3.1. 1 Role during first and second caliphates 3.1. 2 Role during the third caliphate 3.2 First Fitna 3.3 Contributions to Islam and influence 3.4 Political influence 4 Death 5 Views 5.1 Sunni view of Aisha 5.2 Shia view of Aisha 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Citations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Early life Aisha was born 613 or early 614 . She was the daughter of Umm Ruman and Abu Bakr of Mecca , two of Muhammad 's most trusted companions . Aisha was the third and youngest wife of Muhammad . No sources offer much more information about Aisha 's childhood years . Marriage to Muhammad The idea to match Aisha with Muhammad was suggested by Khawlah bint Hakim . After this , the previous agreement regarding the marriage of Aisha with Jubayr ibn Mut'im was put aside by common consent . Abu Bakr was uncertain at first `` as to the propriety or even legality of marrying his daughter to his ' brother ' . '' British historian William Montgomery Watt suggests that Muhammad hoped to strengthen his ties with Abu Bakr ; the strengthening of ties commonly served as a basis for marriage in Arabian culture . Age at marriage See also : Criticism of Muhammad ( Aisha ) , Islam and children § Marriage , and Child marriage Aisha 's age at the time of her marriage is frequently mentioned in Islamic literature . According to Sunni hadith sources , Aisha was six or seven years old when she was married to Muhammad in Mecca . The marriage was consummated after the Hegira to Medina , when she had reached the age of nine or ten years old . Many scholars interpret this to indicate that she reached puberty at this age . For example , Sahih al - Bukhari states that Aisha narrated that `` the Prophet married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old , and then she remained with him for nine years ( i.e. , till his death ) . '' Some narrations such as the following mention her menstruating : `` Narrated ' Aisha : The Prophet used to lean on my lap and recite Qur'an while I was in menses . '' and `` Narrated ' Aisha : The Prophet used to embrace me during my menses . He also used to put his head out of the mosque while he was in Itikaf , and I would wash it during my menses . '' In the modern era , Aisha 's age at marriage has been a source of controversy and debate , and some Muslims have attempted to revise the previously - accepted timeline of her life . All biographical information on Muhammad and his companions was first recorded over a century after his death , but the ahadith and Islamic literature provide records of early Islam through an unbroken chain of witnesses . Various ahadith stating that Aisha was either nine or ten at the time of her consummation come from collections with sahih status , meaning they are regarded as reputable by the majority of Muslims . Some other traditional sources also mention Aisha 's age . The sira of Ibn Ishaq edited by Ibn Hisham states that she was nine or ten years old at the consummation . The historian al - Tabari also states that she was nine . Marriage at a young age was not unheard of at the time , and Aisha 's marriage to Muhammad may have had a political connotation , as her father Abu Bakr was an influential man in the community . Abu Bakr , on his part , may have sought to further the bond of kinship between Muhammad and himself by joining their families together in marriage via Aisha . Leila Ahmed notes that Aisha 's betrothal and marriage to Muhammad are presented as ordinary in Islamic literature , and may indicate that it was not unusual for children to be married to their elders in that era . Some Muslim authors have attempted to calculate Aisha 's age based on details found in some biographies , eschewing the traditionally - accepted ahadith , though Kecia Ali labels these attempts as `` revisionist '' . One hadith recorded in the works of some medieval scholars , including al - Dhahabi , states that Aisha 's older sister Asma was ten years older than her . This has been combined with information about Asma 's age at the time of her death and used to suggest that Aisha was over thirteen at the time of her marriage . Gibril Haddad criticizes this approach as relying on a single narrator , and notes that a hadith from the same narrator gives a broader range for the age difference between the sisters . Muhammad Niknam Arabshahi , an Iranian Islamic scholar , has considered six different approaches to determining Aisha 's age and concluded that she was engaged in her late teens . Using reports on the birth year of Fatimah as a reference point , the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement scholar Muhammad Ali has estimated that Aisha was over ten years old at the time of marriage and over fifteen at the time of its consummation . Noting the references to Aisha 's age as either nine or ten at the age of consummation , American historian Denise Spellberg states that `` these specific references to the bride 's age reinforce Aisha 's pre-menarcheal status and , implicitly , her virginity '' . She notes that Aisha herself seemed to promote the fact that she was a virgin prior to her marriage to Muhammad , as a way to distinguish herself from his other , non-virginal wives . This was of great importance to those who supported Aisha 's position in the debate of the succession to Muhammad . These supporters considered that as Muhammad 's only virgin wife , Aisha was divinely intended for him , and therefore the most credible regarding the debate . The Islamic scholar Kecia Ali disagrees with Spellberg 's assessment , and states that early Islamic literature does not present Aisha 's young age as noteworthy or exceptional . She notes that some of Mohammed 's companions are reported to have engaged in marriages with a similar age gap , and that the marriage would likely not have seemed controversial at the time . Personal life Relationship with Muhammad Muhammad and Aisha freeing the daughter of a tribal chief In many Muslim traditions , Aisha is described as Muhammad 's most beloved or favored wife after his first wife , Khadija bint Khuwaylid , who died before the migration to Medina took place . There are several hadiths , or stories or sayings of Muhammad , that support this belief . One relates that when a companion asked Muhammad , `` who is the person you love most in the world ? '' he responded , `` Aisha . '' Others relate that Muhammad built Aisha 's apartment so that her door opened directly into the mosque , and that she was the only woman with whom Muhammad received revelations . They bathed in the same water and he prayed while she lay stretched out in front of him . There are also various traditions that reveal the mutual affection between Muhammad and Aisha . He would often just sit and watch her and her friends play with dolls , and on occasion he would even join them . Additionally , they were close enough that each was able to discern the mood of the other , as many stories relate . It is also important to note that there exists evidence that Muhammad did not view himself as entirely superior to Aisha , at least not enough to prevent Aisha from speaking her mind , even at the risk of angering Muhammad . On one such instance , Muhammad 's `` announcement of a revelation permitting him to enter into marriages disallowed to other men drew from her ( Aisha ) the retort , ' It seems to me your Lord hastens to satisfy your desire ! ' '' Furthermore , Muhammad and Aisha had a strong intellectual relationship . Muhammad valued her keen memory and intelligence and so instructed his companions to draw some of their religious practices from her . Accusation of adultery The story of accusation of adultery levied against Aisha can be traced to sura ( chapter ) An - Nur of the Qur'an . As the story goes , Aisha left her howdah in order to search for a missing necklace . Her slaves mounted the howdah and prepared it for travel without noticing any difference in weight without Aisha 's presence . Hence the caravan accidentally departed without her . She remained at the camp until the next morning , when Safwan ibn al - Mu'attal , a nomad and member of Muhammad 's army , found her and brought her back to Muhammad at the army 's next camp . Rumours that Aisha and Safwan had committed adultery were spread , particularly by Abd - Allah ibn Ubayy , Hassan ibn Thabit , Mistah ibn Uthatha and Hammanah bint Jahsh ( sister of Zaynab bint Jahsh , another of Muhammad 's wives ) . Usama ibn Zayd , son of Zayd ibn Harithah , defended Aisha 's reputation ; while Ali ibn Abi Talib advised `` Women are plentiful , and you can easily change one for another . '' Muhammad came to speak directly with Aisha about the rumours . He was still sitting in her house when he announced that he had received a revelation from God confirming Aisha 's innocence . Surah 24 details the Islamic laws and punishment regarding adultery and slander . Aisha 's accusers were subjected to punishments of 80 lashes . Story of the honey After the daily Asr prayer , Muhammad would visit each of his wives ' apartments to inquire about their well - being . Muhammad was just in the amount of time he spent with them and attention he gave to them . Once , Muhammad 's fifth wife , Zaynab bint Jahsh , received some honey from a relative which Muhammad took a particular liking to . As a result , every time Zaynab offered some of this honey to him he would spend a longer time in her apartment . This did not sit well with Aisha and Hafsa bint Umar . Hafsa and I decided that when the Prophet entered upon either of us , she would say , `` I smell in you the bad smell of Maghafir ( a bad smelling raisin ) . Have you eaten Maghafir ? '' When he entered upon one of us , she said that to him . He replied ( to her ) , `` No , but I have drunk honey in the house of Zainab bint Jahsh , and I will never drink it again . '' ... `` But I have drunk honey . '' Hisham said : It also meant his saying , `` I will not drink anymore , and I have taken an oath , so do not inform anybody of that ' -- Muhammad al - Bukhari , Sahih al - Bukhari Soon after this event , Muhammad reported that he had received a revelation in which he was told that he could eat anything permitted by God . Some Sunni commentators on the Qur'an sometimes give this story as the `` occasion of revelation '' for At - Tahrim , which opens with the following verses : O Prophet ! Why holdest thou to be forbidden that which Allah has made lawful to thee ? Thou seekest to please thy consorts . But Allah is Oft - Forgiving , Most Merciful . Allah has already ordained for you , ( O men ) , the dissolution of your oaths ( in some cases ) : and Allah is your Protector , and He is Full of Knowledge and Wisdom . -- Qur'an , surah 66 ( At - Tahrim ) , ayat 1 -- 2 Word spread to the small Muslim community that Muhammad 's wives were speaking sharply to him and conspiring against him . Muhammad , saddened and upset , separated from his wives for a month . ' Umar , Hafsa 's father , scolded his daughter and also spoke to Muhammad of the matter . By the end of this time , his wives were humbled ; they agreed to `` speak correct and courteous words '' and to focus on the afterlife . Death of Muhammad Aisha remained Muhammad 's favorite wife throughout his life . When he became ill and suspected that he was probably going to die , he began to ask his wives whose apartment he was to stay in next . They eventually figured out that he was trying to determine when he was due with Aisha , and they then allowed him to retire there . He remained in Aisha 's apartment until his death , and his last breath was taken as he lay in the arms of Aisha , his most beloved wife . Political career After Muhammad 's death , which ended Aisha and Muhammad 's 14 - year - long marriage , Aisha lived fifty more years in and around Medina . Much of her time was spent learning and acquiring knowledge of the Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad . Aisha was one of three wives ( the other two being Hafsa bint Umar and Umm Salama ) who memorized the Qur'an . Like Hafsa , Aisha had her own script of the Quran written after Muhammad 's death . During Aisha 's life many prominent customs of Islam , such as veiling and seclusion of women , began . Aisha 's importance to revitalizing the Arab tradition and leadership among the Arab women highlights her magnitude within Islam . Aisha became involved in the politics of early Islam and the first three caliphate reigns : Abu Bakr , ' Umar , and ' Uthman . During a time in Islam when women were not expected , or wanted , to contribute outside the household , Aisha delivered public speeches , became directly involved in war and even battles , and helped both men and women to understand the practices of Muhammad . Role during caliphate Role during first and second caliphates After Muhammad 's death in 632 , Abu Bakr was appointed as the first caliph . This matter of succession to Muhammad is extremely controversial to the Shia who believe that Ali had been appointed by Muhammad to lead while Sunni maintain that the public elected Abu Bakr . Abu Bakr had two advantages in achieving his new role : his long personal friendship with Muhammad and his role as father - in - law . As caliph , Abu Bakr was the first to set guidelines for the new position of authority . Aisha garnered more special privilege in the Islamic community for being known as both a wife of Muhammad and the daughter of the first caliph . Being the daughter of Abu Bakr tied Aisha to honorable titles earned from her father 's strong dedication to Islam . For example , she was given the title of al - siddiqa bint al - siddiq , meaning ' the truthful woman , daughter of the truthful man ' , a reference to Abu Bakr 's support of the Isra and Mi'raj . In 634 Abu Bakr fell sick and was unable to recover . Prior to his death , he appointed ' Umar , one of his chief advisers , as the second caliph . Throughout ' Umar 's time in power Aisha continued to play the role of a consultant in political matters . Role during the third caliphate After ' Umar died , ' Uthmān was chosen to be the third caliph . He wanted to promote the interests of the Umayyads . Aisha had little involvement with ' Uthmān for the first couple years , but eventually she found a way into the politics of his reign . She eventually grew to despise ' Uthmān , and many are unsure of what specifically triggered her eventual opposition towards him . A prominent opposition that arose towards him was when ' Uthmān mistreated ' Ammar ibn Yasir ( companion of Muhammad ) by beating him . Aisha became enraged and spoke out publicly , saying , `` How soon indeed you have forgotten the practice ( sunnah ) of your prophet and these , his hairs , a shirt , and sandal have not yet perished ! '' . As time continued issues of antipathy towards ' Uthmān continued to arise . Another instance of opposition arose when the people came to Aisha , after Uthmān ignored the rightful punishment for Walid idn Uqbah ( Uthmān 's brother ) . Aisha and Uthmān argued with each other , Uthmān eventually made a comment on why Aisha had come and how she was `` ordered to stay at home '' . Arising from this comment , was the question of whether Aisha , and for that matter women , still had the ability to be involved in public affairs . The Muslim community became split : `` some sided with Uthmān , but others demanded to know who indeed had better right than Aisha in such matters '' . The caliphate took a turn for the worse when Egypt was governed by Abdullah ibn Saad . Abbott reports that Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa of Egypt , an opponent of ' Uthmān , forged letters in the Mothers of the Believers ' names to the conspirators against ' Uthmān . The people cut off ' Uthmān 's water and food supply . When Aisha realized the behavior of the crowd , Abbott notes , Aisha could not believe the crowd `` would offer such indignities to a widow of Mohammad '' . This refers to when Safiyya bint Huyayy ( one of Muhammad 's wives ) tried to help ' Uthmān and was taken by the crowd . Malik al - Ashtar then approached her about killing Uthmān and the letter , and she claimed she would never want to `` command the shedding of the blood of the Muslims and the killing of their Imām '' ; she also claimed she did not write the letters . The city continued to oppose ' Uthmān , but as for Aisha , her journey to Mecca was approaching . With the journey to Mecca approaching at this time , she wanted to rid herself of the situation . ' Uthmān heard of her not wanting to hurt him , and he asked her to stay because of her influence on the people , but this did not persuade Aisha , and she continued on her journey . First Fitna Main article : Battle of the Camel Domains of Rashidun Caliphate under four caliphs . The divided phase relates to the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali during the First Fitna . Strongholds of the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali during the First Fitna Region under the control of Muawiyah I during the First Fitna Region under the control of Amr ibn al - As during the First Fitna In 655 , Uthman 's house was put under siege by about 1000 rebels . Eventually the rebels broke into the house and murdered Uthman , provoking the First Fitna . After killing Uthman , the rebels asked Ali to be the new caliph , although Ali was not involved in the murder of Uthman according to many reports . Ali reportedly initially refused the caliphate , agreeing to rule only after his followers persisted . When Ali could not execute those merely accused of Uthman 's murder , Aisha delivered a fiery speech against him for not avenging the death of Uthman . The first to respond to Aisha was Abdullah ibn Aamar al - Hadhrami , the governor of Mecca during the reign of Uthman , and prominent members of the Banu Umayya . With the funds from the `` Yemeni Treasury '' Aisha set out on a campaign against the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali . Aisha , along with an army including Zubayr ibn al - Awam and Talha ibn Ubayd - Allah , confronted Ali 's army , demanding the prosecution of Uthman 's killers who had mingled with his army outside the city of Basra . When her forces captured Basra she ordered the execution of 600 Muslims and 40 others , including Hakim ibn Jabala , who were put to death in the Grand Mosque of Basra . Aisha 's forces are also known to have tortured and imprisoned Othman ibn Hanif the governor of Basra appointed by Ali . Aisha battling the fourth caliph Ali in the Battle of the Camel Ali rallied supporters and fought Aisha 's forces near Basra in 656 . The battle is known as the Battle of the Camel , after the fact that Aisha directed her forces from a howdah on the back of a large camel . Aisha 's forces were defeated and an estimated 10,000 Muslims were killed in the battle , considered the first engagement where Muslims fought Muslims . After 110 days of conflict the Rashidun Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib met Aisha with reconciliation . He sent her back to Medina under military escort headed by her brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr , one of Ali 's commanders . She subsequently retired to Medina with no more interference with the affairs of state . She was also awarded a pension by Ali . Although she retired to Medina , her forsaken efforts against the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali did not end the First Fitna . Contributions to Islam and influence After 25 years of a monogamous relationship with his first wife , Khadija bint Khuwaylid , Muhammad participated in nine years of polygyny , marrying at least nine further wives . Muhammad 's subsequent marriages were depicted purely as political matches rather than unions of sexual indulgence . In particular , Muhammad 's unions with Aisha and Hafsa bint Umar associated him with two of the most significant leaders of the early Muslim community , Aisha 's and Hafsa 's fathers , Abu Bakr and ' Umar ibn al - Khattāb , respectively . Aisha 's marriage has given her significance among many within Islamic culture , becoming known as the most learned woman of her time . Being Muhammad 's favorite wife , Aisha occupied an important position in his life . When Muhammad married Aisha in her youth , she was accessible `` ... to the values needed to lead and influence the sisterhood of Muslim women . '' After the death of Muhammad , Aisha was discovered to be a renowned source of hadiths , due to her qualities of intelligence and memory . Aisha conveyed ideas expressing Muhammad 's practice ( sunnah ) . She expressed herself as a role model to women , which can also be seen within some traditions attributed to her . The traditions regarding Aisha habitually opposed ideas unfavorable to women in efforts to elicit social change . According to Reza Aslan : The so - called Muslim women 's movement is predicated on the idea that Muslim men , not Islam , have been responsible for the suppression of women 's rights . For this reason , Muslim feminists throughout the world are advocating a return to the society Muhammad originally envisioned for his followers . Despite differences in culture , nationalities , and beliefs , these women believe that the lesson to be learned from Muhammad in Medina is that Islam is above all an egalitarian religion . Their Medina is a society in which Muhammad designated women like Umm Waraqa as spiritual guides for the Ummah ; in which the Prophet himself was sometimes publicly rebuked by his wives ; in which women prayed and fought alongside the men ; in which women like Aisha and Umm Salamah acted not only as religious but also as political -- and on at least one occasion military -- leaders ; and in which the call to gather for prayer , bellowed from the rooftop of Muhammad 's house , brought men and women together to kneel side by side and be blessed as a single undivided community . Not only was Aisha supportive of Muhammad , but she contributed scholarly intellect to the development of Islam . She was given the title al - Siddiqah , meaning ' the one who affirms the truth ' . Aisha was known for her `` ... expertise in the Quran , shares of inheritance , lawful and unlawful matters , poetry , Arabic literature , Arab history , genealogy , and general medicine . '' Her intellectual contributions regarding the verbal texts of Islam were in time transcribed into written form , becoming the official history of Islam . After the death of Muhammad , Aisha was regarded as the most reliable source in the teachings of hadith . Aisha 's authentication of Muhammad 's ways of prayer and his recitation of the Qur'an allowed for development of knowledge of his sunnah of praying and reading verses of the Quran . During Aisha 's entire life she was a strong advocate for the education of Islamic women , especially in law and the teachings of Islam . She was known for establishing the first madrasa for women in her home . Attending Aisha 's classes were various family relatives and orphaned children . Men also attended Aisha 's classes , with a simple curtain separating the male and female students . Political influence Some say that Aisha 's political influence helped promote her father , Abu Bakr , to the caliphate after Muhammad 's death . After the defeat at the Battle of the Camel , Aisha retreated to Medina and became a teacher . Upon her arrival in Medina , Aisha retired from her public role in politics . Her discontinuation of public politics , however , did not stop her political influence completely . Privately , Aisha continued influencing those intertwined in the Islamic political sphere . Amongst the Islamic community , she was known as an intelligent woman who debated law with male companions . Aisha was also considered to be the embodiment of proper rituals while partaking in the pilgrimage to Mecca , a journey she made with several groups of women . For the last two years of her life , Aisha spent much of her time telling the stories of Muhammad , hoping to correct false passages that had become influential in formulating Islamic law . Due to this , Aisha 's political influence continues to impact those in Islam . Death Aisha died at her home in Medina on 17 Ramadan 58 AH ( 16 July 678 ) . She was 67 years old . Some such as Sibt ibn al - Jawzi , Hakim Sanai , and Khwaja Mehboob Qasim Chishti Muhsarafee Qadiri say that she was murdered by Muawiyah . Muhammad 's companion Abu Hurairah led her funeral prayer after the tahajjud ( night ) prayer , and she was buried at Jannat al - Baqi ' . Views Sunni view of Aisha Sunnis believe she was Muhammad 's favorite wife . They consider her ( among other wives ) to be Umm al - Mu'minin and among the members of the Ahl al - Bayt , or Muhammad 's family . According to Sunni hadith reports , Muhammad saw Aisha in two dreams in which he was shown that he would marry her . Shia view of Aisha Main article : Shia view of Aisha The Shia view Aisha negatively . They accuse her of hating Ali and defying him during his caliphate in the Battle of the Camel , when she fought men from Ali 's army in Basra . See also Islam portal Biography portal List of people related to Quranic verses The Jewel of Medina Notes Jump up ^ This is the generally accepted date , although the actual date of death is not known for certain . Citations ^ Jump up to : Al - Nasa'i 1997 , p. 108 ' A'isha was eighteen years of age at the time when the Holy Prophet ( peace and blessings of Allah be upon him ) died and she remained a widow for forty - eight years till she died at the age of sixty - seven . She saw the rules of four caliphs in her lifetime . She died in Ramadan 58 AH during the caliphate of Mu'awiya ... Jump up ^ `` Aisha '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Spellberg 1994 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Quran 33 : 6 Jump up ^ Brockelmann 1947 ^ Jump up to : Abbott 1942 Jump up ^ Aleem , Shamim ( 2007 ) . Prophet Muhammad ( s ) and His Family : A Sociological Perspective . AuthorHouse . p. 130 . ISBN 9781434323576 . Jump up ^ Islamyat : a core text for students ^ Jump up to : Sayeed , Asma ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) . Women and the Transmission of Religious Knowledge in Islam . Cambridge University Press . pp. 27 -- 9 . ISBN 9781107031586 . ^ Jump up to : Watt 1960 ^ Jump up to : Spellberg 1994 , pp. 39 -- 40 ^ Jump up to : Armstrong 1992 , p. 157 ^ Jump up to : Sahih al - Bukhari , 5 : 58 : 234 , 5 : 58 : 236 , 7 : 62 : 64 , 7 : 62 : 65 , 7 : 62 : 88 , Sahih Muslim , 8 : 3309 , 8 : 3310 , 8 : 3311 , 41 : 4915 , Sunan Abu Dawood , 41 : 4917 ^ Jump up to : al - Tabari 1987 , p. 7 , al - Tabari 1990 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Abbott 1942 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Ibn Sa 'd 1995 , p. 55 Aisha was born at the beginning of the fourth year of prophethood i.e. , the year 613 -- 614 ^ Jump up to : Esposito Jump up ^ Watt 1961 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Abbott 1942 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Ahmed 1992 ^ Jump up to : Abbott 1942 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Sonbol 2003 , pp. 3 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : `` A'ishah - Oxford Islamic Studies Online '' . www.oxfordislamicstudies.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Barlas 2002 , pp. 125 -- 126 Jump up ^ A.C. Brown , Jonathan ( 2014 ) . Misquoting Muhammad : The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet 's Legacy . Oneworld Publications . pp. 143 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 1780744209 . Jump up ^ A.C. Brown , Jonathan ( 2014 ) . Misquoting Muhammad : The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet 's Legacy . Oneworld Publications . p. 316 . n ° 50 . ISBN 978 - 1780744209 . Evidence that the Prophet waited for Aisha to reach physical maturity before consummation comes from al - Ṭabarī , who says she was too young for intercourse at the time of the marriage contract ; Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 7 : 62 : 64 Jump up ^ al - Nawawī , Yahya . Al Minhaj bi Sharh Sahih Muslim . Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 1 : 6 : 296 Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 3 : 33 : 247 ^ Jump up to : Ali , Kecia . Sexual Ethics and Islam : Feminist Reflections on Qur'an , Hadith and Jurisprudence . OneWorld . p. 173 - 186 . ISBN 978 - 1780743813 . Jump up ^ Kadri , Sadakat ( 2012 ) . Heaven on Earth . Farrar , Straus , Giroux . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 7 : 62 : 64 Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim 8 : 3309 Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq . The Life of Muhammad . Translated by A. Guillaume . p. 792 . He married A'isha in Mecca when she was a child of seven and lived with her in Medina when she was nine or ten . Jump up ^ al - Tabari , Abu Jafar . History of al - Tabari , Vol 6 : Muhammad at Mecca . Translated by Ismail K Poonawala . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Afsaruddin 2014 Jump up ^ Ahmed , Leila ( 1992 ) . Women and Gender in Islam : Historical Roots of a Modern Debate . Yale University Press . p. 51 - 54 . ISBN 978 - 0300055832 . Jump up ^ al - Dhahabi . `` Siyar a ` lam al - nubala ' '' . IslamWeb . Retrieved 3 September 2018 . قال عبد الرحمن بن أبي الزناد : كانت أسماء أكبر من عائشة بعشر . ( Abd al - Rahman ibn Abi al - Zunad said : Asma was older than Aisha by ten years Jump up ^ Barlas , Asma ( 2012 ) . `` Believing Women '' in Islam : Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an . University of Texas Press . p. 126 . On the other hand , however , Muslims who calculate ' Ayesha 's age based on details of her sister Asma 's age , about whom more is known , as well as on details of the Hijra ( the Prophet 's migration from Mecca to Madina ) , maintain that she was over thirteen and perhaps between seventeen and nineteen when she got married . Such views cohere with those Ahadith that claim that at her marriage Ayesha had `` good knowledge of Ancient Arabic poetry and genealogy '' and `` pronounced the fundamental rules of Arabic Islamic ethics . Jump up ^ Gibril F Haddad . `` Our Mother A'isha's Age At The Time Of Her Marriage to The Prophet '' . SunniPath . Retrieved 3 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Tarikh Sahih Islam et al . According to these sources , we can conclude that Aisha was much older than what she claimed and narrated in some hadith ... and she was 17 or 19 years old when she got engaged and she would be 20 or 22 when she had sex . ( Original : از اين روايات می توان چنين نتيجه گرفت که عايشه بسيار بزرگتر از آن چيزی است که خودش ادعا می کند و در روايت ها نقل شده است ؛ ... و در هنگام ازدواج 17 يا 19 ساله و در هنگام دخول 20 يا 22 ساله خواهد بود ) Jump up ^ Ali 1997 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Spellberg 1994 , pp. 34 -- 40 ^ Jump up to : Ahmed 1992 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Roded 1994 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Roded 2008 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Joseph 2007 , p. 227 Jump up ^ McAuliffe 2001 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Mernissi 1988 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Mernissi 1988 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Abbott 1942 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Roded 1994 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Abbott 1942 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Shaikh 2003 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Abbott 1942 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Lings 1983 , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Haykal 1976 , pp. 183 -- 184 Jump up ^ Abbott 1942 , pp. 67 -- 68 Jump up ^ Lings 1983 , p. 371 Jump up ^ Ahmed 1992 , pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Mernissi 1988 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Mernissi 1988 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Ramadan 2007 , p. 121 Jump up ^ The story is told multiple times in the early traditions , nearly all of the versions being ultimately derived from Aisha 's own account . Typical examples can be found in Sahih al - Bukhari , 5 : 59 : 462 , Sahih Muslim , 37 : 6673 and Guillaume 1955 , pp. 494 -- 499 . Jump up ^ Great Women of Islam -- Zaynab bint Jahsh Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 8 : 78 : 682 Jump up ^ Quran 66 : 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Ibn Sa 'd 1995 , pp. 132 -- 133 Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 3 : 43 : 648 Jump up ^ Ahmed 1992 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Abbott 1942 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Lings 1983 , p. 339 Jump up ^ Haykal 1976 , pp. 502 -- 503 Jump up ^ Guillaume 1955 , p. 679 and 682 Jump up ^ `` Aishah bint Abu Bakr '' . Jannah.org . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Elsadda 2001 , pp. 37 -- 64 Jump up ^ Spellberg & Aghaie , pp. 42 -- 47 Jump up ^ Spellberg 1994 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Spellberg 1994 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Abbott 1942 , p. 108 ^ Jump up to : Abbott 1942 , p. 111 ^ Jump up to : Abbott 1942 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Abbott 1942 , p. 123 Jump up ^ See : Lapidus 2002 , p. 47 Holt 1977 , pp. 70 -- 72 Tabatabaei 1979 , pp. 50 -- 57 al - Athir 1231 , p. 19P. 19 Jump up ^ Holt 1977 , pp. 67 -- 68 Jump up ^ Madelung 1997 , p. 107 and 111 Jump up ^ `` Khalifa Ali bin Abu Talib -- Ayesha 's Occupation of Basra ( Hakim b Jabala ) '' . Alim.org . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Ishaq , Mohammad . Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society . 3 ( Part 1 ) . CS1 maint : Untitled periodical ( link ) Jump up ^ Razwy 2001 Jump up ^ `` Khalifa Ali bin Abu Talib -- Ayesha 's Occupation of Basra ( War in Basra ) '' . Alim.org . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Glubb 1963 , p. 320 Jump up ^ Goodwin 1994 Jump up ^ Muir 1892 , p. 261 Jump up ^ Black 1994 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Aslan 2005 , pp. 58 -- 136 ^ Jump up to : Anwar , Jawed ( April 4 , 2005 ) . `` History Shows the Importance of Women in Muslim Life '' . Muslims Weekly . Pacific News Service . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geissinger 2011 , pp. 37 -- 49 Jump up ^ Aslan 2005 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Ahmed 1992 , pp. 47 -- 75 Jump up ^ Geissinger 2011 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Haylamaz , Resit ( 1 March 2013 ) . Aisha : The Wife , The Companion , The Scholar . Tughra Books . pp. 192 -- 193 . ISBN 9781597846554 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Yusuf ibn Qazghali . Tadhkirat al - Khawas . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Hakim Sanai . Hadoiqa Sanai . pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Khwaja Mehboob Qasim Chishti Muhsarafee Qadiri . Musharaf al Mehboobeen . pp. 216 -- 218 , 616 . Jump up ^ Ibn Kathir , p. 97 Jump up ^ Richard Crandall ( 2008 ) . Islam : The Enemy . Xulon Press . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Kelly Bulkeley ; Kate Adams ; Patricia M. Davis ( 2009 ) . `` 6 ( Dreaming in the Life of the Prophet Muhammad ) '' . Dreaming in Christianity and Islam : Culture , Conflict , and Creativity . Rutgers University Press . p. 87 . ISBN 9780813546100 . Jump up ^ M. Fethullah Gülen ( 2014 ) . Questions and Answers About Islam Vol. 1 . 4.4 ( Why Was The Prophet Polygamous ? ) : Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret . ISBN 9781597846189 . This is surely why the Prophet was told in a dream that he would marry Aisha . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Marriage '' . SahihalBukhari.Com . SalafiPublications. Comlocation = Hadeeth No. 4745 & 4787 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Objections to the Shia criticisms leveled at Ayesha '' . Shiapen.com. 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . References Abbott , Nabia ( 1942 ) . Aishah The Beloved of Muhammad . 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Aslan , Reza ( 2005 ) . No god but God : The Origins , Evolution , and Future of Islam . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 73975 - 7 . Barlas , Asma ( 2002 ) . Believing Women in Islam : Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an . University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70904 - 8 . Read online Black , Edwin ( 1994 ) . Banking on Baghdad : Inside Iraq 's 7,000 - year History of War , Profit , and Conflict . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0914153122 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Brockelmann , Carl ( 1947 ) . Geschichte der Islamischen Volker und Staaten ( History of the Islamic Peoples , with a Review of Events , 1939 -- 1947 ) ( in German ) . Translated by Joel Carmichael and Moshe Perlmann . G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Elsadda , Hoda ( Spring 2001 ) . `` Discourses on Women 's Biographies and Cultural Identity : Twentieth - Century Representations of the Life of ' A'isha Bint Abi Bakr '' . Feminist Studies . Feminist Studies , Inc. 27 ( 1 ) . JSTOR 3178448 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Esposito , John L. `` A'ishah In the Islamic World : Past and Present '' . Oxford Islamic Studies Online . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Geissinger , Aisha ( January 2011 ) . `` ' A'isha bint Abi Bakr and her Contributions to the Formation of the Islamic Tradition '' . Religion Compass . Blackwell Publishingdoi = 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 8171.2010. 00260. x . 5 ( 1 ) : 37 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 8171.2010. 00260. x . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Glubb , John Bagot ( 1963 ) . The Great Arab Conquests . Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 9780340009383 . Goodwin , Jan ( 1994 ) . Price of Honor : Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence on the Islamic World . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0452283770 . Haykal , Muhammad Husayn ( 1976 ) . The Life of Muhammad ( in Arabic ) . Translated by Isma'il Ragi Al - Faruqi . North American Trust Publications . ISBN 978 - 0892591374 . Ibn Ishaq ( 1955 ) . Sirat Rasul Allah ( The Life of Muhammad ) ( in Arabic ) . Translated by Alfred Guillaume . Oxford University . ISBN 0 - 19 - 636034 - X . Ibn Kathir . `` book 4 , chapter 7 '' . Al - Bidaya wa'l - Nihaya ( The Beginning and the End ) ( in Arabic ) . Ibn Sa 'd ( 1995 ) . Women of Madina ( in Arabic ) . 8 . Translated by Aisha Bewley . Ta - Ha Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1897940242 . Lapidus , Ira M. ( 2002 ) . A History of Islamic Societies ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77933 - 3 . Lings , Martin ( 1983 ) . Muhammad : His Life Based on the Earliest Sources . Inner Traditions International . ISBN 978 - 1594771538 . Madelung , Wilferd ( 1997 ) . The Succession to Muhammad . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521646963 . McAuliffe , Jane Dammen ( 2001 ) . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān. 1 . Brill Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 14743 - 8 . Mernissi , Fatema ( 1988 ) . Le Harem Politique ( The Veil And The Male Elite : A Feminist Interpretation Of Women 's Rights In Islam ) ( in French ) . Translated by Mary Jo Lakeland . Perseus Books Publishing . ISBN 9780201632217 . Muir , William ( 1892 ) . The Caliphate : Its Rise , Decline And Fall from Original Sources . The Religious Tract Society . Razwy , Ali Ashgar ( 2001 ) . `` The Battle of Basra ( the battle of Camel ) '' . A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims . World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna - Asheri Muslim Communities . ISBN 0950987913 . Roded , Ruth ( 1994 ) . Women in Islamic Biographical Collections : From Ibn Sa 'd to Who 's Who . Lynne Rienner Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1555874421 . Roded , Ruth ( 2008 ) . Women in Islam and the Middle East : A Reader . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1845113858 . Shaikh , Sa'diyya ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World . Macmillan Reference USA . ISBN 9780028656038 . Spellberg , Denise ( 1994 ) . Politics , Gender , and the Islamic Past : the Legacy of A'isha bint Abi Bakr . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0231079990 . Tabatabaei , Muhammad Husayn ( 1979 ) . Shi'ite Islam ( in Arabic ) . Translated by Hossein Nasr . State University of New York Press . ISBN 0 - 87395 - 272 - 3 . Vaglieri , Laura Veccia ( 1977 ) . `` 4 '' . In Holt , Peter M. ; Lambton , Ann ; Lewis , Bernard . The Cambridge History of Islam . 1 . Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CHOL9780521219464 . ISBN 9781139055024 . Watt , William Montgomery ( 1960 ) . ʿĀʾis̲h̲a Bint Abī Bakr ( 2nd ed . ) . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . ISBN 9789004161214 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Watt , William Montgomery ( 1961 ) . Muhammad : Prophet and Statesman . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0198810780 . Joseph , Suad , ed. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures : Volume 5 Practices , Interpretations and Representations . Brill Online . ISBN 9789004132474 . Ramadan , Tariq ( 2007 ) . In The Footsteps of The Prophet . Oxford University Press . Further reading Afshar , Haleh , Democracy and Islam , Hansard Society , 2006 . Rodinson , Maxime , Muhammad , 1980 Random House reprint of English translation Aisha bint Abi Bakr , The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions , Oxford University Press , 2000 Rizvi , Sa'id Akhtar , The Life of Muhammad The Prophet , Darul Tabligh North America , 1971 . Askri , Mortaza , ' Role of Ayesha in the History of Islam ' ( Translation ) , Ansarian publication , Iran Chavel , Geneviève . Aïcha : La bien - aimée du prophète . Editions SW Télémaque. 11 October 2007 . ISBN 978 - 2753300552 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Aisha `` Biography of Aisha '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2004 - 11 - 22 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Wives of Muhammad Khadija bint Khuwaylid ( 595 -- 620 ) Sawda bint Zamʿa ( 620 -- 632 ) Aisha bint Abi Bakr ( 620 -- 632 ) Hafsa bint Umar ( 625 -- 632 ) Zaynab bint Khuzayma ( 626 -- 627 ) Hind bint Abi Umayya ( 627 -- 632 ) Zaynab bint Jahsh ( 627 -- 632 ) Juwayriyya bint al - Harith ( 628 -- 632 ) Safiyya bint Huyayy ( 628 -- 632 ) Ramla bint Abi Sufyan ( 629 -- 632 ) Maymunah bint al - Harith ( 629 -- 632 ) Maria bint Sham'ūn Rayhana bint Zayd WorldCat Identities BNF : cb12558690q ( data ) GND : 118903888 ISNI : 0000 0000 6691 1756 LCCN : n84022227 SUDOC : 078064090 VIAF : 21073782 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aisha&oldid=866370195 '' Categories : 678 deaths 7th - century Arabs 7th - century women Arab women Abu Bakr family Child marriage Wives of Muhammad Women in medieval warfare Women in war in the Middle East Family of Muhammad 610s births Angelic visionaries First Fitna Female Sahabah Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Untitled periodical Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards Articles containing Arabic - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2014 Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Zeêuws 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 22 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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who has majority in house and senate 2017

115th United States Congress 114th ← → 116th United States Capitol ( March 2016 ) January 3 , 2017 -- January 3 , 2019 Senate President Joe Biden ( D ) until January 20 , 2017 Mike Pence ( R ) since January 20 , 2017 Senate Pres . pro tem Orrin Hatch ( R ) House Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting delegates Senate Majority Republican House Majority Republican Sessions 1st : January 3 , 2017 -- present

115th United States Congress

115th united states congress

The One Hundred Fifteenth United States Congress is the current meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government , composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives . It meets in Washington , D.C. from January 3 , 2017 , to January 3 , 2019 , during the final weeks of the Obama presidency and the first two years of Donald Trump 's presidency . The November 2016 elections maintained Republican control of both the House and Senate .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Major events 2 Major legislation 2.1 Enacted 2.2 Proposed 3 Party summary 3.1 Senate 3.2 House of Representatives 4 Leadership 4.1 Senate 4.1. 1 Majority ( Republican ) leadership 4.1. 2 Minority ( Democratic ) leadership 4.2 House of Representatives 4.2. 1 Majority ( Republican ) leadership 4.2. 2 Minority ( Democratic ) leadership 5 Demographics 6 Members 6.1 Senate 6.1. 1 Alabama 6.1. 2 Alaska 6.1. 3 Arizona 6.1. 4 Arkansas 6.1. 5 California 6.1. 6 Colorado 6.1. 7 Connecticut 6.1. 8 Delaware 6.1. 9 Florida 6.1. 10 Georgia 6.1. 11 Hawaii 6.1. 12 Idaho 6.1. 13 Illinois 6.1. 14 Indiana 6.1. 15 Iowa 6.1. 16 Kansas 6.1. 17 Kentucky 6.1. 18 Louisiana 6.1. 19 Maine 6.1. 20 Maryland 6.1. 21 Massachusetts 6.1. 22 Michigan 6.1. 23 Minnesota 6.1. 24 Mississippi 6.1. 25 Missouri 6.1. 26 Montana 6.1. 27 Nebraska 6.1. 28 Nevada 6.1. 29 New Hampshire 6.1. 30 New Jersey 6.1. 31 New Mexico 6.1. 32 New York 6.1. 33 North Carolina 6.1. 34 North Dakota 6.1. 35 Ohio 6.1. 36 Oklahoma 6.1. 37 Oregon 6.1. 38 Pennsylvania 6.1. 39 Rhode Island 6.1. 40 South Carolina 6.1. 41 South Dakota 6.1. 42 Tennessee 6.1. 43 Texas 6.1. 44 Utah 6.1. 45 Vermont 6.1. 46 Virginia 6.1. 47 Washington 6.1. 48 West Virginia 6.1. 49 Wisconsin 6.1. 50 Wyoming 6.2 House of Representatives 6.2. 1 Alabama 6.2. 2 Alaska 6.2. 3 Arizona 6.2. 4 Arkansas 6.2. 5 California 6.2. 6 Colorado 6.2. 7 Connecticut 6.2. 8 Delaware 6.2. 9 Florida 6.2. 10 Georgia 6.2. 11 Hawaii 6.2. 12 Idaho 6.2. 13 Illinois 6.2. 14 Indiana 6.2. 15 Iowa 6.2. 16 Kansas 6.2. 17 Kentucky 6.2. 18 Louisiana 6.2. 19 Maine 6.2. 20 Maryland 6.2. 21 Massachusetts 6.2. 22 Michigan 6.2. 23 Minnesota 6.2. 24 Mississippi 6.2. 25 Missouri 6.2. 26 Montana 6.2. 27 Nebraska 6.2. 28 Nevada 6.2. 29 New Hampshire 6.2. 30 New Jersey 6.2. 31 New Mexico 6.2. 32 New York 6.2. 33 North Carolina 6.2. 34 North Dakota 6.2. 35 Ohio 6.2. 36 Oklahoma 6.2. 37 Oregon 6.2. 38 Pennsylvania 6.2. 39 Rhode Island 6.2. 40 South Carolina 6.2. 41 South Dakota 6.2. 42 Tennessee 6.2. 43 Texas 6.2. 44 Utah 6.2. 45 Vermont 6.2. 46 Virginia 6.2. 47 Washington 6.2. 48 West Virginia 6.2. 49 Wisconsin 6.2. 50 Wyoming 6.2. 51 Non-voting members 7 Committees 7.1 Senate 7.2 House of Representatives 7.3 Joint 8 Changes in membership 8.1 Senate 8.2 House of Representatives 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Major events ( edit ) President Donald Trump addressing Congress , with Senate President Mike Pence and House Speaker Paul Ryan . Main articles : 2017 in the United States and 2018 in the United States January 5 , 2017 : House of Representatives condemned United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334 . January 6 , 2017 : Joint Session counted and certified the Electoral Votes of the 2016 presidential election January 11 -- 12 , 2017 : Senate , in an all - night session , took first steps to repeal the Affordable Care Act , ( ACA ) . The final vote was 51 to 48 to approve a budget resolution to allow `` broad swaths of the Affordable Care Act to be repealed through a process known as budget reconciliation . '' January 20 , 2017 : Inauguration of President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence . February 7 , 2017 : The Vice President cast the tie - breaking vote to confirm Betsy DeVos as Secretary of Education . This was the first time in United States history that a cabinet confirmation was tied in the Senate and required a tie - breaking vote . February 28 , 2017 : President 's speech to a Joint Session April 6 , 2017 : Senate invoked the `` nuclear option '' to weaken Supreme Court filibusters . Nominee Neil Gorsuch was then confirmed the next day . June 14 , 2017 : 2017 Congressional baseball shooting : Majority Whip Steve Scalise and several staffers were shot while practicing for the annual Congressional Baseball Game . September 1 , 2017 : The Parliamentarian of the United States Senate decrees that the Senate has until the end of the month to pass ACA repeal via the reconciliation process , or the option will no longer be viable . Major legislation ( edit ) Enacted ( edit ) Main article : List of acts of the 115th United States Congress May 5 , 2017 : Consolidated Appropriations Act , 2017 , Pub. L. 115 -- 31 August 2 , 2017 : Countering America 's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act , Pub. L. 115 -- 44 Proposed ( edit ) Main article : List of bills in the 115th United States Congress May 4 , 2017 : American Health Care Act ( H.R. 1628 ) , passed House May 4 , 2017 ( 217 -- 213 ) June 8 , 2017 : Financial CHOICE Act ( H.R. 10 ) , passed House June 8 , 2017 ( 233 -- 186 ) Party summary ( edit ) Resignations and new members are discussed in the `` Changes in membership '' section , below . Senate membership 52 Republicans 46 Democrats 2 Independents caucusing with Democrats Senate ( edit ) Affiliation Party ( shading indicates majority caucus ) Total Vacant Democratic Independent Republican End of previous Congress 44 54 100 0 Begin ( January 3 , 2017 ) 46 52 100 0 February 8 , 2017 51 99 February 9 , 2017 52 100 0 Latest voting share 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48.0 % 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52.0 % House of Representatives ( edit ) House membership , July 11 , 2017 194 Democrats 2 Vacant 239 Republicans Ideological divisions in the House , March 27 , 2017 71 Progressive Caucus 33 Freedom Caucus 105 Party Democrats 158 Party Republicans 18 Blue Dog Coalition 48 Tuesday Group 1 Vacant Party ( shading indicates majority caucus ) Total Vacant Democratic Independent Republican End of previous Congress 187 0 246 433 Begin ( January 3 , 2017 ) 194 0 241 435 0 January 23 , 2017 240 434 January 24 , 2017 193 433 February 10 , 2017 239 432 February 16 , 2017 238 431 March 1 , 2017 237 430 5 April 11 , 2017 238 431 May 25 , 2017 239 432 June 6 , 2017 194 433 June 20 , 2017 241 435 0 June 30 , 2017 240 434 October 21 , 2017 239 433 Latest voting share 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 % 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 % Non-voting members 6 0 Leadership ( edit ) ( Section contents : Senate : Majority ( R ) , Minority ( D ) House : Majority ( R ) , Minority ( D ) ) Senate ( edit ) Senate President Joe Biden ( D ) Until January 20 , 2017 Mike Pence ( R ) From January 20 , 2017 Senate President pro tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President : Joe Biden ( D ) , until January 20 , 2017 Mike Pence ( R ) , from January 20 , 2017 President pro tempore : Orrin Hatch ( R ) President pro tempore emeritus : Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority ( Republican ) leadership ( edit ) Majority Leader : Mitch McConnell Majority Whip : John Cornyn Conference Chairman : John Thune Conference Vice Chair : Roy Blunt Campaign Committee Chair : Cory Gardner Policy Committee Chairman : John Barrasso Minority ( Democratic ) leadership ( edit ) Minority Leader : Chuck Schumer Minority Whip : Dick Durbin Assistant Minority Leader : Patty Murray Chief Deputy Whip : Jeff Merkley Caucus Chair : Chuck Schumer Policy Committee Chair : Debbie Stabenow Caucus Vice Chairs : Mark Warner and Elizabeth Warren Caucus Secretary : Tammy Baldwin Campaign Committee Chair : Chris Van Hollen Policy Committee Vice Chair : Joe Manchin Steering Committee Chair : Amy Klobuchar Outreach Chair : Bernie Sanders House of Representatives ( edit ) House Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Speaker : Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority ( Republican ) leadership ( edit ) Majority Leader : Kevin McCarthy Majority Whip : Steve Scalise Conference Chair : Cathy McMorris Rodgers Conference Vice-Chair : Doug Collins Conference Secretary : Jason T. Smith Campaign Committee Chairman : Steve Stivers Policy Committee Chairman : Luke Messer Minority ( Democratic ) leadership ( edit ) Minority Leader : Nancy Pelosi Minority Whip : Steny Hoyer Assistant Minority Leader : Jim Clyburn Caucus Chairman : Joseph Crowley Caucus Vice-Chairman : Linda Sánchez Campaign Committee Chairman : Ben Ray Luján Steering and Policy Committee Co-Chairs : Rosa DeLauro and Eric Swalwell Organization , Study , and Review Chairman : TBD Policy and Communications Chairmen : Cheri Bustos , David Cicilline , and Hakeem Jeffries Demographics ( edit ) The 115th Congress has the highest average age compared to any other Congress in recent history . The average age of the members in the House of Representatives is 57.8 years , while the average age of the members in the Senate is 61.8 years . The most common occupation of Senators prior to election was law , followed by public service / politics , then business . In the House of Representatives , business is the dominant prior occupation , followed by public service / politics , and finally law . Currently 94.1 % of House members and 100 % of Senators have a bachelor 's degree or higher , a historically high level of education for a United States Congress . In addition , 167 members of the House and 55 Members of the Senate have a law degree . Only 18 members of Congress have no college education . The extent of racial diversity in the 115th Congress is 52 African American members , 45 Hispanic or Latino members , 18 members of Asian , South Asian , or Pacific Islander ancestry , 2 members of Native American ancestry , the remaining 418 members of Congress are White . Women make up 20.1 % of the total membership in the 115th Congress , which has a total of 109 women and 426 men . This represents an increase of 21 women from the 114th Congress . Currently , there are seven openly LGBT members serving in Congress . Tammy Baldwin , Jared Polis , Sean Patrick Maloney , Mark Takano , and Mark Pocan are all openly gay , while Kyrsten Sinema is openly bisexual . The Majority of the 115th Congress is religious and 90.7 % of those religious members are Christian . Approximately half of the Christian members are Protestant . Other religious faiths of Congress members include Jewish , Buddhist , Muslim , and Hindu . Members ( edit ) Senate ( edit ) For year of birth , when first took office , when current term expires , prior background , and education , see List of current United States Senators . Contents Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming The numbers refer to their Senate classes . All of the class 3 seats were contested in the November 2016 elections . In this Congress , Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress , requiring re-election in 2018 ; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress , requiring re-election in 2020 ; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress , requiring re-election in 2022 . Alabama ( edit ) 2 . Jeff Sessions ( R ) , until February 8 , 2017 Luther Strange ( R ) , from February 9 , 2017 3 . Richard Shelby ( R ) Alaska ( edit ) 2 . Dan Sullivan ( R ) 3 . Lisa Murkowski ( R ) Arizona ( edit ) 1 . Jeff Flake ( R ) 3 . John McCain ( R ) Arkansas ( edit ) 2 . Tom Cotton ( R ) 3 . John Boozman ( R ) California ( edit ) 1 . Dianne Feinstein ( D ) 3 . Kamala Harris ( D ) Colorado ( edit ) 2 . Cory Gardner ( R ) 3 . Michael Bennet ( D ) Connecticut ( edit ) 1 . Chris Murphy ( D ) 3 . Richard Blumenthal ( D ) Delaware ( edit ) 1 . Tom Carper ( D ) 2 . Chris Coons ( D ) Florida ( edit ) 1 . Bill Nelson ( D ) 3 . Marco Rubio ( R ) Georgia ( edit ) 2 . David Perdue ( R ) 3 . Johnny Isakson ( R ) Hawaii ( edit ) 1 . Mazie Hirono ( D ) 3 . Brian Schatz ( D ) Idaho ( edit ) 2 . Jim Risch ( R ) 3 . Mike Crapo ( R ) Illinois ( edit ) 2 . Dick Durbin ( D ) 3 . Tammy Duckworth ( D ) Indiana ( edit ) 1 . Joe Donnelly ( D ) 3 . Todd Young ( R ) Iowa ( edit ) 2 . Joni Ernst ( R ) 3 . Chuck Grassley ( R ) Kansas ( edit ) 2 . Pat Roberts ( R ) 3 . Jerry Moran ( R ) Kentucky ( edit ) 2 . Mitch McConnell ( R ) 3 . Rand Paul ( R ) Louisiana ( edit ) 2 . Bill Cassidy ( R ) 3 . John Neely Kennedy ( R ) Maine ( edit ) 1 . Angus King ( I ) 2 . Susan Collins ( R ) Maryland ( edit ) 1 . Ben Cardin ( D ) 3 . Chris Van Hollen ( D ) Massachusetts ( edit ) 1 . Elizabeth Warren ( D ) 2 . Ed Markey ( D ) Michigan ( edit ) 1 . Debbie Stabenow ( D ) 2 . Gary Peters ( D ) Minnesota ( edit ) 1 . Amy Klobuchar ( D ) 2 . Al Franken ( D ) Mississippi ( edit ) 1 . Roger Wicker ( R ) 2 . Thad Cochran ( R ) Missouri ( edit ) 1 . Claire McCaskill ( D ) 3 . Roy Blunt ( R ) Montana ( edit ) 1 . Jon Tester ( D ) 2 . Steve Daines ( R ) Nebraska ( edit ) 1 . Deb Fischer ( R ) 2 . Ben Sasse ( R ) Nevada ( edit ) 1 . Dean Heller ( R ) 3 . Catherine Cortez Masto ( D ) New Hampshire ( edit ) 2 . Jeanne Shaheen ( D ) 3 . Maggie Hassan ( D ) New Jersey ( edit ) 1 . Bob Menendez ( D ) 2 . Cory Booker ( D ) New Mexico ( edit ) 1 . Martin Heinrich ( D ) 2 . Tom Udall ( D ) New York ( edit ) 1 . Kirsten Gillibrand ( D ) 3 . Chuck Schumer ( D ) North Carolina ( edit ) 2 . Thom Tillis ( R ) 3 . Richard Burr ( R ) North Dakota ( edit ) 1 . Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) 3 . John Hoeven ( R ) Ohio ( edit ) 1 . Sherrod Brown ( D ) 3 . Rob Portman ( R ) Oklahoma ( edit ) 2 . Jim Inhofe ( R ) 3 . James Lankford ( R ) Oregon ( edit ) 2 . Jeff Merkley ( D ) 3 . Ron Wyden ( D ) Pennsylvania ( edit ) 1 . Bob Casey Jr . ( D ) 3 . Pat Toomey ( R ) Rhode Island ( edit ) 1 . Sheldon Whitehouse ( D ) 2 . Jack Reed ( D ) South Carolina ( edit ) 2 . Lindsey Graham ( R ) 3 . Tim Scott ( R ) South Dakota ( edit ) 2 . Mike Rounds ( R ) 3 . John Thune ( R ) Tennessee ( edit ) 1 . Bob Corker ( R ) 2 . Lamar Alexander ( R ) Texas ( edit ) 1 . Ted Cruz ( R ) 2 . John Cornyn ( R ) Utah ( edit ) 1 . Orrin Hatch ( R ) 3 . Mike Lee ( R ) Vermont ( edit ) 1 . Bernie Sanders ( I ) 3 . Patrick Leahy ( D ) Virginia ( edit ) 1 . Tim Kaine ( D ) 2 . Mark Warner ( D ) Washington ( edit ) 1 . Maria Cantwell ( D ) 3 . Patty Murray ( D ) West Virginia ( edit ) 1 . Joe Manchin ( D ) 2 . Shelley Moore Capito ( R ) Wisconsin ( edit ) 1 . Tammy Baldwin ( D ) 3 . Ron Johnson ( R ) Wyoming ( edit ) 1 . John Barrasso ( R ) 2 . Mike Enzi ( R ) Party membership of the Senate , by state 2 Democrats 2 Republicans 1 Democrat and 1 Republican 1 Independent and 1 Democrat 1 Independent and 1 Republican Senate Majority Leaders Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell Senate Republican Whip John Cornyn Senate Minority Leaders Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer Senate Democratic Whip Richard Durbin House of Representatives ( edit ) For year of birth , when first took office , prior background , and education , see Current members of the United States House of Representatives . Contents Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Non-voting members All 435 seats were filled by the regular elections on November 8 , 2016 , or subsequent special elections thereafter . Alabama ( edit ) 1 . Bradley Byrne ( R ) 2 . Martha Roby ( R ) 3 . Mike Rogers ( R ) 4 . Robert Aderholt ( R ) 5 . Mo Brooks ( R ) 6 . Gary Palmer ( R ) 7 . Terri Sewell ( D ) Alaska ( edit ) At - large . Don Young ( R ) Arizona ( edit ) 1 . Tom O'Halleran ( D ) 2 . Martha McSally ( R ) 3 . Raúl Grijalva ( D ) 4 . Paul Gosar ( R ) 5 . Andy Biggs ( R ) 6 . David Schweikert ( R ) 7 . Ruben Gallego ( D ) 8 . Trent Franks ( R ) 9 . Kyrsten Sinema ( D ) Arkansas ( edit ) 1 . Rick Crawford ( R ) 2 . French Hill ( R ) 3 . Steve Womack ( R ) 4 . Bruce Westerman ( R ) California ( edit ) 1 . Doug LaMalfa ( R ) 2 . Jared Huffman ( D ) 3 . John Garamendi ( D ) 4 . Tom McClintock ( R ) 5 . Mike Thompson ( D ) 6 . Doris Matsui ( D ) 7 . Ami Bera ( D ) 8 . Paul Cook ( R ) 9 . Jerry McNerney ( D ) 10 . Jeff Denham ( R ) 11 . Mark DeSaulnier ( D ) 12 . Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 13 . Barbara Lee ( D ) 14 . Jackie Speier ( D ) 15 . Eric Swalwell ( D ) 16 . Jim Costa ( D ) 17 . Ro Khanna ( D ) 18 . Anna Eshoo ( D ) 19 . Zoe Lofgren ( D ) 20 . Jimmy Panetta ( D ) 21 . David Valadao ( R ) 22 . Devin Nunes ( R ) 23 . Kevin McCarthy ( R ) 24 . Salud Carbajal ( D ) 25 . Steve Knight ( R ) 26 . Julia Brownley ( D ) 27 . Judy Chu ( D ) 28 . Adam Schiff ( D ) 29 . Tony Cárdenas ( D ) 30 . Brad Sherman ( D ) 31 . Pete Aguilar ( D ) 32 . Grace Napolitano ( D ) 33 . Ted Lieu ( D ) 34 . Xavier Becerra ( D ) , until January 24 , 2017 Jimmy Gomez ( D ) , from June 6 , 2017 35 . Norma Torres ( D ) 36 . Raul Ruiz ( D ) 37 . Karen Bass ( D ) 38 . Linda Sánchez ( D ) 39 . Ed Royce ( R ) 40 . Lucille Roybal - Allard ( D ) 41 . Mark Takano ( D ) 42 . Ken Calvert ( R ) 43 . Maxine Waters ( D ) 44 . Nanette Barragán ( D ) 45 . Mimi Walters ( R ) 46 . Lou Correa ( D ) 47 . Alan Lowenthal ( D ) 48 . Dana Rohrabacher ( R ) 49 . Darrell Issa ( R ) 50 . Duncan D. Hunter ( R ) 51 . Juan Vargas ( D ) 52 . Scott Peters ( D ) 53 . Susan Davis ( D ) Colorado ( edit ) 1 . Diana DeGette ( D ) 2 . Jared Polis ( D ) 3 . Scott Tipton ( R ) 4 . Ken Buck ( R ) 5 . Doug Lamborn ( R ) 6 . Mike Coffman ( R ) 7 . Ed Perlmutter ( D ) Connecticut ( edit ) 1 . John B. Larson ( D ) 2 . Joe Courtney ( D ) 3 . Rosa DeLauro ( D ) 4 . Jim Himes ( D ) 5 . Elizabeth Esty ( D ) Delaware ( edit ) At - large . Lisa Blunt Rochester ( D ) Florida ( edit ) 1 . Matt Gaetz ( R ) 2 . Neal Dunn ( R ) 3 . Ted Yoho ( R ) 4 . John Rutherford ( R ) 5 . Al Lawson ( D ) 6 . Ron DeSantis ( R ) 7 . Stephanie Murphy ( D ) 8 . Bill Posey ( R ) 9 . Darren Soto ( D ) 10 . Val Demings ( D ) 11 . Daniel Webster ( R ) 12 . Gus Bilirakis ( R ) 13 . Charlie Crist ( D ) 14 . Kathy Castor ( D ) 15 . Dennis A. Ross ( R ) 16 . Vern Buchanan ( R ) 17 . Tom Rooney ( R ) 18 . Brian Mast ( R ) 19 . Francis Rooney ( R ) 20 . Alcee Hastings ( D ) 21 . Lois Frankel ( D ) 22 . Ted Deutch ( D ) 23 . Debbie Wasserman Schultz ( D ) 24 . Frederica Wilson ( D ) 25 . Mario Díaz - Balart ( R ) 26 . Carlos Curbelo ( R ) 27 . Ileana Ros - Lehtinen ( R ) Georgia ( edit ) 1 . Buddy Carter ( R ) 2 . Sanford Bishop ( D ) 3 . Drew Ferguson ( R ) 4 . Hank Johnson ( D ) 5 . John Lewis ( D ) 6 . Tom Price ( R ) , until February 10 , 2017 Karen Handel ( R ) , from June 20 , 2017 7 . Rob Woodall ( R ) 8 . Austin Scott ( R ) 9 . Doug Collins ( R ) 10 . Jody Hice ( R ) 11 . Barry Loudermilk ( R ) 12 . Rick W. Allen ( R ) 13 . David Scott ( D ) 14 . Tom Graves ( R ) Hawaii ( edit ) 1 . Colleen Hanabusa ( D ) 2 . Tulsi Gabbard ( D ) Idaho ( edit ) 1 . Raúl Labrador ( R ) 2 . Mike Simpson ( R ) Illinois ( edit ) 1 . Bobby Rush ( D ) 2 . Robin Kelly ( D ) 3 . Dan Lipinski ( D ) 4 . Luis Gutiérrez ( D ) 5 . Mike Quigley ( D ) 6 . Peter Roskam ( R ) 7 . Danny K. Davis ( D ) 8 . Raja Krishnamoorthi ( D ) 9 . Jan Schakowsky ( D ) 10 . Brad Schneider ( D ) 11 . Bill Foster ( D ) 12 . Mike Bost ( R ) 13 . Rodney Davis ( R ) 14 . Randy Hultgren ( R ) 15 . John Shimkus ( R ) 16 . Adam Kinzinger ( R ) 17 . Cheri Bustos ( D ) 18 . Darin LaHood ( R ) Indiana ( edit ) 1 . Pete Visclosky ( D ) 2 . Jackie Walorski ( R ) 3 . Jim Banks ( R ) 4 . Todd Rokita ( R ) 5 . Susan Brooks ( R ) 6 . Luke Messer ( R ) 7 . André Carson ( D ) 8 . Larry Bucshon ( R ) 9 . Trey Hollingsworth ( R ) Iowa ( edit ) 1 . Rod Blum ( R ) 2 . Dave Loebsack ( D ) 3 . David Young ( R ) 4 . Steve King ( R ) Kansas ( edit ) 1 . Roger Marshall ( R ) 2 . Lynn Jenkins ( R ) 3 . Kevin Yoder ( R ) 4 . Mike Pompeo ( R ) , until January 23 , 2017 Ron Estes ( R ) , from April 11 , 2017 Kentucky ( edit ) 1 . James Comer ( R ) 2 . Brett Guthrie ( R ) 3 . John Yarmuth ( D ) 4 . Thomas Massie ( R ) 5 . Hal Rogers ( R ) 6 . Andy Barr ( R ) Louisiana ( edit ) 1 . Steve Scalise ( R ) 2 . Cedric Richmond ( D ) 3 . Clay Higgins ( R ) 4 . Mike Johnson ( R ) 5 . Ralph Abraham ( R ) 6 . Garret Graves ( R ) Maine ( edit ) 1 . Chellie Pingree ( D ) 2 . Bruce Poliquin ( R ) Maryland ( edit ) 1 . Andy Harris ( R ) 2 . Dutch Ruppersberger ( D ) 3 . John Sarbanes ( D ) 4 . Anthony G. Brown ( D ) 5 . Steny Hoyer ( D ) 6 . John Delaney ( D ) 7 . Elijah Cummings ( D ) 8 . Jamie Raskin ( D ) Massachusetts ( edit ) 1 . Richard Neal ( D ) 2 . Jim McGovern ( D ) 3 . Niki Tsongas ( D ) 4 . Joseph P. Kennedy III ( D ) 5 . Katherine Clark ( D ) 6 . Seth Moulton ( D ) 7 . Mike Capuano ( D ) 8 . Stephen F. Lynch ( D ) 9 . Bill Keating ( D ) Michigan ( edit ) 1 . Jack Bergman ( R ) 2 . Bill Huizenga ( R ) 3 . Justin Amash ( R ) 4 . John Moolenaar ( R ) 5 . Dan Kildee ( D ) 6 . Fred Upton ( R ) 7 . Tim Walberg ( R ) 8 . Mike Bishop ( R ) 9 . Sander Levin ( D ) 10 . Paul Mitchell ( R ) 11 . Dave Trott ( R ) 12 . Debbie Dingell ( D ) 13 . John Conyers ( D ) 14 . Brenda Lawrence ( D ) Minnesota ( edit ) 1 . Tim Walz ( D ) 2 . Jason Lewis ( R ) 3 . Erik Paulsen ( R ) 4 . Betty McCollum ( D ) 5 . Keith Ellison ( D ) 6 . Tom Emmer ( R ) 7 . Collin Peterson ( D ) 8 . Rick Nolan ( D ) Mississippi ( edit ) 1 . Trent Kelly ( R ) 2 . Bennie Thompson ( D ) 3 . Gregg Harper ( R ) 4 . Steven Palazzo ( R ) Missouri ( edit ) 1 . Lacy Clay ( D ) 2 . Ann Wagner ( R ) 3 . Blaine Luetkemeyer ( R ) 4 . Vicky Hartzler ( R ) 5 . Emanuel Cleaver ( D ) 6 . Sam Graves ( R ) 7 . Billy Long ( R ) 8 . Jason T. Smith ( R ) Montana ( edit ) At - large . Ryan Zinke ( R ) , until March 1 , 2017 Greg Gianforte ( R ) , from May 25 , 2017 Nebraska ( edit ) 1 . Jeff Fortenberry ( R ) 2 . Don Bacon ( R ) 3 . Adrian Smith ( R ) Nevada ( edit ) 1 . Dina Titus ( D ) 2 . Mark Amodei ( R ) 3 . Jacky Rosen ( D ) 4 . Ruben Kihuen ( D ) New Hampshire ( edit ) 1 . Carol Shea - Porter ( D ) 2 . Ann McLane Kuster ( D ) New Jersey ( edit ) 1 . Donald Norcross ( D ) 2 . Frank LoBiondo ( R ) 3 . Tom MacArthur ( R ) 4 . Chris Smith ( R ) 5 . Josh Gottheimer ( D ) 6 . Frank Pallone ( D ) 7 . Leonard Lance ( R ) 8 . Albio Sires ( D ) 9 . Bill Pascrell ( D ) 10 . Donald Payne Jr . ( D ) 11 . Rodney Frelinghuysen ( R ) 12 . Bonnie Watson Coleman ( D ) New Mexico ( edit ) 1 . Michelle Lujan Grisham ( D ) 2 . Steve Pearce ( R ) 3 . Ben Ray Luján ( D ) New York ( edit ) 1 . Lee Zeldin ( R ) 2 . Peter T. King ( R ) 3 . Thomas Suozzi ( D ) 4 . Kathleen Rice ( D ) 5 . Gregory Meeks ( D ) 6 . Grace Meng ( D ) 7 . Nydia Velázquez ( D ) 8 . Hakeem Jeffries ( D ) 9 . Yvette Clarke ( D ) 10 . Jerrold Nadler ( D ) 11 . Dan Donovan ( R ) 12 . Carolyn Maloney ( D ) 13 . Adriano Espaillat ( D ) 14 . Joseph Crowley ( D ) 15 . José E. Serrano ( D ) 16 . Eliot Engel ( D ) 17 . Nita Lowey ( D ) 18 . Sean Patrick Maloney ( D ) 19 . John Faso ( R ) 20 . Paul Tonko ( D ) 21 . Elise Stefanik ( R ) 22 . Claudia Tenney ( R ) 23 . Tom Reed ( R ) 24 . John Katko ( R ) 25 . Louise Slaughter ( D ) 26 . Brian Higgins ( D ) 27 . Chris Collins ( R ) North Carolina ( edit ) 1 . G.K. Butterfield ( D ) 2 . George Holding ( R ) 3 . Walter B. Jones Jr . ( R ) 4 . David Price ( D ) 5 . Virginia Foxx ( R ) 6 . Mark Walker ( R ) 7 . David Rouzer ( R ) 8 . Richard Hudson ( R ) 9 . Robert Pittenger ( R ) 10 . Patrick McHenry ( R ) 11 . Mark Meadows ( R ) 12 . Alma Adams ( D ) 13 . Ted Budd ( R ) North Dakota ( edit ) At - large . Kevin Cramer ( R ) Ohio ( edit ) 1 . Steve Chabot ( R ) 2 . Brad Wenstrup ( R ) 3 . Joyce Beatty ( D ) 4 . Jim Jordan ( R ) 5 . Bob Latta ( R ) 6 . Bill Johnson ( R ) 7 . Bob Gibbs ( R ) 8 . Warren Davidson ( R ) 9 . Marcy Kaptur ( D ) 10 . Mike Turner ( R ) 11 . Marcia Fudge ( D ) 12 . Pat Tiberi ( R ) 13 . Tim Ryan ( D ) 14 . David Joyce ( R ) 15 . Steve Stivers ( R ) 16 . Jim Renacci ( R ) Oklahoma ( edit ) 1 . Jim Bridenstine ( R ) 2 . Markwayne Mullin ( R ) 3 . Frank Lucas ( R ) 4 . Tom Cole ( R ) 5 . Steve Russell ( R ) Oregon ( edit ) 1 . Suzanne Bonamici ( D ) 2 . Greg Walden ( R ) 3 . Earl Blumenauer ( D ) 4 . Peter DeFazio ( D ) 5 . Kurt Schrader ( D ) Pennsylvania ( edit ) 1 . Bob Brady ( D ) 2 . Dwight Evans ( D ) 3 . Mike Kelly ( R ) 4 . Scott Perry ( R ) 5 . Glenn Thompson ( R ) 6 . Ryan Costello ( R ) 7 . Pat Meehan ( R ) 8 . Brian Fitzpatrick ( R ) 9 . Bill Shuster ( R ) 10 . Tom Marino ( R ) 11 . Lou Barletta ( R ) 12 . Keith Rothfus ( R ) 13 . Brendan Boyle ( D ) 14 . Michael F. Doyle ( D ) 15 . Charlie Dent ( R ) 16 . Lloyd Smucker ( R ) 17 . Matt Cartwright ( D ) 18 . Tim Murphy ( R ) , until October 21 , 2017 Vacant Rhode Island ( edit ) 1 . David Cicilline ( D ) 2 . James Langevin ( D ) South Carolina ( edit ) 1 . Mark Sanford ( R ) 2 . Joe Wilson ( R ) 3 . Jeff Duncan ( R ) 4 . Trey Gowdy ( R ) 5 . Mick Mulvaney ( R ) , until February 16 , 2017 Ralph Norman ( R ) , from June 20 , 2017 6 . Jim Clyburn ( D ) 7 . Tom Rice ( R ) South Dakota ( edit ) At - large . Kristi Noem ( R ) Tennessee ( edit ) 1 . Phil Roe ( R ) 2 . Jimmy Duncan ( R ) 3 . Chuck Fleischmann ( R ) 4 . Scott DesJarlais ( R ) 5 . Jim Cooper ( D ) 6 . Diane Black ( R ) 7 . Marsha Blackburn ( R ) 8 . David Kustoff ( R ) 9 . Steve Cohen ( D ) Texas ( edit ) 1 . Louie Gohmert ( R ) 2 . Ted Poe ( R ) 3 . Sam Johnson ( R ) 4 . John Ratcliffe ( R ) 5 . Jeb Hensarling ( R ) 6 . Joe Barton ( R ) 7 . John Culberson ( R ) 8 . Kevin Brady ( R ) 9 . Al Green ( D ) 10 . Michael McCaul ( R ) 11 . Mike Conaway ( R ) 12 . Kay Granger ( R ) 13 . Mac Thornberry ( R ) 14 . Randy Weber ( R ) 15 . Vicente González ( D ) 16 . Beto O'Rourke ( D ) 17 . Bill Flores ( R ) 18 . Sheila Jackson Lee ( D ) 19 . Jodey Arrington ( R ) 20 . Joaquín Castro ( D ) 21 . Lamar S. Smith ( R ) 22 . Pete Olson ( R ) 23 . Will Hurd ( R ) 24 . Kenny Marchant ( R ) 25 . Roger Williams ( R ) 26 . Michael C. Burgess ( R ) 27 . Blake Farenthold ( R ) 28 . Henry Cuellar ( D ) 29 . Gene Green ( D ) 30 . Eddie Bernice Johnson ( D ) 31 . John Carter ( R ) 32 . Pete Sessions ( R ) 33 . Marc Veasey ( D ) 34 . Filemon Vela Jr . ( D ) 35 . Lloyd Doggett ( D ) 36 . Brian Babin ( R ) Utah ( edit ) 1 . Rob Bishop ( R ) 2 . Chris Stewart ( R ) 3 . Jason Chaffetz ( R ) , until June 30 , 2017 Vacant 4 . Mia Love ( R ) Vermont ( edit ) At - large . Peter Welch ( D ) Virginia ( edit ) 1 . Rob Wittman ( R ) 2 . Scott Taylor ( R ) 3 . Bobby Scott ( D ) 4 . Donald McEachin ( D ) 5 . Tom Garrett Jr . ( R ) 6 . Bob Goodlatte ( R ) 7 . Dave Brat ( R ) 8 . Don Beyer ( D ) 9 . Morgan Griffith ( R ) 10 . 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Stacey Plaskett ( D ) Composition of the House by district ( 2016 election results ) . Bright red are pick - ups by Republicans , Bright blue are pick - ups by Democrats . Percentage of members from each party by state , ranging from dark blue ( most Democratic ) to dark red ( most Republican ) . House Republican Leadership House Republican Leader Kevin McCarthy House Republican Whip Steve Scalise House Democratic Leadership House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer Freshman House members on the Capitol steps Committees ( edit ) Section contents : Senate , House , Joint Listed alphabetically by chamber , including Chairman and Ranking Member . Senate ( edit ) Main article : List of current United States Senate committees Committee Chairman Ranking Member Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry Roberts , Pat Pat Roberts ( R - KS ) Stabenow , Debbie Debbie Stabenow ( D - MI ) Appropriations Cochran , Thad Thad Cochran ( R - MS ) Leahy , Patrick Patrick Leahy ( D - VT ) Armed Services McCain , John John McCain ( R - AZ ) Reed , Jack Jack Reed ( D - RI ) Banking , Housing and Urban Affairs Crapo , Mike Mike Crapo ( R - ID ) Brown , Sherrod Sherrod Brown ( D - OH ) Budget Enzi , Mike Mike Enzi ( R - WY ) Sanders , Bernie Bernie Sanders ( I - VT ) Commerce , Science and Transportation Thune , John John Thune ( R - SD ) Nelson , Bill Bill Nelson ( D - FL ) Energy and Natural Resources Murkowski , Lisa Lisa Murkowski ( R - AK ) Cantwell , Maria Maria Cantwell ( D - WA ) Environment and Public Works Barrasso , John John Barrasso ( R - WY ) Carper , Tom Tom Carper ( D - DE ) Finance Hatch , Orrin Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) Wyden , Ron Ron Wyden ( D - OR ) Foreign Relations Corker , Bob Bob Corker ( R - TN ) Cardin , Ben Ben Cardin ( D - MD ) Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Alexander , Lamar Lamar Alexander ( R - TN ) Murray , Patty Patty Murray ( D - WA ) Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Johnson , Ron Ron Johnson ( R - WI ) McCaskill , Claire Claire McCaskill ( D - MO ) Indian Affairs Hoeven , John John Hoeven ( R - ND ) Udall , Tom Tom Udall ( D - NM ) Judiciary Grassley , Chuck Chuck Grassley ( R - IA ) Feinstein , Dianne Dianne Feinstein ( D - CA ) Rules and Administration Shelby , Richard Richard Shelby ( R - AL ) Klobuchar , Amy Amy Klobuchar ( D - MN ) Small Business and Entrepreneurship Risch , Jim Jim Risch ( R - ID ) Shaheen , Jeanne Jeanne Shaheen ( D - NH ) Veterans ' Affairs Isakson , Johnny Johnny Isakson ( R - GA ) Tester , Jon Jon Tester ( D - MT ) Aging Collins , Susan Susan Collins ( R - ME ) Casey Jr. , Bob Bob Casey Jr . ( D - PA ) Ethics Isakson , Johnny Johnny Isakson ( R - GA ) Coons , Chris Chris Coons ( D - DE ) Intelligence Burr , Richard Richard Burr ( R - NC ) Warner , Mark Mark Warner ( D - VA ) Narcotics Grassley , Chuck Chuck Grassley ( R - IA ) Feinstein , Dianne Dianne Feinstein ( D - CA ) House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : List of current United States House of Representatives committees Committee Chairman Ranking Member Agriculture Conaway , Mike Mike Conaway ( R - TX ) Peterson , Collin Collin Peterson ( D - MN ) Appropriations Frelinghuysen , Rodney Rodney Frelinghuysen ( R - NJ ) Lowey , Nita Nita Lowey ( D - NY ) Armed Services Thornberry , Mac Mac Thornberry ( R - TX ) Smith , Adam Adam Smith ( D - WA ) Budget Black , Diane Diane Black ( R - TN ) Yarmuth , John John Yarmuth ( D - KY ) Education and the Workforce Foxx , Virginia Virginia Foxx ( R - NC ) Scott , Bobby Bobby Scott ( D - VA ) Energy and Commerce Walden , Greg Greg Walden ( R - OR ) Pallone , Frank Frank Pallone ( D - NJ ) Ethics Brooks , Susan Susan Brooks ( R - IN ) Deutch , Ted Ted Deutch ( D - FL ) Financial Services Hensarling , Jeb Jeb Hensarling ( R - TX ) Waters , Maxine Maxine Waters ( D - CA ) Foreign Affairs Royce , Ed Ed Royce ( R - CA ) Engel , Eliot Eliot Engel ( D - NY ) Homeland Security McCaul , Michael Michael McCaul ( R - TX ) Thompson , Bennie Bennie Thompson ( D - MS ) House Administration Harper , Gregg Gregg Harper ( R - MS ) Brady , Bob Bob Brady ( D - PA ) Judiciary Goodlatte , Bob Bob Goodlatte ( R - VA ) Conyers , John John Conyers ( D - MI ) Natural Resources Bishop , Rob Rob Bishop ( R - UT ) Grijalva , Raúl Raúl Grijalva ( D - AZ ) Oversight and Government Reform Gowdy , Trey Trey Gowdy ( R - SC ) Cummings , Elijah Elijah Cummings ( D - MD ) Rules Sessions , Pete Pete Sessions ( R - TX ) Slaughter , Louise Louise Slaughter ( D - NY ) Science , Space & Technology Smith , Lamar S. Lamar S. Smith ( R - TX ) Johnson , Eddie Bernice Eddie Bernice Johnson ( D - TX ) Small Business Chabot , Steve Steve Chabot ( R - OH ) Velázquez , Nydia Nydia Velázquez ( D - NY ) Transportation and Infrastructure Shuster , Bill Bill Shuster ( R - PA ) DeFazio , Peter Peter DeFazio ( D - OR ) Veterans ' Affairs Roe , Phil Phil Roe ( R - TN ) Walz , Tim Tim Walz ( D - MN ) Ways and Means Brady , Kevin Kevin Brady ( R - TX ) Neal , Richard Richard Neal ( D - MA ) Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Nunes , Devin Devin Nunes ( R - CA ) Schiff , Adam Adam Schiff ( D - CA ) Joint ( edit ) Main article : List of current United States congressional joint committees Committee Chairman Ranking Member Vice Chairman Vice Ranking Member Economic Rep. Tiberi , Pat Pat Tiberi ( R - OH ) Sen. Heinrich , Martin Martin Heinrich ( D - NM ) Sen. Lee , Mike Mike Lee ( R - UT ) Rep. Maloney , Carolyn Carolyn Maloney ( D - NY ) Inaugural Ceremonies Sen. Blunt , Roy Roy Blunt ( R - MO ) Rep. Pelosi , Nancy Nancy Pelosi ( D - CA ) Rep. Ryan , Paul Paul Ryan ( R - WI ) Sen. Schumer , Chuck Chuck Schumer ( D - NY ) The Library Sen. Blunt , Roy Roy Blunt ( R - MO ) Sen. Klobuchar , Amy Amy Klobuchar ( D - MN ) Sen. Shelby , Richard Richard Shelby ( R - AL ) Rep. Brady , Bob Bob Brady ( D - PA ) Printing Sen. Shelby , Richard Richard Shelby ( R - AL ) Rep. Brady , Bob Bob Brady ( D - PA ) Sen. Blunt , Roy Roy Blunt ( R - MO ) Sen. Klobuchar , Amy Amy Klobuchar ( D - MN ) Taxation Rep. Brady , Kevin Kevin Brady ( R - TX ) Sen. Wyden , Ron Ron Wyden ( D - OR ) Sen. Hatch , Orrin Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) Rep. Neal , Richard Richard Neal ( D - MA ) Changes in membership ( edit ) Senate ( edit ) See also : List of special elections to the United States Senate State ( class ) Vacator Reason for change Successor Date of successor 's formal installation Alabama ( 2 ) Jeff Sessions ( R ) Resigned February 8 , 2017 , to become U.S. Attorney General . An interim successor was appointed February 9 , 2017 . Luther Strange ( R ) February 9 , 2017 Alabama ( 2 ) Luther Strange ( R ) Lost nomination to finish the term . A special election will be held December 12 , 2017 to finish the term . TBD TBD House of Representatives ( edit ) See also : List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives District Vacator Reason for change Successor Date successor seated Kansas 's 4th Pompeo , Mike Mike Pompeo ( R ) Resigned January 23 , 2017 , to become Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . A special election was held April 11 , 2017 . Estes , Ron Ron Estes ( R ) April 25 , 2017 California 's 34th Becerra , Xavier Xavier Becerra ( D ) Resigned January 24 , 2017 , to become Attorney General of California . A special election was held June 6 , 2017 . Gomez , Jimmy Jimmy Gomez ( D ) July 11 , 2017 Georgia 's 6th Price , Tom Tom Price ( R ) Resigned February 10 , 2017 , to become U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services . A special election was held June 20 , 2017 . Handel , Karen Karen Handel ( R ) June 26 , 2017 South Carolina 's 5th Mulvaney , Mick Mick Mulvaney ( R ) Resigned February 16 , 2017 , to become Director of the Office of Management and Budget . A special election was held June 20 , 2017 . Norman , Ralph Ralph Norman ( R ) June 26 , 2017 Montana 's at - large Zinke , Ryan Ryan Zinke ( R ) Resigned March 1 , 2017 , to become U.S. Secretary of the Interior . A special election was held May 25 , 2017 . Gianforte , Greg Greg Gianforte ( R ) June 21 , 2017 Utah 's 3rd Chaffetz , Jason Jason Chaffetz ( R ) Resigned June 30 , 2017 . A special election will be held November 7 , 2017 . TBD TBD Pennsylvania 's 18th Murphy , Tim Tim Murphy ( R ) Resigned October 21 , 2017 . A special election will be held March 13 , 2018 . TBD TBD Ohio 's 12th Tiberi , Pat Pat Tiberi ( R ) Will resign on or before January 31 , 2018 . A special election will be held at a time to be determined . TBD TBD See also ( edit ) United States elections , 2016 ( elections leading to this Congress ) United States presidential election , 2016 United States Senate elections , 2016 United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 United States elections , 2018 ( elections during this Congress , leading to the next Congress ) United States Senate elections , 2018 United States House of Representatives elections , 2018 List of freshman class members of the 115th United States Congress List of United States Representatives in the 115th Congress by seniority Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sen. Jeff Sessions ( R - Alabama ) resigned February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sen. Luther Strange ( R - Alabama ) was appointed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rep. Mike Pompeo ( R - Kansas 's 4th district ) resigned January 23 , 2017 . Ron Estes ( R ) was later elected to the seat . Jump up ^ Rep. Xavier Becerra ( D - California 's 34th district ) resigned January 24 , 2017 . Jimmy Gomez ( D ) was later elected to the seat . Jump up ^ Rep. Tom Price ( R - Georgia 's 6th district ) resigned February 10 , 2017 . Karen Handel ( R ) was later elected to this seat . Jump up ^ Rep. Mick Mulvaney ( R - South Carolina 's 5th district ) resigned February 16 , 2017 . Ralph Norman ( R ) was later elected to this seat . Jump up ^ Rep. Ryan Zinke ( R - Montana 's at - large district ) resigned March 1 , 2017 . Greg Gianforte ( R ) was later elected to the seat . Jump up ^ Rep. Ron Estes ( R - Kansas 's 4th district ) was elected April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rep. Greg Gianforte ( R - Montana 's at - large district ) was elected May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rep. Jimmy Gomez ( D - California 's 34th district ) was elected June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reps . Karen Handel ( R - Georgia 's 6th district ) and Ralph Norman ( R - South Carolina 's 5th district ) were elected June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rep. Jason Chaffetz ( R - Utah 's 3rd district ) resigned June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rep. Tim Murphy ( R - Pennsylvania 's 18th district ) resigned October 21 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` House Overwhelmingly Votes to Condemn UN Resolution on Israel Settlements '' . Fox News . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cortellessa , Eric ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` US House Passes Motion Repudiating UN Resolution on Israel '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Leigh Ann ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Senate Approves First Step Toward Repealing Obamacare in Late - Night Session '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurtzleben , Danielle ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Senate Takes First Step To Repeal Obamacare -- So What 's Next ? '' . NPR . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DeVos Confirmed as Education Secretary , Pence Casts Historic Tie - Breaking Vote '' . Fox News . February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strafford , Michael ; Emma , Caitlin ; Heffling , Kimberly ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Senate confirms DeVos as secretary of education '' . Politico . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas . `` House Passes Measure to Repeal and Replace the Affordable Care Act '' . NY Times . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roll call vote 256 , via Clerk.House.gov Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives '' . June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roll call vote 299 , via Clerk.House.gov ^ Jump up to : Service begins on the day of a special election , when qualified , not upon the oath of office . ^ Jump up to : `` Senate Democrats elect Chuck Schumer as their new leader '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Everett , Burgess ; Schor , Elana ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Senate Democrats settle on leadership team , Sanders elevated '' . Politico . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robillard , Kevin ; Schor , Elana ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Van Hollen to serve as DSCC chair '' . politico.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Membership of the 115th Congress : A Profile '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin 's Tammy Baldwin is the first openly gay person elected to Senate '' . CNN . November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parkinson , John ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` House Democrat Jared Polis Becomes First Openly Gay Parent in Congress '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Candido , Sergio N. ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Top 5 Gay National Races '' . South Florida Gay News . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Chair Recommendations for the 115th Congress '' . Speaker.gov . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Jefferson Beauregard Sessions III ( id : S001141 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Strange to be sworn in as US senator Thursday '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Moves Special Election for Alabama Senate Seat '' . Roll Call . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Mike Pompeo ( R - KS04 ) resignation letter read in House after Senate CIA Director confirmation '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Brownback on Twitter '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Patrick J. ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Xavier Becerra takes oath of office , is first Latino to become California attorney general '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524580518/georgia-special-election-results-hang-in-suspense Jump up ^ `` Mulvaney 's confirmation makes replacement election official '' . February 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lutey , Tom . `` Zinke sworn in as Interior secretary ; Montana prepares for special election '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaffetz , Jason ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Chaffetz Letter to Utah 's 3rd Congressional District '' . U.S. Congressman Jason Chaffetz . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Special Election , 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Bade , Rachael . `` Tim Murphy resigns from Congress '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tiberi , Pat ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Statement by Congressman Pat Tiberi '' . U.S. Congressman Pat Tiberi . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website , via Congress.gov `` Videos of House of Representatives Sessions for the 115th Congress from www.C-SPAN.org '' . `` Videos of Senate Sessions for the 115th Congress from www.C-SPAN.org '' . `` Videos of Committees from the House and Senate for the 115th Congress from www.C-SPAN.org '' . 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who sang on the cover of the rolling stones

`` The Cover of ' Rolling Stone ' '' is a song written by Shel Silverstein and first recorded by American rock group Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show . Produced by Ron Haffkine and released in 1972 , it was the band 's third single and peaked at number six on the U.S. pop chart for two weeks on March 17 -- 24 , 1973 .

Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show

The cover of Rolling Stone

the cover of rolling stone

`` The Cover of ' Rolling Stone ' '' is a song written by Shel Silverstein and first recorded by American rock group Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show . Produced by Ron Haffkine and released in 1972 , it was the band 's third single and peaked at number six on the U.S. pop chart for two weeks on March 17 -- 24 , 1973 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Cover versions 3 Further utilization 4 See also 5 References Song information ( edit ) From left to right : Dennis Locorriere , Billy Francis , and Ray Sawyer of Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show on the cover of Rolling Stone in caricature . The song satirizes success in the music business ; the song 's narrator laments that his band , despite having the superficial attributes of a successful rock star ( including drug usage , `` teenage groupies , who 'll do anything we say '' and a frenetic guitar solo ) has been unable to `` get their pictures / on the cover of the Rolling Stone '' . In reference to the song , the March 29 , 1973 cover of Rolling Stone did feature the band , in caricature rather than a photograph . It was accompanied by the caption `` What 's - Their - Names Make the Cover . '' BBC Radio refused to play the song , as it contained the name of a commercial publication ( Rolling Stone ) and could therefore be considered advertising . An urban legend states that the song was re-recorded by the band as `` The Cover of the Radio Times '' , the weekly television and radio guide published by the BBC ; however , this is disputed by Dennis Locorriere , Dr. Hook 's co-lead singer . `` Legend has it that we went into a studio and rerecorded the song . What actually happened was that a bunch of BBC disc jockeys went into a studio and shouted ' RADIO TIMES ' over our original chorus , '' Locorriere said . `` It 's the same recording that we released but with the addition of their voices layered on top of ours . You can , however , still hear us singing ' Rolling Stone , ' but way in the background , under their voices . '' The new version was rush - released in the UK , but did not find its way onto the charts there . Cover versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by various artists , including R. Stevie Moore on his 1987 album Teenage Spectacular ; Poison on their 2000 album Crack a Smile ... and More ! ; Sammy Kershaw on his 2010 album Better Than I Used to Be , with his version featuring Jamey Johnson ; Black Francis on the album Twistable , Turnable Man : A Musical Tribute to the Songs of Shel Silverstein in 2010 , and Jackyl on their 2012 studio album Best in Show . Additionally , Buck Owens and the Buckaroos adapted the song as `` On the Cover of the Music City News '' on the 1974 album It 's A Monster 's Holiday and the 1976 album Best of Buck Owens , Volume 6 . German comedian Mike Krüger covered and translated the song with small lyrical changes for his 1978 album Stau mal wieder , changing the title to `` Auf der Hülle mit den Rolling Stones '' ( On the Cover with the Rolling Stones ) , lyrics implying he would like to have his photograph as an album cover for the Rolling Stones . In 1987 Dutch band Bertus Staigerpaip released a parody : `` De veurplaat van d'n Donald Duck '' ( the cover of the Donald Duck - the latter having been a highly popular comics magazine in The Netherlands for many decades ) . Phish played the song live in concert on February 14 , 2003 after learning they would appear on the cover of the March 6 , 2003 issue of the magazine . Further utilization ( edit ) The song was featured in the 2000 film Almost Famous . See also ( edit ) List of celebrities who have appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pop / Rock '' Soft Rock '' Soft Rock . `` Soft Rock Significant Albums , Artists and Songs '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jerry Osborne . `` Mr. Music '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Shel Silverstein Books Uncle Shelby 's ABZ Book Lafcadio : The Lion Who Shot Back The Giving Tree Do n't Bump the Glump ! : and Other Fantasies The Missing Piece Runny Babbit Poem collections Where the Sidewalk Ends A Light in the Attic Falling Up Every Thing on It Albums Freakin ' at the Freakers Ball Inside Folk Songs Twistable Turnable Man Where the Sidewalk Ends A Light in the Attic Songs `` 25 Minutes to Go '' `` The Ballad of Lucy Jordan '' `` Big Four Poster Bed '' `` A Boy Named Sue '' `` The Cover of Rolling Stone '' `` Marie Laveau '' `` The Mermaid '' `` One 's on the Way '' `` Sylvia 's Mother '' `` The Unicorn '' `` Wrong Ideas '' Film soundtracks Ned Kelly ( 1970 ) Who Is Harry Kellerman and Why Is He Saying Those Terrible Things About Me ? ( 1971 ) Screenplays Things Change ( 1988 ) Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show Billy Francis Ray Sawyer George Cummings Bobby Dominguez Jimmy Allen Dennis Locorriere Popeye Phillips Joseph Oliver John David Rik Elswit Jance Garfat John Wolters Bob `` Willard '' Henke Rod Smarr Walter Hartman Studio albums Sloppy Seconds ( 1972 ) Pleasure and Pain ( 1978 ) Sometimes You Win ( 1979 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1980 ) Singles `` Sylvia 's Mother '' `` The Cover of Rolling Stone '' `` The Ballad of Lucy Jordan '' `` Only Sixteen '' `` A Little Bit More '' `` Walk Right In '' `` Sharing the Night Together '' `` When You 're in Love with a Beautiful Woman '' `` Better Love Next Time '' `` Sexy Eyes '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cover_of_Rolling_Stone&oldid=793268238 '' Categories : 1972 singles Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show songs Novelty songs Songs written by Shel Silverstein Rolling Stone 1972 songs Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Norsk Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2017 , at 18 : 06 . 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who was the actor that played howard the duck

Howard the Duck ( film )

howard the duck ( film )

Howard the Duck is a 1986 American science fiction comedy film directed by Willard Huyck and starring Lea Thompson , Jeffrey Jones , and Tim Robbins . Produced by Gloria Katz and written by Huyck and Katz , with George Lucas as executive producer , the screenplay was originally intended to be an animated film based on the Marvel comic book of the same name , but the film adaptation became live - action because of a contractual obligation . Although several TV adaptations of Marvel characters had aired during the preceding 21 years , this was the first theatrical released feature film , coming after the serial Captain America .

Lucas proposed adapting the comic book following the production of American Graffiti ( 1973 ) . Following multiple production difficulties and mixed response to test screenings , Howard the Duck was released in theaters on August 1 , 1986 . Upon its release , the film was a critical and commercial failure . It was nominated for seven Razzie Awards , and made about $15 million domestically compared to its $30 million budget . Despite the criticism , it has gained a cult following among fans of the comic - book series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Adaptation 3.3 Special effects 3.4 Casting 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 Home media 7 Novelization 8 Legacy 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) 27 - year - old Howard the Duck lives on Duckworld , a planet similar to Earth , but inhabited by anthropomorphic ducks and orbited by twin moons . As he is reading the latest issue of Playduck magazine , his armchair begins to quake violently and propels him out of his apartment building and into outer space ; Howard eventually lands on Earth , in Cleveland , Ohio . Upon arriving , Howard encounters a woman being attacked by thugs . He defeats them using a unique style of martial arts . After the thugs flee , the woman introduces herself as Beverly Switzler , and decides to take Howard to her apartment and let him spend the night . The following day , Beverly takes Howard to Phil Blumburtt , a scientist who Beverly hopes can help Howard return to his world . After Phil is revealed to be only a janitor , Howard resigns himself to life on Earth and rejects Beverly 's aid . He soon applies for a job as a janitor at a local romance spa . Howard soon quits and rejoins Beverly , who plays in a band called Cherry Bomb . At the club where Cherry Bomb is performing , Howard comes across their manager , and confronts him when he insults the band . A fight breaks out , in which Howard is victorious . Howard rejoins Beverly backstage after the band 's performance and accompanies her back to her apartment , where Beverly persuades him to be the band 's new manager . The two begin to flirt , but they are interrupted by Blumburtt and two of his colleagues , who reveal that a laser spectroscope they were inventing was aimed at Howard 's planet and transported him to Earth when it was activated . They theorize that Howard can be sent back to his world through a reversal of this same process . Upon their arrival at the laboratory , the laser spectroscope malfunctions when it is activated , raising the possibility of something else being transported to Earth . At this point , Dr. Walter Jenning is possessed by a life form from a distant region of space . When they visit a diner , the creature introduces itself as a `` Dark Overlord of the Universe '' and demonstrates its developing mental powers by destroying table utensils and condiments . A fight ensues when a group of truckers in the diner begins to insult Howard . Howard is captured and is almost killed by the diner chef , but the Dark Overlord destroys the diner and escapes with Beverly . Howard locates Phil , who is arrested for his presence at the laboratory with no security clearance . After they escape , they discover an ultralight aircraft , which they use to search for the Dark Overlord and Beverly . At the laboratory , the Dark Overlord ties Beverly down to a metal bed and plans to transfer another one of his kind into her body with the dimension machine . Howard and Phil arrive and apparently destroy the Dark Overlord with an experimental `` neutron disintegrator '' . However , the creature has only been forced out of Jenning 's body . The Dark Overlord reveals his true form at this point . Howard fires the neutron disintegrator at the hideous beast , obliterating him . He then destroys the laser spectroscope , preventing more Dark Overlords from arriving on Earth , but also ruining Howard 's only chance of returning to his planet . Howard then becomes Beverly 's manager , hires Phil as an employee on her tour , and plays guitar with Beverly on stage . Cast ( edit ) Chip Zien ( voice ) as Howard T. Duck Lea Thompson as Beverly Switzler Tim Robbins as Phil Blumburtt Jeffrey Jones as Dr. Walter Jenning David Paymer as Larry Paul Guilfoyle as Lieutenant Welker Liz Sagal as Ronette Dominique Davalos as Cal Holly Robinson as K.C. Tommy Swerdlow as Ginger Moss Richard Edson as Ritchie Miles Chapin as Carter Paul Comi as Dr. Chapin Richard McGonagle as First Cop Virginia Capers as Cora Mae Miguel Sandoval as Bar Entertainment Supervisor William Hall as Officer Hanson Thomas Dolby as Rock Club Bartender Richard Kiley ( voice ) as The Cosmos Debbie Lee Carrington ( voice ) as additional ducks Steve Gibbson ( voice ) as Dark Overlord of the Universe Actors Portraying the Ducks Ed Gale Tim Rose Steve Sleap Peter Baird Mary Wells Lisa Sturz Jordan Prentice Production ( edit ) George Lucas stepped down as the president of Lucasfilm to focus on producing films , including Howard the Duck . George Lucas attended film school with Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz , who later co-wrote American Graffiti with Lucas . After the film 's production concluded , Lucas told Huyck and Katz about the comic book Howard the Duck , primarily written by Steve Gerber , describing the series as being `` very funny '' and praising its elements of film noir and absurdism . In 1984 , Lucas relinquished his presidency of Lucasfilm to focus on producing films . According to the documentary A Look Back at Howard the Duck , Huyck , Katz and Lucas began to seriously consider adapting Howard the Duck as a film , and met with Gerber to discuss the project . Steve Gerber 's account differs slightly ; he recalls that at the time he was approached to discuss the film , Lucas was not yet involved with the project . The film was optioned by Universal Studios after a partnership with Marvel Comics . According to Marvin Antonowsky , `` Sidney ( Sheinberg ) lobbied very hard for Howard the Duck '' , because the studio had passed on previous projects in which Lucas was involved , which had been very successful . Sheinberg denied any involvement in Howard the Duck , claiming that he never read the screenplay . Huyck and Katz strongly felt that the film should be animated . Because Universal needed a film for a summer release , Lucas suggested that the film could be produced in live action , with special effects created by ILM . Production designer Peter Jamison and director of photography Richard Kline were hired to give the film a look similar to that of a color comic book . Throughout the shoot , Huyck shot multiple segments establishing Duckworld , designed by Jamison . In the opening shot , the skyline displayed could easily be New York City but for the two moons visible in the sky ( at similar angles from one another as the two suns of Tatooine in the original Star Wars film ) . Howard 's apartment is filled with detailed props , including books and magazines featuring duck - oriented puns . Because Lucas often worked with dwarf actors , he was able to hire a number of extras to work on these sequences . The ultralight sequence was difficult to shoot , requiring intense coordination and actors Tim Robbins and Ed Gale to actually fly the plane . The location scout was stumped for a location for the sequence ; after she described what she was looking for , a telephone repairman working in her office in San Francisco suggested Petaluma , California for the scene . Because of the limited shooting time , a third unit was hired to speed up the filming process . The climax was shot in a naval installation in San Francisco , where conditions were cold throughout the shoot . The film cost an estimated $36 million to produce . Though Gerber 's schedule generally prevented him from being present during shooting , he chose to miss the deadline on the first issue of The Spectre so he could watch the final day of shooting . Development ( edit ) Huyck and Katz began to develop ideas for the film . Early on in the production , it was decided that the personality of the character would be changed from that of the comics , in which Howard was rude and obnoxious , to make the character nicer . Gerber read over the script and offered his comments and suggestions . In addition , Hyuck and Katz met with Gerber to discuss a horror sequence with which they were having difficulty . During the screenwriting process , a stronger emphasis was placed on special effects , rather than satire and story . Overall , the tone of the film is in diametric opposition to the comics . Whereas Katz declared , `` It 's a film about a duck from outer space ... It 's not supposed to be an existential experience ... We 're supposed to have fun with this concept , but for some reason reviewers were n't able to get over that problem . '' Gerber declared that the comic - book series was an existental joke , stating , `` ' This is no joke ! ' There it is . The cosmic giggle . The funniest gag in the universe . That life 's most serious moments and most incredibly dumb moments are often distinguishable only by a momentary point of view . Anyone who does n't believe this probably can not enjoy reading Howard the Duck . '' However , after shooting was finished , Gerber stated that he felt the film was faithful to both the spirit of the comic book and the characters of Howard and Beverly . An early proposed storyline involved the character being transported to Hawaii . Huyck states that this storyline was considered because `` we thought it would be sort of fun to shoot there '' . According to Katz , they did not want to explain how Howard arrived on Earth initially , but later rewrote the screenplay so that the film would begin on Howard 's home world . Huyck and Katz wanted to incorporate both lighter , humorous elements and darker , suspenseful elements . Katz states that some readers were confused by the sexual elements of the screenplay , as they were unsure as to whether the film was intended for adults or children . Huyck and Katz wrote the ending leaving the story open for a sequel , which was never produced . Adaptation ( edit ) The film was originally intended to be animated based on the character created by Steve Gerber and quoting scripts by Bill Mantlo . In particular , the `` Duckworld '' story of Howard the Duck magazine # 6 was to serve as a basis for the script . A contractual obligation required Lucas to provide a distributor with a live - action film , so he decided to make the film using live actors and to use special effects for Howard . The script significantly altered the personality of the title character , played the story straight instead of as a satire , removed the surrealist elements , and added supernatural elements that could highlight special effects work done by Lucas ' Industrial Light & Magic . The film itself was adapted into comic book format by writer Danny Fingeroth and artist Kyle Baker for Marvel Comics . The adaptation appeared in both Marvel Super Special # 41 and in a three - issue limited series . Special effects ( edit ) Lucasfilm built animatronic suits , costumes , and puppets for the film . Because of the limited preparation time , varied `` ducks '' created for the film would explode or lose feathers , and multiple ducks were built with the wrong proportions . On the first day of shooting , the crew realized the poor quality of the effects when they found that the inside of the puppet 's neck was visible when its mouth opened . Huyck repeatedly reshot scenes involving Howard as the animatronics were improved . Because multiple puppeteers were in charge of controlling different parts of the animatronic body , Huyck was unable to coordinate the shoot properly . In the opening sequence , Howard 's chair is propelled out of his apartment by wires , which were later digitally erased by computer , an effect that was uncommon in 1986 . The effect of the feathers on Howard 's head becoming erect during the love sequence took months to prepare . The voice of Howard , Chip Zien , was not cast until after shooting completed . Because Ed Gale 's voice was difficult to hear when he wore his suit , Huyck ordered Gale to perform his scenes without speaking any of the required dialogue , which was later synchronized during the editing process . Lead puppeteer Tim Rose was given a microphone attached to a small speaker , which would allow Rose to speak the dialogue to help the actors respond to Howard 's dialogue . While wearing his suit , Gale could only see through Howard 's mouth , and had to sense his location without proper eyesight . Gale often had to walk backwards before beginning rehearsals . In between takes , a hair dryer was stuffed in Howard 's bill to keep Gale cool . Gale taped two of his fingers together to wear the three - fingered hands created for the Howard costume . A total of six actors gave physical performances as Howard . Gerber was impressed by the appearance of Howard , and commented , `` It was very bizarre to meet it and ... realize not just that I created it - that would have been bizarre enough ... you know , it was sort of like meeting a child I did n't know I had ... '' Makeup artists Tom Burman and Bari Dreiband - Burman and actor Jeffrey Jones discussed the appearance of the Dark Overlord character with Huyck and Katz , and developed the character 's progressing looks . When Katz 's daughter visited the set during the shoot , she was terrified by Jones ' appearance in makeup . The diner sequence combines practical effects , including squibs and air cannons , with visual effects created by ILM . Sound designer Ben Burtt created the voice of the Dark Overlord by altering Jeffrey Jones ' voice as his character transformed . Stop motion effects during the climax were designed by Phil Tippett , who began with a clay model before upgrading to more sophisticated pieces . Casting ( edit ) After auditioning a number of actresses , singers , and models for the role of Beverly , Lea Thompson was cast in the role , because of her appearance in Back to the Future . Thompson purchased clothing from thrift stores because she wanted to appear at the audition as `` a cross between Madonna and Cyndi Lauper . '' During the shoot , Thompson complained that the filmmakers chose to shoot Howard 's closeup before hers . Thompson also states that she regrets not wearing a wig , as her hairstyle took two hours a day to prepare . Jeffrey Jones was cast because of his performance in Amadeus . Although Tim Robbins had not appeared in many films , Huyck and Katz were confident that he was right for the part . To play the physical role of Howard , Huyck and Katz held casting calls with dwarf actors , eventually casting a child actor and hiring Ed Gale , who had been rejected because he was too tall for the role , to perform stunts and portray the role during evening shoots . The child actor found the shooting conditions to be too difficult to handle , and the film 's editors were unable to match day and evening sequences because of the difference in the two portrayals . Because Gale also served as an understudy , he took over the role . After the film was completed , Huyck and Katz auditioned John Cusack , Jason Alexander , and Martin Short for the voice of Howard , eventually casting Chip Zien , because they felt his nasally voice worked well for the part . Because Howard 's voice was not cast until the film had begun editing , synchronization was extremely difficult . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Howard The Duck ( Music From The Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by John Barry Released 1986 Genre Electronic , Rock , Stage & Screen Length 37 : 26 Label MCA The film 's score was written by John Barry , although some of it was replaced by material composed by Sylvester Levay ( most notably the music for the scene where Howard and Phil fly the ultralight - Barry 's original cue is heard on the soundtrack album ) . Thomas Dolby wrote the film 's songs , and chose the members of Cherry Bomb . Actress Lea Thompson performed her own singing for the role , although she states that the filmmakers were unsure as to whether they would keep her vocals in the final film . Thompson was required to learn choreography with the band and record the songs so they could be synchronized during filming . The final sequence , in which Cherry Bomb performs the film 's title song , was shot in front of a live audience in an auditorium in San Francisco . The song was co-written by Dolby and George Clinton . Gale was choreographed to dance and play guitar as Howard . Dolby built a special guitar for Gale to use for rehearsal and filming . No . Title Length 1 . `` Hunger City '' 4 : 11 2 . `` Howard The Duck '' 4 : 00 3 . `` Do n't Turn Away '' 5 : 06 4 . `` It Do n't Come Cheap '' 4 : 48 5 . `` I 'm on My Way '' 2 : 56 6 . `` Lullaby of Duckland '' 2 : 25 7 . `` Journey to Earth '' 2 : 40 8 . `` You 're the Duckiest '' 2 : 07 9 . `` Ultralight Flight '' 2 : 59 10 . `` Beddy - Bye for Howard '' 2 : 42 11 . `` Dark Overlord '' 5 : 32 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The six actors who gave physical performances as Howard received a Golden Raspberry Award for `` Worst New Star '' . The appearance of Howard was generally seen as being unconvincing . Howard the Duck was widely panned by critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 15 % , based on 45 reviews , which makes it the lowest - rated Lucasfilm production . The site 's consensus states : `` While it has its moments , Howard the Duck suffers from an uneven tone and mediocre performances . '' Orange Coast writer Marc Weinberg and Leonard Maltin criticized the decision to shoot the film in live action . Maltin described the film as a `` hopeless mess ... a gargantuan production which produces a gargantuan headache '' . The appearance of Howard was criticized as being unconvincing due to his poorly functioning mouth , drunkenness , pervertedness , and expressionless face . Reviewers also criticized the acting and humor and found the film boring . In The Psychotronic Video Guide , Michael Weldon described the reactions to Howard as being inconsistent , and , `` It was obviously made in LA and suffers from long , boring chase scenes '' , but praised the stop - motion special effects in the film 's final sequences . The film received seven Golden Raspberry Award nominations in 1987 including Worst Supporting Actor ( Tim Robbins ) , Worst Director and Worst Original Song ( `` Howard the Duck '' ) . It won four trophies for Worst Screenplay , Worst New Star ( `` the six guys and gals in the duck suit '' ) , Worst Visual Effects , and Worst Picture , tied with Under the Cherry Moon . The movie also won a Stinkers Bad Movie Awards for Worst Picture . Box office ( edit ) The film was considered a box office flop as it grossed $16,295,774 in the United States and $21,667,000 worldwide for a total of $37,962,774 , just under $1 million above the production budget . When the film was screened for Universal , Katz said that the studio 's executives left without commenting on the film . Screenings for test audiences were met with mixed response . Rumors circulated that Universal production heads Frank Price and Sidney Sheinberg engaged in a fistfight after arguing over who was to blame for green - lighting the film . Both executives denied the rumors . News reports speculated that one or both would be fired by MCA chairman Lew Wasserman . Price soon left the studio , and was succeeded by Tom Pollack . The September 17 , 1986 , issue of Variety attributed Price 's departure to the failure of the film , though he had not approved the film 's production . Following the film 's failure , Huyck and Katz left for Hawaii and refused to read reviews of the film . In 2014 , the Los Angeles Times listed the film as one of the costliest box - office flops of all time . Home media ( edit ) Howard the Duck was released on VHS and Laserdisc in January 1987 . It was released on a Special Edition DVD by Universal Studios Home Entertainment on March 10 , 2009 . The film was released on Blu - ray for the first time on March 8 , 2016 . Novelization ( edit ) A novelization of Howard the Duck was written by former National Lampoon editor Ellis Weiner . Despite the negative reaction to the film , the novelization has achieved a cult following in recent years . In a 2016 review , Den of Geek wrote : `` In light of the 30th anniversary of Howard 's cinematic debut , we recently reread this 232 - page masterpiece and can say without any sense of detached irony or manufactured whimsy that Weiner 's work would be right at home amongst the work of Douglas Adams , Kurt Vonnegut , and Daniel Manus Pinkwater in the sci - fi / humor section of your personal library . '' Legacy ( edit ) The negative reaction to the film caused permanent damage to some of the cast members ' careers , who found themselves unable to work on other projects because of the film . The bad press right at the opening weekend had Lea Thompson accepting a role in Some Kind of Wonderful , which she had refused previously , because , as she said , `` I had to get on another movie , I would n't have done the movie if Howard was n't such a bomb . '' However , Thompson and Robbins have had successful acting careers since then , with Robbins winning an Academy Award for his performance in 2003 's Mystic River . Jones had a moderate career following the film , being featured prominently in films such as Beetlejuice , Mom and Dad Save the World , Ed Wood , and The Devil 's Advocate . Zien found fame on Broadway , starring in the original cast of Stephen Sondheim 's Into the Woods . There was a video game tie - in that came out on the same year called Howard the Duck . It was released on the ZX Spectrum , Commodore 64 , and Apple II . According to Ed Gale , he was hired to work on Spaceballs because Mel Brooks had said , `` Anybody who 's in Howard the Duck can be in my movie . '' Gale also said he receives more fan mail for his Howard the Duck portrayal than for his Chucky performances , the antagonist in the Child 's Play horror film series . After the film 's release , Huyck and Katz chose to work on more dramatic projects to separate themselves from Howard the Duck . Katz said Lucas continued to support the film after its failure , because he felt it would later be seen in a better light than it had been at the time of its release . Huyck said he later encountered fans and supporters of the film who felt that it had been unfairly treated by critics . Lea Thompson has stated that she had fun making the film and is happy to find fans `` celebrating Howard the Duck in all its great silliness and blemishes . '' In June 2012 , the YouTube series Marvel Superheroes : What the -- ? ! featured an episode starring Howard the Duck complaining to Marvel that his movie was not given a special Blu - ray re-release to celebrate its 25th anniversary . He eventually gets Joe Quesada to try to appeal to , and bribe , George Lucas into supporting the re-release . Writer Chip Zdarsky , who took on Howard 's comics in the 2010s , revealed he was a fan of the movie growing up , and had the 2016 run of the title featuring metafictional references to the film . The plot had Lea Thompson hiring Howard and discovering the villain Mojo had hypnotized her into playing Beverly opposite an alien in a Howard costume . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Comedy portal Comics portal Science fiction portal 1980s portal List of films considered the worst Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HOWARD ... A NEW BREED OF HERO ( PG ) ( ! ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . October 28 , 1986 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 1988 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Box - Office Bombs , Disasters and Film Flops : The Most Notable Examples 1985 - 1986 '' . filmsite.org . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huyck , Willard ; Katz , Gloria ( 2009 ) . `` A Look Back at Howard the Duck '' . Howard the Duck ( DVD ( extra ) ) . Universal Home Video . UPC - A 025195052306 . Jump up ^ Shone , Tom ( 2004 ) . Blockbuster : How Hollywood Learned To Stop Worrying And Love The Summer . Simon and Schuster . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 3568 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmerman , Dwight Jon ( September 1986 ) . `` Steve Gerber ( part 2 ) '' . Comics Interview ( 38 ) . Fictioneer Books . pp. 6 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Kathleen ( 2004 ) . `` Safeguarding the Legacy : 1981 -- 2002 '' . Mr. and Mrs. Hollywood : Edie and Lew Wasserman and Their Entertainment Empire . Carroll & Graf Publishers . p. 451 . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1419 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Dick , Bernard F. ( 1997 ) . `` In the Embrace of the Octopus '' . City of Dreams : The Making and Remaking of Universal Pictures . University Press of Kentucky . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2016 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Lea ; Jones , Jeffry ; Gale , Ed ( 2009 ) . `` A Look Back at Howard the Duck '' . Howard the Duck ( DVD ( extra ) ) . Universal Home Video . UPC - A 025195052306 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Jack ( 1998 ) . The Battle of Brazil . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 158 . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 347 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Tom , Stempel ( 2000 ) . `` Alumni '' . Framework : A History of Screenwriting in the American Film . Syracuse University Press . p. 207 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0654 - 0 . Jump up ^ Paul Brian McCoy . `` F.O.O.M. ( Flashbacks of Ol ' Marvel ) # 13 : `` If It Ai n't Funk He Do n't Feel It : Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) '' `` . Comics Bulletin . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mediascene # 25 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Dwight Jon ( September 1986 ) . `` Gloria Katz '' . Comics Interview ( 38 ) . Fictioneer Books . pp. 50 -- 55 . Jump up ^ `` GCD : : Issue : : Marvel Super Special # 41 '' . comics.org . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howard the Duck : The Movie at the Grand Comics Database ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Lea ; Jones , Jeffry ; Gale , Ed ( 2009 ) . `` Releasing the Duck '' . Howard the Duck ( DVD ( extra ) ) . Universal Home Video . UPC - A 025195052306 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , John . `` 1986 Archive '' . Golden Raspberry Award . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Huyck , Willard ; Katz , Gloria ( 2009 ) . `` Releasing the Duck '' . Howard the Duck ( DVD ( extra ) ) . Universal Home Video . UPC - A 025195052306 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , John ( 2000 ) . Creature Features : The Science Fiction , Fantasy , and Horror Movie Guide . Berkley Boulevard Books . p. 253 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 17517 - 0 . For one , the duck costume and makeup are phony -- Howard looks like a midget in a Halloween costume . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Lew ( 2004 ) . `` Nothing in the Mind , Please '' . Lew Hunter 's Screenwriting 434 : The Industry 's Premier Teacher Reveals the Secrets of the Successful Screenplay . Perigee . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 52986 - 1 . Because we all know what a duck looks like , Lucas could not get an audience to suspend their belief that Howard was a little person in a duck suit . Jump up ^ `` Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Marc ( September 1986 ) . `` Out - Foxed '' . Orange Coast Magazine . 12 ( 9 ) : 143 -- 144 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Maltin , Leonard ( 2008 ) . `` H '' . Leonard Maltin 's 2009 Movie Guide . Penguin Group . p. 641 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 28978 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weldon , Michael ( 1996 ) . `` H '' . The Psychotronic Video Guide . 0312131496 . p. 277 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 13149 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 9th Hastings Bad Cinema Society Stinkers Awards '' . Stinkers Bad Movie Awards . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` The costliest box office flops of all time '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Howard the Duck ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard the Duck Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weird Things We Learned From The Howard The Duck Novel '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Howard the Duck ' Movie Star Returns for New Comic Version ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Super Heroes : What The -- ? ! - Howard the Duck 's Silver Anniversary ! '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` '' Howard the Duck '' # 9 Shines a Spotlight on Lea Thompson , Stays True to Gerber 's Vision - Comic Book Review - CBR `` . cbr.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Howard the Duck Howard the Duck at LucasFilm.com Howard the Duck on IMDb Howard the Duck at Box Office Mojo Howard the Duck at Rotten Tomatoes Awards Preceded by Rambo : First Blood Part II Razzie Award for Worst Picture ( tied with Under the Cherry Moon ) 7th Golden Raspberry Awards Succeeded by Leonard Part 6 Films directed by Willard Huyck Messiah of Evil ( 1973 ) French Postcards ( 1979 ) Best Defense ( 1984 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Films produced The Rain People ( 1969 , associate ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) Kagemusha ( 1980 ) Body Heat ( 1981 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) Powaqqatsi ( 1988 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Television Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 86 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 86 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 96 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 05 ) The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones Documentaries ( 2007 - 08 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 14 ) Star Wars Detours ( Cancelled ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Resistance ( 2018 ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther Venom Captain Marvel The New Mutants Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed Team Thor Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture Ca n't Stop the Music ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest ( 1981 ) Inchon ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady ( 1983 ) Bolero ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck / Under the Cherry Moon ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 ( 1987 ) Cocktail ( 1988 ) Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane / Ghosts Ca n't Do It ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk ( 1991 ) Shining Through ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal ( 1993 ) Color of Night ( 1994 ) Showgirls ( 1995 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) The Postman ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth ( 2000 ) Freddy Got Fingered ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Gigli ( 2003 ) Catwoman ( 2004 ) Dirty Love ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me ( 2007 ) The Love Guru ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four / Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) Hillary 's America : The Secret History of the Democratic Party ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) Book Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry , Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone , James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot -- Blake Snyder , William Osborne and William Davies -- ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal -- Amy Holden Jones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones -- Jim Jennewein , Steven E. de Souza , Tom S. Parker and various others ( 1994 ) Showgirls -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1995 ) Striptease -- Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) The Postman -- Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West -- Jim Thomas , John Thomas , S.S. Wilson , Brent Maddock , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth -- Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered -- Tom Green & Derek Harvie ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones -- George Lucas and Jonathan Hales ( 2002 ) Gigli -- Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Catwoman -- Theresa Rebeck , John Brancato , Michael Ferris and John Rogers ( 2004 ) Dirty Love -- Jenny McCarthy ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 -- Leora Barish and Henry Bean ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me -- Jeffrey Hammond ( 2007 ) The Love Guru -- Mike Myers & Graham Gordy ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Ehren Kruger , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill -- Steve Koren and Adam Sandler , story by Ben Zook ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy - David Caspe ( 2012 ) Movie 43 - Steve Baker , Ricky Blitt , Will Carlough , Tobias Carlson , Jacob Fleisher , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Claes Kjellstrom , Jack Kukoda , Bob Odenkirk , Bill O'Malley , Matthew Alec Portenoy , Greg Pritikin , Rocky Russo , Olle Sarri , Elizabeth Wright Shapiro , Jeremy Sosenko , Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie - Tony Leondis , Eric Siegel and Mike White ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_the_Duck_(film)&oldid=841237038 '' Categories : 1986 films English - language films 1980s comedy science fiction films 1980s superhero films American films American comedy science fiction films American superhero films Films about birds Films adapted into comics Films adapted into novels Films based on works by Steve Gerber Films directed by Willard Huyck Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring Howard the Duck Films featuring puppetry Films produced by Gloria Katz Films scored by John Barry ( composer ) Films set in Cleveland Films set on fictional planets Films shot in San Francisco Films using stop - motion animation Lucasfilm films Screenplays by Gloria Katz Screenplays by Willard Huyck Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from April 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 18 : 30 . 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who won the 2018 chinese formula 1 grand prix

Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton was the defending race winner . Sebastian Vettel entered the round with a seventeen - point lead over Hamilton in the World Drivers ' Championship . His team , Ferrari , led Mercedes by ten points in the World Constructors ' Championship . Vettel qualified on pole position , and in doing so recorded Ferrari 's first pole position in China in fourteen years . Daniel Ricciardo won the race ahead of Valtteri Bottas and Kimi Räikkönen . Vettel 's championship lead was cut to nine points when he finished in eighth place , the result of contact with Max Verstappen late in the race .

Daniel Ricciardo

2018 Chinese Grand Prix

2018 chinese grand prix

The 2018 Chinese Grand Prix ( formally known as the Formula 1 2018 Heineken Chinese Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race that took place between 13 and 15 April 2018 at the Shanghai International Circuit in Shanghai , China . The race was the third round of the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship , and marked the fifteenth time that the Chinese Grand Prix has been run as a round of the Formula One World Championship .

Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton was the defending race winner . Sebastian Vettel entered the round with a seventeen - point lead over Hamilton in the World Drivers ' Championship . His team , Ferrari , led Mercedes by ten points in the World Constructors ' Championship . Vettel qualified on pole position , and in doing so recorded Ferrari 's first pole position in China in fourteen years . Daniel Ricciardo won the race ahead of Valtteri Bottas and Kimi Räikkönen . Vettel 's championship lead was cut to nine points when he finished in eighth place , the result of contact with Max Verstappen late in the race . Contents ( hide ) 1 Report 1.1 Practice 1.2 Qualifying 1.3 Race 2 Classification 2.1 Qualifying 2.2 Race 2.3 Championship standings after the race 3 References 4 External links Report ( edit ) Practice ( edit ) Lewis Hamilton was quickest in FP1 and FP2 . Sebastian Vettel was quickest in FP3 . During FP3 , Daniel Ricciardo 's turbo failed , requiring a full rebuild . Qualifying ( edit ) Daniel Ricciardo 's pit crew , still frantically assembling his Red Bull engine and car as qualifying began , were able to get his car out in Q1 with just over three minutes left in the session . With his first and only possible hot lap in Q1 , he finished the session in P13 . Charles Leclerc , meanwhile , spun his Sauber , and failed to make it out of Q1 . Marcus Ericsson was given a 5 place grid penalty for the race , and 3 points on his super license , for ignoring the double yellow flags waved for Leclerc . After qualifying P6 in Bahrain , Pierre Gasly also failed to make it out of Q1 . Ferrari locked out the front row of the grid for the second consecutive race , the first time since 2006 that the team had achieved this feat . Sebastian Vettel qualified on pole position with a time of 1 : 31.095 , a new track record . Mercedes locked out the second row of the grid , and Red Bull the third . Race ( edit ) Polesitter Sebastian Vettel got away well at the start , however his team mate Kimi Räikkönen lost positions , being overtaken by Bottas in Turn 1 , and then Verstappen a few corners later ... Hamilton fell back to 5th , whilst Ricciardo held 6th . After the first pit stops , Bottas managed to undercut Vettel and subsequently overtook Kimi Räikkönen , who had not yet stopped , for the lead , around the outside in Turn 1 . After Bottas blocked off Räikkönen , Vettel took advantage to take second place . On Lap 30 , the Toro Rosso cars of Brendon Hartley and Pierre Gasly collided at the hairpin . Gasly was awarded a 10 second penalty and the debris left on the track resulted in the safety car being brought out . This was a critical turning point for the race , as during the safety car period , both Red Bull cars pitted for fresh tyres on the same lap immediately . Mercedes had an opportunity to bring Hamilton in , but instead left him out to preserve track position . Bottas maintained the lead of the race at the safety car restart . Max Verstappen ran wide on Lap 39 whilst battling with Lewis Hamilton for third place , losing a position to Ricciardo , who had previously overtaken Räikkönen . Both Red Bulls then overtook Hamilton , two laps apart , and then Ricciardo overtook Vettel for P2 . On Lap 43 , Max Verstappen shunted Sebastian Vettel off the track at the hairpin , resulting in both drivers spinning off the track and Vettel losing positions , due to a damaged floor . Verstappen was awarded a 10 second penalty for the incident . On Lap 45 Ricciardo overtook Bottas for the lead of the race , which he would retain until the chequered flag . On the penultimate lap , Vettel was overtaken by Fernando Alonso meaning he would finish in P8 . Riccardo 's many overtakes would be hailed as a stunning drive , and the race would be regarded as one of his best ever . Classification ( edit ) Qualifying ( edit ) Pos . Car no . Driver Constructor Qualifying times Final grid Q1 Q2 Q3 5 Sebastian Vettel Ferrari 1 : 32.171 1 : 32.385 1 : 31.095 7 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 1 : 32.474 1 : 32.286 1 : 31.182 77 Valtteri Bottas Mercedes 1 : 32.921 1 : 32.063 1 : 31.625 44 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 1 : 33.283 1 : 31.914 1 : 31.675 5 33 Max Verstappen Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 1 : 32.932 1 : 32.809 1 : 31.796 5 6 Daniel Ricciardo Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 1 : 33.877 1 : 32.688 1 : 31.948 6 7 27 Nico Hülkenberg Renault 1 : 33.545 1 : 32.494 1 : 32.532 7 8 11 Sergio Pérez Force India - Mercedes 1 : 33.464 1 : 32.931 1 : 32.758 8 9 55 Carlos Sainz Jr . Renault 1 : 33.315 1 : 32.970 1 : 32.819 9 10 8 Romain Grosjean Haas - Ferrari 1 : 33.238 1 : 32.524 1 : 32.855 10 11 20 Kevin Magnussen Haas - Ferrari 1 : 33.359 1 : 32.986 11 12 31 Esteban Ocon Force India - Mercedes 1 : 33.585 1 : 33.057 12 13 14 Fernando Alonso McLaren - Renault 1 : 33.428 1 : 33.232 13 14 Stoffel Vandoorne McLaren - Renault 1 : 33.824 1 : 33.505 14 15 28 Brendon Hartley Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda 1 : 34.013 1 : 33.795 15 16 35 Sergey Sirotkin Williams - Mercedes 1 : 34.062 16 17 10 Pierre Gasly Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda 1 : 34.101 17 18 18 Lance Stroll Williams - Mercedes 1 : 34.285 18 19 16 Charles Leclerc Sauber - Ferrari 1 : 34.454 19 20 9 Marcus Ericsson Sauber - Ferrari 1 : 34.914 20 107 % time : 1 : 38.622 Source : Notes ^ 1 -- Marcus Ericsson was given a five - place grid penalty for ignoring yellow flags during qualifying . Race ( edit ) Pos . No . Driver Constructor Laps Time / Retired Grid Points Daniel Ricciardo Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 56 1 : 35 : 36.380 6 25 77 Valtteri Bottas Mercedes 56 + 8.894 18 7 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 56 + 9.637 15 44 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 56 + 16.985 12 5 33 Max Verstappen Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 56 + 20.436 5 10 6 27 Nico Hülkenberg Renault 56 + 21.052 7 8 7 14 Fernando Alonso McLaren - Renault 56 + 30.639 13 6 8 5 Sebastian Vettel Ferrari 56 + 35.286 9 55 Carlos Sainz Jr . Renault 56 + 35.763 9 10 20 Kevin Magnussen Haas - Ferrari 56 + 39.594 11 11 31 Esteban Ocon Force India - Mercedes 56 + 44.050 12 12 11 Sergio Pérez Force India - Mercedes 56 + 44.725 8 13 Stoffel Vandoorne McLaren - Renault 56 + 49.373 14 14 18 Lance Stroll Williams - Mercedes 56 + 55.490 18 15 35 Sergey Sirotkin Williams - Mercedes 56 + 58.241 16 16 9 Marcus Ericsson Sauber - Ferrari 56 + 1 : 02.604 20 17 8 Romain Grosjean Haas - Ferrari 56 + 1 : 05.296 10 18 10 Pierre Gasly Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda 56 + 1 : 06.330 17 19 16 Charles Leclerc Sauber - Ferrari 56 + 1 : 22.575 19 20 28 Brendon Hartley Scuderia Toro Rosso - Honda 51 Gearbox 15 Source : Notes ^ 1 -- Max Verstappen originally finished in fourth place but had ten seconds added to his race time for causing an avoidable collision . ^ 2 -- Pierre Gasly originally finished in fifteenth place but had ten seconds added to his race time for causing an avoidable collision . ^ 3 -- Brendon Hartley retired from the race but was classified as he completed 90 % of the winner 's race distance . Championship standings after the race ( edit ) Drivers ' Championship standings Pos . Driver Points Sebastian Vettel 54 Lewis Hamilton 45 Valtteri Bottas 40 Daniel Ricciardo 37 5 Kimi Räikkönen 30 Constructors ' Championship standings Pos . Constructor Points Mercedes 85 Ferrari 84 Red Bull Racing - TAG Heuer 55 McLaren - Renault 28 5 Renault 25 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Formula 1 2018 Chinese Grand Prix '' . formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIA announces World Motor Sport Council decisions '' . Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 6 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Chinese Grand Prix Race -- Official Classification '' . FIA.com . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 9 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2017 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formula 1 2018 Heineken Chinese Grand Prix -- Qualifying '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Ricciardo storms to Chinese Grand Prix win with sensational drive '' . abc.net.au . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Formula 1 2018 Heineken Chinese Grand Prix -- Race Result '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Limited . 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Chinese Grand Prix . The race on the official Formula One website Previous race : 2018 Bahrain Grand Prix FIA Formula One World Championship 2018 season Next race : 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix Previous race : 2017 Chinese Grand Prix Chinese Grand Prix Next race : 2019 Chinese Grand Prix `` previous Formula One Grands Prix ( 2010 -- 18 ) 2018 AUS BHR CHN AZE ESP MON CAN FRA AUT GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN RUS JPN USA MEX BRA ABU 2017 AUS CHN BHR RUS ESP MON CAN AZE AUT GBR HUN BEL ITA SIN MAL JPN USA MEX BRA ABU 2016 AUS BHR CHN RUS ESP MON CAN EUR AUT GBR HUN GER BEL ITA SIN MAL JPN USA MEX BRA ABU 2015 AUS MAL CHN BHR ESP MON CAN AUT GBR HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN RUS USA MEX BRA ABU 2014 AUS MAL BHR CHN ESP MON CAN AUT GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN RUS USA BRA ABU 2013 AUS MAL CHN BHR ESP MON CAN GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN KOR JPN IND ABU USA BRA 2012 AUS MAL CHN BHR ESP MON CAN EUR GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN KOR IND ABU USA BRA 2011 BHR AUS MAL CHN TUR ESP MON CAN EUR GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN KOR IND ABU BRA BHR AUS MAL CHN ESP MON TUR CAN EUR GBR GER HUN BEL ITA SIN JPN KOR BRA ABU Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Chinese_Grand_Prix&oldid=842651482 '' Categories : 2018 Formula One races Chinese Grand Prix 2018 in Chinese motorsport April 2018 sports events in Asia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bosanski Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 19 : 49 . 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how many episodes of total bellas season 2

Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 6 October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 8 September 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 )

8

Total Bellas

total bellas

Total Bellas is an American reality television series that premiered on October 5 , 2016 , on E !. The series is a spin - off of Total Divas and gives viewers a further look into the lives of Brie and Nikki Bella , along with their immediate family and their partners , Daniel Bryan and John Cena respectively . Season 1 is available on the WWE Network and Hulu .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Series overview 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 5 Awards and nominations 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) On April 20 , 2016 , it was announced via E ! Online that Brie and Nikki Bella would be getting a spin - off show entitled Total Bellas . The show revolves around the lives of the twins and their family . Filming for the first season was set in Tampa , Florida as Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan moved in with Nikki Bella and John Cena to help Nikki after her neck surgery . Brie and Nikki 's brother JJ and his wife Lauren had a recurring role along with their mother Kathy Colace and her now husband John Laurinaitis . On November 16 , 2016 , it was announced that E ! renewed the show for a second season . The second season was filmed in Phoenix , Arizona as Nikki Bella and John Cena move in with Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan to help Brie through her first pregnancy . In addition to Brie 's growing baby bump , the new season will document Daniel 's travels under his new role as General Manager of WWE 's SmackDown Live . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Brie Bella Nikki Bella Daniel Bryan John Cena Recurring ( edit ) Kathy Colace - Laurinaitis ( Brie & Nikki 's mother ) J.J. Garcia ( Brie & Nikki 's brother ) John Laurinaitis ( WWE employee & Kathy 's husband ) Lauren `` Lola '' Garcia ( J.J. 's wife ) Guest ( edit ) Alicia Fox ( WWE Superstar ) Becky Lynch ( WWE Superstar ) Jimmy Uso ( WWE Superstar ) Lana ( WWE Superstar ) Maria Menounos ( Television personality ) Mark Carrano ( WWE Senior Director of Talent Relations ) Natalya ( WWE Superstar ) Renee Young ( WWE Commentator ) Sami Zayn ( WWE Superstar ) Sandra Gray ( WWE 's former seamstress ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 6 October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 8 September 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Cena House Rules '' October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 101 0.63 Brie and Bryan move into John 's home to care for Nicole after her surgery in the series premiere of this Total Divas spin - off , which offers a glimpse into Brie and Nicole Bella 's life outside the ring with their significant others and family . John 's strict house rules have the new guests walking on eggshells to keep him happy . `` Quickie Fix '' October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 102 0.75 A sex rut causes a relationship strain for Brie and Bryan and a bored Nicole takes it upon herself to come up with an idea to help the couple out of their dry spell . Meanwhile , tensions rise as Johnny tells the men about his prenup plans with Kathy . `` Who 's the Boss ? '' October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) 103 0.62 Nicole is determined to help Bryan figure out his next steps after retirement and J.J. feels under appreciated by his mother and boss Kathy , he considers pursuing other career opportunities outside of their family business . `` Bryan 's Breaking Point '' October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 104 0.63 Bryan and Nicole get caught in an argument over their different views for the future and Brie , Nicole , J.J. , Kathy and Lauren go on a bachelorette trip to Naples , Florida . 5 5 `` Bella Family Secrets '' November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) 105 0.53 Nicole questions whether Brie is making the right decision by putting Bryan before her career and a potentially life - altering secret comes to light . 6 6 `` Wedding Mania '' November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 106 0.66 Emotions run high in the days leading up to Kathy and Johnny 's wedding ; Nicole is still concerned with Brie 's focus as her retirement match at WrestleMania fast approaches and Bryan 's mental state is questioned . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 7 `` A Desert Dilemma '' September 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) 201 0.68 A decision that could affect the family is left in Nicole and John 's hands ; J.J. and Lauren take some time apart , and Brie poses nude for her maternity shoot , which Bryan feels uncomfortable with . 8 `` Marital Mayhem '' September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 202 0.55 Nicole has concerns when J.J. wants to get advice from John about his marital problems ; Kathy suspects Nicole of cheating , and Brie gives Bryan a feel of what it 's like to give birth . 9 `` Who 's Your Mama ? '' September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) 203 0.57 Lauren and J.J. embark on counseling to fix their marriage ; Bryan is skeptical with his and Brie 's registry that comes to a dis - invite from the baby shower , and Nicole tries to fulfill her loneliness by gaining custody over her dog , Winston . 10 `` Power Struggle '' September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 204 0.56 Nicole and John embark on a new storyline together for the first time in their careers ; Kathy 's sex life surprises her kids , and a legal matter sends the family for a loop . 11 5 `` Wine About It '' October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 205 0.53 The launch of the new Bella wine has Bryan disapproving Brie tasting the wine while pregnant ; J.J. ends up injuring Nicole , and Kathy has a breakdown . 12 6 `` The Wrong Move '' October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 206 0.55 The results of a DNA test constructed by Bryan leaves everyone shocked ; J.J. gets into a bet about gaining more followers on social media , and Nicole 's WrestleMania match with John is left to be questioned after an injury scare . 13 7 `` Countdown to Mania '' October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 207 0.56 Nicole is determined to get back in the ring in time for WrestleMania ; J.J. decides to renew his vows with Lauren , while Brie and Bryan get things in order before the birth of their daughter . 14 8 `` Bella - Mania '' October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 208 0.67 Nicole embarks on the journey to what could be her last WrestleMania match ; John asks Nicole a huge question , while Brie and Bryan welcome their daughter into the world . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result ref 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Female Athlete The Bella Twins Won 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Female Athlete The Bella Twins Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Best Reality Show Total Bellas Nominated Broadcast ( edit ) The show is broadcast in New Zealand on the local E ! network . The series is also available on Hulu . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Total Bellas ' premiere date announced '' . wwe.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Synopsis for the Total Bellas Premiere , Sheamus and Cesaro , WWE Facing More Presidential Debate Competition -- PWMania '' . pwmania.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nikki and Brie Bella Describe Total Bellas Spinoff as Chaos Under One Roof With John Cena 's Strict Rules , a Wedding and More on Total Divas '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` E ! Renews ' Total Bellas ' for Season 2 ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Nikki Bella and John Cena Are Temporarily Moving in With Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan on Season 2 of Total Bellas ! on Total Bellas '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.26. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.9. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Finals to Come ) : 9.6. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.13. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.20. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.27. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.4. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.11. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.18. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.26. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Jump up ^ `` The Bella Twins win Choice Female Athlete at Teen Choice 2016 '' . WWE . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : Riverdale , ' Captain Swan , ' Teri Hatcher and More Nab Nominations in Final Wave '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vote for John Cena , Sasha Banks and The Bella Twins for the 2017 Teen Choice Awards '' . External links ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal Television portal Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Official website Total Bellas on IMDb Total Divas Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Current cast Alexa Bliss Brie Bella Carmella Lana Maryse Naomi Natalya Nia Jax Nikki Bella Former cast Alicia Fox Cameron Eva Marie JoJo Mandy Rose Paige Renee Young Rosa Mendes Summer Rae Related articles Total Bellas Women in WWE WWE History Capitol Wrestling Corporation 1980s boom Black Saturday WrestleMania The Streak of Undefeated Deadman 's Wrestlemania 21 - 1 The Kliq Monday Night Wars Montreal Screwjob Attitude Era The Undertaker vs. Mankind The Invasion Brand Extension Chris Benoit double - murder and suicide The New Monday Night Wars TNA Entertainment , LLC sues WWE Raw 1000 Persona and reception of Roman Reigns Programming Brands Raw SmackDown NXT Weekly 205 Live Main Event Experience Bottom Line Afterburn Vintage Wal3ooha Seasonal Total Bellas Total Divas Specials Free for All Tribute to the Troops ( results ) Animated Camp WWE Pay - per - view and WWE Network events Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania Payback Backlash Extreme Rules Money in the Bank Great Balls of Fire Battleground SummerSlam No Mercy Hell in a Cell TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs Survivor Series Clash of Champions Roadblock NXT TakeOver Other Other WWE programming Former programming Personnel McMahon family Roster Hall of Fame Alumni A -- C D -- H I -- M N -- R S -- Z Action figures LJN Wrestling Superstars Mattel WWE Legends WWF Hasbro action figures Other Affiliated properties WWE Books WWE Libraries Inc . 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common issues that can affect your needs assessment approach include

Needs assessment

needs assessment

A needs assessment is a systematic process for determining and addressing needs , or `` gaps '' between current conditions and desired conditions or `` wants '' . The discrepancy between the current condition and wanted condition must be measured to appropriately identify the need . The need can be a desire to improve current performance or to correct a deficiency .

A needs assessment is a part of planning processes , often used for improvement in individuals , education / training , organizations , or communities . It can refine and improve a product such as a training or service a client receives . It can be an effective tool to clarify problems and identify appropriate interventions or solutions . By clearly identifying the problem , finite resources can be directed towards developing and implementing a feasible and applicable solution . Gathering appropriate and sufficient data informs the process of developing an effective product that will address the groups needs and wants . Needs assessments are only effective when they are ends - focused and provide concrete evidence that can be used to determine which of the possible means - to - the - ends are most effective and efficient for achieving the desired results . Needs assessments can help improve the quality of policy or program decisions -- thus leading to improvements in performance and the accomplishment of desired results . Improving results -- that is , moving from current to desired performance -- is typically a worthwhile and valuable effort . The results of a needs assessment will guide subsequent decisions -- including the design , implementation , and evaluation of projects and programs that will lead to achieving desired results . Defining ' need ' is an essential starting place for needs assessments . Though the word need is used casually in many context without a definition , in order to assess them a need is often defined as a gap in results where its satisfaction , or partial satisfaction , is necessary for the achievement of another specific socially - permissible result . Each need therefore consist of two related gaps in results , leading to the assessment ( size , direction , characteristics , etc . ) of each gap as well as the relationship among the gaps . This distinguishes needs assessments from surveys of people ' wants '' or favorite solutions . There are three perspectives on need in a needs assessment ; perceived need , expressed need and relative need . Perceived needs are defined by what people think about their needs , each standard changes with each respondent . Expressed needs are defined by the number of people who have sought help and focuses on circumstances where feelings are translated into action . A major weakness of expressed needs assumes that all people with needs seek help . Relative needs are concerned with equity and must consider differences in population and social pathology . Within a performance improvement framework , needs assessments play a critical role in starting the improvement process ( see Figure A ) . Assessments inform future decisions ; at the same time , they are informed by the results of past decisions . Needs assessments thereby link together past and future performance , guiding decisions throughout the improvement effort . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Applications 3 Extensive vs. intensive 4 Examples 5 Needs chain model 6 Conducting a needs chain model 7 Training 8 Conducting a needs analysis 8.1 Organizational training needs 9 Community 9.1 Types and strategies for planning and organizing 9.2 Local governments 9.3 Conduction 9.3. 1 Tools 9.4 Assessment 9.4. 1 Community demographics 9.4. 2 Consumer leadership 9.4. 3 Service gaps 9.5 Methodology and data collection 9.5. 1 Community / social survey 9.5. 2 Community mapping 9.5. 3 Seasonal calendar 9.5. 4 Focus group sessions 10 Examples 10.1 Bayview Hunters Point 10.2 Environmental 10.3 Mental health promotion program for rural communities in Ireland 11 See also 12 Additional resources 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Considered the `` father of needs assessment '' , Roger Kaufman first developed a model for determining needs defined as a gap in results . This particular emphasis in results focuses on the outcomes ( or ends ) that result from an organization 's products , processes , or inputs ( the means to the ends ) . Kaufman argues that an actual need can only be identified independent of premature selection of a solution ( wherein processes are defined as means to an end , not an end unto themselves ) . To conduct a quality needs assessment according to Kaufman , first determine the current results , articulate the desired results , and the distance between results is the actual need . Once a need is identified , then a solution can be selected that is targeted to closing the gap . Kaufman 's model in particular identifies gaps in needs at the societal level , what Kaufman calls `` Mega '' planning , along with gaps at the Macro ( or organizational ) and Micro level ( the level of individuals and small groups ) . Organizational elements vary among the three different levels : they are outcomes at the Mega level , outputs at the Macro level , and products at the Micro level . A Mega level needs assessment should be conducted if the primary beneficiary of the desired results is society itself ( as with the results of a clean environment or continuing profit ) . If the desired results are not directly societal , but are delivered to society ( such as automobiles or college graduates ) , then a Macro level assessment should be performed . If the desired results are building blocks for larger results ( such as a single sale or a passed inspection ) , then a Micro level needs assessment is appropriate . Kaufman articulated 13 indicators for societal well - being , which there will be no losses of life nor elimination or reduction of levels of well - being , survival , self - sufficiency , and quality of life from any source , including ( but not limited to ) : War and / or riot and / or terrorism Shelter Unintended human - caused changes to the environment , including permanent destruction of the environment and / or rendering it non-renewable Murder , rape , or crimes of violence , robbery , or destruction of property Substance abuse Disease Pollution Starvation and / or malnutrition Child abuse Partner / spouse / elder abuse Destructive behavior , including child , partner , spouse , self , elder , and others Discrimination based on irrelevant variables including color , race , creed , sex , religion , national origin , age , and location Poverty Applications ( edit ) Depending on the scope of the project a needs assessment can be a costly and labor - intensive project . A general twelve step process might entail the following : Confirm the issue and audiences Establish the planning team Establish the goals and objectives Characterize the audience Conduct information and literature search Select data collection methods Determine the sampling scheme Design and pilot the collection instrument Gather and report data Analyze data Manage data Synthesize data and create report In the past 50 years , it has been an essential element of educational planning . Over the past four decades , there has been a proliferation of models for needs assessment with dozens of models to choose from . This is also the same basic process used in business under the term `` market research '' . That is the process used to determine customer needs and wants for products and services . Other terms used somewhat interchangeably to describe this process include needs analysis , market analysis , front end analysis , and discrepancy analysis . Extensive vs. intensive ( edit ) The broad difference between extensive and intensive needs assessment is that extensive research uses a large number of cases to determine the characteristics of a population , while intensive research examines one or a few cases in depth to understand cause and effect . A variety of data collection and decision making tools and processes can be used for each , including the examples below ( also see Watkins , West Meiers , Visser , 2011 ) . The use of population - based indicators is common in extensive needs assessments and has several strengths . These strengths include that such data are available for broad geographical areas , available on a large number of individuals or cases , allow description of entire populations , allow trend analysis over time , are relatively easy to access , inexpensive to use , and perceived as unbiased . Another method commonly used in extensive needs assessments is the survey . The strengths of the survey method are : they allow for direct feedback to the public as well as stakeholders , can foster public awareness about a problem or concern , can be customized to address specific issues , can be targeted to specific population groups or geographic areas , and can provide very timely results . An additional potential data source for extensive needs assessments are service and program databases . The strengths of this source of data are : they often contain data collected over many years , are readily accessible by existing program staff , provide the most current data , and they are relatively inexpensive to operate and maintain . One type of extensive needs assessment is SWOT analysis . SWOT stands for strengths , weaknesses , opportunities , and threats . The basic process involves gathering information about an organization 's activities and outcomes within a set time period . The figure below lists a simplified version of the SWOT process . A model SWOT analysis Recruit research group of 10 - 20 stakeholders or core group members for one to three meetings lasting approximately two hours each . Generate a list of successes and failures of the group or organization over the past year . Allow for some limited discussion of each , without dwelling on any . Generate a list of the group 's or organization 's strengths and weaknesses , and the external environment 's opportunities and threats , based on the understanding of successes and failures . Brainstorm ideas for maximizing strengths and minimizing weaknesses while taking advantage of the environment 's opportunities and neutralizing its threats . Once the group has identified needs , they then generally turn to intensive needs assessment in order to rank the identified needs so they can choose what they will address . An important thing to note is that while the ambitious may want to dive right into their list of needs , generally money and time constraints do not allow for all needs to be addressed and that is where an intensive needs assessment is useful . As mentioned earlier , intensive needs assessment requires the ranking of priorities . While there are many methods to rank needs , it is important to develop ranking criteria . Feasibility is often used as criteria , but it is often useful for a group to identify their own set of criteria . This part of the research is not so much concerned with developing a detailed plan for solving the needs situation , but rather for examining the depth of the need and potentially required resources . Force field analysis , developed by Kurt Lewin , is one method for facilitating determining needs feasibility . An example taken from Stoecker1 states that if , `` for example , feasibility is defined as degree of staff expertise and time , or funds to buy expertise and time , the force field analysis can look for data indicating available staff expertise and time and / or available external funds and expertise '' . The illustration below displays a model force field analysis . A model force field analysis Recruit research group of 10 - 20 stakeholders or core group members for one or more meetings lasting approximately two hours each . Review the list of needs developed through a SWOT analysis or other procedure . Allow for some limited discussions of each without dwelling on any . Develop criteria for rating the feasibility of meetings needs . Using the feasibility criteria , collect information on facilitating and impending forces inside the group or organization and outside it . This can be done through separate data collection or in a meeting if the stakeholders are well informed . Apply the data to determine the feasibility of meeting each need . As mentioned previously , the use of population - based indicators does have several strengths ; however , it also has several weaknesses . These include that such data reveal problems more readily than they do solutions , may not include specific variables of interest , are difficult to alter in terms of type of data collected , not always available in a timely manner , and any individual data point may be of questionable validity . Population - based indicators data are thus not generally useful for intensive needs assessments . Service and program databases are also not useful data sources for intensive needs assessments , because they do not provide data on unmet needs that are not directly addressed by the given service or program , address demand for only that program or service , only provide data for those who seek and participate in the program or service , and some data elements may be of uncertain quality . The use of surveys , however , can be appropriate for intensive as well as extensive needs assessments . Regardless of the method used , intensive needs assessments typically allow deeper analysis and greater flexibility in terms of type of data collected . While often not as convenient as extensive needs assessments , they can be quite useful for determining needs in a small setting . One method of data collection for intensive needs assessments is a structured group . Some strengths of this method are : 1 ) it allows account of many different perspectives , as they involve diverse sets of people , including the target audience , key informants , stakeholders , and the general community , in direct conversation ; 2 ) it can foster acceptance of and cooperation with the entire needs assessment process within the community and various target populations ; 3 ) it accounts for opinions , perceptions , and desires in a manner that no other method does ; 4 ) it generates new ideas about an existing problem as well as potential solutions ; 5 ) it can be conducted relatively quickly and provide immediate feedback ; and 6 ) it is relatively inexpensive . However , because intensive needs assessments typically require much more coordination and planning in the data collection phase and it is often inappropriate to generalize from them , extensive needs assessments seem to be much more common . Examples ( edit ) The `` Santa Clara County Trends & Needs Assessment Report '' is an extensive community needs assessment conducted by United Way Silicon Valley , a non-profit organization that claims to be a leading expert on human needs in Silicon Valley . The report 's purpose is to define and measure the most pressing needs in Santa Clara County . An example of an intensive needs assessment is a project conducted by the Environmental Law Institute , titled Building Capacity to Participate in Environmental Protection Agency Activities : A Needs Assessment and Analysis . In that study , in - depth interviews with open - ended questions were conducted with experts on citizen participation in environmental issues and community capacity building . The purpose of the interviews was to identify : 1 ) areas most in need of an investment in capacity building ; 2 ) capacity building tools and techniques that are perceived to be effective by communities and citizens ; 3 ) effective mechanisms for delivering capacity building tools ; and 4 ) approaches that could be taken to implement capacity building efforts . After the interviews were conducted , the next step was to analyze each need and approach that had been identified by the interviewees and accordingly identify possible constraints and barriers to implementation , design issues , and potential efficacy for each approach in addressing perceived capacity building needs . Another phase of this needs assessment , occurring concurrently with the others and informing the construction and analysis of the various approaches examined , was a literature review on public participation relevant to capacity building . Needs chain model ( edit ) A needs chain model is composed of aligned horizontal and vertical processes in which there are four different kinds of needs that describe and identify the ultimate performance goal , solutions , and what might affect these solutions . These needs include Performance need : A state of existence or level of performance required for satisfactory functioning . Instrumental need : An intervention , product , or substance that is required to obtain a satisfactory level of functioning in a particular context . Conscious need : Need that are known to those who have them . Unconscious need : Need that is unknown to those who have them . Also , it has four vertical factors that consider Organizational need : Needs that usually pertain to behavior or tangible outcomes , such as market share or sales target . Individual needs : Needs that usually pertain to the individual 's attitudes about the organization or themselves , such as job satisfaction . Causes Level of objectivity for all needs : The objectivity level requires all needs to have a certain level of objectivity and to be based on deep investigation or further analysis . The needs chain model provides tools that assist organizations in prioritizing resources and identifying areas that require improvement . Figure 1 identifies four main types of need that must be considered , for example , for determining the organization 's goals and the instrument needs with full understanding of the unconscious needs while a different factor determines the objectivity level . Figure 1 : Needs chain model Instrument needs Unconscious needs Conscious needs Performance needs Organization level Training / workshop Work consistency / tasks clarity / management transparency Learning Market share / sales revenue Individual level Real applications Job satisfaction / Recognition / Job security / Motivation Knowledge or skills ( English speaking skills ) Sales target / performing task effectively Objectivity level Must be high objective Must be high objective Must be high objective Must be high objective Conducting a needs chain model ( edit ) A needs chain model is a framework that allows organizations to consider the individuals needs within an organization as well as the organizations needs simultaneously in order to come to solutions to prioritizing resources and areas of improvement for the organization . Once the organization has completed the model , it gives them a better picture of the organization 's priorities in a timely manner . One of the benefits of this model is that it can be used to help decision makers quickly come to solutions to priorities that may change over time . In order to conduct a needs chain model , the organization must identify the following : instrument needs , performance needs , conscious and unconscious needs on the organizational level and the individual level . The organizational level applies to behavior or outcomes , where as the individual level pertains to individual attitudes to things such as job performance or how they view the organization . The data about each of these levels comes from different data collection methods : Organizational level : Goals of the organization Individual level : Surveys or interviews The most difficult data to collect in this model are the unconscious needs . In order to gather this information about the individual , careful methods must be used to allow for trust from the individual while discussing sensitive topics about their thoughts on the organization . Training ( edit ) Training needs assessment is a systematic inquiry of training needs within an organization for the purposes of identifying priorities and making decisions , and allocating finite resources in a manner consistent with identified program goals and objectives . Though beginning with training as the desired solution , it has been argued , diminishes the value of the needs assessment , the popularity of the term `` training needs assessment '' has made it part of the training and adult learning lexicon . There are three levels of a training needs assessment : Organizational assessment evaluates the level of organizational performance . An assessment of this type will determine the skills , knowledge , and ability needs of an agency . It also identifies what is required to alleviate the problems and weaknesses of the agency as well as to enhance strengths and competencies . Organizational assessment takes into consideration factors such as changing demographics , political trends , technology , and the economy . Occupational assessment examines the skills , knowledge , and abilities required for affected occupational groups . Occupational assessment identifies how and which occupational discrepancies or gaps exist , as well as examining new ways to do work that could fix those discrepancies or gaps . Individual assessment analyzes how well an individual employee is doing a job and determines the individual 's capacity to do new or different work . Individual assessment provides information on which employees need training and what kind . The benefits of training needs assessments are : Training needs are put in context of organizational needs ( business drivers ) Validation and / or augmentation of sponsor 's ideas about the need for training Assurance that training design will respond to need Identification of non-training issues influencing performance Assurance of survival of training function Establishment of a foundation for post-training evaluation Conducting a needs analysis ( edit ) Conducting a needs analysis is usually done to gauge what training is needed for new employees or to identify and find solutions to : Problems with performance New system , task or technology An organizational need to benefit from an opportunity Organizational training needs ( edit ) There are many tools to gather information about employee performance , which work best in different circumstances . Observation : First hand observation and analysis in a setting in which the observer is not interfering with normal productivity . Used to gather first hand data about an employee 's strengths and weaknesses . Interviews : Using a series of predetermined questions to gauge opinions and perceptions . This tool allows the employee to comment on their performance , and allows the interviewer to ask in depth questions about performance . Questionnaires : Allows for a big picture of the environment by asking respondents identical questions . Allows for more respondents than individual interviews , and takes less time . The data collected can be analyzed in a more quantitative way than with interviews . Job Descriptions : Study of all responsibilities of a certain job to define an employees expectations and responsibilities , allowing for more thorough training and supervision . The Difficulty Analysis : identification of an employee 's duties that cause them the most difficulty , and allowing for more training in those areas . Problem Solving Conference : A conference setting that allows employees and other staff to identify a plan for a new task or technology and mold the training to it . Appraisal Reviews : Within a performance review , questioning the employee about their duties and training . Allows supervisor to uncover reasons for poor performance . Analysis of Organizational Policy : reviewing the organization 's policy on training , and the amount and type of training offered to employees . When using any of these methods , these three things should be kept in mind : These tools should be used in combination , never rely on just one They may be used to identify training needs in different groups or types of employees They should be applied to individual employees because of variation in training between employees . Community ( edit ) A community needs assessment is a combination of information gathering , community engagement and focused action with the goal of community improvement . A community needs assessment identifies the strengths and weaknesses ( needs ) within a community . A community needs assessment is also unique and specific to the needs within a community and is usually an extension of a community 's strategic planning process . The community needs assessment places great emphasis on the abilities of the people in the community , and on the agencies and organizations within that community that provides services to the children and families . Community leaders , local government , advocacy groups or a combination of these then address these identified needs through policy change or development . A community needs assessment can be broadly categorized into three types based on their respective starting points : First , needs assessments which aim to discover weaknesses within the community and create a solution ( Community Needs Assessment I ) . Second , needs assessments which are structured around and seek to address an already known problem or potential problem facing the community ( Community Needs Assessment II ) . Third , needs assessments of an organization which serves the community ( domestic violence centers , community health clinics etc . ) ( Community Needs Assessment III ) . Community needs assessments are generally executed in four steps : planning and organizing , data collection , coding and summarizing the needs assessment results , and sharing the results with the community to facilitate action planning . During the planning and organizing phase stakeholders are identified , local organizations and / or local government begin to collaborate . Depending on the type of needs assessment being conducted one can tailor their approach . Types and strategies for planning and organizing ( edit ) Community needs assessment I -- This type of needs assessment seeks to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses within a community and create or improve services based on the identified weaknesses . Organizing this type of needs assessment is primarily structured around how to best obtain information , opinions , and input from the community and then what to do with that information . This process may be broken into targeted questions which can direct the project overall . The following are sample questions taken from `` A Community Needs Assessment Guide '' from The Center for Urban Research & Learning : Define goals for the needs assessment . What is the specific purpose of the needs assessment ? How will the data from the community be used ; to set a new agenda , support a new program or support new changes in service delivery or policies ? What is the timeline for the needs assessment ? If applicable , identify the target population . How will a sample from the population be chosen ? Are there any special considerations which need to be considered in the most effective way to approach / obtain information and cooperation from said population ? Community needs assessment II -- This type of needs assessment is constructed around a known problem or potential problem facing the community for example , disaster preparedness , how to address an increase in violent crime etc . This type of community needs assessment centers less around the direct involvement of the community but rather the governing entities , stakeholders , businesses , advocacy groups and organizations which will be potentially affected or can contribute to the community need . Potential organization questions could include : Identifying relevant stakeholders . This includes stakeholders affected by the problem or stakeholders of the program / or solution being addressed . The program staff , the funders , and the consumers of the program . Learn more about the community and its residents . Review already existing material regarding the community problem or potential problem . Sharing expectations , goals , and approach regarding the needs assessment with the other partners . Discuss and identify potential users of the agenda / solution likely to be generated by the needs assessment process . Community needs assessment III -- This final type of needs assessment is based within an organization which either serves the community at large , is currently addressing a need within the community , or is dedicated to an under - served population within the community . This type of needs assessment centers around improving the efficiency or effectiveness of such organizations . Potential organization questions could include : Learn about the organizational culture and its philosophy by interviewing staff , including the executive director . Review existing materials regarding the community need and the organization . Tour the community and learn more about the target population or problem the organization serves . Conduct a literature review to see what the recent research has to offer , review relevant archival information and what previous needs assessments by the organization have found . Where is the program in terms of the implementation and development of service delivery ? What current resources do the organization and its programs offer ? Identify and learn about the program that would most benefit from a needs assessment . Implementing a community needs assessment -- The exact methodology to implementing a community needs assessment is partially determined by the type of assessment that is being performed ( discussed above ) . However , general guidelines can be proposed . Use of focus groups Creating a needs assessment survey Collecting and analyzing data Community public forums Producing a final report and planning action committees Selecting members of a focus group first requires choosing a target community , population , or demographic which will structure the community needs assessment . This information guides the selection process for a focus group . The principle of the focus group is to select members who are diverse yet share a degree of commonality . This may sound paradoxical yet it is n't necessarily . Generally speaking the commonality between focus group members is a vested interest and stake in their community . Thus , focus group members might include : `` local politicians , business owners , block club leaders and community activists . Another focus group would consist of adult resident of the community ; and a third consisting of youth residents of the community '' . Focus groups solicit input from community members on broad , open - ended questions , such as : What do you like about your community ? What concerns you within your community ? How would you improve your community ? What changes do you foresee / fear / want to see in your community within the next 10 years ? Questions such as these can help target potential strengths , weaknesses , opportunities and needs for change or growth . With the targeted objectives discovered in the focus group , the community needs assessment survey can be created and dispersed . Leaders of the community needs assessment can then summarize the data through computer analysis programs such as Access or SPSS . The results are then brought to the community through a public forum . Public forums are the place where the information collected through the survey , the identified strengths , weaknesses , and concerns of the community are presented for open public discussion . Finally , the results of the focus groups , survey , and public forum present a direction which the final report can detail . Action groups are formed and solutions and guidelines are enacted to ensure the changes desire are realized . Local governments ( edit ) Local city governments have a department dedicated to the sole purpose of funding nonprofit organizations that see about the current needs of the children and families who reside in that city . The purpose of these departments is to ensure that nonprofit organizations that receive funding from the Children , Families Department will provide families with children with the necessary services that are essential to children growing up healthy , have access to a quality education , and thrive in safe homes and neighborhoods . An example is the Department of Children , Youth and Their Families in San Francisco , California . This specific city department conducts a needs assessment every three years to develop a strategic plan to guide the department during their funding cycle when they send out a request for proposal ( RFP ) for organizations to apply for grants , which will enable these community organizations to continue to provide services to the children and families in their community . Conduction ( edit ) According to Sharma , Lanum and Saurez - Balcazar ( 2000 ) `` the goals of a ' needs assessment ' is to identify the assets of a community and determine potential concerns that it faces '' ( p. 1 ) . A needs assessment therefore becomes crucial in the initial stages of an intervention . A needs analysis is focused on identifying the possible barriers to successful program intervention in a community and possibly finding solutions to these challenges . Service providers in Monitoring and Evaluation ( M&E ) work are also concerned with assessment and provision of services to different stakeholders . Such services may include an assessment closely related to a needs assessment that focuses on whether current services are effective or not , and if not , identifying the gaps in implementation ; or an assessment of whether potential services are likely to be effective once they have been implemented ( Rossi , Lipsey & Freeman , 2004 ) . These assessments highlight the close relationship between needs assessment , monitoring , and evaluation ; while each applies similar tools , each also has independent objectives and requires unique skills . In community development work , practitioners are concerned with identifying barriers that stand in the ways of positive community progress . In many cases , an organization or community is faced by challenges with regards to some social issue , provision or access to services and it is the job of the practitioner , in consultation with stakeholders , to decide about how best to go about finding helpful interventions and implementing solutions to this . A community level needs assessment is beneficial and crucial to any planned intervention on behalf of communities facing difficulties with regard to some community issue . A community level needs assessment will assist the practitioner to determine the nature and scope of a problem at which an intervention might be aimed , with the aim of finding out what possible interventions might be successful in alleviating the problem ( Rossi , Lipsey & Freeman , 2004 ) . A community needs assessment will also uncover which members of the community are most likely to benefit from a planned intervention and who might not be . Community level needs assessment will also give direction to planners in terms of where resources need to be allocated for the intervention so that they are not wasted . Community level needs assessments should include the community at all stages of planning , and should consider all people that might be affected by the planned intervention , including children , the elderly and the mentally ill . Tools ( edit ) There are a number of components in a community level needs assessment , all of which are aimed at gathering data that will answer what the practitioner needs to know and inform the decisions that he or she makes . According to the National Consumer Supporter Technical Assistance Center ( www.ncstac.org . ) the following are crucial components of a community level needs assessment . Assessment ( edit ) Community demographics ( edit ) Community demographics assist the practitioner to get a feel of the field that they are working in . Demographics include things like age ranges , the number of people living in a certain area within the community , the number or percentage of people within a certain socio economic status and gender characteristics . Demographic information about certain population groups can be found online at such official websites as www.statssa.gov in South Africa . Consumer leadership ( edit ) Consumer leadership assessment is an assessment of the frequency with which community members use or are likely to use an existing or planned service . This assessment is meant to give an indication of the need for the existing or proposed intervention or service . Consumer leadership assessment is meant to give an indication of the different types of leadership activities and roles that are related to transformation in relation to some health or social issue that is being addressed . This may give an indication as to the degree of the need for an intervention or not . Service gaps ( edit ) An assessment of service gaps is meant to give an indication of the types of services that are needed the most at the particular point of time in which the assessment is being conducted ( www.ncstac.org ) . A scale measuring the availability , accessibility , provider choice and cultural responsiveness of services , rated on a scale from 0 - no availability / non-existent , to 3 - outstanding and responsive is provided by the National Consumer Supporter Technical Assistance Center . The scale also assesses the availability of other services in the community such as support groups , education and employment services that may be of interest to the practitioner . Methodology and data collection ( edit ) The following are the actual tools that can be involved in the process of gathering data to be used in the community needs assessment . Community / social survey ( edit ) Surveys can be used especially in relation to the gathering of community demographics where a large number of people may be involved , and also in which multiple variables such socio - economic status , education levels and employment are being measured in relation to the planned intervention . Large scale surveys involving many people can reveal useful information , while smaller surveys may be less generalizable and used only in the context within which they are conducted . Survey design will vary depending on context , such as internet and phone surveys for well resourced communities or face to face surveys for less resourced communities . Community mapping ( edit ) Often , a practitioner may be wanting to implement a service that they think will be of benefit to the community . The problem facing the practitioner will be where and how to place the service at a particular point in the community , and whether that service is likely to be used . Community mapping is where the practitioner gets people in the community to draw a map of the community of the places that they visit the most and how often they go there . This will give an indication of where to locate a service so that it is conveniently placed and accessible to community participants whom it is intended to service . The problem may arise where there are differences between the places that people visit . Seasonal calendar ( edit ) A seasonal calendar allows the practitioner to look at seasonal trends that may affect the use or implementation of a service in a community . Seasonal trends may reveal decreases in the supply of labour , periods of hunger that may affect for example school children 's performance at school and so on . Seasonal calendars may reveal important reasons for the gaps between service utilization and intervention outcomes . This will allow the practitioner to plan for other things that may not have been considered as part of the intervention but which will greatly improve the quality of the intervention and make life better for the community members . To use the seasonal calendar as a data collection tool , the practitioner gets community members to write a list of the things that they have to do throughout the year . These things are related to work , cultural activities , certain times of the year in which participants are unavailable at all and so on , and to plot how they share them with other members of the community . Focus group sessions ( edit ) Focus groups are sessions in which community members can answer questions about different aspects of the intervention in the form of planned discussions . This is a good opportunity to actually find out about the needs and concerns of the community . It is also a good opportunity for addressing service gaps and what needs to be done about them . Examples ( edit ) Bayview Hunters point ( edit ) This is a good example as needs are identified in several different ways , such as research , survey analysis , and current gaps in service provision . All of this information can be used as analysis towards future policy implementation or as a focal point for discussion . The author examined significant statistics that showed a need within the community of Bayview Hunters Point in order to `` identify gaps in service delivery system to create a road map for improving neighborhood conditions by rationalizing the allocation of city dollars to social service programs '' ( Burke , 7 ) . For example , in 2003 , 174 children were removed from family homes in the Bayview ; this is more than 18 % of all children removed from their family in San Francisco . Such numbers could signify a need within the foster care system or family resources . The author also looked at the broad - based survey , Project Connect , which gathered data from 10,330 households specifically about their needs for services and current service utilization practices in the summer of 2004 . The analysis from 1,551 Bayview households showed that their priorities , in order , are 1 ) childcare services , 2 ) health services , 3 ) tutoring / educational services , 4 ) immigrant services , 5 ) foodbank / meal services . According to the Child Care Planning and Advisory Council , in 2002 the unmet need for subsidized care in Bayview Hunters Point included 2,379 slots for children 0 - 13 . Such needs were gathered from identifying how many slots exist , and whether families can pay for those slots . Environmental ( edit ) Gupta et al. developed a model focused at the community level they term community needs analysis . Their model involves identifying material problems / deficits / weaknesses and advantages / opportunities / strengths , and evaluating possible solutions that take those qualities into consideration . ( Note this is different from Kaufman 's Mega model that focuses on identifying societal - level needs ) . Community needs assessment involves assessing the needs that people have in order to live in : an ecologically sustainable environment a community that maintains and develops viable social capital a way that meets their own economic and financial requirements a manner that permits political participation in decisions that affect themselves Community needs assessment as a technique thus forms a part of an Ecologically Sustainable Community Economic Development ( ESCED ) . It forms a first step in any project that aims to secure : Ecological enhancement : minimizing ecological impact or ameliorating any ecological damage Social vitality : building a community that meets all the social and human needs of its members Economic resilience : `` shock - proofing '' local `` green '' business enterprises as much as possible Political participation in ways that ensure the participation of people in political decisions that affect them Community needs assessment has especial usefulness in action - learning projects , and in ensuring that organizations meet green objectives of : social justice participatory democracy non-violent resolution of conflict ecologically sustainable development Mental Health Promotion program for Rural communities in Ireland ( edit ) A cross-sectional study of the mental health beliefs and perceptions was conducted which employed a combination of interviewer - administered questionnaires that explored the levels of awareness , current practices , attitudes and stigma concerning depression and suicide among a randomly selected quota sample of community members in Ireland . Community needs assessments can be used for a variety of reasons . Communities are the experts in their own experience . In order to define and create solutions for communities , needs assessments should be conducted . See also ( edit ) Environmental impact assessment Futures techniques Additional resources ( edit ) Watkins et al. conducted a comparison of the major needs assessment models based on the level of organizational planning each addressed and the direction of linkages between the levels of planning . The following reflect the models included in that analysis , with a few new additions : Altschuld ( 2010 ) -- The Needs Assessment Kit outlines a three - phase generic needs assessment model , consisting of Phase I ( what 's known , getting organized and determining priorities ) , Phase II ( collection of new data ) , Phase III ( designing , implementing , and evaluating solution . Burton & Merrill ( 1991 ) -- Explores developing effective instructional educational material . Four basic elements include : identifying a broad range of potential goals , prioritize goals , identify discrepancies between expected and actual performance , and prioritize actions . Gilbert ( 1978 ) Gordon ( 1994 ) Hannum & Hansen ( 1989 ) -- Outline a general steps for a needs assessment to create a training program . Hannum and Hansen suggest identifying the purpose , sample data , and expected impact for each of the following steps : organizational environment , baseline performance data ( what 's the expected and actual level , target audience , training policy . Kaufman ( 1992 , 1998 ) Mager & Pipe ( 1997 ) Murk & Wells ( 1988 ) Nelson et al. ( 1995 ) Ostroff & Ford ( 1989 ) Robinson & Robinson ( 1995 ) -- Applies a performance perspective to needs assessments . The model includes developing a performance relationship map and identifying operational business needs . Rossett ( 1987 ) -- A guide to conducting a training needs assessment using various data collection methods , analysis of findings , and implementation . Rothwell & Kazanas ( 1992 ) -- Applies typical needs assessment steps to identifying human performance problems , including clarifying objectives , target audience , sampling procedures , data collection methods , instruments and protocols , data analysis methods , and description of action plan based on data found . Rummler & Brache ( 1990 ) Witkin & Altschuld ( 1995 ) -- A three - phase model for conducting a needs assessment to fit a variety of situations . References ( edit ) To supplement this list , a comprehensive bibliography of needs assessments articles and books is maintained at : NeedsAssessment.org . Jump up ^ http://www.adprima.com/needs.htm Kizlik , B. , `` Needs Assessment Information '' , ADPRIMA , last access 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Fulgham , S.M. & Shaughnessy , M. ( September -- October 2008 ) . Q & A with Ed Tech Leaders : Interview with Roger Kaufman . Educational Technology . pp. 49 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Altschuld , James W. and David Devraj Kumar ( 2010 ) . Needs Assessment : An Overview . Thousand Oaks : Sage . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 7584 - 1 . Jump up ^ NOAA , Costal Services Center . `` Needs Assessment Training '' . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Roger , Alicia M. Rojas , Hannah Mayer ( 1993 ) . Needs Assessment : A User 's Guide . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Educational Technology Publications , Inc. p. 4 . Jump up ^ Watkins , R. , West Meiers , M. and Visser , Y. ( 2012 ) . A Guide to Assessing Needs : Tools for collecting information , making decisions , and achieving development results . Washington , DC : World Bank. p. 5 Jump up ^ Bradshaw , J. ( 1972 ) . The concept of need . New Society , 30 , 640 - 643 . Kettner , P.M. , Moroney , R.M. , Martin , L.L. ( 2008 ) . Designing and managing programs : An effectiveness - based approach . Los Angeles , Sage . Maslow , A. ( 1954 ) . Motivation and personality . New York : Harper & Row . Ponsioen , J. ( 1962 ) . Social welfare policy : Contributions to theory . The Hague , the Netherlands : Mouton . Wallace , H. , Gold , E. , & Dooley , S. ( 1967 ) . Availability and usefulness of selected health and socioeconomic data for community planning . American Journal of Public Health , 57 , 762 - 771 . http://www.needsassessment.org/ Jump up ^ Watkins , R. , West Meiers , M. and Visser , Y. ( 2012 ) . A Guide to Assessing Needs : Tools for collecting information , making decisions , and achieving development results . Washington , DC : World Bank. pg. 7 Jump up ^ Lee , S. & Reeves , T.C. ( 2009 ; May -- June ) . Roger Kaufman : A Significant Contributor to the Field of Educational Technology . Educational Technology , Pp 43 - 45 . Jump up ^ Fulgham , S.M. & Shaughnessy , M. ( September -- October 2008 ) . Q & A with Ed Tech Leaders : Interview with Roger Kaufman . Educational Technology . Pp. 49 - 52 . Jump up ^ Witkin , B.R. ( 1994 ) . Needs Assessment Since 1981 : The State of the Practice . Evaluation Practice , 15 ( 1 ) , 17 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Roger , Alicia M. Rojas , Hanna Mayer ( 1993 ) . Needs Assessment : A User 's Guide . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Educational Technology Publications , Inc. p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Roger , Alicia M. Rojas , Hanna Mayer ( 1993 ) . Needs Assessment : A User 's Guide . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Educational Technology Publications , Inc. p. 12 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Roger , Alicia M. Rojas , Hanna Mayer ( 1993 ) . Needs Assessment : A User 's Guide . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Educational Technology Publications , Inc . pp. 28,154 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , R. , & English , F.W. ( 1979 ) . Needs assessment : Concept and application . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Educational Technology Publications . Jump up ^ NOAA , Costal Services Center . `` Needs Assessment Guide '' . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kizlik , B. , `` Needs Assessment Information '' , ADPRIMA , http://www.adprima.com/needs.htm,last access 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Watkins , R. , Leigh , D. And Kaufman , R. ( 1998 ) . Needs Assessment : A digest , review , and comparison of needs assessment literature . Performance Improvement Journal , 37 ( 7 ) , 40 - 53 . Jump up ^ Leigh , D. , Watkins , R. , Platt , W. & Kaufman , R. ( 1998 ) . Alternate Models of Needs Assessment : Selecting the Right One for Your Organization . Human Resource Development Quarterly , 11 ( 1 ) : 87 - 93 . Jump up ^ Coastal Services Center , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . `` Needs Assessment Training '' . NOAA Coastal Services Center . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Rossett , Allison ( 1987 ) . Training Needs Assessment . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Educational Technology Publications , Inc. p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Stoecker , Randy ( 2005 ) . Research Methods for Community Change . Thousand Oaks : Sage . Jump up ^ Watkins , R. , West Meiers , M. and Visser , Y. ( 2012 ) . A Guide to Assessing Needs : Tools for collecting information , making decisions , and achieving development results . Washington , DC : World Bank . Available in print , or free online at www.needsassessment.org . Jump up ^ Peterson , Donna J. , Alexander Greg R. ( 2001 ) . Needs Assessment in Public Health : A Practical Guide for Students and Professionals . Hingham , MA , USA : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Donna J. , Alexander Greg R. ( 2001 ) . Needs Assessment in Public Health : A Practical Guide for Students and Professionals . Hingham , MA , USA : Kluwer Academic Publishers . pp. 42 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Donna J. , Alexander Greg R. ( 2001 ) . Needs Assessment in Public Health : A Practical Guide for Students and Professionals . Hingham , MA , USA : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Donna J. , Alexander Greg R. ( 2001 ) . Needs Assessment in Public Health : A Practical Guide for Students and Professionals . Hingham , MA , USA : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Donna J. , Alexander Greg R. ( 2001 ) . Needs Assessment in Public Health : A Practical Guide for Students and Professionals . Hingham , MA , USA : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Donna J. , Alexander Greg R. ( 2001 ) . Needs Assessment in Public Health : A Practical Guide for Students and Professionals . Hingham , MA , USA : Kluwer Academic Publishers . pp. 52 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Silicon Valley , United Way . `` Reports / Assessment Research Data '' . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Silicon Valley , United Way . `` Aspirational Goals '' . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Environmental Law Institute Staff ( 1999 ) . Building Capacity to Participate in Environmental Protection Agency Activities : A Needs Assessment and Analysis . Washington , DC , USA : Environmental Law Institute . Jump up ^ Environmental Law Institute Staff ( 1999 ) . Building Capacity to Participate in Environmental Protection Agency Activities . Washington , DC , USA : Environmental Law Institute . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Environmental Law Institute Staff ( 1999 ) . Building Capacity to Participate in Environmental Protection Agency Activities . Washington , DC , USA : Environmental Law Institute . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Environmental Law Institute Staff ( 1999 ) . Building Capacity to Participate in Environmental Protection Agency Activities . Washington , DC , USA : Environmental Law Institute . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Davidson , EJ ( 2005 ) . Evaluation methodology basics : the nuts and bolts of sound evaluation . Thousand Oaks , California : Sage . ^ Jump up to : Shafloot , Fayez . `` Needs Chain Model , presented in AEA 2010 , San Antonio '' . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Pijil , Sip Jan ; Hillie Veneman ( 2005 ) . `` Evaluating New Criteria and Procedures for Funding Special Needs Education in the Netherlands '' . Educational Management Administration & Leadership ( Web ) format = requires url = ( help ) . 33 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 108 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Soriano , Fernando ( 1995 ) . Conducting Needs Assessments : A Multidisciplinary Approach . Thousand Oaks , California : Sage . ^ Jump up to : `` Training Needs Assessment '' . U.S. Office of Personnel Management . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Triner , D. , Greenberry , A. and Watkins , R. ( 1996 ) . Training Needs Assessment : A Contradiction in Terms . Educational Technology , 36 ( 6 ) , 51 - 55 . Jump up ^ Clark , Don . `` Needs Assessments in Instructional Design '' . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Saleem , Hasan . `` How to Conduct a Training Needs Analysis '' . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Center for Urban Research & Learning . `` A Community Needs Assessment Guide '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 November 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Watkins , R. and Kaufman , R. ( 2002 ) . Assessing and Evaluating : Differentiating perspectives . Performance Improvement Journal , 41 ( 2 ) , 22 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : / < www.ncstac.org/content/materials/CommunityNeedsAssessment.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 July 2013 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Burke , Garance ( 2005 ) . Bridging the Gaps : Toward an Efficient Social Service Delivery in Bayview Hunters Point . UC Berkeley : GSPP . Jump up ^ Siegman , Claudia . `` Facilities Developer / Senior Program Officer , Child Care Facilities Fund of the Low Income Investment Fund , personal communications '' . Jump up ^ Gupta , Kavita ; Sleezer , Catherine M. ; Russ - Eft , Darlene F. ( 2007 - 01 - 16 ) . A Practical Guide to Needs Assessment ( 2 ed . ) . Pfeiffer . pp. 14 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 8272 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Rotary official website '' . Jump up ^ `` Community Assessment Tools -- A Companion Piece to Communities in Action : A Guide to Effective Projects ( 605A ) '' ( PDF ) . RT journal . Rotary International . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Barry , Margaret M. ; Doherty , Ann ; Hope , Ann ; Sixsmith , Jane ; Kelleher , C. Cecily ( 2000 ) . `` A Community Needs Assessment for Rural Mental Health Promotion '' . JF Health Education Research : Oxford . doi : 10.1093 / her / 15.3. 293 . Jump up ^ Altschuld , J.W. ( 2010 ) . The Needs Assessment KIT . ( ed . ) . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE Publications . ( 5 volume series ) Jump up ^ Burton , J. & Merrill , P. ( 1991 ) . Needs assessment : Goals , need and priorities . In L.J. Briggs , K.L. Gustafson , and M.H. Tillman ( Eds . ) , Instructional design : Principles and applications ( 2nd ed . ) . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Educational Technology . Jump up ^ Gilbert , T. ( 1978 ) . Human competence : Engineering worthy performance . New York : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Gordon , S. ( 1994 ) . Systematic training program design : Maximizing effectiveness and minimizing liability . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . Jump up ^ Hannum , W. & Hansen , C. ( 1989 ) . Instructional systems development in large organizations . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Educational Technology Jump up ^ Kaufman , R. ( 1972 ) . Educational system planning . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . Kaufman , R. ( 1992 ) . Strategic planning plus : An organizational guide ( Rev. ed . ) . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . Jump up ^ Mager , R.F. & Pipe , P. ( 1997 ) , Analyzing performance problems ( 3rd ed . ) . Atlanta , GA : Center for Effective Performance . Jump up ^ Murk , P.J. & Wells , J.H. ( 1998 ) . A practical guide to program planning . Training & Development Journal , 42 ( 10 ) , 45 - 47 . Jump up ^ Nelson , R. , Whitener , E. , & Philcox , H. ( 1995 ) . The assessment of end - user training needs . Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery , 38 ( 7 ) 27 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Ostroff. , C & Ford , J.K. ( 1989 ) . Assessing training needs : Critical levels of analysis . In I.L. Goldstein ( Ed . ) , Training and development in organizations . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . Jump up ^ Robinson , D.G. & Robinson , J.C. ( 1995 ) . Performance consulting : Moving beyond training . San Francisco : Berrett - Koehler . Jump up ^ Rossett , A. ( 1987 ) . Training needs assessment . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Educational Technology . Jump up ^ Rothwell , W.J. & Kazanas , H.C. ( 1992 ) . Mastering the instructional design process : A systematic approach . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . Jump up ^ Rummler , G.A. & Brache , A.P. ( 1990 ) . Improving performance : How to manage the white space on the organization chart . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . Jump up ^ Witkin , B.R. & Altschuld , J.W. ( 1995 ) . Planning and conducting needs assessments : A practical guide . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . External links ( edit ) NeedsAssessment.org Jump up ^ Baburam Sharma , P.H. , Lipsey , M.W. & Freeman , H.E. ( 2004 ) . Evaluation : a systematic approach . London : Sage . Jump up ^ Sharma , A. , Lanum , M. & Saurez - Balcazar , Y. ( 2000 ) . A community needs assessment guide : a brief guide on how to conduct a needs assessment . Chicago : Loyola University . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Needs_assessment&oldid=806627582 '' Categories : Sociological theories Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools فارسی 한국어 Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 05 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who has won more trophies liverpool or man utd

Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. Rivalry

liverpool f. c. - - manchester united f. c. rivalry

The Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , also known as the North West Derby , is a high - profile inter-city rivalry between English professional association football clubs Liverpool and Manchester United . It is considered to be one of the biggest rivalries in the association football world along with the Old Firm derby in Scotland , Superclásico in Argentina , El Clásico in Spain , and Derby della Madonnina in Italy , and is considered the most famous fixture in English football . Players , fans and the media alike often consider games between the two clubs to be their biggest rivalry , above even their own local derby competitions with Everton and Manchester City , respectively .

The rivalry has been fuelled by the proximity of the two major cities that they represent , their historic economic and industrial rivalry , significant periods of domestic footballing dominance and European success , and their popularity at home and abroad , as two of the biggest - earning and widely supported football clubs in the world . The two clubs are the most successful English teams in both domestic and European competitions ; and between them they have won 38 league titles , 8 European Cups , 4 UEFA Cups , 4 UEFA Super Cups , 19 FA Cups , 13 League Cups , 1 FIFA Club World Cup , 1 Intercontinental Cup and 36 FA Community Shields . Each club can claim historical supremacy over the other : United for their 20 league titles to Liverpool 's 18 and Liverpool for being European champions five times to United 's three . Manchester United have won more total trophies than Liverpool , and they also lead the Merseysiders in so - called `` major '' honours as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inter-city rivals 2 Football rivals 2.1 Formation to 1945 2.2 1945 to 1992 2.3 1992 -- present 3 Managers 3.1 Notable managers 4 Players 4.1 Players ' rivalry 4.2 Player transfers 5 Supporters 5.1 Hooliganism 6 Significant games 6.1 1894 test match 6.2 1977 FA Cup Final 6.3 1983 Football League Cup Final 6.4 Anfield 1988 6.5 Other notable games 7 Honours , head to head , and statistics 7.1 Honours 7.2 Head - to - head 7.3 All - time results 7.3. 1 Liverpool in the league at home 7.3. 2 Manchester United in the league at home 7.3. 3 Results in domestic cup matches 7.3. 4 Results in European competitions 7.3. 5 Results in play - offs 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 References 12 External links Inter-city rivals ( edit ) Main article : Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are located in the north west of England , 35 miles ( 56 km ) apart . Since the industrial revolution there has been a consistent theme of rivalry between the two cities based around economic and industrial competition . Manchester through to the 18th century was the far more populous city , and held a position of significance and notability as representative of the north . By the late 18th century , Liverpool had grown as a major sea port -- critical to the growth and success of the northern cotton mills . Over the next century , Liverpool grew to supersede Manchester and throughout the late 19th and early 20th century was often described as the British Empire 's second city . The links between the two cities were strengthened with the construction of the Bridgewater Canal , the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway for the transport of raw materials inland . The Manchester coat of arms formed the foundation of the original Manchester United badge The construction of the Manchester Ship Canal , funded by Manchester merchants , was opposed by Liverpool politicians and bred resentment between the two cities . Tension between working class Liverpool dockers and labourers in Manchester was heightened after its completion in 1894 , just three months prior to the first meeting between Liverpool and Newton Heath in a play - off match that would see Newton Heath relegated to the Second Division . Today , the crests of both the city of Manchester and Manchester United include stylised ships representing the Manchester Ship Canal and Manchester 's trade roots . The ship is also included on the crest of many other Mancunian institutions such as Manchester City Council and rivals Manchester City F.C. Post-war shifts in economic ties , reliance on regional coal , and shifts in transatlantic trade patterns caused by the growth of Asian labour markets caused the gradual decline of British manufacturing . While the city of Liverpool suffered the loss of its primary source of income to southern port cities , Manchester maintained some of its manufacturing heritage . This reversal of fortunes happened against the backdrop of shifting political backgrounds and significant events in British culture and society in the second half of the 20th century . The two cities continue to be strong regional rivals , vying for influence of surrounding areas . Their continued importance to the UK economy has been reflected with the awarding of the 2002 Commonwealth Games to Manchester , while Liverpool was awarded the title of 2008 European Capital of Culture as part of its ongoing regeneration . More recent projects by Peel Ports have sought to re-establish the economic links between the Port of Liverpool and Port of Manchester , including re-developing trade links via the Manchester Ship Canal . Football rivals ( edit ) See also : List of Liverpool F.C. seasons and List of Manchester United F.C. seasons Formation to 1945 ( edit ) The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905 -- 06 season . Manchester United F.C. was formed in Newton Heath in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR F.C. , and played their first competitive match in October 1886 , when they entered the First Round of the 1886 -- 87 FA Cup . Liverpool 's team during its first season , 1892 -- 93 Liverpool F.C. was formed in 1892 following a disagreement between the board of Everton and club president John Houlding , who owned the club 's ground , Anfield . The disagreement between the two parties over rent resulted in Everton moving to Goodison Park from Anfield , and Houlding founded Liverpool F.C. to play in the vacated stadium . Liverpool 's first season was in the Second Division in 1893 . The team went undefeated all season , winning the title and being put up for election to the First Division , which would see them play a one - off test match against the bottom side of the First Division for their place . The team that Liverpool were to face was Newton Heath , whom they beat 2 -- 0 to take their place in the first tier . Liverpool won their first Football League Championship trophy in 1901 and followed it up in 1906 , the same season that saw the newly renamed Manchester United promoted to the top flight after finishing as Second Division runners - up behind Bristol City . Two seasons later , by which time Liverpool had fallen into mid-table , Manchester United secured their first league title , winning the 1907 -- 08 Football League by nine points from Aston Villa and Manchester City . They followed this up by winning the first ever FA Charity Shield match when they defeated Queens Park Rangers over two legs in 1908 . The following season , they won the 1909 FA Cup Final , and followed this up with another league title and Charity Shield in 1911 . The outbreak of the First World War disrupted domestic football , and following the resumption of competitions in 1919 Liverpool asserted themselves on domestic football with a brace of league Championships while United found themselves in steep decline that saw them relegated in 1923 . Between 1923 and the outbreak of the Second World War , neither team won any more competitive trophies outside of local regional trophies , with Manchester United spending three separate periods in the Second Division . 1945 to 1992 ( edit ) A comparative chart showing yearly table positions of Manchester United F.C. and Liverpool F.C. in the English football league system from 1892 -- 93 to the present After the Second World War , Liverpool again became English champions in 1947 before the clubs ' roles reversed once more , with the Merseysiders dropping into the second tier as Manchester United found stability under the management of former Liverpool captain Matt Busby , winning the FA Cup in 1948 and then three league titles and Charity Shields apiece in the 1950s . During this time , future Liverpool manager Bill Shankly was approached by then Liverpool chairman Tom Williams and asked , `` How would you like to manage the best club in the country ? '' . `` Why ? '' Shankly replied . `` Is Matt Busby packing it in ? '' . Following Liverpool 's promotion under Shankly in 1962 , the two clubs found themselves in direct competition with each other for the first time , sharing four league titles between 1964 and 1967 , as well as the 1965 FA Charity Shield . Following this , though , the two sides began to drift in opposite directions once more . United 's title victory of 1967 would be their last for 26 years , while Liverpool would enjoy nearly 20 years of sustained success , winning 11 league titles , 19 domestic cups and seven European trophies from 1972 to 1992 . United 's main reprieves during this time came through cup competitions , such as their triumphs over the Merseysiders in the 1977 FA Cup Final and the 1979 FA Cup semi-final replay at Goodison Park . It was during this period , in the late 70s and early 80s , that the modern day rivalry between the two clubs truly began to get heated . According to football sociologist John Williams , United had developed a `` glamour and media profile '' but did n't have the success to match it and Liverpool fans felt the Red Devils were `` media darlings who got far too much publicity '' . There was a perception in Liverpool that their hugely successful but ' professional ' and ' workmanlike ' teams were always somehow in the shadow of the stars at Old Trafford . This led to a derisory United nickname in Liverpool ; `` The Glams '' . 1992 -- Present ( edit ) Manchester United 's 26 - year spell without a league title has been mirrored by Liverpool since 1990 , when the Reds clinched their last league title . Meanwhile , United 's dominance since 1990 has seen them win 13 league titles , 23 domestic cups and seven European trophies . Once again , cup glories such as the 2003 League Cup and 2006 FA Cup allowed Liverpool some retribution against their rivals . Despite their contrasting fortunes , though , only six times since 1972 have neither Liverpool nor United finished in the top two of the league table -- in 1980 -- 81 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 and 2016 - 17 -- and even during five of those six campaigns , another piece of silverware was still taken home by one of the two clubs ; Liverpool paraded the European Cup and League Cup in 1981 , while Manchester United lifted the FA Community Shield and FA Cup in the 2004 season and Liverpool claimed the Champions League in 2005 . United brought home the FA Cup again in 2016 and they won a treble of trophies consisting of the Community Shield , League Cup and UEFA Europa League in 2016 - 17 . Managers ( edit ) Notable managers ( edit ) `` `` If you are first you are first . If you are second you are nothing . '' '' -- Bill Shankly While Liverpool and Manchester United 's successes are almost identical in number , their systems of achieving these successes vary considerably . Liverpool built their dominance on a dynasty known as the Anfield Boot Room . The boot room itself was where strategy for future matches was planned , however , it became a breeding ground for future Liverpool managers following the arrival of Bill Shankly in 1959 . The original members were Shankly himself , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Reuben Bennett , although the likes of Kenny Dalglish joined later on . Following Shankly 's retirement in 1974 , having secured eight trophies in 15 years , Bob Paisley stepped into the vacant manager 's position and amassed 20 trophies in 9 seasons . Following his retirement , Joe Fagan took over and in the first of two seasons at the club , won a treble of trophies . Kenny Dalglish , while not an original member , was accepted into the group as the next in line for the role of manager , and he combined it with his playing duties to win Liverpool 10 trophies . The boot room connection was finally broken in 1991 , 32 years after Shankly 's arrival , with the appointment of Graeme Souness , who actually demolished the boot room itself to make way for a press room . It did still manage to produce a final Liverpool manager in Roy Evans , who won the League Cup , but upon his resignation in 1998 , the era was over . In contrast , Manchester United have succeeded thanks to the services of three extraordinary men , all decades apart , without the need for continuity and sustained success beyond each man 's departure . Out of the 66 trophies that United have won , 56 have come thanks to the exploits of Ernest Mangnall , Sir Matt Busby and Sir Alex Ferguson . Mangnall was the first great manager of Manchester United , securing five trophies within a three - year time span of 1908 -- 11 . Following his departure to local rivals Manchester City a year later , it would not be until Busby 's arrival 33 years later that the club would be on the trophy trail again . Busby became United 's second most decorated manager of all time ( ironically as an ex-Liverpool player and captain ) , winning 13 trophies at the club including the 1968 European Cup , which saw an English team secure European football 's top prize for the first time . After Busby 's retirement in 1969 though , Manchester United saw their fortunes slip and the club struggled to stay successful until Alex Ferguson 's arrival 17 years later , during which time United only won three FA Cups and two Charity Shields . `` `` My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch , and you can print that . '' '' -- Alex Ferguson in response to an Alan Hansen comment in 2002 It was only under the Scot that United regained their glory days , winning 38 trophies during his 26 - year tenure to scale the pinnacles of both English and European football . However , since Ferguson 's retirement in 2013 , the club has gone on the wane again , finishing in the top four of the league just once in four seasons , although there has been frequent success in cup competitions . Players ( edit ) Players ' rivalry ( edit ) `` `` A mate owned a ( Manchester United captain ) Bryan Robson top . We were kicking about , and I asked if I could be Robbo for a while . My dad looked out and went ballistic . He was n't having his kid dragging the Gerrard name through the gutter . I thought we 'd have to move ! '' '' -- Steven Gerrard The rivalry has extended to the players as well : Wayne Rooney , a product of Liverpool 's city rivals Everton who played for United from 2004 to 2017 , described how he grew up hating the Reds ( Liverpool ) , while Liverpool 's Steven Gerrard took a film crew on tour of his home where he showed off a collection of football shirts he had swapped with opposing players as part of the after match routine ; he pointed out that there were no Manchester United shirts in there and he would never have one of them in his house . Former Liverpool goalkeeper David James said : `` I could never say I hated any United players just for being United players ... But the rivalry became a habit , I suppose ; on England trips Liverpool lads would eat at one table , United boys at another . There was tension there and we avoided one other '' . Liverpool defender Neil Ruddock once broke both of United forward Andy Cole 's legs in a reserve match , later saying that `` I did n't meant to break both legs , I only meant to break one ... I absolutely destroyed him ... I know it 's not big and it 's not clever but it was great '' . Manchester United 's Gary Neville has been publicly vocal in the past with regards to his dislike of Liverpool . He notably drew the ire of Liverpool fans during the 2006 match at Old Trafford during which he celebrated Rio Ferdinand 's last - gasp winner by running to the stand where the away fans were seated while kissing the crest on his jersey and appearing to shout angrily towards them ; he was fined and given a two - match ban by The Football Association but has stated on multiple occasions that he has never regretted his actions . Following a fixture in which John O'Shea scored a stoppage - time winner in front of the Kop in 2007 , Neville described O'Shea's achievement as `` a lifelong dream '' for himself . Previously in a Manchester derby during the 2003 -- 04 season , Neville was sent off after attempting to headbutt Manchester City 's ex-Liverpool midfielder Steve McManaman : as Paul Scholes commented , `` It 's fair to say the pair of them never got on too well together '' . The animosity amongst players has also extended to the fans on a number of occasions , as in the case of Neville , who regularly became the subject of offensive chants from Liverpool supporters after the 2006 badge - kissing incident . In a retrospective special leading up to the January 2017 match up at Old Trafford , Neville and his fellow Monday Night Football pundit and retired Liverpool one - club man Jamie Carragher both acknowledged that it was actually not uncommon for both United and Liverpool players , particularly locally - born youth academy graduates such as Bury - born Neville and Merseyside natives Gerrard and Robbie Fowler , to celebrate in front of rival fans and that `` you just got to take it in the chin '' . `` `` I ca n't stand Liverpool , I ca n't stand the people , I ca n't stand anything to do with them . '' '' -- Gary Neville In the 2011 -- 12 season , the rivalry was exacerbated by claims that , in the first League meeting of the season at Anfield , Liverpool striker Luis Suárez racially abused United 's Patrice Evra . After considering the evidence , an FA panel found that Suárez had referred to Evra using the term `` negrito '' seven times ( Suárez himself admitted to having done so once , but denied racism ) ; he was banned for eight games . This included the FA Cup fourth round tie between the two clubs ( again at Anfield ) , which Liverpool won . On 11 February 2012 , however , United and Liverpool met again at Old Trafford , and Suárez played for Liverpool for the first time since his ban . Prior to kick - off , the two teams were expected to shake hands , but Suárez ignored Evra 's offered hand and moved onto the next United player in line , David de Gea . As a result , Rio Ferdinand and Danny Welbeck rejected Suárez 's handshake . United went on to win 2 -- 1 and Evra celebrated in front of the home supporters , with Suárez close by . Sir Alex Ferguson declared Suárez to be a `` disgrace '' and suggested that he should not be allowed to play for Liverpool again . Kenny Dalglish vehemently denied having seen the missed handshake . The following day , Suárez , Dalglish and Liverpool all issued statements of apology for the handshake incident , which United accepted . The FA decided against any further action against either club or the players involved . Player transfers ( edit ) Since the 1964 transfer of Phil Chisnall from United to Liverpool , no player has been transferred directly between the two clubs . Some players , however , have played for both clubs , but having played elsewhere between each tenure , such as Paul Ince ( playing for Internazionale in between ) and Peter Beardsley ( Vancouver Whitecaps and Newcastle United ) and more recently Michael Owen ( Real Madrid and Newcastle United ) , although Beardsley only played once for United , but went on to be a key player during his four years at Liverpool . In 2007 , there was a bid from Liverpool to sign Gabriel Heinze from United , but United refused to allow him to join their biggest rivals due to the ongoing feud . United claimed that it was agreed Heinze would only join a foreign club if he chose to leave . Heinze went public with his request to join Liverpool which was seen as the ultimate betrayal by the Manchester United fans . The Manchester United fans who once chanted `` Argentina '' in honour of the player then turned their backs on him . Heinze was eventually sold to Real Madrid instead . Date Name From To Fee August 1912 Tom Chorlton Liverpool Manchester United November 1913 Jackie Sheldon Manchester United Liverpool September 1920 Tom Miller Liverpool Manchester United £ 2,000 May 1921 Fred Hopkin Manchester United Liverpool February 1929 Tommy Reid Liverpool Manchester United January 1938 Ted Savage Liverpool Manchester United November 1938 Allenby Chilton Liverpool Manchester United February 1954 Thomas McNulty Manchester United Liverpool £ 7,000 April 1964 Phil Chisnall Manchester United Liverpool £ 25,000 Supporters ( edit ) Main articles : Supporters ' groups and Association football culture Liverpool Kopites in The Kop stand at Anfield Both Manchester United and Liverpool are among the most popular football clubs ( and sporting organisations ) globally . Both are in the top 25 in Europe with Manchester United considered to have the largest following of all , as well as having one of the highest average home attendances in Europe and boasting a large travelling support . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . Liverpool states that its worldwide fan base also includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the LFC Official Supporters Clubs in at least 50 countries . Notable groups include Spirit of Shankly and Reclaim The Kop . The 2005 leveraged takeover of Manchester United by the Glazer family created a schism amongst Manchester fans , directly causing the creation of F.C. United of Manchester , and the `` Love United Hate Glazer '' movement , and subsequently the Red Knights who attempted to buy the Glazers out the club . Two years later , Liverpool went through its own controversial takeover when Chairman David Moores sold the club to American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks . Disagreements between Gillett and Hicks , and the lack of popular support from fans , resulted in the pair looking to sell the club . Martin Broughton was appointed chairman of the club on 16 April 2010 to oversee its sale . Court action finally forced the sale of the club to Fenway Sports Group . Hooliganism ( edit ) Main article : Football hooliganism With the rise of football hooliganism across English football during the 1970s and 1980s , matches between the two clubs brought some minor and major incidents of hooliganism . Since then , the modern game has seen a decrease in violence between the rival supporters and incidents are fairly uncommon . This is more likely due to an increase in Police presence and CCTV with huge steps taken to keep the fans separated . To this day , both sets of fans still hold a resentment toward each other . As well as physical violence , sections of the clubs ' fan bases often taunt each other with unsavoury chants about the Munich air disaster and the Hillsborough disaster respectively . At the 1996 FA Cup Final , an unidentified Liverpool fan spat at Eric Cantona and threw a punch at Alex Ferguson as a victorious Manchester United team walked up the steps at Wembley Stadium to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . The 2006 FA Cup match at Anfield featured foreign objects thrown at United fans by Liverpool supporters , including human excrement . Liverpool 's FA Cup semi-final game against Chelsea at Old Trafford later that year also resulted in damage to the stadium , including graffiti about serial killer Harold Shipman . In March 2011 , the Daily Mail reported that an FA Youth Cup game between the two clubs was marred because of `` sick chants '' about Hillsborough and Heysel coming from the Manchester United fans at Anfield . The article also claims that six Manchester United fans were ejected from the stadium due to bad behaviour . Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge was at the game and told the Liverpool Echo that `` the level of abuse was absolutely sickening '' . In March 2016 , before Liverpool 's first leg tie at Anfield against Manchester United , it was reported that a group of Liverpool fans hung a `` Manc Bastards '' banner on the M62 , as 2,300 Manchester United supporters made the trip to Anfield . It was confiscated by the police , shortly after . Liverpool won the match 2 -- 0 . Before the second leg tie at Old Trafford. , Liverpool fans were greeted with a banner on the M62 motorway in Salford that said ' murderers ' and also had the Hillsborough Disaster date on it . UEFA took no disciplinary action against Manchester United . During the same game , there were reported crowd disturbances , coming from the Manchester United end . It was later reported that a Liverpool supporter sneaked a Liverpool banner in the United section , causing to aggravate United supporters in the stand . Liverpool supporters ripped seats , and supporters threw objects at each other , also fighting with United supporters . Liverpool were fined £ 43,577 . by UEFA for setting off flares / crowd fireworks & ' illicit chants ' , whilst Manchester United were fined £ 44,342 for illicit chants & the throwing of objects . Both clubs ' fines included £ 15,290 suspended for two years . Liverpool drew 1 -- 1 , and progressed to the Europa League quarter - finals against Borussia Dortmund . Significant games ( edit ) 1894 test match ( edit ) The first ever meeting between both clubs came in a Football League test match in 1894 , a post-season series to determine who will receive First Division membership for 1894 -- 95 . As Newton Heath finished bottom of the First Division at the end of 1893 -- 94 , they had to play off against the champions of the Second Division , Liverpool . Liverpool won the tie 2 -- 0 at Ewood Park in Blackburn , earning them First Division membership and condemning Newton Heath to the Second Division . 1977 FA Cup final ( edit ) In 1977 , the two clubs met in a cup final for the first time , when they reached the final of the FA Cup . The two clubs took to the field at Wembley on 21 May , with Liverpool having just won the league title , knowing that winning this game would put them on course for a unique treble as they had the European Cup final to look forward to four days later . However , United ended Liverpool 's treble dreams with a 2 -- 1 win , with goals from Stuart Pearson and Jimmy Greenhoff , five minutes apart with a Jimmy Case goal for Liverpool in between . 1983 football league Cup final ( edit ) Six years later , on 26 March 1983 , the two sides met for the Football League Cup final . Goals from Alan Kennedy and Ronnie Whelan won the game 2 -- 1 for Liverpool , after Norman Whiteside had given United the lead . Liverpool collected the trophy for the third year in succession . It was the last of Liverpool manager Bob Paisley 's nine seasons in charge ( during which Liverpool had dominated the English and European scene ) before his retirement , and his players allowed him to climb the 39 steps to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . Anfield 1988 ( edit ) On 4 April 1988 , Liverpool were 11 points ahead at the top of the league and almost certain of winning the First Division title with barely a month of the league season remaining . United , in their first full season under the management of Alex Ferguson , were their nearest rivals . The two sides took to the field for a league encounter at Anfield and with the second half just minutes old the home side had a 3 -- 1 lead with goals from Peter Beardsley , Gary Gillespie and Steve McMahon , with United 's only goal coming from Bryan Robson . Robson then pulled a goal back for United , and with 12 minutes remaining fellow midfielder Gordon Strachan equalised to force a 3 -- 3 draw . Other notable games ( edit ) On 4 January 1994 , in the second season of the new FA Premier League , United took a 3 -- 0 lead at Anfield in the opening 25 minutes with goals from Steve Bruce , Ryan Giggs and Denis Irwin . Liverpool managed to claw back to draw 3 -- 3 with two goals from Nigel Clough and another from Neil Ruddock . It was one of the last games in charge of Liverpool for manager Graeme Souness , who had resigned by the end of the month . On 1 October 1995 , United 's Eric Cantona made his comeback to the side after serving an eight - month suspension for attacking a spectator in a game against Crystal Palace . His comeback game was against Liverpool in the Premier League at Old Trafford . United took an early lead through Nicky Butt , only for Liverpool 's Robbie Fowler to score twice and give the visitors a 2 -- 1 lead . However , United were awarded a penalty in the 71st minute and Cantona converted it successfully , forcing a 2 -- 2 draw . At the end of the season , the two sides met again at Wembley for the FA Cup Final . The game stayed goalless until the 85th minute , when Liverpool conceded a corner , which David Beckham swung into the box to be cleared by David James , only for Eric Cantona to fire home United 's winner . In March 2003 , the two clubs once again met in a cup final , this time in the League Cup , with Liverpool lifting the trophy after goals from Steven Gerrard and Michael Owen gave them a 2 -- 0 win . Alan Wiley shows a red card to Nemanja Vidić of Manchester United on 14 March 2009 On 14 March 2009 , the two sides met at Old Trafford in the Premier League . United were ahead at the top of the league and Liverpool were looking to make a late run to the title which had eluded them since 1990 . United went ahead in the 23rd minute with a Cristiano Ronaldo penalty , but Fernando Torres equalised five minutes later for Liverpool , and a Steven Gerrard penalty just before half - time put Liverpool in the lead . United had Nemanja Vidić sent off in the 76th minute , and their misery was swiftly compounded by late goals from Fábio Aurélio and finally Andrea Dossena , condemning them to a 4 -- 1 defeat , their heaviest at Old Trafford in any competition for 17 years . Despite the loss , Manchester United were crowned league champions for the third season in succession and equalled Liverpool 's 18 league titles , with Liverpool finishing four points behind in second . The league fixture on 11 February 2012 was marked by controversy regarding Liverpool striker Luis Suárez refusal to shake hands with Patrice Evra , following an eight - match suspension for racially abusing Evra in the previous meeting between the sides . Following the 2 -- 1 victory for United after a brace from Wayne Rooney , Evra in turn controversially celebrated right in front of Suárez , and was swept aside by opposition players finding the gesture provocative . Honours , Head to Head , and Statistics ( edit ) Honours ( edit ) Domestic honours Competition Liverpool Manchester United Titles Year Titles Year Premier League 0 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 First Division 18 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 , 1921 -- 22 , 1922 -- 23 , 1946 -- 47 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 7 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 League total 18 20 FA Cup 7 1964 -- 65 , 1973 -- 74 , 1985 -- 86 , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 , 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 06 12 1908 -- 09 , 1947 -- 48 , 1962 -- 63 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 League Cup 8 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 5 1991 -- 92 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 FA Community Shield ( * = shared ) 15 1964 * , 1965 * , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 * , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 * , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 * , 2001 , 2006 21 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 Super Cup 1986 0 Domestic total 49 58 European honours European Cup / UEFA Champions League 5 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1980 -- 81 , 1983 -- 84 , 2004 -- 05 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 UEFA Cup / Europa League 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 2000 -- 01 2016 -- 17 European Cup Winners ' Cup 0 1990 -- 91 UEFA Super Cup 1977 , 2001 , 2005 1991 European total 11 6 Worldwide honours FIFA Club World Cup 0 2008 Intercontinental Cup 0 1999 Worldwide total 0 Combined total Combined total 60 66 Table correct as of 24 May 2017 . Head - to - Head ( edit ) The below table demonstrates the competitive results between the two sides ( not indicative of titles won ) . Competition Manchester United wins Draws Liverpool wins League 68 47 55 FA Cup 9 League Cup 0 Europa League 0 Other Total 80 55 65 Table correct as of 10 March 2018 All - time results ( edit ) Liverpool in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Anfield Date Venue Score Competition 12 October 1895 Anfield 7 -- 1 Second Division 22 April 1905 Anfield 4 -- 0 Second Division 1 April 1907 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1908 Anfield 7 -- 4 First Division 30 January 1909 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 9 October 1909 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 26 November 1910 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 11 November 1911 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 29 March 1913 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 15 April 1914 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 26 December 1914 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1920 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 9 February 1921 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 17 December 1921 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 19 September 1925 Anfield 5 -- 0 First Division 28 August 1926 Anfield 4 -- 2 First Division 24 December 1927 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 February 1929 Anfield 2 -- 3 First Division 25 January 1930 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 April 1931 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 27 March 1937 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1938 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 May 1947 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 September 1947 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 27 December 1948 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 7 September 1949 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 23 August 1950 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 24 November 1951 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1952 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 22 August 1953 Anfield 4 -- 4 First Division 13 April 1963 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 13 April 1964 Anfield 3 -- 0 First Division 31 October 1964 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 1 January 1966 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1967 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 11 November 1967 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 12 October 1968 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1969 Anfield 1 -- 4 First Division 5 September 1970 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 25 September 1971 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 15 August 1972 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 22 December 1973 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 18 November 1975 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 3 May 1977 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 25 February 1978 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 14 April 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 14 April 1981 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 24 October 1981 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 16 October 1982 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 2 January 1984 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 31 March 1985 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 9 February 1986 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1986 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 4 April 1988 Anfield 3 -- 3 First Division 3 September 1988 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 23 December 1989 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 16 September 1990 Anfield 4 -- 0 First Division 26 April 1992 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 6 March 1993 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 4 January 1994 Anfield 3 -- 3 Premier League 19 March 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 17 December 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 19 April 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 6 December 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 5 May 1999 Anfield 2 -- 2 Premier League 11 September 1999 Anfield 2 -- 3 Premier League 31 March 2001 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 November 2001 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 1 December 2002 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 9 November 2003 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 15 January 2005 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 18 September 2005 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 3 March 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 16 December 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 13 September 2008 Anfield 2 -- 1 Premier League 25 October 2009 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 6 March 2011 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 October 2011 Anfield 1 -- 1 Premier League 23 September 2012 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 1 September 2013 Anfield 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 March 2015 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 17 January 2016 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 17 October 2016 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 14 October 2017 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League Manchester United in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Old Trafford Date Venue Score Competition 2 November 1895 Bank Street 5 -- 2 Second Division 24 December 1904 Bank Street 3 -- 1 Second Division 25 December 1906 Bank Street 0 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1907 Bank Street 4 -- 0 First Division 26 September 1908 Bank Street 3 -- 2 First Division 19 February 1910 Old Trafford 3 -- 4 First Division 1 April 1911 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 23 March 1912 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 23 November 1912 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 1 November 1913 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 2 April 1915 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1919 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 5 February 1921 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 December 1921 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 10 March 1926 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 15 January 1927 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 5 May 1928 Old Trafford 6 -- 1 First Division 15 September 1928 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 21 September 1929 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1931 Old Trafford 4 -- 1 First Division 21 November 1936 Old Trafford 2 -- 5 First Division 6 May 1939 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 11 September 1946 Maine Road 5 -- 0 First Division 27 August 1947 Maine Road 2 -- 0 First Division 25 December 1948 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 15 March 1950 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 30 August 1950 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 12 April 1952 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 First Division 20 April 1953 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 19 December 1953 Old Trafford 5 -- 1 First Division 10 November 1962 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 23 November 1963 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 24 April 1965 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 9 October 1965 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 10 December 1966 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 14 December 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 13 September 1969 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 19 April 1971 Old Trafford 0 -- 2 First Division 3 April 1972 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 11 November 1972 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 29 September 1973 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 February 1976 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 16 February 1977 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 1 October 1977 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1978 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 5 April 1980 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1980 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 7 April 1982 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 26 February 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 September 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 22 September 1984 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 19 October 1985 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 20 April 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 15 November 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1989 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 18 March 1990 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 3 February 1991 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 6 October 1991 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 October 1992 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 30 March 1994 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 17 September 1994 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 1 October 1995 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 12 October 1996 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 10 April 1998 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 24 September 1998 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 March 2000 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 17 December 2000 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2002 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 5 April 2003 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 Premier League 24 April 2004 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 20 September 2004 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2006 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 October 2006 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 23 March 2008 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 14 March 2009 Old Trafford 1 -- 4 Premier League 21 March 2010 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 19 September 2010 Old Trafford 3 -- 2 Premier League 11 February 2012 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 13 January 2013 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 16 March 2014 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 Premier League 14 December 2014 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 12 September 2015 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 January 2017 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 10 March 2018 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League League home record Home Team Wins Losses Draws Liverpool 39 25 20 Manchester United 43 16 26 Overall League Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 68 55 46 Results in domestic cup matches ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 12 February 1898 Bank Street Newton Heath 0 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 2nd Round 16 February 1898 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Newton Heath FA Cup 2nd Round Replay 7 February 1903 Bank Street Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round 8 January 1921 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 1st Round 12 January 1921 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 2 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round Replay 24 January 1948 Goodison Park Manchester United 3 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 30 January 1960 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 3 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 14 August 1965 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 2 Liverpool 1965 Charity Shield 21 May 1977 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool 1977 FA Cup Final 13 August 1977 Wembley Liverpool 0 -- 0 Manchester United 1977 Charity Shield 31 March 1979 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 4 April 1979 Goodison Park Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 March 1983 Wembley Liverpool 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Manchester United 1983 League Cup Final 20 August 1983 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 0 Liverpool 1983 Charity Shield 13 April 1985 Goodison Park Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 17 April 1985 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 November 1985 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United League Cup 4th Round 18 August 1990 Wembley Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United 1990 Charity Shield 31 October 1990 Old Trafford Manchester United 3 -- 1 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round 11 May 1996 Wembley Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool 1996 FA Cup Final 24 January 1999 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 12 August 2001 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United 2001 Charity Shield 2 March 2003 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United 2003 League Cup Final 18 February 2006 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 0 Manchester United FA Cup 5th Round 9 January 2011 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 3rd Round 28 January 2012 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 25 September 2013 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round Overall Domestic Cup Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 12 9 7 Results in European competitions ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 10 March 2016 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United Europa League Round of 16 17 March 2016 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 1 Liverpool Europa League Round of 16 Overall European competition Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 Results in play - offs ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 28 April 1894 Ewood Park Liverpool 2 -- 0 Newton Heath Football League Test Match Overall Play - off Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 0 See also ( edit ) List of association football club rivalries in Europe 1915 British football betting scandal Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Due to war damage , Old Trafford was closed at the time , and Manchester United were playing their home matches at Maine Road . However , on the same day , Manchester City were at home to Chelsea in another FA Cup tie and as a result this tie was switched to Goodison Park Further reading ( edit ) Cox , Richard ; Russell , Dave ; Vamplew , Wray ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of British football . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5249 - 0 . Crilly , Peter ( 2007 ) . Tops of the Kops : The Complete Guide to Liverpool 's Kits . Trinity Mirror Sport Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905266 - 22 - 7 . Graham , Matthew ( 1985 ) . Liverpool . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 50254 - 6 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1999 ) . The Boot Room Boys : Inside the Anfield Boot Room . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218907 - 0 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . You 'll Never Walk Alone . Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 356 - 19594 - 5 . Liversedge , Stan ( 1991 ) . Liverpool : The Official Centenary History . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57308 - 7 . Pead , Brian ( 1986 ) . Liverpool A Complete Record . Breedon Books . ISBN 0 - 907969 - 15 - 1 . Reade , Brian ( 2009 ) . 44 Years With The Same Bird . Pan . ISBN 1 - 74329 - 366 - 6 . Andrews , David L. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Manchester United : A Thematic Study . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33333 - 4 . Barnes , Justyn ; Bostock , Adam ; Butler , Cliff ; Ferguson , Jim ; Meek , David ; Mitten , Andy ; Pilger , Sam ; Taylor , Frank OBE ; Tyrrell , Tom ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Manchester United Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99964 - 7 . Bose , Mihir ( 2007 ) . Manchester Disunited : Trouble and Takeover at the World 's Richest Football Club . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 121 - 5 . Crick , Michael ; Smith , David ( 1990 ) . Manchester United -- The Betrayal of a Legend . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 31440 - 8 . Devlin , John ( 2005 ) . True Colours : Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day . London : A & C Black . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 7389 - 3 . Dobson , Stephen ; Goddard , John ( 2004 ) . `` Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe '' . In Fort , Rodney ; Fizel , John . International Sports Economics Comparisons . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98032 - 4 . Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . Hamil , Sean ( 2008 ) . `` Case 9 : Manchester United : the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand '' . In Chadwick , Simon ; Arth , Dave . International Cases in the Business of Sport . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8543 - 6 . Inglis , Simon ( 1996 ) ( 1985 ) . Football Grounds of Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : CollinsWillow . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218426 - 5 . James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester : A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . Morgan , Steve ( March 2010 ) . McLeish , Ian , ed . `` Design for life '' . Inside United . Haymarket Network ( 212 ) . ISSN 1749 - 6497 . Murphy , Alex ( 2006 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United . London : Orion Books . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 7603 - 1 . Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . London : Headline Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . Shury , Alan ; Landamore , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Definitive Newton Heath F.C . SoccerData . ISBN 1 - 899468 - 16 - 1 . Tyrrell , Tom ; Meek , David ( 1996 ) ( 1988 ) . The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878 -- 1996 ( 5th ed . ) . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59074 - 7 . White , Jim ( 2008 ) . Manchester United : The Biography . London : Sphere . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 088 - 4 . White , John ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . The United Miscellany ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 745 - 1 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` United versus Liverpool '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Anfield Admits Excrement Thrown at Utd Fans '' . ESPN Soccernet . ESPN . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rival Fans Vandalise Old Trafford '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Dominic ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Sick chants , three arrests and four red cards ruin FA Youth Cup clash between Liverpool and Manchester United '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge slams Manchester United fans who marred Youth Cup game '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.givemesport.com/728246-liverpool-fans-unveil-abusive-banner-towards-manchester-united-fans-on-motorway Jump up ^ Dobson , Mark ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Liverpool supporters welcomed to Manchester with ' murderers ' banner '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/manchester-united-liverpool-fans-clash-7580435 Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/reason-manchester-united-liverpool-fans-7581048 Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36372274 Jump up ^ `` Football News -- all the latest breaking football stories -- Mirror Online '' . Jump up ^ `` Bob Paisley -- LFChistory -- Stats galore for Liverpool FC ! '' . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Simon ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` Classic Liverpool v Manchester United encounters '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Ian ( 16 February 2006 ) . `` FA Cup flashback '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool lift Worthington Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 1 -- 4 Liverpool '' . BBC News . 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 18 May 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Arsenal '' . BBC News . 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how do you say bicycle kick in spanish

Exceptions to these naming patterns are found in languages that designate the move by making reference to a location , such as the Norwegian brassespark ( Brazilian kick ) . This exception is most significant in Spanish , where a fierce controversy exists between Chile and Peru -- as part of their historic sports rivalry -- over the naming of the bicycle kick ; Chileans know it as the chilena , while Peruvians call it the chalaca . Regardless , the move is also known in Spanish by the less tendentious names of tijera and tijereta -- both a reference to the manoeuvre 's scissor - like motion .

tijera|tijereta

Bicycle kick

bicycle kick

Forward Ruben Mendoza , from the United States men 's national football team , executes a bicycle kick . In association football , a bicycle kick , also known as an overhead kick or scissors kick , is an acrobatic strike where a player kicks an airborne ball rearward in midair . It is achieved by throwing the body backward up into the air and , before descending on the ground , making a shearing movement with the lower limbs to get the ball - striking leg in front of the other . In most languages , the manoeuvre is named after either the cycling motion or the scissor motion that it resembles . Its complexity , and uncommon performance in competitive football matches , makes it one of association football 's most celebrated skills . Bicycle kicks can be used defensively to clear away the ball from the goalmouth or offensively to strike at the opponent 's goal in an attempt to score . The bicycle kick is an advanced football skill that is dangerous for inexperienced players . Its successful performance has been limited largely to the most experienced and athletic players in football history . Labourers from the Pacific seaports of Chile and Peru likely performed the first bicycle kicks in football matches , possibly as early as the late 19th century . Advanced techniques like the bicycle kick developed from South American adaptations to the football style introduced by British immigrants . Brazilian footballers Leônidas and Pelé popularized the skill internationally during the 20th century . The bicycle kick has since attained such a wide allure that , in 2016 , FIFA ( association football 's governing body ) regarded the bicycle kick as `` football 's most spectacular sight '' . As an iconic skill , bicycle kicks are an important part of association football culture . Executing a bicycle kick in a competitive football match , particularly in scoring a goal , usually garners wide attention in the sports media . The bicycle kick has been featured in works of art , such as sculptures , films , advertisements , and literature . Controversies over the move 's invention and naming has added to the kick 's acclaim in popular culture . The manoeuvre is also admired in similar ball sports , particularly in the variants of association football like futsal and beach soccer . Contents 1 Name 2 Execution 3 History 4 Iconic status 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Name ( edit ) Real Madrid defender Sergio Ramos uses a bicycle kick against rivals Athletic Bilbao in a La Liga match in 2010 . The bicycle kick is known in English by three names : bicycle kick , overhead kick , and scissors kick . The term `` bicycle kick '' describes the action of the legs while the body is in mid-air , resembling the pedalling of a bicycle . The manoeuvre is also called an `` overhead kick '' , which refers to the ball being kicked above the head , or a `` scissors kick '' , reflecting the movement of two scissor blades coming together . Some authors differentiate the `` scissors kick '' as similar to a bicycle kick , but done sideways or at an angle ; other authors consider them to be the same move . In languages other than English , its name also reflects the action it resembles . Sports journalist Alejandro Cisternas , from Chilean newspaper El Mercurio , compiled a list of these names . In most cases , they either refer to the kick 's scissor - like motion , such as the French ciseaux retourné ( returned scissor ) and the Greek psalidaki , or to its bicycle - like action , such as the Portuguese pontapé de bicicleta . In other languages , the nature of the action is described : German Fallrückzieher ( falling backward kick ) , Polish przewrotka ( overturn kick ) , Dutch omhaal ( turnaround drag ) , and Italian rovesciata ( reversed kick ) . Exceptions to these naming patterns are found in languages that designate the move by making reference to a location , such as the Norwegian brassespark ( Brazilian kick ) . This exception is most significant in Spanish , where a fierce controversy exists between Chile and Peru -- as part of their historic sports rivalry -- over the naming of the bicycle kick ; Chileans know it as the chilena , while Peruvians call it the chalaca . Regardless , the move is also known in Spanish by the less tendentious names of tijera and tijereta -- both a reference to the manoeuvre 's scissor - like motion . Execution ( edit ) The phases of the execution of a bicycle kick . R = right foot . A bicycle kick 's successful performance generally requires great skill and athleticism . To perform a bicycle kick , the ball must be airborne so that the player can hit it while doing a backflip ; the ball can either come in the air towards the player , such as from a cross , or the player can flick the ball up into the air . The non-kicking leg should rise first to help propel the body up while the kicking leg makes the jump . While making the leap , the body 's back should move rearwards until it is parallel to the ground . As the body reaches peak height , the kicking leg should snap toward the ball as the non-kicking leg is simultaneously brought down to increase the kick 's power . Vision should stay focused on the ball until the foot strikes it . The arms should be used for balance and to diminish the impact from the fall . Bicycle kicks are generally done in two situations , one defensive and the other offensive . A defensive bicycle kick is done when a player facing his side 's goal uses the action to clear the ball in the direction opposite his side 's goalmouth . Sports historian Richard Witzig considers defensive bicycle kicks a desperate move requiring less aim than its offensive variety . An offensive bicycle kick is used when a player has his back to the opposing goal and is near the goalmouth . According to Witzig , the offensive bicycle kick requires concentration and a good understanding of the ball 's location . Bicycle kicks can also be done in the midfield , but this is not recommended because safer and more accurate passes can be done in this zone . Peru winger Juan Carlos Oblitas scores with a bicycle kick against Chile at Estadio Alejandro Villanueva , during a 1975 Copa América match . Crosses that precede an offensive bicycle kick are of dubious accuracy -- German striker Klaus Fischer reportedly stated that most crosses prior to a bicycle kick are bad . Moreover , performing a bicycle kick is dangerous , even when done correctly , as it may harm a startled participant in the field . For this reason , Peruvian defender César González recommends that the player executing the bicycle kick have enough space to perform it . For the player using the manoeuvre , the greatest danger happens during the drop ; a bad fall can injure the head , back , or wrist . Witzig recommends players attempting the move to land on their upper back , using their arms as support , and simultaneously rolling over to a side in order to diminish impact from the drop . Witzig recommends that footballers attempt executing a bicycle kick with a focused and determined state of mind . The performer needs to maintain good form when executing the move , and must simultaneously exhibit exceptional accuracy and precision when striking the ball . Brazilian forward Pelé , one of the sport 's renowned players , also considers the manoeuvre difficult and recalled having scored from it only a few times out of his 1,283 career goals . Due to the action 's complexity , a successfully executed bicycle kick is notable and , according to sports journalist Elliott Turner , prone to awe audiences . An inadequately - executed bicycle kick can also expose a player to ridicule . History ( edit ) Football lore has numerous legends relating when and where the bicycle kick was first performed and who created it . According to Brazilian anthropologist Antonio Jorge Soares , the bicycle kick 's origin is important only as an example of how folklore is created . Popular opinion continues to debate its exact origin , particularly in the locations where the manoeuvre was allegedly created ( e.g. , Brazil , Chile , and Peru ) . Nevertheless , the available facts and dates tell a straightforward narrative , indicating that the bicycle kick 's invention occurred in South America , during an era of innovation in association football tactics and skills . An excerpt from Peru 's El Comercio reporting a match between the HMS Amphion 's crew and a united squad of Lima Cricket / Unión Cricket in 1904 . British immigrants , attracted by South America 's economic prospects , including the export of coffee from Brazil , hide and meat from Argentina , and guano from Peru , introduced football to the region during the 1800s . These immigrant communities founded institutions , such as schools and sporting clubs , where activities mirrored those done in Britain -- including the practice of football . Football 's practice had previously spread from Britain to continental Europe , principally Belgium , the Netherlands and Scandinavia , but the game had no innovations in these locations . Matters developed differently in South America because , rather than simply imitate the immigrant 's style of play -- based more on the slower `` Scottish passing game '' than on the faster and rougher English football style -- the South Americans contributed to the sport 's growth by emphasizing the players ' technical qualities . By adapting the sport to their preferences , South American footballers mastered individual skills like the dribble , bending free kicks , and the bicycle kick . Bicycle kicks first occurred in the Pacific ports of Chile and Peru , possibly as early as in the late 1800s . While their ships were docked , British mariners played football among themselves and with locals as a form of leisure ; the sport 's practice was embraced at the ports because its simple rules and equipment made it accessible to the general public . Afro - Peruvian seaport workers may have first performed the bicycle kick during late 19th century matches with British sailors and railroad employees in Peru 's chief seaport , where it received the name tiro de chalaca ( Callao strike ) . The bicycle kick could also have been first performed in the 1910s by Ramón Unzaga , a Spanish - born Basque athlete who naturalized Chilean , at Chile 's seaport of Talcahuano , there receiving the name chorera ( alluding the local demonym ) . Arellano ( center , white shirt ) , in a match between Colo - Colo and La Coruña in 1927 , is credited with popularizing the move . Chilean footballers spread the skill beyond west South America in the 1910s and 1920s . In the South American Championship 's first editions , Unzaga and fellow Chile defender Francisco Gatica amazed spectators with their bicycle kicks . Chilean forward David Arellano also memorably performed the move and other risky manoeuvres during Colo - Colo 's 1927 tour of Spain -- his untimely death in that tour from an injury caused by one of his acrobatics is , according to Simpson and Hesse , `` a grim warning about the perils of showboating '' . Impressed by these bicycle kicks , aficionados from Spain and Argentina named it chilena , a reference to the players ' nationality . Brazilian forward Pelé rekindled the bicycle kick 's international acclaim during the second half of the 20th century . His capability to perform bicycle kicks with ease was one of the traits that made him stand out from other players early in his sports career , and it also boosted his self - confidence as a footballer . After Pelé , Argentine midfielder Diego Maradona and Mexican forward Hugo Sánchez became notable performers of the bicycle kick during the last decades of the 20th century . Other notable players to have performed the move during this period include Peruvian winger Juan Carlos Oblitas , who scored a bicycle kick goal in a 1975 Copa América match between Peru and Chile , and Welsh forward Mark Hughes , who scored from a bicycle kick in a World Cup qualification match played between Wales and Spain in 1985 . Since the beginning of the twenty - first century , the bicycle kick continues to be a skill that is rarely executed successfully in football matches . In 2016 , the International Federation of Association Football ( FIFA ) named the bicycle kick as `` football 's most spectacular sight '' and concluded that , despite its debatable origins and technical explanations , bicycle kicks `` have punctuated the history of the game '' . Iconic status ( edit ) Atlético Madrid striker Diego Costa performing a bicycle kick in a match against Almería in 2013 The bicycle kick retains much appeal among fans and footballers ; Hesse and Simpson highlight the positive impact a successful bicycle kick has on player notability , and the United States Soccer Federation describes it as an iconic embellishment of the sport . According to former Manchester City defender Paul Lake , a notable bicycle kick performed by English left winger Dennis Tueart , in the English Premier League , injured hundreds of fans who tried to emulate it . In 2012 , a fan poll from The Guardian awarded English forward Wayne Rooney 's 2011 Manchester derby bicycle kick the title of best goal in the Premier League 's history . When Italian striker Mario Balotelli , during his youth development years , patterned his skills on those of Brazilian midfielder Ronaldinho and French midfielder Zinedine Zidane , he fixated on the bicycle kick . Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo 's Champions League bicycle kick goal , in 2018 , received widespread praise from fellow footballers , including English forward Peter Crouch , who tweeted `` there is only a few of us who can do that '' , and Swedish forward Zlatan Ibrahimović , who challenged Ronaldo to `` try it from 40 meters '' -- a reference to his FIFA Puskás Award - winning 2012 bicycle kick goal during an international friendly match between Sweden and England . Some of the most memorable bicycle kicks have been notably performed in the FIFA World Cup finals . German striker Klaus Fischer scored from a bicycle kick in the Spain 1982 World Cup semi-finals match between West Germany and France , tying the score in overtime -- the game then went into a penalty shootout , which the German team won . Hesse and Simpson consider Fischer 's action the World Cup 's most outstanding bicycle kick . In the Mexico 1986 World Cup , Mexican midfielder Manuel Negrete scored from a bicycle kick during the round of 16 match between Mexico and Bulgaria -- although overshadowed by `` The Goal of the Century '' scored by Maradona in the quarter - finals match between Argentina and England , Negrete 's goal earned the `` World Cup 's greatest goal '' title by a FIFA fan poll conducted in 2018 . Defender Marcelo Balboa 's bicycle kick , in the 1994 FIFA World Cup match between Colombia and the United States , received much praise and is even credited with helping launch Major League Soccer in the United States . In the Korea - Japan 2002 World Cup , Belgian attacking midfielder Marc Wilmots scored what English football writer Brian Glanville describes as a `` spectacular bicycle kick '' against Japan . Bicycle kicks are also an important part of football culture . According to the United States Soccer Federation , Pelé 's bicycle kick in the 1981 film Escape to Victory is a textbook execution of the skill and Pelé expressed satisfaction with his attempt to `` show off '' for the film in his autobiography . A Google Doodle in September 2013 , celebrating Leônidas da Silva 's 100th birthday , prominently featured a bicycle kick performed by a stick figure representing the popular Brazilian forward . Bicycle kicks have also been featured in advertisements such as a 2014 television commercial where Argentine forward Lionel Messi executes the manoeuvre to promote that year 's FIFA football simulation video game . A monument to the bicycle kick executed by Ramón Unzaga was erected in Talcahuano , Chile , in 2014 ; created by sculptor María Angélica Echavarri , the statue is composed of copper and bronze and measures three meters in diameter . A statue in honor of Manuel Negrete 's bicycle kick is planned for the Coyoacán district of Mexico City . The Uruguayan novelist Eduardo Galeano wrote about the bicycle kick in his book Soccer in Sun and Shadow , praising Unzaga as the inventor . The Peruvian Nobel laureate writer Mario Vargas Llosa has the protagonist in The Time of the Hero 's Spanish edition declare that the bicycle kick must have been invented in Callao , Peru . The manoeuvre is also admired in variants of association football , such as beach soccer and futsal . In 2015 , Italian beach soccer forward Gabriele Gori reportedly stated about the bicycle kick that `` ( i ) t comes down to an awful lot of training '' . An action like the bicycle kick is also used in sepak takraw , a sport whose objective is to kick a ball over a net and into the opposing team 's side . See also ( edit ) Association football portal Association football tactics and skills History of association football Scorpion kick ( reverse bicycle kick ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turner refers to the bicycle kick as `` ( t ) he apex of wonder - goals '' , and Witzig defines it as `` the most spectacular -- yet the most opportunistic and desperate -- move that exists in soccer '' . Jump up ^ Argentine sports journalist Jorge Barraza affirms that Peruvians never had a need to call the bicycle kick a chilena because they had already given their own name to it . In Brazilian football culture , the term chilena means a back heel ( a reference to the spurs of Chilean design used in Southern Brazil ) . In the Spanish newspaper El País , journalist Alberto Lati raised no objection to local names for the move . Simpson and Hesse agree that the move 's name should be a matter of personal opinion . Roberto Castro wrote that the bicycle kick 's alternate names are synonyms , with no one name definitive . Jump up ^ Peruvian football journalist Roberto Castro wrote that it is inherently impossible to know for certain who made the first bicycle kick , as anyone playing with a ball could have done it without it being recorded . According to journalist Diego Pérez , bicycle kicks are currently less common and their origins cloudier . Jump up ^ In Goal : The New York Times Soccer Blog , journalist Juan Arango wrote that the bicycle kick 's origin is a sensitive issue in Peru and Chile . In 2006 , Harold Mayne - Nicholls , president of the Football Federation of Chile ( FFCh ) , poked gentle fun at Peruvian insistence on credit for the bicycle kick . That year Mayne - Nicholls ' Peruvian Football Federation ( FPF ) counterpart , Manuel Burga , announced a campaign to verify the bicycle kick 's origin in his country . Also in 2006 , Peruvian footballer Teófilo Cubillas advised the FPF to patent the manoeuvre with FIFA , and , in 2009 , Chilean footballer Sandrino Castec expressed his belief that the Peruvian position was based on anti-Chilean sentiment . Jump up ^ HMS Amphion arrived at Callao from Panama , and would proceed for repairs to Valparaiso , Chile . The squad from Peru was composed of British and Peruvian footballers from the local clubs Unión Cricket and Lima Cricket -- the latter possibly being the oldest club in the Americas that today plays association football . The image reads : `` The sight that we offer today to our readers was taken especially for El Comercio , in the moments in which was occurring in Santa Beatriz , this past Thursday , the most interesting part of the football match between sailors from the English warship Amphion and the Peruvian eleven that were victorious , as we had reported when we announced past Friday about this beautiful sports fest '' . Jump up ^ Unzaga 's first bicycle kick occurred possibly in 1914 or in 1916 . Journalist Luis Osses Guíñez , the author of Talcahuano 's football history , argues that Unzaga 's first recorded bicycle kick occurred in 1918 , as documented by a civil law notary report filed after a heated match between Talcahuano and neighbouring Concepción turned violent . Unzaga , described by Osses Guíñez as a hot - tempered Basque , fistfought a referee who called a foul on the player 's bicycle kick . Concepción 's newspaper El Sur reported this event a few days after the match , and Unzaga declares in his defense that he had previously executed the manoeuvre in other matches without it being called a foul . Jump up ^ Unzaga participated in the Argentina 1916 and Chile 1920 editions of the South American Championship ; Gatica participated in the tournament 's Uruguay 1917 and Brazil 1919 editions . Gatica 's usage of the move to stop an imminent goal garnered him so much attention that the audience credited him with the move 's invention . Jump up ^ In his autobiography , Pelé expressed regret for not having scored a goal from a bicycle kick in the FIFA World Cup . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Turner 2011 , Ephemeral Goals & Eternal Glory . ^ Jump up to : Witzig 2006 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Tyagi 2010 , Football Terms . Jump up ^ Bischops & Gerards 2003 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt 1997 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ See : Witzig 2006 , p. 22 Borden 2009 , p. 138 Gardner 1994 , pp. 144 , 148 Jump up ^ See : Ruiz 2003 , Perfect Shooting Rull 2004 , p. 166 Schmidt 1997 , p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Alejandro Cisternas ( 23 March 2009 ) . `` En Todas Partes Se Llama Chilena '' . El Mercurio ( in Spanish ) . El Mercurio S.A.P . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Coppock 2001 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ See : DK Publishing 2011 , p. 100 Witzig 2006 , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` A propósito de la ' Chalaca ' ... '' Peru.com ( in Spanish ) . Empresa Editora El Comercio. 29 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bellos 2014 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Alberto Lati ( 29 June 2015 ) . `` De Pisco y Chalacas '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . Ediciones El País , S.L. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Simpson & Hesse 2013 , pp. 1 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Roberto Castro ( 11 October 2011 ) . `` El Huevo o La Gallina '' . Dechalaca.com ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ See : Ruiz 2003 , Perfect Shooting Rull 2004 , p. 166 Jump up ^ See : DK Publishing 2011 , p. 98 United States Soccer Federation & Lewis 2000 , The Bicycle Kick Jump up ^ DK Publishing 2011 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ See : O'Brien 2005 , p. 70 Schmidt 1997 , p. 88 Jump up ^ O'Brien 2005 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ See : Coleman 2000 , p. 56 O'Brien 2005 , p. 71 Schmidt 1997 , p. 88 Jump up ^ See : O'Brien 2005 , p. 69 Schmidt 1997 , p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Simpson & Hesse 2013 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ See : Schmidt 1997 , p. 88 Wahl 2010 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Danilo Díaz ( 29 November 2006 ) . `` ¿ Quién inventó la chilena ? '' . El Mercurio ( in Spanish ) . El Mercurio S.A.P. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Brien 2005 , How to Perform a Bicycle Kick . Jump up ^ See : Wahl 2010 , p. 135 Witzig 2006 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Simon Hattenstone ( 29 June 2013 ) . `` And God created Pele '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ See : O'Brien 2005 , How to Perform a Bicycle Kick United States Soccer Federation & Lewis 2000 , The Bicycle Kick Wahl 2010 , p. 135 ^ Jump up to : Pérez , Diego ( 26 March 2008 ) . `` Genios : De Sudamerica Salieron Las Maravillas Del Fútbol '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . Montevideo . ^ Jump up to : Simpson & Hesse 2013 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Soares 2012 , ch. 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Chilean `` , `` Chalaca '' or `` Bicycle '' , a monument to football `` . CONMEBOL. 3 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Natali 2007 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Juan Arango ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` Peru , Chile and the War of the Pacific '' . Goal : The New York Times Soccer Blog . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : AFP ( 2 December 2006 ) . `` ¿ Chilena o chalaca ? '' . El Universo . Grupo El Universo . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IPD resuelve hacer cumplir castigo a la FPF , pero en marzo del 2007 '' . LaRepublica.pe ( in Spanish ) . Grupo La República Digital . 30 November 2006 . Archived from the original on October 2016 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The bicycle kick , football 's most spectacular sight '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 27 December 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ See : Giulianotti & Robertson 2009 , pp. 40 -- 41 Goldblatt 2008 , p. 192 Wilson 2013 , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Miguel Villegas ( 10 February 2015 ) . `` Primera foto de fútbol publicada por El Comercio hace 110 años '' . El Comercio ( in Spanish ) . Empresa Editora El Comercio . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naval & Military intelligence '' . The Times ( 36665 ) . London . 15 January 1902 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson 2013 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Wilson 2013 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ See : Goldblatt 2008 , pp. 191 -- 192 Wilson 2013 , pp. 22 , 27 -- 33 Jump up ^ Goldblatt 2008 , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Alejandro Millán Valencia ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` La Chilena , Lo Más Famoso Que Chile Le Ha Dado Al Fútbol '' . BBC Mundo ( in Spanish ) . BBC World Service . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ See : Alvarez 2016 , pp. 32 -- 33 Bravo 2012 , p. 40 Henshaw 1979 , p. 237 Páez & Pineda 2015 , Espectacular Jugada de `` Chorera '' Reyes Coca 2013 , pp. 125 -- 127 Stein 2011 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ See : Bravo 2012 , p. 40 DK Publishing 2011 , p. 98 Henshaw 1979 , p. 237 Páez & Pineda 2015 , Espectacular Jugada de `` Chorera '' Quitián Roldán 2006 , pp. 69 , 272 Simpson & Hesse 2013 , pp. 1 -- 5 Stein 2011 , pp. 3 -- 4 Wilson 2013 , p. 33 Jump up ^ See : Bellos 2014 , p. 38 Burns 2012 , The South American Connection Páez & Pineda 2015 , Espectacular Jugada de `` Chorera '' Ruiz 2003 , Perfect Shooting Wilson 2013 , p. 33 Jump up ^ See : Páez & Pineda 2015 , Espectacular Jugada de `` Chorera '' Simpson & Hesse 2013 , p. 1 Wilson 2013 , p. 33 Witzig 2006 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : `` El inventor de la chilena en la primera vez de la Roja '' . El Mercurio ( in Spanish ) . El Mercurio S.A.P. 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Quitián Roldán 2006 , pp. 69 , 272 . Jump up ^ Martín Tabeira ( 10 August 2007 ) . `` South American Championship 1916 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Martín Tabeira ( 7 September 2007 ) . `` South American Championship 1920 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Martín Tabeira ( 10 August 2007 ) . `` South American Championship 1917 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Martín Tabeira ( 4 January 2013 ) . `` South American Championship 1919 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Simpson & Hesse 2013 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ See : Freedman 2014 , p. 34 Pelé & Fish 2007 , ch. 6 Jump up ^ Rohan Menon ( 19 September 2015 ) . `` How Pele Made The Bicycle Kick Famous '' . Yahoo ! News . Yahoo Inc . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ See : Freedman 2014 , p. 35 Pelé 2006 , The Beautiful Game ^ Jump up to : United States Soccer Federation & Lewis 2000 , The Bicycle Kick . Jump up ^ Rob Smyth ( 10 September 2010 ) . `` The Joy of Six : overhead and scissor kicks '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ See : United States Soccer Federation & Lewis 2000 , The Bicycle Kick Simpson & Hesse 2013 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Lake 2012 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Caioli 2015 , Circus Tricks . Jump up ^ 90MIN ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Zlatan , Crouch Offer Hilarious Reaction to Cristiano Ronaldo 's Bicycle Kick '' . Sports Illustrated . Meredith Corporation . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pelé 2006 , The Beautiful Game . Jump up ^ See : Lisi 2015 , p. 185 Simpson & Hesse 2013 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Gardner 1994 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` Negrete 's wonder volley voted World Cup 's greatest goal '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 9 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ See : Lisi 2015 , p. 256 Simpson & Hesse 2013 , p. 4 Witzig 2006 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Glanville 2010 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Tim Vickery ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` The legacy of Leonidas da Silva lives on '' . ESPN FC . ESPN . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Eddie Makuch ( 12 September 2014 ) . `` Watch Messi Do a Bicycle Kick in His Living Room for This FIFA 15 Trailer '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Graciela Reséndiz ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` Jiménez y Negrete : golazos en el ' 86 ' '' . ESPN FC ( in Spanish ) . ESPN . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Simpson & Hesse 2013 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Italy 's Gori soaring to the top '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Crego 2003 , p. 32 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bellos , Alex ( 2014 ) . Futebol : The Brazilian Way of Life . London : Bloomsburry Publish Plc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4088 - 5416 - 7 . Bischops , Klaus ; Gerards , Heinz - Willi ( 2003 ) . Soccer Training for Girls . Translated by Anne Lammert . Oxford , UK : Meyer & Meyer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84126 - 097 - 6 . Borden , Sam ( 2009 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Soccer Basics . Indianapolis : Alpha Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59257 - 830 - 6 . Bravo , Gonzalo ( 2012 ) . `` Association Football , Pacific Coast of South America '' . In Nauright , John ; Parrish , Charles . Sports Around the World : History , Culture , and Practice. 3 . Santa Barbara : ABC - Clio . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 301 - 9 . Burns , Jimmy ( 2012 ) . Roja : A Journey Through Spanish Football . London : Simon & Schuster UK Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85720 - 652 - 7 . Caioli , Luca ( 2015 ) . Balotelli : The Remarkable Story Behind the Sensational Headlines . London : Icon Books , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84831 - 913 - 4 . Coleman , Lori ( 2000 ) . Soccer . Minneapolis : Lerner Publications Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 9876 - 3 . Coppock , Patrick ( 2001 ) . The Semiotics of Writing : Transdisciplinary Perspectives on the Technology of Writing . Oakville , Connecticut : The David Brown Book Company . ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 51241 - 9 . Crego , Robert ( 2003 ) . Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31610 - 4 . Cunha , Loris Baena ( 1994 ) . A Verdadeira História do Futebol Brasileiro ( The Real Story of Brazilian Football ) ( in Portuguese ) . Rio de Janeiro : ABRADE . Essential Soccer Skills . New York : DK Publishing . 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 5902 - 8 . Foot , John ( 2007 ) . Winning at All Costs : A Scandalous History of Italian Soccer . New York : Nation Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 368 - 6 . Freedman , Lew ( 2014 ) . Pelé : A Biography . Santa Barbara : Greenwood Biographies . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4408 - 2980 - 2 . Freire , Marcus Vinicius ; Ribeiro , Deborah ( 2006 ) . Ouro Olímpico ( Olympic Gold ) . Rio de Janeiro : Casa Da Palavra . ISBN 978 - 85 - 7734 - 028 - 6 . Friedman , Ian ( 2007 ) . Latino Athletes . New York : Facts on File , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6384 - 0 . Gardner , Paul ( 1994 ) . The Simplest Game . Springfield , Ohio : Collier Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 043225 - 8 . Giulianotti , Richard ; Robertson , Roland ( 2009 ) . Globalization and Football . London : SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 2127 - 5 . Glanville , Brian ( 1968 ) . Soccer : A History of the Game , Its Players , and Its Strategy . New York City : Crown Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 50796 - 4 . Glanville , Brian ( 2010 ) . The Story of the World Cup : The Essential Companion to South Africa 2010 . London : Faber & Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 23605 - 3 . Goldblatt , David ( 2008 ) . The Ball is Round . New York : Riverhead Trade . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59448 - 296 - 0 . Henshaw , Richard ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of World Soccer . Washington , D.C. : New Republic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 915220 - 34 - 2 . Lake , Paul ( 2012 ) . I 'm Not Really Here : A Life of Two Halves . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 955325 - 0 . Lisi , Clemente ( 2015 ) . A History of the World Cup : 1930 -- 2014 . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7753 - 5 . Natali , Marcos ( 2007 ) . Sean Brown , ed . The Realm of the Possible : Remembering Brazilian Futebol . Football Fans Around the World : From Supporters to Fanatics . New York City : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 39505 - 2 . O'Brien , Richard ( 2005 ) . The Ultimate Sports Handbook . Philadelphia : Quirk Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59474 - 034 - 3 . Orejan , Jaime ( 2011 ) . Football / Soccer : History and Tactics . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4784 - 8 . Páez , Pedro Fernando ; Pineda , Daniel ( 2015 ) . Copa América de Fútbol : 100 Años de Historia , Anécdotas y Curiosidades ( Football 's Copa America : 100 Years of History , Anecdotes , and Curiosities ) ( in Spanish ) . Bogota : Bilineata Publishing . ISBN 978 - 958 - 8839 - 19 - 6 . Pelé ( 2006 ) . Pelé : The Autobiography . London : Simon & Schuster UK Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84739 - 488 - 0 . Pelé ; Fish , Robert ( 2007 ) . My Life and the Beautiful Game . New York : Skyhorse Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60239 - 196 - 3 . Quitián Roldán , David Leonardo ( 2006 ) . Fútbol Sin Barrera ( Football Without Barriers ) ( in Spanish ) . Armenia , Colombia : Editorial Kinesis . ISBN 978 - 958 - 8269 - 12 - 2 . Reyes Coca , Marco Aurelio ( 2013 ) . `` Deportes Masivos : Subproducto de la Inmigración Extranjera en Chillán , 1850 - 1910 '' . In Jara , Marcelo ; Lopez , Felipe . Migraciones : Una mirada interdisciplinaria . Concepción , Chile : El Sur Impresores . ISBN 978 - 956 - 353 - 317 - 0 . Rinaldi , George ( 2016 ) . Calcio 's Greatest Forwards . Durrington , England : Pitch Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78531 - 118 - 5 . Ruiz , Laureano ( 2003 ) . The Spanish Soccer Coaching Bible . 2 . Spring City , Pennsylvania : Reedswain Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59164 - 022 - 6 . Rull , Nomdedeu ( 2004 ) . Terminología del Fútbol y Diccionarios : Elaboración de un diccionario de especialidad para el gran público ( Terminology of Football and Dictionaries : Elaboration of a Specialized Dictionary for the General Public ) ( PhD ) . Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona . ISBN 978 - 84 - 689 - 0939 - 4 . Schmidt , Colin ( 1997 ) . Advanced Soccer Drills : 69 Drills for Techniques and Tactics . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88011 - 614 - 5 . Simpson , Paul ; Hesse , Uli ( 2013 ) . Who Invented the Stepover ? . London : Profile Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78125 - 006 - 8 . Soares , Antonio Jorge ( 2012 ) . `` História EA Invenção De Tradições No Futebol Brasileiro '' ( The History and Invention of Brazilian Football Traditions ) . In Ronaldo Helal ; Anotnio Jorge Soares ; Hugo Lovisolo . A Invenção Do País Do Futebol ( The Invention of the Football Nation ) ( in Portuguese ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Rio de Janeiro : Editora Mauad X . ISBN 978 - 85 - 7478 - 620 - 9 . Stein , Steve ( 2011 ) . `` The Case of Soccer in Early Twentieth - Century Lima '' . In Stavans , Ilan . Fútbol . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37515 - 6 . Sutherland , Sasha ( 2012 ) . `` Latin America and the Caribbean '' . In John Nauright ; Charles Parrish . Sports around the World : History , Culture , and Practice. 1 . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 300 - 2 . Turner , Elliott ( 2011 ) . An Illustrated Guide to Soccer and Spanish . n.p. : Round Ball Media LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 48583 - 6 . Tyagi , Arun Kumar ( 2010 ) . Football : Skills and Rules . New Delhi : KSK Publisher . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7524 - 572 - 3 . United States Soccer Federation ; Lewis , Michael ( 2000 ) . Soccer For Dummies . Hoboken , New Jersey : Wiley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 5229 - 8 . Wahl , Grant ( 2010 ) . The Beckham Experiment . New York City : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40859 - 4 . Wilson , Jonathan ( 2013 ) . Inverting The Pyramid : The History of Soccer Tactics . New York : Nation Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 738 - 7 . Witzig , Richard ( 2006 ) . The Global Art of Soccer . Harahan , Louisiana : CusiBoy Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9776688 - 0 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bicycle kick . BBC Sport Academy -- Step - by - step guide to perform a bicycle kick . Grassroots FIFA.com -- Information on basic and special football techniques . UEFA Training Ground -- Professional footballer explains the technique required to execute a successful bicycle kick . hide Association football terminology Terms Formations Laws Media Positions Tactics and skills Total Football Catenaccio Tiki - taka Zona mista Variants Differences between the rules of futsal and association football Advanced skills Behind the leg flip flap Bicycle kick Cruyff Turn Curl Flip flap Keepie uppie Marseille turn Nutmeg Panenka Pelé runaround move Rabona Rainbow kick Scorpion kick Seal dribble Step over Volley Nicknames Clubs Americas Mainland Europe UK National teams People Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bicycle_kick&oldid=856184244 '' Categories : Association football in South America Association football tactics and skills Association football terminology Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Good articles Use dmy dates from August 2016 CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use British English from July 2014 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 12 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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who plays michael myers sister in rob zombie's halloween

Meanwhile , Laurie Strode ( Scout Taylor - Compton ) and her friends Annie Brackett ( Danielle Harris ) and Lynda Van Der Klok ( Kristina Klebe ) prepare for Halloween . Throughout the day , Laurie witnesses Michael watching her from a distance before going to babysit Tommy Doyle ( Skyler Gisondo ) . At Michael 's childhood home , Lynda meets up with her boyfriend Bob Simms ( Nick Mennell ) . Michael appears , murders them , and then heads to the Strode home , where he murders Laurie 's parents , Mason ( Pat Skipper ) and Cynthia ( Dee Wallace ) . Dr. Loomis , having been alerted of Michael 's escape , comes to Haddonfield looking for Michael . After obtaining a handgun , Loomis attempts to warn Sheriff Leigh Brackett ( Brad Dourif ) that Michael has returned to Haddonfield . Loomis and Brackett head to the Strode home , with Brackett explaining along the way that Laurie is really Michael 's sister , having been adopted by the Strodes following their mother 's suicide .

Scout Taylor - Compton

Halloween ( 2007 film )

halloween ( 2007 film )

Halloween is a 2007 American slasher film written , directed , and produced by Rob Zombie . The film is a remake / reimagining of the 1978 horror film of the same name ; the first in the rebooted Halloween film series and the ninth installment of the Halloween franchise . The film stars Tyler Mane as the adult Michael Myers , Malcolm McDowell as Dr. Sam Loomis , and Scout Taylor - Compton as Laurie Strode ; Daeg Faerch portrays a ten - year - old Michael Myers . Rob Zombie 's `` reimagining '' follows the premise of John Carpenter 's original , with Michael Myers stalking Laurie Strode and her friends on Halloween night . Zombie 's film goes deeper into the character 's psyche , trying to answer the question of what drove him to kill people , whereas in Carpenter 's original film Michael did not have an explicit reason for killing .

Working from Carpenter 's advice to `` make ( the film ) his own '' , Zombie chose to develop the film as both a prequel and a remake , allowing for more original content than simply re-filming the same scenes . Despite mostly negative reviews , the film , which cost $15 million to make , went on to gross $80,208,039 worldwide , making it the second highest - grossing film in the Halloween franchise in unadjusted U.S. dollars behind Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later . Zombie followed the film with a sequel , Halloween II , in 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) On Halloween in Haddonfield , Illinois , ten - year - old Michael Myers ( Daeg Faerch ) , having already exhibited signs of psychopathy , murders a school bully ( Daryl Sabara ) , his older sister Judith ( Hanna R. Hall ) , her boyfriend Steve ( Adam Weisman ) , and his mother 's boyfriend Ronnie ( William Forsythe ) . Only his baby sister , Angel Myers , is spared . After one of the longest trials in the state 's history , Michael is found guilty of first - degree murder and sent to Smith 's Grove Sanitarium under the care of child psychologist Dr. Samuel Loomis ( Malcolm McDowell ) . Michael initially cooperates with Loomis , claiming no memory of the killings ; his mother Deborah ( Sheri Moon Zombie ) , visits him regularly . Over the following year , Michael becomes fixated on his papier - mâché masks and withdraws from everyone , even his mother . When Michael kills a nurse as Deborah is leaving from one of her visits , she is unable to handle the situation and commits suicide . For the next fifteen years , Michael ( Tyler Mane ) continues making masks and not speaking to anyone . Loomis , having continued to treat Michael over the years , decides to move on and closes Michael 's case . Later , Michael kills the sanitarium employees and escapes from Smith 's Grove . He kills a truck driver for his clothes , and makes his way back to Haddonfield . On Halloween , Michael arrives at his now - abandoned childhood home , where he recovers the kitchen knife and Halloween mask he stored under the floorboards the night he killed his sister . Meanwhile , Laurie Strode ( Scout Taylor - Compton ) and her friends Annie Brackett ( Danielle Harris ) and Lynda Van Der Klok ( Kristina Klebe ) prepare for Halloween . Throughout the day , Laurie witnesses Michael watching her from a distance before going to babysit Tommy Doyle ( Skyler Gisondo ) . At Michael 's childhood home , Lynda meets up with her boyfriend Bob Simms ( Nick Mennell ) . Michael appears , murders them , and then heads to the Strode home , where he murders Laurie 's parents , Mason ( Pat Skipper ) and Cynthia ( Dee Wallace ) . Dr. Loomis , having been alerted of Michael 's escape , comes to Haddonfield looking for Michael . After obtaining a handgun , Loomis attempts to warn Sheriff Leigh Brackett ( Brad Dourif ) that Michael has returned to Haddonfield . Loomis and Brackett head to the Strode home , with Brackett explaining along the way that Laurie is really Michael 's sister , having been adopted by the Strodes following their mother 's suicide . Meanwhile , Annie convinces Laurie to babysit Lindsey Wallace ( Jenny Gregg Stewart ) , a girl Annie is supposed to be watching , so that she can meet with her boyfriend Paul ( Max Van Ville ) . Annie and Paul return to the Wallace home and have sex ; Michael kills Paul and attacks Annie . Bringing Lindsey home , Laurie finds Annie on the floor , badly hurt but still alive , and calls the police . Michael attacks Laurie and chases her back to the Doyle home . Loomis and Brackett hear the 911 call over the radio and head toward the Wallace residence . Michael kidnaps Laurie and takes her back to their old home . He tries to show Laurie that she is his sister , presenting a picture of them with their mother . Unable to understand , Laurie stabs Michael with his own knife before escaping the house ; Michael chases her , but Loomis arrives and shoots him . Recovering , Michael recaptures Laurie before she can leave and heads back to the house . Loomis again intervenes , but Michael subdues him . Laurie takes Loomis ' gun and runs upstairs , but Michael corners her on a balcony and charges her head - on , knocking both of them over the railing . Laurie finds herself on top of an unconscious Michael . Aiming Loomis ' gun at his face , she fires just as Michael awakens . Production ( edit ) On June 4 , 2006 , Dimension announced that Rob Zombie , director of House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil 's Rejects , would be creating the next installment in the Halloween film series . The plan was for Zombie to hold many positions in the production ; he would write , direct , produce , and serve as music supervisor . Bob Weinstein approached him about making the film . Zombie , who was a fan of the original Halloween and a friend of John Carpenter , jumped at the chance to make a Halloween film for Dimension Studios . Before Dimension went public with the news , Zombie felt obligated to inform Carpenter , out of respect , of the plans to remake his film . Carpenter 's request was for Zombie to `` make it his own '' . During a June 16 , 2006 interview , Zombie announced that his film would combine the elements of prequel and remake with the original concept , and insisted that there would be considerable original content in the new film as opposed to mere rehashed material . The BBC reported that the new film would disregard the numerous sequels that followed Halloween . The Myers house film location early March 2007 on Glendon Way in South Pasadena , California . Zombie 's intention was to reinvent Michael Myers because , in his opinion , the character , along with Freddy Krueger , Jason Voorhees , and Pinhead , had become more familiar to audiences , and as a result , less scary . The idea behind the new film was to delve deeper into Michael 's back story and add `` new life '' to the character . Michael 's mask will be given its own story , to provide an explanation as to why he wears it , instead of having the character simply steal a random mask from a hardware store , as in the original film . Zombie explained that he wanted Michael to be true to what a psychopath really is , and wanted the mask to be a way for Michael to hide . He also wanted the young Michael to have charisma , which would be projected onto the adult Michael . In addition , he decided that Michael 's motives for returning to Haddonfield would be more ambiguous , explaining , `` ( W ) as he trying to kill Laurie , or just find her because he loves her ? '' Moreover , Michael would not be able to drive in the new film , unlike his 1978 counterpart who stole Loomis ' car so that he could drive back to Haddonfield . The Dr. Loomis character was also to be more intertwined with that of Michael ; Zombie reasoned that the character 's role in the original was `` showing up merely to say something dramatic '' . Although Zombie added more history to the Michael Myers character , hence creating more original content for the film , he chose to keep the character 's trademark mask and Carpenter 's theme song intact for his version ( despite an apparent misinterpretation in an interview suggesting the theme would be ditched ) . Production officially began on January 29 , 2007 . Shortly before production began , Zombie reported that he had seen the first production of Michael 's signature mask and commented , `` It looks perfect , exactly like the original . Not since 1978 has The Shape looked so good '' . Filming occurred in the same neighborhood that Carpenter used for the original Halloween . On December 19 , 2006 , Zombie announced to Bloody - Disgusting that Daeg Faerch would play the part of ten - year - old Michael Myers . On December 22 , 2006 , Malcolm McDowell was officially announced to be playing Dr. Loomis . McDowell stated that he wanted a tremendous ego in Loomis , who is out to get a new book from the ordeal . On December 24 , 2006 , Zombie announced that Tyler Mane , who had previously worked with Zombie on The Devil 's Rejects , would portray the adult Michael Myers . Mane stated that it was very difficult to act only with his eyes . Scout Taylor - Compton endured a long audition process , but as director Zombie explains , `` Scout was my first choice . There was just something about her ; she had a genuine quality . She did n't seem actor - y . '' She was one of the final people to be cast for a lead role after Faerch , Mane , McDowell , Forsythe , and Harris . A contest was held for a walk - on role in the film , at the time called Halloween 9 ; it was won by Heather Bowen . She played a news reporter who covered Michael 's arrest , but her scene was cut from the film and does not appear in the deleted scenes . Release ( edit ) Approximately four days before the theatrical release of the film , a workprint version of Halloween appeared online and was circulated around various BitTorrent sites . Upon hearing of the leaked copy , Zombie stated that whatever version had been leaked was an older version of the film , unlike what was about to be released in theaters . The leak of Zombie 's workprint led to speculation that the film 's box office success could be damaged , as director Eli Roth attributed the financial failure of his film , Hostel : Part II , to the leaking of a workprint version . Dark Horizons webmaster Garth Franklin noted that watching the workprint allows a viewer to see what was changed after test screenings of the film in June 2007 . For example , one particular scene -- the rape of one of the Smith 's Grove female inmates -- was replaced in the final version . Halloween was officially released on August 31 , 2007 , to 3,472 theaters in North America , giving it the widest release of any of the previous Halloween films . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) On its opening day , Halloween grossed $10,896,610 , and immediately surpassed the opening weekend grosses for Halloween II ( 1981 ) at $7,446,508 , Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) at $6,333,259 , The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) at $6,831,250 , The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) at $5,093,428 , and The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) at $7,308,529 . From September 1 -- 2 , Halloween earned $8,554,661 and $6,911,096 , respectively , for a 3 - day opening weekend total of $26,362,367 . The film would earn an additional $4,229,392 on Labor Day for a 4 - day holiday weekend gross of $30,591,759 , making it the highest ever for that holiday . As a result , the 2007 film would immediately surpass the total box office gross for Halloween II ( 1981 ) at $25,533,818 , Halloween III ( 1982 ) at $14,400,000 , Halloween 4 ( 1988 ) at $17,768,757 , Halloween 5 ( 1989 ) at $11,642,254 , The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) at $15,116,634 , and Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) with $30,354,442 . Following its first Friday after its opening weekend , Halloween saw a 71.6 % drop in attendance , earning $3,093,679 . The film , which earned the # 1 spot at the box office in its opening weekend , earned only $9,513,770 in its second weekend -- a 63.9 % decrease -- but still claimed the # 2 spot at the box office just behind 3 : 10 to Yuma . The film continued to appear in the weekend top ten going into its third weekend , when it earned $4,867,522 to take sixth place . It was not until the film 's fourth weekend that it fell out of the top ten and into twelfth place with $2,189,266 . Halloween would fail to regain a top ten spot at the box office for the remainder of its theatrical run . Thanks to its opening weekend of $30.5 million , the film broke the box - office record for the Labor Day weekend , surpassing the record set in 2005 by Transporter 2 with $20.1 million . It still currently resides as the top Labor Day weekend grosser . Halloween was also the 8th highest - grossing R - rated film of 2007 , and finished out the year in 44th place for domestic box office gross . With its $58 million box office gross , Halloween was the second highest - grossing film among the recent slasher remakes , taken over by A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) with $63 million . However , it is third in the list which consists of When a Stranger Calls ( 2006 ) at $47.8 million , Black Christmas ( 2006 ) at $16.3 million , Prom Night ( 2008 ) at $43.8 million , My Bloody Valentine 3D ( 2009 ) with $51.4 million , and Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) leading the group with $60 million . Halloween is also ranked eleventh overall when comparing it to all of the horror remakes , as well as eighth place for all slasher films in general , in unadjusted dollars . In addition to the film 's North American box office , it opened alongside Michael Clayton and Mr. Woodcock in foreign markets on the weekend of September 29 , 2007 . Halloween led the trio with a total of $1.3 million in 372 theaters -- Michael Clayton and Mr. Woodcock took in $1.2 million from 295 screens and $1 million from 238 screens , respectively . By November 1 , 2007 , Halloween had taken in an additional $7 million in foreign markets . Ultimately , the film would earn approximately $21,981,879 overseas . By the end of the film 's theatrical run , the film had taken a worldwide total of $80,253,908 . Comparing this film to the rest of the films in the Halloween film series , Zombie 's remake is the highest - grossing film in unadjusted US dollars . When adjusting for the 2009 inflation , Zombie 's Halloween -- which adjusts to $60.4 million domestically -- is fourth , behind Carpenter 's Halloween at $166.9 million , Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later at $73.8 million , and Halloween II at $66.7 million . Critical response ( edit ) Based on 109 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , Halloween received an average 25 % overall approval rating based on 110 reviews , with the consensus `` Rob Zombie does n't bring many new ideas to the table in Halloween , making it another bloody disappointment for fans of the franchise . '' By comparison , Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a 47 out of 100 from the 18 reviews it collected . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinemagoers gave the film was `` B - '' on an A+ to F scale ; it also reported that 62 % of the audience was male , with 57 % being 25 years or older . Various critics thought that Malcolm McDowell was perfectly cast as Loomis . Peter Hartlaub , of the San Francisco Chronicle , felt Zombie was successful in both `` ( putting ) his own spin on Halloween , while at the same time paying tribute to Carpenter 's film '' ; he thought Zombie managed to make Michael Myers almost `` sympathetic '' as a child , but that the last third of the film felt more like a montage of scenes with Halloween slipping into `` slasher - film logic '' . Nathan Lee of The Village Voice disagreed in part with Harlaub , feeling that Halloween may have placed too much emphasis on providing sympathy for Michael Myers , but that it succeeded in `` ( deepening ) Carpenter 's vision without rooting out its fear '' . The film critic Matthew Turner believed the first half of the film , which featured the prequel elements of Michael as a child , were better played than the remake elements of the second half . In short , Turner stated that performances from the cast were `` superb '' , with Malcolm McDowell being perfectly cast as Dr. Loomis , but that the film lacked the scare value of Carpenter 's original . Jamie Russell from the BBC agreed that the first half of the film worked better than the last half ; she stated that Zombie 's expanded backstory on Michael was `` surprisingly effective '' -- also agreeing that McDowell was perfectly cast as Loomis -- but that Zombie failed to deliver the `` supernatural dread '' that Carpenter created for Michael in his 1978 original . New York Daily News critic Jack Matthews believed the film lacked tension , and went more for cheap shocks -- focusing more on enhancing the `` imagery of violence '' -- than real attempts to scare the audience ; he gave the film one and a half stars out of five . Dennis Harvey , from Variety magazine , echoed Matthew 's opinion that the film failed to deliver on the suspense ; he also felt that you could not tell one teenage character from the next , whereas in Carpenter 's original each teenager had real personalities . In contrast , Rossiter Drake of The Examiner applauded Michael 's backstory , feeling that it was a `` compelling take on the mythology '' that managed to be `` unique '' and `` shocking '' at the same time . In agreement with other critics , Empire magazine 's Kim Newman felt that , because Zombie seemed less focused on the teenagers being stalked and killed by Michael , the film `` ( fell ) flat '' when it came to delivering suspense or anything `` remotely scary '' ; Newman did praise McDowell for his portrayal of the `` dogged psychiatrist '' . Ben Walter , of Time Out London , felt Zombie added `` surprising realism '' to the development of Michael Myers ' psychopathic actions , but agreed with Newman that the director replaced the original film 's `` suspense and playfulness '' with a convincing display of `` black - blooded brutality '' . Frank Scheck , of The Hollywood Reporter , believed that even though Zombie 's remake of Carpenter 's Halloween was better than getting another sequel in the long running franchise it still was not comparable to the 1978 original . For Scheck , Zombie replaced Carpenter 's building suspense , which made it so `` brilliant '' , with graphic violence and extended scenes of nudity ; he also criticized McDowell for lacking the intensity that Donald Pleasence brought to the Loomis character . By contrast , TV Guide 's Ken Fox felt that Zombie did deliver a `` scary horror movie '' , not by copying Carpenter , but by making the film his own . Fox noted that Zombie seemed to follow more in the footsteps of Wes Craven and Tobe Hooper 's `` savage , greasy - haired ' 70s '' films , which allowed him to bring Michael back to his roots and successfully terrify an audience which has grown accustomed to the recent `` torture porn '' horror films . Bill Gibron , of PopMatters , believes that audiences and critics can not compare Carpenter 's film to Zombie 's remake ; where Carpenter focused more on the citizens of Haddonfield -- with Michael acting as a true `` boogeyman '' -- Zombie focuses more on Michael himself , successfully forcing the audience to experience all of the elements that Michael went through that would result in his `` desire for death '' . Halloween won the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Award for Best Film of 2007 , drawing in 550 votes , the most ever in the history of the award . The film also won the ' Best Remake Award ' at the 2008 Spike TV Scream Awards . Dan Mathews , vice president of PETA , sent Rob Zombie a thank - you letter for what he perceived as Zombie sending a message to audiences when he depicted the young Michael Myers torturing animals , something he felt demonstrated that people who commit acts of cruelty to animals are likely to move on to humans . Mathews went on to say , `` Hopefully , with the attention focused by your movie on the link between cruelty to animals and human violence , more people will recognize the warning signs among people they know and deal with them more forcefully . We wish you continued success ! '' Home media ( edit ) The film 's soundtrack was released on August 21 , 2007 ; it includes 24 tracks , consisting of 12 dialogue tracks and 12 instrumentals . The album contained both new tracks , as well as ones recycled from the original Halloween and its sequel . Tyler Bates ' interpretation of John Carpenter 's original Halloween theme is the first musical track , with `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper , '' which appeared in the original Halloween , and `` Mr. Sandman '' , which appeared in Halloween II and Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later , performed by Nan Vernon . Writing about its selection from the 1981 film , one reviewer for the BBC commented that it worked well to `` mimic Laurie 's situation ( sleeping a lot ) '' , making `` the once innocent sounding lyrics seem threatening in a horror film '' . The album also includes Kiss 's `` God of Thunder '' , Rush 's `` Tom Sawyer '' , Alice Cooper 's `` Only Women Bleed '' , Peter Frampton 's `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' , Nazareth 's `` Love Hurts '' , Bachman -- Turner Overdrive 's `` Let It Ride '' , Misfits ' `` Halloween II '' , and an Iggy Pop live version of The Stooges ' `` 1969 '' among others . On December 18 , 2007 , the film was released on DVD in the United States ; both the theatrical ( 110 minutes ) and an unrated director 's cut ( 121 minutes ) were released as two - disc special editions containing identical bonus features . The film was released on DVD in the UK on April 28 , 2008 , known as the `` Uncut '' edition . On October 7 , 2008 , a three - disc set was released . This Collector 's Edition of Halloween features the same bonus features as the previous unrated edition , but includes Zombie 's four - and - a-half - hour `` making - of '' documentary similar to the `` 30 Days in Hell '' documentary for Zombie 's The Devil 's Rejects . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HALLOWEEN ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boo ! ' Halloween ' scares up record 4 - day debut '' . MSNBC . September 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rob Zombie to Re-Make Halloween '' . TheGauntlet.com . June 4 , 2006 . Retrieved December 19 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` New `` Halloween '' film `` . HalloweenMovies.com . June 4 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halloween : On Set With Director Rob Zombie ! '' . Bloody - Disgusting . March 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved April 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Rob '' . HalloweenMovies.com . June 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zombie ' to resurrect Halloween ' '' . BBC News . June 5 , 2006 . Retrieved October 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evil Reborn : Zombie resurrects a horror classic '' . MTV . Retrieved April 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zombie Kills ' Halloween ' Theme Song , Revokes Myers ' Driver 's License '' . MTV . March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved April 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official Halloween Casting Breakdown , Synopsis '' . Bloody - Disgusting . November 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2007 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Question Answered Halloween '' . Bloody - Disgusting . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2007 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daeg Faerch to Play a Young Michael Myers in the Next Halloween Movie '' . Movieweb.net . December 19 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Zombie 's MySpace '' . MySpace . December 22 , 2006 . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Myers cast in Rob Zombie 's ' Halloween ' '' . Bloody - Disgusting . November 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Cast Interview Featurette '' . Movieweb . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( September 2007 ) . `` Scout 's Horror '' . Fangoria . Jump up ^ `` Scout Taylor - Compton Is Laurie Strode in `` Halloween '' `` . Aceshowbiz . January 29 , 2007 . www.aceshowbiz.com/news/view/00006948.html . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Webmaster ( Chad ) Interviews Halloween 9 contest winner Heather Bowen ! '' . Halloween Series.com . August 16 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Where are they now ? : Heather Bowen '' . Horror Society.com . March 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Cline ( August 28 , 2007 ) . `` Rob Zombie 's ' Halloween ' Remake Leaks , Rob Zombie Shrugs '' . New York Entertainment . Retrieved August 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Peter Sciretta ( August 28 , 2007 ) . `` Rob Zombie 's Halloween Workprint Leaked Online '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Garth Franklin ( August 28 , 2007 ) . `` '' Halloween '' Workprint Leaked `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Main Page Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halloween film series comparison chart '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daily Box Office Totals '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 4 - Day Labor Day Weekends , 1982 -- present '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` August 31 -- September 3 , 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` September 7 -- 9 , 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` September 14 -- 16 , 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` September 21 -- 23 , 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend rankings for 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` '' Halloween '' pulls neat trick at box office `` . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` R - rated 2007 films '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Slasher Remake Comparison Chart '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Horror Remake Comparison Chart '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Horror Comparison Chart '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Conor Bresnan ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` Around the World Roundup : ' Bourne ' Stays in Charge '' . Box Office Mojo . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Conor Bresnan ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Around the World Roundup : ' Ratatouille ' Still Served at Top Spot '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween box office total '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tom 's Inflation Calculator '' . Half Hill . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Using Tom 's Inflation Calculator based on the numbers given at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Halloween '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` ' Watchmen ' takes box office lead '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peter Hartlaub ( September 1 , 2007 ) . `` Zombie 's ' Halloween ' follows Michael Myers ' psychotic roots '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nathan Lee ( August 28 , 2007 ) . `` Halloween review '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Matthew Turner ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` Halloween review '' . The ViewLondon . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jamie Russell ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` BBC review '' . BBC . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jack Matthews ( September 1 , 2007 ) . `` Rob Zombie hacks away at ' Halloween ' horror classic '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dennis Harvey ( August 27 , 2007 ) . `` Variety review '' . Variety . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff Report ( September 1 , 2007 ) . `` ' Halloween ' : Once more , with flaying '' . The San Francisco Examiner . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim Newman . `` Empire review '' . Empire . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ben Walter . `` Halloween review '' . Time Out London . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Frank Scheck ( August 31 , 2007 ) . `` Halloween review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ken Fox . `` Halloween review '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bill Gibron ( August 31 , 2007 ) . `` Short Cuts - In Theaters : Halloween ( 2007 ) '' . PopMatters . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards '' . RondoAward.com . March 12 , 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Click on `` Enter Site '' and scroll down to the press release . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Scream Awards '' . slashfilm.com . October 20 , 2008 . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thank you letter to Zombie '' ( PDF ) . PETA . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween soundtrack review '' . filmedge.net . August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` More of the Night He Came Home '' . BBC . October 23 , 2003 . Retrieved April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Marcheschi , Matt ( August 17 , 2007 ) . `` Rob Zombie 's Halloween soundtrack to include vintage recordings ... '' soundtrack.net . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween ( Two - Disc Special Edition ) DVD release '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Uncut '' . DVDactive . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cover Art , Full Specs For 3 - Disc ' Halloween ' DVD Set '' . Bloody - Disgusting . July 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Halloween ( 2007 film ) Official website Halloween on IMDb Halloween at Box Office Mojo Halloween at Rotten Tomatoes Halloween at Metacritic Halloween Films Halloween ( 1978 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Halloween III : Season of the Witch Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later Halloween : Resurrection Halloween ( 2007 ) Halloween II ( 2009 ) Halloween ( 2018 ) Characters Michael Myers Laurie Strode Samuel Loomis Jamie Lloyd Annie Brackett Rob Zombie Rob Zombie John 5 Piggy D Ginger Fish Mike Riggs John Tempesta Blasko Tommy Clufetos Joey Jordison Studio albums Hellbilly Deluxe ( 1998 ) The Sinister Urge ( 2001 ) Educated Horses ( 2006 ) Hellbilly Deluxe 2 ( 2010 ) Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor ( 2013 ) The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser ( 2016 ) Live albums Zombie Live Spookshow International Live Remix albums American Made Music to Strip By Mondo Sex Head Compilations House of 1000 Corpses Soundtrack Past , Present & Future The Best of Rob Zombie Icon Video albums The Zombie Horror Picture Show Singles `` Dragula '' `` Living Dead Girl '' `` Superbeast '' `` Feel So Numb '' `` Demon Speeding '' `` Two - Lane Blacktop '' `` Foxy Foxy '' `` What ? '' `` Sick Bubblegum '' `` Dead City Radio and the New Gods of Supertown '' `` We 're an American Band '' Promotional singles `` Scum of the Earth '' `` Dead Girl Superstar '' `` Never Gonna Stop ( The Red Red Kroovy ) '' `` American Witch '' `` Let It All Bleed Out '' Other songs `` Hands of Death ( Burn Baby Burn ) '' `` House of 1000 Corpses '' `` The Lords of Salem '' Tours Hellbilly Deluxe 2 World Tour Twins of Evil Tour Filmography House of 1000 Corpses ( 2003 ) The Devil 's Rejects ( 2005 ) Grindhouse ( `` Werewolf Women of the S.S. '' ) ( 2007 ) Halloween ( 2007 ) Halloween II ( 2009 ) The Haunted World of El Superbeasto ( 2009 ) The Lords of Salem ( 2012 ) 31 ( 2016 ) Related articles Discography White Zombie The Electro - Industrial Tribute to Rob Zombie Sheri Moon Zombie Spider One Powerman 5000 VIAF : 183345497 LCCN : no2007118649 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halloween_(2007_film)&oldid=820938156 '' Categories : 2007 films English - language films 2007 horror films American films American horror films American slasher films Halloween ( film series ) Films about cruelty to animals Films about psychopaths Films set in 1992 Films set in 2007 Films set in Illinois Films set in psychiatric hospitals American film remakes Horror film remakes Reboot films Sororicide in fiction The Weinstein Company films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Dimension Films films Films directed by Rob Zombie Films scored by Tyler Bates Screenplays by Rob Zombie Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Use mdy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 13 : 53 . 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who drives the number 39 car in nascar

Ryan Newman ( Racing driver )

ryan newman ( racing driver )

Ryan Joseph Newman ( born December 8 , 1977 ) , nicknamed `` Rocket Man '' , is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full - time in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No. 31 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for Richard Childress Racing .

Contents 1 Early career 2 NASCAR 2.1 Monster Energy Cup Series 2.1. 1 Penske Racing ( 2000 -- 2008 ) 2.1. 2 Stewart - Haas Racing ( 2009 -- 2013 ) 2.1. 3 Richard Childress Racing ( 2014 -- present ) 2.2 Nationwide Series 2.3 Camping World Truck Series 3 Personal life 3.1 Charity 3.2 Hobbies 4 Awards and honors 5 Motorsports career results 5.1 NASCAR 5.1. 1 Monster Energy Cup Series 5.1. 1.1 Daytona 500 5.1. 2 Nationwide Series 5.1. 3 Camping World Truck Series 5.2 International Race of Champions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early career ( edit ) Newman made his racing debut in 1993 in the United Midget Auto Racing Association and the All - American Midget Series , winning both Rookie of the Year and the championship . His 100 feature wins and two titles have him in the Quarter Midget Hall of Fame . Moving to USAC in 1995 running the C.E. Lewis No. 39 Drinan Chassis powered Brayton Motor , he was ROTY again in both the Midget Series and the Silver Crown in 1996 . In 1999 , he was the first driver to win in all three divisions while being the Silver Bullet Series champion in the No. 14 Beast Chassis powered Chevy . NASCAR ( edit ) Monster Energy Cup Series ( edit ) Penske Racing ( 2000 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) Newman began driving for legendary racing icon Roger Penske in 2000 , in order to transition to stock car racing . Newman ran the No. 27 Alltel - sponsored Ford for Penske Racing in the ARCA RE / MAX Series . Newman won three of the five ARCA races he entered , and made his Winston Cup debut at Phoenix International Raceway in the No. 02 Alltel - sponsored Ford for Penske . In 2001 , Penske planned for Newman to run at least 23 combined events in both ARCA and NASCAR , while Newman attended Purdue University . In addition to five ARCA events , Newman ran 15 Busch Series races that season , winning poles in his second and third career starts and scoring his first career win at Michigan International Speedway in just his 9th career start . He also had a series - high six poles . Around this time he would meet racing legend Buddy Baker , who would eventually become his mentor on superspeedways . In 2002 , Newman won a season - high six poles , breaking the rookie record set by Davey Allison . Newman joined Dale Earnhardt Jr. as the second rookie to win The Winston all - star race . At Watkins Glen later that summer , Newman led 11 laps and finished second behind Tony Stewart . However the race ended in controversy as it was discovered that Stewart had restarted the race too early and jumped the restart . Despite a protest by Penske , NASCAR upheld Stewart 's win . In September , he scored his first career Winston Cup win at New Hampshire Motor Speedway after starting from the pole . Newman beat out Jimmie Johnson for the Rookie of the Year award on the strength of rookie records in top - fives ( 14 ) and top - tens ( 22 ) , even though Johnson had more wins , finished higher in the points standings , and led the standings at one point . Newman 's sophomore season began with a flip at the 2003 Daytona 500 after contact with Ken Schrader and Bobby Labonte . At Watkins Glen , he spun and hit the foam blocks , sending him on his side . The near - flip was at the 2003 Aaron 's 499 , when he blew a tire mid-pack and nearly turned on his side in turn 1 , sparking a 27 - car crash . Though finishing the season with a series - high eight wins and eleven poles , Newman also suffered seven DNF 's , which left him sixth in points . His number of poles during the season led to him being nicknamed ' Rocket Man `` . In 2004 , Newman qualified for the inaugural Chase for the Cup by finishing seventh in points with two wins and nine poles . He made the 2005 Chase as well , while returning to the Busch Series after a four - year absence , winning six out of the nine races he entered , including a series - record five straight . Newman 's 2008 Daytona 500 car , on display at the Daytona 500 Experience Newman endured his first winless season in 2006 , finishing a career - worst 18th in points , while his longtime crew chief , Matt Borland , left for Michael Waltrip Racing . His pole ratio between his rookie year and 2006 was one in every three races , tying him for fifteenth on the all - time poles list . As of July , 2017 Ryan has 50 poles , placing him 9th all - time . In 2007 , despite a streak of three consecutive poles , Newman again failed to win a race , including a near win at Lowe 's Motor Speedway that was spoiled by a blown tire . His winless drought ended after he won the 2008 Daytona 500 on February 17 , 2008 . It was also the first Daytona 500 win for Penske . Stewart - Haas Racing ( 2009 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Newman pits his No. 39 Impala On July 15 , 2008 , Newman announced that he was leaving Penske at the end of the season , and a month later , it was confirmed he was joining Haas CNC Racing for 2009 , in the No. 39 Chevy Impala . The team was renamed Stewart - Haas Racing before the season . Despite a slow start , Newman earned a pole , five top 5s , and 12 top 10s , and an average finish of 14.0 , his best since his 8 - win season in 2003 . On September 12 at Richmond , Newman finished 10th and clinched a spot in the Chase for the first time since 2005 . On November 1 , 2009 , at the Amp Energy 500 at Talladega Superspeedway , Newman was involved in a heavy crash on the back stretch in which he flipped over on top of Kevin Harvick entering Turn 3 . He ended up on his roof and because the roof was crushed , crews had to use the Jaws of Life to pry the roof off the car after NASCAR officials flipped it back over . Newman was unharmed . On April 10 , 2010 , Newman broke a 78 - race winless streak with a win in the Subway Fresh Fit 600 at Phoenix International Raceway . He only led 4 laps during the race . The win was the first in NASCAR history for a car numbered 39 . In September 2010 , he was chosen as `` honorable mention '' in a list of the smartest athletes in sports by Sporting News . Newman tandem racing with Dale Earnhardt Jr. during the 2011 Gatorade Duels at Daytona Newman began his 2011 season by leading the most laps in the Daytona 500 , but crashed twice late and finished 22nd . He got his first win of the season winning on a fuel mileage having enough to get the checkered flag at the Lenox Industrial Tools 301 at New Hampshire , giving him his 3rd career win at the track . Tony Stewart finished 2nd , giving Stewart / Haas Racings their first ever 1 -- 2 finish . At the same track in September , Newman grabbed his 3rd pole of the season at the Sylvania 300 . The 49th pole of his career put him in a tie for 10th all time on career poles with Bobby Isaac . On April 1 , 2012 , at Martinsville Speedway , Newman survived a wild finish to get the 16th win of his career . The finish involved a controversial caution with 3 laps to go involving the No. 10 of David Reutimann which set up a green - white - checkered finish . Jeff Gordon and Jimmie Johnson dominated but on the restart , they crashed with Clint Bowyer and Newman came through unscathed en route to the win . Newman competing in the 2013 STP Gas Booster 500 at Martinsville Speedway Newman 's 2013 campaign started with a 5th - place finish in the Daytona 500 , but his momentum changed with two crashes at Phoenix the following week . He finished 38th at Las Vegas , but recovered with a 7th - place finish at Bristol . Newman collected two more Top 10 finishes in the next three races , but during that span he also had a controversial 31st - place finish in Martinsville . After a puncture , Newman appeared to stop deliberately and was penalized three laps . Two mediocre races at Kansas and Richmond followed , before the series went to Talladega . There , Newman was initially running well but finished 32nd when he and his teammate Danica Patrick were caught up in a spectacular late crash that saw Kurt Busch flip over and land on top of Newman . Newman , however , recovered well to collect two consecutive Top 10 finishes at both Darlington and Charlotte , displaying a large performance difference between the All - Star Race and the Coca - Cola 600 . At Dover , Newman was running well until a pit road accident . There , he nearly tapped Jimmie Johnson after locking up his wheels when coming into pit road . He was penalized for a speeding violation resulting from the locked wheels and was one lap down after the penalty . Not long after the penalty , Newman was involved in an accident with David Gilliland , ending his race . The following week at Pocono , Newman led 19 laps and finished 5th , after running most of the race on an off - sequence pit stop strategy . Newman strung together three unimpressive races at Michigan , Kentucky , and Sonoma , before finishing 10th at Daytona after a crash at the finish line . This made him , Jimmie Johnson and Dale Earnhardt , Jr. the only three drivers to sweep the Top 10 at Daytona in 2013 ( with only Johnson sweeping the Top 5 by winning both ) . At New Hampshire , Newman finished 39th in the Camping World RV Sales 301 after a crash with Kurt Busch , giving Newman his 5th DNF of 2013 . On July 27 , Newman won the pole for the Brickyard 400 . The race was mainly a duel between Newman and Jimmie Johnson . On the final set of pit stops , Newman capitalized on a mistake by Johnson 's pit crew and held on to the lead to win the race . It was Newman 's first victory since the 2012 Goody 's Fast Relief 500 . Newman was leading near the finish of the Richmond race when Clint Bowyer spun with seven laps to go . Newman pitted , and ended up falling behind Carl Edwards , Kurt Busch and Paul Menard on the restart . He got past Menard , but could not catch Busch or Edwards on the last three laps , and lost the tiebreaker for the runner - up Wildcard spot with Martin Truex , Jr . On September 9 , 2013 , it was announced that Newman would replace Truex in the Chase after an investigation into Bowyer 's spin proved that Bowyer had spun himself out intentionally to give Truex an opportunity to hold off Newman for the spot , under which Truex would have clinched a tiebreaker over Newman . Richard Childress Racing ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) On July 12 , 2013 , it was announced that Kevin Harvick would be joining SHR , driving the No. 4 Chevrolet SS , and that Newman would depart from the team at season 's end , due to the team having no funding to run a fourth team at Stewart Haas . On September 9 , 2013 , it was announced that Newman would be moving to Richard Childress Racing for the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season , replacing Jeff Burton in the No. 31 Chevrolet . Newman 's first highlight of the year was at The Profit on CNBC 500 Phoenix Spring race . During the Cup series event , Newman controlled the race with less than 50 laps to go battling Kyle Busch for the lead for several laps . An untimely caution came out with less than 40 to go . Having not pitted in over 60 laps , Newman and Busch were forced to pit during the caution . As a result , Newman and Busch lost their shot at the win . At Michigan in August , Newman questioned a move that Jimmie Johnson pulled on him in the final five laps of the Pure Michigan 400 . Jimmie and him exchanged heated words after the race . Newman refused to comment and when asked what Newman had to say , Johnson replied `` Typical Ryan Newman stuff . '' Because of consistency throughout the season , Newman beat rookie Kyle Larson for the final wildcard spot in the 2014 Chase for the Sprint Cup . Newman almost won at Talladega when he controlled the final 10 laps . However , a final GWC finish attempt relegated Newman to a fifth - place finish . Although his car failed post-race inspection , NASCAR gave no penalties because of damage received during the Talladega race . Newman was so consistent that after starting the Chase 11th in the standings , he moved up each round and was fourth when they came to Phoenix for the next - to - last round of the Chase . At Phoenix , Newman was in danger of missing the final round . On the final lap , Newman pulled a controversial move on Kyle Larson , forcing Larson to slap the wall . Newman with finishing 11th , bumped Jeff Gordon out of the Chase . Newman defended his move stating that while it was unintentional , he felt like he owed Larson one for a previous accident . Larson later himself agreed with Newman 's situation but admitted to have been initially furious over the move . At Homestead , Newman almost won the Championship but because he finished second to Kevin Harvick in the race , he finished second to Harvick in the standings . When Newman was interviewed he stated that he was not going to play dirty and wanted to have a clean race with Harvick . Ryan Newman was in position to win the race with a two - tire call prior to the final caution . However , Rick Hendrick required Jeff Gordon to pit to allow Harvick to gain one row for the upcoming restart for the championship . Newman 's No. 31 at the 2015 NASCAR Victory Lap on the Las Vegas Strip Newman announced in January 2015 that he renewed his RCR contract and would drive the No. 31 again for the 2015 NASCAR Cup series season . Though Newman did not win a pole in 2014 he was listed as being among the drivers allowed in the Sprint Unlimited because NASCAR allowed all Chase drivers to participate in the race . Newman began his season with a string of Top 10s , including a third - place finish at Las Vegas . While running sixth in the standings in late - March , NASCAR confiscated various tires from Newman 's team following the 2015 Auto Club 400 suspecting that Newman 's team illegally tampered with the tires . Many teams including Newman 's were accused of poking holes in the tires to allow air to bleed , which produces more grip for the tires and allows a car to maintain faster speed . Two weeks later NASCAR penalized Newman 's team with a 75 - point deduction , a $125,000 fine , a six - race suspension for crew chief Luke Lambert and two key crew members . RCR announced that they would appeal the penalties . Both appeals were exhausted with the same outcome , when the Final Appeals officer upheld the partially reduced penalties including the suspensions . The only reason the penalties were partially reduced was because of a gray area in the NASCAR rulebook over whether or not the penalties were post-race inspection penalties . Newman went on to make the Chase , but was eliminated at the end of round 2 . He went on to finish 11th in the final standings , one point short of the Top 10 . Jimmie Johnson beat him out for 10th by one point . On October 10 , 2016 , Newman signed a multi-year extension with RCR to return in 2017 . This extension was rewarded with Newman 's and RCR 's first victory in four years with his triumph in the Camping World 500 at Phoenix International Raceway . A race dominated by Kyle Busch , a late caution for Joey Logano 's blown tire with five laps to go set up a final restart . Newman elected to stay out and held off Kyle Larson to claim the win . The win marked Newman 's 18th and RCR 's 106th Cup victory , ending 127 - and 112 - race winless streaks , respectively . This was also the first win for the No. 31 car since Jeff Burton won at Lowe 's Motor Speedway in 2008 . Newman was eliminated in the first round , after finishing only 2 points behind Ricky Stenhouse Jr . Nationwide Series ( edit ) Newman made his Busch Series debut on February 24 , 2001 at Rockingham in the Alltel 200 . He started second and finished ninth ; it was his first of fifteen appearances in the 2001 season , where he finished with one win and eight Top 10 finishes . He joined Dale Earnhardt Jr. 's JR Motorsports for the 2009 campaign as the driver of the No. 5 Chevy , signing on for four appearances for the year . In May 2010 , Newman was hired to drive the No. 1 car for Phoenix Racing at Dover . In 2011 , Newman drove the No. 30 Chevrolet for Turner Motorsports at Phoenix International Raceway . Camping World Truck Series ( edit ) Newman made his Truck Series debut on October 25 , 2008 at Atlanta Motor Speedway , starting 10th in the 33 truck field driving Kevin Harvick 's No. 2 Truck and passed his teammate Ron Hornaday with less than five laps to go to pick up his first truck series win in his first start making him the first driver to get their first Truck win at Atlanta and becoming the fourth driver to win in their first Truck race and joining the list of drivers who have won in all three of NASCAR 's top series . Newman made his Truck Series return on July 24 , 2013 at the inaugural Mudsummer Classic at Eldora Speedway , and finished third . In 2015 , Newman made his return to the Truck Series at Kansas , replacing Joe Nemechek to drive the No. 8 Chevrolet Silverado where he finished 2nd . On July 10 , 2018 , it was announced that Newman will drive the No. 3 Chevrolet for Jordan Anderson Racing at Eldora . Personal Life ( edit ) Newman was born December 8 , 1977 in South Bend , Indiana . Newman graduated from Purdue University in 2001 with a B.S. in engineering . He has an sister , Jamie . He is married , to Krissie , and they have two daughters . Newman 's car was featured on the cover of the 2005 EA Sports computer game NASCAR SimRacing , and he was actively involved in its development . He was on an episode of American Pickers , buying bumper cars for his children . In 2016 , he publicly announced his endorsement for then Presidential Nominee Donald Trump . Charity ( edit ) Newman and his wife , Krissie , operate Rescue Ranch , whose mission is to promote , through its education , respect for all animals , as well as agricultural , environmental , and wildlife conservation ; and facilitates rehabilitation , rescue , and responsible pet ownership in order to enhance the human - animal bond . The Newmans themselves have rescued and care for five dogs : Socks , Dunkin , Fred , Jasmine and Hollow . He helped fund the construction of the Catawba County , North Carolina Humane Society shelter , in the county where he once lived . Hobbies ( edit ) Newman is a car enthusiast and owns 14 cars . He enjoys driving and working on vintage cars , particularly 1950s Chryslers . His first car was a 74 Triumph TR - 6 . His favorite car is his 1948 Buick Roadmaster convertible he received from his wife as a birthday gift . His collection can be viewed on the History Channel show American Pickers ( Episode : `` Art of the Deal '' ) . Newman also enjoys playing iRacing , a computer racing simulation game . Awards and honors ( edit ) On April 29 , 2008 , the St. Joseph County , Indiana , Board of Commissioners dedicated a half - mile stretch of newly rerouted Lincoln Way West ( formerly U.S. Route 20 ) near the South Bend Regional Airport to Newman . Motorsports career results ( edit ) NASCAR ( edit ) ( key ) ( Bold -- Pole position awarded by qualifying time . Italics -- Pole position earned by points standings or practice time . * -- Most laps led . ) Monster Energy Cup Series ( edit ) Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 MENCC Pts 2000 Kranefuss - Penske Racing 02 Ford DAY CAR LVS ATL DAR BRI TEX MAR TAL CAL RCH CLT DOV MCH POC SON DAY NHA POC IND GLN MCH BRI DAR RCH NHA DOV MAR CLT TAL CAR PHO 41 HOM ATL 70th 40 2001 Penske Racing South DAY CAR LVS 33 ATL DAR BRI TEX MAR TAL CAL RCH CLT 43 DOV MCH 5 POC SON DAY CHI NHA POC IND 31 GLN MCH BRI DAR RCH DOV KAN CLT 19 MAR TAL PHO 40 CAR HOM ATL NHA 49th 497 2002 12 DAY 7 CAR 14 LVS ATL 10 DAR 5 BRI 37 TEX 40 MAR 41 TAL 43 CAL 14 RCH CLT 41 DOV POC 32 MCH SON 9 DAY 27 CHI 5 * NHA 5 POC 5 IND GLN MCH 31 BRI 36 DAR RCH 2 * NHA 1 * DOV 8 KAN TAL 7 CLT 8 MAR 15 ATL 10 CAR 23 PHO 18 HOM 6 6th 4593 2003 Dodge DAY 43 CAR 14 LVS 7 ATL 10 DAR 14 BRI 22 TEX TAL 39 MAR 38 CAL 42 RCH 39 CLT 5 DOV 1 * POC 5 MCH 41 SON 5 DAY 22 CHI NHA POC 1 * IND 11 GLN 9 MCH BRI 6 DAR 23 * RCH NHA 9 DOV TAL KAN CLT MAR 5 ATL 29 PHO CAR 5 HOM 37 6th 4711 Penske - Jasper Racing DAY 31 CAR 6 LVS 27 ATL 5 DAR BRI 7 TEX 39 MAR 5 TAL 11 CAL RCH 9 CLT 35 DOV 24 POC 30 MCH SON 14 DAY 12 CHI 34 NHA 3 * POC 13 IND 31 GLN 26 MCH 14 BRI CAL 5 RCH 20 NHA 33 DOV 1 * TAL 16 KAN 33 CLT 14 MAR ATL 17 PHO DAR 34 HOM 30 7th 6180 2005 DAY 20 CAL 9 LVS 9 ATL 14 BRI 30 MAR TEX 16 PHO 14 TAL 39 DAR 5 RCH CLT 5 DOV 8 POC 34 MCH 15 SON 9 DAY 14 CHI 29 NHA 7 POC 5 IND 34 GLN 30 MCH 12 BRI 39 CAL 18 RCH 12 NHA DOV 5 TAL KAN 23 CLT 7 MAR 10 ATL 23 TEX 25 PHO 12 HOM 7 6th 6359 2006 Penske Racing South DAY CAL 20 LVS 43 ATL 18 BRI 9 MAR 18 TEX 40 PHO 39 TAL 33 RCH 8 DAR 6 CLT 35 DOV 14 POC 11 MCH 15 SON DAY 11 CHI 36 NHA 39 POC 18 IND 13 GLN 8 MCH 25 BRI 8 CAL 33 RCH 20 NHA 12 DOV 24 KAN 24 TAL 13 CLT 27 MAR 13 ATL 30 TEX 34 PHO 15 HOM 23 18th 3748 2007 DAY 38 CAL 12 LVS 8 ATL 23 BRI 39 MAR 14 TEX 32 PHO 38 TAL 9 RCH 6 DAR CLT 39 DOV POC MCH 37 SON 20 NHA 10 DAY 14 CHI 8 IND 42 POC 7 GLN 13 MCH 16 BRI 7 CAL 39 RCH 11 NHA 9 DOV 28 KAN 43 TAL 5 CLT 28 MAR ATL 37 TEX 5 PHO 5 HOM 18 13th 4046 2008 DAY CAL 10 LVS 14 ATL 14 BRI 33 MAR 19 TEX PHO 43 TAL 8 RCH 6 DAR 37 CLT 21 DOV 14 POC 18 MCH 42 SON 7 NHA 15 DAY 36 CHI 10 IND 13 POC 14 GLN 26 MCH 21 BRI 6 CAL 16 RCH 33 NHA 36 DOV 13 KAN 16 TAL 43 CLT 21 MAR 23 ATL 16 TEX 28 PHO 34 HOM 21 17th 3735 2009 Stewart - Haas Racing 39 Chevy DAY 36 CAL 28 LVS 25 ATL 22 BRI 7 MAR 6 TEX 15 PHO 16 TAL RCH DAR CLT DOV 8 POC 5 MCH 23 SON 17 NHA 29 DAY 20 CHI 6 IND 14 POC 14 GLN 21 MCH 15 BRI 6 ATL 9 RCH 10 NHA 7 DOV 10 KAN 22 CAL 15 CLT 11 MAR 7 TAL 36 TEX 12 PHO 20 HOM 23 9th 6175 DAY 34 CAL 36 LVS 18 ATL 17 BRI 16 MAR PHO TEX 11 TAL 35 RCH 8 DAR 9 DOV 13 CLT 9 POC 14 MCH 32 SON 16 NHA 6 DAY 26 CHI 22 IND 17 POC 12 GLN 12 MCH 23 BRI 6 ATL 8 RCH 11 NHA 8 DOV 8 KAN 9 CAL 5 CLT 36 MAR 30 TAL 23 TEX 20 PHO HOM 7 15th 4302 2011 DAY 22 * PHO 5 LVS 5 BRI 10 CAL 5 MAR 20 TEX 14 TAL 25 RCH 20 DAR 5 DOV 21 CLT 31 KAN 15 POC 9 MCH 6 SON 25 DAY 23 KEN NHA 1 * IND 12 POC 5 GLN 16 MCH 5 BRI 8 ATL 20 RCH 8 CHI 8 NHA 25 DOV 23 KAN 18 CLT 10 TAL 38 MAR 10 TEX 16 PHO 5 HOM 12 10th 2284 2012 DAY 21 PHO 21 LVS BRI 12 CAL 7 MAR TEX 21 KAN 20 RCH 15 TAL 36 DAR 23 CLT 14 DOV 15 POC 12 MCH 15 SON 18 KEN 34 DAY 5 NHA 10 IND 7 POC 6 GLN 11 MCH 8 BRI 36 ATL 35 RCH 8 CHI 5 NHA 10 DOV 21 TAL 9 CLT 20 KAN 30 MAR 11 TEX 12 PHO 5 HOM 14th 1051 2013 DAY 5 PHO 40 LVS 38 BRI 7 CAL 10 MAR 31 TEX 10 KAN 14 RCH 15 TAL 32 DAR 10 CLT 6 DOV 36 POC 5 MCH 18 SON 15 KEN 14 DAY 10 NHA 39 IND POC GLN 14 MCH 13 BRI 21 ATL 5 RCH CHI 10 NHA 16 DOV 6 KAN 35 CLT 8 TAL 9 MAR 38 TEX 9 PHO 10 HOM 17 11th 2286 2014 Richard Childress Racing 31 Chevy DAY 22 PHO 7 LVS 7 BRI 16 CAL 20 MAR 20 TEX 16 DAR 10 RCH 8 TAL 18 KAN 11 CLT 15 DOV 31 POC 7 MCH 15 SON 11 KEN DAY 24 NHA 5 IND 11 POC 8 GLN 41 MCH 11 BRI 13 ATL 7 RCH 9 CHI 15 NHA 18 DOV 8 KAN 6 CLT 7 TAL 5 MAR TEX 15 PHO 11 HOM 2nd 5042 2015 DAY 38 ATL 10 LVS PHO CAL 5 MAR 27 TEX 12 BRI 5 RCH 11 TAL 7 KAN 10 CLT 6 DOV 18 POC 39 MCH 18 SON 9 DAY 8 KEN 20 NHA 11 IND 11 POC 23 GLN 15 MCH 8 BRI 10 DAR 13 RCH 20 CHI NHA 10 DOV 19 CLT 15 KAN 11 TAL 12 MAR 7 TEX 22 PHO 11 HOM 17 11th 2314 2016 DAY 11 ATL 24 LVS 13 PHO 39 CAL 14 MAR 10 TEX 17 BRI 9 RCH 18 TAL 28 KAN 7 DOV 16 CLT 10 POC 12 MCH 11 SON 8 DAY 18 KEN NHA 7 IND 31 POC 12 GLN 16 BRI 28 MCH 17 DAR 8 RCH 28 CHI 19 NHA 20 DOV 17 CLT KAN 12 TAL 14 MAR 16 TEX 10 PHO 12 HOM 25 18th 895 2017 DAY 21 ATL 35 LVS 17 PHO CAL 15 MAR 8 TEX 26 BRI 14 RCH 7 TAL 25 KAN 40 CLT 9 DOV POC 14 MCH 15 SON 15 DAY 5 KEN 22 NHA 27 IND POC 14 GLN 25 MCH BRI 6 DAR 7 RCH CHI 23 NHA 13 DOV 13 CLT 40 TAL KAN 33 MAR 14 TEX 20 PHO 20 HOM 10 16th 2196 2018 DAY 8 ATL 22 LVS 11 PHO 11 CAL 21 MAR 19 TEX 27 BRI 10 RCH 37 TAL 9 DOV 33 KAN 30 CLT 35 POC 25 MCH 22 SON 24 CHI 15 DAY 8 KEN 21 NHA 6 POC 8 GLN 19 MCH 15 BRI 12 DAR IND LVS RCH DOV CLT TAL KAN MAR TEX PHO HOM - * - * Daytona 500 ( edit ) Year Team Manufacturer Start Finish 2002 Penske Racing South Ford 23 7 2003 Dodge 37 43 Penske - Jasper Racing 20 31 2005 9 20 2006 Penske Racing South 18 2007 16 38 2008 7 2009 Stewart - Haas Racing Chevrolet 36 36 17 34 2011 21 22 2012 18 21 2013 34 5 2014 Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet 19 22 2015 22 38 2016 38 11 2017 14 21 2018 13 8 Nationwide Series ( edit ) NASCAR Nationwide Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 NNSC Pts 2001 Penske Racing South 02 Ford DAY CAR 9 LVS ATL 32 DAR 17 BRI 6 TEX 14 NSH TAL CAL RCH 14 NHA 15 NZH CLT DOV KEN MLW GLN CHI 26 GTY PPR IRP MCH BRI 8 DAR RCH 7 DOV 21 KAN CLT MEM PHO CAR 7 HOM 8 28th 1978 2005 Penske Racing South 39 Dodge DAY CAL MXC LVS ATL NSH BRI TEX PHO TAL DAR RCH CLT DOV NSH KEN MLW DAY CHI NHA PPR GTY IRP GLN MCH BRI CAL RCH DOV KAN CLT MEM TEX 16 PHO HOM 34th 1595 2006 DAY CAL MXC LVS ATL 39 BRI TEX NSH PHO TAL RCH 5 DAR 30 CLT DOV NSH KEN MLW DAY CHI NHA MAR GTY IRP GLN 41 MCH BRI 6 CAL RCH DOV KAN CLT MEM TEX PHO HOM 60th 659 2007 12 DAY CAL MXC LVS ATL BRI NSH TEX PHO 36 TAL RCH DAR 11 CLT DOV NSH KEN MLW NHA DAY CHI 43 GTY IRP CGV GLN 9 MCH BRI 28 CAL 31 RCH DOV KAN CLT MEM TEX PHO HOM 50th 851 2008 FitzBradshaw Racing 22 DAY CAL LVS ATL BRI NSH TEX PHO MXC TAL RCH DAR CLT DOV NSH KEN MLW NHA DAY CHI GTY IRP CGV GLN 12 MCH BRI CAL RCH DOV KAN CLT MEM TEX PHO 81st 262 Kevin Harvick Incorporated 33 Chevy HOM 11 2009 DAY CAL LVS BRI TEX NSH PHO TAL RCH DAR 6 CLT DOV 30 KAN CAL CLT 7 MEM TEX PHO HOM 7 42nd 1191 JR Motorsports 5 Chevy DOV 32 NSH KEN MLW NHA DAY CHI 22 GTY IRP IOW MCH 6 BRI 13 CGV ATL RCH Phoenix Racing Chevy GLN 35 DAY CAL LVS BRI NSH PHO TEX TAL RCH DAR DOV CLT 5 NSH KEN ROA NHA DAY 8 CHI 36 GTY IRP IOW GLN 25 MCH 36 BRI 35 CGV ATL 8 RCH 21 DOV 10 KAN CAL 7 CLT 9 GTY TEX PHO HOM 33rd 1393 2011 Turner Motorsports 30 Chevy DAY PHO LVS BRI CAL TEX TAL NSH RCH DAR DOV IOW CLT CHI MCH ROA DAY KEN NHA NSH IRP IOW GLN CGV BRI ATL RCH CHI DOV KAN CLT TEX PHO HOM 108th 0 2012 DAY PHO LVS BRI CAL TEX RCH TAL DAR IOW CLT DOV MCH ROA KEN DAY NHA CHI IND IOW GLN CGV BRI ATL RCH CHI KEN DOV CLT KAN TEX 19 PHO HOM 127th 0 Camping World Truck Series ( edit ) NASCAR Camping World Truck Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 NCWTC Pts 2008 Kevin Harvick Incorporated Chevy DAY CAL ATL MAR KAN CLT MFD DOV TEX MCH MLW MEM KEN IRP NSH BRI GTW NHA LVS TAL MAR ATL TEX PHO HOM 63rd 190 2009 DAY CAL ATL MAR KAN CLT DOV TEX MCH MLW MEM KEN IRP NSH BRI CHI IOW GTW NHA LVS MAR TAL TEX PHO HOM 49th 325 2011 Turner Motorsports 08 Chevy DAY PHO DAR MAR NSH DOV CLT KAN TEX KEN IOW NSH IRP POC MCH BRI ATL 5 CHI NHA KEN LVS TAL MAR TEX HOM 88th 0 2013 Turner Scott Motorsports 34 Chevy DAY MAR CAR KAN CLT DOV TEX KEN IOW ELD POC MCH BRI MSP IOW CHI LVS TAL MAR TEX PHO HOM 89th 0 2015 SWM - NEMCO Motorsports 8 Chevy DAY ATL MAR KAN CLT DOV TEX GTW IOW KEN ELD POC MCH BRI MSP CHI NHA LVS TAL MAR TEX PHO HOM 87th 0 2018 Jordan Anderson Racing Chevy DAY ATL LVS MAR DOV KAN CLT TEX IOW GTW CHI KEN ELD 30 POC MCH BRI MSP LVS TAL MAR TEX PHO HOM - * 0 * Season still in progress Ineligible for series points International Race of Champions ( edit ) ( key ) ( Bold -- Pole position . * -- Most laps led . ) International Race of Champions results Year Make Pos . Points 2003 Pontiac DAY 12 TAL 7 CHI IND 6th 48 DAY TEX RCH ATL 2nd 67 2006 Pontiac DAY 11 TEX DAY ATL 4th 54 See also ( edit ) List of all - time NASCAR Cup Series winners List of NASCAR drivers who have won in each of top three series List of NASCAR Sprint All - Star Race drivers List of people from Indiana List of Purdue University people Biography portal Indiana portal NASCAR portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Penske Racing South ( July 19 , 2000 ) . `` ALLTEL Corporation Teams Up With Penske Racing South : Ryan Newman to Run Selected ARCA Events '' . PR Newswire . Mooresville , North Carolina . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ryan Newman wins pole position at Darlington '' . Savannah Morning News . August 30 , 2003 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Radebaugh ( October 14 , 2000 ) . `` Ryan Newman dominates at Charlotte '' . Concord , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rodman , Dave ( October 10 , 2000 ) . `` Penske buys Kranefuss ' share '' . Mooresville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on 7 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( November 21 , 2002 ) . `` Ryan Newman wins NASCAR Rookie of the Year award '' . Argus - Press . Charlotte , North Carolina . p. 7 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watkins Glen : Tony Stewart race summary '' . Jump up ^ Caraviello , David ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) . `` TOP 10 ROOKIE CAMPAIGNS AT NASCAR 'S HIGHEST LEVEL '' . NASCAR . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Baker , Sheena ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` Refining The Rocketman '' . National Speed Sport News . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Newman Wins Third Consecutive Pole '' . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Long , Dustin ( August 15 , 2008 ) . `` Newman joins Stewart for ' 09 ; Now the work begins '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , VA . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Memorable Moments : Phoenix '' . NASCAR. 2013 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` SN names the 20 smartest athletes in sports '' . Sporting News . September 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Albert , Zack . ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` This had a similar fashion with the final lap crash in the 2009 Aaron 's 499 ( with Carl Edwards ) . Ryan Newman remains frustrated over Talladega '' . NASCAR.com . Turner Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bromberg , Nick ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Craziest Moment : Ryan Newman spins David Gilliland and gets himself collected '' . From the Marbles . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Reid ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Indiana native Newman gets much - needed win '' . NASCAR . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Fryer , Jenna ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) . `` AP Sources : Newman Replaces Truex in NASCAR Chase '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR 's Kevin Harvick taking sponsorship to Stewart - Haas '' . Sports Illustrated . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Ryan Newman to replace Jeff Burton at Richard Childress Racing '' . Sporting News . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Owens , Jeff ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Jimmie Johnson to angry Ryan Newman : ' Bring it ' '' . Sporting News . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Keselowski wins at Richmond ; Ryan Newman , Greg Biffle earn last Chase spots '' . Tampa Bay Times . September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kraft , RJ ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Ryan Newman Happy to Avoid Penalty '' . NASCAR . NASCAR Media Group . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff Report ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Larson : I Understand Newman 's Situation '' . NASCAR . NASCAR Media Group . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Kyle Larson OK with Ryan Newman move '' . Sporting News . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boarman , John ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Kyle Larson comments on Ryan Newman 's last lap pass at Phoenix '' . Tireball . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Newman roars to Phoenix win to snap long drought '' . USA Today . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` NASCAR : Ryan Newman ends 127 - race winless streak with Cup victory at Phoenix '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caraviello , David ( 2013 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Track conditions may decide who wins Eldora '' . NASCAR . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Inaugural Mudsummer Classic '' . Racing - Reference . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Utter , Jim ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Newman to compete in NASCAR Truck dirt race at Eldora '' . Motorsport.com . Motorsport Network . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Ryan Newman official website . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Educated Racer '' . Impact Magazine . Purdue University College of Engineering . Winter 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Breed Apart '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sulok , Nancy J ( 2008 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Honor for NASCAR 's Newman to stretch half - mile '' . South Bend Tribune . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ryan Newman ( racing driver ) . Official website Ryan Newman driver statistics at Racing - Reference Ryan Newman Foundation Achievements Preceded by Jeff Gordon The Winston Winner 2002 Succeeded by Jimmie Johnson Preceded by Kevin Harvick Daytona 500 Winner 2008 Succeeded by Matt Kenseth Preceded by Jimmie Johnson Brickyard 400 winner 2013 Succeeded by Jeff Gordon Awards Preceded by Kevin Harvick NASCAR Winston Cup Series Rookie of the Year 2002 Succeeded by Jamie McMurray Richard Childress Racing Personnel Richard Childress Mike Dillon Dave Marcis Chocolate Myers Danny Efland Jason Jarrett Drivers Monster Energy Cup Series ( 3 ) Austin Dillon ( 8 ) Daniel Hemric ( 31 ) Ryan Newman Xfinity Series ( 2 ) Matt Tifft ( 3 ) Austin Dillon / Ty Dillon / Shane Lee / Brendan Gaughan ( 21 ) Daniel Hemric Crew chiefs Monster Energy Cup Series ( 3 ) Gil Martin / Slugger Labbe ( 27 ) Justin Alexander ( 31 ) Luke Lambert / Todd Parrott Xfinity Series ( 2 ) Mike Hillman Jr . ( 3 ) Danny Stockman Jr . / Nick Harrison ( 33 ) Nick Harrison / Danny Stockman Jr . ( 62 ) Shane Wilson Past drivers NASCAR Hall of Fame Richard Childress Dale Earnhardt Ron Hornaday Jr . Winners Clint Bowyer Jeff Burton Joey Coulter Dale Earnhardt Jr . Robby Gordon Jeff Green Kevin Harvick Michael McDowell Paul Menard Jeff Purvis Ricky Rudd Elliott Sadler Jay Sauter Johnny Sauter Mike Skinner Scott Wimmer Other drivers Dave Blaney Cale Conley Matt Crafton Mike Dillon Tim George Jr . Sam Hornish Jr . Brandon Jones Ben Kennedy Scott Lagasse Jr . Stephen Leicht Casey Mears Brandon Miller Steve Park Brian Scott Kirk Shelmerdine Morgan Shepherd Regan Smith NASCAR Cup Championships 1986 ( Earnhardt ) 1987 ( Earnhardt ) 1990 ( Earnhardt ) 1991 ( Earnhardt ) 1993 ( Earnhardt ) 1994 ( Earnhardt ) NASCAR Xfinity Series Championships 2001 ( Harvick ) 2006 ( Harvick ) 2008 ( Bowyer ) 2013 ( A. Dillon ) NASCAR Truck Series Championships 1995 ( Skinner ) 2011 ( A. Dillon ) Daytona 500 wins 1998 ( Earnhardt ) 2007 ( Harvick ) 2018 ( A. Dillon ) Brickyard 400 wins 1995 ( Earnhardt ) 2003 ( Harvick ) 2011 ( Menard ) Coca - Cola 600 wins 1986 ( Earnhardt ) 1992 ( Earnhardt ) 1993 ( Earnhardt ) 2011 ( Harvick ) 2013 ( Harvick ) 2017 ( A. Dillon ) Southern 500 wins 1987 ( Earnhardt ) 1989 ( Earnhardt ) 1990 ( Earnhardt ) All - Star Race wins 1987 ( Earnhardt ) 1990 ( Earnhardt ) 1993 ( Earnhardt ) 2007 ( Harvick ) Partnerships and affiliations Circle Sport -- The Motorsports Group Germain Racing Jeremy Clements Racing JTG Daugherty Racing Leavine Family Racing Richard Petty Motorsports Brickyard 400 winners Multiple Five - time Jeff Gordon Four - time Jimmie Johnson Two - time Dale Jarrett Tony Stewart Kyle Busch One - time Dale Earnhardt Ricky Rudd Bobby Labonte Bill Elliott Kevin Harvick Jamie McMurray Paul Menard Ryan Newman Daytona 500 winners Multiple Seven - time Richard Petty Four - time Cale Yarborough Three - time Bobby Allison Dale Jarrett Jeff Gordon Two - time Bill Elliott Sterling Marlin Michael Waltrip Matt Kenseth Jimmie Johnson Dale Earnhardt Jr . One - time Lee Petty Robert G. Johnson , Jr . Marvin Panch Fireball Roberts Tiny Lund Fred Lorenzen Mario Andretti LeeRoy Yarbrough Pete Hamilton A.J. Foyt Benny Parsons David Pearson Buddy Baker Geoff Bodine Darrell Waltrip Derrike Cope Ernie Irvan Davey Allison Dale Earnhardt Ward Burton Kevin Harvick Ryan Newman Jamie McMurray Trevor Bayne Joey Logano Denny Hamlin Kurt Busch Austin Dillon NASCAR Rookies of the Year Monster Energy Cup 1954 : Pitt 1957 : Rush 1958 : Rollins 1959 : R. Petty 1960 : D. Pearson 1961 : Wilson 1962 : Cox 1963 : Wade 1964 : Cooper 1965 : McQuagg 1966 : Hylton 1967 : Do . Allison 1968 : P. Hamilton 1969 : Brooks 1970 : Dennis 1971 : Ballard 1972 : L. Smith 1973 : Pond 1974 : Ross 1975 : B. Hill 1976 : Manning 1977 : Rudd 1978 : Thomas 1979 : Earnhardt 1980 : Ridley 1981 : R. Bouchard 1982 : G. Bodine 1983 : Marlin 1984 : R. Wallace 1985 : Schrader 1986 : Kulwicki 1987 : Da . Allison 1988 : K. Bouchard 1989 : Trickle 1990 : Moroso 1991 : B. Hamilton 1992 : Hensley 1993 : Gordon 1994 : J. Burton 1995 : Craven 1996 : Benson 1997 : Skinner 1998 : Irwin 1999 : Stewart 2000 : Kenseth 2001 : Harvick 2002 : Newman 2003 : McMurray 2004 : Kahne 2005 : Ky . Busch 2006 : Hamlin 2007 : Montoya 2008 : R. Smith 2009 : Logano 2010 : Conway 2011 : Lally 2012 : Leicht 2013 : Stenhouse Jr . 2014 : K. Larson 2015 : B. Moffitt 2016 : C. Elliott 2017 : E. Jones Xfinity Series 1989 : K. Wallace 1990 : Nemechek 1991 : J. Gordon 1992 : Craven 1993 : H. Sadler 1994 : Benson 1995 : Fuller 1996 : G. Allen Jr . 1997 : Park 1998 : Santerre 1999 : Raines 2000 : Harvick 2001 : Biffle 2002 : Riggs 2003 : Stremme 2004 : Ky . Busch 2005 : C. Edwards 2006 : O'Quinn Jr . 2007 : Ragan 2008 : Cassill 2009 : Allgaier 2010 : Stenhouse Jr . 2011 : T. Hill 2012 : A. Dillon 2013 : K. Larson 2014 : C. Elliott 2015 : D. Suárez 2016 : E. Jones 2017 : W. Byron Camping World Truck 1996 : Reffner 1997 : Irwin 1998 : Biffle 1999 : Stefanik 2000 : Ku . Busch 2001 : Kvapil 2002 : Gaughan 2003 : C. Edwards 2004 : Reutimann 2005 : Kluever 2006 : Darnell 2007 : W. Allen 2008 : Braun 2009 : Jo . Sauter 2010 : A. Dillon 2011 : Coulter 2012 : T. Dillon 2013 : R. Blaney 2014 : B. Kennedy 2015 : E. Jones 2016 : W. Byron 2017 : C. Briscoe NASCAR Triple Threats ( Race Wins In All Three Major Series ) Dates listed are when the driver accomplished the `` Triple Threat '' 1990s Ken Schrader ( April 15 , 1995 ) Terry Labonte ( September 7 , 1995 ) Mark Martin ( September 28 , 1996 ) 2000s Bobby Hamilton ( April 10 , 2000 ) Kevin Harvick ( November 8 , 2002 ) Greg Biffle ( July 5 , 2003 ) Jimmy Spencer ( September 13 , 2003 ) Jamie McMurray ( October 23 , 2004 ) Tony Stewart ( February 19 , 2005 ) Steve Park ( February 25 , 2005 ) Carl Edwards ( March 20 , 2005 ) Bobby Labonte ( April 9 , 2005 ) Kasey Kahne ( May 14 , 2005 ) Kyle Busch ( September 4 , 2005 ) Ricky Craven ( October 22 , 2005 ) Kurt Busch ( April 8 , 2006 ) Johnny Benson Jr . ( June 17 , 2006 ) Clint Bowyer ( September 16 , 2007 ) Ryan Newman ( October 25 , 2008 ) David Reutimann ( May 25 , 2009 ) 2010s Elliott Sadler ( July 31 , 2010 ) Michael Waltrip ( February 18 , 2011 ) Denny Hamlin ( October 29 , 2011 ) Aric Almirola ( July 6 , 2014 ) Brad Keselowski ( August 21 , 2014 ) Joey Logano ( March 28 , 2015 ) Kyle Larson ( August 28 , 2016 ) Austin Dillon ( May 28 , 2017 ) Ryan Blaney ( June 11 , 2017 ) Erik Jones ( July 7 , 2018 ) Chase Elliott ( August 5 , 2018 ) LCCN : nr2005001031 VIAF : 27019305 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan_Newman_(racing_driver)&oldid=857035283 '' Categories : 20th - century American racing drivers 21st - century American racing drivers Living people 1977 births Sportspeople from South Bend , Indiana Racing drivers from Indiana NASCAR drivers ARCA Racing Series drivers International Race of Champions drivers Team Penske Purdue University alumni Caterpillar Inc. people Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 04 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Newman%20%28racing%20driver%29

what is the name of the villain in justice league

Ciarán Hinds portrays Steppenwolf in the 2017 film Justice League through motion capture performance , for which Hinds received advice from Liam Neeson ( who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls ) . The character is depicted as an alien military officer from the planet Apokolips who leads an army of Parademons . When he failed to conquer Earth a millennium ago , Steppenwolf was exiled by his nephew and master Darkseid . In an attempt to regain Darkseid 's favour , Steppenwolf returns to Earth with his army to search for three recently reactivated Mother Boxes to take over the planet .

Steppenwolf

Steppenwolf ( Comics )

steppenwolf ( comics )

Steppenwolf is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was created by Jack Kirby and made his first appearance in New Gods # 7 ( February 1972 ) . Steppenwolf ( which is German for `` wolf of the steppe '' , or coyote ) is one of the New Gods , the uncle of the supervillain Darkseid , and a member of Darkseid 's Elite .

The character made his cinematic debut in Zack Snyder 's Justice League film , portrayed by Ciarán Hinds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 The New 52 3 Powers and abilities 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.1. 1 DC Animated Universe 4.2 Film 4.2. 1 DC Extended Universe 5 References 6 External links Publication history ( edit ) Created by Jack Kirby , the character made his first appearance in New Gods # 7 ( February 1972 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) As one of the New Gods , Steppenwolf ( which is German for `` wolf of the steppe '' ) , is the younger brother of Heggra , and the uncle of Uxas ( Darkseid ) . He is also a member of Darkseid 's Elite . He leads the military of Apokolips and also rides a hover bike which may be at the same level of technology as Orion 's . Steppenwolf is one of the earliest survivors of Doomsday , the monster who once killed Superman . Two hundred and forty - five thousand years ago , Steppenwolf takes an Apokolips shuttle with Darkseid , Master Mayhem and a small crew to the planet of Bylan 5 . The planet holds delicate natural materials Apokolips needs for weaponry , material which would be destroyed in the event of an invasion . The forcible marriage of Darkseid to the planet 's princess comes to an end when Doomsday attacks . Master Mayhem is swiftly torn apart . Darkseid ignores Steppenwolf 's orders to use omega beams and engages the creature in hand - to - hand combat . Steppenwolf sees the destruction that has been wrought has doomed the planet and all who live on it . He teleports Darkseid out of harm 's way , agreeing with Darkseid not to mention this to anyone . Doomsday escapes by stowing away on the Apokolips shuttle . Most of Steppenwolf 's appearances under the pen of Jack Kirby are in flashbacks : his debut , in New Gods # 7 , was a flashback story where he is introduced and helped Darkseid murder the wife of Darkseid 's hated rival , Highfather . Highfather later tracks down and kills Steppenwolf in retaliation as the murder reignites the war between the two sides . Steppenwolf appears later when Mister Miracle gains godlike powers over life and death . He torments Scott Free over his role in killing his mother ( or alleged mother figure as is claimed ) and in return is physically tortured . Free ends up healing him , instead of killing him as he desires . He is sent with Darkseid 's legions . He is seen in New Gods V2 # 6 , with a new costume ( a Kirby redesign for the figure 's Super Power action figure ) . Though considered a `` mockery '' , Steppenwolf is given the job of running Darkseid 's military forces . He is later seen fighting The Flash ( Barry Allen ) and the Justice League of America . In the pages of Terror Titans # 2 , Steppenwolf appears as a member of the board of the Dark Side Club . He is killed by Clock King , who was using the club for gladiator fights and simple cruel amusements . The New 52 ( edit ) With The New 52 reboot that takes place following the 2011 Flashpoint limited series , a new version of Earth - 2 ( home of the Justice Society of America ) is introduced . In the continuity of that parallel world , Steppenwolf leads a massive invasion of the planet by Darkseid 's parademons . Ultimately , Earth 's heroes manage to successfully repel the invaders , but the Superman , Batman , and Wonder Woman of that world are all killed in battle . Five years later , Steppenwolf is apparently hiding on Earth - 2 and there is a $300 million reward for him . He is eventually killed by that world 's version of Bizarro , whom Steppenwolf had employed as a soldier and indoctrinated into fighting for Apokolips . Steppenwolf also appears briefly in an issue of Justice League within The New 52 taking part in the torturing of Superman on the Prime Earth . Steppenwolf is seen as support for Darkseid when he moves to attack the Anti-Monitor . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Steppenwolf is an immortal with vast superhuman strength , speed , reflexes and stamina appropriate to his race . He is an experienced military leader , having served as the head of Apokolips 's armed forces , and when going into battle personally often commands units of the dog cavalry - warriors riding enormous dogs , known for the carnage and mass deaths he causes when he leads forces . Steppenwolf wields several weapons , including a cable - snare in which he can entrap opponents and from which he can fire lethal radion beams . His main weapon is his electro - axe . He is a master swordsman and a formidable hand - to - hand combatant . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) DC Animated universe ( edit ) Steppenwolf as seen in Superman : The Animated Series . Main article : DC Animated Universe Steppenwolf was seen in the Superman : The Animated Series episode `` Apokolips Now '' voiced by Sherman Howard . He led a horde of Parademons against the city of Metropolis in his search for Superman . Steppenwolf 's aircraft was then shot down by Dan Turpin ( piloting an Army chopper ) and fell into the ocean . Steppenwolf reappeared briefly in Part I of the Justice League episode `` Twilight '' voiced by Corey Burton . Retreating from an aborted invasion of New Genesis , Steppenwolf 's ship was crippled and teleported , via Boom Tube , right into Darkseid 's stronghold . Steppenwolf was presumably killed beforehand by Orion . Steppenwolf appears in the Batman : The Brave and the Bold episode `` Duel of the Double Crossers '' voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson . He appears as Mongul 's champion of the arena , Batman and some other alien gladiators end up fighting him . Steppenwolf was defeated when Jonah Hex came to the aid of Batman . Steppenwolf also appears in `` Death Race to Oblivion '' . He raced on Mongul 's behalf against the other heroes and villains for the fate of Earth . After losing the race to Batman , Mongul blasts Steppenwolf for his failure . Steppenwolf appears in the Justice League Action episode `` Under a Red Sun , '' voiced by Peter Jessop . In a plot to become a legend on Apokolips , Steppenwolf transports himself and Superman to a planet where the sun is red . As Superman 's powers do n't work under a red sun , he had to use every tactic to fight Steppenwolf . After injuring his leg , Superman was able to knock Steppenwolf into the river where Superman subdued him by electrifying the water . By the time Batman and Big Barda track him down , Superman is using his cape as a splint and has a defeated Steppenwolf tied up . Film ( edit ) An alternative universe version of Steppenwolf makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Justice League : Gods and Monsters . DC extended universe ( edit ) Ciarán Hinds as Steppenwolf in Justice League ( 2017 ) . Main article : DC Extended Universe Ciarán Hinds portrays Steppenwolf in the 2017 film Justice League through motion capture performance , for which Hinds received advice from Liam Neeson ( who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls ) . The character is depicted as an alien military officer from the planet Apokolips who leads an army of Parademons . When he failed to conquer Earth a millennium ago , Steppenwolf was exiled by his nephew and master Darkseid . In an attempt to regain Darkseid 's favour , Steppenwolf returns to Earth with his army to search for three recently reactivated Mother Boxes to take over the planet . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Doomsday : Year One Annual Jump up ^ New Gods # 7 Jump up ^ Mister Miracle # 4 ( July 1996 ) Jump up ^ The Flash : The Fastest Man Alive # 9 Jump up ^ Earth 2 # 1 ( July 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Justice League Vol. 2 # 6 ( April 2012 ) Jump up ^ Justice League # 43 -- 45 ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Kendrick , Ben ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Justice League Movie Villain is Steppenwolf Not Darkseid '' . Facebook . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-shadow-of-superman-looms-large-in-new-justice-leagu-1819259145 Jump up ^ Mottram , James ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Ciaran Hinds on Bleed for This , playing a supervillain in Justice League and asking old friend Liam Neeson for motion - capture performance tips '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . 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Injustice Society Justice Society of America Seven Soldiers of Victory World 's Finest Team Publications and storylines America vs. the Justice Society Earth 2 : World 's End `` Flash of Two Worlds '' World 's Finest Related topics Apokolips The Green Multiverse ( DC Comics ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steppenwolf_(comics)&oldid=818202890 '' Categories : Characters created by Jack Kirby Comics characters introduced in 1972 DC Comics deities DC Comics cosmic entities DC Comics supervillains Fictional commanders Fictional generals Fictional murderers Fictional royalty New Gods of Apokolips Hidden categories : Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Português Русский Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 05 : 51 . About Wikipedia

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who was in the 101st airborne division in ww2

The 101st Airborne Division ( `` Screaming Eagles '' ) is an elite modular specialized light infantry division of the US Army . Trained for air assault operations , it has been referred to as `` the tip of the spear . '' It is the most potent and tactically mobile of the U.S. Army 's divisions . The division 's strategic and tactical mobility has no equal in the world . The 101st Airborne is able to plan , coordinate , and execute brigade - size air assault operations capable of seizing key terrain in support of operational objectives , and is capable of working in austere environments with limited or degraded infrastructure . These particular operations are conducted by highly mobile teams covering extensive distances and engaging enemy forces behind enemy lines . Its unique battlefield mobility and high level of training have kept it in the vanguard of US land combat forces in recent conflicts . More recently , the 101st Airborne has been performing foreign internal defense and counterterrorism operations within Iraq and Afghanistan .

an elite modular specialized light infantry division of the US Army

101st Airborne Division

101st airborne division

101st Airborne Division The shoulder sleeve insignia of the 101st Airborne Division Active 1918 ( National Army ) 1921 -- 1942 ( Organized Reserve ) 1942 -- 1945 ( Army of the United States ) 1948 -- 1949 ( Regular Army ) 1950 -- 1956 ( Regular Army ) 1956 -- present ( Regular Army ) Country United States of America Branch United States Army Size Division Part of XVIII Airborne Corps Headquarters Fort Campbell , Kentucky Nickname ( s ) `` Screaming Eagles '' ( special designation ) Motto ( s ) Rendezvous With Destiny Color of Beret Black Mascot ( s ) Bald eagle ( Old Abe ) Engagements World War II Normandy Operation Market Garden Battle of the Bulge Western Allied invasion of Germany Korean War Vietnam War Persian Gulf War Global War on Terrorism War in Afghanistan Iraq War Operation Inherent Resolve Somali Civil War ( 2009 -- present ) Website Official Website Commanders Commander MG Andrew P. Poppas Command Sergeant Major CSM Todd W. Sims Insignia Combat service identification badge Distinctive unit insignia of Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion Flag 101st Airborne Division ( Present ) Parent unit XVIII Airborne Corps Components 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team 101st Combat Aviation Brigade 101st Airborne Division Artillery 101st Sustainment Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion The 101st Airborne Division ( `` Screaming Eagles '' ) is an elite modular specialized light infantry division of the US Army . Trained for air assault operations , it has been referred to as `` the tip of the spear . '' It is the most potent and tactically mobile of the U.S. Army 's divisions . The division 's strategic and tactical mobility has no equal in the world . The 101st Airborne is able to plan , coordinate , and execute brigade - size air assault operations capable of seizing key terrain in support of operational objectives , and is capable of working in austere environments with limited or degraded infrastructure . These particular operations are conducted by highly mobile teams covering extensive distances and engaging enemy forces behind enemy lines . Its unique battlefield mobility and high level of training have kept it in the vanguard of US land combat forces in recent conflicts . More recently , the 101st Airborne has been performing foreign internal defense and counterterrorism operations within Iraq and Afghanistan . The 101st Airborne Division has a history that is nearly a century long . During World War II , it was renowned for its role in Operation Overlord ( the D - Day landings and airborne landings on 6 June 1944 , in Normandy , France ) , Operation Market Garden , the liberation of the Netherlands and its action during the Battle of the Bulge around the city of Bastogne , Belgium . During the Vietnam War , the 101st Airborne Division fought in several major campaigns and battles , including the Battle of Hamburger Hill in May 1969 . In mid-1968 , it was reorganized and redesignated as an airmobile division and then in 1974 as an air assault division . The titles reflect the division 's shift from airplanes to helicopters as the primary method of delivering troops into combat . Many current members of the 101st are graduates of the US Army Air Assault School . It is known as the ten toughest days in the US Army , and its dropout rate is around 50 percent . Division headquarters is at Fort Campbell , Kentucky . In recent years , the division has served in Iraq and Afghanistan . The division is one of the most highly decorated units in the United States Army and has been featured prominently in military fiction . At the height of the War on Terror , the 101st Airborne Division had over 200 aircraft . The division now has slightly over 100 aircraft . As of December 2017 , the division had about 29,000 soldiers , down from 35,000 soldiers just three years prior because of budget restraints . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 World War I and interwar period 3 World War II 3.1 D - Day 3.1. 1 Drop Zone Able 3.1. 2 Drop Zone Charlie 3.1. 3 Drop Zone Dog 3.1. 4 Other actions 3.1. 5 Operation Market Garden 3.1. 6 Battle of the Bulge 3.1. 7 Liberation of Kaufering 3.1. 8 Casualties 3.1. 9 Post-War 3.1. 10 Units 3.1. 11 Helmet insignia 3.2 Postwar training and Pentomic reactivation 3.3 Civil rights 3.4 STRAC 3.5 Vietnam War 3.5. 1 Tiger Force 3.5. 2 Firebase Ripcord 3.5. 3 Lam Son 719 3.6 Post-Vietnam 3.7 Air Assault Operations 3.8 Persian Gulf War 3.9 Humanitarian aid 3.10 Kosovo 3.11 Montana forest fires 3.12 Operation Enduring Freedom 3.13 Operation Iraqi Freedom 3.14 Second deployment to Iraq 3.15 Return to Afghanistan 3.16 2010 Afghanistan 3.17 2011 Afghanistan 3.18 Operation United Assistance 3.19 5th Special Forces Group 3.20 2016 Iraq 3.21 Operation Freedom 's Sentinel 3.22 Operation Inherent Resolve 3.23 Somali Civil War ( 2009 -- present ) 4 Honors 4.1 Campaign participation credit 4.2 Decorations 5 Notable members 6 Current structure 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the 101st Airborne Division World War I and interwar period ( edit ) The 101st Division headquarters was organized 2 November 1918 at Camp Shelby , Mississippi , having been constituted on 23 July in the National Army . World War I ended 9 days later , and the division was demobilized on 11 December 1918 . In 1921 , the division headquarters was reconstituted in the Organized Reserves , and organized on 10 September 1921 , at Milwaukee , Wisconsin . It was at this time that the `` Screaming Eagle '' became associated with the division , as a successor to the traditions of the Wisconsin volunteer regiments of the American Civil War . ( See also : Old Abe ) As part of the reorganization of the 101st as an airborne division in the regular Army of the United States , the reserve division was disbanded on 15 August 1942 . 101st Division ( 1939 ) Parent unit 101st Division Components Headquarters , 101st Division Headquarters , Special Troops - 101st Military Police Company - 101st Signal Company - 326th Ordnance Company ( Medium ) - 101st Tank Company ( Light ) 201st Infantry Brigade - 401st Infantry Regiment - 402nd Infantry Regiment 202nd Infantry Brigade - 403rd Infantry Regiment - 404th Infantry Regiment 176th Field Artillery Brigade - 326th Ammunition Train - 376th Field Artillery Regiment - 377th Field Artillery Regiment - 572nd Field Artillery Regiment 326th Engineer Regiment 326th Medical Regiment 426th Quartermaster Regiment World War II ( edit ) 101st Airborne Division `` Screamin ' Eagles '' ( 1942 -- 45 ) Components 327th Glider Infantry Regiment 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment 326th Airborne Engineer Battalion 321st Glider Field Artillery Battalion 377th Glider Field Artillery Battalion 907th Glider Field Artillery Battalion General Dwight D. Eisenhower speaking with 1st Lieutenant Wallace C. Strobel and men of Company E , 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment on 5 June . The placard around Strobel 's neck indicates he is the jumpmaster for chalk No. 23 of the 438th TCG . On 19 August 1942 , its first commander , Major General William C. Lee , read out General Order Number 5 : The 101st Airborne Division , which was activated on 16 August 1942 , at Camp Claiborne , Louisiana , has no history , but it has a rendezvous with destiny . Due to the nature of our armament , and the tactics in which we shall perfect ourselves , we shall be called upon to carry out operations of far - reaching military importance and we shall habitually go into action when the need is immediate and extreme . Let me call your attention to the fact that our badge is the great American eagle . This is a fitting emblem for a division that will crush its enemies by falling upon them like a thunderbolt from the skies . The history we shall make , the record of high achievement we hope to write in the annals of the American Army and the American people , depends wholly and completely on the men of this division . Each individual , each officer and each enlisted man , must therefore regard himself as a necessary part of a complex and powerful instrument for the overcoming of the enemies of the nation . Each , in his own job , must realize that he is not only a means , but an indispensable means for obtaining the goal of victory . It is , therefore , not too much to say that the future itself , in whose molding we expect to have our share , is in the hands of the soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division . D - day ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Mission Albany Private Ware applies last second war paint to Private Plaudo in England June 1944 . The pathfinders of the 101st Airborne Division led the way on D - Day in the night drop before the invasion . They left from RAF North Witham , having trained there with the 82nd Airborne Division . These night drops caused a lot of trouble for the gliders . Many crashed and equipment and personnel were lost . The 101st Airborne Division 's objectives were to secure the four causeway exits behind Utah Beach between St Martin - de-Varreville and Pouppeville to ensure the exit route for the 4th Infantry Division from the beach later that morning . The other objectives included destroying a German coastal artillery battery at Saint - Martin - de-Varreville , capturing buildings nearby at Mésières believed used as barracks and a command post for the artillery battery , capturing the Douve River lock at La Barquette ( opposite Carentan ) , capturing two footbridges spanning the Douve at La Porte opposite Brévands , destroying the highway bridges over the Douve at Saint - Côme - du - Mont , and securing the Douve River valley . Their secondary mission was to protect the southern flank of VII Corps . They destroyed two bridges along the Carentan highway and a railroad bridge just west of it . They gained control of La Barquette locks , and established a bridgehead over Douve River which was located north - east of Carentan . In the process , units also disrupted German communications , established roadblocks to hamper the movement of German reinforcements , established a defensive line between the beachhead and Valognes , cleared the area of the drop zones to the unit boundary at Les Forges , and linked up with the 82nd Airborne Division . Drop zone able ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division jumped between 0048 and 0140 British Double Summer Time of 6 June . The first wave , inbound to Drop Zone A ( the northernmost ) , was not surprised by the cloud bank and maintained formation , but navigating errors and a lack of Eureka signal caused the first error . Although the 2nd Battalion , 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment was dropped as a compact unit , it jumped on the wrong drop zone , while its commander , Lt Col. Steve A. Chappuis , came down virtually alone on the correct drop zone . Chappuis and his stick captured the coastal battery soon after assembling , and found that it had already been dismantled after an air raid . Most of the remainder of the 502nd ( 70 of 80 sticks ) dropped in a disorganized pattern around the impromptu drop zone set up by the pathfinders near the beach . The battalion commanders of the 1st and 3rd Battalions , Lt Col. Patrick J. Cassidy ( 1 / 502 ) and Lt Col. Robert G. Cole ( 3 / 502 ) , took charge of small groups and accomplished all of their D - Day missions . Cassidy 's group took Saint Martin - de-Varreville by 0630 , sent a patrol under S / Sgt . Harrison C. Summers to seize the `` XYZ '' objective , a barracks at Mésières , and set up a thin line of defense from Foucarville to Beuzeville . Cole 's group moved during the night from near Sainte - Mère - Église to the Varreville battery , then continued on and captured Exit 3 at 0730 . They held the position during the morning until relieved by troops moving inland from Utah Beach . Both commanders found Exit 4 covered by German artillery fire and Cassidy recommended to the 4th Infantry Division that it not use the exit . The division 's parachute artillery did not fare nearly as well . Its drop was one of the worst of the operation , losing all but one howitzer and dropping all but two of 54 loads four to twenty miles ( 32 km ) to the north , where most ultimately became casualties . Drop zone Charlie ( edit ) The second wave , assigned to drop the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment ( PIR ) on Drop Zone C 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) west of Sainte Marie - du - Mont , was badly dispersed by the clouds , then subjected to intense antiaircraft fire for 10 miles ( 16 km ) . Three of the 81 C - 47s were lost before or during the jump . One , piloted by 1st Lt. Marvin F. Muir of the 439th Troop Carrier Group , caught fire . Lt. Muir held the aircraft steady while the stick jumped , then died when the plane crashed immediately afterward , for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross . Despite the opposition , the 506th 's 1st Battalion ( the original division reserve ) was dropped accurately on DZ C , landing two - thirds of its sticks and regimental commander Col. Robert F. Sink on or within a mile of the drop zone . Most of the 2nd Battalion had jumped too far west , near Sainte - Mère - Église . They eventually assembled near Foucarville at the northern edge of the 101st Airborne 's objective area . It fought its way to the hamlet of le Chemin near the Houdienville causeway by mid-afternoon , but found that the 4th Division had already seized the exit hours before . The 3rd Battalion of the 501st PIR , led by Lt Col. Julian J. Ewell ( 3 / 501 ) , also assigned to jump onto DZ C , was more scattered , but took over the mission of securing the exits . An ad hoc company - sized team that included division commander Maj. Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor reached the Pouppeville exit at 0600 . After a six - hour house - clearing battle with elements of the German 1058th Grenadier Regiment , the group secured the exit shortly before 4th Division troops arrived to link up . Drop zone dog ( edit ) The third wave also encountered severe flak , losing six aircraft . The troop carriers still made an accurate drop , placing 94 of 132 sticks on or close to the drop zone , but part of the DZ was covered by pre-registered German machinegun and mortar fire that inflicted heavy casualties before many troops could get out of their chutes . Among the killed were two of the three battalion commanders and the executive officer of the 3 / 506th . The surviving battalion commander , Lt Col. Robert A. Ballard , gathered 250 troopers and advanced toward Saint Côme - du - Mont to complete his mission of destroying the highway bridges over the Douve . Less than half a mile from his objective at les Droueries he was stopped by elements of battalion III. / 1058 Grenadier - Rgt . Another group of 50 men , assembled by the regimental S - 3 , Major Richard J. Allen , attacked the same area from the east at Basse - Addeville but was also pinned down . The commander of the 501st PIR , Col. Howard R. Johnson , collected 150 troops and captured the main objective , la Barquette lock , by 0400 . After establishing defensive positions , Col. Johnson went back to the DZ and assembled another 100 men , including Allen 's group , to reinforce the bridgehead . Despite naval gunfire support from the cruiser Quincy , Ballard 's battalion was unable to take Saint Côme - du - Mont or join Col. Johnson . The S - 3 officer of the 3rd Battalion 506th PIR , Capt . Charles G. Shettle , put together a platoon and achieved another objective by seizing two - foot bridges near la Porte at 0430 and crossed to the east bank . When their ammunition drew low after knocking out several machine gun emplacements , the small force withdrew to the west bank . It doubled in size overnight as stragglers came in , and repulsed a German probe across the bridges . Other actions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Two other noteworthy actions took place near Sainte Marie - du - Mont by units of the 506th PIR , both of which involved the seizure and destruction of batteries of 105mm guns of the German III Battalion - 191st Artillery Regiment . During the morning , a small patrol of troopers from Company E 506th PIR under ( then ) 1st Lt. Richard D. Winters overwhelmed a force 3 -- 4 times its size and destroyed four guns at a farm called Brécourt Manor , for which Winters was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the assault troops given Silver and Bronze Stars . This was later documented in the book Band of Brothers and the acclaimed miniseries of the same name . 101st Airborne troops posing with a captured Nazi vehicle air identification sign two days after landing at Normandy . Around noon , while reconnoitering the area by jeep , Col. Sink received word that a second battery of four guns had been discovered at Holdy , a manor between his CP and Sainte Marie - du - Mont , and the defenders had a force of some 70 paratroopers pinned down . Capt . Lloyd E. Patch ( Headquarters Company 1st / 506th ) and Capt . Knut H. Raudstein ( Company C 506th PIR ) led an additional 70 troops to Holdy and enveloped the position . The combined force then continued on to seize Sainte Marie - du - Mont . A platoon of the 502nd PIR , left to hold the battery , destroyed three of the four guns before Col. Sink could send four jeeps to save them for the 101st 's use . At the end of D - Day , Gen. Taylor and his assistant division commander ( ADC ) Brig. Gen. Anthony C. McAuliffe returned from their foray at Pouppeville . Taylor had control of approximately 2,500 of his 6,600 men , most of whom were in the vicinity of the 506th CP at Culoville , with the thin defense line west of Saint Germain - du - Varreville , or the division reserve at Blosville . Two glider airlifts had brought in scant reinforcements and had resulted in the death of his other ADC , Brig. Gen. Don F. Pratt , his neck broken on impact . The 327th Glider Infantry had come across Utah Beach but only its third battalion ( 1st Battalion 401st GIR ) had reported in . The 101st Airborne Division had accomplished its most important mission of securing the beach exits , but had a tenuous hold on positions near the Douve River , over which the Germans could still move armored units . The three groups clustered there had tenuous contact with each other but none with the rest of the division . A shortage of radio equipment caused by losses during the drops exacerbated his control problems . Taylor made destroying the Douve bridges the division 's top priority and delegated the task to Col. Sink , who issued orders for the 1st Battalion 401st Glider Infantry to lead three battalions south the next morning . As the regular troops moved in from the coast and strengthened the paratrooper positions , many were relieved and sent to the rear to organize for the next big paratroop operation . Operation Market Garden ( edit ) Main article : Operation Market Garden Men of the 101st Airborne Division inspect a broken glider , September 1944 . On 17 September 1944 , the 101st Airborne Division became part of XVIII Airborne Corps , under Major General Matthew Ridgway , part of the First Allied Airborne Army , commanded by Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton . The division took part in Operation Market Garden ( 17 -- 25 September 1944 ) , an unsuccessful Allied military operation under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery , commander of the Anglo - Canadian 21st Army Group , to capture Dutch bridges over the Rhine fought in the Netherlands and the largest airborne operation of all time . The plan , as outlined by Field Marshal Montgomery , required the seizure by airborne forces of several bridges on the Highway 69 across the Maas ( Meuse River ) and two arms of the Rhine ( the Waal and the Lower Rhine ) , as well as several smaller canals and tributaries . Crossing these bridges would allow British armoured units to outflank the Siegfried Line , advance into northern Germany , and encircle the Ruhr , Germany 's industrial heartland , thus ending the war . This meant the large - scale use of Allied airborne forces , including both the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions , along with the British 1st Airborne Division . The operation was initially successful . Several bridges between Eindhoven and Nijmegen were captured by the 82nd and 101st . The 101st met little resistance and captured most of their initial objectives by the end of 17 September . However , the demolition of the division 's primary objective , a bridge over the Wilhelmina Canal at Son , delayed the capture of the main road bridge over the Maas until 20 September . Faced with the loss of the bridge at Son , the 101st unsuccessfully attempted to capture a similar bridge a few kilometers away at Best but found the approach blocked . Other units continued moving to the south and eventually reached the northern end of Eindhoven . At 06 : 00 hours on 18 September , the Irish Guards of the British Guards Armoured Division resumed the advance while facing determined resistance from German infantry and tanks . Around noon the 101st Airborne were met by the lead reconnaissance units from British XXX Corps . At 16 : 00 radio contact alerted the main force that the Son bridge had been destroyed and requested that a replacement Bailey bridge be brought forward . By nightfall the Guards Armoured Division had established itself in the Eindhoven area however transport columns were jammed in the packed streets of the town and were subjected to German aerial bombardment during the night . XXX Corps engineers , supported by German prisoners of war , constructed a class 40 Bailey bridge within 10 hours across the Wilhelmina Canal . The longest sector of the highway secured by the 101st Airborne Division later became known as `` Hell 's Highway '' . Battle of the Bulge ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Bastogne 101st Airborne Division troops watch as C - 47s drop supplies over Bastogne . The Ardennes Offensive ( 16 December 1944 -- 25 January 1945 ) was a major German offensive launched towards the end of World War II through the forested Ardennes Mountains region of Belgium . Germany 's planned goal for these operations was to split the British and American Allied line in half , capturing Antwerp , Belgium in the process , and then proceeding to encircle and destroy the entire British 21st Army Group and all 12th U.S. Army Group units north of the German advance , forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis Powers ' favor as a result . In order to reach Antwerp before the Allies could regroup and bring their superior air power to bear , German mechanized forces had to seize all the major highways through eastern Belgium . Because all seven of the main roads in the Ardennes converged on the small town of Bastogne , control of its crossroads was vital to the success or failure of the German attack . Despite several notable signs in the weeks preceding the attack , the Ardennes Offensive achieved virtually complete surprise . By the end of the second day of battle , it became apparent that the 28th Infantry Division was near collapse . Maj. Gen. Troy H. Middleton , commander of VIII Corps , ordered part of his armored reserve , Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division to Bastogne . Meanwhile , Gen. Eisenhower ordered forward the SHAEF reserve , composed of the 82nd and 101st Airborne , which were stationed at Reims . Both divisions were alerted on the evening of 17 December , and not having organic transport , began arranging trucks for movement forward , the weather conditions being unfit for a parachute drop . The 82nd , longer in reserve and thus better re-equipped , moved out first . The 101st left Camp Mourmelon on the afternoon of 18 December , with the order of march the division artillery , division trains , 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment ( PIR ) , 506th PIR , 502nd PIR , and 327th Glider Infantry . Much of the convoy was conducted at night in drizzle and sleet , using headlights despite threat of air attack to speed the movement , and at one point the combined column stretched from Bouillon , Belgium , back to Reims . The 101st Airborne was routed to Bastogne , located 107 miles ( 172 km ) away on a 1,463 feet ( 446 m ) high plateau , while the 82nd Airborne took up positions further north to block the critical advance of Kampfgruppe Peiper toward Werbomont , Belgium . The 705th Tank Destroyer Battalion , in reserve sixty miles to the north , was ordered to Bastogne to provide anti-tank support to the armorless 101st Airborne on the 18th and arrived late the next evening . The first elements of the 501st PIR entered the division assembly area four miles west of Bastogne shortly after midnight of 19 December , and by 0900 the entire division had arrived . By 21 December , the German forces had surrounded Bastogne , which was defended by both the 101st Airborne and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division . Conditions inside the perimeter were tough -- most of the medical supplies and medical personnel had been captured on 19 December . CCB of the 10th Armored Division , severely weakened by losses in delaying the German advance , formed a mobile `` fire brigade '' of 40 light and medium tanks ( including survivors of CCR of the 9th Armored Division , which had been destroyed while delaying the Germans , and eight replacement tanks found unassigned in Bastogne ) . Three artillery battalions , including the all - black 969th Field Artillery Battalion , were commandeered by the 101st and formed a temporary artillery group . Each had 12 155 mm howitzers , providing the division with heavy firepower in all directions restricted only by its limited ammunition supply ( By 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day . ) The weather cleared the next day , however , and supplies ( primarily ammunition ) were dropped over four of the next five days . A letter from General McAuliffe on Christmas Day to the 101st Airborne troops defending Bastogne . Despite several determined German attacks , the perimeter held . The German commander , Generalleutnant Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz , requested Bastogne 's surrender . When General Anthony McAuliffe , now acting commander of the 101st , was told , a frustrated McAuliffe responded , `` Nuts ! '' After turning to other pressing issues , his staff reminded him that they should reply to the German demand . One officer ( Harry W.O. Kinnard , then a lieutenant colonel ) recommended that McAuliffe 's initial reply should be `` tough to beat '' . Thus McAuliffe wrote on the paper delivered to the Germans : `` NUTS ! '' That reply had to be explained , both to the Germans and to non-American Allies . Both of the two panzer divisions of the XLVII Panzer Corps moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December , leaving only one panzergrenadier regiment of the Panzer - Lehr - Division to assist the 26th Volksgrenadier Division in attempting to capture the crossroads . The 26th VG received additional armor and panzergrenadier reinforcements on Christmas Eve to prepare for its final assault , to take place on Christmas Day . Because it lacked sufficient armor and troops and the 26th VG Division was near exhaustion , the XLVII Panzer Corps concentrated the assault on several individual locations on the west side of perimeter in sequence rather than launching one simultaneous attack on all sides . The assault , despite initial success by German tanks in penetrating the American line , was defeated and virtually all of the German tanks involved were destroyed . The next day , 26 December , the spearhead of General George S. Patton 's U.S. Third Army relief force , the 4th Armored Division , broke through the German lines and opened a corridor to Bastogne , ending the siege . The division got the nickname `` The Battered Bastards of the Bastion of Bastogne '' . With the encirclement broken , the men of the 101st expected to be relieved , but were given orders to resume the offensive . The 506th attacked north and recaptured Recogne on 9 January 1945 , the Bois des Corbeaux ( Corbeaux Wood ) , to the right of Easy Company , on 10 January , and Foy on 13 January . The 327th attacked towards Bourcy , northeast of Bastogne , on 13 January and encountered stubborn resistance . The 101st Airborne Division faced the elite of the German military which included such units as 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler , Führerbegleitbrigade , 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend , and the 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen . The 506th retook Noville on 15 January and Rachamps the next day . The 502nd reinforced the 327th , and the two regiments captured Bourcy on 17 January , pushing the Germans back to their point of advance on the day the division had arrived in Bastogne . The next day the 101st Airborne Division was relieved . A Panzer IV of Kampfgruppe Peiper of the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler . The 101st Airborne Division fought this elite Waffen SS division when the 101st attacked towards Bourcy , northeast of Bastogne , on 13 January 1945 . Liberation of Kaufering ( edit ) In April 1945 , the 101st moved into the Rhineland and eventually reached the Bavarian Alps . As the 101st drove into Southern Germany they found Kaufering IV , one of the camps in the Kaufering complex . When the 12th Armored Division and the 101st arrived at Kaufering IV in late April 1945 , the soldiers found over 500 dead inmates . The Army ordered the local townspeople to bury the dead . Casualties ( edit ) Total battle casualties : 9,328 Killed in action : 1,766 Wounded in action : 6,388 Missing in action : 207 Prisoner of war : 967 Post-war ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On 1 August 1945 , the 501st PIR was moved to France while the rest of the division was based around Zell am See and Kaprun in the Austrian alps . Some units within the division began training for redeployment to the Pacific Theatre of War but the war ended before they were needed . The division was inactivated 30 November 1945 . For their efforts during World War II , the 101st Airborne Division was awarded four campaign streamers and two Presidential Unit Citations . Units ( edit ) 101st Airborne troops retrieving air dropped supplies during the siege of Bastogne . Division Headquarters 327th Glider Infantry Regiment 401st Glider Infantry Regiment , disbanded 1 March 1945 in France ; assets to 327th GIR 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment , attached 1 May 1944 -- past 9 May 1945 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment , assigned 1 March 1945 , previously attached 15 September 1943 -- 1 March 1945 HHB , Division Artillery 321st Glider Field Artillery Battalion ( 75mm ) 377th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion ( 75mm ) 463d Parachute Field Artillery Battalion ( 75mm ) 907th Glider Field Artillery Battalion ( 75mm ) 81st Airborne Antiaircraft Battalion 326th Airborne Engineer Battalion 326th Airborne Medical Company 101st Parachute Maintenance Company 101st Signal Company 101st Counter Intelligence Corps Detachment Headquarters , Special Troops 801st Airborne Ordnance Maintenance Company 426th Airborne Quartermaster Company Headquarters Company , 101st Airborne Division Military Police Platoon Reconnaissance Platoon Band ( assigned in 1 March 1945 reorganization ) Source : Order of Battle : U.S. Army World War II by Shelby Stanton , Presidio Press , 1984 . Helmet insignia ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 101st was distinguished partly by its tactical helmet insignia . Card suits ( diamonds , spades , hearts , and clubs ) on each side of the helmet denoted the regiment to which a soldier belonged . The only exception was the 187th , who were added to the division later . Divisional headquarters and support units were denoted by use of a square and divisional artillery by a circle . Tick marks at 3 , 6 , and 9 o'clock indicated to which battalion the individual belonged , while the tick mark at 12 o'clock indicated a headquarters or headquarters company assignment . These insignia were first seen in World War II , and can still be seen on 101st Division soldiers today . 327th : Clubs ( ♣ ) ( Currently worn by the 1st Brigade Combat Team ; depicted in 1949 film Battleground ) 501st : Diamonds ( ) ( Currently 1st Battalion , 501st Infantry Regiment is part of the 4th Brigade ( ABN ) , 25th Infantry Division in Alaska . ) ( The diamond is currently used by both 1st Battalion , 501st Infantry Regiment and the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade ) 502nd : Hearts ( ♥ ) ( Currently worn by the 2nd Brigade Combat Team ) 506th : Spades ( ♠ ) ( Formerly worn by 4th Brigade Combat Team before their deactivation in 2014 ; depicted in the mini-series Band of Brothers ; currently worn by 1st and 2nd Battalion of the 506th Infantry Regiment ) 187th : Torii ( ) ( Currently worn by the 3rd Brigade Combat Team ; not during World War II , when the 187th Infantry Regiment was part of the 11th Airborne Division . ) Postwar training and pentomic reactivation ( edit ) The 101st Airborne was allotted to the Regular Army in June 1948 and reactivated as a training unit at Camp Breckenridge , Kentucky the following July , only to be deactivated the next year . It was reactivated in 1950 following the outbreak of the Korean War , again to serve as a Training Center at Camp Breckenridge until inactivated in December 1953 . During this time it included the 53rd Airborne Infantry Regiment . It was reactivated again in May 1954 at Fort Jackson , South Carolina and in March 1956 , the 101st was transferred , less personnel and equipment , to Fort Campbell , Kentucky , to be reorganized as a combat division . Using the personnel and equipment of the 187th ARCT and the 508th ARCT , the 101st was reactivated as the first `` pentomic '' division with five battle groups in place of its World War II structure that included regiments and battalions . The reorganization was in place by late April 1957 and the division 's battle groups were : 2d Airborne Battle Group , 187th Infantry 1st Airborne Battle Group , 327th Infantry 1st Airborne Battle Group , 501st Infantry 1st Airborne Battle Group , 502nd Infantry 1st Airborne Battle Group , 506th Infantry Division artillery consisted of the following units : Battery D , 319th Artillery Battery E , 319th Artillery Battery A , 321st Artillery Battery B , 321st Artillery Battery C , 321st Artillery Battery A , 377th Artillery Other supporting units were also assigned . Civil rights ( edit ) Members of the 101st Airborne escorting the Little Rock Nine to school . The `` Little Rock Nine '' were a group of African - American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in September 1957 , as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court 's ruling in the historic Brown v. Board of Education case . Elements of the division 's 1st Airborne Battle Group , 327th Infantry were ordered to Little Rock by President Eisenhower to escort the students into the formerly segregated school during the crisis . The division was under the command of Major General Edwin Walker , who was committed to protecting the black students . The troops were deployed from September until Thanksgiving 1957 , when Task Force 153rd Infantry , ( federalized Arkansas Army National Guard ) which had also been on duty at the school since 24 September , assumed the responsibility . Strac ( edit ) In 1958 the US Army formed the Strategic Army Corps consisting of the 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions and the 1st and 4th Infantry Divisions with a mission of rapid deployment on short notice . Vietnam War ( edit ) Main article : Vietnam War Men of the 1st Brigade , 101st Airborne Division , fire from old Viet Cong trenches . On 29 July 1965 , the 1st Brigade deployed to II Corps , Republic of Vietnam with the following units : 1st Battalion , 327th Infantry 2d Battalion , 327th Infantry 2d Battalion , 502d Infantry 2d Battalion , 320th Artillery Troop A , 2nd Squadron 17th Cavalry 101st Support Battalion ( Provisional ) Co A , 326th Engineer Battalion Co D , 326th Medical Battalion Co B , 501st Signal Battalion 20th Chemical Detachment 181st Military Intelligence Detachment 406th Army Security Agency Detachment From 1965 to 1967 , the 1st brigade operated independently as sort of a fire brigade and earned the reputation as being called the `` Nomads of Vietnam . '' They literally fought in every area of Vietnam from the Demilitarized Zone up north all the way down the Central Highlands . In May 1967 the 1st Brigade operated as part of Task Force Oregon . The rest of the 101st was deployed to Vietnam in November 1967 and the 1st Brigade rejoined its parent Division . The 101st was deployed in the northern I Corps region operating against the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) infiltration routes through Laos and the A Shau Valley for most of the war . In almost seven years of combat in Vietnam , elements of the 101st participated in 15 campaigns . Notable among these were the Battle of Hamburger Hill in 1969 and Firebase Ripcord in 1970 . The 101st Airborne were called the `` Chicken Men '' by the North Vietnamese because of their insignia . ( The Vietnamese had never seen an eagle before . ) Enemy commanders are said to have warned their men to avoid the Chicken Men at all costs because they were sure to lose any engagement with them . One of the opponents of the 101st Airborne Division commented that of all the American organizations he opposed that the 101st Airborne was the one he feared the most . Within the United States , the 101st , along with the 82nd Airborne Division , was sent in to quell the large and violent 1967 Detroit riot . Tiger Force ( edit ) Main article : Tiger Force Tiger Force was the nickname of a long - range reconnaissance patrol unit of the 1st Battalion ( Airborne ) , 327th Infantry Regiment , 1st Brigade ( Separate ) , 101st Airborne Division , which fought in the Vietnam War . The platoon - sized unit , approximately 45 paratroopers , was founded by Colonel David Hackworth in November 1965 to `` outguerrilla the guerrillas '' . Tiger Force ( Recon ) 1 / 327th was a highly decorated small unit in Vietnam , and paid for its reputation with heavy casualties . In October 1968 , Tiger Force 's parent battalion was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation by President Lyndon B. Johnson , which included a mention of Tiger Force 's service at Đắk Tô in June 1966 . The unit was accused of committing multiple war crimes . Investigators concluded that many of the war crimes indeed took place . Despite this , the Army decided not to pursue any prosecutions . By the end of the Vietnam war Tiger Force killed approximately 1,000 enemy soldiers . Firebase Ripcord ( edit ) On 12 March 1970 , the 3rd Brigade of 101st began rebuilding abandoned Fire Support Base Ripcord which relied , as with most remote bases at the time , on a helicopter lifeline to get supplies in and the personnel out . The firebase was to be used for a planned offensive by the 101st to destroy PAVN supply bases in the mountains overlooking the A Shau Valley . As the 101st Airborne planned the attack on the PAVN supply bases , the PAVN was secretly observing their activities . From 12 March until 30 June , the PAVN was sporadically attacking the Firebase . After weeks of reconnaissance by the PAVN , on the morning of 1 July 1970 the PAVN launched a surprise mortar attack on the Firebase . The resulting 23 - day battle between the 101st Airborne and the PAVN was the last major confrontation between United States ground forces and North Vietnam of the Vietnam War . Private Chale after an all - night ambush patrol . Kenny Kays receives the Medal of Honor from Richard Nixon During the 23 - day siege , 75 U.S. servicemen were killed in action , including 2nd Battalion , 506th Infantry commanding officer Colonel Andre Lucas , who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor , and 1st Lt. Bob Kalsu , one of the few American professional athletes to be killed during the war . During the entire battle ( including the siege ) , 250 members of the division were killed . Fighting from four hilltops , surrounded , and outnumbered nearly ten to one , the division 's forces were defeated but managed to inflict heavy losses on the enemy before an aerial withdrawal was ordered on 23 July 1970 while under heavy mortar , anti-aircraft , and small arms fire , ending the siege . After the division withdrew from the firebase , USAF B - 52 heavy bombers were sent in to carpet bomb the area . Lam Son 719 ( edit ) In 1971 , elements of the division supported the ARVN Operation Lam Son 719 , the invasion of southern Laos , but only aviation units actually entered Laos . In the seven years that all or part of the division served in Vietnam it suffered 4,011 killed in action and 18,259 wounded in action . The division , during this time , participated in 12 separate campaigns and 17 of the division 's Medal of Honor recipients are from this period of time -- all this giving the 101st Airborne Division a combat record unmatched by any other division . Post-vietnam ( edit ) In 1968 , the 101st took on the structure and equipment of an airmobile division . Following its return from Vietnam , the division was rebuilt with one brigade ( 3d ) and supporting elements on jump status , using the assets of what had been the 173rd Airborne Brigade . The remaining two brigades and supporting units were organized as airmobile . With the exception of certain specialized units , such as the pathfinders and parachute riggers , in early 1974 the Army terminated jump status for the division . Concurrently the 101st introduced the Airmobile Badge ( renamed later that year as the Air Assault Badge ) , the design of which was based on the Glider Badge of World War II . Initially the badge was only authorized for wear while assigned to the division , but in 1978 the Army authorized it for service - wide wear . Soldiers continued to wear the garrison cap with glider patch , bloused boots , and the cloth wing oval behind their wings , as had division paratroopers before them . A blue beret was authorized for the division in March or April 1975 and worn until revoked at the end of 1979 . The division also was authorized to wear a full color ( white eagle ) shoulder patch insignia instead of the subdued green eagle shoulder patch that was worn as a combat patch by soldiers who fought with the 101st in Vietnam . While serving with the 101st , it was also acceptable to wear a non-subdued patch as a combat patch , a distinction shared with the 1st and 5th Infantry divisions . A member of the 101st Airborne Division , armed with an M60 machine gun , participates in a field exercise in 1972 . M16A1 rifle in background with each soldier wearing an M1 helmet . In the late 1970s , the division maintained one battalion on a rotating basis as the division ready force ( DRF ) . The force was in place to respond to alerts for action anywhere in the world . After alert notification , troopers of the `` hot '' platoon / company , would be airborne , `` wheels - up '' within 30 minutes as the first responding unit . All other companies of the battalion would follow within one hour . Within 24 hours there would be one brigade deployed to the affected area , with the remainder of the division deploying as needed . In September 1980 , 1st Battalion , 502nd Infantry , 2nd Brigade , took part in Operation Bright Star ' 80 , an exercise deployment to Egypt . In 1984 , the command group formed a full - time team , the `` Screaming Eagles '' , Command Parachute Demonstration Team . However the team traces its history to the late 1950s , during the infancy of precision free fall . On 12 December 1985 , a civilian aircraft , Arrow Air Flight 1285 , chartered to transport some of the division from peacekeeping duty with the Multinational Force and Observers on the Sinai Peninsula to Kentucky , crashed just a short distance from Gander International Airport , Gander , Newfoundland . All eight air crew members and 248 US servicemen died , most were from the 3d Battalion , 502d Infantry . Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board investigators were unable to determine the exact sequence of events which led to the accident , but concluded that the probable cause was icing . At the time it was 17th most disastrous aviation accident in terms of fatalities . President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy traveled to Fort Campbell to comfort grieving family members . On 8 March 1988 , two U.S. Army Blackhawk helicopters assigned to the 101st Aviation Brigade collided while on a night training mission at Fort Campbell . All 17 soldiers aboard were killed . The dead included four helicopter crewmen and 13 members of the 502d Infantry Regiment . The Army 's accident investigation attributed the crash to pilot error , aircraft design , and the limited field of view afforded pilots using night vision goggles ( NVGs ) . Numerous improvements have been made in NVG technology since the accident occurred . Air assault operations ( edit ) In 1974 the 101st Airborne was reorganized as an air assault division . The foundation of modern - day air assault operations was laid by the World War Two era German Fallschirmjäger , Brandenburgers , and the 22nd Air Landing Division glider borne paras . In 1941 the U.S. Army quickly adopted this concept of offensive operations initially utilizing wooden gliders before the development of helicopters . Air Assault operations consist of highly mobile teams covering extensive distances and engaging enemy forces behind enemy lines and often by surprise , as they are usually masked by darkness . The 101st Airborne has earned a place in the U.S. Army 's new battlefield doctrine called AirLand Battle . This doctrine is based on belief that initiative , depth , agility , and synchronization successfully complete a mission . First all soldiers are encouraged to take the initiative to seize and exploit opportunities to gain advantages over the enemy . Second , commanders are urged to utilize the entire depth of the battlefield and strike at rear targets that support frontline enemy troops . Third , agility requires commanders to strike the enemy quickly where most vulnerable and to respond to the enemy 's strengths . Fourth , synchronization calls for the commander to maximize available combined arms firepower for critical targets to achieve the greatest effect . Persian gulf War ( edit ) Main article : Gulf War Ground operations during Operation Desert Storm , with the 101st Airborne Division positioned at the left flank . On 17 January 1991 the 101st Aviation Regiment , fired the first shots of the war when eight AH - 64 helicopters successfully destroyed two Iraqi early warning radar sites . In February 1991 , the 101st once again had its `` Rendezvous with Destiny '' in Iraq during the combat air assault into enemy territory . The 101st Airborne Division had struck 155 miles behind enemy lines . It was the deepest air assault operation in history . Approximately 400 helicopters transported 2,000 soldiers into Iraq where they destroyed Iraqi columns trying to flee westward and prevented the escape of Iraqi forces . The Screaming Eagles would travel an additional fifty to sixty miles into Iraq . By nightfall , the 101st cut off Highway 8 which was a vital supply line running between Basra and the Iraqi forces . The 101st had lost 16 soldiers in action during the 100 - hour war and captured thousands of enemy prisoners of war . Humanitarian aid ( edit ) The division has supported humanitarian relief efforts in Rwanda and Somalia , then later supplied peacekeepers to Haiti and Bosnia . Kosovo ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In February 2000 through August 2000 3rd Brigade 1 / 187 deployed to Kosovo for peacekeeping operations as a part of Task Force Falcon in support of Operation Joint Guardian . In August 2000 , the 2nd Battalion , 327th Infantry Regiment , as well as some elements from the 502nd Infantry Regiment , helped secure the peace in Kosovo and support the October elections for the formation of the new Kosovo government . Montana Forest fires ( edit ) In September and October 2000 , the 3rd Battalion , 327th Infantry Regiment , helped fight fires on the Bitterroot National Forest in Montana . Designated Task Force Battle Force and commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Jon S. Lehr , the battalion fought fires throughout the surrounding areas of their Valley Complex near Darby , Montana . Operation Enduring Freedom ( edit ) Main articles : War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) and Operation Enduring Freedom The 101st Airborne Division ( Air Assault ) was the first unit to deploy in support of the American War on Terrorism . The 101st Airborne ( Air Assault ) Division brigade performed counterinsurgency operations within Afghanistan , consisting mostly of raids , ambushes and patrolling . The 101st also performed combat air assaults throughout the operation . The 2d Brigade , `` Strike '' , built around the 502d Infantry , was largely deployed to Kosovo on peacekeeping operations , with some elements of 3rd Battalion , 502nd , deploying after 9 / 11 as a security element in the U.S. CENTCOM AOR with the Fort Campbell - based 5th Special Forces Group . The division quickly deployed its 3rd Brigade , the 187th Infantry 's Rakkasans , as the first conventional unit to fight as part of Operation Enduring Freedom . After an intense period of combat in rugged Shoh - I - Khot Mountains of eastern Afghanistan during Operation Anaconda with elements of the 10th Mountain Division , the Rakkasans redeployed to Fort Campbell only to find the 101st awaiting another deployment order . In 2008 , the 101st 4th BCT Red and White `` Currahee '' including the 1st and the 2nd Battalions , 506th Infantry were deployed to Afghanistan . Elements of 1st Battalion , 506th Infantry Regiment participated in joint operations with U.S. Army Special Forces particularly in the Northern province of Kapisa in the outpost Forward Operating Base ( FOB ) Kutchsbach . Charlie Company , 2nd Battalion , 506th Infantry Regiment performed joint operations with 5th Special Forces Group and 20th Special Forces Group in 2011 . The 101st Combat Aviation Brigade deployed to Afghanistan as Task Force Destiny in early 2008 to Bagram Air Base . 159th Combat Aviation Brigade deployed as Task Force Thunder for 12 months in early 2009 , and again in early 2011 . In March 2010 , the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade deployed again to Afghanistan as Task Force Destiny to Kandahar Airfield to be the aviation asset in southern Afghanistan . Operation Iraqi Freedom ( edit ) Main article : Iraq War The 3rd Battalion , 327th Infantry Regiment alongside Task Force 121 at Uday and Qusay Hussein 's hideout . In 2003 , Major General David H. Petraeus ( `` Eagle 6 '' ) led the Screaming Eagles to war during the 2003 invasion of Iraq ( Operation Iraqi Freedom ) . General Petraeus led the division into Iraq saying , `` Guidons , Guidons . This is Eagle 6 . The 101st Airborne Division 's next Rendezvous with Destiny is North to Baghdad . Op - Ord Desert Eagle 2 is now in effect . Godspeed . Air Assault . Out . '' The division was in V Corps , providing support to the 3rd Infantry Division by clearing Iraqi strongpoints which that division had bypassed . 3rd Battalion , 187th Infantry ( 3rd Brigade ) was attached to 3rd Infantry Division and was the main effort in clearing Saddam International Airport . The division then served as part of the occupation forces of Iraq , using the city of Mosul as their primary base of operations . 1st and 2d Battalion , 327th Infantry Regiment ( 1st Brigade ) oversaw the remote airfield Qayarrah West 30 miles ( 48 km ) south of Mosul . The 502d Infantry Regiment ( 2d Brigade ) and 3d Battalion , 327th Infantry Regiment were responsible for Mosul itself while the 187th Infantry Regiment ( 3d Brigade ) controlled Tal Afar just west of Mosul . The 101st Airborne also participated in the Battle of Karbala . The city had been bypassed during the advance on Baghdad , leaving American units to clear it in two days of street fighting against Iraqi irregular forces . The 101st Airborne was supported by the 2nd Battalion , 70th Armor Regiment with Charlie Company , 1st Battalion , 41st Infantry Regiment , 1st Armored Division . The 3d Battalion , 502d Infantry Regiment , 101st Airborne Division was awarded a Valorous Unit Award for their combat performance . On the afternoon of 22 July 2003 , troops of the 101st Airborne 3 / 327th Infantry HQ and C - Company , aided by U.S. Special Forces killed Qusay Hussein , his 14 - year - old son Mustapha , and his older brother Uday , during a raid on a home in the northern Iraqi city of Mosul . As few as 40 101st Soldiers and 8 Task Force 121 operators were on the scene . After Task Force 121 members were wounded , the 3 / 327th Infantry surrounded and fired on the house with a TOW missile , Mark 19 Automatic Grenade Launcher , M2 50 Caliber Machine guns and small arms . After about four hours of battle ( the whole operation lasted 6 hours ) , the soldiers entered the house and found four dead , including the two brothers and their bodyguard . There were reports that Qusay 's 14 - year - old son Mustapha was the fourth body found . Brig. Gen. Frank Helmick , the assistant commander of 101st Airborne , commented that all occupants of the house died during the fierce gun battle before U.S. troops entered . Once replaced by the first operational Stryker Brigade , the 101st was withdrawn in early 2004 for rest and refit . As part of the Army 's modular transformation , the existing infantry brigades , artillery brigade , and aviation brigades were transformed . The Army also activated the 4th Brigade Combat Team , which includes the 1st and 2nd Battalions , 506th Infantry Regiment and subordinate units . Both battalions were part of the 101st in Vietnam but saw their colors inactivated during an Army - wide reflagging of combat battalions in the 1980s . As of December 2007 , 143 members of the division have died while on service in Iraq . Second deployment to Iraq ( edit ) The division 's second deployment to Iraq began in the late summer of 2005 . The division headquarters replaced the 42d Infantry Division , which had been directing security operations as the headquarters for Task Force Liberty . Renamed Task Force Band of Brothers , the 101st assumed responsibility on 1 November 2005 for four provinces in north central Iraq : Salah ad Din , As Sulymaniyah . On 30 December 2005 , Task Force Band of Brothers also assumed responsibility for training Iraqi security forces and conducting security operations in Ninevah and Dahuk provinces as the headquarters for Task Force Freedom was disestablished . During the second deployment , 2d and 4th Brigades of the 101st Airborne Division were assigned to conduct security operations under the command of Task Force Baghdad , led initially by 3d Infantry Division , which was replaced by 4th Infantry Division . The 1st Battalion of the 506th Infantry ( 4th Brigade ) was separated from the division and served with the Marines in Ramadi , in the Al Anbar province . 3d Brigade was assigned to Salah ad Din and Bayji sectors and 1st Brigade was assigned to the overall Kirkuk province which included Hawijah . Task Force Band of Brothers ' primary mission during its second deployment to Iraq was the training of Iraqi security forces . When the 101st returned to Iraq , there were no Iraqi units capable of assuming the lead for operations against Iraqi and foreign terrorists . As the division concluded its tour , 33 battalions were in the lead for security in assigned areas , and two of four Iraq divisions in northern Iraq were commanding and controlling subordinate units . Simultaneously with training Iraqi soldiers and their leaders , 101st soldiers conducted numerous security operations against terrorist cells operating in the division 's assigned , six - province area of operations . Operation Swarmer was the largest air assault operation conducted in Iraq since 22 April 2003 . 1st Brigade conducted Operation Scorpion with Iraqi units near Kirkuk . Developing other aspects of Iraqi society also figured in 101st operations in Iraq . Division commander Major General Thomas Turner hosted the first governors ' conference for the six provinces in the division 's area of operations , as well as the neighboring province of Erbil . Numerous civil affairs operations were directed by the division , including the construction and renovation of schools , clinics , police stations , and other important landmarks in civilian communities from Turkey to Baghdad and from the Syrian border to the Iranian border . Return to Afghanistan ( edit ) While the 1st , 2nd and 3rd Brigade Combat Teams were deployed to Iraq 2007 -- 2008 , the division headquarters , 4th Brigade Combat Team , the 101st Sustainment Brigade , and the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade followed by the 159th Combat Aviation Brigade were deployed to Afghanistan for one - year tours falling within the 2007 -- 09 window . 2010 Afghanistan ( edit ) The Division Headquarters , 101st Combat Aviation Brigade , 1st Brigade Combat Team , 2d Brigade Combat Team , 3rd Brigade Combat Team , and 4th Brigade Combat Team , and the 101st Sustainment Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in 2010 . This is the first time since returning from Iraq in 2006 where all four infantry brigades ( plus one CAB , SUSBDE ) have served in the same combat theater . On 15 September 2010 , the 101st Airborne began a major operation known as Operation Dragon Strike . The aim of the operation was to reclaim the strategic southern province of Kandahar , which was the birthplace of the Taliban movement . The area where the operation took place has been dubbed `` The Heart of Darkness '' by Coalition troops . By the end of December 2010 , the operation 's main objectives had been accomplished . The majority of Taliban forces in Kandahar had withdrawn from the province , and much of their leadership was said to have been fractured . As of 5 June 2011 , 131 soldiers had been killed during this deployment , the highest death toll to the 101st Airborne in any single deployment since the Vietnam War . 2011 Afghanistan ( edit ) U.S. Army soldiers with 2nd Battalion , 327th Infantry Regiment , 101st Airborne Division return fire during a firefight with Taliban forces in Barawala Kalay Valley in Kunar province , Afghanistan , 31 March 2011 . The 2nd Battalion , 327th Infantry Regiment , 101st Airborne Division conducted a major combat operation in Barawala Kalay Valley , Kunar Province , Afghanistan in late March -- April 2011 . It is known as the Battle of Barawala Kalay Valley . It was an operation to close down the Taliban supply route through the Barawala Kalay Valley and to remove the forces of Taliban warlord Qari Ziaur Rahman from the Barwala Kalay Valley . The 2nd Battalion , 327th Infantry Regiment , 101st Airborne Division would suffer 6 killed and 7 wounded during combat operations . It would inflict over 100 casualties on the Taliban and successfully close down the Taliban supply route . ABC News correspondent Mike Boettcher was on scene and he called it the fiercest fighting he has ever seen in his 30 years of being in war zones . Since the beginning of Operation Enduring Freedom 166 101st Airborne soldiers have died while serving in Iraq . Operation United Assistance ( edit ) In 2014 , the 101st Airborne Division Headquarters deployed to west Africa to help contain the spread of Ebola , as part of Operation United Assistance . 5th Special forces Group ( edit ) In 2015 , 5th Special Forces Group held five training sessions with the 1st Brigade Combat Team , 101st Airborne Division . The classes covered communications and the operation of all - terrain vehicles . There was also a training session on the operation of TOW missiles . Prior to these sessions training between U.S. Special Forces and U.S. conventional forces had been uncommon . 2016 Iraq ( edit ) The U.S. Army sent 500 soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division ( Air Assault ) to Iraq and Kuwait in early 2016 to advise and assist Iraqi Security Forces . In the recent conflicts the 101st Airborne has been increasingly involved conducting special operations especially the training and development of other states ' military and security forces and counter-terrorism operations . This is known in the special operations community as foreign internal defense and counter-terrorism . It was announced 14 January 2016 that soldiers of the 101st Airborne would be assigned rotations in Iraq , to train members of the Iraqi ground forces in preparation for action against the Islamic State . Defense Secretary Ash Carter told the 101st Airborne that `` The Iraqi and Peshmerga forces you will train , advise and assist have proven their determination , their resiliency , and increasingly , their capability . But they need you to continue building on that success , preparing them for the fight today and the long hard fight for their future . They need your skill . They need your experience . '' In Spring 2016 , 200 soldiers from 1st Battalion , 320th Field Artillery Regiment replaced a unit of the 26th MEU at Firebase Bell ; they used M777 155mm howitzers to provide support to Iraqi forces attacking IS - occupied villages between Makhmour and Mosul. 500 soldiers from the division 's headquarters , including its commander Major General Gary J. Volesky , and about 1,300 soldiers from 2nd Brigade Combat Team also deployed to Iraq in the Spring . On 26 June 2016 , it was announced that Iraq had successfully taken back full control of Fallujah from the Islamic State of Iraq ( ISIS ) . Iraqi ground troops have been under the direction of the 101st Airborne since early 2016 . In summer 2016 , Stars and Stripes reported that about 400 soldiers from 2nd Brigade Combat Team will deploy to Iraq as part of the 11 July 2016 announcement by Defense Secretary Ash Carter of the presidential approved deployment of an additional 560 U.S. troops to Iraq to help establish and run a logistics hub at Qayyarah Airfield West , about 40 miles south Mosul , to support Iraqi and coalition troops in the Battle of Mosul . On 26 August 2016 , an article from the website War is Boring shows a photo of a 101st Airborne Division M777 howitzer crew conducting fire missions during an operation to support Iraqi forces at Kara Soar Base in Iraq on 7 August 2016 . The article also confirms that American artillery has been supporting Iraqi forces during its campaign against ISIS . A trainer with Company A , 1st Battalion 502nd Infantry Regiment , Task Force Strike , 101st Airborne Division assists Iraqi army ranger students during a room clearing drill at Camp Taji , Iraq 18 July 2016 . On 31 August 2016 , Clarksville Online reported U.S. soldiers from the 1st Battalion , 502nd Infantry Regiment , Task Force Strike , 101st Airborne Division ( Air Assault ) , took charge of a Ranger training program for qualified volunteers from Iraqi security forces at Camp Taji , Iraq . The Ranger training program , led by Company A , 1 - 502nd , is designed to lay the foundation for an elite Iraqi unit . On 21 September 2016 , an article from The Leaf Chronicle reported that Battery C , 1st Battalion , 320th Field Artillery Regiment , 2nd Brigade Combat Team , 101st Airborne Division had been successfully conducting artillery raids against the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant . Battery C is said to have executed hundreds of missions and fired thousands of rounds in support of ISF operations since arriving in theatre in late May . On 17 October 2016 , an article from The Leaf Chronicle stated that the 101st Airborne was leading a coalition of 19 nations to support the liberation of Mosul from ISIL . Under the direction of the 101st Iraqi forces have taken back a significant amount of geography from the control of ISIS . This included the liberation of Hit , Fallujah , and Qayyarah . On 3 November 2016 , it was reported that U.S. Army combat engineers were seen just west of the Great Zab River about halfway between the Kurdish city of Irbil and Mosul . They were searching for improvised bombs . They were wearing 101st Airborne Division patches . The soldiers said they were not allowed to talk to the media . On 17 November 2016 , sources reported that the 101st Airborne Division was headed home after a nine - month deployment to Iraq . Over the course of nine months , soldiers from the 101st Airborne helped train the Iraqi government 's security forces . They taught marksmanship , basic battlefield medical care and ways to detect and disarm improvised explosive devices . The division helped authorize 6,900 strikes , meant to destroy ISIS hideouts and staging areas . The 101st Airborne played a significant role in the liberation of several Iraqi cities during this deployment . Operation Freedom 's Sentinel ( edit ) On 6 September 2016 , the U.S. Army announced it will deploy about 1,400 soldiers from 3rd Brigade Combat Team to Afghanistan in fall 2016 , in support of Operation Freedom 's Sentinel -- the U.S. counter-terrorism operation against the remnants of al - Qaeda , ISIS -- K and other terror groups . Senior leadership referred to the 3rd Brigade Combat Team as being exceptional . Brig. Gen. Scott Brower stated that the Rakkasans are trained , well - led , and prepared to accomplish any mission given to them . During this deployment three Soldiers from 1 / 187 , 3rd Brigade Combat Team died as a result of an insider attack by an Afghan Soldier . Operation Inherent Resolve ( edit ) In February 2018 , the 2nd Brigade Combat Team , 101st Airborne Division was awarded a campaign streamer following its deployment to Iraq . In May 2016 , the brigade , deployed to advise and assist , train and equip Iraqi security forces to fight the Islamic State of Iraq . The 2nd Brigade also conducted precision surface - to - surface fires and supported a multitude of intelligence and logistical operations for coalition and Iraqi forces . They also provided base security throughout more than 12 areas of operations . The Brigade also aided in the clearance of ISIS from Fallujah , the near elimination of suicide attacks in Baghdad , and the introduction of improved tactics that liberated more than 100 towns and villages . The 2nd Brigade also played a significant role in the liberation of Mosul . Somali civil War ( 2009 -- present ) ( edit ) In mid-April 2017 , it was reported that 40 soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division were deployed to Somalia on 2 April 2017 to improve the capabilities of the Somalian Army in combating Islamist militants . AFRICOM stated that the troops will focus on bolstering the Somali army 's logistics capabilities ; an AFRICOM spokesman said that `` This mission is not associated with teaching counterextremism tactics '' and that the Somali government requested the training . Honors ( edit ) Campaign participation credit ( edit ) World War I ( 2nd and 3rd Brigades only ) : Hundred Days Offensive ( also known as the Battle of Saint - Quentin or the Second Battle of the Somme ) ; Meuse - Argonne Offensive ; Picardy 1918 World War II ( except 159th Aviation Brigade ) : Normandy ( with arrowhead ) ; Rhineland ( with arrowhead ) ; Ardennes - Alsace ; Central Europe Vietnam War ( Except 159th Aviation Brigade ) : Defense ( 1st Brigade only ) ; Counteroffensive ( 1st Brigade only ) ; Counteroffensive , Phase II ( 1st Brigade only ) Counteroffensive , Phase III ; Tet Counteroffensive ; Counteroffensive , Phase IV ; Counteroffensive , Phase V ; Counteroffensive , Phase VI ; Tet 1969 / Counteroffensive ; Summer - Fall 1969 ; Winter - Spring 1970 ; Sanctuary Counteroffensive ; Counteroffensive , Phase VII ; Consolidation I ; Consolidation II Southwest Asia ( Except 159th Aviation Brigade ) : Defense of Saudi Arabia ; Liberation and Defense of Kuwait Haiti Afghanistan Iraq Decorations ( edit ) Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for NORMANDY ( Division and 1st Brigade only ) Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for BASTOGNE ( Division and 1st Brigade only ) Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for DAK TO , VIETNAM 1966 ( 1st Brigade only ) Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for DONG AP BIA MOUNTAIN ( 3rd Brigade only ) Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for AFGHANISTAN 2010 -- 2011 ( 2nd Brigade only ) Valorous Unit Award for THUA THIEN PROVINCE ( 3rd Brigade and DIVARTY only ) Valorous Unit Award for TUY HOA ( 1st Brigade only ) Valorous Unit Award for AN NAJAF ( 1st Brigade only ) Valorous Unit Award for AFGHANISTAN 2010 ( 3rd Brigade only ) Valorous Unit Award for AFGHANISTAN 2010 -- 2011 ( 2nd Brigade only ) Meritorious Unit Commendation ( Army ) for VIETNAM 1965 -- 1966 ( 1st Brigade only ) Meritorious Unit Commendation ( Army ) for VIETNAM 1968 ( 3rd Brigade only ) Meritorious Unit Commendation ( Army ) for SOUTHWEST ASIA ( Except 159th Aviation Brigade ) Meritorious Unit Commendation ( Army ) for IRAQ 2003 -- 2004 ( 1st Brigade only ) Meritorious Unit Commendation ( Army ) for IRAQ 2005 -- 2006 ( 4th Brigade only ) French Croix de guerre with Palm , World War II for NORMANDY ( Division and 1st Brigade only ) Belgian Croix de guerre 1940 with Palm for BASTOGNE ( Division and 1st Brigade only ) ; Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action at BASTOGNE ( Division and 1st Brigade only ) Belgian Fourragère 1944 ( Division and 1st Brigade Only ) Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action in FRANCE AND BELGIUM ( Division and 1st Brigade only ) Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for VIETNAM 1966 -- 1967 ( 1st Brigade only ) Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for VIETNAM 1968 ( 2d Brigade only ) Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for VIETNAM 1968 -- 1969 ( Except 159th Aviation Brigade ) Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for VIETNAM 1971 ( Except 159th Aviation Brigade ) Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal , First Class for VIETNAM 1968 -- 1970 ( Except 159th Aviation Brigade ) Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal , First Class for VIETNAM 1970 ( DIVARTY only ) Navy / Marine Unit Commendation ( Army ) for Iraq 2005 -- 2006 ( 4th Brigade only ) Joint Meritorious Unit Commendation for Afghanistan 2008 -- 2009 ( 5 -- 101 AVN only ) Joint Meritorious Unit Award for Haiti Operation Uphold Democracy ( 101st MP CO only ) Notable members ( edit ) Ed Austin -- Florida politician and lawyer Joseph Beyrle -- The only American soldier to have served with both the United States Army and the Soviet Army in World War II John R. Block -- Secretary of Agriculture under Ronald Reagan . Donald Burgett -- Author of four books on his experiences as a paratrooper during World War II Richard Chaves -- American actor born in 1951 . Blake Clark -- American actor Robert G. Cole -- World War II Medal of Honor recipient Tom Cotton -- Arkansas politician , current junior U.S. Senator from Arkansas Randy Couture -- MMA fighter and coach Fred Dailey -- Ohio politician Sam Gibbons -- Florida Politician David Hackworth -- Writer James R. Hendrix -- World War II Medal of Honor recipient Jimi Hendrix -- Musician Mike Lebowitz -- Attorney , pioneer in field of military expression , military law , served in Iraq with Pathfinder Company of 101st Airborne Division . William C. Lee -- General , World War II veteran , considered as one of the most important influences behind the establishment of U.S. airborne troops Joe E. Mann -- World War II Medal of Honor recipient Salve H. Matheson -- U.S. Army general ( including command of 1st Brigade and later the Division ) Tommy Mercer -- Professional wrestler , currently signed to TNA Wrestling under the name Crimson Jorge Otero - Barreto -- received 3 Silver Stars and 5 Purple Hearts in Vietnam Eric Rudolph -- Terrorist responsible for the Centennial Olympic Park bombing and others Leslie H. Sabo , Jr . -- Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipient Joseph F. Sackett -- radiologist and professor of neuroradiology , Company Commander , 326 Med Battalion Louis Simpson -- Poet who won the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for poetry with his collected works At the End of the Open Road Robert Sink -- commanded the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division . Played by Dale Dye in the mini-series Band of Brothers . Jack Warden -- actor who served with the 501st Infantry ; in That Kind of Woman Warden played a paratrooper from the 82nd Airborne Division . Ernie Wheelwright -- American football player , actor & singer Dan White -- San Francisco supervisor who assassinated San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk , on Monday , 27 November 1978 . Jesse White -- Illinois politician . Barry Winchell -- Pfc , whose murder by a fellow soldier at Fort Campbell became a point of reference in the debate about the `` Do n't ask , do n't tell '' policy . Richard Winters -- Major , World War II veteran , portrayed by Damian Lewis in the TV series Band of Brothers Current structure ( edit ) 101st Airborne Division order of battle 101st Airborne Division : Division Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion ( `` Gladiators '' ) A Company ( `` Slayers '' ) MRF B Company ( `` Black Dragons '' ) C Company ( `` Spartans '' ) Headquarters and Support Company ( `` Sentries '' ) 101st Airborne Division Band ( `` Pride of the Eagle '' ) 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team ( `` Bastogne '' ) ( ♣ ) Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company 1st Battalion , 327th Infantry Regiment ( `` Bulldogs '' ) 2nd Battalion , 327th Infantry Regiment ( `` No Slack '' ) 1st Battalion , 506th Infantry Regiment ( `` Red Currahee '' ) 1st Squadron , 32nd Cavalry Regiment ( `` Bandits '' ) 326th Brigade Engineer Battalion ( `` Sapper Eagles '' ) 426th Brigade Support Battalion ( `` Taskmasters '' ) 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team ( `` Strike '' ) ( ♥ ) Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company 1st Battalion , 502nd Infantry Regiment ( `` First Strike '' ) 2nd Battalion , 502nd Infantry Regiment ( `` Strike Force '' ) 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment ( `` Blue Spaders '' ) 1st Squadron , 75th Cavalry Regiment ( `` Widowmakers '' ) 39th Brigade Engineer Battalion ( `` Raptor '' ) 526th Brigade Support Battalion ( `` Best by Performance '' ) 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team ( `` Rakkasan '' ) ( ) Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company 1st Battalion , 187th Infantry Regiment ( `` Leader Rakkasans '' ) 3rd Battalion , 187th Infantry Regiment ( `` Iron Rakkasans '' ) 2nd Battalion , 506th Infantry Regiment ( `` White Currahee '' ) 1st Squadron , 33rd Cavalry Regiment ( `` War Rakkasans '' ) 21st Engineer Battalion ( `` Rak Solid '' ) 626th Brigade Support Battalion ( `` Assurgam '' ) 101st Airborne Division Artillery ( `` Guns of Glory '' ) ( ) Headquarters and Headquarters Battery ( `` Headhunters '' ) 2nd Battalion , 32nd Field Artillery Regiment ( `` Proud Americans '' ) 1st Battalion , 320th Field Artillery Regiment ( `` Top Guns '' ) 3rd Battalion , 320th Field Artillery Regiment ( `` Red Knights '' ) Note : The 2 - 32nd , 1 - 320th , and 3 - 320th now fall under division artillery as of the stand down of the 4th Brigade Combat Team and are no longer controlled by their respective brigades . 101st Combat Aviation Brigade ( `` Wings of Destiny '' ) ( ) Headquarters and Headquarters Company ( `` Hell Cats '' ) 2nd Squadron , 17th Cavalry Regiment ( `` Out Front '' ) 1st Battalion , 101st Aviation Regiment ( `` Expect No Mercy '' ) 5th Battalion , 101st Aviation Regiment ( `` Eagle Assault '' ) 6th Battalion , 101st Aviation Regiment ( General Support ) ( `` Shadow of the Eagle '' ) 96th Aviation Support Battalion ( `` Troubleshooters '' ) Note : Concurrent with the inactivation of the 159th Combat Aviation Brigade in 2015 , the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade was re-designated as the Combat Aviation Brigade , 101st Airborne Division , bringing it in line with other divisional CAB designations . Also , the inactivation of the 159th CAB also led to the 101st Airborne Division taking on the same configuration as the 10th Mountain Division , a light infantry division . 101st Sustainment Brigade ( `` Life Liners '' ) Special Troops Battalion ( `` Sustainers '' ) 129th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion ( `` Drive the Wedge '' ) Attached : 716th Military Police Battalion ( `` Peacekeepers '' ) , 16th Military Police Brigade 2nd Battalion , 44th Air Defense Artillery Regiment , 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade 1176th Transportation Company , TN ARNG Associated Unit 2123d Transportation Company , KY ARNG Associated Unit Note : The 101st Sustainment Brigade is the redesignation of the former 101st Airborne Division Support Command . Some subordinate units of the 101st Sustainment Brigade were once part of the 101st Support Group ( Corps ) , a separate , non-divisional unit with a different statement of lineage and honors . It was redesignated on 16 September 2004 as the 101st Support Brigade and then as the 101st Sustainment Brigade on 21 April 2005 . The 101st Sustainment Brigade wore its own separate brigade patch until it became a divisional unit in 2016 . In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1949 movie Battleground followed the 327th Glider Infantry . 1956 movie Screaming Eagles depicted a small unit on D - Day . 1977 movie A Bridge Too Far features the 101st Airborne . 1987 John Irvin movie Hamburger Hill , set in May 1969 during the Vietnam War 1993 song , `` Rooster '' , released by Alice in Chains . Jerry Cantrell Sr. , father of guitarist Jerry Cantrell served in the 101st Airborne Division during the Vietnam War . 1998 movie Saving Private Ryan 's title character is a soldier in the 101st Airborne division . 2001 TV series Band of Brothers , dramatizing the exploits of Easy Company , 2nd Battalion 506th PIR , 101st Airborne Division , in the Second World War in Europe from Operation Overlord through V-E Day ; based on the book Band of Brothers by Stephen E. Ambrose . 2007 documentary movie I Am an American Soldier followed C co , 3 BCT during its tour of duty in Iraq in 2006 . The books Soldiers for the Truth and About Face by Colonel David Hackworth . The 2010 song ' Screaming Eagles ' by Sabaton is based on the Siege of Bastogne , in which the 101st Airborne Division fought . The title of the song is in reference to the 101st 's nickname , the Screaming Eagles . In 2016 , the Florida Panthers NHL hockey team redesigned their uniform and logo , taking inspiration from the 101st Airborne , through the influence of team owner and former division member Vincent Viola . In American author David Baldacci 's 2016 novel No Man 's Land , it is revealed that main character John Puller , Jr 's father John Puller , Sr , was the commander of the 101st Airborne during the Battle of Hamburger Hill . In actuality , the commander of the division at the time was Melvin Zais . In Joanna Newsom 's song `` Waltz Of The 101st Lightborne '' she goes into detail about a fictionalized version of the division . See also ( edit ) United States Army portal World War II portal List of commanders of 101st Airborne Division List of formations of the United States Army Airborne - monument ( Veghel ) ( nl ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lt Col. William L. Turner , Colorado . Col. Turner was killed in action the next day Jump up ^ Lt Col. Robert C. Carroll ( 1 / 501 ) , Lt Col. Robert L. Wolverton ( 3 / 506th ) , and Major George S. Grant ( 3 / 506 ) Jump up ^ Col. Johnson was killed in action in the Netherlands on 8 October 1944 . Jump up ^ Patch became acting commander of the 1st Battalion on 7 June , and later commanded the 3 / 506 as a lieutenant colonel . Both Patch and Raudstein were awarded the DSC . Jump up ^ CCB consisted of the 3rd Tank Battalion , 20th Armored Infantry Battalion , C Company 21st Tank Battalion , B Company 54th Armored Infantry Battalion , C Company 609th Tank Destroyer Battalion , 420th Armored Field Artillery Battalion , and three companies of support troops . Jump up ^ Nuts can mean several things in American English slang . In this case , however , it signified rejection , and was explained to the Germans as meaning `` Go to Hell ! '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Special Unit Designations '' . www.history.army.mil . United States Army Center of Military History . 21 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Sof , Eric . `` The 101st Airborne : The Only Unit In The World That Can Do This '' . special-ops.org . Jump up ^ `` Defence News '' GATES PRAISES 101ST AIRBORNE AS ' TIP OF THE SPEAR ' `` . Defencenews-online.com. 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Jack ( 15 February 2002 ) . `` Reconfigure Army divisions to make military stronger '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/101abn.htm ^ Jump up to : `` 101st Airborne Division conducts brigade air assault Article The United States Army '' . Army.mil . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Russ & Susan Bryant P. 63 ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Russ ; Bryant , Susan ( 2007 ) . Screaming Eagles : 101st Airborne Division . MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 9780760331224 . ^ Jump up to : Block , Gordon ( 2015 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Army to Deploy 101st Airborne Soldiers to Oversee Iraqi Army Training '' . Military.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dickstein , Corey . `` Carter to Army 's 101st : You will prepare Iraqis to retake Mosul '' . Stripes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bull , Gregory ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Army to Deploy 101st Airborne Soldiers to Afghanistan '' . Military.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com - Transcripts '' . transcripts.cnn.com . ^ Jump up to : Pike , John . `` 101st Airborne Division ( Air Assault ) '' . www.globalsecurity.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Lineage and Honors Information : Divisions '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History website . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Army Divisions in the ETO '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History website . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The US Army Order of Battle from 1919 - 1941 p278 '' ( PDF ) . usacac.army.mil . US Army . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of Fort Campbell and the 101st Airborne Division ( Air Assault ) '' . www.campbell.army.mil . U.S. Army . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , William C. ( 2006 ) ( 1945 ) . Phillips , David J. , ed . `` The Epic of the 101st Airborne : A Pictorial Biography of the United States 101st Airborne Division '' . www.army.mil . Division Public Relations Office . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 82nd and 101st Divisions on D - Day '' . warchronicle.com . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Guard , Julie ( 2007 ) . Airborne : World War II Paratroopers in Combat . New York : Osprey Publishing . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 196 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Airborne Assault '' . Utah Beach to Cherbourg . www.history.army.mil . American Forces in Action Series . United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 100 - 12 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 5 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert K. ; John T. Greenwood ( 2007 ) . Airborne Forces at War : From Parachute Test Platoon to the 21st Century . Naval Institute Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 028 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , Ronald ; Groves , John ( 2006 ) ( 1946 ) . Club Route in Europe : The History of 30 Corps from D - Day to May 1945 . MLRS Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905696 - 24 - 6 . Jump up ^ Randall , p. 33 Jump up ^ `` Battle of the Bulge '' . Archived from the original on 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . Jump up ^ KILLBLANE , RE . A Christmas Present for BASTOGNE . : World War II . World War II . US , 18 , 3 , 36 - 44 , Sept. 2003 . ISSN 0898 - 4204 . Jump up ^ Marshall , p 177 Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Patrick . `` '' NUTS ! '' Revisited `` . Archived from the original on 7 September 2009 . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Bando P. 188 Jump up ^ `` Battle of Bastogne Facts '' . World War 2 Facts . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 101st Airborne Division '' . Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . 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US Army Long - Range Patrol Scout in Vietnam 1965 -- 71 Osprey Publishing , 2008 Jump up ^ Sallah and Weiss , Tiger Force , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Sallah and Weiss , Tiger Force , 13 -- 14 , 23 , 224 . Jump up ^ `` The Blade '' . Toledoblade.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sallah and Weiss , Tiger Force , 335 , 339 -- 346 , 350 -- 352 , 354 -- 355 , 359 , 361 -- 362 , 367 -- 369 , 374 -- 375 , 376 . Jump up ^ Sallah and Weiss , Tiger Force , 383 . Jump up ^ Sallah and Weiss , Tiger Force , 306 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam war crimes '' . Socialistworker.org. 2003 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ OVE , T. Vietnam veteran ca n't forget the battle of Ripcord . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ( PA ) . Apr. 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Kalsu ( 1945 -- 1970 ) -- Find A Grave Memorial '' . Findagrave.com . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bombers Hit N. Viet Camps Near Ripcord '' . Washington Post . 25 July 1970 . pp. A12 . 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Retrieved 25 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Screaming Eagles ' of 101st have valiant history -- Feb. 7 , 2003 '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Military Support in Wildland Fire Suppression , 1988 -- 2003 '' . National Interagency Fire Center . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Enduring Freedom -- Deployments '' . globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 10 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Daniel . `` Networked forces in stability operations : 101st Airborne Division , 3 / 2 and 1 / 25 Stryker brigades in northern Iraq '' . RAND Corporation . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Carl , Stephanie L. ( 23 February 2011 ) . `` Task Force Thunder rolls into Afghanistan '' . US Army . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Broadwell , Paula ; Vernon Loeb ( 24 January 2012 ) . All In : The Education of General David Petraeus . Penguin . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 55230 - 8 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd BATTALION 70th ARMOR `` IRON TIGERS '' -- Home `` . Irontigers.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neil MacFarquhar ( 23 July 2003 ) . `` After the war : Hussein 's 2 Sons Dead in Shootout , U.S. Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Sudarsan ; Miller , Greg ( 22 July 2003 ) . `` Washington Post article '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 9 March 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq Coalition Casualties : U.S. Fatalities -- By Divisions '' . iCasualties.org . Archived from the original on 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq 's new ambassador addresses Washington '' . Operation Iraqi Freedom website . 13 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2007 . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Deborah ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` Operation Dragon Strike : Battle for Kandahar Begins '' . AOL News . Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gall , Carlotta ; Khapalwak , Ruhullah ( 15 December 2010 ) . `` NATO Push Deals Taliban a Setback in Kandahar '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Boone . `` Afghan Taliban leadership splintered by intense US military campaign World news '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kristin M. ( 5 June 2011 ) . `` Army 's 101st pays high price for Afghan surge year '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' No Slack Battalion '' in Barawala Kalay `` . longwarjournal.org . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 101st Airborne Takes On the Taliban '' . ABC News . 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fallen Heroes of Operation Iraqi Freedom -- Listed by base '' . Fallenheroesmemorial.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Mahaffey , Jacob ( 23 January 2015 ) . `` SF , Bastogne Soldiers combine forces for training ( Release Number : 150123 - 01 ) '' . United States Army Special Operations Command . Archived from the original on 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carter to Army 's 101st : You will prepare Iraqis to retake Mosul '' . Jump up ^ `` Apache helicopters used for first time against Islamic State in Iraq '' . stars and stripes . 14 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 101st Airborne soldiers tapped to fight Islamic State group '' . stars and stripes . 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Al , Fadel ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Iraq takes full control of Fallujah from Islamic State , military says '' . Duluth News Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ https://warisboring.com/american-artillery-is-pounding-islamic-state-in-iraq-and-syria/ Jump up ^ https://warisboring.com/american-artillery-is-pounding-islamic-state-in-iraq-and-syria/ Jump up ^ `` 101st Airborne Soldiers build elite Iraqi force with Ranger Training -- Clarksville , TN Online '' . Clarksvilleonline.com. 2016 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 101st Airborne soldiers thrive in battle on Iraq front lines '' . Theleafchronicle.com. 2016 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 101st Airborne leading coalition in Mosul fight against ISIL '' . Theleafchronicle.com. 2016 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Abdul , Qassim ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Army to Deploy 1,700 Paratroopers to Iraq '' . Military.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` 101st Airborne Makes Handoff In Iraq During Mosul Offensive '' . Nashville Public Radio . 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Army to Deploy 101st Airborne Soldiers to Afghanistan '' . military.com. 6 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abdul , Qassim ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Army to Deploy 101st Airborne Soldiers to Afghanistan '' . Military.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Park , Madison ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` 5 children lost their dads in an attack that killed 3 US soldiers '' . CNN . CNN . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Stoffregen , Samantha ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` 101st Airborne Division 's Strike Brigade receives Operation Inherent Resolve streamer following Iraq deployment '' . Clarksville Online . Clarksville , TN Online . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 101st Airborne troops deploy to Somalia for training mission '' . Stars and Stripes. 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Shampoo ' star Jack Warden dies at 85 '' . msnbc.msn.com. 21 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Valerie J. ( 22 July 2006 ) . `` Jack Warden , 85 ; Prolific Film , TV Actor '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated , Readers letter 15 June 1970 Jump up ^ 101st Sustainment Brigade `` Lifeliners '' , campbell.army.mil , last accessed 18 December 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Tennessee and Kentucky National Guard Soldiers don 101st Airborne Division patch '' . Jump up ^ TIOH -- Heraldry -- 101st Sustainment Brigade Archived 10 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A Bridge Too Far '' . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Chains - Rooster '' . Jump up ^ `` I Am an American Soldier '' . Iamanamericansoldier.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Panthers 2016 -- present -- The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database '' . Nhluniforms.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Further reading ( edit ) Screaming Eagles 101st Airborne Division by Russ & Susan Bryant Burns , Richard R. Pathfinder : First In , Last Out . New York : Ballantine Books , 2002 . ISBN 0804116024 101st Airborne in Vietnam The ' Screaming Eagles ' by Michael Sharpe & Simon Dunstan Blackmon , Jimmy . Pale Horse : Hunting Terrorists and Commanding Heroes with the 101st Airborne Division . New York : 2016 . Screaming Eagles The 101st Airborne Division from D - Day to Desert Storm by Christopher J. Anderson Ailsby , Christopher ( 2000 ) . Hitler 's Sky Warriors : German Paratroopers in Action , 1939 -- 1945 . Staplehurst , UK : Spellmount Limited . ISBN 1 - 86227 - 109 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 101st Airborne Division . Website of Fort Campbell and the 101st Airborne Division ( Air Assault ) -- United States Army website Army.mil/101stAirborne 101st Airborne Division Association STRIKE on The Military Channel 's Warrior POV -- Screaming Eagles in Afghanistan ( YouTube ) Preceded by 1st Infantry Division Regional Command East 2013 -- Current Succeeded by 10th Mountain Division Preceded by 82nd Airborne Division Regional Command East 2010 -- 2011 Succeeded by 1st Cavalry Division hide Divisions of the United States Army Airborne 11th 13th 17th 80th 82nd 101st 108th Armored 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 16th 19th 20th 22nd 25th 27th 30th 40th 48th 49th 50th Cavalry 1st 2nd 3rd 15th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th Infantry 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 17th 19th 23rd ( Americal ) 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 51st 63rd 65th 66th 69th 70th 71st 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th 81st 82nd 83rd 84th 85th 86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th 95th 96th 97th 98th 99th 100th 102nd 103rd 104th 106th 108th Hawaiian Panama Canal Philippine Mountain 10th Band of Brothers ( book ) ( miniseries ) Military units E Company , 506th Infantry Regiment ( United States ) 506th Infantry Regiment 101st Airborne Division Major engagements Invasion of Normandy Operation Market Garden Battle of the Bulge Notable personnel Albert Blithe Robert B. Brewer Lynn Compton Walter Gordon William Guarnere Edward Heffron Frederick Heyliger Carwood Lipton Donald Malarkey Salve H. Matheson Lewis Nixon Darrell Powers Edward Shames Robert Sink Herbert Sobel Ronald Speirs Edward Tipper Richard Winters David Kenyon Webster Robert Wynn Related articles We Who Are Alive and Remain Stephen Ambrose Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=101st_Airborne_Division&oldid=850003749 '' Categories : 101st Airborne Division United States Army divisions during World War II Airborne divisions of the United States Army Military units and formations established in 1942 1942 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from April 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 22 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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when does hulu release new episodes of the handmaid's tale

The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 , with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday . In May 2017 , it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . The series garnered extremely positive reviews and won the 2017 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series , along with seven other Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations . It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an `` Outstanding Series '' Emmy .

2018

The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series )

the handmaid's tale ( tv series )

The Handmaid 's Tale is an American television series created by Bruce Miller based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood . It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes , with the production beginning in late 2016 .

The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 , with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday . In May 2017 , it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . The series garnered extremely positive reviews and won the 2017 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series , along with seven other Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations . It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an `` Outstanding Series '' Emmy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future , fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution . With this chaos in place , the totalitarian , Christian theonomic government of `` Gilead '' establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war . Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along a new , militarized , hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes , in which women are brutally subjugated , and by law are not allowed to work , own property , handle money , or read . Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead , called handmaids , according to an `` extremist interpretation '' of a Biblical account . They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite , where they must submit to ritualized rape with their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives . June Osborne , renamed Offred ( Elisabeth Moss ) , is the Handmaid assigned to the home of Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford ( Joseph Fiennes ) and his wife Serena Joy ( Yvonne Strahovski ) . She is subject to the strictest rules and constant scrutiny ; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to her execution . Offred , who is named after her male master like all Handmaids , can remember the `` time before '' , when she was married with a daughter and had her own name and identity , but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in the hope that she can someday live free and be reunited with her daughter . The Waterfords , key players in the rise of Gilead , have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne / Offred , a Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife , Serena Joy , mother of Hannah and wife of Luke . Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford , a high - ranking government official and Offred 's master , who secretly meets with her to form a connection in the hopes she does n't kill herself like her predecessor . Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead 's founding . Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford , Fred 's wife and a former conservative cultural activist who appears to have accepted her new limited role in a society she helped create . Capable of great cruelty , she desperately wants to become a mother . Alexis Bledel as Emily / Ofglen ( later Ofsteven ) , Offred 's Handmaid shopping partner . She is considered a `` gender traitor '' ( a term used in Gilead in reference to homosexuality ) and knows of a resistance movement called Mayday . Madeline Brewer as Janine / Ofwarren ( later Ofdaniel ) , a Handmaid with a fragile psyche who has had her right eye removed as punishment for misbehavior . She is convinced her Commander truly loves her and that he wants to run away with her and start a family . Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia , a brutal instructor and guardian of the Handmaids . However , she seems to develop a fondness for Janine / Ofwarren . O.T. Fagbenle as Luke Bankole , June 's husband from before Gilead and father to their daughter Hannah . As June is his second wife , their union is considered invalid in the new society and Hannah to be illegitimate . Max Minghella as Nick Blaine , Commander Waterford 's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who develops feelings for Offred . Samira Wiley as Moira , June 's best friend since college . With June 's help , she is able to escape her life as a handmaid but ultimately goes to work at one of Gilead 's many unofficial brothels / sex clubs as a `` Jezebel '' named Ruby . She appears to have given up the will to escape Gilead altogether until June gives her the strength to escape again . Amanda Brugel as Rita , a Martha , or housekeeper . Her son was killed in the Gilead takeover . ( recurring season 1 , starring season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam , Commander Warren Putnam 's wife . She views her baby merely as a status symbol and has no sympathy for the handmaids . Kristen Gutoskie as Beth , a Martha at Jezebel 's . She does business with Nick and appears to have quite an interest in him . Tattiawna Jones as Ofglen # 2 , who replaces Emily in the position after she 's captured by The Eyes . Her new life in Gilead is much better than her old one and she does not want to jeopardize it . However , she is the very first handmaid to refuse to punish Janine / Ofdaniel in the season finale . Nina Kiri as Alma , a handmaid already `` in service '' upon Offred 's arrival . She later becomes a contact to a possible resistance group . Jordana Blake as Hannah Osborne , Offred 's daughter . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date `` Offred '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) A woman flees from a group of men with guns , but she is captured and separated from her young daughter ; her husband has vanished . She is known as Offred , a handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford . Offred goes grocery shopping with her companion , Ofglen . On the way home , they pass by a wall of men who have been hanged for crimes such as being gay , working in an abortion clinic , and being Catholic . In a flashback , various women are indoctrinated into the handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia , who tells them about declining birth rates and that they are `` special '' , serving a Biblical purpose . Offred enters the room and notices Moira , a woman she knew at college . One woman in the class , Janine , answers Lydia back and is shocked with a cattle prod before having her right eye removed as punishment . In the present , Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred as she lies in the lap of his wife , Serena Joy . The next day , the handmaids gather in an open field where Lydia announces a man has raped a pregnant handmaid . As punishment , the handmaids are allowed to beat him to death . Janine tells Offred that Moira is dead . On the way home , Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son and warns her there is an Eye ( a secret spy ) in her house . Through voiceover , Offred reveals her true name , June , and that she intends to survive to find her daughter . `` Birth Day '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Offred and Ofglen go shopping and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other . While they are walking , Offred and Ofglen see St. Paul Catholic Church , the local church they belonged to , being destroyed by the new régime . Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to `` erase '' the fact that it ever existed ; Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information and she reveals that she is part of a resistance against the government . Ofglen asks her to join , but Offred declines . Nick , Commander Waterford 's driver , tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night , which is forbidden . Nick also warns her `` Do n't get too close to ( Ofglen ) . It 's dangerous . '' Offred and other handmaids go to a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren 's ( formerly Janine 's ) child , named `` Angela '' by the Puttnams , but `` Charlotte '' by Ofwarren . In flashbacks , June remembers the birth of her own daughter , Hannah . At that time healthy births were already rare , and a woman tried to kidnap Hannah but was arrested . Offred goes to the Commander 's office , unsure of what will happen , but he just wants to play Scrabble . She laughs with relief when she returns to her room . The next day , Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night , but when she goes outside , it 's a different woman who introduces herself as Ofglen . `` Late '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) In flashbacks , the rise of Gilead is detailed . June and all the other women at her office are fired because `` it 's the law now '' . June and Moira also learn that the government has frozen all women 's bank accounts and that they can no longer own property . In the present , Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby . Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional and comments on her behaviour to Serena . Nick drives Offred home and there is a black van waiting . Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen . Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible ; for this , Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod . Before she can leave the room , Offred responds by quoting the Bible back : `` Blessed are those who suffer for the cause of righteousness , for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven . '' That would have earned her a much more serious beating but Serena intervenes , yelling at them to stop as she believes that Offred is pregnant . Nick visits Offred in her room to check on her and they share an intimate moment . Offred later tells Serena that she 's not pregnant so Serena angrily drags her to her room and loudly orders her not to come out . In a flashback , June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws that is suppressed by automatic gunfire and explosives . In the present , Ofglen and the Martha she 's in a relationship with are charged with `` gender treachery '' , with Ofglen receiving a lesser sentence because she can still bear children . The Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches , sobbing and horrified . Later , Ofglen ( now referred to by her `` old '' name , Emily ) wakes up in a clinic , having undergone female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia . `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' Mike Barker Leila Gerstein May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) Offred , who is banished to her room , goes into the closet where she finds the Latin phrase Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum scratched into the wall . Rita , the Commander 's housekeeper , finds Offred lying in the closet but Offred tells her that she fainted . Believing she is ill , Serena has Offred sent to the hospital for a check - up . While examining Offred , the physician remarks that the Commander is sterile , because `` most of those guys are '' . He offers to impregnate her but she declines . In flashbacks , Aunt Lydia teaches the handmaids ( including June and Moira ) about the `` Ceremony '' : when the Commander rapes a handmaid . Later , June lures Aunt Elizabeth into the bathroom saying a toilet has overflowed , and Moira threatens the Aunt with a shiv . June and Moira take her to the basement where Moira takes the Aunt 's outfit and they tie her up . June and Moira begin their escape , hoping to leave via train to Boston , which has safehouses . When Moira is asking one of the guards for directions , June is approached by another guard who is suspicious of her being alone . Moira gets on the train , leaving June behind , but June smiles at her to let her know it 's okay . June is later punished by having her feet whipped . In the present , Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred . Later that night , the Commander and Offred have another game of Scrabble where she asks him about the Latin phrase ; he tells her it means `` Do n't let the bastards grind you down '' . She also inquires about the previous Offred , in which he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable . He makes it known that he does n't want that to happen again and releases Offred from her solitary confinement . 5 `` Faithful '' Mike Barker Dorothy Fortenberry May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile . At the grocery store , Offred talks to the original Ofglen , now called Ofsteven , but she is not as responsive as she used to be . During a Ceremony night , The Commander touches Offred 's thigh , which she later tells him never to do again . Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye . At an open - air market , Offred questions Ofsteven about `` Mayday '' , the resistance group . Ofsteven steals one of the guards ' cars and proceeds to drive away ; in the process , she kills a guard by running him over but she is caught and put into a van . Later that day , Serena leads Offred up to Nick 's room where she waits by the door while they have Ceremony - like sex . Flashbacks detail Luke and June 's first meeting and courtship . Offred returns to Nick 's place alone later that night and they share an intimate night . 6 `` A Woman 's Place '' Floria Sigismondi Wendy Straker Hauser May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) Mexican delegates visit the Commander 's home in an effort to create partnerships in trade and see the effects of the Gilead cultural movement . The head of the Mexican delegation is a woman who questions Offred about her experience in Gilead . With great self - control , Offred tells them , `` I have found happiness '' . After the meeting , Offred visits the Commander 's office for their usual discussions where some tensions flare up between them . He asks her to kiss him `` like you mean it '' . She kisses the Commander and leaves , ferociously brushing her teeth afterwards . The handmaids are then taken to a party to honour Gilead and show the foreign delegates their success , including presenting the children of Gilead . Offred 's friend remarks that the delegates are interested in fertile women as a commodity to be traded between the two nations . The next day , as the delegates are leaving , Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead . She pleads for their help , but the Mexican ambassador claims that she can not help Offred and explains her own country 's dire situation . When Offred is left alone with the ambassador 's assistant , he claims her husband is alive and that he can send a message to him . Flashbacks detail Serena and Fred 's life before and during the beginnings of the Gilead movement . Serena is revealed to have been a conservative cultural activist during the `` life before '' , with a passion and intelligence equal to that of her husband 's ( as well as a special fondness for movie popcorn ) . She even wrote a book about her beliefs , titled A Woman 's Place , which contained the famous line `` do not mistake a woman 's meekness for weakness '' . However , after the takeover , she is shown to be completely shut out of the new government planning ( to Fred 's dismay ) . Rather symbolically , as she prepares to accept her new limited role in the society she helped create , a copy of her book is seen being thrown out in the trash . 7 `` The Other Side '' Floria Sigismondi Lynn Renee Maxcy May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) The episode chronicles the story of Luke after he is separated from his wife and daughter . Luke is shot by Gileadan guards and taken in an ambulance to be interrogated . He escapes when the ambulance gets into an accident and he takes some supplies with him . Evidence of the country 's violent takeover is everywhere . After passing out from his wounds , he is awoken by a resistance group ( viewed as `` undesirables '' by Gilead ) who are traveling to Canada ; these survivors included a Roman Catholic nun , an escaped handmaid , a homosexual man and a daughter of a US army soldier . Initially reluctant , Luke joins them after one of the survivors , Zoe , shows him that Gileadan authorities hanged local townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting . As they are boarding a boat , they are shot at by Gileadan guards , who kill several members of the group . Luke and one of the members , a mute blonde woman who was being trained as a handmaid , survive and flee . Flashbacks prior to Luke , June and their daughter Hannah being separated are detailed . June and Luke get help from Mr. Whitford , a man who knew June 's mother . He drives them safely out of town and drops them off at a secluded cabin in the woods . Luke and June wait as Mr. Whitford gets documentation for them to escape to Canada . They are confronted by a hunter , who tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged . But the man says he can help them get over the border . Three years later , Luke and the mute blonde woman are living safely in `` Little America '' , based in Toronto , Ontario . Missing person flyers are posted everywhere in the main administrative office . Luke receives the letter from June , which reads `` I love you so much . Save Hannah . '' 8 `` Jezebels '' Kate Dennis Kira Snyder May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night . Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel where prostitutes known as `` Jezebels '' work . Offred spots Moira working in the club and they briefly reunite . Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel 's Marthas . Offred goes to see Moira again , where she explains to Offred about how Quakers tried to help her escape , but were caught . Moira had the choice of either being sent to the colonies or one of the brothels . Moira tells Offred , `` Forget about escaping . This is Gilead . No one gets out . '' Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive . Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his handmaids . There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred , with Serena pointedly saying to her husband , `` What did you think was going to happen ? '' In the present , after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home , he ends his relationship with Offred , which upsets and angers her . Offred receives a gift from Serena , a music box . The episode closes with Offred etching `` You are not alone '' into the closet wall . 9 `` The Bridge '' Kate Dennis Eric Tuchman June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) Ofwarren 's daughter is presented to Commander Putnam and his wife . Offred is worried about Ofwarren 's mental state but Aunt Lydia informs her that `` she 's tougher than you think '' . Ofwarren , now known as Ofdaniel , is taken to her new home . During her first Ceremony night with her new Commander , Ofdaniel forcefully stops it and sobs . At the market , Alma pulls Offred aside and lets her know that she knows about the resistance group `` Mayday '' . Alma tells her to retrieve a package from Jezebel 's . Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel 's again that very night . After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room , he presents Moira as he believes a sexual attraction between the two was the reason Offred wanted to come back . Offred talks to Moira about having her retrieve the package from the bar , but she refuses , which angers Offred . Moira seems to have completely given up . Back at the house , Offred is awoken by Serena , who takes her to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with Charlotte . Various Gileadan guards , the Putnams , Waterfords , and Aunt Lydia are also present . Ofdaniel loudly accuses Commander Putnam of lying to her and accuses him of having promised to leave his wife for her . Offred is able to convince Ofdaniel to give her the child but Ofdaniel jumps , attempting suicide . She is pulled out by the guards and lies comatose in hospital with Aunt Lydia by her side , who calls her `` stupid '' . Commander Putnam is later seen being led into a black van by guards due to the accusations made by Ofdaniel . Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam and offers help with the baby , which she curtly refuses . Mrs. Putnam then reminds Serena of the first Offred , saying that `` men do n't change '' . Serena is seen going into Fred 's office . At the market , Offred is given a package by the butcher , sent by Moira from Jezebels . At the brothel , Moira kills a client and takes his clothes , jubilantly driving off in his car . 10 `` Night '' Kari Skogland Bruce Miller June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) This episode begins with a flashback to when June was first captured and sent to the red center , receiving her first indoctrination lesson from Aunt Lydia . Serena discovers the trips to Jezebel 's and strikes Offred in anger before forcing her to take a pregnancy test , which is positive . Serena then directs her anger at her husband , telling him about the pregnancy and that the child is not his . She also says he is weak and that God would never allow him to pass on that weakness . On learning the news , Nick shares a brief , tender moment with Offred . Serena and Offred visit the house that Offred 's daughter , Hannah , now lives ; Offred can see her daughter through a gate . While Serena does not allow Offred to reveal herself to Hannah , she assures her that she is doing fine . Serena also warns Offred that as long as nothing bad happens to her child , nothing bad will happen to Hannah . Offred furiously curses Serena in a breathless rant , only to be told to be quiet ; yelling is not good for the baby . Fred participates in Commander Putnam 's trial : he himself is all for leniency but is told there have been too many occurrences of this kind of sin recently and an example has to be made . Mrs. Putnam herself has asked that her husband receive the harshest punishment possible , as she fears for his immortal soul . Ultimately , Putnam 's left hand is amputated . In the evening , Offred pleads with Fred to protect her daughter . He asks if he is the father of her child and she says `` of course '' , to which he replies `` you do that so well . '' Later , Fred is seen being quite gentle and conciliatory towards Serena . The package from Jezebel 's is revealed to contain letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover . Later , a somewhat emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the handmaids for an execution : they are to stone someone who has endangered a child . The convict turns out to be Janine / Ofdaniel . The handmaids hesitate and Ofglen # 2 is brutally beaten when she breaks rank and voices her angry refusal . The other women , beginning with Offred , drop their stones , each saying `` I 'm sorry , Aunt Lydia '' ( a phrase they were taught early in their indoctrination ) . The guards are ready to kill them all , but Aunt Lydia frantically tells them that the handmaids are her responsibility . She tells the women to go home , assuring them that there will be consequences . Not long after , a black van comes for Offred , much to Fred and Serena 's surprise and indignation . Nick quietly urges her to trust him and go with them . As she is being led out , Offred whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters . In a side story , Moira makes it to Canada and is reunited with Luke . Production ( edit ) A straight - to - series order by Hulu of The Handmaid 's Tale was announced in April 2016 , with Elisabeth Moss set to star . Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , the series was created by Bruce Miller , who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , and Warren Littlefield . Atwood serves as consulting producer , giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands or modernizes the book . She also co-wrote every episode and also had a small cameo role in the first episode . Moss is also a producer . In June 2016 , Reed Morano was announced as director of the series . Samira Wiley , Max Minghella , and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016 . Joseph Fiennes , Madeline Brewer and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016 , followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016 . In October 2016 , Ever Carradine joined the cast , and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017 . Filming on the series took place in Toronto , Mississauga , Hamilton , and Cambridge , Ontario from September 2016 to February 2017 . The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23 , 2017 . The series premiered on April 26 , 2017 . On May 3 , 2017 , The Handmaid 's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes will cover further developments in the story , filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already `` finished '' in the book . The second season will consist of 13 episodes and will begin filming in fall 2017 . Alexis Bledel will return as a series regular . Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned ten seasons of the show , stating `` Well , you know , honestly , when I started , I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like ? If you hit a home run , you want energy to go around the bases , you want enough story to keep going , if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they 're actually crying at the finale . '' Broadcast ( edit ) The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 , with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis . In Canada , the series is broadcast by Bravo , beginning with the first two episodes premiering on April 30 . In Scandinavia , the series is available on HBO Nordic . In the UK and Ireland , the series premiered on May 28 , 2017 and airs every Sunday on Channel 4 . In New Zealand , the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8 , 2017 . In Australia , the series premiered on the TV channel SBS 's video streaming service SBS on Demand on July 6 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale has received high acclaim from television critics . On Metacritic , it has a score of 92 out of 100 based on 40 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The season has a 99 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 8.94 out of 10 based on 88 reviews . The site 's critical consensus is , `` Haunting and vivid , The Handmaid 's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood 's dystopian novel that 's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` probably the spring 's best new show and certainly its most important '' . Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review , and wrote that it is `` A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood 's totalitarian , sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood '' and that `` this series is meticulously paced , brutal , visually stunning , and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale '' . There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , the book it is based on ) and American society following Donald Trump 's and Mike Pence 's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States , respectively . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipients Result 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won Samira Wiley Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Reed Morano for `` Offred '' Won Kate Dennis for `` The Bridge '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Russell Scott , Sharon Bialy , Sherry Thomas Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Period / Fantasy Costumes for a Series , Limited Series , or Movie Ane Crabtree , Sheena Wichary for `` Offred '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Julie Berghoff , Evan Webber , Sophie Neudorfer for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Brendan Taylor , Stephen Lebed , Leo Bovell , Martin O'Brien , Winston Lee , Kelly Knauff , Zach Dembinski , Mike Suta , Cameron Kerr for `` Birth Day '' Nominated TCA Awards Program of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Achievement in Drama Won Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Elisabeth Moss Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Drama Actress Elisabeth Moss Won Drama Guest Actress Alexis Bledel Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ; N'Duka , Amanda ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Win Marks First Best Series Emmy For A Streaming Service '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . The first situates the Gilead regime 's quest to control the means of reproduction in the context of an enormous fertility collapse , caused by the combination of environmental catastrophe and rampant S.T.D.s. Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( June 22 , 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood _́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Promotes Amanda Brugel to Series Regular ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pacatte , Rose ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' presents striking oppression , silent sisterhood '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . They walk past a priest , doctor and gay man hanging dead from a wall in their Cambridge , Massachusetts neighbourhood along the river ; they see St. Paul 's Catholic Church where Offred was baptized , being torn down . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . In the screen version , Offred and her friend Ofglen ( Alexis Bledel ) surreptitiously lament the demolition of St. Paul 's , their local church . Jump up ^ Sabelhaus , Kate Jackson ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Ofglen and Jeanine 's Birth Stories '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . On their stroll , they walk past the remains of St. Paul 's , a historic cathedral in Boston . Burned and bombed , it resembles the churches of Europe during WWII . Offred pauses to remember her daughter 's baptism , which took place there years prior , and Ofglen notes that Gileadean thugs were also successful in taking down St. Patrick 's cathedral in New York City . `` They blew it up and dumped every stone in the Hudson River . They erased it . '' Upon hearing this bit of news , Offred asks , `` How do you know that ? And how do you know there 's an Eye in my house ? '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Recap , Episode 7 : The Other Side '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locke , Charley ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale : Make Sure You Escape The Dystopia Before It 's Too Late '' . Wired . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . The group has a plan to escape , but Luke wo n't go , refusing to leave his wife and daughter behind -- until Zoe ( Rosa Gilmore ) , one of the rebels , shows him a whole town that was hanged from the rafters of their church after trying to resist . Jump up ^ Blunt , Tom ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 7 Recap : The Other Side '' . Signature Reads . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Finally , one of these guardian angels discreetly escorts him to a local church building , driving home the point of what 's at stake for those who attempt to survive and resist from within . This mass - hanging in the belly of a church is more than just the episode 's visual centerpiece : it 's a wake - up call , underscoring once and for all that Gilead is n't a religious movement or a political revolution , it 's not something you can reason with or withstand on your own . Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale '' Glossary - A Guide to All the Handmaid 's Tale Terms Before You Watch the Show `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Following her great escape from Handmaid training , Moira is helped by a Quaker family . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Season 1 , Episode 8 -- ( Spoiler ) Returns in ' Jezebels ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Since we last saw the escapee , she made it to Boston , hooked up with some Quakers who had ties to the Femaleroad that helped smuggle handmaids out of the country . She did n't make it farther than an office park outside the city . `` They shot the guys who helped me , '' Moira sadly tells Offred , adding that because she was a `` corrupting influence , '' she was interrogated and then given a choice : the colonies or the jezebels . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Elisabeth Moss To Star in Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale On Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dingfelder , Sadie ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` What Margaret Atwood thinks of the new Hulu adaptation of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N.E.G. ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The temptations and pitfalls of adapting your own novel for the screen '' . The Economist . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Margaret ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What The Handmaid 's Tale Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onstad , Katrina ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A Newly Resonant Dystopia Comes to TV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Reed Morano in Talks To Direct The Handmaid 's Tale Starring Elisabeth Moss For Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Max Minghella & Ann Dowd Join The Handmaid 's Tale Drama Series on Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Joseph Fiennes to Star in The Handmaid 's Tale for Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu 's Handmaid 's Tale Adds Madeline Brewer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Yvonne Strahovski To Star in Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts O-T Fagbenle ; Sofia Wylie Joins Andi Mack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts Amanda Brugel ; Jemar Michael Joins Dear White People '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ever Carradine Books Role On Handmaid 's Tale ; Sibo Mlambo To Recur On Teen Wolf '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Alexis Bledel Joins New Hulu Series The Handmaid 's Tale As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Secrets From Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Set Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Katie ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale to shoot in Toronto '' . Playback . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Trailer ( Official ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Spring Premiere Date on Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed For Season 2 By Hulu -- Upfront '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Stars , Director on Show 's Startling Relevance and Season 2 Plans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' : Alexis Bledel Returning as Season 2 Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Disturbing Full Trailer , Three - Episode Premiere '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale finally gets Canadian distributor '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Lise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Et overrumplende mesterværk har ramt HBO Nordic '' . SoundVenue ( in Danish ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Channel 4 Lands UK Rights To Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Casey , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Huge and true : The Handmaid 's Tale is coming exclusively to Lightbox '' . The Spinoff . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale is coming to Australia on SBS on Demand '' . SBS . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Is Your Must - Watch Show This Spring '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Take and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours `` . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Take and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The complete list of 2017 Emmy winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ; Montgomery , Daniel ; Dixon , Marcus James ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . 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who's playing college football on thanksgiving day

NFL on Thanksgiving Day

nfl on thanksgiving day

The National Football League ( NFL ) on Thanksgiving Day is a traditional series of games played during the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States . It has been a regular occurrence since the league 's inception in 1920 . Currently , three NFL games are played every Thanksgiving . The first two are hosted by the Detroit Lions and the Dallas Cowboys ; a third game , with no fixed opponents , has been played annually since 2006 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Throwback uniforms 1.2 Memorable games 1.3 Home team controversy 2 Game results 2.1 1920 -- 1940 2.2 1945 -- 1959 2.3 1960 -- 1969 2.4 1970 -- 2005 2.5 2006 -- present 3 Thanksgiving Day standings 3.1 Notable appearance droughts 3.2 Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams 4 Game MVPs 4.1 Turkey Leg Award ( CBS & FOX ) 4.2 Galloping Gobbler / Game Ball ( FOX ) 4.3 All - Iron Award ( CBS ) 4.4 Prime time games ( NFLN & NBC ) 4.5 Complete list 5 Broadcasting 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) The concept of American football games being played on Thanksgiving Day dates back to 1876 , shortly after the game had been invented , as it was a day that most people had off from work . In that year , the college football teams at Yale and Princeton began an annual tradition of playing each other on Thanksgiving Day . The University of Michigan also made it a tradition to play annual Thanksgiving games , holding 19 such games from 1885 to 1905 . The Thanksgiving Day games between Michigan and the Chicago Maroons in the 1890s have been cited as `` The Beginning of Thanksgiving Day Football . '' In some areas , high - school teams play on Thanksgiving , usually to wrap - up the regular - season . By the time football had become a professional event , playing on Thanksgiving had already become an institution . Records of pro football being played on Thanksgiving date back to as early as the 1890s , with the first pro -- am team , the Allegheny Athletic Association of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . In 1902 , the `` National '' Football League , a Major League Baseball - backed organization based entirely in Pennsylvania and unrelated to the current NFL , attempted to settle its championship over Thanksgiving weekend ; after the game ended in a tie , eventually all three teams in the league claimed to have won the title . Members of the Ohio League , during its early years , usually placed their marquee matchups on Thanksgiving Day . For instance , in 1905 and 1906 the Latrobe Athletic Association and Canton Bulldogs , considered at the time to be two of the best teams in professional football ( along with the Massillon Tigers ) , played on Thanksgiving . A rigging scandal with the Tigers leading up to the 1906 game led to severe drops in attendance for the Bulldogs and ultimately led to their suspension of operations . During the 1910s , the Ohio League stopped holding Thanksgiving games because many of its players coached high school teams and were unavailable . This was not the case in other regional circuits : in 1919 , the New York Pro Football League featured a Thanksgiving matchup between the Buffalo Prospects and the Rochester Jeffersons . The game ended in a scoreless tie , leading to a rematch the next Sunday for the league championship . Several other NFL teams played regularly on Thanksgiving in the first eighteen years of the league , including the Chicago Bears and Chicago Cardinals ( 1922 -- 33 ; the Bears played the Lions from 1934 to 1938 while the Cardinals switched to the Green Bay Packers for 1934 and 1935 ) , Frankford Yellow Jackets , Pottsville Maroons , Buffalo All - Americans , Canton Bulldogs ( even after the team moved to Cleveland they played the 1924 Thanksgiving game in Canton ) , and the New York Giants ( 1929 -- 38 , who always played a crosstown rival ) . The first owner of the Lions , George A. Richards , started the tradition of the Thanksgiving Day game as a gimmick to get people to go to Lions football games , and to continue a tradition begun by the city 's previous NFL teams . What differentiated the Lions ' efforts from other teams that played on the holiday was that Richards owned radio station WJR , a major affiliate of the NBC Blue Network ; he was able to negotiate an agreement with NBC to carry his Thanksgiving games live across the network . During the Franksgiving controversy in 1939 and 1940 , the only two teams to play the game were the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles , as both teams were in the same state ( Pennsylvania ) . ( At the time , then - president Franklin Roosevelt wanted to move the holiday for economic reasons and many states were resistant to the move ; half the states recognized the move and the other half did not . This complicated scheduling for Thanksgiving games . Incidentally , the two teams were also exploring the possibility of a merger at the time . ) Because of the looming World War II and the resulting shorter seasons , the NFL did not schedule any Thanksgiving games in 1941 , nor did it schedule any in the subsequent years until the war ended in 1945 . When the Thanksgiving games resumed in 1945 , only the Lions ' annual home game would remain on the Thanksgiving holiday . In 1951 , the Packers began a thirteen - season run as the perpetual opponent to the Lions each year through 1963 . The All - America Football Conference and American Football League , both of which would later be absorbed into the NFL , also held Thanksgiving contests , although neither of those leagues had permanent hosts . Likewise , the AFL of 1926 also played two Thanksgiving games in its lone season of existence , while the AFL of 1936 hosted one in its first season , which featured the Cleveland Rams , a future NFL team , and the 1940 -- 41 incarnation of the American Football League played two games in 1940 on the earlier `` Franksgiving '' date . In 1966 , the Dallas Cowboys , who had been founded six years earlier , adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games . It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one ( since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty ) . This is only partly true ; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day . In 1975 and 1977 , at the behest of then - Commissioner Pete Rozelle , the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team ( Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976 ) . Although the Cardinals , at the time known as the `` Cardiac Cards '' due to their propensity for winning very close games , were a modest success at the time , they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys , who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era . This , combined with St. Louis 's consistently weak attendance , a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three - game stretch , and opposition from the Kirkwood -- Webster Groves Turkey Day Game ( a local high school football contest ) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978 ; it was then , after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games , that the Cowboys requested ( and received ) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever . Notwithstanding the aforementioned St. Louis - hosted games in 1975 and 1977 , the two `` traditional '' Thanksgiving Day pro football games since the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger have then been in Detroit and Dallas . Because of TV network commitments in place through the 2013 season , to make sure that both the AFC - carrying network ( NBC from the 1970 merger to 1997 , and CBS since 1998 ) and the NFC - carrying network ( CBS from the 1970 merger to 1993 , and Fox since 1994 ) got at least one game each , one of these games was between NFC opponents , and one featured AFC - NFC opponents . Thus , the AFC could showcase only one team on Thanksgiving , and the AFC team was always the visiting team . Since 2006 , a third NFL game on Thanksgiving has been played at night . It originally aired on the NFL Network as part of its Thursday Night Football package until 2011 ; NBC began carrying the night game in 2012 . The Thanksgiving night game has no fixed opponents or conferences , enabling the league to freely choose whatever marquee match - up to feature on that night . The 2012 changes also allowed both Dallas and Detroit in the future to offer NFC games ( one would be played at night ) , and CBS can offer a game with two AFC teams . In 2014 , the NFL added the cross-flex rule , allowing CBS to televise NFC away games , and Fox to broadcast AFC away games , under select circumstances on Sunday afternoons ; however , this did not cover the Thanksgiving contests . CBS also signed a separate contract to carry Thursday Night Football from the 2014 season onward , which allowed that network to carry games from either conference on Thursdays ; from that year through 2016 , CBS carried all - NFC contests every year on Thanksgiving , and in 2014 and 2015 , no AFC teams played in any of the Thanksgiving games . The NFL 's flexible scheduling rule currently does not apply for Thanksgiving games ; however , the NFL in theory could in the future apply the rule to change start times and networks for the three games . Throwback uniforms ( edit ) Since 2001 teams playing on Thanksgiving have worn throwback uniforms on numerous occasions . In some years ( namely 2002 ) , it extended to nearly all games of the weekend , and in some cases also involved classic field logos at the respective stadiums . In 2001 -- 2004 , and again in 2008 , 2010 , and 2017 the Detroit Lions have worn throwback uniforms based on their very early years . From 2001 to 2003 , Dallas chose to represent the 1990s Cowboys dynasty by wearing the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey not seen since 1995 . In 2004 , the team wore uniforms not seen since 1963 . In 2009 , to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the AFL , both Dallas and Oakland played in a `` AFL Legacy Game . '' In 2013 , the Cowboys intended to wear their 1960s throwbacks , but chose not to do so after the NFL adopted a new policy requiring players and teams to utilize only one helmet a season to address the league 's new concussion protocol ; rather than sport an incomplete throwback look , the Cowboys instead wore their standard blue jerseys at home for the first time since 1963 . In 2015 , the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white `` Double - Star '' jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league 's `` Color Rush '' , a trial run of specially - designed , monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games . Memorable games ( edit ) 1920 : An urban legend states that the Chicago Tigers and Decatur Staleys challenged each other to a Thanksgiving duel , in Chicago , in the league 's inaugural season , with the loser being relegated out of the league at the end of the season , purportedly explaining why the Tigers were the only NFL team to fold after the 1920 season ( no other team would fold until 1921 ) . The claims of it being a duel are unsubstantiated and no evidence exists that the Tigers were ever officially league members ; nevertheless , the Tigers , after a 27 -- 0 win over the non-league Thorn Tornadoes the next week , never played football again . The Staleys would move to Chicago during the next season , later renaming themselves the Bears . 1921 : In a matchup of two of the league 's best teams , the Staleys lose to the Buffalo All - Americans at home . The Staleys demand a rematch , with Buffalo agreeing to a December match only on the terms of it being considered an off - the - record exhibition game . That later match , which Chicago won , ended up counting despite the All - Americans ' insistence , controversially handing Chicago the championship . 1952 : The Dallas Texans are forced to move their lone remaining home game to the Rubber Bowl in Akron , Ohio as the undercard to a high school football contest . Their opponent for that game , the Chicago Bears , underestimated the then - winless Texans and sent their second string team to the game ; the Texans scored a 27 -- 23 upset over the Bears for their only win of their existence . 1962 : The Lions handed the 10 -- 0 Green Bay Packers their lone defeat of the season . 1964 -- 65 : The 1964 and 1965 AFL contests featured the Buffalo Bills and San Diego Chargers , the two teams that would eventually meet in those years ' American Football League Championship Games . 1974 : Unknown Cowboys backup quarterback Clint Longley took over for an injured Roger Staubach with the team down 16 -- 3 and rallied them to an improbable victory over Washington on two deep passes . 1976 : The Bills offense put forth one of the best and the worst performances in Thanksgiving history . O.J. Simpson set the NFL record for most rushing yards in a single game , with 273 . However , Bills backup quarterback Gary Marangi completed only 4 of 21 pass attempts , for 29 yards passing , and a rating of 19.7 . The Lions defeated the Bills 27 - 14 . 1980 : With the Lions and Bears tied 17 - 17 at the end of regulation , the game went to overtime , the first Thanksgiving game to do so ( overtime was not added to the NFL regular season until 1974 ) , and the first overtime game at the Silverdome . Bears running back Dave Williams returned the fifth - quarter opening kickoff 95 yards for a game - winning touchdown , ending the shortest overtime period in NFL history at the time . 1986 : The Lions and the Packers had the highest scoring game in Thanksgiving history . It was the best day of receiver Walter Stanley 's career ; Stanley netted 207 all - purpose yards and three touchdowns , including an 83 - yard punt return to win the game for Green Bay , 44 -- 40 . Stanley had an otherwise undistinguished career in the NFL . 1989 : Known as the `` Bounty Bowl '' , the Eagles crushed the Cowboys by a score of 27 -- 0 . Allegations surfaced that the Eagles had placed a bounty on the Cowboys kicker , thus becoming the first of a string of three bitterly contested games between the two teams , the other two being Bounty Bowl II and the Porkchop Bowl a year later . 1993 : In one of the more famous Thanksgiving Day games in recent history , the Cowboys led the Dolphins 14 -- 13 with just seconds remaining in a rare , snow - filled Texas Stadium . Miami 's Pete Stoyanovich attempted a game winning 40 - yard field goal that was blocked by the Cowboys ' Jimmie Jones . Dick Enberg of NBC proclaimed `` The Cowboys will win . '' Indeed , since the kick landed beyond the line of scrimmage , once the ball stopped moving the play would be declared dead and Dallas would gain possession . However , the ball landed and began spinning on its tip , leading Cowboys lineman Leon Lett to try to gain possession . Lett slipped , fell , and knocked the ball forward . By rule , the ball was live and the Dolphins fell on it at the two yard line . With the recovery , Stoyanovich got a second chance to win the game and hit the much shorter field goal . The Dolphins won 16 -- 14 . 1994 : Troy Aikman was injured and third - string quarterback Jason Garrett was forced to start for Dallas against the Green Bay Packers . The Cowboys won a 42 -- 31 shoot - out against Brett Favre . 1998 : In another controversial Thanksgiving Day game , the Steelers and Lions went to overtime tied 16 -- 16 . Pittsburgh 's Jerome Bettis called the coin toss in the air , but head referee Phil Luckett awarded Detroit the ball after Bettis tried to call both heads and tails at the same time . The Lions went on to kick a field goal on the first possession , winning 19 -- 16 . As a result of the fiasco , team captains are now required to call the coin toss before the coin is tossed , and a later rule change now prevents teams from automatically winning a game by scoring a field goal on the first possession . The day also saw a memorable performance by the Minnesota Vikings in a 46 -- 36 win over the Dallas Cowboys as Vikings rookie Randy Moss caught three touchdowns , all of over 50 yards . 2008 : The 10 -- 1 Titans routed the 0 -- 11 Lions by a score of 47 -- 10 , one of the most lopsided results in history on Thanksgiving . The Lions would go on to finish the season 0 -- 16 . 2011 : The trio of games was lauded as one of the better Thanksgiving Day slates of games in NFL history . The night game between Baltimore and San Francisco pitted head coaches and brothers John and Jim Harbaugh against each other -- a preview of Super Bowl XLVII . 2012 : The prime time contest became infamous for the `` Butt fumble '' , an incident in which Jets quarterback Mark Sanchez ran headfirst into the buttocks of his own offensive lineman . He subsequently fumbled the ball ; it was recovered by New England , who returned it for a touchdown . In the earlier game , one of the NFL 's most infamous rule changes came when former Lions coach Jim Schwartz challenged a play in which Texans running back Justin Forsett 's knee clearly touched the ground before sprinting for an 81 - yard touchdown . Referee Walt Coleman stated that , by rule , scoring plays are automatically reviewed and the play was not challengeable by a coach . Because of the improper attempted challenge , the review was cancelled and Coleman assessed a 15 - yard kickoff penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct . The NFL then passed a new rule that stated that if a coach attempted to challenge a play that is automatically reviewed , the review would continue . It was called the ' Jim Schwartz rule ' . Home team controversy ( edit ) It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades . However , in recent years , other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games . Lamar Hunt , the former owner of the Chiefs ( who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967 -- 69 as an AFL team prior to the merger ) , lobbied heavily in favor of his team hosting a game on the holiday . When the NFL adopted a third , prime time game , the Chiefs were selected as the first team to host such a contest , but the team was not made a permanent host , and Hunt 's death shortly after the 2006 contest ended the lobbying on behalf of that team . The host issue came to a head in 2008 , focusing particularly on the winless Lions . Going into the game , Detroit had lost their last four Thanksgiving games , and opinions amongst the media had suggested removing Detroit and replacing them with a more attractive matchup . The team also required an extension to prevent a local television blackout . The Lions were routed by Tennessee 47 -- 10 , en route to the team 's 0 -- 16 season . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed that the Lions would stay on Thanksgiving for the 2009 season , but kept the issue open to revisit in the future . Conversely , the Dallas Cowboys , who typically represent a larger television draw , have had much fewer public calls to be replaced on Thanksgiving . One issue that has been debated is a perceived unfair advantage of playing at home on Thanksgiving . The advantage is given in the form of an extra day of practice for the home team while the road team has to travel to the game site . This is true for most Thursday games , but with the night games , the visitor can travel to the game site after practice and hold the final walk - thru the following morning . With the introduction of the prime time game , which effectively allows all teams in the league an opportunity to play on Thanksgiving , along with the introduction of year - long Thursday Night Football ensuring all teams have one Thursday game during the regular season ( thus negating any on - field advantages or disadvantages to being selected for Thanksgiving ) , the calls for Detroit and Dallas to be removed have curtailed . Game results ( edit ) ( Winning teams are denoted by boldface type ; tie games are italicized . ) 1920 -- 1940 ( edit ) All three of the generally recognized iterations of the American Football League that played during this era ( AFL I in 1926 , AFL II in 1936 and AFL III in 1940 ) played Thanksgiving games , which are also listed as indicated . Non-NFL team games between league teams and non league teams counted in the 1920 standings . The All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks later joined the league as the Tonawanda Kardex , albeit only for one game . Thanksgiving fell on the final Thursday in November until 1938 and was held on two conflicting days from 1939 to 1941 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 25 , 1920 Canton Bulldogs 0 Akron Pros 7 Decatur Staleys 6 Chicago Tigers 0 Detroit Heralds 0 Dayton Triangles 28 Columbus Panhandles 0 Elyria Athletics * 0 Hammond Pros 0 Chicago Boosters * 27 All - Tonawanda * 14 Rochester Jeffersons Nov. 24 , 1921 Canton Bulldogs 14 Akron Pros 0 Buffalo All - Americans 7 Chicago Staleys 6 Nov. 30 , 1922 Buffalo All - Americans 21 Rochester Jeffersons 0 Chicago Bears 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 Milwaukee Badgers 0 Racine Legion Oorang Indians 18 Columbus Panhandles 6 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 14 Nov. 29 , 1923 Toledo Maroons 0 Canton Bulldogs 28 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears Hammond Pros 0 Green Bay Packers 19 Milwaukee Badgers 16 Racine Legion 0 Nov. 27 , 1924 Buffalo Bisons 0 Akron Pros 22 Chicago Bears 21 Chicago Cardinals 0 Dayton Triangles 7 Frankford Yellowjackets 32 Milwaukee Badgers 10 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Canton ) 53 Green Bay Packers 17 Kansas City Blues 6 Nov. 26 , 1925 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Kansas City Cowboys 17 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Hartford ) 0 Rock Island Independents 6 Detroit Panthers Green Bay Packers 0 Pottsville Maroons 31 Nov. 25 , 1926 New York Giants 17 Brooklyn Lions 0 Los Angeles Buccaneers 9 Detroit Panthers 6 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Green Bay Packers 14 Frankford Yellowjackets 20 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 8 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 0 ( AFL I ) Los Angeles Wildcats 0 Chicago Bulls 0 ( AFL I ) Philadelphia Quakers 13 New York Yankees 10 Nov. 24 , 1927 Chicago Cardinals Chicago Bears 0 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 6 Green Bay Packers 17 Frankford Yellowjackets 9 Cleveland Bulldogs 30 New York Yankees 19 Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 29 , 1928 Providence Steam Roller 7 Pottsville Maroons 0 Dayton Triangles 0 Detroit Wolverines 33 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 34 Nov. 28 , 1929 New York Giants 21 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 Chicago Cardinals 40 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 27 , 1930 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Providence Steam Roller 12 Brooklyn Dodgers 33 Green Bay Packers 25 Frankford Yellowjackets 7 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 26 , 1931 Green Bay Packers 38 Providence Steam Roller 7 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 9 Chicago Cardinals 7 Chicago Bears 18 Nov. 24 , 1932 Green Bay Packers 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 New York Giants 13 Staten Island Stapletons 13 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 24 Nov. 30 , 1933 New York Giants 10 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 22 Chicago Cardinals 6 Nov. 29 , 1934 Green Bay Packers 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 New York Giants 27 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 19 Detroit Lions 16 Nov. 28 , 1935 Green Bay Packers 7 Chicago Cardinals 9 New York Giants 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears Detroit Lions 14 Nov. 26 , 1936 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 13 New York Giants 14 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 ( AFL II ) Cleveland Rams 7 Rochester Tigers 6 Nov. 25 , 1937 Chicago Bears 13 Detroit Lions 0 New York Giants 13 Brooklyn Dodgers 13 Nov. 24 , 1938 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 14 New York Giants 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 23 , 1939 Pittsburgh Pirates 14 Philadelphia Eagles 17 Nov. 21 , 1940 ( AFL III ) New York Yankees 16 Columbus Bullies 17 ( AFL III ) Buffalo Tigers 13 Milwaukee Chiefs 30 Nov. 28 , 1940 Pittsburgh Steelers 0 Philadelphia Eagles 7 1945 -- 1959 ( edit ) No Thanksgiving games were held from 1941 to 1944 due to World War II . Thanksgiving games were played on the fourth Thursday in November from 1945 onward . The All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) also played Thanksgiving games from 1946 to 1949 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 22 , 1945 NFL Cleveland Rams 28 Detroit Lions 21 Nov. 28 , 1946 NFL Boston Yanks 34 Detroit Lions 10 AAFC New York Yankees 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 27 , 1947 NFL Chicago Bears 34 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 27 Los Angeles Dons 17 AAFC San Francisco 49ers 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 25 , 1948 NFL Chicago Cardinals 28 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 31 Los Angeles Dons 14 AAFC Buffalo Bills 39 Chicago Rockets 35 Nov. 24 , 1949 NFL Chicago Bears 28 Detroit Lions 7 AAFC New York Yankees 17 Los Angeles Dons 16 AAFC Cleveland Browns 14 Chicago Hornets 6 Nov. 23 , 1950 NFL New York Yanks 14 Detroit Lions 49 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Chicago Cardinals 17 Nov. 22 , 1951 NFL Green Bay Packers 35 Detroit Lions 52 Nov. 27 , 1952 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 48 Chicago Bears 23 Dallas Texans ( at Akron , Ohio ) 27 Nov. 26 , 1953 NFL Green Bay Packers 15 Detroit Lions 34 Nov. 25 , 1954 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 28 Nov. 24 , 1955 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 22 , 1956 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 20 Nov. 28 , 1957 NFL Green Bay Packers 6 Detroit Lions 18 Nov. 27 , 1958 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 26 , 1959 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 17 1960 -- 1969 ( edit ) The American Football League ( AFL ) also played Thanksgiving Day games during this decade . The Dallas Cowboys started playing their traditional series in 1966 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 24 , 1960 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 23 AFL Dallas Texans 35 New York Titans 41 Nov. 23 , 1961 NFL Green Bay Packers 17 Detroit Lions 9 AFL Buffalo Bills 14 New York Titans 21 Nov. 22 , 1962 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 26 AFL New York Titans 46 Denver Broncos 45 Nov. 28 , 1963 NFL Green Bay Packers 13 Detroit Lions 13 AFL Oakland Raiders 26 Denver Broncos 10 Nov. 26 , 1964 NFL Chicago Bears 27 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 27 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 25 , 1965 NFL Baltimore Colts 24 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 20 San Diego Chargers 20 Nov. 24 , 1966 NFL San Francisco 49ers 41 Detroit Lions 14 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 26 AFL Buffalo Bills 31 Oakland Raiders 10 Nov. 23 , 1967 NFL Los Angeles Rams 31 Detroit Lions 7 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Dallas Cowboys 46 AFL Oakland Raiders 44 Kansas City Chiefs 22 Denver Broncos 20 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 28 , 1968 NFL Philadelphia Eagles 12 Detroit Lions 0 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 29 AFL Buffalo Bills 10 Oakland Raiders 13 Houston Oilers 10 Kansas City Chiefs 24 Nov. 27 , 1969 NFL Minnesota Vikings 27 Detroit Lions 0 San Francisco 49ers 24 Dallas Cowboys 24 AFL Denver Broncos 17 Kansas City Chiefs 31 San Diego Chargers 21 Houston Oilers 17 1970 -- 2005 ( edit ) From 1970 to 2005 , three NFC teams and one AFC team played each Thanksgiving . The two afternoon games were held at Detroit ( 12 : 30 p.m. EST ) and Dallas ( 4 : 15 p.m. EST ) , respectively . Detroit always hosts the `` early '' game because a 12 : 30 p.m. EST kick - off at Dallas would be 11 : 30 a.m. local time ( CST ) , and the NFL avoids starting games before noon locally . The two games rotate annually as intra-conference ( NFC vs. NFC ) and inter-conference ( AFC vs. NFC ) games . This is to satisfy the television contract balance between CBS ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the AFC ) and Fox ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the NFC ) . The `` early '' game kicks off at a special time of 12 : 30 p.m. EST as opposed to the typical afternoon start time of 1 p.m. This provides an additional 30 minutes to prevent overlapping of the `` late '' game , and also gave the network time for a pregame show and some additional time for an expanded halftime show ( selected years ) . When Fox carries the `` early '' game , they typically start their pregame coverage ( Fox NFL Sunday ) at 11 : 30 a.m. ( with the addition of Fox NFL Kickoff to the Fox lineup , its pregame will begin at 10 : 30 a.m. for 2015 ) . When CBS carries the `` early '' game , they start their pregame coverage ( The NFL Today ) at 12 : 00 p.m. , due to the fact that their morning parade coverage runs until noon . The network with the 4 : 15 `` late '' game begins pregame coverage at 3 : 30 p.m. EST . Dallas was replaced by the St. Louis Cardinals as a host team in 1975 and 1977 ; Dallas and St. Louis faced each other at Texas Stadium in 1976 . Because of the Missouri Turkey Day Game , the long - established Kirkwood -- Webster Groves high school football game that takes place on Thanksgiving in St. Louis , weak fan support in St. Louis , and general national preference of the Cowboys over the historically weaker Cardinals , the Cardinals ' hosting of the Thanksgiving game was not popular . Dallas returned to hosting the game in 1978 and has hosted since . Likewise , the Rams never played on Thanksgiving while in St. Louis , in part because of the Turkey Day Game and also because the Missouri State High School Activities Association has held its state football championship games on Thanksgiving weekend at The Dome at America 's Center since 1996 . Since the time NFL began its current alignment in 2002 , no team from the AFC North can play a Thanksgiving Day game against the traditional hosts . This is because under the current rotation , the Cowboys and the Lions each play AFC North teams in years that FOX is scheduled to broadcast its Thanksgiving Day game , requiring an NFC opponent . To date , the last game to feature a team currently in the AFC North was the Lions matchup against the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1998 . AFC North teams can play in the prime time game , as the Cincinnati Bengals did in 2010 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 26 , 1970 Oakland Raiders 14 Detroit Lions 28 Green Bay Packers Dallas Cowboys 16 Nov. 25 , 1971 Kansas City Chiefs 21 Detroit Lions 32 Los Angeles Rams 21 Dallas Cowboys 28 Nov. 23 , 1972 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 37 San Francisco 49ers 31 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 22 , 1973 Washington Redskins 20 Detroit Lions 0 Miami Dolphins 14 Dallas Cowboys 7 Nov. 28 , 1974 Denver Broncos 31 Detroit Lions 27 Washington Redskins 23 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1975 Los Angeles Rams 20 Detroit Lions 0 Buffalo Bills 32 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 25 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 14 Detroit Lions 27 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Dallas Cowboys 19 Nov. 24 , 1977 Chicago Bears 31 Detroit Lions 14 Miami Dolphins 55 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 23 , 1978 Denver Broncos 14 Detroit Lions 17 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 37 Nov. 22 , 1979 Chicago Bears 0 Detroit Lions 20 Houston Oilers 30 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1980 Chicago Bears 23 Detroit Lions 17 ( OT ) Seattle Seahawks 7 Dallas Cowboys 51 Nov. 26 , 1981 Kansas City Chiefs 10 Detroit Lions 27 Chicago Bears 9 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 25 , 1982 New York Giants 13 Detroit Lions 6 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 31 Nov. 24 , 1983 Pittsburgh Steelers Detroit Lions 45 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 22 , 1984 Green Bay Packers 28 Detroit Lions 31 New England Patriots 17 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 28 , 1985 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 31 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 27 , 1986 Green Bay Packers 44 Detroit Lions 40 Seattle Seahawks 31 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1987 Kansas City Chiefs 27 Detroit Lions 20 Minnesota Vikings 44 Dallas Cowboys 38 ( OT ) Nov. 24 , 1988 Minnesota Vikings 23 Detroit Lions 0 Houston Oilers 25 Dallas Cowboys 17 Nov. 23 , 1989 Cleveland Browns 10 Detroit Lions 13 Philadelphia Eagles 27 Dallas Cowboys 0 Nov. 22 , 1990 Denver Broncos 27 Detroit Lions 40 Washington Redskins 17 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 28 , 1991 Chicago Bears 6 Detroit Lions 16 Pittsburgh Steelers 10 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 26 , 1992 Houston Oilers 24 Detroit Lions 21 New York Giants Dallas Cowboys 30 Nov. 25 , 1993 Chicago Bears 10 Detroit Lions 6 Miami Dolphins 16 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 24 , 1994 Buffalo Bills 21 Detroit Lions 35 Green Bay Packers 31 Dallas Cowboys 42 Nov. 23 , 1995 Minnesota Vikings 38 Detroit Lions 44 Kansas City Chiefs 12 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 1996 Kansas City Chiefs 28 Detroit Lions 24 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 27 , 1997 Chicago Bears 20 Detroit Lions 55 Tennessee Oilers 27 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1998 Pittsburgh Steelers 16 Detroit Lions 19 ( OT ) Minnesota Vikings 46 Dallas Cowboys 36 Nov. 25 , 1999 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 21 Miami Dolphins 0 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 23 , 2000 New England Patriots 9 Detroit Lions 34 Minnesota Vikings 27 Dallas Cowboys 15 Nov. 22 , 2001 Green Bay Packers 29 Detroit Lions 27 Denver Broncos 26 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 2002 New England Patriots 20 Detroit Lions 12 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 27 , 2003 Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 22 Miami Dolphins 40 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 25 , 2004 Indianapolis Colts 41 Detroit Lions 9 Chicago Bears 7 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 24 , 2005 Atlanta Falcons 27 Detroit Lions 7 Denver Broncos 24 Dallas Cowboys 21 ( OT ) 2006 -- present ( edit ) Since 2006 , three contests have been played on Thanksgiving . In addition to the traditional Detroit and Dallas home afternoon games , a third game is now played in primetime and televised by NFL Network ( 2006 -- 2011 ) or NBC ( since 2012 ) . Current plans call for the various NFL teams ( other than the Lions and Cowboys ) to take turns hosting the night game on a rotation basis . In 2006 , Kansas City hosted the first prime time Thanksgiving game . The game marked a new `` Thanksgiving Tripleheader '' tradition . The Denver / Kansas City game marked the first time more than two games were played on Thanksgiving ( as well as the first all - AFC holiday matchup ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 . Rule changes in the 2012 -- 2022 television contracts permit `` cross flexing '' , whereby selected games can be switched between CBS and FOX , effectively allowing CBS to schedule an NFC vs. NFC matchup on Thanksgiving Day rather than an AFC at NFC game . The 2014 season was the first in which all three games feature NFC vs. NFC opponents under these rules ; the league again scheduled an all - NFC Thanksgiving for 2015 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 23 , 2006 Miami Dolphins 27 Detroit Lions 10 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 Dallas Cowboys 38 Denver Broncos 10 Kansas City Chiefs 19 Nov. 22 , 2007 Green Bay Packers 37 Detroit Lions 26 New York Jets Dallas Cowboys 34 Indianapolis Colts 31 Atlanta Falcons 13 Nov. 27 , 2008 Tennessee Titans 47 Detroit Lions 10 Seattle Seahawks 9 Dallas Cowboys 34 Arizona Cardinals 20 Philadelphia Eagles 48 Nov. 26 , 2009 Green Bay Packers 34 Detroit Lions 12 Oakland Raiders 7 Dallas Cowboys 24 New York Giants 6 Denver Broncos 26 Nov. 25 , 2010 New England Patriots 45 Detroit Lions 24 New Orleans Saints 30 Dallas Cowboys 27 Cincinnati Bengals 10 New York Jets 26 Nov. 24 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 27 Detroit Lions 15 Miami Dolphins 19 Dallas Cowboys 20 San Francisco 49ers 6 Baltimore Ravens 16 Nov. 22 , 2012 Houston Texans 34 Detroit Lions 31 ( OT ) Washington Redskins 38 Dallas Cowboys 31 New England Patriots 49 New York Jets 19 Nov. 28 , 2013 Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 40 Oakland Raiders 24 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 20 Baltimore Ravens 22 Nov. 27 , 2014 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 34 Philadelphia Eagles 33 Dallas Cowboys 10 Seattle Seahawks 19 San Francisco 49ers Nov. 26 , 2015 Philadelphia Eagles 14 Detroit Lions 45 Carolina Panthers 33 Dallas Cowboys 14 Chicago Bears 17 Green Bay Packers 13 Nov. 24 , 2016 Minnesota Vikings 13 Detroit Lions 16 Washington Redskins 26 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Indianapolis Colts 7 Nov. 23 , 2017 Minnesota Vikings 30 Detroit Lions 23 Los Angeles Chargers 28 Dallas Cowboys 6 New York Giants 10 Washington Redskins 20 Thanksgiving Day standings ( edit ) Of current NFL franchises . This includes American Football League ( AFL ) games ; however , it does not include All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) games . Team Last Game Wins Losses Ties Win % Other names appeared under Baltimore Ravens 2013 0 1.000 Carolina Panthers 2015 0 1.000 Houston Texans 2012 0 1.000 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 Philadelphia Eagles 2015 7 . 875 Minnesota Vikings 2017 6 . 750 Los Angeles Rams . 750 Cleveland Rams ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , does not include 1936 AFL 's Cleveland Rams Miami Dolphins 2011 5 . 714 Tennessee Titans 2008 5 . 714 Houston Oilers ( 1960 -- 1996 ) Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Indianapolis Colts 2016 . 625 Baltimore Colts ( 1953 -- 1983 ) Los Angeles Chargers 2017 . 625 San Diego Chargers ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Dallas Cowboys 2017 30 19 . 622 New York Giants 2017 7 6 . 607 New England Patriots 2012 . 600 Chicago Bears 2015 17 15 . 529 Decatur Staleys ( 1920 ) Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Kansas City Chiefs 2006 5 5 . 500 Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) , does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated NFL Dallas Texans . New York Jets 2012 . 500 New York Titans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) San Francisco 49ers 2014 . 500 Does not include 1 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Seattle Seahawks 2014 . 500 Atlanta Falcons 2007 . 500 Detroit Lions 2017 37 39 . 494 Buffalo Bills 1994 . 438 Does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated AAFC team of same name . Oakland Raiders 2013 . 429 Green Bay Packers 2015 14 20 . 417 Denver Broncos 2009 7 . 364 Arizona Cardinals 2008 6 15 . 304 Chicago Cardinals ( 1920 -- 1959 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1960 -- 1987 ) Phoenix Cardinals ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 6 . 250 Washington Redskins 2017 7 . 364 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2006 0 . 000 Cleveland Browns 1989 0 . 000 Does not include 3 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Jacksonville Jaguars None 0 0 -- Only active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving . Notable appearance droughts ( edit ) The last currently active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving through 2017 is the Jacksonville Jaguars , who joined the league in 1995 . An idiosyncrasy in the NFL 's current scheduling formula , which has been in effect since 2002 and revised in 2010 , effectively prevents teams from the AFC North from playing the Lions or Cowboys on Thanksgiving , as the formula has the AFC North playing in Dallas or Detroit in years when the other team is slated to play the AFC game on Thanksgiving . These teams can , under the 2014 television contracts , play only in the third ( night ) game ; should cross-flex be expanded to Thursdays or Fox win the Thursday Night contract in 2018 ( either scenario would allow both Fox and CBS to carry AFC games ) , this idiosyncrasy will be eliminated . The Los Angeles Rams have the longest active appearance drought of any team , with their last appearance coming in 1975 . Among current NFL markets , Cleveland has had the longest wait to have a team from its city play on Thanksgiving ; the Browns last appeared in 1989 , several years before being suspended in the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , and have not appeared in the game since rejoining the league as an expansion team . Since 2010 , the league has made efforts to end the longest droughts . New Orleans , Cincinnati , Baltimore , Houston , and Carolina all played their first Thanksgiving games during this time frame . San Francisco likewise played their first Thanksgiving game since 1972 in 2011 , and the Los Angeles Chargers , who last played on the holiday in 1969 ( while the team was still an AFL franchise in San Diego ) before actually joining the league , appeared for the first time as an NFL member in 2017 . Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams ( edit ) League teams only , since 1920 . Team Wins Losses Ties Win Pct . Other names appeared under Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1931 ) New York Yankees 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Pottsville Maroons 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1928 ) Boston Yanks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1948 ) Buffalo Bills 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) , unrelated to current NFL team with this name Dallas Texans 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1952 ) , does not count AFL 's Dallas Texans , which are now the Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Buccaneers 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Oorang Indians 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Rock Island Independents 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1925 ) All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1921 ) Akron Pros . 700 Defunct ( 1926 ) Buffalo Bisons . 500 Buffalo All - Americans ( 1920 -- 1923 ) , Defunct ( 1929 ) Canton Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Cleveland Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1927 ) Dayton Triangles . 500 Defunct ( 1929 ) Kansas City Cowboys . 500 Kansas City Blues ( 1924 ) , Defunct ( 1926 ) Milwaukee Badgers . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Brooklyn Lions 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Chicago Tigers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) Detroit Heralds 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) New York Yanks 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1950 ) Providence Steam Roller 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1931 ) Racine Legion 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Toledo Maroons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Brooklyn Dodgers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Chicago Hornets 0 . 000 Chicago Rockets ( 1946 -- 1948 ) , Defunct ( 1949 ) Columbus Panhandles 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Detroit Panthers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Hammond Pros 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Rochester Jeffersons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1925 ) Los Angeles Dons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) * All - America Football Conference team . Game MVPs ( edit ) Since 1989 , informal and sometimes lighthearted Man of the Match awards have been issued by the networks broadcasting the respective games . Running back Emmitt Smith holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVPs with five ( 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 and 2002 ) . Voting on the respective awards is typically done informally by the announcing crew themselves , and criteria are loose . Noteworthy statistical accomplishments weigh heavily , and `` group '' awards are common . The announcement of the winner ( s ) , and the presentation of the award is normally done immediately following the game , during post-game network coverage . Turkey Leg award ( CBS & Fox ) ( edit ) In 1989 , John Madden of CBS awarded the first `` Turkey Leg Award '' , for the game 's most valuable player . Pursuant to its name , it was an actual cooked turkey leg , and players typically took a celebratory bite out of the leg for the cameras during post-game interviews . Reggie White of the Eagles was the first recipient . The gesture was seen mostly as a humorous gimmick relating to Madden 's famous multi-legged turkey , cooked and delivered by local restaurant owner Joe Pat Fieseler of Harvey 's Barbecue ( located less than a mile from Texas Stadium ) . Since then , however , the award has gained subtle notoriety . Madden brought the award to FOX in 1994 , and it continued through 2001 . Because of the loose and informal nature of the award , at times it has been awarded to multiple players . On one occasion in 1994 , it was given to players of both teams . Galloping Gobbler / game ball ( Fox ) ( edit ) When John Madden left FOX after 2001 , the network introduced a new award starting in 2002 , named the `` Galloping Gobbler . '' It was represented by a small figurine of a silver turkey wearing a football helmet striking a Heisman - like pose . Much like Cleatus and Digger , the original Galloping Gobbler trophy reflected Fox 's irreverent mascots , and went through several iterations . Unimpressed by its tackiness , 2002 winner Emmitt Smith ( who holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVP awards and had won the Turkey Leg Award four previous times ) famously threw his in a trash can . In 2007 , the kitschy statuette was replaced with a bronze - colored statue of a nondescript turkey holding a football . In 2011 , the trophies were discarded altogether and replaced by an attractive plaque . Unlike the aforementioned `` Turkey Leg Award '' , the `` Galloping Gobbler '' is normally awarded to only one player annually , however in 2016 , co-winners were honored . For 2017 , the Galloping Gobbler was permanently retired , and replaced with the `` Game Ball , '' an stylish , ornate football - shaped trophy , reminiscent of the tradition where game - used balls are typically awarded to players of the game . No one at Fox seemed to notice the first ball awarded has the stripe markings of a college ball . All - Iron award ( CBS ) ( edit ) When the NFL returned to CBS in 1998 , they introduced their own award , the `` All - Iron Award '' , which is , suitably enough , a small silver iron , a reference to Phil Simms ' All - Iron team for toughness . The All - Iron winner also receives a skillet of blackberry cobbler made by Simms ' mother . Through 2006 , the trophy was only awarded to one player annually . Occasionally , it has been issued as a `` group award '' in addition to a single player award . In 2008 , Simms stated it was `` too close to call '' and named four players to the trophy ; he then gave the award to several people every year until 2013 , after which he reverted to a single MVP in 2014 . Simms was removed from the broadcast booth for the 2017 season and no player of the game was chosen that year . Prime time games ( nfln & NBC ) ( edit ) During the time when NFL Network held the broadcast rights the prime time game , from 2007 to 2011 they gave out the `` Pudding Pie Award '' for MVPs . The award was an actual pie . In 2009 , NFL Network gave Brandon Marshall a pumpkin pie rather than the chocolate pudding pie of the previous two years . NBC , which carried Thanksgiving afternoon games through 1997 , did not issue an MVP award during that time . NBC began broadcasting the Thanksgiving prime time game in 2012 , at which point the MVP award was added . The award is currently called the Sunday Night Football on Thanksgiving Night Player of the Game , and is typically awarded to multiple players on the winning team . From 2012 to 2015 , the NBC award was referred to as the `` Madden Thanksgiving Player - of - the - Game '' , honoring John Madden ( who announced NBC games from 2006 to 2008 ) . In the first few years , the award specifically went to players on both offense and defense , but in recent years , defensive players have not necessarily been recognized . The winning players are presented with ceremonial game balls and , as a gesture to Madden , a cooked turkey leg . Complete list ( edit ) CBS Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1989 Reggie White ( Phi ) 1990 Troy Aikman & Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 1991 Barry Sanders ( Det ) 1992 Emmitt Smith & Cowboys Offensive line 1993 Richard Dent ( Chi ) CBS All - Iron Award 1998 Stephen Boyd ( Det ) 1999 Dexter Coakley ( Dal ) 2000 Charlie Batch ( Det ) 2001 Mike Anderson ( Den ) 2002 Troy Brown ( NE ) 2003 Jay Fiedler & Chris Chambers ( Mia ) Peyton Manning & Colts Offensive line 2005 Ron Dayne ( Den ) 2006 Joey Harrington ( Mia ) 2007 Tony Romo & Cowboys defense * 2008 Albert Haynesworth ( Ten ) Chris Johnson ( Ten ) Kevin Mawae ( Ten ) LenDale White ( Ten ) 2009 Miles Austin ( Dal ) Tony Romo ( Dal ) Jason Witten ( Dal ) Tom Brady ( NE ) 2011 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2012 Andre Johnson ( Hou ) Matt Schaub ( Hou ) J.J. Watt ( Hou ) 2013 Tony Romo ( Dal ) DeMarco Murray ( Dal ) Lance Dunbar ( Dal ) HM : Matthew McGloin ( Oak ) 2014 Calvin Johnson ( Det ) 2015 Luke Kuechly ( Car ) Jerricho Cotchery ( Car ) Kurt Coleman ( Car ) Cam Newton ( Car ) 2016 Matt Prater ( Det ) Darius Slay ( Det ) Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2017 no award FOX Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1994 Emmitt Smith & Jason Garrett ( Dal ) Brett Favre & Sterling Sharpe ( GB ) 1995 Herman Moore ( Det ) Brett Perriman ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 1997 Luther Ellis ( Det ) 1998 Randy Moss ( Min ) 1999 Gus Frerotte ( Det ) Greg Hill ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Robert Porcher ( Det ) 2000 Robert Smith ( Min ) Randy Moss ( Min ) Daunte Culpepper ( Min ) Cris Carter ( Min ) 2001 Brett Favre & Ahman Green ( GB ) FOX Galloping Gobbler Award 2002 Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 2003 Dré Bly ( Det ) Julius Jones ( Dal ) 2005 Michael Vick ( Atl ) 2006 Tony Romo ( Dal ) 2007 Brett Favre ( GB ) 2008 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2009 Donald Driver ( GB ) Drew Brees ( NO ) 2011 Aaron Rodgers ( GB ) 2012 Robert Griffin III ( Was ) 2013 Reggie Bush ( Det ) 2014 LeSean McCoy ( Phi ) 2015 Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2016 Dak Prescott & Ezekiel Elliott ( Dal ) FOX Game Ball 2017 Case Keenum ( Min ) NFLN Pudding Pie Award Year MVP ( Team ) 2006 Not given 2007 Reggie Wayne ( Ind ) 2008 Donovan McNabb & Brian Westbrook ( Phi ) 2009 Brandon Marshall ( Den ) Brad Smith & Darrelle Revis ( NYJ ) 2011 Terrell Suggs ( Bal ) NBC Player of the Game 2012 Tom Brady ( NE ) Vince Wilfork ( NE ) Steve Gregory ( NE ) 2013 Jacoby Jones ( Bal ) Justin Tucker ( Bal ) 2014 Russell Wilson ( Sea ) Richard Sherman ( Sea ) 2015 Jay Cutler ( Chi ) Tracy Porter ( Chi ) 2016 Le'Veon Bell ( Pit ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pit ) Antonio Brown ( Pit ) 2017 Kirk Cousins ( Was ) Jamison Crowder ( Was ) Ryan Kerrigan ( Was ) Of the members of the 2007 Cowboys defense , Chris Canty , DeMarcus Ware , Terence Newman and Greg Ellis were particularly noted . In 2017 no official CBS award was handed out , though Phillip Rivers and Keenan Allen ( both of the Chargers ) was interviewed after the game during post-game coverage . Broadcasting ( edit ) DuMont was the first network to televise Thanksgiving games in 1953 ; CBS took over in 1956 , and in 1965 , the first ever color television broadcast of an NFL game was the Thanksgiving match between the Lions and the Baltimore Colts . Starting in 2012 , all three broadcast networks with NFL rights will carry one game apiece . The first two games are split between CBS and Fox . These games are rotated annually , with CBS getting the 12 : 30 p.m. ( EST ) `` early '' game , and Fox getting the 4 : 25 p.m. `` late '' game in even - numbered years , while Fox likewise gets the `` early '' game and CBS the `` late '' game in odd - numbered years . The third game , with a prime time 8 : 30 p.m. start , is carried by NBC . The NFL may involve the Flexible Scheduling rule in the future to reassign games if the night game has less importance than the Dallas or Detroit game . Westwood One holds national radio broadcast rights to all three games , with Compass Media Networks sharing rights to the Cowboys contest . ( Under league rules , only radio stations that carry at least 12 Cowboys games in a season are allowed to carry the Compass broadcast . ) The participating teams also air the games on their local flagship stations and regional radio networks . The Cowboys Thanksgiving game has regularly been the most watched NFL regular season telecast each year , with the Lions Thanksgiving game usually in the top five . See also ( edit ) American football on Thanksgiving References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Navy vs Michigan st ( NJ ) '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1885 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1887 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1888 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1889 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1891 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` Football on Thanksgiving : A Brief But Comprehensive History '' . Midwest Sports Fans . November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the Thanksgiving Day Tradition '' . Detroit Lions . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jaworowski , Matt ( November 24 , 2016 ) . Timeline : How football became a Thanksgiving tradition . WIVB - TV . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ See also : Pennsylvania Keystoners Jump up ^ Scales , Kristi ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Why Do the Cowboys Play on Thanksgiving Day ? '' . 5 Points Blue ( Dallas Cowboys ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McManaman , Bob ( November 22 , 2017 ) . Cardinals , not Cowboys , could have been an NFL Thanksgiving Day staple . azcentral.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces Week 13 flex plan '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` NFL renews lucrative TV deals '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 NFL Schedule : Flex games can now start in Week 5 '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Thursday , Saturday , and Monday games are not affected . Jump up ^ `` CBS to broadcast eight Thursday night football games in 2014 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Splash of color for Thursday Night teams . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bills at Detroit Lions - November 25th , 1976 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1993 - Dolphins @ Cowboys - Leon Lett Opps - YouTube Jump up ^ Miami Dolphins at Dallas Cowboys - November 25th , 1993 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football Preview : Games , TV Schedule , Point Spreads , Picks and Predictions '' . Midwestsportsfans.com. 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Silver , Michael ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) . `` NFL Thanksgiving games are appealing , for once -- NFL -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bakay , Nick ( 12 November 2008 ) . `` Manly House of Football : Another helping of Lions football for the holiday ? No , thanks ! '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Kulfan , Ted . Annual Lions game is roasted . The Detroit News . 25 November 2008 Jump up ^ Slevin , Peter ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` In Detroit , Tradition Takes a Hike ; Annual Thanksgiving Football Game Offers Little Joy for Troubled City '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Lage , Larry ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Once - beaten Titans dominate winless Lions 47 -- 10 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Niyo , John ( 31 January 2009 ) . `` Turkey game safe ... for now '' . Detroit Free Press . p . C6 . Jump up ^ Kowalski , Tom ( 22 March 2009 ) . `` Lions president says NFL will not take away team 's Thanksgiving Day game '' . mlive.com . Jump up ^ Horn , Barry ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` Networks vie for Dallas Cowboys ' home opener '' . Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` The best football writer of our time '' . si.com . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` 2014 NFL Schedule : No AFC teams on Thanksgiving Day '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Previewing the 2017 Thanksgiving Day slate '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Imnam , Cam ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` John Madden talks Thanksgiving , his health , Raiders rise , 49ers fall , NFL TV ratings '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Galloping Gobbler : An evolution of greatness '' . Laces Out -- Fox Blog . Fox Sports . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football History , Trivia , and Fun Facts '' . Sports Geekery . November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football History , Trivia , and Fun Facts - Sports Geekery '' . 2010 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ezekiel Elliott , Dak Prescott win Galloping Gobbler after Thanksgiving win vs. Washington Jump up ^ 2016 Steelers - Colts Game Broadcast on NBC , Post-game coverage : November 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Easton - P'burg TV coverage wo n't crash gate '' . The Morning Call . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . As an added bonus , John Madden will return to NBC to open the broadcast and will give his first `` Madden Thanksgiving Player of the - Game '' award Jump up ^ `` Thanksgiving Night Game on NBC New England Patriots vs. New York Jets '' ( Press release ) . NBCUniversal . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turkey Leg Award is the best NFL football on Thanksgiving tradition . SB Nation ( November 24 , 2016 ) . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's `` Turkey Day '' tradition begins `` . NBC Sports History Page . Bibliography ( edit ) 2003 NFL Record and Fact Book ( ISBN 0 - 7611 - 3148 - 5 ) ( for game results through 2002 ) Detroit Lions 2003 , 2004 and 2005 game schedules ( for game results 2003 to 2005 ) Dallas Cowboys 2003 , 2004 and 2005 game schedules ( for game results 2003 to 2005 ) External links ( edit ) NFL.com Thanksgiving Page All - Time NFL Thanksgiving Day game results , from the Pro Football Hall of Fame American Football League Thanksgiving game boxscores Links to related articles Detroit Lions Founded in 1930 Formerly the Portsmouth Spartans ( 1930 -- 33 ) Based in Detroit , Michigan Headquartered in Allen Park , Michigan Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Stadiums Universal Stadium University of Detroit Stadium Tiger Stadium Pontiac Silverdome Ford Field Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day Paper Lion ( film ) `` What 's Going On '' ( Marvin Gaye song ) Beverly Hills Cop Home Improvement Cheerleaders Lore 1932 Playoff Game Curse of Bobby Layne Mike Utley gives a thumbs up Marty Mornhinweg takes the wind `` Fire Millen '' 0 -- 16 `` Calvin Johnson rule '' Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Notable people William Clay & Martha Firestone Ford Barry Sanders Bobby Layne Glenn Presnell Calvin Johnson Wayne Fontes Division championships ( 4 ) 1935 1991 1993 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1952 1953 1954 1957 League championships ( 4 ) 1935 1952 1953 1957 Media Broadcasters Radio : Radio network Dan Miller Jim Brandstatter Tony Ortiz WJR TV : Television network Matt Shepard Chris Spielman Jennifer Hammond WJBK Fox Sports Detroit Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 88 ) 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - 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FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Ten - year AFL patch Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - 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where can i get a vehicle inspection done

Vehicle inspection

vehicle inspection

Vehicle inspection is a procedure mandated by national or subnational governments in many countries , in which a vehicle is inspected to ensure that it conforms to regulations governing safety , emissions , or both . Inspection can be required at various times , e.g. , periodically or on transfer of title to a vehicle . If required periodically , it is often termed periodic motor vehicle inspection ; typical intervals are every two years and every year . When a vehicle passes inspection , often a sticker ( inspection decal or inspection sticker ) is placed on the vehicle 's windshield or registration plate to simplify later controls , but in some countries such a Netherlands since 2008 is not necessary anymore . Inspection stations are places to drive inside to see if a vehicle passes inspection once a vehicle is due for inspection . Most US inspection decals / stickers display the month 's number and the year .

In some jurisdictions , proof of inspection is required before a vehicle license or license plate can be issued or renewed . In others , once a vehicle passes inspection , an inspection decal is attached to the windshield or registration plate , and police can enforce the inspection law by seeing whether the vehicle displays an up - to - date decal . There is some controversy over whether periodically inspecting motor vehicles is a cost - effective way to improve road traffic safety . Contents ( hide ) 1 Americas 1.1 Brazil 1.2 Canada 1.3 United States 2 Asia 2.1 Japan 2.2 China 2.3 Singapore 2.4 Turkey 2.5 Israel 3 Europe 3.1 Austria 3.2 Belgium 3.3 Bulgaria 3.4 Croatia 3.5 Czech Republic 3.6 Estonia 3.7 Finland 3.8 France 3.9 Germany 3.10 Greece 3.11 Hungary 3.12 Ireland 3.13 Italy 3.14 Netherlands 3.15 Norway 3.16 Poland 3.17 Romania 3.18 Russia 3.19 Spain 3.20 Slovakia 3.21 Sweden 3.22 United Kingdom 3.22. 1 Isle of Man 4 Oceania 4.1 Australia 4.2 New Zealand 5 Africa 5.1 South Africa 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Americas ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil inspections are performed by private companies designated by the cities . Annual inspection is mandatory for all diesel vehicles ; all natural gas , gasoline and alcohol vehicles except for new vehicles registered in the current year ; all motorcycles and motorbikes , independent of year of fabrication ( two - stroke engines are exempt ) . After passing inspection the driver is issued an electronic stamp ( ' selo eletrônico ' ) associated to the license plate of the vehicle . In São Paulo , traffic cameras identify vehicles that did not get their annual inspection and issue tickets . Inspection costs around R $40 , 00 . Canada ( edit ) Emissions test abolished Periodic safety inspection Emissions test in some regions and safety inspection upon vehicle transfer Safety inspection upon transfer of the vehicle Emission testing programs in Canada is required bi-annually in southern Ontario only ( Ontario 's Drive Clean ) . AirCare in British Columbia has been abolished . Safety testing regulations vary through the different provinces . In Manitoba , Ontario and Newfoundland and Labrador , upon buying a car ( new or used ) only , a valid safety check must be done before it can be registered . Dealerships are required to provide the buyer with a new safety , while private sellers are not ( if a private seller so chooses , they may pay for , and issue a new safety in order to make it more appealing to buy ) . In either case , if the vehicle bought has not had a safety test within the last year , the buyer must safety the vehicle before it can be registered with Manitoba Public Insurance , Service Ontario , or Service NL . From the point the car is registered , no safety test is required as long as the car remains with the current owner ( however , if something goes wrong , auto mechanics , dealerships and the police have the right to refuse to let the client drive away with an unsafe car ) . The provinces of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island require annual safety inspections , in Nova Scotia , a safety inspection is required every two years for passenger vehicles and every year for heavy duty vehicles . The provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Quebec and the northern territories ( Yukon , North West Territories and Nunavut ) usually no vehicle inspection or emissions test is required for passenger vehicles , unless the vehicle has been imported from another jurisdiction . Commercial vehicle requirements vary . Mar 2008 `` CAA - Quebec is recommending that the government implement mandatory inspections for motor vehicles more than eight years old , because this would result in significantly fewer emissions being produced by Quebec 's automobiles . '' United states ( edit ) PennDOT - issued sign at an auto garage stating that it performs vehicle inspections for cars registered in Pennsylvania . Main article : Vehicle inspection in the United States In the United States , each state government is free to decide whether to require vehicle safety inspection , as well as the specifics of the inspection program . 18 states have a periodic ( annual or biennial ) safety inspection program , while Maryland requires an inspection prior to registration or transfer of ownership only . Wisconsin vehicle emissions inspection station Under the Clean Air Act ( 1990 ) , states are required to implement vehicle emission inspection programs in metropolitan areas whose air quality does not meet federal standards . The specifics of those programs vary from state to state . Some states , including Florida , Kentucky and Minnesota , have discontinued their testing programs in recent years with approval from the federal government . In some states , such inspections are done at state - operated inspection stations , usually near the local DMV office . Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Pennsylvania , New York , North Carolina , New Hampshire , Louisiana , Mississippi , Missouri , Maine , Texas , Virginia , West Virginia , and Wisconsin have privately owned garages doing inspections with approval from the state . On August 1 , 2010 , New Jersey became the 30th state that does not inspect vehicles for safety . They continue to emission - test all vehicles over 5 years old every two years . Asia ( edit ) Japan ( edit ) Main article : Motor - vehicle inspection ( Japan ) Under the Japanese shaken ( 車検 ) program , personal cars and 2 wheeled motorcycles have the first shaken ( automobile inspection ) last 3 years with every 2 years requiring a new shaken . China ( edit ) Chinese Rural Vehicle ( CRV ) operators can be fined by the police if their vehicle emits visible smoke . Regulations are established and enforced by province / economic region / city as appropriate . New vehicles must pass regulations ( Euro spec ) in effect on the day of manufacture . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2008 ) Singapore ( edit ) Cars are required to obtain a safety and emissions inspection every other year starting in the third model year , and annually after 10 model years . Motorcycles and mopeds must be inspected annually starting in the third model year . Buses , taxicabs , commercial vehicles , and trailers must be inspected every year or six months depending on the vehicle 's age . An up to date inspection ( if required ) is needed to renew a vehicle 's road tax . Turkey ( edit ) Until 2008 the vehicle inspection was limited to administrative checks ( whether all taxes have been paid ) and a visual check if the car matches the documents . In August 2005 the Turkish government decided to introduce a vehicle inspection scheme following the directive 96 / 96 / EC of the European Union . Since there was no technical equipment available for real roadworthiness tests a contract was laid out with the German TÜV SÜD that was presenting itself for the task in syndication with two Turkish corporations . The TÜV Türk trust is given a monopoly on car inspection for 20 years . Beginning with 2009 the TÜV test is mandatory for all cars with the inspection scheme to follow the German inspection scheme - however there is a transition period up to 2013 where established TÜV regulations are not followed as strictly as in mainland Europe . The shift in vehicle inspection policies is nevertheless rather sharp - since the old vehicle inspection service was strickened with corruption no staff members were taken over to the TÜV Süd , the internal inspection protocol is stricter than in Germany as to prevent any corruption . The introduction of the TÜV was accompanied with a strong propaganda program to agitate the requirement for a modern inspection scheme ( e.g. the number of fatal road accidents was three times as high as in mainland Europe despite most of the country to be very rural ) . Additionally , it is expected that the connection with the German Turks allows for most citizens to have some knowledge how to cope with the TÜV inspection scheme . Also , private vehicle inspection company otorapor.com is inspecting vehicles . Otorapor is doing 150 point inspection and 99 point inspection . Israel ( edit ) Cars older than 3 years are required to have a yearly inspection as part of the car 's license . A car which fails the inspection , must be fixed in 7 days to be allowed to be driven on the road . The `` Test '' checks the following : vehicle and owner identification including vehicle registration plate ; emissions ; steering ; underside ; lights ; brakes ; wheel alignment . Cars older than 15 years are considered `` antique '' , and must be inspected every 6 months , and have additional inspection of the brakes done . Europe ( edit ) The EU Council Directive 96 / 96 / EC of 20 December 1996 mandates all member states to carry out periodic safety and emission inspections for most types of motor vehicles . It also sets minimum requirements for those inspections and their intervals - for light commercial vehicles ( up to 3.5 t ) and private cars ( up to 8 seats ) the first inspection shall occur no later than 4 years and at a frequency of up to 2 years thereafter . All other types of vehicles shall be subject to yearly inspection ( busses , vans , trucks , trailers , taxis , ambulances , coaches ) . Vehicles from the military and fire departments are exempted from the directive . Austria ( edit ) Austrian decal In Austria , all vehicles must undergo a `` Wiederkehrende Begutachtung nach § 57a KFG '' ( recurring inspection under section 57a of the motor vehicle statute ) . A decal is placed on the vehicle 's windscreen ( usually the upper left - hand corner as seen from outside the vehicle ) , hence the inspection itself is colloquially referred to as `` Pickerl '' ( literally : sticker ) . The color of the decal is white for vehicles with a catalytic converter , and green for vehicles without one . Punch holes indicate the month and year that the next inspection is due . The actual inspection can be carried out one month in advance of that date and up to four months after the date indicated on the decal ; the vehicle remains roadworthy during that time . Unless the inspection is overdue in the sense just described , the roadworthiness certificate is transferable , meaning a potential new owner will get a new decal with the same date , but the corrected license plate number upon registration of her vehicle . However , the latest official inspection report has to be presented for this purpose to the authority issuing the new registration documents and license plates . The first inspection on new passenger cars is required after three years , another one two years on , while thereafter passenger cars must pass the official inspection annually to remain roadworthy . Heavy trucks and motorcycles must undergo annual inspections from the very first year . Inspections are carried out by specially licensed garages and by Austria 's two major automotive clubs . The Austrian motor vehicle inspection covers both aspects of vehicle safety and emissions standards . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , vehicle inspections are known as autokeuring ( Dutch ) or contrôle technique ( French ) . All cars over 4 years old must be tested annually , and before selling them on the second - hand market . This annual period may be extended to two years if the following apply : The vehicles passes the inspection and receives a green certificate , the vehicle has covered less than 100,000 km , the vehicle has been tested within its date limit and if the vehicle is less than six years old . Commercial vehicles must undergo an annual test , immediately after the first registration . Cars that pass the inspection receive a green certificate , which must be carried in the vehicle at all times along with other required documentation . An inspection has three possible turnouts . If the car is approved , the owner gets a green card , possibly noting some small attention points . If the vehicle failed the inspection , a red card is given , which allows the owner to repair the car during the next two weeks , but does n't prohibit the driver from using the car . In the worst case , the car is n't allowed on the road anymore , and has to be repaired immediately . Receiving a red card is not uncommon for older cars , so people often have to go two or more times to pass . Vehicle inspection centers are private companies , and can be found throughout Belgium . A vehicle owner may choose their preferred inspection center , however if the vehicle fails inspection at one center , it must return to that same center for a retest within the two - week deadline . Vehicles undergo a series of tests , including exhaust emissions , lights , suspension , brakes , tires , and checks for impairing vehicle body damage and rust , and a strict control of the required vehicle documents . The set of tests performed depends on the vehicle 's class ( such as passenger car , truck or classic car ) . Bulgaria ( edit ) All cars must undergo an annual test . This test is conducted at accredited garages . This test is rather basic with only the brakes , lights and emissions being tested . Initial test is conducted in case of first registration and every change of registration in the traffic police stations ( KAT ) . Cars newer than 6 years pass the test once per two years . Taxis and buses must be checked at every 6 months . Croatia ( edit ) The National programme of road transport safety of the Republic of Croatia 2011 - 2020 ( Croatian : Nacionalni program sigurnosti cestovnog prometa Republike Hrvatske 2011. - 2020 . godine ) treats vehicle inspections as an important area of prevention of traffic accidents , and as a vessel for regular financing of road safety regulations . The annual vehicle inspections in Croatia ( tehnički pregled ) typically find unacceptable technical faults in about one fifth of all vehicles ( as of 2013 ) . Based on the Law of Road Transport Safety , vehicles are inspected in specialized shops ( stanica za tehnički pregled , lit . technical inspection station ) as a precondition of registration , which is then finalized by the Ministry of Internal Affairs . The technical inspection stations also serve to control that vehicle insurance was obtained , that the road tax is paid , that the various taxes and levies on cars are duly paid , etc . They also collect various national statistics as well as enforce the payment of valid traffic violation fines . Czech Republic ( edit ) Czech Republic requires emission inspection Měření emisí and safety inspection Technická kontrola every two years for passenger cars . New passenger cars have to obtain their first roadworthiness certificate after four years . Until the end of 2014 , an emission inspection decal ( green ) and a safety inspection decal ( red ) was placed on the rear license plate , after a vehicle has passed both emission and technical inspections . The expiration month and year was punched in each decal . Since 2015 only the safety inspection decal ( red ) is placed on the rear license plate , as passing the emission inspection was a prerequisite for admission to the safety inspection . Estonia ( edit ) Vehicle inspection ( tehnoülevaatus ) for cars with register mass less than 3500 kg is required in 3 years for a new car , every 2 years for cars less than 10 years old , and every year for cars over 10 years old . The inspection can be done at accredited vehicle inspectors . Finland ( edit ) Finland has a long tradition of vehicle inspection , dating back to year 1917 . Vehicle inspection was initially carried by cities and provincial inspectors but starting from year 1968 the inspection moved to national governing body of road vehicle administration known as Autorekisterikeskus . In 1994 the vehicle inspection was opened for competition and in 1996 Autorekisterikeskus was split as administrative body Ajoneuvohallintokeskus ( AKE ) and inspection company Suomen Autokatsastus Oy . Nowadays , Liikenteen Turvallisuusvirasto TraFi , the successor of Ajoneuvohallintokeskus since beginning of the 2010 , governs the inspection companies and keeps track of inspection quality and the inspections are carried by private companies . During the years , the inspection procedures and facilities have improved greatly and nowadays the quality of inspection is on such level that mechanical failures as immediate cause for fatal crashes in whole country are minimal . In Finland , the `` Määräaikaiskatsastus '' ( periodic inspection ) is required for all passenger cars , vans , trucks , ATVs and for trailers with maximum structural weight of more than 750 kilograms . Inspection interval depends on vehicle class and usage . For privately used passenger car , inspection must be carried after three and five years counting from the specified date of first deployment and every year after fifth year . For privately used van , the first inspection must be carried after three years and every year after third year . If there is no specified date of first deployment ( for instance 00.00. 1987 ) the time of inspection is determined by the last number of license plate . The inspection period also varies depending on vehicle class and usage but for privately used passenger cars and vans the length of the period is four months preceding the date specified in date of first deployment or four months preceding the last date of inspection specified by the license plate number . The periodic inspection includes verification of vehicle register information ( VIN , taxes , insurance ) , a test drive , brake testing , inspection of lights and compulsory equipment , superficial inspection for visibility and handling hindrances and bodywork , undercarriage inspection for suspension parts and corrosion and emission measurements ( requirements vary depending on propellant and date of first deployment ) . The emission measurement can be taken on a registered repair shop prior to the inspection . If done so , a proper measurement certificate must be shown at inspection . Upon passed inspection , a new `` Part one '' of registration certificate is printed and handed to customer among with inspection report . If inspection fails , the faults found during the inspection must be repaired and the vehicle needs to be shown at the same inspection station for `` Jälkitarkastus '' ( recheck ) within one month of the inspection . France ( edit ) Vehicle testing has been mandatory in France since 1992 . The first inspection ( Contrôle Technique ) is carried out after four years then subsequently every two years . A blue and white CT sticker affixed inside the windscreen indicates when the next test is due . A less than 6 month valid CT is required prior to transfer of ownership . Motorcycles do not require testing in France Germany ( edit ) German decal Passenger cars must pass a safety and emission inspection after three years for new cars , and then every two years . Heavy duty vehicles need to be inspected every year , motorcycles every two years . The inspection can be performed by various organizations , such as TÜV , DEKRA , KÜS , GTÜ . After a vehicle has passed the inspection , a safety inspection decal is placed on the rear license plate . The emission inspection decal was placed on the front license plate until it was phased out in 2010 and integrated into the safety inspection . The decal is placed with the number of the expiration month pointing to the top , and the colour of the decal changes every year . That way , the date of expiry can be checked at a glance and from far away , hence the black mark around the 12 . Greece ( edit ) ( KTEO ) In Greece every passenger vehicle is required to undergo an inspection after four years from purchase ( if new ) and then every two years . Taxis , learner vehicles and heavy transport vehicles must undergo an inspection every year . Inspection centers can be either public or private companies . Private vehicle technical control centres ( P - VTCC or I - KTEO in Greek ) had to be accredited according to ISO 17020 standard . This requirement changed and P - VTCCs must be certified according to ISO 9001 : 2008 standard . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary every vehicle is required to be tested ( technical test , Műszaki vizsga ) for road worthiness and emission . In case of passenger cars the first inspection is after four years for new vehicles , and every two years afterwards . Inspection decals are placed on the rear license plate , and it is also documented in the vehicle 's registration document . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : National Car Test In Ireland , the National Car Test ( NCT ) is required for cars four or more years of age to be inspected for various items , such as brakes , lighting , bodywork condition , emissions , etc . A disc which must be displayed on the windscreen is issued to cars that pass the test . The disc is valid for two year and then every one year after the car has reached 10 years in age , after which the car must then be retested . A Certificate of Roadworthiness is required for goods vehicles , or vehicles carrying more than eight passengers ( buses ) . This is commonly referred to as a `` DOE '' cert and the test is carried out in approved garages . Italy ( edit ) Vehicles with a total weight of under 3.5 t must have their first inspection after four years , and then every two years . Buses , taxicabs and ambulances are inspected every year . The inspection can be done by authorized inspection - garages which are located in many towns . The inspection focuses on safety , especially tires , brakes , lights , horn , but since a few years the inspection on emission became tougher . After a successful test the garage will print out a sticker with the title `` esito regolare '' and the date when the inspection was made which has to be stuck on the vehicle title branding ( carta di circolazione ) . The inspection costs between 45 and € 70 ( depending on the county - taxes ) . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands the `` Algemene Periodieke Keuring '' ( APK ) or General Periodical Inspection is mandatory for vehicles aging 3 -- 50 years . The inspection of vehicles up to 30 years old is annual , biennial for vehicles from 30 -- 50 years old , older vehicles are exempt . The inspection includes conforming to safety and emission standards in force in the year of first introduction of the car . Registration is all digital and public , there are no longer visible stickers or decals on the vehicle , and since July 2008 the paper inspection report does not need to be carried in the car anymore . Norway ( edit ) In Norway , the vehicle inspection is called `` Periodisk Kjøretøykontroll '' , which translates to `` Periodic vehicle inspection '' , although it is commonly referred to as `` EU kontroll '' , for its origin from the European Union . When a car is 4 years old it must undergo its first inspection . After this , inspections will be required every second year . Buses , taxicabs and ambulances are inspected every year . The inspection focuses on safety and emission . After the inspection is completed , the owner will be given a check list with errors that must be repaired before the vehicle can pass . If the car only have errors marked with 1 , or none errors at all , the car will pass immediately . The errors are rated depending on how dangerous they are , with the grades of 1 , 2 and 3 . Errors marked with 1 will not require a re-inspection . Errors marked with 2 will require a re-inspection , but the owner can use the car until the inspection deadline . Errors marked with 3 are very rare , and prohibits the user from using the car until those errors are repaired . The inspection cost is usually between 75 - 130 US dollars ( 400 - 700 Norwegian Kroner ) . Vehicles may be inspected at garages approved by the NPRA . Without a passed inspection , the license plates will be withdrawn and the car will no longer be street legal . The police and the NPRA are checking license plates at a regular interval to check if the car has passed the inspection , if the road tax is paid and the car is insured . Poland ( edit ) In Poland there 's an annual inspection requirement for most vehicles . New passenger car vehicles ( of age 4 or less ) have to be inspected according to the following intervals 3 - 2 - 1 years . Inspections are performed by accredited garages . The inspection includes checking of main car systems like brakes , suspension , lights and steering , as well as emission and presence of mandatory equipment . An additional , separate inspection is required for cars that are running on autogas . Pass of inspection is confirmed in registration certificates . When a car does not pass the inspection , the owner is requested to fix the cause and then pass subsequent inspection . A registration certificate may be also revoked in case the vehicle is in fatal technical condition . Driving a car without valid inspection is subject to a fine . Romania ( edit ) Romanian vehicles must pass a periodic inspection between 6 month and 2 years depending of the age of the car , which is called `` Inspectie Tehnica Periodica '' ( ITP ) Russia ( edit ) In Russia all vehicles must pass a periodic inspection ensuring their road worthiness that includes the adherence to the respective regulations . To pass the inspection the vehicle must not exceed the mandated emission level ( currently Euro - 3 ) , the brakes must have no leaks and the brake forces must be symmetrical , steering slip must not exceed the mandated parameters ( from 10 ° for cars to 25 ° for heavy trucks ) , all lights must provide the required color , aim and brightness of the emitted light , and the vehicle must be equipped with the first aid kit , fire extinguisher and the emergency stop sign . The windshield must have a functional washer , and while window tinting is allowed , including the blinds on the windshield and rear window , they must pass the required amount of light . To pass the inspection a driver must get to a police vehicle registration center or an authorized service station and present a vehicle for inspection . If the vehicle passes , then the driver would receive a certificate of worthiness that must be presented to the insurance company to obtain the compulsory vehicle insurance . The lack of the valid insurance certificate or driving with the elapsed one is subject to heavy fines and eventual revocation of the Driver 's License . The test periodicity varies with the type of vehicle . Commercial buses ( defined as vehicles that carry > 8 persons aside from a driver ) and oversize / dangerous cargo trucks must be inspected each 6 months , heavy trucks ( > 3.5 tons loaded weight ) are inspected annually , while the new cars , bikes and light trucks ( < 3.5 tons ) must be first inspected after three years , then bi-annually until they are 7 years old , after which the inspections become annual . Spain ( edit ) Spanish vehicles are required to undergo an Inspección Técnica de Vehículos , better known as the ITV . Private civilian vehicles must be revised after 4 years from the date of their first registration and afterwards must be revised every 2 years until 10 years ; Afterwards , they must be revised annually . An inspection sticker must be placed on upper right side of the vehicle 's windshield , and yearly change the colour in order make more easy to control it . Slovakia ( edit ) Slovakia requires safety inspection technická kontrola and emission inspection emisná kontrola every two years for passenger cars . New passenger cars have to obtain their first roadworthiness certificate after four years . Heavy duty vehicles need to be presented to the safety inspection every year . The safety inspection and emission inspection decals is placed on the front glass ( right down ) . Sweden ( edit ) The road worthiness of cars is tested for the first time after three years , the second time two years later , and thereafter once every year . For cars classified as veteran / classic cars ( currently occurring when the car reaches age 30 ) , road worthiness is tested every second year . Since July 2010 the inspection can be performed by any vehicle inspection body accredited by SWEDAC . United kingdom ( edit ) MOT Logo Main article : MOT test The MOT test ( from Ministry of Transport , the former name of the Department for Transport ) is a mandatory annual test of safety , road worthiness and exhaust emissions for vehicles over three years old . It is enforced by linking the official MOT database to the payment of Vehicle Excise Duty tax . Prior to November 2014 a tax disc had to be displayed on the vehicle . After the first MOT ( when the vehicle is three years old ) the owner has to get the vehicle tested every 12 months ( unlike in most of the European Union , where a test is required every 24 months after the vehicle is four years old ) . A test can be made up to 28 days before the expiry of the previous test without affecting the annual test date , allowing the next test to be up to 13 months later . Isle of Man ( edit ) In the Isle of Man there are no routine inspections for motorcycles or private cars . Hire cars over three years old , goods vehicles , buses and taxis require an annual inspection . Inspections also are required if a vehicle over three years old is imported , this was introduced to prevent vehicles that had failed inspection regimes elsewhere being moved to the island . Inspections are also required if a vehicle has been off the road ( not registered and insured ) for more than two years . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Main article : Vehicle inspection in Australia Vehicle inspection in Australia is done on a state basis . Each state or territory has the authority to set its own laws pertaining to vehicle inspections , all ( with the exception of the self - governing territory of Norfolk Island ) have some form of inspection , either periodically or before a transfer of ownership . In the state of Queensland , there is no legal requirement for a private vehicle 's owner to have periodic vehicle inspections . The only time a vehicle inspection is mandatory is when a vehicle is being sold and must display a current Roadworthy Certificate ( RWC ) as an assurance to buyers that a vehicle meets minimum safety standards . Without a RWC , the vehicle can only be sold on an `` as - is '' basis , which does not entitle the vehicle to be lawfully driven on public roads or registered until a RWC is obtained . Heavy vehicles ( e.g. : trucks ) and public passenger vehicles ( e.g. : limousines , taxis , public buses ) have dedicated inspection schemes that must be complied with periodically , usually every 6 -- 12 months . In the state of Victoria , there is no legal requirement for a private vehicle to have periodic vehicle inspections . The only time a vehicle inspection is required is when a vehicle : - is being transferred to a new owner . - is being registered after a period of being un-registered . - is being registered for the first time ( excluding brand new production vehicles ) , e.g. used imported cars , individually constructed vehicles etc . - has been labeled an un-roadworthy vehicle by a member of the police or Vicroads in which case the owner will have 30 days to have the vehicle tested . In Victoria , a satisfactory inspection is deemed in a `` Roadworthy Condition '' and is issued with a Roadworthy Certificate ( RWC ) which are valid for 30 days . An RWC checks general safety items of the car such as tyres , brakes , lights etc. , however , an emissions test is not required . New zealand ( edit ) The NZ Transport Agency requires most vehicles to maintain a Warrant of Fitness ( WoF ) through periodic inspections from licensed inspectors . Private light vehicles require an inspection once every year if the vehicle model year is 2000 or newer , any vehicles older than this are required to have an inspection every six months . New vehicles are required to have an inspection when the vehicle has been on the road for three years , after that it is required annually . Heavy vehicles and vehicles operated under a Transport Service Licence , such as taxis , shuttles , and rental cars , must obtain a Certificate of Fitness ( CoF ) , which is similar to a WoF , but is required once every six months regardless of the age of the vehicle . Africa ( edit ) South africa ( edit ) A roadworthy vehicle is considered to be roadworthy until it is changes hands . A vehicle purchaser is required to register the change - of - ownership of a vehicle . The new owner must present a Roadworthy Certificate ( CoR ) in order to receive a new license ( disk ) for the vehicle . A new license plate number is also issued at that time . If a motor vehicle is used for public transport or is a heavy - load vehicle ( excluding buses ) , it is tested for roadworthiness every year before the motor vehicle licence is renewed . A bus must be tested for roadworthiness every six months . See also ( edit ) Automobile costs Automobile safety Under vehicle inspection References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cost - Effectiveness of Periodic Motor Vehicle Inspection - University of Michigan ( U.S.A. ) Transportation Research Institute '' ( PDF ) . January 1985 . no credible evidence was found which demonstrates significant changes in vehicle - defect accidents as a result of ( periodic motor vehicle inspections Jump up ^ `` Cost Effectiveness of Periodic Motor Vehicle Inspection '' ( PDf ) . Report for the ( Australian ) Federal Office of Road Safety . April 1999 . Using the New Zealand data ... logistic regression analysis ( showed considerable ) statistical uncertainty ... The Victorian analysis of potential periodic roadworthiness certification safety benefits was not entirely conclusive ( ; ) likely to be much less than required to make an annual periodic scheme cost effective Jump up ^ `` The Effectiveness of Vehicle Safety Inspections : An Analysis using Panel Data '' . 1999 . JSTOR 1060816 . We examined the effectiveness of state automobile safety inspections and present new evidence from a panel of the 50 states for the years 1981 - 1993 . Our approach incorporated several innovations over previous studies of safety inspections ; most significantly , we estimated a fixed - effects model that incorporated state - specific shifts in casualty rates . We found no evidence that inspections significantly reduce fatality or injury rates . Our study also provides evidence on the effects of speed limits , seat belts , and Peltzman 's offsetting behavior hypothesis . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/aircare-emissions-program-ending-for-metro-vancouver-vehicles-1.2885573 Jump up ^ https://www.mpi.mb.ca/en/Reg-and-Ins/Registration/VSI/Pages/coi.aspx Jump up ^ https://www.ontario.ca/page/safety-standards-certificate Jump up ^ http://www.servicenl.gov.nl.ca/drivers/DriversandVehicles/vehicleregistration/inspection.html Jump up ^ http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/services/services_renderer.201143.Motor_Vehicle_Inspections.html Jump up ^ https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/transportation-infrastructure-and-energy/motor-vehicle-inspections Jump up ^ https://www.novascotia.ca/sns/rmv/registration/safeinsp.asp Jump up ^ https://www.transportation.alberta.ca/2821.htm Jump up ^ http://www.icbc.com/vehicle-registration/buy-vehicle/Pages/Importing-a-vehicle-into-B-C.aspx Jump up ^ https://www.sgi.sk.ca/individuals/registration/inspectionprograms/index.html Jump up ^ `` Over The Counter : CAA - Quebec Calls For Emissions Testing Program Automotive Service World '' . Autoserviceworld.com. 2007 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Walker , Blair S. `` Minnesota Bucks Trend in Voting To End Emissions Testing '' . Stateline.org . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Department of Public Safety - Vehicle Inspection Program '' . Jump up ^ `` WV Genreral Inspection Requirements '' . Jump up ^ KYW - TV article on elimination of NJ auto inspection Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 21 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Inspection '' . One. Motoring. 2010 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://en.mot.gov.il/faqs/10-renewingyourvehiclelicence/52-vehicle-test Jump up ^ http://en.mot.gov.il/faqs/10-renewingyourvehiclelicence/55-vehicle-inspection Jump up ^ http://en.mot.gov.il/faqs/10-renewingyourvehiclelicence/53-test-inspect Jump up ^ http://en.mot.gov.il/faqs/10-renewingyourvehiclelicence/52-vehicle-test Jump up ^ Igor Bošković ( November 2015 ) . `` Technical Inspections of Motor Vehicles from the Perspective of Competition Rules '' . Zagreb Law Review ( in Croatian ) . 4 ( 2 ) : 172 -- 173 . ISSN 1848 - 6118 . Jump up ^ Igor Bošković ( November 2015 ) . `` Technical Inspections of Motor Vehicles from the Perspective of Competition Rules '' . Zagreb Law Review ( in Croatian ) . 4 ( 2 ) : 174 . ISSN 1848 - 6118 . Jump up ^ Igor Bošković ( November 2015 ) . `` Technical Inspections of Motor Vehicles from the Perspective of Competition Rules '' . Zagreb Law Review ( in Croatian ) . 4 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 176 . ISSN 1848 - 6118 . Jump up ^ `` Maanteeamet '' . Jump up ^ AKE - AKEn historiaa Archived May 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.ake.fi/AKE/Ajankohtaista/Vuoden+2008+tiedotteet/Katsastusta+tehostamalla+ei+en ää + voida + merkittävästi + vähentää + vakavia + onnettomuuksia. htm Jump up ^ `` FINLEX - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö : 19.12. 2002 / 1245 '' . Finlex.fi . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Le site officiel de l'administration francais '' . Quels véhicules sont dispensés de contrôle technique ? . Service . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Codice della strada / Art . 80 . Revisioni . '' . Automobile Club d'Italia . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` www.rdw.nl '' . Ovi.rdw.nl . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . External links ( edit ) CITA - Vehicle Inspection.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_inspection&oldid=807201885 '' Categories : Car safety Road transport Automobile costs Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2016 CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles to be expanded from May 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing Croatian - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 15 : 17 . 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who played gomez in the addams family tv show

Gomez Addams ( portrayed by John Astin ) -- Gomez is passionately in love with his wife , often referring to her in Spanish as `` Querida '' and `` Cara Mía '' . His ardor is greatly intensified when she speaks French ( a quirk that first appears in the eleventh episode , `` The Addams Family Meet the V.I.P.s '' ) . Before that his ardor was aroused when she called him `` Bubbeleh '' , a German - Bavarian and Yiddish word meaning `` darling '' or `` sweetie '' . Gomez is very wealthy as a result of owning numerous companies and stocks ( in a pre-debut promotional spot , Gomez tells an interviewer that the family is independently wealthy , having `` made a killing in the stock market , back in 1929 '' ( a reference to the famous Wall Street Crash of 1929 ) . He does not seem to regard money itself as a priority and squanders money in a cavalier manner while remaining wealthy . Gomez spends a great deal of time with his family and does not go out to work . Even at home he consistently dresses in a dark , double - breasted , loud pin - striped suit and a black tie . He keeps a pair of thick - lensed reading glasses ( pince - nez ) on a black fabric lanyard in his coat 's left inside breast pocket . In the outer breast pocket , he stores lit cigars and a watch linked to a long gold chain that is attached to the coat 's left lapel . Occasionally , when his family ventures outdoors at night to frolic in the nearby swamp or to `` moon bathe '' in their home 's front yard , Gomez does change his clothing . He either dons safari outfits or wears a horizontal striped full - torso swimsuit , the antique type once worn by men in the 1890s and early 1900s . With regard to his personal genealogy , he refers to Spain as his `` ancestral home '' with his family background referenced as `` Castilian '' , and at times he uses Spanish words and phrases . Gomez can perform rapid and complicated calculations in his head . He is remarkably acrobatic and can easily dismount from a trampoline or from a hanging position upon a chandelier . One of his hobbies is Zen - Yogi , apparently a weird blend of acrobatics and yoga . Another hobby consists of gleefully dynamiting model trains as they are about to collide with each other , by using a hand detonator . In `` The Addams Family in Court , '' episode , it is revealed that Gomez works as a lawyer who has yet to win a case in his career .

John Astin

The Addams Family ( 1964 TV series )

the addams family ( 1964 tv series )

The Addams Family is an American television series based on the characters in Charles Addams ' New Yorker cartoons . The 30 - minute series was created by David Levy and shot in black - and - white , airing for two seasons on ABC from September 18 , 1964 , to April 8 , 1966 , for a total of 64 episodes . It is often compared to its CBS rival , The Munsters , which ran for the same two seasons and achieved somewhat higher Nielsen ratings . The show is also notable for `` The Addams Family Theme '' , composed by Vic Mizzy .

The Addams Family was originally produced by head writer Nat Perrin for Filmways , Inc. at General Service Studios in Hollywood , California . Successor company MGM Television ( via The Program Exchange for broadcast syndication and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment for home video / DVD ) now owns the rights to the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Theme 3 Characters 3.1 Addams Family 3.2 Recurring characters 3.3 Addams Family pets 4 Broadcast history 4.1 Syndication 4.2 Reunions , sequels and adaptations 5 Film adaptations 6 DVD releases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The Addamses are a close - knit extended family with decidedly macabre interests and supernatural abilities . No explanation for their powers is explicitly given in the series . The very wealthy , endlessly enthusiastic Gomez Addams ( John Astin ) is madly in love with his refined wife , Morticia , née Frump ( Carolyn Jones ) . Along with their daughter Wednesday ( Lisa Loring ) , their son Pugsley ( Ken Weatherwax ) , Uncle Fester ( Jackie Coogan ) , and Grandma ( Blossom Rock ) , they reside at 0001 Cemetery Lane in an ornate , gloomy , Second Empire - style mansion , attended by their servants : Lurch ( Ted Cassidy ) , the towering butler , and Thing ( billed as `` Itself '' but actually portrayed by Cassidy and occasionally by Jack Voglin when Lurch and Thing appear in the same scene ) , a disembodied hand that usually appears out of a small wooden box . Occasionally , episodes would include other relatives such as Cousin Itt ( Felix Silla ) , Morticia 's older sister Ophelia ( also portrayed by Carolyn Jones ) , or Grandma Frump , Morticia 's mother ( Margaret Hamilton ) . Morticia Addams ( Carolyn Jones ) Uncle Fester ( Jackie Coogan ) and Lurch ( Ted Cassidy ) Much of the humor derives from their culture clash with the rest of the world . They invariably treat normal visitors with great warmth and courtesy , though some of their guests often have bad intentions . They are puzzled by the horrified reactions to their own good - natured and normal behavior , since the family is under the impression that their tastes are shared by most of society . Accordingly , they view `` conventional '' tastes with generally tolerant suspicion . For example , Fester once cites a neighboring family 's meticulously maintained petunia patches as evidence that they are `` nothing but riffraff '' . A recurring theme in the epilogue of many episodes was the Addamses getting an update on the most - recent visitor to their home , either via mail , something in the newspaper , or a phone call . Invariably , as a result of their visit to the Addamses , the visitor would be institutionalized , change professions , move out of the country , or suffer some other negative life - changing event . The Addamses would always misinterpret the update and see it as good news for their most - recent visitor . The tone was set by series producer Nat Perrin , who was a close friend of Groucho Marx and writer of several Marx Brothers films . Perrin created story ideas , directed one episode , and rewrote every script . As a result , Gomez , with his sardonic remarks , backwards logic , black mustache and ever - present cigar ( pulled from his breast pocket already lit ) , is comparable to Groucho Marx . The series often employed the same type of zany satire and screwball humor seen in the Marx Brothers films . It lampooned politics ( `` Gomez , The Politician '' and `` Gomez , The People 's Choice '' ) , the legal system ( `` The Addams Family in Court '' ) , rock n ' roll and Beatlemania ( `` Lurch , The Teenage Idol '' ) , and Hollywood ( `` My Fair Cousin Itt '' ) . Theme ( edit ) The show 's memorable theme song , written and arranged by longtime Hollywood composer Vic Mizzy , was dominated by a harpsichord and finger snaps as percussive accompaniment . Actor Ted Cassidy , in his `` Lurch '' voice , punctuated the lyrics with words like neat , sweet , and petite . Mizzy 's theme was popular enough to enjoy a release as a 45 rpm single , though it failed to make the national charts . The song was revived for the 1990s animated series , as well as in 2007 for a series of Addams Family television commercials for M&M 's candies . Characters ( edit ) The main cast : Gomez ( John Astin ) , Lurch ( Ted Cassidy ) , Wednesday ( Lisa Loring ) , Morticia ( Carolyn Jones ) , and Pugsley ( Ken Weatherwax ) . Addams Family ( edit ) Morticia Addams ( portayed by Carolyn Jones ) -- Morticia A. Addams ( née Frump ) is a cultivated and beautiful woman who dabbles in art , plays the shamisen , raises man - eating plants , and trims her roses by clipping off the buds and arranging the thorny stems in a vase ( `` Oh , the thorns are lovely this year '' ) . She can light candles with her fingertips and emit smoke directly from her person . Always attired in a long , black , very tight , V - neck dress , she minces about her home with the dress 's bizarre hem , resembling octopus arms , gyrating and dragging across the floor with her every step . She wears little jewelry , only a simple necklace with a large cut stone and a ring with a huge black gem set on an ornate , hinged compartment . That compartment usually holds cyanide powder but sometimes saccharine ( as the powder is identified in the episode `` Morticia Joins the Ladies League '' ) . She uses the ring 's contents to flavor her hemlock , wolfsbane , and henbane teas or offers doses in like refreshments served to house guests . With her aristocratic bearing and detachment , she is often the calm center of the chaotic events of the household . Gomez Addams ( portrayed by John Astin ) -- Gomez is passionately in love with his wife , often referring to her in Spanish as `` Querida '' and `` Cara Mía '' . His ardor is greatly intensified when she speaks French ( a quirk that first appears in the eleventh episode , `` The Addams Family Meet the V.I.P.s '' ) . Before that his ardor was aroused when she called him `` Bubbeleh '' , a German - Bavarian and Yiddish word meaning `` darling '' or `` sweetie '' . Gomez is very wealthy as a result of owning numerous companies and stocks ( in a pre-debut promotional spot , Gomez tells an interviewer that the family is independently wealthy , having `` made a killing in the stock market , back in 1929 '' ( a reference to the famous Wall Street Crash of 1929 ) . He does not seem to regard money itself as a priority and squanders money in a cavalier manner while remaining wealthy . Gomez spends a great deal of time with his family and does not go out to work . Even at home he consistently dresses in a dark , double - breasted , loud pin - striped suit and a black tie . He keeps a pair of thick - lensed reading glasses ( pince - nez ) on a black fabric lanyard in his coat 's left inside breast pocket . In the outer breast pocket , he stores lit cigars and a watch linked to a long gold chain that is attached to the coat 's left lapel . Occasionally , when his family ventures outdoors at night to frolic in the nearby swamp or to `` moon bathe '' in their home 's front yard , Gomez does change his clothing . He either dons safari outfits or wears a horizontal striped full - torso swimsuit , the antique type once worn by men in the 1890s and early 1900s . With regard to his personal genealogy , he refers to Spain as his `` ancestral home '' with his family background referenced as `` Castilian '' , and at times he uses Spanish words and phrases . Gomez can perform rapid and complicated calculations in his head . He is remarkably acrobatic and can easily dismount from a trampoline or from a hanging position upon a chandelier . One of his hobbies is Zen - Yogi , apparently a weird blend of acrobatics and yoga . Another hobby consists of gleefully dynamiting model trains as they are about to collide with each other , by using a hand detonator . In `` The Addams Family in Court , '' episode , it is revealed that Gomez works as a lawyer who has yet to win a case in his career . Uncle Fester ( portrayed by Jackie Coogan ) -- Uncle Fester is Morticia 's exuberant , kind , and `` electric '' uncle . Completely bald and invariably attired in a plain floor - length coat with a wide fur - trimmed collar , Fester is quite fond of toying with dynamite and blasting caps and often relaxes or treats ailments in the family 's `` play room '' by reclining on a bed of nails , inserting his head into a large book press , or being bound with ropes and stretched on a wooden torture rack . Fester has the ability to power electric light bulbs by placing them in his mouth . When angered by outsiders , he may grab for a blunderbuss and announce that he will shoot the offender in the back only for Gomez and Morticia to keep him from doing so . He is occasionally seen munching on Prickly Pear cactus leaves . Lurch ( portrayed by Ted Cassidy ) -- Lurch is the household butler . Morticia and Gomez summon him by means of a bell pull in the form of a hangman 's noose , which rings the massive bell located in the mansion 's bell tower ( the resulting gong shakes the entire house when the noose is pulled ) . When Lurch appears ( usually immediately thereafter ) , he responds in a very deep bass voice , `` You rang ? '' When questions are posed to Lurch his primary response is a deep annoyed grunt wagging his head , from which the family glean complex meanings . He is superhumanly strong and often plays the harpsichord ( the music is actually played by The Addams Family composer Vic Mizzy ) which had previously been owned by Cousin Crimp . Lurch is very high - minded about visitors . When an undercover operative named Mr. Hollister ( played by George Neise ) visited the family , Lurch patted him down and regarded him suspiciously when he found his gun . Mr. Hollister showed Lurch his badge , whereupon Lurch returned the gun . Also , when announcing the arrival of visitors in the foyer of the Addams ' home , the towering servant invariably grabs and crushes any hats being worn by male guests in his attempts to care for them . Lurch at times regards his employers ' activities with some dubiousness much like a servant expressing disdain for the idle rich ; and on those occasions when he feels overworked or stressed , he , like Uncle Fester , seeks therapeutic relief by being stretched on the family 's torture rack . Ted Cassidy made a cameo appearance as Lurch on an episode of the Batman TV series , and on TV music shows while promoting the pop song of the era `` The Lurch '' ( and the dance which it accompanied ) . Grandmama Addams ( portrayed by Blossom Rock ) -- The mother of Gomez . She is a witch who conjures up potions , spells and hexes . She also dabbles in painting , playing the bagpipes , and fortune - telling , though with respect to the last , she is a charlatan . Her given name is thought to be Esmeralda , but is only addressed as that name by Hester `` Franny '' Frump . Wednesday Friday Addams ( played by Lisa Loring ) -- Gomez and Morticia 's daughter . She is the youngest member ( six years old ) of the family , she is a strange yet sweet - natured little girl who pursues such hobbies as raising spiders , beheading dolls ( called `` Marie Antoinette , '' `` Mary Queen of Scots , '' and `` Little Red Riding Hood '' ) , and practicing ballet in a black tutu . Her favorite pet is a black widow spider named Homer , although she also has a lizard named Lucifer . She is strong enough to bring her father to his knees in a judo hold . Pugsley Addams ( portrayed by Ken Weatherwax ) -- Gomez and Morticia 's son and Wednesday 's older brother . Kind - hearted and smart , occasionally conforming to `` conventional '' standards contrary to his family , he nevertheless shares a close bond with his parents and sister , the latter whom he often plays with . He also enjoys engineering various machines ( sometimes with Gomez ) , playing with blasting caps , and his pet octopus Aristotle . Despite his pudginess , Pugsley is , like his father , exceptionally agile , able to outclimb a gorilla and hang from branches by his teeth . Thing T. Thing -- A disembodied hand that appears out of boxes and other conveniently placed containers . Gomez 's constant `` companion '' since Gomez 's childhood , Thing is always ready to assist family members with minor daily services and diversions , such as lifting the receiver on telephones , retrieving the mail , lighting cigars , pouring tea , and playing chess . Thing apparently has the ability to teleport from container to container , almost instantly : Thing sometimes appears from different containers at opposite ends of the room within seconds of each other . Though Ted Cassidy would often portray Thing , assistant director Jack Voglin would sometimes portray Thing in scenes where Lurch and Thing appear together . In all cases , the hand which portrayed Thing went uncredited , with its actor always being listed as `` Itself '' in the credits . Recurring characters ( edit ) Cousin Itt ( portrayed by Felix Silla in most episodes , Roger Arroyo for two episodes ) -- Gomez 's cousin . Cousin Itt is a short character completely hidden by his almost head - to - floor - long hair . He usually wears only a derby , a pair of sunglasses , and gloves ; and he speaks in rapid unintelligible gibberish , which the family has no difficulty understanding ( according to Felix Silla 's commentary on the DVD release , Cousin Itt 's voice was recorded post-production by crew member Tony Magro ) . Gomez once asks him what is under all the hair . Itt answers `` Roots . '' In one episode , Itt is said to have `` the eye of an eagle ... plus a few of his own . '' Nevertheless , he wears conventional sunglasses , supposedly so people will not pester him for autographs . Ophelia Frump ( portrayed by Carolyn Jones ) -- Morticia 's sister who is the `` white sheep of the Family . '' Gomez was originally engaged to her in an arranged marriage , but when he saw 22 - year - old Morticia ( dressed in a grown - up version of Wednesday 's clothing ) , he was smitten and fell in love with her . When she spoke French , he claimed that for the first time in his life , his sinuses were cleared and his bronchitis was gone . Ophelia was played by Carolyn Jones in a blonde wig ( a staple of 1960s sitcom twins ) . One quirk of Ophelia 's is that the flower growing in her hair had roots that traveled down into her foot which was raised when one of the flowers was pulled on . When she sings , her voice is in three - part harmony . She also has a love of judo with which she can hurl men ( usually Gomez ) several feet . She was occasionally seen in Charles Addams 's original cartoons , recognizable by the flowers in her hair . Grandma Hester `` Franny '' Frump ( portayed by Margaret Hamilton ) -- The mother of Morticia and Ophelia . Arthur J. Henson ( played by Parley Baer ) -- Arthur Henson is an insurance executive in the town where the Addams Family resides . In `` Progress and the Addams Family , '' he became the City Commissioner . In `` Gomez , the People 's Choice , '' he competes against Gomez to become the town 's new mayor . He supervises a charity auction in `` Morticia 's Favorite Charity . '' Joe Digby ( portrayed by Eddie Quillan ) -- An insurance clerk who works for Arthur Henson . Sam L. Hilliard ( portrayed by Allyn Joslyn ) -- A truant officer who is scared to death of the Addams Family . He ran for city council in the episode `` Gomez the Politician . '' In the same episode , his middle name is given as `` Lucifer '' much to the family 's delight ( Sam Hill is an older American euphemism for Satan ) . He later became headmaster of a private school that Gomez subsequently buys in `` Addams Cum Laude '' . Mr. Briggs ( portrayed by Rolfe Sedan ) -- A postman who delivers the mail to the Addams Family . The movie Addams Family Reunion opens with a mailman who may be Mr. Briggs nervously delivering mail to the family . Sam Picasso ( portrayed by Vito Scotti ) -- An artist from Spain whom Addams Family members rely on for artistic advice . Addams Family pets ( edit ) Aristotle -- Pugsley 's pet octopus . Fang -- Pugsley 's pet jaguar . Cleopatra -- Morticia 's pet African Strangler ( a type of man - eating plant ) . Kitty Kat -- The Addams Family 's pet lion . In `` The Addams Family Tree , '' it is mentioned by Gomez that Kitty `` ca n't stand the taste of people . '' Tristan and Isolde -- The Addams Family 's pet piranhas . Homer -- Wednesday 's pet spider . Zelda -- The family 's pet vulture . Broadcast history ( edit ) See also : List of The Addams Family episodes For both seasons , episodes aired Friday nights at 8 : 30 p.m. Syndication ( edit ) The Addams Family airs on the This TV network Saturday and Sunday mornings between 4 a.m. and 6 a.m. , and Sundays between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. As well as the United States , the show has been aired worldwide . In the United Kingdom , it first aired on ITV in 1965 -- 1966 , and then it appeared on Sky 1 in 1991 and ran until 1992 . and then it was aired on BBC Two from 6 p.m. on Monday nights starting in February 1992 until the end of 1993 and then moved to Saturdays in 1994 and later in school summer holidays before it vanished at the end of August 1996 . Since October 2011 , the series was picked up by Cartoon Network 's sister channel Boomerang and runs through the entire month of October for Halloween alongside The Munsters . The series airs on select local stations , and as of November 2013 airs weekends on the national movie / classic TV network This TV Reunions , sequels and adaptations ( edit ) A reunion TV film , Halloween with the New Addams Family , aired on NBC in October 1977 and starred most of the original cast , except for Blossom Rock ( Grandmama ) who was very ill at the time and was replaced by Phyllis actress Jane Rose . Elvia Allman portrayed Grandma Hester `` Franny '' Frump , whom Margaret Hamilton had played in the original series . Veteran character actors Parley Baer and Vito Scotti , who both had recurring roles in the original series , also appeared in the movie . The film also included extended family members created specifically for this production , such as Gomez 's brother Pancho ( played by Henry Darrow ) and two additional children , Wednesday Jr. and Pugsley Jr . The later two were portrayed as near carbon copies of the original children , now known as Wednesday Sr. and Pugsley Sr. , who were once again played respectively by Lisa Loring and Ken Weatherwax , the original Wednesday and Pugsley in the series . Vic Mizzy rewrote and conducted his Addams Family Theme with a slightly different melody for the reunion movie . It was intended as a pilot for a new series , but no other episodes were ordered . John Astin reprised his role as Gomez Addams for the 1992 animated adaptation of the series . No other members of the original cast were involved . In 1998 , a standalone film , Addams Family Reunion was shown on the Fox Family Channel , followed by The New Addams Family which ran on the same channel from 1998 to 2000 where some of the episodes are remakes of the classic episodes with some episodes exclusive to the TV series . John Astin appeared in the series as Grandpapa Addams . Film adaptations ( edit ) A successful film , The Addams Family , was released by Paramount Pictures in 1991 , starring Raúl Juliá as Gomez , Anjelica Huston as Morticia , Christopher Lloyd as an amnesiac Uncle Fester , and Christina Ricci as Wednesday . After the film 's release , David Levy filed a lawsuit against Paramount Pictures ; the suit was settled out of court . A sequel , Addams Family Values , followed in 1993 , to greater critical success than the first film , though it earned less at the box office . DVD releases ( edit ) As of May 2009 , the show can be purchased on iTunes , and can be streamed in the US on Netflix , IMDb , YouTube , and Hulu , and minisodes are available on Crackle . MGM Home Entertainment has released The Addams Family on DVD in Region 1 , 2 and 4 in three volume sets . DVD Name Episodes Release date Additional information Volume 1 22 August 10 , 2006 Audio commentary for `` The Addams Family Goes to School '' by cast members Lisa Loring ( Wednesday Addams ) , Ken Weatherwax ( Pugsley Addams ) , and Felix Silla ( Cousin Itt ) , along with Stephen Cox ( author of The Addams Chronicles ) You Rang , Mr. Addams featurette Snap , Snap featurette Theme Song Karaoke The DVD releases contain alterations to the episodes `` Halloween with the Addams Family '' and `` The Addams Family Meets the Undercover Man '' . In two scenes , Morticia 's song `` It 's So Nice to Have a ' Thing ' Around the House '' ( to the tune of `` It 's So Nice to Have a Man Around the House '' ) was cut . The edits were made because MGM / 20th Century Fox could not obtain the rights to the original song . Volume 2 21 March 27 , 2007 Mad About the Addams featurette : Experts discuss the history and impact of the show Thing and Cousin Itt commentaries Guest Star Séance interactive featurette : A magical crystal ball conjures guest star clips and trivia Tombstone Trivia on `` Morticia 's Romance , Part 1 '' episode Audio commentary with The Addams Chronicles author Stephen Cox Volume 3 21 September 11 , 2007 Thing and Cousin Itt commentaries Audio commentary with Stephen Cox , author of The Addams Chronicles Tombstone Trivia on `` Cat Addams '' episode The Complete Series 64 November 13 , 2007 Special `` velvet - touch '' package See also ( edit ) The New Addams Family The Addams Family ( animated series ) The Addams Family ( film , 1991 ) Addams Family Values ( film , 1993 ) The Munsters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` David Levy ; Producer Created ' Addams Family ' '' . LA Times . January 31 , 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Addams Family ' Tree '' . LA Times . June 9 , 1991 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Yiddish Expressions Jump up ^ Reminiscing ' Bout Bubba and others Jump up ^ The Addams Family Reruns Airing on WBBZ - TV . Niagara Falls Reporter ( August 6 , 2013 ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.thistv.com/schedule Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord . `` The Addams Family - Some minor edits on the Volume 1 set '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ The Addams Family DVD news : Volume 3 date and details TVShowsOnDVD.com Jump up ^ The Addams Family DVD news : * Snap * * Snap * Complete Series Announced TVShowsOnDVD.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Addams Family . The Addams Family on IMDb The Addams Family at TV.com ( hide ) The Addams Family Characters Gomez Addams Morticia Addams Pugsley Addams Wednesday Addams Uncle Fester Grandmama Lurch Thing Cousin Itt Television The Addams Family ( episodes ) 1973 animated series Halloween with the New Addams Family ( 1977 TV film ) 1992 animated series The New Addams Family Films The Addams Family ( 1991 ) Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) Addams Family Reunion ( 1998 ) Theatre The Addams Family ( musical ) Games Fester 's Quest ( 1989 ) The Addams Family pinball ( 1991 ) The Addams Family handheld ( 1991 ) The Addams Family The Addams Family : Pugsley 's Scavenger Hunt ( 1993 ) Addams Family Values ( 1994 ) Music `` The Addams Family Theme '' `` When You 're an Addams '' `` Addams Groove '' The Addams Family soundtrack Addams Family Values : Music from the Motion Picture Addams Family Values : The Original Orchestral Score Books The Addams Family : An Evilution Creator Charles Addams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Addams_Family_(1964_TV_series)&oldid=810741118 '' Categories : American television sitcoms American fantasy television series 1960s American comedy television series 1964 American television series debuts 1966 American television series endings 1960s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows Black - and - white television programs English - language television programs Single - camera television sitcoms Television series by MGM Television Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 03 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Addams%20Family%20%281964%20TV%20series%29

what is the most viewed super bowl in history

The following is a list of most watched television broadcasts in the United States based on average viewership of the broadcasts by Nielsen . The Super Bowl has frequently been the most watched American television broadcast of the year . Super Bowl XLIX is currently the most watched U.S. television broadcast with 115.2 million viewers .

Super Bowl XLIX

List of most watched television broadcasts in the United States

list of most watched television broadcasts in the united states

The following is a list of most watched television broadcasts in the United States based on average viewership of the broadcasts by Nielsen . The Super Bowl has frequently been the most watched American television broadcast of the year . Super Bowl XLIX is currently the most watched U.S. television broadcast with 115.2 million viewers .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Most watched broadcasts 2 Most watched television broadcasts by year 2.1 2017 2.2 2016 2.3 2015 3 Most watched TV series 3.1 Most watched by year 3.2 Most watched series finales 4 References Most watched broadcasts ( edit ) The following is a list of the twenty most watched TV broadcasts in the United States according to Nielsen . No . Show Viewership ( millions ) Date Network Super Bowl XLIX 114.4 February 1 , 2015 NBC Super Bowl XLVIII 112.2 February 2 , 2014 Fox Super Bowl 50 111.9 February 7 , 2016 CBS Super Bowl LI 111.3 February 5 , 2017 Fox 5 Super Bowl XLVI 111.3 February 5 , 2012 NBC 6 Super Bowl XLV 111.0 February 6 , 2011 Fox 7 Super Bowl XLVII 108.7 February 3 , 2013 CBS 8 Super Bowl XLIV 106.5 February 7 , 2010 CBS 9 M * A * S * H ( Finale ) 105.9 February 28 , 1983 CBS 10 Super Bowl LII 103.4 February 4 , 2018 NBC 11 Super Bowl XLIII 98.7 February 1 , 2009 NBC 12 Super Bowl XLII 97.4 February 3 , 2008 Fox 13 Super Bowl XXX 94.1 January 28 , 1996 NBC 14 Super Bowl XLI 93.2 February 4 , 2007 CBS 15 Super Bowl XX 92.6 January 26 , 1986 NBC 16 Super Bowl XXVII 91.0 January 31 , 1993 NBC 17 Super Bowl XL 90.7 February 5 , 2006 ABC 18 Super Bowl XXVIII 90.0 January 30 , 1994 NBC 19 Super Bowl XXXII 90.0 January 25 , 1998 NBC 20 Super Bowl XXXVIII 89.8 February 1 , 2004 CBS Most watched television broadcasts by year ( edit ) 2017 ( edit ) The following is a list of the ten most watched TV broadcasts in the United States in 2017 according to Nielsen . Indicates broadcast unrelated to sports . No . Show Viewership ( in millions ) Date Network ( s ) Super Bowl LI 111.3 February 5 , 2017 Fox Packers vs. Cowboys 48.5 January 15 , 2017 Fox Steelers vs. Patriots 48.0 January 22 , 2017 CBS Donald Trump Congressional Address 47.7 February 28 , 2017 VOA 5 Packers vs. Falcons 46.3 January 22 , 2017 Fox 6 Giants vs. Packers 39.3 January 8 , 2017 Fox 7 Steelers vs. Chiefs 37.1 January 15 , 2017 NBC 8 89th Academy Awards 32.9 February 26 , 2017 ABC 9 Inauguration of Donald Trump 30.6 January 20 , 2017 VOA 10 Dolphins vs. Steelers 29.9 January 8 , 2017 CBS 11 Descendants 2 21.0 Disney Channel , Disney XD , ( ( Freeform ) , ABC , Lifetime , Lifetime Movies 2016 ( edit ) The following is a list of the ten most watched TV broadcasts in the United States in 2016 according to Nielsen . Indicates broadcast unrelated to the 2016 election . No . Show Viewership ( in millions ) Date Network ( s ) Super Bowl 50 111.9 February 7 , 2016 CBS First presidential debate 84.0 September 26 , 2016 CPD Third presidential debate 71.6 October 19 , 2016 CPD Super Bowl 50 post-game show 70.0 February 7 , 2016 CBS 5 Second presidential debate 60.3 October 9 , 2016 VOA 6 World Series Game 7 : Cubs vs. Indians 40.5 November 2 , 2016 Fox 7 Vice presidential debate 37.0 October 4 , 2016 CPD 8 Redskins vs. Cowboys 35.1 November 24 , 2016 Fox 9 Donald Trump RNC acceptance speech 34.9 July 21 , 2016 VOA 10 88th Academy Awards 34.4 February 28 , 2016 ABC 2015 ( edit ) The following is a list of the ten most watched TV broadcasts in the United States in 2015 according to Nielsen . Indicates broadcast unrelated to sports . No . Show Viewership ( in millions ) Date Network Super Bowl XLIX 115.2 February 1 , 2015 NBC Super Bowl XLIX post-game show 73.2 February 1 , 2015 NBC Colts vs. Patriots 42.3 January 18 , 2015 CBS 87th Academy Awards 37.2 February 22 , 2015 ABC 5 College Football Playoff National Championship 33.7 January 12 , 2015 ESPN 6 Lions vs. Cowboys post-game show 33.1 January 4 , 2015 ESPN 7 Panthers vs. Seahawks 31.1 January 10 , 2015 Fox 8 The Blacklist ( `` Luther Braxton '' , Super Bowl XLIX lead - out ) 30.5 February 1 , 2015 NBC 9 Colts vs. Broncos post-game show 28.6 January 11 , 2015 NBC 10 Alabama vs. Ohio State 28.5 January 1 , 2015 ESPN Most watched TV series ( edit ) Most watched by year ( edit ) Nielsen began compiling ratings for television beginning in 1950 . Prior to that year , television ratings were compiled by a number of other sources , including C.E. Hooper ( which was bought out by Nielsen in February 1950 ) and Variety . American Idol holds the record for most consecutive seasons at No. 1 ( also its total ) , with eight . Note however that American Idol usually airs two episodes a week ; for the 2003 -- 2004 season , only the Tuesday show was ranked No. 1 , overall American Idol was ranked No. 2 that season . For the show taken as a whole , it was No. 1 for seven consecutive seasons . All in the Family , and The Cosby Show share second place for most consecutive ( and total ) seasons at No. 1 , with five each . Counting in for total seasons at No. 1 , 60 Minutes also holds a share of a three - way second place , and is the first ( and currently only ) U.S. primetime television show to lead the annual Nielsen ratings in at least 3 separate decades - 1970s , 1980s and 1990s . Season Show Network 1950 -- 1951 Texaco Star Theatre NBC 1951 -- 1952 Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts CBS 1952 -- 1953 I Love Lucy 1953 -- 1954 1954 -- 1955 1955 -- 1956 The $64,000 Question 1956 -- 1957 I Love Lucy 1957 -- 1958 Gunsmoke 1958 -- 1959 1959 -- 1960 1960 -- 1961 1961 -- 1962 Wagon Train NBC 1962 -- 1963 The Beverly Hillbillies CBS 1963 -- 1964 1964 -- 1965 Bonanza NBC 1965 -- 1966 1966 -- 1967 1967 -- 1968 The Andy Griffith Show CBS 1968 -- 1969 Rowan and Martin 's Laugh - In NBC 1969 -- 1970 1970 -- 1971 Marcus Welby , M.D. ABC 1971 -- 1972 All in the Family CBS 1972 -- 1973 1973 -- 1974 1974 -- 1975 1975 -- 1976 1976 -- 1977 Happy Days ABC 1977 -- 1978 Laverne & Shirley 1978 -- 1979 1979 -- 1980 60 Minutes CBS 1980 -- 1981 Dallas 1981 -- 1982 1982 -- 1983 60 Minutes 1983 -- 1984 Dallas 1984 -- 1985 Dynasty ABC 1985 -- 1986 The Cosby Show NBC 1986 -- 1987 1987 -- 1988 1988 -- 1989 1989 -- 1990 ( tie ) The Cosby Show ( tie ) Roseanne ABC 1990 -- 1991 Cheers NBC 1991 -- 1992 60 Minutes CBS 1992 -- 1993 1993 -- 1994 1994 -- 1995 Seinfeld NBC 1995 -- 1996 ER 1996 -- 1997 1997 -- 1998 Seinfeld 1998 -- 1999 ER 1999 -- 2000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ABC 2000 -- 2001 Survivor : The Australian Outback CBS 2001 -- 2002 Friends NBC 2002 -- 2003 ( tie ) CSI : Crime Scene Investigation CBS ( tie ) Friends NBC 2003 -- 2004 American Idol Fox 2004 -- 2005 2005 -- 2006 2006 -- 2007 2007 -- 2008 2008 -- 2009 2009 -- 2010 2010 -- 2011 2011 -- 2012 NBC Sunday Night Football NBC 2012 -- 2013 NCIS CBS 2013 -- 2014 NBC Sunday Night Football NBC 2014 -- 2015 2015 -- 2016 2016 -- 2017 2017 -- 2018 Most watched series Finales ( edit ) The number of viewers for M * A * S * H ( 105.9 million ) and Cheers ( 84.4 million ) are the numbers most commonly reported . M * A * S * H has also been reported at 121.6 million viewers and Cheers has been reported at 93.5 million viewers . For M * A * S * H and Cheers , 121.6 million and 93.5 million represent the total audience who watched at least six minutes and the 105.9 million and 84.4 million represent the viewers who watched the average minute . Regular episodes of M * A * S * H were thirty minutes long , but the final episode was a television movie of running length of two hours and thirty minutes , which reached a peak audience of 125 million by the primetime telecast conclusion of the 1983 M * A * S * H series finale . The M * A * S * H finale was notorious in that after the episode finished , water flow in New York City increased by 6.7 million gallons , representing about 1 million people using the bathroom . While contributing to the CD - ROM computer game Blast from the Past , in association with TV Land , Loretta Swit commented on the event , stating she thought it was due to the fact viewers stayed glued to the screens for the whole show , and then rushed to the facilities . The 2004 finale of Friends had overtaken the record of Seinfeld in 1998 since in its last 6 minutes were seen by almost 80 million people , but viewership remained at 65.9 million because it was the audience for most of the episode . Part one of the Friends finale had 52.47 million viewers and part 2 had 65.9 million viewers and both parts were broadcast on May 6 , 2004 on NBC from 21 : 00 to 22 : 06 . Series Viewership ( in millions ) Household rating Share Date Network M * A * S * H 105.9 60.2 % 77 % 000000001983 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1983 CBS Cheers 84.4 45.5 % 64 % 000000001993 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1993 NBC The Fugitive 78.0 45.9 % 72 % 000000001967 - 08 - 29 - 0000 Aug 29 , 1967 ABC Seinfeld 76.3 41.3 % 58 % 000000001998 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1998 NBC Friends 52.5 29.8 % 43 % 000000002004 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 2004 NBC Magnum , P.I. 50.7 32.0 % 48 % 000000001988 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1988 CBS The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson 50.0 30.0 % 46 % 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1992 NBC The Cosby Show 44.4 28.0 % 45 % 000000001992 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1992 NBC All in the Family 40.2 26.6 % 43 % 000000001979 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 1979 CBS Family Ties 36.3 20.8 % 35 % 000000001989 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1989 NBC Home Improvement 35.5 21.6 % 43 % 000000001999 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1999 ABC Frasier 33.7 16.3 % 25 % 000000002004 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2004 NBC Dallas 33.3 22.0 % 38 % 000000001991 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 1991 CBS Everybody Loves Raymond 32.9 20.2 % 29 % 000000002005 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2005 CBS Star Trek : The Next Generation 31.0 17.4 % 34 % 000000001994 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 1994 Syndication Gunsmoke 30.9 N / A N / A 000000001975 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1975 CBS Happy Days 30.5 20.5 % 31 % 000000001984 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 1984 ABC The Golden Girls 27.2 18.9 % 38 % 000000001992 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1992 NBC Full House 24.3 14.6 % 25 % 000000001995 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 1995 ABC St. Elsewhere 22.5 17 % 29 % 000000001988 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1988 NBC MacGyver 22.3 13.8 % 26 % 000000001992 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1992 ABC L.A. Law 22.1 15.9 % 27 % 000000001994 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1994 NBC ALF 21.7 13.1 % 24 % 000000001990 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1990 NBC The Mary Tyler Moore Show 21.16 16.5 % 28 % 000000001977 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1977 CBS The Wonder Years 21.0 13.9 % 23 % 000000001993 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1993 ABC Quantum Leap 20.6 13.7 % 23 % 000000001993 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1993 NBC Who 's the Boss ? 20.5 12.7 % 24 % 000000001992 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 1992 ABC The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air 19.9 13.1 % 22 % 000000001996 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1996 NBC Mad About You 19.8 13.6 % 20 % 000000001999 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1999 NBC Knots Landing 19.6 13.9 % 22 % 000000001993 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 1993 CBS Bonanza 19.3 ? ? 000000001973 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1973 NBC Designing Women 18.8 14.2 % 22 % 000000001993 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1993 CBS Matlock 18.7 13.2 % 20 % 000000001995 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1995 ABC Will & Grace 18.6 12.9 % 20 % 000000002006 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2006 NBC The Facts of Life 18.2 13.2 % 29 % 000000001988 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1988 NBC Jake and the Fatman 18.1 12.9 % 20 % 000000001992 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1992 CBS Major Dad 17.9 12.6 % 20 % 000000001993 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1993 CBS Murphy Brown 17.5 12.3 % 19 % 000000001998 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1998 CBS Beverly Hills , 90210 16.8 11.9 % 21 % 000000002000 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2000 Fox Roseanne 16.6 11.6 % 19 % 000000001997 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1997 ABC Murder , She Wrote 16.5 12.3 % 21 % 000000001996 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1996 CBS The Oprah Winfrey Show 16.404 11.5 % N / A 000000002011 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2011 Syndication ER 16.4 10.4 % 17 % 000000002009 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2009 NBC NYPD Blue 16.1 10.4 % 17 % 000000002005 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2005 ABC Miami Vice 16.1 11.0 % 21 % 000000001989 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 1989 NBC Perfect Strangers 15.8 11.8 % 16 % 000000001993 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1993 ABC Married ... with Children 15.2 10.0 % 16 % 000000001997 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1997 Fox In the Heat of the Night 15.0 10.9 % 17 % 000000001995 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1995 CBS Kate & Allie 14.9 11.9 % 20 % 000000001989 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1989 CBS Dynasty 14.7 10.8 % 17 % 000000001989 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1989 ABC The Tonight Show with Jay Leno 14.6 - % - % 000000002014 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2014 NBC Monday Night Football 14.4 9.2 % 16 % 000000002005 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2005 ABC Wings 14.2 10.2 % 16 % 000000001997 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1997 NBC JAG 14.0 9.0 % 15 % 000000002005 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2005 CBS Mr. Belvedere 13.8 8.5 % 16 % 000000001990 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1990 ABC The Late Show with David Letterman 13.76 9.3 % - % 000000002015 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2015 CBS Lost 13.6 7.5 % 13 % 000000002010 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2010 ABC Evening Shade 13.5 9.6 % 15 % 000000001994 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 1994 CBS Two and a Half Men 13.5 - % N / A 000000002015 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2015 CBS The King of Queens 13.5 8.8 % 13 % 000000002007 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 2007 CBS Doogie Howser , M.D. 13.4 9.2 % 14 % 000000001993 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1993 ABC American Idol 13.3 9.6 % 15 % 000000002016 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2016 Fox Providence 13.3 9.0 % 16 % 000000002002 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2002 NBC Life Goes On 13.2 8.9 % 17 % 000000001993 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 1993 ABC The X-Files 13.2 7.9 % 12 % 000000002002 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2002 Fox How I Met Your Mother 13.13 8.6 % 13 % 000000002014 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2014 CBS Coach 13.1 9.3 % 16 % 000000001997 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1997 ABC Touched by an Angel 12.9 8.9 % 15 % 000000002003 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2003 CBS Amen 12.9 8.3 % 19 % 000000001991 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1991 NBC Falcon Crest 12.3 9.3 % 15 % 000000001990 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1990 CBS CSI : Crime Scene Investigation 12.2 N / A N / A 000000002015 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2015 CBS Desperate Housewives 11.9 9.0 % 14 % 000000002012 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2012 ABC 3rd Rock from the Sun 11.9 7.9 % 13 % 000000002001 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2001 NBC The Sopranos 11.9 6.5 % 11 % 000000002007 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 2007 HBO Empty Nest 11.6 8.7 % 17 % 000000001995 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1995 NBC Ally McBeal 11.5 7.5 % 11 % 000000002002 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2002 Fox Homicide : Life on the Street 11.4 8.4 % 15 % 000000001999 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1999 NBC Without a Trace 11.2 7.3 % 12 % 000000002009 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2009 CBS The Nanny 11.1 8.1 % 14 % 000000001999 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1999 CBS Picket Fences 11.1 8.2 % 14 % 000000001996 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1996 CBS The Practice 10.9 7.5 % 13 % 000000002004 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2004 ABC Walker , Texas Ranger 10.8 6.8 % 13 % 000000002001 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2001 CBS Judging Amy 10.8 7.6 % 12 % 000000002005 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2005 CBS Sex and the City 10.6 ? ? 000000002004 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2004 HBO Becker 10.6 7.3 % 11 % 000000002004 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2004 CBS The Good Wife 10.6 TBA TBA 000000002016 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2016 CBS Grace Under Fire 10.5 7.4 % 11 % 000000001998 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1998 ABC Highway to Heaven 10.5 7.1 % 16 % 000000001989 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1989 NBC Melrose Place 10.4 7.3 % 12 % 000000001999 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1999 Fox Twin Peaks 10.4 N / A N / A 000000001991 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 1991 ABC Breaking Bad 10.28 000000002013 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2013 AMC Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman 10.2 6.7 % 15 % 000000001998 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1998 CBS Sisters 10.1 7.1 % 14 % 000000001996 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1996 NBC The West Wing 10.1 6.2 % 10 % 000000002006 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 2006 NBC The Mentalist 10.1 % % 000000002015 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2015 CBS That ' 70s Show 10.0 6.0 % 10 % 000000002006 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2006 Fox Boy Meets World 10.0 6.1 % 12 % 000000002000 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2000 ABC Cold Case 10.0 6.4 % 11 % 000000002010 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2010 CBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mark Koba ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl TV ratings : Fast facts at a glance '' . CNBC . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 50 Draws 111.9 Million TV Viewers , 16.9 Million Tweets '' . Nielsen.com . February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen Ratings Analysis '' . M * A * S * H , Finest Kind . February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Super Bowl LII smallest since 2009 , still massive ; ' This Is Us ' scores big ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Crupi , Anthony . `` Despite Another Ratings Slump , the NFL Remains TV 's Top Dog '' . AdAge . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Finals Game 7 Most Watched Game Ever On ABC As Cavs Win First Title '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast weekly Top 25 : Super Bowl 50 dominates the week of Feb. 1 - 7 '' . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Debate breaks record as most - watched in U.S. history '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` U.S. vice presidential debate watched by 37 million on TV '' . Reuters . October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Viewership of the second presidential debate dropped by a lot '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Final debate is third most - watched presidential match ever '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` The 10 biggest television events of 2015 '' . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 5 reasons ' American Idol ' may go on nearly forever -- or not '' . USA Today . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's most watched shows of the 2011 -- 2012 season '' . The Washington Post . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 most - watched shows of 2013 - 14 '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2014 - 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` These Are the 100 Most - Watched TV Shows of the 2015 - 16 Season : Winners and Losers '' . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Bjorklund , Dennis A. ( 1997 ) . Toasting Cheers : An Episode Guide to the 1982 -- 1993 Comedy Series , with cast biographies and character profiles . McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 962 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` NBC wins May sweeps ; Cheers ratings No. 2 all - time '' . Toronto Star . May 30 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Friends Seasons '' . Listverse. 2008 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` May Sweeps : Season Finales and TV Specials '' . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Fugitive Gets Huge Rating In Last Show '' Chicago Tribune . 31 August 1967 : C19 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( May 8 , 2004 ) . `` ' Friends ' Finale 's Audience Is the Fourth Biggest Ever '' . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Friends Nielsen Ratings Archive '' . newmusicandmore.tripod.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Die erfolgreichsten Serien - Finale '' ( in German ) . May 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Petrozzello , Donna ( May 27 , 1999 ) . `` POWER RATINGS FOR ' HOME ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Duncan ( September 13 , 2007 ) . `` Home Improvement Archive -- Episode 8.26 The Long and Winding Road , Part II '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Kinon , Cristina ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` The most watched TV episode of the decade was ... the series finale of ' Friends ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Schumckler , Eric ( July 24 , 1994 ) . `` TELEVISION ; Profits , Reruns and the End of ' Next Generation ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Final showing tops ratings '' . Star - News . June 2 , 1988 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` The Programming Insider '' . Mediaweek . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( May 4 , 2005 ) . `` The Programming Insider '' . Mediaweek . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` X-Files Nielsen ratings '' . May 19 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( April 30 , 2003 ) . `` The Programming Insider '' . Mediaweek . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( February 25 , 2004 ) . `` The Programming Insider '' . Mediaweek . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Most Watched TV Shows Total Viewers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_watched_television_broadcasts_in_the_United_States&oldid=826509584 '' Categories : American television - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 15 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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kate winslet what if i had never let you go

`` What If '' is a song performed by English actress Kate Winslet , recorded for the animated film Christmas Carol : The Movie ( 2001 ) . Winslet provided the voice of Belle in the feature , which is based on the Charles Dickens classic novel and also stars Nicolas Cage , Jane Horrocks and Simon Callow . `` What If '' was written by Wayne Hector and Steve Mac , while production was helmed by the latter . The song is a ballad that follows the film 's theme , as Belle laments the end of her and Scrooge 's relationship and wonders what could have been . It was the only song to be released from the official movie soundtrack .

What If ( Kate Winslet song )

what if ( kate winslet song )

`` What If '' is a song performed by English actress Kate Winslet , recorded for the animated film Christmas Carol : The Movie ( 2001 ) . Winslet provided the voice of Belle in the feature , which is based on the Charles Dickens classic novel and also stars Nicolas Cage , Jane Horrocks and Simon Callow . `` What If '' was written by Wayne Hector and Steve Mac , while production was helmed by the latter . The song is a ballad that follows the film 's theme , as Belle laments the end of her and Scrooge 's relationship and wonders what could have been . It was the only song to be released from the official movie soundtrack .

News that Winslet was secretly recording the one - off single to vie for the 2001 UK Christmas number one spot was reported in the Daily Mirror . In the event , the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number six , and was beaten to the Christmas top spot by Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman 's version of `` Somethin ' Stupid '' . Elsewhere , `` What If '' was released to even bigger success : It became a number - one hit in Austria , Ireland and on the Flemish region of Belgium , and reached the top ten in Germany , the Netherlands and Switzerland . Critically acclaimed , the son won the 2002 OGAE Song Contest . An accompanying music video , which was directed by Paul Donnellon and produced by Chris Horton , shows Winslet walking around an old Victorian house , along with clips from the film . At Winslet 's request , the proceeds from the single were given to the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and Sargent Cancer Care for Children . Contents ( hide ) 1 Charts 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Cover versions 3 References 4 External links Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Portugal ( Portuguese Singles Chart ) 17 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Rank Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 35 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 25 United Kingdom ( Official Charts Company ) 100 Cover versions ( edit ) In 2004 , a dance remake of the song was released by Ronny V featuring Nanda . In 2008 , the 2007 X-Factor finalist Rhydian Roberts included a duet of the song with American singer and Broadway actress Idina Menzel on his debut album Rhydian . Britain 's Got Talent 2010 semi-finalist Olivia Archbold performed this song . She came in third place in the semi-finals and lost the judges ' votes to Tobias Mead . Due to the performance ; `` What If '' re-entered the UK Singles Charts at number 76 on 6 June 2010 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The winner takes it all '' . Ogae Song Contest . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Kate Winslet -- What If '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kate Winslet -- What If '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Kate Winslet Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 50 , 2001 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Kate Winslet search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top40-charts.com '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Kate Winslet -- What If '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2002 '' . Austriancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles - Jahrescharts ( 2002 ) '' . Offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts 2002 '' . Swisscharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ronny V Featuring Nanda - What If ( CD , Maxi ) at Discogs '' . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Whetstone , David ( 29 November 2009 ) . `` Perfect pitch and the Cowell factor '' . journallive.co.uk . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . External links ( edit ) `` Winslet Records a Single '' ( IMDb news article ) `` Winslet Launches Festive Chart Bid '' ( BBC News story ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_If_(Kate_Winslet_song)&oldid=783708332 '' Categories : 2001 singles Kate Winslet songs Debut singles Number - one singles in Austria Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Steve Mac Songs written by Wayne Hector Song recordings produced by Steve Mac Pop ballads 2001 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2017 , at 03 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who plays jason in friday the 13th part 2

Steve Daskawisz as Jason Voorhees Warrington Gillette as Jason Voorhees ( unmasked )

Steve Daskawisz|Warrington Gillette

Friday the 13th Part 2

friday the 13th part 2

Friday the 13th Part 2 , marketed as Friday the 13th Part II , is a 1981 American slasher film produced and directed by Steve Miner , and the second installment in the Friday the 13th film series . It is a direct sequel to Friday the 13th , picking up five years after that film 's conclusion , where a new murderer stalks and begins murdering the camp counselors at a nearby training camp in Crystal Lake . The film marks the first time Jason Voorhees is the killer ; his mother was the killer in the previous film . It also features the brief return of Alice Hardy , who is currently the only Friday the 13th heroine to return in a sequel .

Originally , Friday the 13th Part 2 was not intended to be a direct sequel but rather part of an anthology series of films based on the Friday the 13th superstition ; however , after the popularity of the original film 's surprise ending where Jason Voorhees attacks the heroine , the filmmakers opted to revive Jason and the mythology surrounding Camp Crystal Lake , a trend which would be repeated in the following films . Like the original film , Friday the 13th Part 2 faced opposition from the Motion Picture Association of America , who noted its `` accumulative violence '' as problematic , resulting in numerous cuts being made to allow an R rating . The film was released theatrically in North America on April 30 , 1981 . Although it did not gross as much as the original and still received negative reviews , the sequel grossed over $21.7 million in the United States on a budget of $1.25 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Reception 4.1 Release 4.2 Critical reception 5 Music 5.1 Track listing 6 Novelization 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Two months after the Camp Crystal Lake massacre , sole survivor Alice Hardy is recovering from her traumatic experience . In her apartment , she wakes up to take a shower . As Alice opens the refrigerator to get her cat some food , she finds the decapitated head of Pamela Voorhees in her refrigerator and is murdered by an unseen adult Jason Voorhees with an ice pick to her temple . Five years later , camp counselor Paul Holt hosts a counselor training camp near Camp Crystal Lake . The camp is attended by Sandra , her boyfriend Jeff , troublemaker Scott , tomboy Terry , wheelchair - bound Mark , sweet - natured Vickie , jokester Ted , and Paul 's assistant Ginny Fields , as well as many other trainees . Around the campfire that night , Paul tells the counselors about the legend of Jason , of how he survived his drowning , grew up living in the woods , and is now seeking to kill any intruders to avenge his mother 's death . As Ted appears with a mask and a spear , Paul reassures everyone that Jason is dead and that Camp Crystal Lake is off limits . That night , Crazy Ralph wanders onto the property to warn the group but is garroted from behind a tree by Jason . The following day , Jeff and Sandra sneak off to Camp Crystal Lake upon finding a carcass , before getting caught by Deputy Winslow and return to the camp . Later , Winslow spots Jason ( revealed to be wearing a burlap sack over his face ) and chases him into the woods before he is killed with a hammer claw . Back at camp , Paul offers the others one last night on the town before the training begins ; only Ginny and Ted accept his offer . Jeff and Sandra are forced to stay behind as punishment for sneaking off . At the bar , Ginny muses that if Jason were still alive and witnessed his mother 's death , it may have left him with no distinction between life and death , right or wrong . Paul dismisses the idea , proclaiming that Jason is nothing but an urban legend . At the camp , Jason appears at the camp site and kills the counselors one by one . Scott has his throat slit with a machete while caught in a rope trap . Terry finds his dead body and is killed offscreen . Mark is hit in the face with a machete and falls down a flight of stairs . Jason then moves upstairs and impales Jeff and Sandra with a spear as they have sex , and stabs Vickie with a kitchen knife . Later , Ginny and Paul return to find the place in disarray . In the dark , Jason ambushes Paul and then chases Ginny throughout the camp and into the woods , where she comes across his shack . After barricading herself inside , she finds an altar with Pamela Voorhees ' head on it , surrounded by a pile of Jason 's victims ( the sheriff , Terry , and a decomposing Alice ) with his mother 's machete placed on the altar . Ginny puts on Pamela 's sweater and tries to psychologically convince Jason that she is his mother . The ruse fails when he spots his mother 's head on the altar and attacks Ginny . Paul appears and attacks Jason , but he is quickly overwhelmed . Just as Jason is about to kill Paul with a pickaxe , Ginny picks up the machete and slams it down into his shoulder , seemingly killing him . Paul and Ginny return to the cabin . They think that Jason has followed them , but when they open the door , they are greeted by Terry 's dog , Muffin . Suddenly , an unmasked Jason bursts through the window from behind and grabs Ginny . She then awakens to her being loaded into an ambulance and calls out for Paul , who is nowhere to be seen and his fate left ambiguous . Back in the shack , Pamela Voorhees ' head remains on the altar as Jason is nowhere to be seen . Cast ( edit ) Amy Steel as Ginny Field John Furey as Paul Holt Steve Daskawisz as Jason Voorhees Warrington Gillette as Jason Voorhees ( unmasked ) Stu Charno as Ted Lauren - Marie Taylor as Vickie Marta Kober as Sandra Dier Tom McBride as Mark Bill Randolph as Jeff Kirsten Baker as Terry Russell Todd as Scott Walt Gorney as Crazy Ralph Adrienne King as Alice Hardy Betsy Palmer as Pamela Voorhees Jack Marks as Deputy Winslow Cliff Cudney as Max Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Following the success of Friday the 13th in 1980 , Paramount Pictures began plans to make a sequel . First acquiring the worldwide distribution rights , Frank Mancuso , Sr. stated , `` We wanted it to be an event , where teenagers would flock to the theaters on that Friday night to see the latest episode . '' The initial ideas for a sequel involved the `` Friday the 13th '' title being used for a series of films , released once a year , that would not have direct continuity with one another but be a separate `` scary movie '' of their own right . Phil Scuderi -- one of three owners of Esquire Theaters , along with Steve Minasian and Bob Barsamian , who produced the original film -- insisted that the sequel have Jason Voorhees , Pamela 's son , even though his appearance in the original film was only meant to be a joke . Steve Miner , associate producer on the first film , believed in the idea and would go on to direct the first two sequels , after Cunningham opted not to return to the director 's chair . Miner would use many of the same crew members from the first film while working on the sequels . Cunningham had mixed feelings about the entire `` Friday the 13th '' enterprise that he outlined for film critic and author Stephen Hunter in an interview for a book Hunter wrote on violent films . Hunter stated that Cunningham `` was n't particularly proud '' of his work on these films , and Cunningham bluntly said that the only thing that seemed to reach a teenaged audience at that time period involved high levels of gore and graphic violence . Casting ( edit ) Adrienne King was pursued by an obsessed fan after the success of the original Friday the 13th and purportedly wished her role to be small as possible , though in the documentary Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th , it was stated that King 's agent had asked for a higher salary , which the studio could not afford . The film 's heroine , Ginny , is played by Amy Steel , who won the part through an audition . `` At the time of ( making the film ) , it was before the genre really picked up so I did n't give it a lot of credit or take it seriously . For me , it was just another audition because I had no idea what it would end up meaning after all this time . When I played Ginny , I was really young and different from a lot of the people working at the time so that came out in my character . I was naturally suspicious of cocky guys at that age , and you see a lot of that when I 'm on screen with Paul ( John Furey ) . I tried to put so much behind the actual words in the script just so she felt almost unreachable , to Paul and to audiences . I wanted her to have some power . '' Actor Warrington Gillette played Jason unmasked at the end of the film . Stuntman Steve Daskawisz ( also known as Steve Dash ) was credited as Jason Stunt Double but played the masked Jason throughout the rest of the film . Filming ( edit ) The small village of New Preston , Connecticut was one of the filming locations . Principal photography took place from October 3 and finished in November 1980 , and primarily occurred in New Preston and Kent , Connecticut . Special effects artist Tom Savini was asked to work on the film but declined because he was already working on another project , Midnight ( 1982 ) , in addition he did n't receive well to the concept of Jason as the killer in the film . Savini was then replaced by Stan Winston . Winston , however , had a scheduling conflict and had to drop out of the project . The make - up effects were ultimately handled by Carl Fullerton . Fullerton designed the `` look '' for the adult Jason Voorhees and went with long red hair and a beard while following the facial deformities established in the original film in the make - up designed by Tom Savini for Jason as a child . Fullerton 's look for the adult Jason was abandoned in the sequel , Friday the 13th Part 3 , despite the fact that the film took place the following day and was helmed by the same director , Steve Miner . Some fans have theorized that the sequence where we see Jason with a beard and long hair reflects a `` dream '' rather than a reality because the following sequel picks up with the events showing his face having not happened , and therefore what was represented was Ginny 's guess at what he looked like under the burlap sack rather than what he actually looked like , which would excuse the lack of continuity . Steve Daskawisz was rushed to the emergency room during filming after Amy Steel cut his hand with a machete during filming . Steel explained , `` The timing was wrong , and he did n't turn his pickaxe properly , and the machete hit his finger . '' Daskawisz received thirteen stitches on his middle finger . During the subsequent shoot , Daskawisz was forced to wear a piece of rubber over his finger , and both he and Steel insisted on reshooting this scene . When shooting the beginning sequence of Alice being killed by Jason in her own apartment , the ice pick prop itself did n't retract and King 's on - screen reaction was real considering it was injuring her head . In one scene where Daskawisz was wearing the burlap flour sack , part of the flour sack was flapping at his eye , so the crew used tape inside the eye area to prevent it from flapping . Daskawisz received rug burns around his eye from the tape from wearing the rough flour sack material for hours . The use of the sack hood was similar to the 1976 film The Town That Dreaded Sundown . The scene where Steel 's character gets grabbed from behind by an unmasked Jason in the climax took approximately three takes to shoot it right . Because of this , Steel herself would become more tense and frightened when the camera rolls and Gillette grabs her . Rumors sparked that John Furey left before the film wrapped , as his character does not appear in the end . In truth , his character was not intended to have appeared . Post-production ( edit ) Like its predecessor , Friday the 13th Part 2 had difficulty receiving an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) . Upon reviewing the film , the Classification and Rating Administration ( CARA ) warned Paul Hagger , an executive at Paramount , that the `` accumulation of violence throughout the film '' may still lead to an X rating even if substantial cuts were made . A total of forty - eight seconds had to be cut from the film in order to avoid an X rating . This film received a deluxe DVD release in February 2009 , but the edited footage was not included . Most noted by censors was the murder scene of Jeff and Sandra , who are impaled by a spear while having sex in a bed ( a scene many have compared to a scene in Mario Bava 's A Bay of Blood ) , which the censors found particularly graphic . When actress Marta Kober , who played Sandra , originally did a scene with full frontal nudity , Paramount discovered she was underage and the scene was completely deleted Originally , the film was supposed to end with Mrs. Voorhees ' head opening her eyes and smiling towards the camera . However , Miner removed the scene out of the final film as he never seriously considered it for the film 's actual ending . To this day , the footage of this alternate ending has yet to be released . Reception ( edit ) Release ( edit ) The film was released theatrically on April 30 , 1981 , bringing in $6,429,784 its opening weekend . It played on 1,350 screens and would ultimately gross $21,722,776 . It was the 35th highest - grossing film of 1981 , facing strong competition early in the year from such high - profile horror releases as Omen III : The Final Conflict , The Howling , Scanners , Wolfen , Deadly Blessing , The Funhouse , Halloween II , My Bloody Valentine , The Prowler , The Fan and The Hand . Critical reception ( edit ) Much like its predecessor , critical reception to the film was initially negative . It has a 34 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes among 32 reviews . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times wrote that Friday the 13th Part 2 is `` a cross between the Mad Slasher and Dead teenager genres ; about two dozen movies a year feature a mad killer going berserk , and they 're all about as bad as this one . Some have a little more plot , some have a little less . It does n't matter . '' When reviewing the film 's Blu - ray release , David Harley of Bloody Disgusting said , `` It does n't exactly stray far from the formula of the original film -- neither do most of the other sequels -- but Friday The 13th Part II still stands as an iconic and important entry in the series due to the introduction of Jason as the antagonist of the series and the usage of Italian horror films as an inspiration for its death scenes -- most notably , the spear copulation death from Mario Bava 's A Bay of Blood . '' Scott Meslow of The Week described it as a transitional film that blended elements of the original film and those to come later in the series . The final scene where Jason crashes through the window and the scene where Jason raises his knife before killing Vicki were featured in the tribute to horror films montage during the 82nd Academy Awards . In 2014 , the film ranked at number one on a list of the 100 Greatest Slasher Movies on the genre website Vegan Voorhees . The film 's ending has been a source of confusion for fans . Writer Ron Kurz has stated that Jason 's window jump was intended to be set in reality and that Paul was killed offscreen . However , the beginning of Part III , in replaying the end of Part 2 , instead showed Jason pulling the machete out of his shoulder and crawling away as Ginny and Paul leave him for dead in the shack . This arguably retcons the scene of Jason 's window jump into a dream . In addition , near the beginning of Part III , a news broadcast reports the body count at eight , thus excluding Paul from this count . Music ( edit ) Friday the 13th Part 2 Soundtrack album by Harry Manfredini Released January 13 , 2012 ( La - La Land ) June 2015 ( Waxworks ) Genre Film score Length 43 : 02 Label Gramavision , La - La Land , Waxworks Producer Harry Manfredini , Jay Yuenger , Neil S. Bulk In 1982 , Gramavision Records released an LP album of selected pieces of Harry Manfredini 's scores from the first three Friday the 13th films . On January 13 , 2012 , La - La Land Records released a limited edition 6 - CD boxset containing Manfredini 's scores from the first six films . It sold out in less than 24 hours . Waxworks Records released the Harry Manfredini - composed score on vinyl in summer 2015 . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Harry Manfredini . Side A No . Title Length 1 . `` Flashback '' 5 : 34 2 . `` Alice Hangs Up '' 1 : 59 3 . `` Keep a Cool Head ( Main Title ) '' 2 : 11 4 . `` Prowler '' 2 : 02 5 . `` Ralph Gets Cursed '' 1 : 38 6 . `` Terry Looks for Muffin '' 0 : 53 7 . `` Jeff and Sandy Are Watched '' 0 : 55 8 . `` The Chase / Sheriff Visits / Villa Jason '' 2 : 53 9 . `` Terry in Lake / Dolly in , Scott Out '' 2 : 33 Side B No . Title Length 10 . `` Vickie is Watched / Jason at Door '' 2 : 32 11 . `` Vickie Goes Up '' 0 : 47 12 . `` Jason and Paul Meet '' 1 : 25 13 . `` Ragtop and Running Ragged '' 3 : 54 14 . `` Ginny Under the Bed '' 4 : 00 15 . `` Ginny Visits Villa Jason '' 5 : 33 16 . `` Who 's at the Door ? '' 1 : 58 17 . `` Return to Chez Jason / End Title '' 2 : 27 Novelization ( edit ) A novelization based on the screenplay of Ron Kurz was published in 1988 : Hawke , Simon , Friday the 13th Part II : A Novel , New American Library , New York , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 451 - 15337 - 5 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part 2 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bracke 2006 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Burns , Ashley . `` Friday The 13th ' Star Adrienne King Uses Her Terrifying Stalker Tale To Help Her Fans '' . Uproxx . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thurman , Trace ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` 13 Fun Facts About ' Friday the 13th Part 2 ! ' '' . Bloody - Disgusting . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wixson , Heather ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Dread Central 's Final Girls : Amy Steel '' . Dread Central . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dash , Steve ( July 1 , 2006 ) . `` Friday the 13th Part 2 '' . Dread Central . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Deakin , Bob ( October 2004 ) . `` Friday the 13th Part 2 Set up Camp 30 Years Ago in Kent and New Preston , CT '' . The Kent Good Times Dispatch ; The Litchfield County Times . Bullsbridge Inn . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ fridaythe13thfranchise.com http://www.fridaythe13thfranchise.com/2015/08/the-continuity-issues-of-jason-voorhees.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes : Part 2 accident and the Hospital '' . Friday the 13th : The Franchise . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What 's up with the sack head ? '' . Friday the 13th : The Ultimate Fan Blog . January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Albright , Brian ( 2012 ) . Regional Horror Films , 1958 - 1990 . McFarland & Company . p. 179 . ISBN 9780786472277 . Jump up ^ `` Friday The 13th Part 2 : Did You Know ? '' . Lair of Horror . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Farrands , Daniel ( 2013 ) . Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th ( Documentary ) . Image Entertainment . Jump up ^ Kendrick 2009 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Bracke 2006 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1981 ) . `` Friday the 13th , Part 2 '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray Review : ' Friday the 13th Part 2 ' - '' . Bloody Disgusting ! . Jump up ^ Meslow , Scott ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Friday the 13th Part 2 : How a young franchise took its first steps toward creating a horror icon '' . The Week . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lee , Hudson ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` The 100 Greatest Slasher Movies Part X '' . Vegan Voorhees . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bracke 2006 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ `` La - La Land Records : Friday the 13th '' . La - La Land Records . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Friday The 13th Part 2 ′ OST Coming To Vinyl '' . Waxworks Records . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bracke , Peter ( 2006 ) . Crystal Lake Memories . United Kingdom : Titan Books . pp. 50 -- 52 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 343 - 2 . Kendrick , James ( 2009 ) . Hollywood Bloodshed : Violence in 1980s American Cinema . Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 809 - 32888 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Friday the 13th Part 2 Friday the 13th Part 2 on IMDb Friday the 13th Part 2 at AllMovie Friday the 13th Part 2 at Box Office Mojo Friday the 13th Part 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms.com Films directed by Steve Miner Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) House ( 1986 ) Soul Man ( 1986 ) Warlock ( 1989 ) Wild Hearts Ca n't Be Broken ( 1991 ) Forever Young ( 1992 ) My Father the Hero ( 1994 ) Big Bully ( 1996 ) Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( 1998 ) Lake Placid ( 1999 ) Texas Rangers ( 2001 ) Day of the Dead ( 2008 ) Private Valentine : Blonde & Dangerous ( 2008 ) Friday the 13th franchise Films Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Part 2 Part III The Final Chapter A New Beginning Jason Lives The New Blood Jason Takes Manhattan Jason Goes to Hell Jason X Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack score Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Television Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Characters Pamela Voorhees Jason Voorhees Alice Hardy Ginny Field Tommy Jarvis Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Video games Friday the 13th ( 1985 ) Friday the 13th ( 1989 ) Mortal Kombat X Friday the 13th : The Game Friday the 13th : Killer Puzzle Related topics `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friday_the_13th_Part_2&oldid=832738110 '' Categories : 1981 films English - language films 1981 horror films 1980s horror thriller films 1980s teen films 1980s mystery films 1980s sequel films 1980s serial killer films 1980s teen horror films American sequel films American teen horror films American slasher films Directorial debut films Films set in 1979 Films set in 1984 Films set in New Jersey Films shot in Connecticut Friday the 13th ( franchise ) films Paramount Pictures films Summer camps in films Films scored by Harry Manfredini Films directed by Steve Miner Films directed by Sean S. Cunningham Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 18 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what happens to roxas when sora wakes up

Roxas ( Kingdom Hearts )

roxas ( kingdom hearts )

( ( nihongo Roxas ロクサス Rokusasu English : / ˈrɒksəs / is a fictional character from Square Enix 's video game franchise Kingdom Hearts . First revealed during the final scenes of the 2004 title Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Roxas is a `` Nobody '' , who was created from the series ' main character Sora who briefly loses his heart during the first game of the series . Kingdom Hearts II reveals that Roxas is a member of Organization XIII , a group of Nobodies who need him as he can wield the Keyblade , a weapon that allows him to capture hearts . As a member of the organization , Roxas bears the title `` Key of Destiny '' ( めぐりあう 鍵 , Meguriau Kagi , lit . `` Serendipitous Key '' ) . He is also the protagonist of the video game Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , which revolves around his origins . In the Japanese games , Roxas is voiced by Kōki Uchiyama , while Jesse McCartney takes the role in the English versions .

Since his cameo appearance , director Tetsuya Nomura has said that Roxas is an important character in the series , and in order to explain his back story in more detail than was done in Kingdom Hearts II , Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days was created . Since his introduction in Kingdom Hearts II , Roxas has received positive critical response from video game publications with most of them focusing on his development in 358 / 2 Days . Various types of merchandise based on his character has been produced . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Appearances 3 Creation and development 4 Reception 5 References Characteristics ( edit ) Roxas is depicted as a spiky blond - haired boy with blue eyes . Due to his nature as a Nobody , he is an `` empty shell '' of series ' protagonist Sora created when the latter sacrifices his heart and becomes a Heartless during the events of Kingdom Hearts . As a result , despite his teenage appearance , Roxas is one day short of a year old when he rejoins Sora in Kingdom Hearts II . As a civilian , he wears a white jacket over a black one and white trousers . As a member of Organization XIII , Roxas wears a hooded black coat that covers most of his body . His weapon is the Keyblade known as Kingdom Key ( キングダム チェーン , Kingudamu Chēn , Kingdom Chain ) , resembling a classic skeleton key with a long silver keychain extending from the hilt , and a Mickey Mouse token on the end of it . However , the player can modify it during Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days using the game 's panel system . Roxas also becomes able to dual - wield Keyblades after leaving the Organization , and exclusively uses the weapon 's Oathkeeper ( 約束 の お守り , Yakusoku no Omamori , lit . `` Oath 's Charm '' ) and Oblivion ( 過ぎ去り し 思い出 , Sugisarishi Omoide , lit . `` Passing Memories '' ) forms for each . Roxas ' personality changes significantly across the series due to the fact that when first introduced , he appears with fake memories that make him believe he is a common teenager , and spends most of his time with his friends . After learning that he is Sora 's Nobody , and remembering his past , Roxas gives up his existence so that Sora can continue to exist , but still expresses happiness for his fate . During his time in the Organization , Roxas develops a calm personality as a result of having no memories of a previous life , unlike other Nobodies . Appearances ( edit ) Roxas ' first appearances were cameos in Another Side , Another Story , a bonus trailer found in Kingdom Hearts , and in the ending of Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories . In Kingdom Hearts II , Roxas is introduced as a boy living in a computer simulation of a city called Twilight Town . Unaware of the virtual nature of the city , Roxas begins to dream about the adventures of Sora , the series ' protagonist . He later encounters Axel , a member of Organization XIII who is under orders to extract him , and Naminé , a Nobody who tells him he is Sora 's other half . Shortly after meeting DiZ , the creator of the virtual world , Roxas learns the true nature of Twilight Town , and that DiZ altered his memory and personality to mislead his pursuers from the Organization until he can merge with Sora . DiZ leads Roxas to an old mansion where he rejoins a sleeping Sora , allowing him to wake up . Sora later learns that Roxas is his Nobody , created during the events of the first game after briefly turning into a Heartless , and inducted into the Organization for his ability to capture hearts with the Keyblade ; however , Roxas later betrayed the Organization and encountered one of Sora 's friends , Riku , who captured him to restore Sora . Roxas makes two appearances near the end of the game : the first is in a mental battle with Sora depicted as a cut - scene , and the second is with Naminé , who has merged with her other self , Kairi . In the re-released version of the title , Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix , Roxas ' fight against Sora is expanded , making him a boss character . The battle was meant to be interactive in Kingdom Hearts II , but time constraints imposed from creating fights for the other Organization XIII members prevented its inclusion . With the opportunity to include the fight , Nomura 's team worked hard to make it entertaining for players . Additional scenes about Roxas ' past were included in the game to add to the mystery around him . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , a prequel to Kingdom Hearts II , reveals Roxas ' life with Organization XIII . Unlike the other Organization members , he lacks memories of his previous life . During Roxas ' time in the Organization , he is placed under Axel 's watch , and the two become friends . After Axel is sent to Castle Oblivion , Roxas is partnered with Xion , another Keyblade wielder , whom he befriends . Roxas reacts to Sora 's memory restoration and starts questioning why he uses the Keyblade , doubting the Organization 's motives . When he discovers that Xion is a replica of Sora created by Xemnas , Roxas is compelled to defect from Organization XIII to find answers and meet Sora . After doing so , he encounters Xion , who tries to absorb him so that she can become a complete replica of Sora ; however , the fight ends with Xion 's defeat , and she entrusts Roxas with freeing the hearts captured by the Organization . On his way to defeat Xemnas , Roxas is confronted by Riku , who knocks him unconscious in order to help DiZ and Naminé wake Sora . A virtual representation of Roxas appears as a boss character in the mobile phone game Kingdom Hearts Coded , in which he confronts a virtual representation of Sora ; he later appears in the ending as one of the people connected to Sora 's heart who may have a chance at returning one day . He makes a cameo appearance at the end of Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , where he is shown with Xion and Axel eating sea - salt ice cream in Twilight Town , as well as in Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance , where Roxas contacts both Axel and Sora through dreams . He also appears in Shiro Amano 's manga and Tomoko Kanemaki 's novels , where he reprises his role from the video games . The book Kingdom Hearts : Another Report includes a novel called Roxas -- Somewhere in Time that retells Roxas ' days in the Organization with the exception of his befriending Xion . Creation and development ( edit ) After Roxas first cameo at the end of Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , the series ' director , Tetsuya Nomura , was questioned about the character . However , he refrained from revealing too much detail about him and said he would become an important , playable character for the franchise . The developers wrote Roxas ' story in Kingdom Hearts II to add mixed feelings to the game in a short time frame . After receiving a positive fan response to Roxas ' sad scenario , Nomura concluded that it was well executed . He also stated that Roxas ' merging with Sora in the game was one of the most memorable scenes from the series for him . Nomura later commented that Roxas was one of the first characters created for Organization XIII , and was always intended to be the 13th member . The meaning of Roxas ' name was meant to be revealed in a scene in Kingdom Hearts II that shows the letters in the word `` Sora '' rearranged with the `` X '' added to expand the connection between the characters . However , this scene was omitted as Nomura found it difficult to implement time-wise . Since his debut in Kingdom Hearts II , Roxas has been voiced in Japanese by Kōki Uchiyama and by Jesse McCartney in the English versions . After Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix was released , Nomura wanted to expand Roxas ' role in the series to explain the events between his birth and his disappearance from Organization XIII . For Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , the staff thought that Roxas ' role as a member of the group would be a suitable theme for the plot . Roxas was chosen as the game 's protagonist as the staff thought that having a main character besides Sora would help to introduce gamers to the series ' first Nintendo DS title . Co-director Tomohiro Hasegawa explained that Roxas ' was originally shorter , and the staff decided he should grow taller as the game continued to develop . Nomura wanted to portray Roxas ' activities differently from Sora 's . In Sora 's games , he is on a journey around the world , while Roxas always returns to Organization XIII after each mission . The staff constructed Roxas ' interactions with the Disney characters differently from Sora 's , as the Organization was meant to be secret in the game 's story . Nomura told the writers that he wanted Roxas to learn something from each of his missions or just to have something to think about . Nomura later clarified that Roxas ' personality was different from the one portrayed in Kingdom Hearts II , as he does not actively attempt to come into contact with other characters . With Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , Nomura wanted to reveal why Roxas left Organization XIII . Although Nomura found it a sad story , he considered Zack Fair 's ending in Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII to be more tragic . Nomura felt Roxas ' last words in the game were also the title 's most significant , as he wanted them to connect to Kingdom Hearts II 's first scene , which is actually the same scene . Uchiyama expressed sadness when the game 's development ended as he would not play the character for a long time . Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix 's secret ending features a character named Ventus who bears a strong striking resemblance to him . Nomura commented that , despite their similarities , Roxas and Ventus are not the same character . He also said that when playing Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , players will be able to distinguish Roxas from Ventus . In another interview , Nomura implied both characters are related , specifically to Sora , but he wanted fans to imagine reasons for such a connection . For the upcoming game Kingdom Hearts III , there is a possibility of Roxas being revived despite Sora being alive at the same time . Nomura says this will be explained by the fact that the character Xehanort whose Heartless and Nobody , Ansem and Xemnas , exist at the same time as the original one . Reception ( edit ) Jesse McCartney is the voice of Roxas in the English version of the series . Roxas has been featured in various types of merchandise produced by Square Enix . An action figure was released as part of the Play Arts action figures series ; Other items include a plush , keychains and replicas of his necklace . Roxas ' character has received a positive critical response from both fans and video game publications . During February 2010 , Roxas was twenty - eighth in a Famitsu poll featuring the most popular video game characters from Japan . In another poll , Roxas was voted the second most popular Kingdom Hearts character with his fight against Sora ranked as the best scene from the series . His fighting sequences from the first game 's secret ending were called one of the best video game cinematic moments by GameSpy . While reviewing Kingdom Hearts II Jeff Haynes of IGN said that Roxas was a `` likable kid '' . Ron Fahey of Eurogamer had a similar view , calling him a `` likeable enough young chap who just happens to be troubled by memories and visions of people he does n't even know '' . His playable position in the game was regarded as a transitional arc , being used to introduce the gameplay to players who are new to the franchise . Cavin Smith of PSX Extreme also called Roxas a likable character and stated that the revelation regarding his existence in Kingdom Hearts II is `` a shocker of a revelation for any RPG ! '' The New York Times liked the fact that the player controls Roxas in Kingdom Hearts II 's introduction instead of the protagonist Sora , avoiding the continuation of Sora 's search for his friends . Additionally , the reviewer found the switch from Roxas ' story to Sora 's after a few hours `` a little jarring '' . Andrew Reiner from Game Informer emphasizes his role as a `` troubled boy , '' calling his story arc `` an amazing chain of events , '' particularly noting that the revelation of his nature as a Nobody creates a `` devilish yet remarkable plot twist '' which may impact the player in a way that he `` may not want Sora back '' . On the other hand , UGO Networks commented that due to the game 's initial focus on Roxas , gamers would have to wait until playing as Sora to experience the most exciting parts of the title . Before Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days was released , 1UP.com featured Roxas at the top of their `` Why You Should Care About Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days '' feature , calling him `` The darling of fanfiction and doujinshi writers everywhere , '' and commenting on what he does during his only year within Organization XIII . Roxas ' role as protagonist was described by G4TV as an attempt to `` satiate the ravenous fanboy '' due to the explanation from his background . While reviewing 358 / 2 Days , PALGN 's Adam Ghiggino praised Roxas ' development saying that even gamers who did not like his character in Kingdom Hearts II would care about him as `` he evolves from a self - described ' zombie ' to a strong - willed and interesting character '' . Ghiggino especially noted his relationship with Xion and Axel , which he found charming despite the fact that they repeatedly meet at the top of a clock tower in many scenes . A similar response appeared in Game Informer , which commented that although such scenes were `` dull '' , Roxas ' relation with Xion and Axel was appealing and the game 's ending would make up for such moments . GamesRadar also commented that Roxas `` starts off like a zombie , but rapidly develops a personality '' during the title and joked about the numerous times he eats ice cream . His growth during the game was also picked as one of the most enjoyable elements of the title . IGN agreed , calling Roxas ' friendship `` heart - aching '' . On the other hand , 1UP.com mentioned that although Roxas ' relationship with Xion and Axel is appealing , some of his first missions feel like `` lonely , sad affairs '' . His maneuvers in the game were praised by GameSpot for being easy to learn despite how complex they look , while IGN liked the variation between them . Due to his resemblance to Ventus , video game publications initially thought that Roxas would be one of the protagonists from Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . However , when it was revealed that the two were different , publications still discussed how similar they were and if there was a connection between them . Bob Muir from Destructoid noted that in Birth by Sleep Ventus was the most important character by fans due to his similarities with Roxas . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : キングダム ハーツ 358 / 2 Days アルティマニア ( Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days Ultimania ) ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix. 2009 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 2578 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days Signature Series Strategy Guide ( in Japanese ) . Brady Games . 2009 . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7440 - 1148 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Riku : Will it work ? / DiZ : If we can maintain the simulated town until Naminé finishes chaining together Sora 's memories . / Riku : What will happen to Roxas ? / DiZ : He holds half of Sora 's power within him . In the end , he 'll have to give it back . Until then , he 'll need another personality to throw off his pursuers . ^ Jump up to : Square Enix , h.a.n.d. ( September 29 , 2009 ) . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days . Nintendo DS . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Roxas : Have to hang onto something , right ? It 's not like I have memories from before . Do n't you remember ? I acted like a zombie . ^ Jump up to : Gantayat , Anoop ( October 2 , 2007 ) . `` Nomura Discusses Kingdom Hearts '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Roxas : Another dream about him ... Jump up ^ Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Axel : This town is his creation , right ? Which means we do n't have time for a Q & A . You 're coming with me , conscious or not . Then you 'll hear the story . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Roxas : Yeah . Sora , Donald , and Goofy . They 're from the dreams . / Naminé : About a year ago , some things happened , and I had to take apart the memories chained together in Sora 's heart . But now ... I 'm putting them all back exactly the way they were . It 's taken me a long time , but pretty soon Sora will be his old self again . The process has been affecting you , too , Roxas . / Roxas : You mean ... the dreams ? / Naminé : Yes ... You and Sora are connected . And ... in order for Sora to become completely whole again ... He needs you / Roxas : Me ? What for ? / Naminé : You hold half of what he is ... He needs you , Roxas . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . DiZ : At last , the Keyblade 's chosen one . / Roxas : Who are you talking to ? Me ? Or Sora ? / DiZ : To half of Sora , of course . You reside in darkness . What I need is someone who can move about the realm of light and destroy Organization XIII . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Roxas : Sora ... You 're lucky . Looks like my summer vacation is ... over . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Sora : I do n't get it . Why 's everyone been calling me Roxas ? / Riku : Because , Sora ... Roxas is your Nobody . / Sora : My ... Nobody ? But that 's crazy . I never turned into a Heart ... oh , right . / Kairi : It was when you came to rescue me , remember ? / Riku : Xemnas is the one who found Roxas . He could use the Keyblade because he was your Nobody . That 's why Xemnas brought him into the Organization ... But Roxas betrayed them . I went after him because DiZ said it would help you wake up . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Sora : Wh - who are you ? / Roxas : Someone from the dark . / Sora : You ca n't be Riku ? / Roxas : Riku ? ... I defeated a Riku once . / Sora : You what ! ? / Roxas : Tell me ... Tell me why he picked you ! Jump up ^ Square Enix ( March 28 , 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II . PlayStation 2 . Square Enix U.S.A. , Buena Vista Games . Naminé : Sure . See ? We meet again , like we promised . / Sora : Huh ? / Roxas : You said we 'd meet again , but when we did , we might not recognize each other . / Naminé : I did , did n't I ? / Roxas : But I knew you . / Naminé : Mmm ... it 's strange . / Roxas : I think I understand . I see myself the way you remember me . And you see yourself the way I remember you . / Naminé : I always thought Nobodies were doomed to fade back into darkness ... / Roxas : Yeah , but you and I did n't . We got to meet our original selves . / Naminé : So , we can be together again ! ^ Jump up to : Famitsu Staff ( March 2006 ) . `` キングダム ハーツ II '' ( Kingdom Hearts II ) . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain and Tokuma Shoten . Jump up ^ Famitsu Staff ( December 2006 ) . `` キングダム ハーツ II Final Mix '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain and Tokuma Shoten . ^ Jump up to : キングダム ハーツ II FINAL MIX+ アルティマニア ( Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ Ultimania ) ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix. 2007 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 2013 - 4 . Jump up ^ Square Enix , h.a.n.d. ( September 29 , 2009 ) . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days . Nintendo DS . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Roxas ' diary : Me and Axel went on a mission to Twilight Town . Afterwards , we went and had ice cream again up on the clock tower . He said friends do stuff like that . Or they laugh together . So does that mean me and him are friends ? Jump up ^ Square Enix , h.a.n.d. ( September 29 , 2009 ) . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days . Nintendo DS . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Roxas ' diary : Today was my third day with Xion . I 've gotten to know a little more about her . That 's right -- - she 's a girl , with black hair , and she can use the Keyblade just like me ! I took her out for ice cream afterwards , but I 'm saving the WINNER stick . Axel deserves a reward when he gets back . Xion wants to have ice cream with us from now on . Maybe we 'll be friends . Jump up ^ Square Enix , h.a.n.d. ( September 29 , 2009 ) . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days . Nintendo DS . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Roxas ' diary : I do n't understand the Organization . I do n't understand Axel ... I understand myself least of all . Why do I keep coming back to the castle ? Me and Xion are special , connected by `` Sora . '' If she 's a puppet , maybe I am , too . I do n't know what I am . Jump up ^ Square Enix , h.a.n.d. ( September 29 , 2009 ) . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days . Nintendo DS . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Axel : Your mind 's made up ? / Roxas : Why did the Keyblade choose me ? I have to know . / Axel : You ca n't turn on the Organization ! You get on their bad side , and they 'll destroy you ! / Roxas : No one would miss me . / Axel : That 's not true . I would . Jump up ^ Square Enix , h.a.n.d. ( September 29 , 2009 ) . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days . Nintendo DS . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Xion : You 're next , Roxas . I have to make you a part of me , too . Do n't you see ? This is why I was created . Jump up ^ Square Enix , h.a.n.d. ( September 29 , 2009 ) . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days . Nintendo DS . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Roxas : Am I ... the one who did this to you ? / Xion : No ... It was my choice ... to go away now . Better that , than to do nothing ... and let Xemnas have his way . I belong with Sora . And now , I am going back ... to be with him . Roxas ... I need you ... to do me a favor . All those hearts that I 've captured ... Kingdom Hearts ... Set them free . Jump up ^ Square Enix , h.a.n.d. ( September 29 , 2009 ) . Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days . Nintendo DS . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Roxas : How many times do I have to beat you ? / Riku : All right . You 've left me with no other choice . / Roxas : What ? / Riku : I have to release the power in my heart -- the dark power that I 've been holding back . Even ... if it changes me forever . Jump up ^ Square Enix ( January 28 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts coded Episode 8 . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Level / area : Castle Oblivion . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( January 9 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Level / area : Reconnect : Kingdom Hearts . Jump up ^ Amano , Shiro ( 2007 ) . Kingdom Hearts II Volume 1 . Tokyo Pop . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4278 - 0058 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kanemaki , Tomoko ( 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II , Volume 1 . Square Enix . ISBN 4 - 7575 - 1679 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` ビジュアル ブック 『 キングダム ハーツ - Another Report - 』 が 予約 特典 ! '' . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . January 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories Ultimania ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 1344 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Gantayat , Anoop ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Famitsu 's Readers Want Kingdom Hearts on PS3 '' . Andriasang . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ キングダム ハーツ II アルティマニア ( Kingdom Hearts II Ultimania ) ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix. 2005 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 1621 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pinckard , Jane ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts II Voices Announced '' . 1UP.com . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2006 . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` King of Hearts : Tetsuya Nomura Interview '' . Nintendo Power . Future US ( 243 ) : 44 -- 45 . July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Powered Q & A : Director Tetsuya Nomura Answers Your Questions '' . Square Enix . October 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Famitsu Staff ( October 2007 ) . `` キングダム ハーツ 358 / 2 Days '' ( Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days ) . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain and Tokuma Shoten : 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Famitsu Staff ( September 2007 ) . キングダム ハーツ バース バイ スリープ ( Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep ) . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain and Tokuma Shoten . Jump up ^ Famitsu Staff ( October 2007 ) . キングダム ハーツ バース バイ スリープ ( Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep ) . Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain and Tokuma Shoten . Jump up ^ `` 8 COOL THINGS WE LEARNED ABOUT KINGDOM HEARTS 3 AT D23 EXPO '' . IGN . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Square Enix Official Online Merchandise Store '' . Square Enix . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2007 . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts 2 : NEW standing Roxas 12 - inch plush '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts : Roxas Cosplay Replica Necklace '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Avatar Roxas Mini Plush Keychain '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Glifford , Kevin ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Snake Beats Mario , Is Coolest Video Game Character Ever '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GameSpy 's Top 25 Video Game Cinematic Moments '' . GameSpy. April 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeff Haynes ( March 28 , 2006 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts II '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Fahey ( October 10 , 2005 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts II Review '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Cavin ( April 25 , 2006 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts II Review '' . PSXextreme . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herold , Charles ( March 30 , 2006 ) . `` Some Sequels Really Are Worth the Wait '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrew Reiner . `` Kingdom Hearts 2 '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Swidder , Matt . `` Kingdom Hearts II Review ( Square Enix ) '' . UGO.com . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Glifford , Kevin ( August 22 , 2008 ) . `` Why You Should Care About Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days For Nintendo DS - Review '' . G4TV . September 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ghiggino , Adam ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts : 358 / 2 Days Review '' . PALGN . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vore , Bryan ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Glasser , AJ . `` Kingdom Hearts : the story so far '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days : Staff review '' . RPGamer . September 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Clements , Ryan ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Liang , Allice ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days Review '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stella , Shiva ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days Review for DS '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parish , Jeremy ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep preview '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Damien ( October 9 , 2008 ) . `` TGS 2008 : Square Enix Closed Mega Theater Exposed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` TGS 2008 : Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep Hands - On '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Glasser , AJ . `` Kingdom Hearts : the story so far , page 4 '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Muir , Bob ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep review '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ( hide ) Kingdom Hearts series Console games Kingdom Hearts Kingdom Hearts II Kingdom Hearts III Handheld games Chain of Memories Coded 358 / 2 Days Birth by Sleep Dream Drop Distance χ HD Collections HD 1.5 Remix HD 2.5 Remix HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Characters Sora Organization XIII Roxas Terra Ventus Aqua Music Yoko Shimomura `` Hikari '' `` Passion '' `` Chikai '' Other Media Universe Mobile World of Final Fantasy Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roxas_(Kingdom_Hearts)&oldid=843190562 '' Categories : Characters designed by Tetsuya Nomura Kingdom Hearts characters Male characters in video games Video game bosses Video game characters introduced in 2005 Square Enix protagonists Fictional characters who can manipulate light Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Good articles Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Polski Português Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 14 : 17 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxas%20%28Kingdom%20Hearts%29

where is garage sale mystery supposed to take place

Garage Sale mystery

garage sale mystery

Garage Sale Mystery is an American / Canadian mystery film series starring Lori Loughlin as Jennifer Shannon . It airs on Hallmark Movies & Mysteries in the US , Bravo in Canada and Channel 5 in the UK occasionally as part of the weekday films . Executive produced by Loughlin , Michael Shepard , and Peter Deluise , who are also executive producers on the Hallmark television series When Calls the Heart . The series follows the story of antiques dealer Jennifer ( Loughlin ) who has a knack for finding crimes . Her eye for details leads her to help solving these crimes even if it puts her own life in danger .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Films 3 Background 4 Broadcast 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Lori Loughlin as Jennifer `` Jenn '' Shannon series protagonist who runs an antiques shop called Rags to Riches . Steve Bacic as Jason Shannon , Jennifer 's engineer husband ( Rick Ravanello played the role in the first film ) Eva Bourne as Hannah Shannon , Jennifer 's daughter ( Sara Canning played the role in the first film ) Connor Stanhope as Logan Shannon , Jennifer and Jason 's son ( Brendan Meyer played the role in films # 1 -- 4 ) Sarah Strange as Danielle / `` Dani '' , Jennifer 's business partner and co-owner of Rags to Riches Kevin O'Grady as Detective Frank Lynwood , a friend of Jason 's Andrew Dunbar as Detective Adam Iverson , a police detective helping Jennifer Films ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Garage Sale Mystery '' Peter DeLuise Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) September 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 14 ) Jennifer notices that several rich houses are robbed right after they have garage sales , including one woman who ends up dead , apparently from accidentally falling down the stairs , but Jennifer suspects foul play . She convinces Detective Adam Iverson to accompany her to some garage sales , and they do turn up some suspects for the robberies , but no evidence emerges for the murder . Jennifer eventually finds the murderer . `` Garage Sale Mystery : All that Glitters '' Peter DeLuise Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) October 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 26 ) Jennifer Shannon ( Lori Loughlin ) has a gift for finding rare treasures hidden in garage sales that she can resell at her consignment store , Rags to Riches . When Jennifer 's friend and self - storage facility owner Martin ( Michael Kopsa ) turns up murdered just hours after auctioning off an abandoned storage unit full of unique items , she is immediately pulled into the investigation as a key eyewitness . Working with Detective Lynwood ( Kevin O'Grady ) , Jennifer helps single out a disgruntled customer as the prime suspect , while she and her business partner , Danielle ( Sarah Strange ) , sift through boxes from the auction . As her husband Jason ( Steve Bacic ) worries about her safety , there is a break - in at her store , and a run - in with Martin 's angry widow . Then , Jennifer and Danielle discover their new merchandise contains the sparkly evidence they needed all along to nail the surprising real culprit , and they must race to save a life and put their own on the line . `` Garage Sale Mystery : The Deadly Room '' Peter DeLuise Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) A real estate agent sleeps all night in one of her listings to prove that it is not cursed but ends up dead . `` Garage Sale Mystery : The Wedding Dress '' Peter DeLuise Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) Jennifer finds an old but expensive wedding dress in a box of clothes purchased at an estate sale . She finds a blood stain on a pocket and investigation turns up Helen Carter , the bride , together with the story that the groom disappeared between the wedding and the reception after the wedding . Jennifer doggedly pursues the mystery and , using Luminol , determines that there were still blood stains inside a closet in the storage room of the church . She persuades Ted to confess to murder , but then Helen confesses her role in the murder . Helen 's actions are ruled justified and she is not charged . Helen and Ted renew their romance after a gap of 35 years . 5 `` Garage Sale Mystery : Guilty Until Proven Innocent '' Peter DeLuise Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) January 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 03 ) Sandra ( Kirsten Robek ) , a former friend of Jennifer 's , comes to Rags to Riches offering to sell all of her antiques from her store Past Perfect asking for no payment up front and only 20 % of any sale Jennifer makes . At Sandra 's store in Madison , Jennifer discovers a basement filled with beautiful antiques , and they find the body of Sandra 's former fiance , Michael Chambers ( Frank Zotter ) , whom Sandra thought had left her for another woman when he had disappeared two years ago . An investigation ensues under local Sheriff Conners ( Panou ) . Jennifer must find out the truth to prove Sandra 's innocence . Then she meets recently widowed Kimberly Colette Baumaine ( Aliyah O'Brien ) who comes to Jennifer 's store to sell her late husband 's antiques and the pieces begin to fall into place . 6 `` Garage Sale Mystery : The Novel Murders '' Norma Bailey Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) June 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 04 ) There is a series of murders , each one taken out of a mystery novel . First , Art Henley ( John Innes ) is murdered , following the Agatha Christie crime novel Three Act Tragedy . Second , Gerry McNally ( Alex Zahara ) is murdered , following Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes novel , A Study in Scarlet . Third , Myles Fowler ( Gerard Plunkett ) is murdered , loosely following the mystery novel The Circular Staircase , by Mary Roberts Rinehart . 7 `` Garage Sale Mystery : The Art of Murder '' Kristoffer Tabori Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) January 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 08 ) While setting up a charity garage sale , Jennifer Shannon discovers a body in the attic of a nearby home . Using her eye for detail as well as her experience with antiques and murder , Jennifer puts together clues that help catch a killer . 8 `` Garage Sale Mystery : The Beach Murder '' Neill Fearnley Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) Jennifer 's friend and customer Anne 's ( Chiara Zanni ) husband is found dead at an isolated beach and his death is suspected to be an accidental drowning . But Anne suspects foul play convinced that her avid surfer husband Steve was murdered . Steve 's brother Todd ( Ben Cotton ) is a prime suspect when Steve 's business partner Mitch ( Michael Teigen ) is also attacked but he is soon found dead deepening the mystery . A local surfer with a criminal past had vandalized Steve 's car and is soon arrested . With the clues still not adding up , Jennifer works with Detective Lynwood to uncover the truth . Meanwhile , a smitten Logan decides to try his hand at theater to be cast opposite his crush . Jennifer and Dani try to reconcile a couple who try selling each other 's memorabilia to the store . 9 `` Garage Sale Mystery : Murder by Text '' Neill Fearnley Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) A bass player is found dead before a planned tour with a big country singer . 10 `` Garage Sale Mystery : Murder Most Medieval '' Neill Fearnley Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) Jenn finds the body of a local college history professor hidden in a suit of armor she purchased . After the professor 's teaching assistant becomes the next victim , Jennifer finds herself caught in a killer 's web of dangerous lies . 11 `` Garage Sale Mystery : A Case of Murder '' Neill Fearnley Suzi Weinert ( book ) , Walter Klenhard ( teleplay ) August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) After buying an old reel - to - reel recorder at a garage sale , Jenn discovers that it includes the sound of a man pleading for his life . An audio repair shop leads her to find the owner Dr. Veders only he is has died of stab wounds . The devoted psychologist worked with a group of patients at a local community center and had retired the day he was later murdered . An unhappy wife and a group of abandoned patients make for a long list of suspects but when one of them turns up dead , Jenn and Detective Lynwood must find the killer before Jenn 's life is in danger . Background ( edit ) The series started an adaptation of a two - part book series by author Suzi Weinert : Garage Sale Stalker and Garage Sale Diamonds . Broadcast ( edit ) The films were originally Hallmark Channel projects until broadcast on other stations . Bravo ( Canada ) aired the entire hexalogy in July 2016 and the expanded entire eleven movies in September 2017 . Channel 5 ( UK ) broadcast the 7th film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lori Loughlin Begins Production On ' Garage Sale Mystery : All That Glitters , ' A Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Original Movie Premiering in October '' . broadcastingcable.com. 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lori Loughlin Stars in ' Garage Sale Mystery : All That Glitters ' , A Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Original World Premiere October 26 '' . TVbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Movie Goodness Preview : Hallmark Movies & Mysteries ' Garage Sale Mystery : All That Glitters ( VIDEO and PHOTOS ) '' . TVGoodness.com. 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Garage Sale Mystery : All That Glitters '' . IMDB . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Local writer 's Garage Sale Mystery filmed for Hallmark Movie Channel '' . Phil Jason Reviews Books . 2013 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood North : Deadpool too naughty for China ? '' . Vancouver Sun . 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movies 24 Sets Premiere Date For ' Garage Sale Mystery : Guilty Until Proven Innocent ' '' . TVWise.co.uk. 14 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Garage Sale Mystery on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : All That Glitters on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : The Deadly Room on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : The Wedding Dress on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : Guilty Until Proven Innocent on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : The Novel Murders on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : The Art of Murder on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : The Beach Murder on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : Murder by Text on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : Murder Most Medieval on IMDb Garage Sale Mystery : A Case of Murder on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garage_Sale_Mystery&oldid=827526307 '' Categories : Hallmark Channel original films American films American film series American mystery films American television films Canadian films Canadian mystery films Canadian television films Films based on American novels Films shot in British Columbia Hidden categories : Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 06 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when was the first book in jk rowling's harry potter series published

Since the release of the first novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , on 26 June 1997 , the books have found immense popularity , critical acclaim and commercial success worldwide . They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers , and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature . The series has also had its share of criticism , including concern about the increasingly dark tone as the series progressed , as well as the often gruesome and graphic violence it depicts . As of May 2013 , the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide , making them the best - selling book series in history , and have been translated into seventy - three languages . The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest - selling books in history , with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty - four hours of its release .

26 June 1997

Harry Potter

harry potter

Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J.K. Rowling . The novels chronicle the life of a young wizard , Harry Potter , and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . The main story arc concerns Harry 's struggle against Lord Voldemort , a dark wizard who intends to become immortal , overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic , and subjugate all wizards and muggles , a reference term that means non-magical people .

Since the release of the first novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , on 26 June 1997 , the books have found immense popularity , critical acclaim and commercial success worldwide . They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers , and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature . The series has also had its share of criticism , including concern about the increasingly dark tone as the series progressed , as well as the often gruesome and graphic violence it depicts . As of May 2013 , the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide , making them the best - selling book series in history , and have been translated into seventy - three languages . The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest - selling books in history , with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty - four hours of its release . The series was originally published in English by two major publishers , Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States . A play , Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , based on a story co-written by Rowling , premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , and its script was published by Little , Brown . The original seven books were adapted into an eight - part film series by Warner Bros. Pictures , which has become the second highest - grossing film series of all time as of August 2015 . In 2016 , the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion , making Harry Potter one of the highest - grossing media franchises of all time . A series of many genres , including fantasy , drama , coming of age , and the British school story ( which includes elements of mystery , thriller , adventure , horror and romance ) , the world of Harry Potter explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references . According to Rowling , the main theme is death . Other major themes in the series include prejudice , corruption , and madness . The success of the books and films has ensured that the Harry Potter franchise continues to expand , with numerous derivative works , a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009 , a studio tour in London that opened in 2012 , a digital platform on which J.K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight , and a pentalogy of spin - off films premiering in November 2016 , among many other developments . Most recently , themed attractions , collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , have been built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Early years 1.2 Voldemort returns 2 Supplementary works 2.1 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 2.2 In - universe books 2.3 Pottermore website 3 Structure and genre 4 Themes 5 Origins 6 Publishing history 6.1 Translations 6.2 Completion of the series 6.3 Cover art 7 Achievements 7.1 Cultural impact 7.2 Commercial success 7.3 Awards , honours , and recognition 8 Reception 8.1 Literary criticism 8.2 Social impact 8.3 Controversies 9 Adaptations 9.1 Films 9.1. 1 Spin - off prequels 9.2 Games 9.3 Audiobooks 9.4 Stage production 10 Attractions 10.1 The Wizarding World of Harry Potter 10.2 United Kingdom 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot Further information : Harry Potter universe The central character in the series is Harry Potter , an English boy who lives with his aunt , uncle , and cousin - the Dursleys - who discovers , at the age of eleven , that he is a wizard , though he lives in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as Muggles . The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world , albeit hidden and in secrecy . His magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world . Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a wizarding academy in Scotland and it is here where most of the events in the series take place . As Harry develops through his adolescence , he learns to overcome the problems that face him : magical , social and emotional , including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships , infatuation , romantic relationships , schoolwork and exams , anxiety , depression , stress , and the greater test of preparing himself for the confrontation that lies ahead in wizarding Britain 's increasingly - violent second wizarding war . Each novel chronicles one year in Harry 's life during the period from 1991 to 1998 . The books also contain many flashbacks , which are frequently experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve . The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality . The British magical community of the Harry Potter books is inspired by 1990s British culture , European folklore , classical mythology and alchemy , incorporating objects and wildlife such as magic wands , magic plants , potions , spells , flying broomsticks , centaurs , and other magical creatures , the Deathly Hallows , and the Philosopher 's Stone , beside others invented by Rowling . While the fantasy land of Narnia is an alternate universe and the Lord of the Rings ' Middle - earth a mythic past , the wizarding world of Harry Potter exists in parallel within the real world and contains magical versions of the ordinary elements of everyday life , with the action mostly set in Scotland ( Hogwarts ) , the West Country , Devon , London and Surrey in southeast England . The world only accessible to wizards and magical beings comprises a fragmented collection of overlooked hidden streets , ancient pubs , lonely country manors and secluded castles invisible to the Muggle population . Early years When the first novel of the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( published in America and other countries as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) opens , it is apparent that some significant event has taken place in the Wizarding World -- an event so very remarkable , even Muggles ( non-magical people ) notice signs of it . The full background to this event and Harry Potter 's past is revealed gradually through the series . After the introductory chapter , the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potter 's eleventh birthday , and it is at this point that his magical background begins to be revealed . Despite Harry 's aunt and uncle 's desperate prevention of Harry gleaning about his powers , their efforts are in vain . Harry meets a half - giant , Rubeus Hagrid , who is also his first contact with the Wizarding World . Hagrid reveals himself to be the Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts as well as some of Harry 's history . Harry learns that , as a baby , he witnessed his parents ' murder by the power - obsessed dark wizard Lord Voldemort , who subsequently attempted to kill him as well . Instead , the unexpected happened : Harry survived with only a lightning - shaped scar on his forehead as a memento of the attack and Voldemort disappeared soon afterwards , gravely weakened by his own rebounding curse . As its inadvertent saviour from Voldemort 's reign of terror , Harry has become a living legend in the Wizarding World . However , at the orders of the venerable and well - known wizard Albus Dumbledore , the orphaned Harry had been placed in the home of his unpleasant Muggle relatives , the Dursleys , who have kept him safe but treated him poorly , including confining him to a cupboard without meals and torturing him like he is their servant . Hagrid then officially invites Harry to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a famous magic school in Scotland that educates young teenagers on their magical development for seven years , from age eleven to seventeen . With Hagrid 's help , Harry prepares for and undertakes his first year of study at Hogwarts . As Harry begins to explore the magical world , the reader is introduced to many of the primary locations used throughout the series . Harry meets most of the main characters and gains his two closest friends : Ron Weasley , a fun - loving member of an ancient , large , happy , but poor wizarding family , and Hermione Granger , a gifted , bright , and hardworking witch of non-magical parentage . Harry also encounters the school 's potions master , Severus Snape , who displays a conspicuously deep and abiding dislike for him , the rich brat Draco Malfoy whom he quickly makes enemies with , and the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Quirinus Quirrell , who later turns out to be allied with Lord Voldemort . He also discovers a talent of flying on broomsticks and is recruited for his house 's Quidditch team , a sport in the wizarding world where players fly on broomsticks . The first book concludes with Harry 's second confrontation with Lord Voldemort , who , in his quest to regain a body , yearns to gain the power of the Philosopher 's Stone , a substance that bestows everlasting life and turns any metal into pure gold . The series continues with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , describing Harry 's second year at Hogwarts . He and his friends investigate a 50 - year - old mystery that appears uncannily related to recent sinister events at the school . Ron 's younger sister , Ginny Weasley , enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts , and finds an old notebook in her belongings which turns out to be an alumnus 's diary , Tom Marvolo Riddle , later revealed to be Voldemort 's younger self , who is bent on ridding the school of `` mudbloods '' , a derogatory term describing wizards and witches of non-magical parentage . The memory of Tom Riddle resides inside of the diary and when Ginny begins to confide in the diary , Voldemort is able to possess her . Through the diary , Ginny acts on Voldemort 's orders and unconsciously opens the `` Chamber of Secrets '' , unleashing an ancient monster , later revealed to be a basilisk , which begins attacking students at Hogwarts . It kills those who make direct eye contact with it and petrifies those who look at it indirectly . The book also introduces a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Gilderoy Lockhart , a highly cheerful , self - conceited wizard with a pretentious facade , later turning out to be a fraud . Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the Wizarding World through delving into the school 's history , and learns that Voldemort 's reign of terror was often directed at wizards and witches who were descended from Muggles . Harry also learns about the innate ability of his to speak the snake language Parseltongue is rare and often associated with the Dark Arts . When Hermione is attacked and petrified , Harry and Ron finally piece together the puzzles and unlock the Chamber of Secrets , with Harry destroying the diary for good and saving Ginny , and also destroying a part of Voldemort 's soul . The end of the book reveals Lucius Malfoy , Draco 's father and rival of Ron and Ginny 's father , to be the culprit who slipped the book into Ginny 's belongings and introduced the diary into Hogwarts . The third novel , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , follows Harry in his third year of magical education . It is the only book in the series which does not feature Lord Voldemort in any form . Instead , Harry must deal with the knowledge that he has been targeted by Sirius Black , his father 's best friend , and , according to the Wizarding World , an escaped mass murderer who assisted in the murder of Harry 's parents . As Harry struggles with his reaction to the dementors -- dark creatures with the power to devour a human soul and feed on despair -- which are ostensibly protecting the school , he reaches out to Remus Lupin , a Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher who is eventually revealed to be a werewolf . Lupin teaches Harry defensive measures which are well above the level of magic generally executed by people his age . Harry comes to know that both Lupin and Black were best friends of his father and that Black was framed by their fourth friend , Peter Pettigrew , who had been hiding Ron 's pet rat , Scabbers . In this book , a recurring theme throughout the series is emphasised -- in every book there is a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , none of whom lasts more than one school year . Voldemort returns The Elephant House was one of the cafés in Edinburgh where Rowling wrote the first part of Harry Potter . During Harry 's fourth year of school ( detailed in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ) , Harry is unwillingly entered as a participant in the Triwizard Tournament , a dangerous yet exciting contest where three `` champions '' , one from each participating school , must compete with each other in three tasks in order to win the Triwizard Cup . This year , Harry must compete against a witch and a wizard `` champion '' from overseas visiting schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang , as well as another Hogwarts student , causing Harry 's friends to distance themselves from him . Harry is guided through the tournament by their new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor , Alastor `` Mad - Eye '' Moody , who turns out to be an impostor -- one of Voldemort 's supporters named Barty Crouch , Jr. in disguise . The point at which the mystery is unravelled marks the series ' shift from foreboding and uncertainty into open conflict . Voldemort 's plan to have Crouch use the tournament to bring Harry to Voldemort succeeds . Although Harry manages to escape , Cedric Diggory , the other Hogwarts champion in the tournament , is killed by Peter Pettigrew and Voldemort re-enters the Wizarding World with a physical body . In the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry must confront the newly resurfaced Voldemort . In response to Voldemort 's reappearance , Dumbledore re-activates the Order of the Phoenix , a secret society which works from Sirius Black 's dark family home to defeat Voldemort 's minions and protect Voldemort 's targets , especially Harry . Despite Harry 's description of Voldemort 's recent activities , the Ministry of Magic and many others in the magical world refuse to believe that Voldemort has returned . In an attempt to counter and eventually discredit Dumbledore , who along with Harry is the most prominent voice in the Wizarding World attempting to warn of Voldemort 's return , the Ministry appoints Dolores Umbridge as the High Inquisitor of Hogwarts and the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . She transforms the school into a dictatorial regime and refuses to allow the students to learn ways to defend themselves against dark magic . With Ron and Hermione 's suggestion , Harry forms `` Dumbledore 's Army '' , a secret study group aimed to teach his classmates the higher - level skills of Defence Against the Dark Arts that he has learned from his previous encounters with Dark wizards . Through those lessons , Harry begins to develop a crush on the popular and attractive Cho Chang . Juggling schoolwork , Umbridge 's incessant and persistent efforts to land him in trouble and the defensive lessons , Harry begins to lose sleep as he constantly receives disturbing dreams about a dark corridor in the Ministry of Magic , followed by a burning desire . An important prophecy concerning Harry and Lord Voldemort is then revealed , and Harry discovers that he and Voldemort have a painful connection , allowing Harry to view some of Voldemort 's actions telepathically . In the novel 's climax , Harry is tricked into seeing Sirius tortured and races to the Ministry of Magic . He and his friends face off against Voldemort 's followers nicknamed Death Eaters at the Ministry of Magic . Although the timely arrival of members of the Order of the Phoenix saves the teenagers ' lives , Sirius Black is killed in the conflict . In the sixth book , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Voldemort begins waging open warfare . Harry and his friends are relatively protected from that danger at Hogwarts . They are subject to all the difficulties of adolescence -- Harry eventually begins dating Ginny , Ron establishes a strong infatuation with fellow Hogwarts student Lavender Brown , and Hermione starts to develop romantic feelings towards Ron . Near the beginning of the novel , lacking his own book , Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer titled ; `` the Half - Blood Prince . '' This book is a source of scholastic success and great recognition from their new potions master , Horace Slughorn , but because of the potency of the spells that are written in it , becomes a source of concern . With war drawing near , Harry takes private lessons with Dumbledore , who shows him various memories concerning the early life of Voldemort in a device called a Pensieve . These reveal that in order to preserve his life , Voldemort has split his soul into pieces , creating a series of Horcruxes -- evil enchanted items hidden in various locations , one of which was the diary destroyed in the second book . On their way to collect a Horcrux , Draco , who has joined with the Death Eaters , attempts to attack Dumbledore , and the book culminates in the killing of Dumbledore by Professor Snape , the titular Half - Blood Prince . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the last original novel in the series , begins directly after the events of the sixth book . Lord Voldemort has completed his ascension to power and gained control of the Ministry of Magic . Harry , Ron and Hermione drop out of school so that they can find and destroy Voldemort 's remaining Horcruxes . To ensure their own safety as well as that of their family and friends , they are forced to isolate themselves . A ghoul pretends to be Ron ill with a contagious disease , Harry and the Dursleys separate , and Hermione wipes her parents ' memories . As they search for the Horcruxes , the trio learns details about an ancient prophecy about the Deathly Hallows , three legendary items that when united under one Keeper , would supposedly grant the person the Master of Death . Harry discovers his handy Invisibility Cloak to be one of those items , and Voldemort to be searching for another : the Elder Wand , the most powerful wand in history . At the end of the book , Harry and his friends learn about Dumbledore 's past , as well as Snape 's true motives -- he had worked on Dumbledore 's behalf since the murder of Harry 's mother . Eventually , Snape is killed by Voldemort out of paranoia . The book culminates in the Battle of Hogwarts . Harry , Ron and Hermione , in conjunction with members of the Order of the Phoenix and many of the teachers and students , defend Hogwarts from Voldemort , his Death Eaters , and various dangerous magical creatures . Several major characters are killed in the first wave of the battle , including Remus Lupin and Fred Weasley , Ron 's older brother . After learning that he himself is a Horcrux , Harry surrenders himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest , who casts a killing curse ( Avada Kedavra ) at him . The defenders of Hogwarts do not surrender after learning of Harry 's presumed death and continue to fight on . Harry awakens and faces Voldemort , whose Horcruxes have all been destroyed . In the final battle , Voldemort 's killing curse rebounds off Harry 's defensive spell ( Expelliarmus ) killing Voldemort . Harry Potter marries and has children with Ginny and Hermione marries and has children with Ron . An epilogue describes the lives of the surviving characters and the effects of Voldemort 's death on the Wizarding World . It also introduces the children of all the characters . Supplementary works Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two - part West End stage play . It was written by Jack Thorne and based on a story by author J.K. Rowling , Thorne and director John Tiffany . The play opened on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , London , England . The script was released on 31 July 2016 . The story is set nineteen years after the ending of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter , now a Ministry of Magic employee , and his youngest son Albus Severus Potter . The play 's official synopsis was released on 23 October 2015 : It was always difficult being Harry Potter and it is n't much easier now that he is an overworked employee of the Ministry of Magic , a husband , and father of three school - age children . While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs , his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted . As past and present fuse ominously , both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth : sometimes , darkness comes from unexpected places . In - universe books See also : J.K. Rowling § Philanthropy Rowling has expanded the Harry Potter universe with several short books produced for various charities . In 2001 , she released Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( a purported Hogwarts textbook ) and Quidditch Through the Ages ( a book Harry reads for fun ) . Proceeds from the sale of these two books benefited the charity Comic Relief . In 2007 , Rowling composed seven handwritten copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , a collection of fairy tales that is featured in the final novel , one of which was auctioned to raise money for the Children 's High Level Group , a fund for mentally disabled children in poor countries . The book was published internationally on 4 December 2008 . Rowling also wrote an 800 - word prequel in 2008 as part of a fundraiser organised by the bookseller Waterstones . All three of these books contain extra information about the wizarding world not included in the original novels . In 2016 , she released three new e-books : Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide , Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists and Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies . Pottermore website In 2011 , Rowling launched a new website announcing an upcoming project called Pottermore . Pottermore opened to the general public on 14 April 2012 . Pottermore allows users to be sorted , be chosen by their wand and play various minigames . The main purpose of the website was to allow the user to journey though the story with access to content not revealed by JK Rowling previously , with over 18,000 words of additional content . In September 2015 , the website was completely overhauled and most of the features were removed . The site has been redesigned and it mainly focuses on the information already available , rather than exploration . Structure and genre The Harry Potter novels are mainly directed at a young adult audience as opposed to an audience of middle grade readers , children , or adults . The novels fall within the genre of fantasy literature , and qualify as a type of fantasy called `` urban fantasy '' , `` contemporary fantasy '' , or `` low fantasy '' . They are mainly dramas , and maintain a fairly serious and dark tone throughout , though they do contain some notable instances of tragicomedy and black humour . In many respects , they are also examples of the bildungsroman , or coming of age novel , and contain elements of mystery , adventure , horror , thriller , and romance . The books are also , in the words of Stephen King , `` shrewd mystery tales '' , and each book is constructed in the manner of a Sherlock Holmes - style mystery adventure . The stories are told from a third person limited point of view with very few exceptions ( such as the opening chapters of Philosopher 's Stone , Goblet of Fire and Deathly Hallows and the first two chapters of Half - Blood Prince ) . The series can be considered part of the British children 's boarding school genre , which includes Rudyard Kipling 's Stalky & Co. , Enid Blyton 's Malory Towers , St. Clare 's and the Naughtiest Girl series , and Frank Richards 's Billy Bunter novels : the Harry Potter books are predominantly set in Hogwarts , a fictional British boarding school for wizards , where the curriculum includes the use of magic . In this sense they are `` in a direct line of descent from Thomas Hughes 's Tom Brown 's School Days and other Victorian and Edwardian novels of British public school life '' , though they are , as many note , more contemporary , grittier , darker , and more mature than the typical boarding school novel , addressing serious themes of death , love , loss , prejudice , coming - of - age , and the loss of innocence in a 1990 's British setting . Each of the seven books is set over the course of one school year . Harry struggles with the problems he encounters , and dealing with them often involves the need to violate some school rules . If students are caught breaking rules , they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors . The stories reach their climax in the summer term , near or just after final exams , when events escalate far beyond in - school squabbles and struggles , and Harry must confront either Voldemort or one of his followers , the Death Eaters , with the stakes a matter of life and death -- a point underlined , as the series progresses , by characters being killed in each of the final four books . In the aftermath , he learns important lessons through exposition and discussions with head teacher and mentor Albus Dumbledore . The only exception to this school - centred setting is the final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , in which Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts , and only return there to face Voldemort at the dénouement . Themes According to Rowling , a major theme in the series is death : `` My books are largely about death . They open with the death of Harry 's parents . There is Voldemort 's obsession with conquering death and his quest for immortality at any price , the goal of anyone with magic . I so understand why Voldemort wants to conquer death . We 're all frightened of it . '' Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books , some more complex than others , and some including political subtexts . Themes such as normality , oppression , survival , and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series . Similarly , the theme of making one 's way through adolescence and `` going over one 's most harrowing ordeals -- and thus coming to terms with them '' has also been considered . Rowling has stated that the books comprise `` a prolonged argument for tolerance , a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry '' and that they also pass on a message to `` question authority and ... not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth '' . While the books could be said to comprise many other themes , such as power / abuse of power , violence and hatred , love , loss , prejudice , and free choice , they are , as Rowling states , `` deeply entrenched in the whole plot '' ; the writer prefers to let themes `` grow organically '' , rather than sitting down and consciously attempting to impart such ideas to her readers . Along the same lines is the ever - present theme of adolescence , in whose depiction Rowling has been purposeful in acknowledging her characters ' sexualities and not leaving Harry , as she put it , `` stuck in a state of permanent pre-pubescence '' . Rowling has also been praised for her nuanced depiction of the ways in which death and violence affects youth , and humanity as a whole . Rowling said that , to her , the moral significance of the tales seems `` blindingly obvious '' . The key for her was the choice between what is right and what is easy , `` because that ... is how tyranny is started , with people being apathetic and taking the easy route and suddenly finding themselves in deep trouble . '' Origins Main article : Harry Potter influences and analogues In 1990 , Rowling was on a crowded train from Manchester to London when the idea for Harry suddenly `` fell into her head '' . Rowling gives an account of the experience on her website saying : `` I had been writing almost continuously since the age of six but I had never been so excited about an idea before . I simply sat and thought , for four ( delayed train ) hours , and all the details bubbled up in my brain , and this scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did not know he was a wizard became more and more real to me . '' Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone in 1995 and the manuscript was sent off to several prospective agents . The second agent she tried , Christopher Little , offered to represent her and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury . Publishing history The novelist , J.K. Rowling The logo used in British , Australian , and Canadian editions before 2010 . The font used is Cochin Bold . After eight other publishers had rejected Philosopher 's Stone , Bloomsbury offered Rowling a £ 2,500 advance for its publication . Despite Rowling 's statement that she did not have any particular age group in mind when beginning to write the Harry Potter books , the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven . On the eve of publishing , Rowling was asked by her publishers to adopt a more gender - neutral pen name in order to appeal to the male members of this age group , fearing that they would not be interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman . She elected to use J.K. Rowling ( Joanne Kathleen Rowling ) , using her grandmother 's name as her second name because she has no middle name . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was published by Bloomsbury , the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom , on 26 June 1997 . It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic -- the American publisher of the books -- as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , after Rowling had received US $105,000 for the American rights -- an unprecedented amount for a children 's book by a then - unknown author . Fearing that American readers would not associate the word `` philosopher '' with a magical theme ( although the Philosopher 's Stone is alchemy - related ) , Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for the American market . The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version . It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003 . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005 , and it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release . The seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was published on 21 July 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release , breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US . Translations Main article : Harry Potter in translation The Russian translation of The Deathly Hallows goes on sale in Moscow , 2007 The series has been translated into 67 languages , placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history . The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as Korean , Armenian , Ukrainian , Arabic , Urdu , Hindi , Bengali , Bulgarian , Welsh , Afrikaans , Albanian , Latvian and Vietnamese . The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek , making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD . The second volume has also been translated into Latin . Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well - known authors before their work on Harry Potter , such as Viktor Golyshev , who oversaw the Russian translation of the series ' fifth book . The Turkish translation of books two to seven was undertaken by Sevin Okyay , a popular literary critic and cultural commentator . For reasons of secrecy , translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English , leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available . This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries ; for example , such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English - language book ever to top the best - seller list in France . The United States editions were adapted into American English to make them more understandable to a young American audience . Completion of the series In December 2005 , Rowling stated on her web site , `` 2006 will be the year when I write the final book in the Harry Potter series . '' Updates then followed in her online diary chronicling the progress of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with the release date of 21 July 2007 . The book itself was finished on 11 January 2007 in the Balmoral Hotel , Edinburgh , where she scrawled a message on the back of a bust of Hermes . It read : `` J.K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room ( 552 ) on 11 January 2007 . '' Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book ( in fact , the epilogue ) was completed `` in something like 1990 '' . In June 2006 , Rowling , on an appearance on the British talk show Richard & Judy , announced that the chapter had been modified as one character `` got a reprieve '' and two others who previously survived the story had in fact been killed . On 28 March 2007 , the cover art for the Bloomsbury Adult and Child versions and the Scholastic version were released . In September 2012 , Rowling mentioned in an interview that she might go back to make a `` director 's cut '' of two of the existing Harry Potter books . Cover art For cover art , Bloomsbury chose painted art in a classic style of design , with the first cover a watercolour and pencil drawing by illustrator Thomas Taylor showing Harry boarding the Hogwarts Express , and a title in the font Cochin Bold . The first releases of the successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat more realistic , illustrating scenes from the books . These covers were created by first Cliff Wright and then Jason Cockroft . Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience , Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an ' adult ' style . These initially used black - and - white photographic art for the covers showing objects from the books ( including a very American Hogwarts Express ) without depicting people , but later shifted to partial colourisation with a picture of Slytherin 's locket on the cover of the final book . International and later editions have been created by a range of designers , including Mary GrandPré for U.S. audiences and Mika Launis in Finland . For a later American release , Kazu Kibuishi created covers in a somewhat anime - influenced style . Achievements `` Platform 93⁄4 '' sign on London King 's Cross railway station Cultural impact For more details on this topic , see Harry Potter fandom . Fans of the series were so eager for the latest instalment that bookstores around the world began holding events to coincide with the midnight release of the books , beginning with the 2000 publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The events , commonly featuring mock sorting , games , face painting , and other live entertainment have achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the 10.8 million initial print copies of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince sold in the first 24 hours . The final book in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history , moving 11 million units in the first twenty - four hours of release . The series has also gathered adult fans , leading to the release of two editions of each Harry Potter book , identical in text but with one edition 's cover artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults . Besides meeting online through blogs , podcasts , and fansites , Harry Potter super-fans can also meet at Harry Potter symposia . The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins , becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary . The Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a regular , often weekly , insight to the latest discussion in the fandom . Both MuggleCast and PotterCast have reached the top spot of iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50 favourite podcasts . Some lessons identified in the series include diversity , acceptance , political tolerance , and equality . Surveys of over 1,000 college students in the United States show that those who read the books were significantly different than those who had not . Readers of the series were found to be more tolerant , more opposed to violence and torture , less authoritarian , and less cynical . Although it is not known if this is a cause - and - effect relationship , there is a clear correlation , and it seems that Harry Potter 's cultural impact may be stronger than just a fandom bond . At the University of Michigan in 2009 , StarKid Productions performed an original musical parodying the Harry Potter series called A Very Potter Musical . The musical was awarded Entertainment Weekly 's 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009 . Characters and elements from the series have inspired scientific names of several organisms , including the dinosaur Dracorex hogwartsia , the spider Eriovixia gryffindori , the wasp Ampulex dementor , and the crab Harryplax severus . Commercial success See also : List of best - selling books Crowd outside a book store for the midnight release of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . The popularity of the Harry Potter series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling , her publishers , and other Harry Potter related license holders . This success has made Rowling the first and thus far only billionaire author . The books have sold more than 400 million copies worldwide and have also given rise to the popular film adaptations produced by Warner Bros. , all of which have been highly successful in their own right . The films have in turn spawned eight video games and have led to the licensing of more than 400 additional Harry Potter products . The Harry Potter brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $25 billion . The great demand for Harry Potter books motivated the New York Times to create a separate best - seller list for children 's literature in 2000 , just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . By 24 June 2000 , Rowling 's novels had been on the list for 79 straight weeks ; the first three novels were each on the hardcover best - seller list . On 12 April 2007 , Barnes & Noble declared that Deathly Hallows had broken its pre-order record , with more than 500,000 copies pre-ordered through its site . For the release of Goblet of Fire , 9,000 FedEx trucks were used with no other purpose than to deliver the book . Together , Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble pre-sold more than 700,000 copies of the book . In the United States , the book 's initial printing run was 3.8 million copies . This record statistic was broken by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , with 8.5 million , which was then shattered by Half - Blood Prince with 10.8 million copies . 6.9 million copies of Prince were sold in the U.S. within the first 24 hours of its release ; in the United Kingdom more than two million copies were sold on the first day . The initial U.S. print run for Deathly Hallows was 12 million copies , and more than a million were pre-ordered through Amazon and Barnes & Noble . Awards , honours , and recognition The Harry Potter series has been recognised by a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher 's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards ( all of which were awarded in 2001 ) , three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards ( 1999 and 2001 ) , the inaugural Whitbread children 's book of the year award ( 1999 ) , the WHSmith book of the year ( 2006 ) , among others . In 2000 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novel , and in 2001 , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won said award . Honours include a commendation for the Carnegie Medal ( 1997 ) , a short listing for the Guardian Children 's Award ( 1998 ) , and numerous listings on the notable books , editors ' Choices , and best books lists of the American Library Association , The New York Times , Chicago Public Library , and Publishers Weekly . In 2002 , British sociologist Andrew Blake named Harry Potter among the icons of British popular culture along with the likes of James Bond and Sherlock Holmes . In 2003 , four of the books were named in the top 24 of the BBC 's The Big Read survey of the best loved novels in the UK . A 2004 study found that books in the series were commonly read aloud in elementary schools in San Diego County , California . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association listed the series in its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Three of the books placed among the `` Top 100 Chapter Books '' of all time , or children 's novels , in a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal : Sorcerer 's Stone ranked number three , Prisoner of Azkaban 12th , and Goblet of Fire 98th . In 2012 , the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London featured a 100 - foot tall rendition of Lord Voldemort in a segment designed to show off the UK 's cultural icons . Reception Literary criticism Early in its history , Harry Potter received positive reviews . On publication , the first book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , attracted attention from the Scottish newspapers , such as The Scotsman , which said it had `` all the makings of a classic '' , and The Glasgow Herald , which called it `` Magic stuff '' . Soon the English newspapers joined in , with more than one comparing it to Roald Dahl 's work : The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' , a view echoed by The Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are , this time , justified '' ) , while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' . By the time of the release of the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the books began to receive strong criticism from a number of literary scholars . Yale professor , literary scholar , and critic Harold Bloom raised criticisms of the books ' literary merits , saying , `` Rowling 's mind is so governed by clichés and dead metaphors that she has no other style of writing . '' A.S. Byatt authored a New York Times op - ed article calling Rowling 's universe a `` secondary secondary world , made up of intelligently patchworked derivative motifs from all sorts of children 's literature ... written for people whose imaginative lives are confined to TV cartoons , and the exaggerated ( more exciting , not threatening ) mirror - worlds of soaps , reality TV and celebrity gossip '' . Michael Rosen , a novelist and poet , advocated the books were not suited for children , who would be unable to grasp the complex themes . Rosen also stated that `` J.K. Rowling is more of an adult writer . '' The critic Anthony Holden wrote in The Observer on his experience of judging Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for the 1999 Whitbread Awards . His overall view of the series was negative -- `` the Potter saga was essentially patronising , conservative , highly derivative , dispiritingly nostalgic for a bygone Britain '' , and he speaks of `` a pedestrian , ungrammatical prose style '' . Ursula K. Le Guin said , `` I have no great opinion of it . When so many adult critics were carrying on about the ' incredible originality ' of the first Harry Potter book , I read it to find out what the fuss was about , and remained somewhat puzzled ; it seemed a lively kid 's fantasy crossed with a `` school novel '' , good fare for its age group , but stylistically ordinary , imaginatively derivative , and ethically rather mean - spirited . '' By contrast , author Fay Weldon , while admitting that the series is `` not what the poets hoped for '' , nevertheless goes on to say , `` but this is not poetry , it is readable , saleable , everyday , useful prose '' . The literary critic A.N. Wilson praised the Harry Potter series in The Times , stating : `` There are not many writers who have JK 's Dickensian ability to make us turn the pages , to weep -- openly , with tears splashing -- and a few pages later to laugh , at invariably good jokes ... We have lived through a decade in which we have followed the publication of the liveliest , funniest , scariest and most moving children 's stories ever written '' . Charles Taylor of Salon.com , who is primarily a movie critic , took issue with Byatt 's criticisms in particular . While he conceded that she may have `` a valid cultural point -- a teeny one -- about the impulses that drive us to reassuring pop trash and away from the troubling complexities of art '' , he rejected her claims that the series is lacking in serious literary merit and that it owes its success merely to the childhood reassurances it offers . Taylor stressed the progressively darker tone of the books , shown by the murder of a classmate and close friend and the psychological wounds and social isolation each causes . Taylor also argued that Philosopher 's Stone , said to be the most light - hearted of the seven published books , disrupts the childhood reassurances that Byatt claims spur the series ' success : the book opens with news of a double murder , for example . Stephen King called the series `` a feat of which only a superior imagination is capable '' , and declared `` Rowling 's punning , one - eyebrow - cocked sense of humor '' to be `` remarkable '' . However , he wrote that despite the story being `` a good one '' , he is `` a little tired of discovering Harry at home with his horrible aunt and uncle '' , the formulaic beginning of all seven books . King has also joked that `` Rowling 's never met an adverb she did not like ! '' He does however predict that Harry Potter `` will indeed stand time 's test and wind up on a shelf where only the best are kept ; I think Harry will take his place with Alice , Huck , Frodo , and Dorothy and this is one series not just for the decade , but for the ages '' . Sameer Rahim of The Daily Telegraph disagreed , saying `` It depresses me to see 16 and 17 year - olds reading the series when they could be reading the great novels of childhood such as Oliver Twist or A House for Mr Biswas . What that says about the adults who are fanatical fans I 'm not sure -- but I suspect in years to come people will make a link between our plump , comfortable , infantilising society and the popularity of Potter . '' There is ongoing discussion regarding the extent to which the series was inspired by Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings books . Social impact Although Time magazine named Rowling as a runner - up for its 2007 Person of the Year award , noting the social , moral , and political inspiration she has given her fandom , cultural comments on the series have been mixed . Washington Post book critic Ron Charles opined in July 2007 that the large numbers of adults reading the Potter series but few other books may represent a `` bad case of cultural infantilism '' , and that the straightforward `` good vs. evil '' theme of the series is `` childish '' . He also argued `` through no fault of Rowling 's '' , the cultural and marketing `` hysteria '' marked by the publication of the later books `` trains children and adults to expect the roar of the coliseum , a mass - media experience that no other novel can possibly provide '' . Librarian Nancy Knapp pointed out the books ' potential to improve literacy by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise would . The seven - book series has a word count of 1,083,594 ( US edition ) . Agreeing about the motivating effects , Diane Penrod also praised the books ' blending of simple entertainment with `` the qualities of highbrow literary fiction '' , but expressed concern about the distracting effect of the prolific merchandising that accompanies the book launches . However , the assumption that Harry Potter books have increased literacy among young people is `` largely a folk legend . '' Research by the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) has found no increase in reading among children coinciding with the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon , nor has the broader downward trend in reading among Americans been arrested during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books . The research also found that children who read Harry Potter books were not more likely to go on to read outside the fantasy and mystery genres . NEA chairman Dana Gioia said the series , `` got millions of kids to read a long and reasonably complex series of books . The trouble is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading . '' Jennifer Conn used Snape 's and Quidditch coach Madam Hooch 's teaching methods as examples of what to avoid and what to emulate in clinical teaching , and Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first - year sociology class : `` sociological concepts including culture , society , and socialisation ; stratification and social inequality ; social institutions ; and social theory '' . Jenny Sawyer wrote in Christian Science Monitor on 25 July 2007 that the books represent a `` disturbing trend in commercial storytelling and Western society '' in that stories `` moral center ( sic ) have all but vanished from much of today 's pop culture ... after 10 years , 4,195 pages , and over 375 million copies , J.K. Rowling 's towering achievement lacks the cornerstone of almost all great children 's literature : the hero 's moral journey '' . Harry Potter , Sawyer argues , neither faces a `` moral struggle '' nor undergoes any ethical growth , and is thus `` no guide in circumstances in which right and wrong are anything less than black and white '' . In contrast Emily Griesinger described Harry 's first passage through to Platform 93⁄4 as an application of faith and hope , and his encounter with the Sorting Hat as the first of many in which Harry is shaped by the choices he makes . She also noted the `` deeper magic '' by which the self - sacrifice of Harry 's mother protects the boy throughout the series , and which the power - hungry Voldemort fails to understand . In an 8 November 2002 Slate article , Chris Suellentrop likened Potter to a `` trust - fund kid whose success at school is largely attributable to the gifts his friends and relatives lavish upon him '' . Noting that in Rowling 's fiction , magical ability potential is `` something you are born to , not something you can achieve '' , Suellentrop wrote that Dumbledore 's maxim that `` It is our choices that show what we truly are , far more than our abilities '' is hypocritical , as `` the school that Dumbledore runs values native gifts above all else '' . In a 12 August 2007 New York Times review of Deathly Hallows , however , Christopher Hitchens praised Rowling for `` unmooring '' her `` English school story '' from literary precedents `` bound up with dreams of wealth and class and snobbery '' , arguing that she had instead created `` a world of youthful democracy and diversity '' . In 2010 , coinciding with the release of the film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 , a series of articles were written about Private Harry Potter of the British army . This real - life Harry Potter was killed in the Arab Revolt near Hebron in 1939 . His grave , located in the British cemetery in Ramla , Israel , began to receive curious visitors leading the Ramla Municipality to list it on their website . The Daily Mail interviewed siblings of Harry Potter who stated , `` We could n't believe people visit his grave , but apparently they come from miles around to have their photo taken next to it . '' In 2016 , an article written by Diana C. Mutz compares the politics of Harry Potter to the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign . She states that 3 themes throughout the books are widely predominant ' 1 ) the value of tolerance and respect for difference ; 2 ) opposition to violence and punitiveness ; and 3 ) the dangers of authoritarianism . ' She suggests that these themes are also present in the presidential election and it may play a significant role in how Americans have responded to the campaign . Controversies Main articles : Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series , Religious debates over the Harry Potter series , Politics of Harry Potter , and Tanya Grotter The books have been the subject of a number of legal proceedings , stemming from various conflicts over copyright and trademark infringements . The popularity and high market value of the series has led Rowling , her publishers , and film distributor Warner Bros. to take legal measures to protect their copyright , which have included banning the sale of Harry Potter imitations , targeting the owners of websites over the `` Harry Potter '' domain name , and suing author Nancy Stouffer to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her work . Various religious conservatives have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children , while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas . The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds . From 1997 to 1998 , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone won almost all the UK awards judged by children , but none of the children 's book awards judged by adults , and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children . In 1999 , the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children 's division was entered for the first time on the shortlist for the main award , and one judge threatened to resign if Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was declared the overall winner ; it finished second , very close behind the winner of the poetry prize , Seamus Heaney 's translation of the Anglo - Saxon epic Beowulf . In 2000 , shortly before the publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , the previous three Harry Potter books topped the New York Times fiction best - seller list and a third of the entries were children 's books . The newspaper created a new children 's section covering children 's books , including both fiction and non-fiction , and initially counting only hardback sales . The move was supported by publishers and booksellers . In 2004 , The New York Times further split the children 's list , which was still dominated by Harry Potter books into sections for series and individual books , and removed the Harry Potter books from the section for individual books . The split in 2000 attracted condemnation , praise and some comments that presented both benefits and disadvantages of the move . Time suggested that , on the same principle , Billboard should have created a separate `` mop - tops '' list in 1964 when the Beatles held the top five places in its list , and Nielsen should have created a separate game - show list when Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? dominated the ratings . Adaptations Films Main article : Harry Potter ( film series ) The locomotive that features as the `` Hogwarts Express '' in the film series . In 1998 , Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( $1,982,900 ) . Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British , nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . After many directors including Steven Spielberg , Terry Gilliam , Jonathan Demme , and Alan Parker were considered , Chris Columbus was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( titled `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' in the United States ) , with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision . After extensive casting , filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself , with production ending in July 2001 . Philosopher 's Stone was released on 14 November 2001 . Just three days after the film 's release , production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , also directed by Columbus , began . Filming was completed in summer 2002 , with the film being released on 15 November 2002 . Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter , doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise . Columbus declined to direct Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , only acting as producer . Mexican director Alfonso Cuarón took over the job , and after shooting in 2003 , the film was released on 4 June 2004 . Due to the fourth film beginning its production before the third 's release , Mike Newell was chosen as the director for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , released on 18 November 2005 . Newell became the first British director of the series , with television director David Yates following suit after he was chosen to helm Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Production began in January 2006 and the film was released the following year in July 2007 . After executives were `` really delighted '' with his work on the film , Yates was selected to direct Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , which was released on 15 July 2009 . Gringotts Wizarding Bank as seen in the film series In March 2008 , Warner Bros. President and COO Alan F. Horn announced that the final instalment in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , would be released in two cinematic parts : Part 1 on 19 November 2010 and Part 2 on 15 July 2011 . Production of both parts started in February 2009 , with the final day of principal photography taking place on 12 June 2010 . Rowling had creative control on the film series , observing the filmmaking process of Philosopher 's Stone and serving as producer on the two - part Deathly Hallows , alongside David Heyman and David Barron . The Harry Potter films have been top - rank box office hits , with all eight releases on the list of highest - grossing films worldwide . Philosopher 's Stone was the highest - grossing Harry Potter film up until the release of the final instalment of the series , Deathly Hallows , while Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least . As well as being a financial success , the film series has also been a success among film critics . Opinions of the films are generally divided among fans , with one group preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films , and another group preferring the more stylised character - driven approach of the later films . Rowling has been constantly supportive of all the films and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her `` favourite one '' in the series . She wrote on her website of the changes in the book - to - film transition , `` It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long . Obviously films have restrictions novels do not have , constraints of time and budget ; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers ' imaginations '' . At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011 , Rowling was joined by producers David Heyman and David Barron along with directors David Yates , Alfonso Cuarón and Mike Newell in collecting the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema on behalf of all the films in the series . Actors Rupert Grint and Emma Watson , who play main characters Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , were also in attendance . Spin - off prequels A new series consisting of five films , beginning with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , will take place before the main series . The first film was released on 18 November 2016 and the next two are due to be released in 2018 and 2020 . Rowling wrote the screenplay for the first instalment , marking her first foray into screenwriting . Games A number of other non-interactive media games and board games have been released such as Cluedo Harry Potter Edition , Scene It ? Harry Potter and Lego Harry Potter models , which are influenced by the themes of both the novels and films . There are thirteen Harry Potter video games , eight corresponding with the films and books and five spin - offs . The film / book - based games are produced by Electronic Arts , as was Harry Potter : Quidditch World Cup , with the game version of the first entry in the series , Philosopher 's Stone , being released in November 2001 . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone went on to become one of the best - selling PlayStation games ever . The video games were released to coincide with the films , containing scenery and details from the films as well as the tone and spirit of the books . Objectives usually occur in and around Hogwarts , along with various other magical areas . The story and design of the games follow the selected film 's characterisation and plot ; EA worked closely with Warner Bros. to include scenes from the films . The last game in the series , Deathly Hallows , was split , with Part 1 released in November 2010 and Part 2 debuting on consoles in July 2011 . The two - part game forms the first entry to convey an intense theme of action and violence , with the gameplay revolving around a third - person shooter style format . The spin - off games Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 and Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 were developed by Traveller 's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . The spin - off games Book of Spells and Book of Potions were developed by SCE London Studio and utilise the Wonderbook , an augmented reality book designed to be used in conjunction with the PlayStation Move and PlayStation Eye . The Harry Potter universe is also featured in Lego Dimensions , with the settings and side characters featured in the Harry Potter Adventure World , and Harry , Voldemort , and Hermione as playable characters . Titles in the series of Harry Potter games Year Title Platform ( s ) Acquired label ( s ) Console Computer Handheld Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone PS1 PS2 Xbox GameCube Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Color GBA PlayStation Greatest Hits Lego Creator : Harry Potter N / A Windows N / A N / A 2002 Lego Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets N / A Windows N / A N / A Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets PS1 PS2 Xbox GameCube Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Color GBA PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits GameCube Player 's Choice 2003 Harry Potter Quidditch World Cup PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits GameCube Player 's Choice 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance NDS PSP PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Advance NDS PSP N / A 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP Mobile Game N / A Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP N / A Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows NDS N / A 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows NDS N / A Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP 3DS PS Vita N / A Harry Potter for Kinect Xbox 360 N / A N / A N / A 2012 Book of Spells PlayStation 3 N / A N / A N / A 2013 Book of Potions PlayStation 3 N / A N / A N / A Audiobooks All seven Harry Potter books have been released in unabridged audiobook versions , with Stephen Fry reading the UK editions and Jim Dale voicing the series for the American editions . Stage production Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child On 20 December 2013 , J.K. Rowling announced that she was working on a Harry Potter -- based play for which she would be one of the producers . British theatre producers Sonia Friedman and Colin Callender will be the co-producers . On 26 June 2015 , on the anniversary of the debut of the first book , Rowling revealed via Twitter that the Harry Potter stage play would be called Harry Potter and The Cursed Child . The Production is expected to open in the summer of 2016 at London 's Palace Theatre , London . The first four months of tickets for the June -- September performances were sold out within several hours upon release . On 10 February 2016 , it was announced via the Pottermore website , that the script would be released in book form , the day after the play 's world premiere , making this the 8th book in the series , with events set nineteen years after the closing chapter of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Main article : The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle as depicted in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter , located in Universal Orlando Resort 's Island of Adventure After the success of the films and books , Universal and Warner Brothers announced they would create The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , a new Harry Potter - themed expansion to the Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida . The land officially opened to the public on 18 June 2010 . It includes a re-creation of Hogsmeade and several rides . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Other rides include Dragon Challenge , a pair of inverted roller coasters , and Flight of the Hippogriff , a family roller coaster . Four years later , on 8 July 2014 , Universal opened a Harry Potter - themed area at the Universal Studios Florida theme park . It includes a re-creation of Diagon Alley and connecting alleys and a small section of Muggle London . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts roller coaster ride . Universal also added a completely functioning recreation of the Hogwarts Express connecting Kings Cross Station at Universal Studios Florida to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure . Both Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley contain many shops and restaurants from the book series , including Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes and The Leaky Cauldron . On 15 July 2014 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Japan theme park in Osaka , Japan . It includes the village of Hogsmeade , Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride , and Flight of the Hippogriff roller coaster . On 7 April 2016 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park near Los Angeles , California . United Kingdom In March 2011 , Warner Bros. announced plans to build a tourist attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the Harry Potter film series . Warner Bros. Studio Tour London is a behind - the - scenes walking tour featuring authentic sets , costumes and props from the film series . The attraction , Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter , is located at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , where all eight of the Harry Potter films were made . Warner Bros. constructed two new sound stages to house and showcase the famous sets from each of the British - made productions , following a £ 100 million investment . It opened to the public in March 2012 . References Jump up ^ Peter Svensson ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` Harry Potter breaks e-book lockdown '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . 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Rowling publishes Harry Potter spin - off '' . London : Telegraph.com . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dinitia ( 24 June 2000 ) . `` The Times Plans a Children 's Best - Seller List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Harry Potter breaks pre-order record '' . RTÉ.ie Entertainment . 13 April 2007 . Retrieved 23 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fierman , Daniel ( 31 August 2005 ) . `` Wild About Harry '' . Entertainment Weekly . ew.com . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . When I buy the books for my grandchildren , I have them all gift wrapped but one ... that 's for me . And I have not been 12 for over 50 years . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter hits midnight frenzy '' . CNN . 15 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2006 . Retrieved 15 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Worksheet : Half - Blood Prince sets UK record '' . BBC News . 20 July 2005 . Retrieved 19 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Record print run for final Potter '' . 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Archived from the original on 1 December 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 27 May 2004 ) . `` New ' Potter ' movie sneaks in spoilers for upcoming books '' . USA Today . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK ' loves ' Goblet of Fire movie '' . Newsround . BBC . 7 November 2005 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Harry Potter Director David Yates '' . Comingsoon.net. 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` How did you feel about the POA filmmakers leaving the Marauder 's Map 's background out of the story ? ( A Mugglenet / Lexicon question ) '' . J.K. Rowling . Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter franchise to get Outstanding BAFTA award '' . BBC News . 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema in 2011 -- The Harry Potter films '' . BAFTA. 3 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts : JK Rowling confirms there will be five films in Harry Potter spin - off series '' . Independent.co.uk . The Independent . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Top 20 Best Selling Games '' . 21 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2006 . Retrieved 1 December 2006 . Jump up ^ EA Harry Potter Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ EA Harry Potter gameplay Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Archived 1 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Wizard training for Muggles : Sony creates new Book of Spells game to keep Harry Potter fans happy '' . Daily Mail . 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Andy ( 5 June 2012 ) . `` E3 2012 : Sony announces intriguing Wonderbook for PS3 -- Harry Potter author on board '' . Computer and Video Games . Archived from the original on 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Valentine , James ( 13 July 2012 ) . `` It 's time for the compleat , omnipresent me '' . The Australian . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Creator Bryan Fuller Hints at PUSHING DAISIES Broadway - Bound ' Revival ' '' . broadwayworld.com. 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling to Work on Harry Potter Stage Play '' . 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling to produce Harry Potter stage play '' . USA Today . 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to open in 2016 '' . BBC . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` Harry Potter and the biggest West End show EVER : Spellbinding drama about the fate of young wizard 's parents is coming to London 's theatreland '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First batch of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child tickets sell out '' . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pottermore -- WW Publishing Cursed Child Script Book Announcement '' . Pottermore. 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Begley , Sarah ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and The Cursed Child Will Be Published In Book Form '' . TIME . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jason ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` Big day is here : Universal hopes Harry Potter 's magic will last '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` Universal Studios Japan : Wizarding World of Harry Potter to open July 15 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Cripps , Karla ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Universal Studios Japan 's ' Wizarding World of Harry Potter ' opens '' . CNN . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` A Makeover at Universal Studios Hollywood Aims at Disney '' . The New York Times . Universal City , California . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What to expect when the Wizarding World at Universal Studios Hollywood opens in April '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter tour to open at Leavesden studios in 2012 '' . BBC News . 5 March 2011 . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter tour at Leavesden Studios reveals new sets '' . BBC News . 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Further reading Agarwal , Nikita ; Chitra Agarwal ( 2005 ) . Friends and Foes of Harry Potter : Names Decoded . Outskirts Press . ISBN 1 - 59800 - 221 - X Anatol , Giselle Liza ( 2003 ) . Reading Harry Potter : critical essays . Praeger . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32067 - 5 Burkart , Gina ( 2005 ) . A parent 's guide to Harry Potter . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3288 - 2 Duriez , Colin ( 2007 ) . Field Guide to Harry Potter . IVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3430 - 3 Gunelius , Susan ( 2008 ) . Harry Potter : the story of a global business phenomenon . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 230 - 20323 - X Heilman , Elizabeth E ( 2008 ) . Critical perspectives on Harry Potter . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96484 - 5 Mulholland , Neil ( 2007 ) . The psychology of Harry Potter : an unauthorized examination of the boy who lived . BenBella Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 88 - 4 Silvester , William ( 2010 ) . Harry Potter Collector 's Handbook . Krause . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 0897 - 3 External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Harry Potter '' dated 2011 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter . Harry Potter , an external wiki J.K. 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Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. 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Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. 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what were the key elements of treaty systems imposed on china and japan between 1840 and 1860

Unequal Treaty

unequal treaty

Unequal treaty is the name given by the Chinese to a series of treaties signed with Western powers during the 19th and early 20th centuries by Qing dynasty China and late Tokugawa Japan after suffering military defeat by the foreign powers or when there was a threat of military action by those powers . The term is also applied to treaties imposed during the same time period on late Joseon Korea by the post-Meiji Restoration Empire of Japan .

Starting with the rise of nationalism and anti-imperialism in the 1920s , the Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party used these concepts to characterize the Chinese experience in losses of sovereignty between roughly 1839 to 1949 . The term `` unequal treaty '' became associated with the concept of China 's `` Century of Humiliation '' , especially the forced opening of the treaty ports , the imposition of European extraterritoriality on foreigners living in China , and loss of tariff autonomy . Contents ( hide ) 1 China 1.1 Chinese resentment 2 Japan and Korea 3 Selected list of treaties 3.1 China 3.2 Japan 3.3 Korea 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Bibliography 5.2 Primary sources China ( edit ) French political cartoon , China -- the cake of Kings and Emperors , showing Britain , Germany , Russia , France and Japan dividing China The term `` unequal treaty '' first came into use in China in the early 1920s . Dong Wang , a professor of contemporary and modern Chinese history , noted that `` while the phrase has long been widely used , it nevertheless lacks a clear and unambiguous meaning '' and that there is `` no agreement about the actual number of treaties signed between China and foreign countries that should be counted as ' unequal ' . '' Historian Immanuel Hsu explained that the Chinese viewed the treaties they signed with Western powers as unequal `` because they were not negotiated by nations treating each other as equals but were imposed on China after a war , and because they encroached upon China 's sovereign rights ... which reduced her to semicolonial status '' . In response , historian Elizabeth Cobbs wrote , `` Ironically , however , the treaties also resulted partly from China 's initial reluctance to consider any treaties whatsoever , since it viewed all other nations as inferior . It did not wish to be equal . '' In many cases , China was effectively forced to pay large amounts of reparations , open up ports for trade , cede or lease territories ( such as Outer Manchuria and Outer Northwest China to Russian Empire , Hong Kong to Great Britain and Zhanjiang to France ) , and make various other concessions of sovereignty to foreign `` spheres of influence '' , following military defeats . The earliest treaty later referred to as `` unequal '' was the 1841 Convention of Chuenpi negotiations during the First Opium War . China and Great Britain signed the first unequal treaties under the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 . Following Qing China 's defeat , treaties with Britain opened up five ports to foreign trade , while also allowing foreign missionaries , at least in theory , to reside within China . In addition , foreign residents in the port cities were afforded trials by their own consular authorities rather than the Chinese legal system , a concept termed extraterritoriality . Under the treaties , the UK and the US established the British Supreme Court for China and Japan and United States Court for China in Shanghai . Chinese resentment ( edit ) After World War I , patriotic consciousness in China focused on the treaties , which now became widely known as `` unequal treaties '' . The Nationalist Party and the Communist Party competed to convince the public that their approach would be more effective . Germany was forced to terminate its rights , the Soviet Union surrendered them , and the United States organized the Washington Conference to negotiate them . After Chiang Kai - shek declared a new national government in 1927 , the western powers quickly offered diplomatic recognition , arousing anxiety in Japan . The new government declared to the Great Powers that China had been exploited for decades under unequal treaties , and that the time for such treaties was over , demanding they renegotiate all of them on equal terms . In the face of Japanese expansion in China , however , ending the system was postponed . Most of China 's unequal treaties were abrogated during the Second Sino - Japanese War , which started in 1937 and merged into the larger context of World War II . The United States Congress ended American extraterritoriality in December 1943 . Significant examples of unequal treaties with China did outlast World War II : unequal treaties regarding Hong Kong remained in place until Hong Kong 's 1997 handover , and in 1969 , to improve Sino - Russian relations , China reconfirmed the 1859 Treaty of Aigun . Japan and Korea ( edit ) When the American Commodore Matthew Perry reached Japan in 1854 , it signed the Convention of Kanagawa . Its importance was limited . Much more important was the Harris Treaty of 1858 negotiated by U.S. envoy Townsend Harris . Korea 's first unequal treaty was not with the West but with Japan . Taking a page from Western tactics , in 1875 Japan sent Captain Inoue Yoshika and the warship Un'yō to display military might over Korea in the Ganghwa Island incident . This forced Korea to open its doors to Japan by signing the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1876 . The unequal treaties ended at various times for the countries involved . Japan 's victories in the 1894 -- 95 First Sino - Japanese War convinced many in the West that unequal treaties could no longer be enforced on Japan . Korea 's unequal treaties with European states became largely null and void in 1910 , when it was annexed by Japan . Selected list of treaties ( edit ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . China ( edit ) Treaty Year Imposer English name Chinese name Treaty of Nanking 南京 條約 1842 British Empire Treaty of the Bogue 虎門 條約 1843 British Empire Treaty of Wanghia 中 美 望 廈 條約 1844 United States Treaty of Whampoa 黃埔 條約 1844 French colonial empire Treaty of Canton 中 瑞 廣州 條約 1847 United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway Treaty of Kulja 中 俄 伊犁 塔 爾 巴 哈 台 通商 章程 1851 Russian Empire Treaty of Aigun 璦 琿 條約 1858 Russian Empire Treaty of Tientsin 天津 條約 1858 French colonial empire , British Empire , Russian Empire , United States Convention of Peking 北京 條約 1860 British Empire , French colonial empire , Russian Empire Chefoo Convention 煙台 條約 1876 British Empire Treaty of Saint Petersburg 伊犁 條約 1881 Russian Empire Treaty of Tientsin ( 1885 ) 中 法 新約 1885 French colonial empire Sino - Portuguese Treaty of Peking 中 葡 北京 條約 1887 Kingdom of Portugal Treaty of Shimonoseki ( Treaty of Maguan ) 馬 關 條約 1895 Empire of Japan Li - Lobanov Treaty 中 俄 密约 1896 Russian Empire Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory 展 拓 香港 界 址 專 條 1898 British Empire Treaty of Kwangchow Wan ( fr ) 廣州 灣 租界 條約 1899 French colonial empire Boxer Protocol 辛 丑 條約 1901 British Empire , United States , Empire of Japan , Russian Empire , French colonial empire , German Empire , Kingdom of Italy , Austro - Hungarian Empire , Kingdom of Belgium , Kingdom of Spain , Kingdom of the Netherlands Simla Accord 西 姆 拉 條約 1914 British Empire Twenty - One Demands 二 十 一 條 1915 Empire of Japan Tanggu Truce 塘沽 協定 1933 Empire of Japan Japan ( edit ) Treaty Year Imposer English name Japanese name Convention of Kanagawa 日 米 和 親 条約 1854 United States Anglo - Japanese Friendship Treaty 日 英和 親 条約 1854 British Empire Ansei Treaties 安政 条約 1858 United States , Kingdom of the Netherlands , Russian Empire , British Empire , French colonial empire Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( Harris Treaty ) 日 米 修好 通商 条約 1858 United States Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce 日 英 修好 通商 条約 1858 British Empire Prussian - Japanese Treaty of Amity , Commerce and Navigation 日 普 修好 通商 条約 1861 Kingdom of Prussia Treaty of Amity , Commerce and Navigation between Austria and Japan 日 墺 修好 通商 航海 条約 1868 Austro - Hungarian Empire Spanish - Japanese Treaty of Amity , Commerce and Navigation 日 西 修好 通商 航海 条約 1868 Kingdom of Spain Korea ( edit ) Treaty Year Imposer English name Korean name Japan - Korea Treaty of 1876 ( Treaty of Ganghwa ) 강화도 조약 ( 江華 島 條約 ) 1876 Empire of Japan United States - Korea Treaty of 1882 조미 수호 통상 조약 ( 朝美 修好 通商 條約 ) 1882 United States Japan - Korea Treaty of 1882 ( Treaty of Chemulpo ) 제물포 조약 ( 濟 物 浦 條約 ) 1882 Empire of Japan China -- Korea Treaty of 1882 ( Joseon - Qing Communication and Commerce Rules ) 조청 상민 수륙 무역 장정 ( 朝 淸 商 民 水陸 貿易 章程 ) 1882 Qing Empire Germany - Korea Treaty of 1883 조독 수호 통상 조약 ( 朝 獨 修好 通商 條約 ) 1883 German Empire United Kingdom - Korea Treaty of 1883 조영수 호 통상 조약 ( 朝英 修好 通商 條約 ) 1883 British Empire Russia - Korea Treaty of 1884 조로 수호 통상 조약 ( 朝露 修好 通商 條約 ) 1884 Russian Empire Italy - Korea Treaty of 1884 조이 수호 통상 조약 ( 朝 伊 修好 通商 條約 ) 1884 Kingdom of Italy Japan - Korea Treaty of 1885 ( Treaty of Hanseong ) 한성 조약 ( 漢城 條約 ) 1885 Empire of Japan France - Korea Treaty of 1886 조불 수호 통상 조약 ( 朝 佛 修好 通商 條約 ) 1886 French colonial empire Austria - Korea Treaty of 1892 조오 수호 통상 조약 ( 朝 奧 修好 通商 條約 ) 1892 Austro - Hungarian Empire Belgium - Korea Treaty of 1901 조벨 수호 통상 조약 ( 朝 白 修好 通商 條約 ) 1901 Kingdom of Belgium Denmark - Korea Treaty of 1902 조덴 수호 통상 조약 ( 朝 丁 修好 通商 條約 ) 1902 Kingdom of Denmark Japan - Korea Treaty of 1904 한일 의정서 ( 韓 日 議定書 ) 1904 Empire of Japan Japan - Korea Protocol of August 1904 제 1 차 한일 협약 ( 第 一 次 韓 日 協約 ) 1904 Empire of Japan Japan - Korea Protocol of April 1905 1905 Empire of Japan Japan - Korea Protocol of August 1905 1905 Empire of Japan Japan - Korea Treaty of 1905 제 2 차 한일 협약 ( 第 二 次 韓 日 協約 ) ( 을사 조약 ( 乙 巳 條約 ) ) 1905 Empire of Japan Japan - Korea Treaty of 1907 제 3 차 한일 협약 ( 第 三 次 韓 日 協約 ) ( 정미 조약 ( 丁 未 條約 ) ) 1907 Empire of Japan Japan - Korea Treaty of 1910 한일 병합 조약 ( 韓 日 倂 合 條約 ) 1910 Empire of Japan See also ( edit ) Client state Puppet state Most favoured nation Treaty of Waitangi Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wang , Dong. ( 2005 ) . China 's Unequal Treaties : Narrating National History . Lanham , Maryland : Lexington Books . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 9780739112083 . Jump up ^ Hsu , Immanuel C.Y. ( 1970 ) . The Rise of Modern China . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 239 . ISBN 0195012402 . Jump up ^ Cobbs , Elizabeth ( 2013 ) . American Umpire . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 111 . ISBN 9780674055476 . Jump up ^ Dong Wang , China 's Unequal Treaties : Narrating National History ( Lanham , Md. : Lexington Books , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Dong Wang , China 's Unequal Treaties : Narrating National History ( Lanham , Md. : Lexington Books , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Akira Iriye , After Imperialism : The Search for a New Order in the Far East , 1921 -- 1931 ( Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1965 ; Reprinted : Chicago : Imprint Publications , 1990 ) , passim . Jump up ^ `` CHINA : Nationalist Notes '' . TIME . June 25 , 1928 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael R. Auslin ( 2006 ) . Negotiating with Imperialism : The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy . Harvard University Press . pp. 17 , 44 . Jump up ^ Preston , Peter Wallace. ( 1998 ) ( 1998 ) . Blackwell Publishing . Pacific Asia in the Global System : An Introduction . ISBN 0 - 631 - 20238 - 2 Jump up ^ I.H. Nish , `` Japan Reverses the Unequal Treaties : The Anglo - Japanese Commercial Treaty of 1894 , '' Journal of Oriental Studies ( 1975 ) 13 # 2 pp 137 - 146 . Jump up ^ Auslin , Michael R. ( 2004 ) Negotiating with Imperialism : The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy , p. 17. , p. 17 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Auslin , p. 30. , p. 30 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Auslin , pp. 1 , 7. , p. 1 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Auslin , p. 214. , p. 214 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Auslin , pp. 47 -- 48. , p. 47 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Auslin , p. 71. , p. 71 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Auslin , Michael R. ( 2004 ) Negotiating with Imperialism : The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy , p. 154. , p. 154 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Template : Https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=eBR DQAAQBAJ&pg = PA232&lpg = PA232&dq = unequal + treaty + austria - hungary + japan&source = bl&ots = 7Dylb - BMAe&sig = sQM5Iley51lBDh0izH4w2bjI - oI&hl = en&sa = X&ved = 0ahUKEwjYzvy4udfSAhVHTLwKHeVkAW8Q6AEIODAF Jump up ^ Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament , Washington , D.C. , 1921 -- 1922 . ( 1922 ) . Korea 's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament , p. 33. , p. 33 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Treaty Between Japan and Korea , dated February 26 , 1876 . '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 29. , p. 29 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea . Treaty of Friendship , Commerce , and Navigation dated May 22 , 1882 . '' Jump up ^ Moon , Myungki . `` Korea - China Treaty System in the 1880s and the Opening of Seoul : Review of the Joseon - Qing Communication and Commerce Rules , '' Archived October 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Journal of Northeast Asian History , Vol. 5 , No. 2 ( Dec 2008 ) , pp. 85 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 32. , p. 32 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Germany and Korea . Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated November 23 , 1883 . '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 32. , p. 32 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Great Britain and Korea ... dated November 26 , 1883 . '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 32. , p. 32 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Russia . Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated June 25 , 1884 . '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 32. , p. 32 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Italy . Treaty of Friendship and Commerce dated June 26 , 1884 . '' Jump up ^ Yi , Kwang - gyu and Joseph P. Linskey. ( 2003 ) . Korean Traditional Culture , p. 63. , p. 63 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` The so - called Hanseong Treaty was concluded between Korea and Japan . Korea paid compensation for Japanese losses . Japan and China worked out the Tien - Tsin Treaty , which ensured that both Japanese and Chinese troops withdraw from Korea . '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 32. , p. 32 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and France . Treaty of Friendship , Commerce , and Navigation dated June 4 , 1886 . '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 32. , p. 32 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Austria . Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated July 23 , 1892 . '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 32. , p. 32 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Belgium . Treaty of Amity and Commerce dated March 23 , 1901 . '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 32. , p. 32 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between Korea and Denmark . Treaty of Friendship , Commerce , and Navigation dated July 15 , 1902 . '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 34. , p. 34 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Treaty of Alliance Between Japan and Korea , dated February 23 , 1904 . '' Jump up ^ Note that the Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament in Washington , D.C. , 1921 -- 1922 identified this as `` Treaty of Alliance Between Japan and Korea , dated February 23 , 1904 '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 35. , p. 35 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Alleged Treaty , dated August 22 , 1904 . '' Jump up ^ Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921 -- 1922 identified this as `` Alleged Treaty , dated August 22 , 1904 '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 35. , p. 35 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Alleged Treaty , dated April 1 , 1905 . '' Jump up ^ Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921 -- 1922 identified this as `` Alleged Treaty , dated April 1 , 1905 '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 35. , p. 35 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Alleged Treaty , dated August 13 , 1905 . '' Jump up ^ Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921 -- 1922 identified this as `` Alleged Treaty , dated August 13 , 1905 '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 35. , p. 35 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Alleged Treaty , dated November 17 , 1905 . '' Jump up ^ Note that the Korean diplomats in 1921 -- 1922 identified this as `` Alleged Treaty , dated November 17 , 1905 '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 35. , p. 35 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Alleged Treaty , dated July 24 , 1907 . '' Jump up ^ Korean Mission , p. 36. , p. 36 , at Google Books ; excerpt , `` Alleged Treaty , dated August 20 , 1910 . '' Bibliography ( edit ) Auslin , Michael R. ( 2004 ) . Negotiating with Imperialism : The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01521 - 0 ; OCLC 56493769 Hsü , Immanuel Chung - yueh ( 1970 ) . The Rise of Modern China . New York : Oxford University Press . OCLC 300287988 Nish , I. H ( 1975 ) . `` Japan Reverses the Unequal Treaties : The Anglo - Japanese Commercial Treaty of 1894 '' . Journal of Oriental Studies . 13 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 146 . Perez , Louis G ( 1999 ) . Japan Comes of Age : Mutsu Munemitsu & the Revision of the Unequal Treaties . p. 244 . Ringmar , Erik ( 2013 ) . Liberal Barbarism : The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . Wang , Dong ( 2003 ) . `` The Discourse of Unequal Treaties in Modern China '' . Pacific Affairs . 76 ( 3 ) : 399 -- 425 . Wang , Dong. ( 2005 ) . China 's Unequal Treaties : Narrating National History . Lanham , Maryland : Lexington Books . ISBN 9780739112083 . Primary sources ( edit ) Halleck , Henry Wager. ( 1861 ) . International law : or , Rules regulating the intercourse of states in peace and war New York : D. Van Nostrand . OCLC 852699 Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament , Washington , D.C. , 1921 -- 1922 . ( 1922 ) . Korea 's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament . Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office . 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who appeared in commercials for jello branded products

Comedian Bill Cosby is associated with Jell - O and , more famously , Jell - O pudding , and he appeared in many commercials promoting both . Shows like Mad TV , The Simpsons and Saturday Night Live parody Cosby , using Jell - O references like `` pudding pop '' . In the 1960s , the cast of the sitcom Hogan 's Heroes did a commercial with Carol Channing featuring Colonel Hogan , his men , Kommandant Klink and Sergeant Shultz having Jell - O and Dream Whip for dessert . Also , in the first few seasons of the first of Lucille Ball 's two 1960s television series , The Lucy Show , cast members including Vivian Vance often did commercials for Jell - O .

Jell - O

jell - o

Jell - O is a registered trademark of Kraft Foods for varieties of gelatin desserts , including fruit gels , puddings and no - bake cream pies .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Going mainstream 2.3 Baby boom 2.4 Sales decline and turnaround 3 Jell - O shots 4 Manufacturing and tourism 5 Advertising 6 In culture 6.1 Mormonism 7 Current flavors 7.1 Gelatin 7.2 Pudding 8 Discontinued flavors 9 See also 10 Gallery 11 References 12 External links Description ( edit ) Lime Jell - O Jell - O is sold prepared ( ready to eat ) or in powder form , and is available in various colors and flavors . The powder contains powdered gelatin and flavorings , including sugar or artificial sweeteners . It is dissolved in hot water , then chilled and allowed to set . Fruit , vegetables , and whipped cream can be added to make elaborate snacks that can be molded into shapes . Jell - O must be put in a refrigerator until served , and once set , it can be eaten . There are non-gelatin pudding and pie filling products sold under the Jell - O brand . Pudding is cooked on the stove top with milk , then eaten warm or chilled until firmly set . Jell - O has an instant pudding product which is mixed with cold milk and chilled . To make pie fillings , the same products are prepared with less liquid . History ( edit ) Early History ( edit ) Gelatin , a protein produced from collagen extracted from boiled bones , connective tissues , and other animal products , has been a component of food , particularly desserts , since the 15th century . Gelatin was popularized in Bellows Falls in the Victorian era with spectacular and complex `` jelly moulds '' . Gelatin was sold in sheets and had to be purified , which was time - consuming . Gelatin desserts were the province of royalty and the relatively well - to - do . In 1845 , a patent for powdered gelatin was obtained by industrialist Peter Cooper , who built the first American steam - powered locomotive , the Tom Thumb . This powdered gelatin was easy to manufacture and easier to use in cooking . In 1897 , in LeRoy , New York , carpenter and cough syrup manufacturer , Pearle Bixby Wait trademarked a gelatin dessert , called Jell - O. He and his wife May added strawberry , raspberry , orange and lemon flavoring to granulated gelatin and sugar . Then in 1899 , Jell - O was sold to Orator Francis Woodward ( 1856 -- 1906 ) , whose Genesee Pure Food Company produced the successful Grain - O health drink . Part of the legal agreement between Woodward and Wait dealt with the similar Jell - O name . Going mainstream ( edit ) External video Kitchen Chemistry : Jell - O , Tracing Jell - O 's rise to fame , Chemical Heritage Foundation Various elements were key to Jell - O becoming a mainstream product : new technologies , such as refrigeration , powdered gelatin and machine packaging , home economics classes , and the company 's marketing . Initially Woodward struggled to sell the powdered product . Beginning in 1902 , to raise awareness , Woodward 's Genesee Pure Food Company placed advertisements in the Ladies ' Home Journal proclaiming Jell - O to be `` America 's Most Famous Dessert . '' Jell - O was a minor success until 1904 , when Genesee Pure Food Company sent armies of salesmen into the field to distribute free Jell - O cookbooks , a pioneering marketing tactic . Within a decade , three new flavors , chocolate ( discontinued in 1927 ) , cherry and peach , were added , and the brand was launched in Canada . Celebrity testimonials and recipes appeared in advertisements featuring actress Ethel Barrymore and opera singer Ernestine Schumann - Heink . Some Jell - O illustrated advertisements were painted by Maxfield Parrish . In 1923 , the newly rechristened Jell - O Company launched D - Zerta , an artificially sweetened version of Jell - O. Two years later , Postum and Genesee merged , and in 1927 Postum acquired Clarence Birdseye 's frozen foods company to form the General Foods Corporation . Quick , Easy Jell - O Wonder Dishes , Jell - O Cookbook By 1930 , there appeared a vogue in American cuisine for congealed salads , and the company introduced lime - flavored Jell - O to complement the add - ins that cooks across the country were combining in these aspics and salads . Popular Jell - O recipes often included ingredients like cabbage , celery , green peppers , and even cooked pasta . By the 1950s , salads would become so popular that Jell - O responded with savory and vegetable flavors such as celery , Italian , mixed vegetable and seasoned tomato . These flavors have since been discontinued . In 1934 , sponsorship from Jell - O made comedian Jack Benny the dessert 's spokesperson . At this time Post introduced a jingle ( `` featured '' by the agency Young & Rubicam ) that would be familiar over several decades , in which the spelling `` J-E-L-L-O '' was ( or could be ) sung over a rising five - note musical theme . The jingle was written by Don Bestor , who was the bandleader for Jack Benny on his radio program . In 1936 , chocolate returned to the Jell - O lineup , as an instant pudding made with milk . It proved enormously popular , and over time other pudding flavors were added such as vanilla , tapioca , coconut , pistachio , butterscotch , egg custard , flan and rice pudding . Baby boom ( edit ) The baby boom saw a significant increase in sales for Jell - O. Young mothers did n't have the supporting community structures of earlier generations , so marketers were quick to promote easy - to - prepare prepackaged foods . By this time , creating a Jell - O dessert required simply boiling water , Jell - O and Tupperware molds . New flavors were continually added and unsuccessful flavors were removed : in the 1950s and 1960s , apple , black cherry , black raspberry , grape , lemon - lime , mixed fruit , orange - banana , pineapple - grapefruit , blackberry , strawberry - banana , tropical fruit and more intense `` wild '' versions of the venerable strawberry , raspberry and cherry . In 1966 , the Jell - O `` No - Bake '' dessert line was launched , which allowed a cheesecake to be made in 15 minutes . In 1969 , Jell - O 1 ∗ 2 ∗ 3 ( later Jell - O 1 2 3 ) , a gelatin dessert that separated into three layers as it cooled , was unveiled . Until 1987 , Jell - O 1 2 3 was readily found in grocery stores throughout most of the United States , but the dessert is now rare . In 1971 packaged prepared pudding called Jell - O Pudding Treats were introduced . Jell - O Whip ' n Chill , a mousse - style dessert , was introduced and widely promoted ; it remains available in limited areas today . Sales decline and turnaround ( edit ) In 1964 , the slogan `` There 's always room for Jell - O '' was introduced , promoting the product as a `` light dessert '' that could easily be consumed even after a heavy meal . Throughout the 1960s through the 1980s , Jell - O 's sales steadily decreased . Many Jell - O dishes , such as desserts and Jell - O salads , became special occasion foods rather than everyday items . Marketers blamed this decline on decreasing family sizes , a `` fast - paced '' lifestyle and women 's increasing employment . By 1986 , a market study concluded that mothers with young children rarely purchased Jell - O . To turn things around , Jell - O hired Dana Gioia to stop the decline . The marketing team revisited the Jell - O recipes published in past cookbooks and rediscovered Jigglers , although the original recipe did not use that name . Jigglers are Jell - O snacks molded into fun shapes and eaten as finger food . Jell - O launched a massive marketing campaign , notably featuring Bill Cosby as spokesman . The campaign was a huge success , causing a significant gain . Cosby became the company 's pudding spokesperson in 1974 , and continued as the voice of Jell - O for almost thirty years . Over his tenure as the mouthpiece for the company , he would help introduce new products such as frozen Jell - O Pops ( in gelatin and pudding varieties ) ; the new Sugar - Free Jell - O , which replaced D - Zerta in 1984 and was sweetened with NutraSweet ; Jell - O Jigglers concentrated gummi snacks ; and Sparkling Jell - O , a carbonated version of the dessert touted as the `` Champagne of Jell - O . '' In 2010 , Cosby returned as Jell - O spokesperson in an on - line web series called `` OBKB . '' In the 1980s , a Jell - O advertising campaign slogan reminded consumers , `` Do n't forget -- you have to remember to make it . '' In 1990 , General Foods merged into Kraft Foods by parent company Philip Morris ( now the Altria Group ) . New flavors were continually introduced : watermelon , blueberry , cranberry , margarita and piña colada among others . In 2001 , the state Senate of Utah recognized Jell - O as a favorite snack food of Utah and the Governor Michael O. Leavitt declared an annual `` Jell - O Week . '' During the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , the souvenir pins included one depicting green Jell - O . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , Jell - O 's family - friendly reputation was slightly tarnished by Jell - O shots and Jell - O wrestling . As of 2011 , there were over 420 million boxes of Jell - O gelatin and over 1 billion Jell - O cups sold in the United States each year . As of 2016 , there were more than 110 products sold under the Jell - O brand name . Jell - O is used as a substantial ingredient in a well - known dessert , a `` Jell - O mold '' the preparation of which requires a mold designed to hold gelatin , and the depositing of small quantities of chopped fruit , nuts , and other ingredients before it hardens to its typical form . Fresh pineapple , papaya , kiwi , and ginger root can not be used because they contain enzymes that prevent gelatin from `` setting '' . In the case of pineapple juice and the enzyme bromelain that it contains though , the enzyme can be inactivated without denaturing through excessive heating and thus altering the flavor by the addition of a small measured amount of capsaicin sourced from hot chilies . Jell - O shots ( edit ) An alternative recipe calls for the addition of an alcoholic beverage to the mix , contributing approximately one third to one half of the liquid added after the gelatin has dissolved in the boil . A serving of the resulting mixture is called a `` Jell - O shot '' at parties . The quantity and timing of the addition of the alcohol are vital aspects ; it is not possible to make Jell - O shots with alcohol alone , as the colloidal proteins in dry gelatin consist of chains which require a hot liquid to denature them before they can then reform as a semisolid colloidal suspension . Pure alcohol can not be heated sufficiently to break down these proteins , as it evaporates . Vodka or rum are used in Jell - O shots , but the shots can be made with almost any alcohol . It is important to adjust the proportions of alcohol and cold water to ensure that the mixture set when experimenting with different types of alcohol . The Jell - O shots can be served in shot glasses , small paper or plastic cups ; the paper or plastic cups are easier to eat from , but shot glasses are more attractive . The alcohol in Jell - O shots is contained within the Jell - O , so the body absorbs it more slowly , causing people to underestimate how much alcohol they have consumed . Drinkers must monitor their intake because of this . American singer - songwriter Tom Lehrer claims to have invented the Jell - O shot in the 1950s to circumvent restrictions on alcoholic beverages at the army base where he was stationed . An early published recipe for an alcoholic gelatin drink dates from 1862 , found in How to Mix Drinks , or The Bon Vivant 's Companion by Jerry Thomas : his recipe for `` Punch Jelly '' calls for the addition of isinglass or other gelatin to a punch made from cognac , rum , and lemon juice . Thomas warns that strength of the punch is `` artfully concealed '' by the gelatine . Manufacturing and tourism ( edit ) Jell - O Museum , LeRoy , New York As of 2012 , LeRoy , New York , is known as the home of Jell - O and has the only Jell - O Museum in the world , located on the main road through the small town . Jell - O was manufactured here until General Foods closed the plant in 1964 and relocated manufacturing to Dover , Delaware . The Jell - O Gallery museum is operated by the Le Roy Historical Society at the Le Roy House and Union Free School , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 . At the museum , visitors can learn about the history of the dessert from its inception . Visitors starting on East Main Street , follow Jell - O Brick Road , whose stones are inscribed with the names of former factory employees . The museum offers looks at starting materials for Jell - O , such as sturgeon bladder and calves ' hooves , and various molds . The Jell - O plant in Mason City , Iowa , produces America 's supply of ready to eat Jell - O gelatin dessert and pudding cups . Advertising ( edit ) A Jell - O thermometer Jack Benny 's top - rated radio show did not break for commercials . Instead , announcer Don Wilson incorporated speeches about Jell - O into the program at appropriate places , to Jack 's feigned comic annoyance . Lucille Ball 's My Favorite Husband , the radio predecessor to TV 's I Love Lucy , was another popular program sponsored by Jell - O for much of its 124 - episode run . Ball 's character Liz Cooper often opened the program with the lively greeting `` jell - o everybody ! '' Comedian Bill Cosby is associated with Jell - O and , more famously , Jell - O pudding , and he appeared in many commercials promoting both . Shows like Mad TV , The Simpsons and Saturday Night Live parody Cosby , using Jell - O references like `` pudding pop '' . In the 1960s , the cast of the sitcom Hogan 's Heroes did a commercial with Carol Channing featuring Colonel Hogan , his men , Kommandant Klink and Sergeant Shultz having Jell - O and Dream Whip for dessert . Also , in the first few seasons of the first of Lucille Ball 's two 1960s television series , The Lucy Show , cast members including Vivian Vance often did commercials for Jell - O . In 1995 , Jell - O carried the tagline `` It 's alive ! '' and had the phrase `` J-E-L-L - OOOOOOO ! '' . See also : Bill Cosby in advertising In culture ( edit ) In 1992 , Ivette Bassa won the second ever Ig Nobel Prize in chemistry for inventing blue Jell - O . Mormonism ( edit ) Jell - O is especially popular among members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) , often referred to as `` Mormons '' . The Mormon Corridor region , which has the highest Mormon populations , was nicknamed the `` Jell - O Belt '' , referring to the 20th - century Mormon cultural stereotype that Mormons have an affinity for Jell - O. In support of this image , Jell - O was designated as Utah 's official state snack food in 2001 . When drafting the resolution , the Utah Legislature gave many reasons to recognize Jell - O , including that Utah had had the highest per - capita consumption of Jell - O for many years , and how citizens of Utah had rallied to `` Take Back the Title '' after Des Moines , Iowa exceeded Utah in Jell - O consumption in 1999 . The culture of Utah , petitions by Utahans , and campaigning by students of Brigham Young University were also mentioned as reasons for recognizing Jell - O. Bill Cosby , longtime spokesperson for the Jell - O brand , appeared before the Utah Legislature in support of the bill . `` He told the assembly that he believes the reason people in Utah love Jell - O is that the snack is perfect for families -- and the people of Utah are all about family . '' Jell - O is often served with homemade cookies or cakes and water at LDS Church socials . The stereotype of Mormons loving Jell - O does not appear to have a long history . Media reports in 1969 and 1988 on foods popular among Mormons or in Utah make no mention of Jell - O , and a 1988 article mentions Jell - O as a Lutheran tradition . In 1997 , Kraft foods released sales figures revealing Salt Lake City to have the highest per - capita Jell - O consumption . Current flavors ( edit ) This section is about an event or subject that may not be current but does not specify the time period . Please help improve it to include this information . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( April 2017 ) The following are the flavors of Jell - O products that are currently being produced : Gelatin ( edit ) Apricot Berry Blue Black Cherry Blackberry Fusion Cherry Cherry Lemonade Cranberry Fruit Punch Grape Lemon Lime Mango Margarita Melon Fusion Mixchief Grape Color - Changing Mixchief Juice Mixchief Soda Pop Orange Peach Piña Colada Pineapple Raspberry Strawberry Strawberry Daiquiri Strawberry - Banana Tropical Fusion Watermelon Pudding ( edit ) Banana Cream Boston Cream Pie Butterscotch Candy Cane Cheesecake Chocolate Chocolate Fudge Chocolate - Vanilla Swirl Classic Turtle Coconut Cream Crème brûlée Custard Dark Chocolate Devil 's Food Double Chocolate Dulce De Leche Flan French Vanilla Gingerbread Lemon Mixchief Vanilla Color - Changing Orange Ice Cream Oreo Cookies ' n Creme Pistachio Pumpkin Spice Rice Pudding Strawberry Cheesecake Strawberry Crème Strawberry Ice Cream Tapioca Vanilla White Chocolate S'more pudding ^ a Also available in a sugar free / low calorie product . ^ b Available seasonally . ^ c Only available as a prepared product . Discontinued flavors ( edit ) Apple ( Banana Orange ) Black Raspberry Blackberry Bubble Gum Celery Chocolate ( Gelatin ) Chocolate Ice Cream Powder Coffee Cola Concord Grape Cotton Candy Cranberry - Strawberry Cranberry - Raspberry Green Apple Root Beer Italian Salad Lemon - Lime Lemon Ice Cream Powder Melon - Berry Mixed Vegetable Orange - Banana Orange - Coconut ( pudding ) Orange - Pineapple Passion Fruit Pineapple - Grapefruit Maple Syrup Plain Raspberry Mango Seasoned Tomato Sparkling Berry Sparkling Mandarin Orange Sparkling White Grape Strawberry Punch Strawberry - Kiwi Triple Chocolate Tropical Fruit Unflavored Ice Cream Powder Vanilla Ice Cream Powder Wild Raspberry Wild Strawberry Watermelon Candy See also ( edit ) Jello salad Aeroplane jelly Jell - O Museum Jello Biafra Green Jellö Aspic ( British ) Gallery ( edit ) Original Jell - O Factory , Le Roy , New York Original Jell - O Factory Historic Marker References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Purdom , Candace ( April 10 , 2001 ) . `` Program on History of Gelatin Breaks the Mold : Shedding Light on Familiar Dessert '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Improvement in the Preparation of ... '' . Google Patent Search . ^ Jump up to : Belson , Ken ( May 4 , 2008 ) . `` Upstate , Where It Was First Made , Unwavering Devotion to Jell - O '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of Jello '' . The Jell - O Gallery . Le Roy Historical Society . 27 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orator Francis Woodward '' . findagrave.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Carolyn ( 2001 ) . Jell - O : A Biography -- The History and Mystery of America 's Most Famous Dessert . Mariner Books . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0156011235 . ^ Jump up to : Christy Spackman ( August 17 , 2012 ) . `` Mormonism 's Jell - O Mold '' . Slate.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New JELL - O Book of Surprises '' . Chemical Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jell - O Museum and Gallery '' . Archived from the original on 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A timeline set in Jell - O '' . Deseret News ( Salt Lake City ) . June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Business -- Jell - O pulls plug on longtime ad firm 09 / 10 / 00 Jump up ^ `` Jello Again '' . Variety . December 11 , 1940 . p. 35 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Frederix , Emily ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bill Cosby & Jell - O : Together Again '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution Urging Jell - O Recognition '' . Utah State Senate . 2001 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kay , Katty ( February 6 , 2001 ) . `` Utah loves Jell - O '' . Washington : BBC News . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Valerie ( February 6 , 2002 ) . `` There 's green Jell - O on your lapel ... Abundance of food pins are unique to Salt Lake Olympics '' . Deseret News . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wiggle Room '' . Sunday Morning . CBS . 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jell - O Products . Kraft . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Pineapple Jelly. MPG . YouTube . 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Susan ( September 9 , 2006 ) . `` Jell - O shots pack a bang '' . The Toronto Star . Toronto , Ontario , Canada . p . M. 4 . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . A Jell - O shot is a cocktail you can eat . ^ Jump up to : My Science Project -- What is the Ultimate Jell - O Shot ? . Jump up ^ The Art & Science of the Jello Shot DrinkStreet.com Jump up ^ `` That Was the Wit That Was '' . SF Weekly . April 19 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Jerry . `` How to Mix Drinks , Or , The Bon - vivant 's Companion '' . google.com . Jump up ^ The Joy of Mixology by Gary Regan . Clarkson Potter , 2003 . Pages 15 - 16 , 150 . Jump up ^ `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Eric Richard ( 1992 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Second Ig Nobel Ceremony Held '' . The Tech . Jump up ^ Jonathan N. Axelrod ( 1995 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Ig Nobel Tickets Go on Sale : Awards Ceremony Set to Honor Unusual Achievements '' . Harvard Crimson . Jump up ^ Chandler , Michael Alison ( 26 January 2006 ) . `` Big - Screen Religion '' . Washington Post . ( ... ) the Jell - O Belt ( the self - referential term for Utah and Idaho , home to large Mormon families that consider the colorful gelatin a staple food for dinner and church socials ) ( . ) Jump up ^ Crump , Steve ( 21 March 2004 ) . `` Do n't ask me . Getting jiggly outside the Jell - O Belt '' . The Twin Falls Idaho Times - News . p . B01 . Jump up ^ Snider , Eric D. ( 17 August 2003 ) . `` Locally produced film headed to 6 festivals '' . Provo Daily Herald . ' A film that was locally produced will find an audience beyond the Jell - O Belt ( ... ) ' Jump up ^ Mikita , Carole ( 17 November 2003 ) . `` Mormon Moviemakers : The Sequel '' . KSL - TV . Reprinted at ldsfilm.com entry for Saints and Soldiers . Jump up ^ Editorial board ( 1 February 2001 ) . `` Does Jell - O belong at Legislature '' . Provo Daily Herald . Jump up ^ Katty , Katty ( 6 February 2001 ) . `` Utah loves Jell - O - official '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah Legislature SR0005 '' . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Merritt , Brett ( 16 October 2003 ) . `` The pudding Papa : Jell - O pitchman Bill Cosby jiggles onto the stage at Abravanel Hall '' . Provo Daily Herald . Jump up ^ `` JELL - O '' . Recipes . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJell - Oat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official Kraft Jell - O website Upstate , Where It Was First Made , Unwavering Devotion to Jell - O New York Times May 4 , 2008 Jell - O Gallery , Le Roy Historical Society , Le Roy , NY How to Make Jello Kitchen Chemistry : The History and Science of Jello ( hide ) Kraft Heinz Kraft Foods Heinz Ownership 3G Capital Berkshire Hathaway Kraft Foods Brands Kraft Kraft BBQ Sauce Kraft Caramels Kraft Macaroni and Cheese Kraft Easymac Kraft Mayo Kraft Bagelfuls Kraft Singles Kraft Sandwich Spread Miracle Whip A1 Steak Sauce Air Crisps Ali Coffee Back to Nature Bagel - Fuls Better Cheddars Boca Burger Bonox Breakstone 's Bulls - Eye Barbecue Sauce Café HAG Calumet Cameo Capri Sun Cheesybite Claussen Clight Cool Whip CornNuts Country Time Cracker Barrel Cheese Crystal Light Dairylea Easy Cheese General Foods Grey Poupon Handi - Snacks Harvest Crisps Jacob 's Jell - O Jet - Puffed Marshmallows Knox Knudsen Kool - Aid Kraker Bran Lunchables Maxwell House MiO Nabob Orchard Crisps Oscar Mayer Grated Pigrolac Planters Polly - O P'tit Québec Pure Kraft Salad Dressings Ritz Metro Royal baking powder Seven Seas Sanka Shake ' n Bake Simmenthal Snackabouts South Beach Living Stove Top Swiss Crackers Sugar Wafers Taco Bell Tassimo Velveeta H.J. 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Friday 's Wattie 's Weight Watchers from Heinz Wyler 's Mrs. Grass Facilities North America Lofts Asia Northgate Europe Wigan Related Heinz 57 Good things come to those who wait Mondelez International ( Nabisco , Cadbury ) Kraft Foods Inc General Foods Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jell-O&oldid=800997348 '' Categories : Products introduced in 1897 American cuisine Animal products Brand name desserts Canadian cuisine Kraft Foods brands Symbols of Utah Utah cuisine Gelatin Jams and jellies 1897 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles needing context from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing context Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2017 All pages needing cleanup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Hrvatski Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 01 : 40 . 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when are the tricuspid and bicuspid valves closed

Heart valve

heart valve

A heart valve normally allows blood to flow in only one direction through the heart . The four valves commonly represented in a mammalian heart determine the pathway of blood flow through the heart . A heart valve opens or closes incumbent on differential blood pressure on each side .

The four main valves in the heart are : The two atrioventricular ( AV ) valves , the mitral valve ( bicuspid valve ) , and the tricuspid valve , which are between the upper chambers ( atria ) and the lower chambers ( ventricles ) . The two semilunar ( SL ) valves , the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve , which are in the arteries leaving the heart . The mitral valve and the aortic valve are in the left heart ; the tricuspid valve and the pulmonary valve are in the right heart . There are also the coronary sinus and the inferior vena cava valves . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Atrioventricular valves 1.2 Semilunar valves 1.3 Development 2 Physiology 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Congenital heart disease 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Structure of the heart valves Blood flow through the valves The heart valves and the chambers are lined with endocardium . Heart valves separate the atria from the ventricles , or the ventricles from a blood vessel . Heart valves are situated around the fibrous rings of the cardiac skeleton . The valves incorporate leaflets or cusps , which are pushed open to allow blood flow and which then close together to seal and prevent backflow . The mitral valve has two cusps , whereas the others have three . There are nodules at the tips of the cusps that make the seal tighter . The pulmonary valve has left , right , and anterior cusps . The aortic valve has left , right , and posterior cusps . The tricuspid valve has anterior , posterior , and septal cusps ; and the mitral valve has just anterior and posterior cusps . Atrioventricular valves ( edit ) Main articles : Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve 3D - loop of a heart viewed from the apex , with the apical part of the ventricles removed and the mitral valve clearly visible . Due to missing data , the leaflets of the tricuspid and aortic valves are not clearly visible , but the openings are ; the pulmonary valve is not visible . On the left are two standard 2D views ( taken from the 3D dataset ) showing tricuspid and mitral valves ( above ) and aortal valve ( below ) . These are the mitral and tricuspid valves , which are situated between the atria and the ventricles and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole . They are anchored to the walls of the ventricles by chordae tendineae , which prevent the valves from inverting . The chordae tendineae are attached to papillary muscles that cause tension to better hold the valve . Together , the papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae are known as the subvalvular apparatus . The function of the subvalvular apparatus is to keep the valves from prolapsing into the atria when they close . The subvalvular apparatus has no effect on the opening and closure of the valves , however , which is caused entirely by the pressure gradient across the valve . The peculiar insertion of chords on the leaflet free margin , however , provides systolic stress sharing between chords according to their different thickness . The closure of the AV valves is heard as lub , the first heart sound ( S1 ) . The closure of the SL valves is heard as dub , the second heart sound ( S2 ) . The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve because it contains two leaflets or cusps . The mitral valve gets its name from the resemblance to a bishop 's mitre ( a type of hat ) . It is on the left side of the heart and allows the blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle . During diastole , a normally - functioning mitral valve opens as a result of increased pressure from the left atrium as it fills with blood ( preloading ) . As atrial pressure increases above that of the left ventricle , the mitral valve opens . Opening facilitates the passive flow of blood into the left ventricle . Diastole ends with atrial contraction , which ejects the final 30 % of blood that is transferred from the left atrium to the left ventricle . This amount of blood is known as the end diastolic volume ( EDV ) , and the mitral valve closes at the end of atrial contraction to prevent a reversal of blood flow . The tricuspid valve has three leaflets or cusps and is on the right side of the heart . It is between the right atrium and the right ventricle , and stops the backflow of blood between the two . Semilunar valves ( edit ) Main articles : Aortic valve and Pulmonary valve The aortic and pulmonary valves are located at the base of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk respectively . These are also called the `` semilunar valves '' . These two arteries receive blood from the ventricles and their semilunar valves permit blood to be forced into the arteries , and prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles . These valves do not have chordae tendineae , and are more similar to the valves in veins than they are to the atrioventricular valves . The closure of the semilunar valves causes the second heart sound . The aortic valve , which has three cusps , lies between the left ventricle and the aorta . During ventricular systole , pressure rises in the left ventricle and when it is greater than the pressure in the aorta , the aortic valve opens , allowing blood to exit the left ventricle into the aorta . When ventricular systole ends , pressure in the left ventricle rapidly drops and the pressure in the aorta forces aortic valve to close . The closure of the aortic valve contributes the A2 component of the second heart sound . The pulmonary valve ( sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve ) lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery , and has three cusps . Similar to the aortic valve , the pulmonary valve opens in ventricular systole , when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery . At the end of ventricular systole , when the pressure in the right ventricle falls rapidly , the pressure in the pulmonary artery will close the pulmonary valve . The closure of the pulmonary valve contributes the P2 component of the second heart sound . The right heart is a low - pressure system , so the P2 component of the second heart sound is usually softer than the A2 component of the second heart sound . However , it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both components separated during inhalation . Development ( edit ) See also : Heart development In the developing heart , the valves between the atria and ventricles , the bicuspid and the tricuspid valves , develop on either side of the atrioventricular canals . The upward extension of the bases of the ventricles causes the canal to become invaginated into the ventricle cavities . The invaginated margins form the rudiments of the lateral cusps of the AV valves . The middle and septal cusps develop from the downward extension of the septum intermedium . The semilunar valves ( the pulmonary and aortic valves ) are formed from four thickenings at the cardiac end of the truncus arteriosus . These thickenings are called endocardial cushions . The truncus arteriosus is originally a single outflow tract from the embryonic heart that will later split to become the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk . Before it has split , four thickenings occur . There are anterior , posterior , and two lateral thickenings . A septum begins to form between what will later become the ascending aorta and pulmonary tract . As the septum forms , the two lateral thickenings are split , so that the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk have three thickenings each ( an anterior or posterior , and half of each of the lateral thickenings ) . The thickenings are the origins of the three cusps of the semilunar valves . The valves are visible as unique structures by the ninth week . As they mature , they rotate slightly as the outward vessels spiral , and move slightly closer to the heart . Physiology ( edit ) In general , the motion of the heart valves is determined using the Navier -- Stokes equation , using boundary conditions of the blood pressures , pericardial fluid , and external loading as the constraints . The motion of the heart valves is used as a boundary condition in the Navier -- Stokes equation in determining the fluid dynamics of blood ejection from the left and right ventricles into the aorta and the lung . Wiggers diagram , showing various events during a cardiac cycle , with closures and openings of the aortic and mitral marked in the pressure curves . This is further explanation of the echocardiogram above . MV : Mitral valve , TV : Tricuspid valve , AV : Aortic valve , Septum : Interventricular septum . Continuous lines demarcate septum and free wall seen in echocardiogram , dotted line is a suggestion of where the free wall of the right ventricle should be . The red line represents where the upper left loop in the echocardiogram transects the 3D - loop , the blue line represents the lower loop . Relationship between pressure and flow in open valves The pressure drop , Δ p ( \ displaystyle ( \ Delta ) p ) , across an open heart valve relates to the flow rate , Q , through the valve : a ∂ Q ∂ t + b Q 2 = Δ p ( \ displaystyle a ( ( \ partial ) Q \ over ( \ partial ) t ) + bQ ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ Delta ) p ) If : Inflow energy conserved Stagnant region behind leaflets Outflow momentum conserved Flat velocity profile Valves with a single degree of freedom Usually , the aortic and mitral valves are incorporated in valve studies within a single degree of freedom . These relationships are based on the idea of the valve being a structure with a single degree of freedom . These relationships are based on the Euler equations . Equations for the aortic valve in this case : ρ ( ∂ u ∂ t + u ∂ u ∂ x ) + ∂ p ∂ x = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ rho ) \ left ( ( ( \ partial ) u \ over ( \ partial ) t ) + ( u ( \ partial ) u \ over ( \ partial ) x ) \ right ) + ( ( \ partial ) p \ over ( \ partial ) x ) = 0 ) ∂ A ∂ t + ∂ ∂ x ( A u ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( ( \ partial ) A \ over ( \ partial ) t ) + ( ( \ partial ) \ over ( \ partial ) x ) ( Au ) = 0 ) A ( x , t ) = A 0 ( 1 − ( 1 − Λ ( t ) ) x L ) 2 ( \ displaystyle A ( x , t ) = A_ ( 0 ) \ left ( 1 - ( 1 - ( \ Lambda ) ( t ) ) ( x \ over ( L ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ∫ 0 L p ( x , t ) ∂ A ∂ x d x = ( A 0 − A ( L , t ) ) p ( L , t ) ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( L ) p ( x , t ) ( ( \ partial ) A \ over ( \ partial ) x ) \ , dx = ( A_ ( 0 ) - A ( L , t ) ) \ , p ( L , t ) ) where : u = axial velocity p = pressure A = cross sectional area of valve L = axial length of valve Λ ( t ) = single degree of freedom ; when Λ 2 ( t ) = A ( L , t ) A 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Lambda ^ ( 2 ) ( t ) = ( A ( L , t ) \ over A_ ( 0 ) ) ) Atrioventricular valve Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Valvular heart disease Valvular heart disease is a general term referring to dysfunction of the valves , and is primarily in two forms , either regurgitation , where a dysfunctional valve lets blood flow in the wrong direction , or stenosis , when a valve is narrow . Regurgitation occurs when a valve becomes insufficient and malfunctions , allowing some blood to flow in the wrong direction . This insufficiency can affect any of the valves as in aortic insufficiency , mitral insufficiency , pulmonary insufficiency and tricuspid insufficiency . The other form of valvular heart disease is stenosis , a narrowing of the valve . This is a result of the valve becoming thickened and any of the heart valves can be affected , as in mitral valve stenosis , tricuspid valve stenosis , pulmonary valve stenosis and aortic valve stenosis . Stenosis of the mitral valve is a common complication of rheumatic fever . Inflammation of the valves can be caused by infective endocarditis , usually a bacterial infection but can sometimes be caused by other organisms . Bacteria can more readily attach to damaged valves . Another type of endocarditis which does n't provoke an inflammatory response , is nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis . This is commonly found on previously undamaged valves . A major valvular heart disease is mitral valve prolapse , which is a weakening of connective tissue called myxomatous degeneration of the valve . This sees the displacement of a thickened mitral valve cusp into the left atrium during systole . Disease of the heart valves can be congenital , such as aortic regurgitation or acquired , for example infective endocarditis . Different forms are associated with cardiovascular disease , connective tissue disorders and hypertension . The symptoms of the disease will depend on the affected valve , the type of disease , and the severity of the disease . For example , valvular disease of the aortic valve , such as aortic stenosis or aortic regurgitation , may cause breathlessness , whereas valvular diseaes of the tricuspid valve may lead to dysfunction of the liver and jaundice . When valvular heart disease results from infectious causes , such as infective endocarditis , an affected person may have a fever and unique signs such as splinter haemorrhages of the nails , Janeway lesions , Osler nodes and Roth spots . A particularly feared complication of valvular disease is the creation of emboli because of turbulent blood flow , and the development of heart failure . Valvular heart disease is diagnosed by echocardiography , which is a form of ultrasound . Damaged and defective heart valves can be repaired , or replaced with artificial heart valves . Infectious causes may also require treatment with antibiotics . Congenital heart disease ( edit ) Main article : Congenital heart defect The most common form of valvular anomaly is a congenital heart defect ( CHD ) , called a bicuspid aortic valve . This results from the fusing of two of the cusps during embryonic development forming a bicuspid valve instead of a tricuspid valve . This condition is often undiagnosed until calcific aortic stenosis has developed , and this usually happens around ten years earlier than would otherwise develop . Less common CHD 's are tricuspid and pulmonary atresia , and Ebstein 's anomaly . Tricuspid atresia is the complete absence of the tricuspid valve which can lead to an underdeveloped or absent right ventricle . Pulmonary atresia is the complete closure of the pulmonary valve . Ebstein 's anomaly is the displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve causing a larger atrium and a smaller ventricle than normal . History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2014 ) Illustration of the valves of the heart when the ventricles are contracting . See also ( edit ) Pericardial heart valves Bjork -- Shiley valve References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ `` Heart Valves '' . American Heart Association , Inc -- 10000056 Heart and Stroke Encyclopedia . American Heart Association , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , RE ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Pressure Gradients '' . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . Richard E. Klabunde . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , RE ( 2007 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Cardiac Valve Disease '' . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . Richard E. Klabunde . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Anatomy photo : 20 : 21 - 0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Heart : The Pulmonic Valve '' Jump up ^ Anatomy photo : 20 : 29 - 0104 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Heart : The Aortic Valve and Aortic Sinuses '' Jump up ^ S Nazari et al. : Patterns Of Systolic Stress Distribution On Mitral Valve Anterior Leaflet Chordal Apparatus . A Structural Mechanical Theoretical Analysis . J Cardiovasc Surg ( Turin ) 2000 Apr ; 41 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 202 ( video ) ^ Jump up to : Schoenwolf , Gary C. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of the Urogenital system '' . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 177 -- 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06811 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 612 -- 628 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell RS , Kumar V , Robbins SL , Abbas AK , Fausto N ( 2007 ) . Robbins Basic Pathology ( 8th ed . ) . Saunders / Elsevier . pp. 406 -- 8 . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2973 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bertazzo , S. et al. Nano - analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification . Nature Materials 12 , 576 -- 583 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Miller , J.D. Cardiovascular calcification : Orbicular origins . Nature Materials 12 , 476 -- 478 ( 2013 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heart valves . Mitral Valve Repair at The Mount Sinai Hospital -- `` Mitral Valve Anatomy '' 3D , animated , rotatable heart valves ( Rich media including Javascript and Flash player required ) Transcatheter mitral valve implantation : Tendyne ( hide ) Anatomy of the heart General Surface base apex sulci coronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricular borders right left Internal atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae , coronary sinus ) → right atrium ( atrial appendage , fossa ovalis , limbus of fossa ovalis , crista terminalis , valve of inferior vena cava , valve of coronary sinus ) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum , moderator band / septomarginal trabecula , crista supraventricularis ) , → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation ) Left heart ( pulmonary veins ) → left atrium ( atrial appendage ) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus ) → ( aorta and systemic circulation ) Layers Endocardium heart valves Myocardium Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann 's bundle AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavity pericardial sinus Pericardium fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium / visceral layer fold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_valve&oldid=835134671 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Cardiac anatomy Heart valves Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles to be expanded from October 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाली Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 19 : 37 . 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what is the majority race in houston texas

Houston is a diverse and international city , in part because of its many academic institutions and strong biomedical , energy , manufacturing and aerospace industries . According to the U.S. Census 2000 , the racial makeup of the city was 49.3 % White ( including Hispanic or Latino ) , 25.3 % Black or African American , 0.4 % Native American , 5.3 % Asian , 0.2 % Pacific Islander , 16.5 % from other races , and 3.2 % from two or more races . 37 % of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race . Since the 1990 Census , Houston 's population has become majority - minority .

White ( including Hispanic or Latino )

Demographics of Houston

demographics of houston

This article on the demographics of Houston in the early 21st century ( 2001 -- 2015 ) contains information on population characteristics of Houston , Texas , United States of America , including households , family status , age , gender , income , race and ethnicity .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Population and households 2 Race and ethnic origins 3 Religion 4 Language 5 National origin 5.1 Refugee populations 6 LGBT community 7 Health 8 Politics 9 References 10 External links Population and households ( edit ) City of Houston Past censuses Year Population Rank 1850 2,396 ? 1860 4,845 ? 1870 9,332 ? 1880 16,513 ? 1890 27,557 ? 1900 44,633 85 1910 78,800 68 1920 138,276 45 1930 292,352 26 1940 384,514 21 1950 596,163 14 1960 938,219 7 1970 1,232,802 6 1980 1,595,138 5 1,630,553 2000 1,953,631 2,099,451 As of the census of 2000 , there were 1,953,631 people , 717,945 households , and 457,330 families residing in the city . The population density was 3,371.7 people per square mile ( 1,301.8 / km2 ) . There were 782,009 housing units at an average density of 1,349.6 per square mile ( 521.1 / km2 ) . If the city of Houston were a U.S. state , it would rank 36th in population -- its estimated 2.01 million residents in 2004 placed it behind Nevada and ahead of New Mexico . In 2005 , the Greater Houston area had a population of more than 5.7 million , as the area was growing at a faster rate than the state or the nation . In 2000 , there were 717,945 households in the city , of which 33.1 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 43.2 % were married couples living together , 15.3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 36.3 % were non-families . Twenty - nine percent of all households were made up of individuals and 6.2 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.39 . The median house price was $115,961 in 2009 . In the city , the population was spread out with 27.5 % under the age of 18 , 11.2 % from 18 to 24 , 33.8 % from 25 to 44 , 19.1 % from 45 to 64 , and 8.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 31 years . For every 100 females there were 99.7 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 97.8 males . The median income for a household in the city was $36,616 , and the median income for a family was $40,443 . Males had a median income of $32,084 versus $27,371 for females . The per capita income for the city was $20,101 . Nineteen percent of the population and 16 % of families were below the poverty line . Out of the total population , 26.1 % of those under the age of 18 and 14.3 % of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line . As of 2002 , 38,000 residents of Houston were counted among residents of Fort Bend County , as the city had expanded into this county . Houston ranked as the third - largest city within Fort Bend County by population , after Missouri City and Sugar Land . Race and ethnic origins ( edit ) A map of racial / ethnic distribution in the City of Houston and Greater Houston , 2010 U.S. Census - Each dot represents 25 people . Red dots represent White people , orange dots represent Hispanic people , blue dots represent Black people , green dots represent Asian people , and yellow dots represent other people Main article : Ethnic groups in Houston Houston is a diverse and international city , in part because of its many academic institutions and strong biomedical , energy , manufacturing and aerospace industries . According to the U.S. Census 2000 , the racial makeup of the city was 49.3 % White ( including Hispanic or Latino ) , 25.3 % Black or African American , 0.4 % Native American , 5.3 % Asian , 0.2 % Pacific Islander , 16.5 % from other races , and 3.2 % from two or more races . 37 % of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race . Since the 1990 Census , Houston 's population has become majority - minority . The Daily Mail stated , in regards to the 2000 census data , that the racial and ethnic diversity in Houston and Greater Houston increased in areas outside the center of the city , where living costs were lower and there was more residential development . Religion ( edit ) Lakewood Church Main article : Religion in Houston According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , 73 % of the population of the city identified as Christian , with 50 % saying they attended a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant , and 19 % identifying as Roman Catholic . Some 20 % did not claim any religious affiliation . The PEW study said that adherents of other religions ( including Judaism , Buddhism , Islam , and Hinduism ) collectively make up about 7 % of the population . Houston is also within the Bible Belt . Language ( edit ) Several streets in the Midtown district have Vietnamese names In the 2000 U.S. Census , 938,123 residents of the City of Houston said that they spoke English only . The largest foreign languages in Houston included Spanish and Spanish creole ( 679,292 speakers ) , Vietnamese ( 26,125 speakers ) , Chinese ( 24,234 speakers ) , African indigenous languages ( 11,603 speakers ) , and Urdu of Pakistan ( 10,669 speakers ) . Percentages of the non-English groups who said that they spoke English at least `` very well '' include 42 % of the Spanish speakers , 32 % of the Vietnamese speakers , 49 % of the Chinese speakers , 72 % of the speakers of indigenous African languages , and 70 % of the speakers of Urdu . In 2000 , 1,961,993 residents of Harris County spoke English only . The five largest foreign languages in the county were Spanish or Spanish Creole ( 1,106,883 speakers ) , Vietnamese ( 53,311 speakers ) , Chinese ( 33,003 speakers ) , French including Cajun and Patois ( 33,003 speakers ) , and Urdu of Pakistan ( 14,595 speakers ) . Percentages of language groups who said that they spoke English at least `` very well '' include 46 % of Spanish speakers , 37 % of Vietnamese speakers , 50 % of Chinese speakers , 85 % of French speakers , and 72 % of Urdu speakers . Southwestern Louisiana Creole language is spoken in Houston . As of 2015 , about 40 % of Harris County residents spoke languages other than English . National origin ( edit ) Houston 's foreign - born population increased by 400,000 in a ten - year span ending in 2010 . During that span , of all U.S. cities , Houston had the second - largest increase of foreign - born persons . As of 2011 , 22 % of Greater Houston residents were born in another country . This percentage was the fifth - largest in Texas . In 2015 about 25 % of the residents of Harris County , over one million persons , were immigrants . Surrounding counties have percentages similar to that of Harris County . As of that year , immigrants were widely dispersed throughout the Houston area . Refugee populations ( edit ) Since the 1970s , when Houston began absorbing Vietnamese refugees after the Fall of Saigon , Houston has become a destination for refugee resettlement . About 1,600 refugees arrive at George Bush Intercontinental Airport per year . Refugees from Afghanistan , Bhutan , El Salvador , Cuba , Iraq , Myanmar , and Somalia have settled in Houston ; Burundians from Rwanda have also settled in Houston . Over the three years leading to 2009 , Houston took about 2,200 Burmese . In 2014 4,818 refugees from 40 countries settled in Harris County . That year , of all counties in Texas , Harris County had the largest number of refugee settlements . LGBT community ( edit ) Main article : LGBT community of Houston Montrose historically was the center of the LGBT community in Houston . By 2011 many homosexual people moved to the Houston Heights and to suburbs in Greater Houston . Health ( edit ) In 2010 the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston released a Health of Houston Survey . Based on the survey results , 20 % of area residents consider themselves to be in poor or fair health . Half of the Houston area residents do not have dental insurance . The area 's percentage of individuals who report having psychiatric distress is twice the U.S. national average . Of the racial groups , after excluding illegal immigrants , Hispanics have the lowest rates of health insurance . Houston is also part of the Stroke Belt along with many other Southern cities . Politics ( edit ) In 2013 Allen Turner of the Houston Chronicle reported that residents of Harris County were `` consistently conservative in elections , '' voting for Republican candidates in local , state and federal elections . But , according to a Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research 2013 opinion poll , they were surprisingly liberal on a variety of hot - button social topics , `` such as immigration , gun control and equal matrimonial rights for same - sex couples '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 Archived March 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Campbell Gibson , Population Division , U.S. Census Bureau . Published June 1998 . Last accessed January 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Demographics . Greater Houston Partnership Jump up ^ Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places over 100,000 , Ranked by July 1 , 2005 Population : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2005 ( SUB-EST2005 - 01 ) . United States Census Bureau Jump up ^ `` Post-Census Population Change : Houston is growing faster than the state and the nation '' , Greater Houston Partnership Jump up ^ `` Houston Housing Trends and Values '' . HouseAlmanac.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ De Mangin , Charles . `` Neighborhood charts its course . '' Houston Chronicle . Thursday November 14 , 2002 . Retrieved on October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gardner , David . `` Revealed : The maps that show the racial breakdown of America 's biggest cities '' , Daily Mail . September 26 , 2010 . Retrieved on November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles , Pew Research Center Jump up ^ `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barry Vann , In Search of Ulster Scots Land ; Barry Vann , `` Natural Liberty in the Bible Belt , '' Nomocracy in Politics ( February , 2014 ) , http://nomocracyinpolitics.com/2014/02/03/natural-liberty-in-the-bible-belt-an-explanation-of-conservative-voting-patterns-in-southern-appalachia-by-barry-a-vann/ ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , Lori . `` TRANSLATING A NEED / Language barriers / Immigrants see English as vital , but work , family limit time to learn '' ( ) . Houston Chronicle . Monday September 18 , 2006 . A1 . Retrieved on December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` French Creole Heritage '' . Laheritage.org . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rhor , Monica . `` Immigrants from around the world are transforming Houston . '' Houston Chronicle . March 5 , 2015 . Updated March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved on March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pulsinelli , Olivia . `` Nearly 22 % of Houston residents are immigrants , study shows , '' Houston Business Journal . October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved on November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giglio , Mike . `` The Burmese Come to Houston , '' Houston Press . September 1 , 2009 . 1 . Retrieved on December 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Oaklander , Mandy . `` The Mayor of Montrose . '' Houston Press . 18 May 2011 . 4 . Retrieved on May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Todd . `` Survey finds Houstonian health worse than national average . '' Houston Chronicle . Monday November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved on November 7 , 2011 . Map . ( Image archive ) Jump up ^ Emily Ramshaw , East Texans ' Bad Health and Bad Habits Promote a ' Stroke Belt ' , The New York Times , January 14 , 2011 Jump up ^ Turner , Allen . `` '' Survey finds area growing in ' tolerant traditionalists ' , '' Houston Chronicle , 24 April 2013 . Retrieved on April 25 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Houston portal Houston demographics - Greater Houston Partnership - Houston.org Health of Houston Survey 2010 - University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston City of Houston page on demographic information Houston demographics at University of Wisconsin -- Eau Claire Klineberg , Stephen L. `` THE CHANGING FACE OF HOUSTON : Tracking the Economic and Demographic Transformations Through 30 Years of Survey . '' Posted at the City of Houston . Tolson , Mike . `` Houston represents the changing face of the nation . '' Houston Chronicle . Thursday May 23 , 2013 . ( hide ) City of Houston Nickname : Space City Topics Architecture Climate Culture Demographics Economy Geography History Timeline Media Newspapers Transportation Sister cities Attractions Art Car Parade Bayou Place Comicpalooza Discovery Green Downtown Aquarium Free Press Summer Fest The Galleria Hermann Park Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo Houston Zoo Kemah Boardwalk Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark Memorial Park Museum District The Orange Show San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site Space Center Houston Splashtown Texas Medical Center Theater District Waterwall Park Business Districts Downtown Uptown Texas Medical Center Greenway Plaza Energy Corridor Westchase Memorial City Greenspoint See also : List of companies in Houston Communities Acres Homes Addicks Alief Almeda Bordersville Boulevard Oaks Braeburn Braeswood Place Brays Oaks Blue Ridge Chinatown Clear Lake City Denver Harbor East Downtown East End East Houston Fairbanks Forum Park Genoa Glenbrook Valley Gulfton Harrisburg Hiram Clarke Houston Heights Independence Heights Inwood Forest Kingwood Link Valley Lower Westheimer Magnolia Park Mahatma Gandhi District Maplewood Memorial Meyerland Midtown Montrose District Museum District Neartown Near Northwest North Shore Northside Oak Forest River Oaks Riverside Terrace Southwest Management District South Park Spring Branch Sunnyside Upper Kirby Historic wards First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward Fifth Ward Sixth Ward Education State universities University of Houston University of Houston -- Clear Lake University of Houston -- Downtown Texas Southern University Private universities Houston Baptist University Rice University University of St. Thomas Community colleges Houston Community College Lone Star College San Jacinto College Lee College K - 12 school districts Houston ISD Aldine ISD Alief ISD Spring Branch ISD Clear Creek ISD Cy - Fair ISD Fort Bend ISD Galena Park ISD Humble ISD Katy ISD Pasadena ISD Spring ISD Huffman ISD New Caney ISD See : List of colleges and universities in Houston Government City Council Fire Mayors Police Politics Neighborhoods Afton Oaks Brentwood Briargrove Park Briarhills Broadacres City Park Clinton Park Cloverland Corinthian Pointe Cottage Grove Crestwood / Glen Cove Eastwood Garden Oaks Glenshire Highland Village Houston Gardens Idylwood Kashmere Gardens Knollwood Village Lakes of Parkway Larchmont Magnolia Grove Montrose Morningside Place Near North Side Nottingham Forest Old Braeswood Parkway Villages Pecan Park Port Houston Rice Military Richmond Strip Robindell Royal Oaks Country Club Sagemont Scenic Woods Settegast Shadyside Sharpstown Shenandoah Somerset Green Southampton Southbelt / Ellington Southcrest Southgate Stablewood St. George Place ( Lamar Terrace ) Sunset Terrace / Montclair Tanglewood University Oaks Village at Glen Iris Walnut Bend Westbury West End West Oaks Westwood ( subdivision ) Westmoreland Willow Meadows Willowbend Windsor Village Woodland Heights Sports Houston Astros Houston Dash Houston Dynamo Houston Rockets Houston Texans Scrap Yard Dawgs Harris County Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Metro Texas United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Houston&oldid=801496165 '' Categories : Demographics of Houston Demographics of Texas Culture of Houston Geography of Houston Economy of Houston Demographics by city in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 00 : 55 . 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who was peter talking to in 1 peter 2

First epistle of Peter

first epistle of peter

Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The First Epistle of Peter , usually referred to simply as First Peter and often written 1 Peter , is a book of the New Testament . The author presents himself as Peter the Apostle , and , following Roman Catholic tradition , the epistle has been held to have been written during his time as bishop of Rome or Bishop of Antioch , though neither title is used in the epistle . The text of the letter states that it was written from Babylon . The letter is addressed to various churches in Asia Minor suffering religious persecution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Authorship 2 Audience 3 Outline 4 Context 4.1 Social discrimination of Christians 4.2 Official persecution of Christians 5 The Harrowing of Hell 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Authorship ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Petrine epistles The authorship of 1 Peter has traditionally been attributed to the Apostle Peter because it bears his name and identifies him as its author ( 1 : 1 ) . Although the text identifies Peter as its author , the language , dating , style , and structure of this letter have led many scholars to conclude that this letter is pseudonymous . Many scholars are convinced that Peter was not the author of this letter because the author had to have a formal education in rhetoric / philosophy and an advanced knowledge of the Greek language . Graham Stanton rejects Petrine authorship because 1 Peter was most likely written during the reign of Domitian in AD 81 , which is when he believes widespread Christian persecution began , which is long after the death of Peter . However , current scholarship has abandoned the persecution argument because the described persecution within the work does not necessitate a time period outside of the period of Peter . Other scholars doubt Petrine authorship because they are convinced that 1 Peter is dependent on the Pauline epistles and thus was written after Paul the Apostle 's ministry because it shares many of the same motifs espoused in Ephesians , Colossians , and the Pastoral Epistles . Others argue that it makes little sense to ascribe the work to Peter when it could have been ascribed to Paul . Alternatively , one theory supporting legitimate Petrine authorship of 1 Peter is the `` secretarial hypothesis '' , which suggests that 1 Peter was dictated by Peter and was written in Greek by his secretary , Silvanus ( 5 : 12 ) . John Elliot disagrees , suggesting that the notion of Silvanus as secretary or author or drafter of 1 Peter introduces more problems than it solves because the Greek rendition of 5 : 12 suggests that Silvanus was not the secretary , but the courier / bearer of 1 Peter , and some see Mark as a contributive amanuensis in the composition and writing of the work . On the one hand , some scholars such as Bart D. Ehrman are convinced that the language , dating , literary style , and structure of this text makes it implausible to conclude that 1 Peter was written by Peter ; according to these scholars , it is more likely that 1 Peter is a pseudonymous letter , written later by one of the disciples of Peter in his honor . On the other hand , some scholars argue that there is enough evidence to conclude that Peter did , in fact , write 1 Peter . For instance , there are similarities between 1 Peter and Peter 's speeches in the Biblical book of Acts , and early attestation of Peter 's authorship is found in 2 Peter ( AD 60 -- 160 ) and the letters of Clement ( AD 70 - 140 ) , all supporting genuine Petrine origin . Ultimately , the authorship of 1 Peter remains contested . Audience ( edit ) 1 Peter is addressed to the `` elect resident aliens '' scattered throughout Pontus , Galatia , Cappadocia , Asia , and Bithynia . The five areas listed in 1 : 1 as the geographical location of the first readers were Roman provinces in Asia Minor . The order in which the provinces are listed may reflect the route to be taken by the messenger who delivered the circular letter . The recipients of this letter are referred to in 1 : 1 as `` exiles of the Dispersion . '' In 1 : 17 , they are urged to `` live in reverent fear during the time of your exile '' . The social makeup of the addressees of 1 Peter is debatable because some scholars interpret `` strangers '' ( 1 : 1 ) as Christians longing for their home in heaven , some interpret it as literal `` strangers '' , or as an Old Testament adaptation applied to Christian believers . While the new Christians have encountered oppression and hostility from locals , Peter advises them to maintain loyalty to both their religion and the Roman Empire ( 1 Peter 2 : 17 ) . The author counsels ( 1 ) to steadfastness and perseverance under persecution ( 1 -- 2 : 10 ) ; ( 2 ) to the practical duties of a holy life ( 2 : 11 -- 3 : 13 ) ; ( 3 ) he adduces the example of Christ and other motives to patience and holiness ( 3 : 14 -- 4 : 19 ) ; and ( 4 ) concludes with counsels to pastors and people ( chap. 5 ) . Outline ( edit ) David Bartlett lists the following outline to structure the literary divisions of 1 Peter . Greeting ( 1 : 1 -- 2 ) Praise to God ( 1 : 3 -- 12 ) God 's Holy People ( 1 : 13 -- 2 : 10 ) Life in Exile ( 2 : 11 -- 4 : 11 ) Steadfast in Faith ( 4 : 12 -- 5 : 11 ) Final Greeting ( 5 : 12 -- 14 ) Part of a series on Saint Peter In the New Testament Walking on water Confession Servant 's ear Denial Restoration Vision of a sheet Liberation Incident at Antioch Epistles 1 Peter 2 Peter Other Cross Sword Tomb Quo vadis ? Primacy In Judaism In Islam Context ( edit ) The Petrine author writes of his addressees undergoing `` various trials '' ( 1 Peter 1 : 6 ) , being `` tested by fire '' ( 1 : 7 ) , maligned `` as evildoers '' ( 2 : 12 ) and suffering `` for doing good '' ( 3 : 17 ) . Based on such internal evidence , biblical scholar John Elliott summarizes the addressees ' situation as one marked by undeserved suffering . Verse ( 3 : 19 ) , `` Spirits in prison '' , is a continuing theme in Christianity , and one considered by most theologians to be enigmatic and difficult to interpret . A number of verses in the epistle contain possible clues about the reasons Christians experienced opposition . Exhortations to live blameless lives ( 2 : 15 ; 3 : 9 , 13 , 16 ) may suggest that the Christian addressees were accused of immoral behavior , and exhortations to civil obedience ( 2 : 13 -- 17 ) perhaps imply that they were accused of disloyalty to governing powers . However , scholars differ on the nature of persecution inflicted on the addressees of 1 Peter . Some read the epistle to be describing persecution in the form of social discrimination , while some read them to be official persecution . Social discrimination of Christians ( edit ) Some scholars believe that the sufferings the epistle 's addressees were experiencing were social in nature , specifically in the form of verbal derision . Internal evidence for this includes the use of words like `` malign '' ( 2 : 12 ; 3 : 16 ) , and `` reviled '' ( 4 : 14 ) . Biblical scholar John Elliott notes that the author explicitly urges the addressees to respect authority ( 2 : 13 ) and even honor the emperor ( 2 : 17 ) , strongly suggesting that they were unlikely to be suffering from official Roman persecution . It is significant to him that the author notes that `` your brothers and sisters in all the world are undergoing the same kinds of suffering '' ( 5 : 9 ) , indicating suffering that is worldwide in scope . Elliott sees this as grounds to reject the idea that the epistle refers to official persecution , because the first worldwide persecution of Christians officially meted by Rome did not occur until the persecution initiated by Decius in AD 250 . Official persecution of Christians ( edit ) On the other hand , scholars who support the official persecution theory take the exhortation to defend one 's faith ( 3 : 15 ) as a reference to official court proceedings . They believe that these persecutions involved court trials before Roman authorities , and even executions . One common supposition is that 1 Peter was written during the reign of Domitian ( AD 81 -- 96 ) . Domitian 's aggressive claim to divinity would have been rejected and resisted by Christians . Biblical scholar Paul Achtemeier believes that persecution of Christians by Domitian would have been in character , but points out that there is no evidence of official policy targeted specifically at Christians . If Christians were persecuted , it is likely to have been part of Domitian 's larger policy suppressing all opposition to his self - proclaimed divinity . There are other scholars who explicitly dispute the idea of contextualizing 1 Peter within Domitian 's reign . Duane Warden believes that Domitian 's unpopularity even among Romans renders it highly unlikely that his actions would have great influence in the provinces , especially those under the direct supervision of the senate such as Asia ( one of the provinces 1 Peter is addressed to ) . Also often advanced as a possible context for 1 Peter is the trials and executions of Christians in the Roman province of Bithynia - Pontus under Pliny the Younger . Scholars who support this theory believe that a famous letter from Pliny to Emperor Trajan concerning the delation of Christians reflects the situation faced by the addressees of this epistle . In Pliny 's letter , written in AD 112 , he asks Trajan if the accused Christians brought before him should be punished based on the name ' Christian ' alone , or for crimes associated with the name . For biblical scholar John Knox , the use of the word `` name '' in 4 : 14 -- 16 is the `` crucial point of contact '' with that in Pliny 's letter . In addition , many scholars in support of this theory believe that there is content within 1 Peter that directly mirrors the situation as portrayed in Pliny 's letter . For instance , they interpret the exhortation to defend one 's faith `` with gentleness and reverence '' in 3 : 15 -- 16 as a response to Pliny executing Christians for the obstinate manner in which they professed to be Christians . Generally , this theory is rejected mainly by scholars who read the suffering in 1 Peter to be caused by social , rather than official , discrimination . The harrowing of hell ( edit ) Main article : Harrowing of Hell The author refers to Jesus , after his death , proclaiming to spirits in prison ( 3 : 18 -- 20 ) . This passage , and a few others ( such as Matthew 27 : 52 and Luke 23 : 43 ) , are the basis of the traditional Christian belief in the descent of Christ into hell , or the harrowing of hell . Though interpretations vary , some theologians see this passage as referring to Jesus , after his death , going to a place ( neither heaven nor hell in the ultimate sense ) where the souls of pre-Christian people waited for the Gospel . The first creeds to mention the harrowing of hell were Arian formularies of Sirmium ( 359 ) , Nike ( 360 ) , and Constantinople ( 360 ) . It spread through the west and later appeared in the Apostles ' Creed `` . See also ( edit ) Textual variants in the First Epistle of Peter Spirits in prison , ( 3 : 19 ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Achtemeier , Paul . Peter 1 Hermeneia . Fortress Press . 1996 Jump up ^ Stanton , Graham . Eerdmans Commentary of the Bible . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Travis B. Williams ( 1 November 2012 ) . Persecution in 1 Peter : Differentiating and Contextualizing Early Christian Suffering . BRILL . pp. 28 -- . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 24189 - 3 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , David . New Interpreters Bible Commentary , 1 Peter . Abingdon Press . 1998 . Jump up ^ Elliot , John . 1 Peter : Anchor Bible Commentary . Yale University Press . 2001 . Jump up ^ Travis B. Williams ( 1 November 2012 ) . Persecution in 1 Peter : Differentiating and Contextualizing Early Christian Suffering . BRILL . pp. 25 -- . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 24189 - 3 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Jongyoon Moon ( 30 November 2009 ) . Mark As Contributive Amanuensis of 1 Peter ? . LIT Verlag Münster . ISBN 978 - 3 - 643 - 10428 - 1 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2011 ) . Forged . HarperOne , HarperCollins . pp. 65 -- 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 201262 - 3 . Jump up ^ Daniel Keating , First and Second Peter Jude ( Grand Rapids : Baker Academic , 2011 ) 18 . Norman Hillyer , 1 and 2 Peter , Jude , New International Biblical Commentary ( Peabody , MA : Henrickson , 1992 ) , 1 -- 3 . Karen H. Jobes , 1 Peter ( Grand Rapids : Baker , 2005 ) , 14 -- 19 ) . Jump up ^ Bauckham , RJ ( 1983 ) , Word Bible Commentary , Vol. 50 , Jude - 2 Peter , Waco ^ Jump up to : Stanton , Graham . Eerdmans Commentary of the Bible . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Peter , first letter of '' A Dictionary of the Bible . by W.R.F. Browning . Oxford University Press Inc . Oxford Reference Online . Oxford University Press . University of Chicago . 10 May 2012 Jump up ^ Elliott , John . 1 Peter : a new translation with introduction and commentary . Yale University Press . 2000 Jump up ^ Christian Monthly Standard http://www.christianmonthlystandard.com/index.php/preached-to-the-spirits-in-prison-1-peter-318-20/ Jump up ^ Mason , Eric F. ; Martin , Troy W. ( 2014 ) . Reading 1 -- 2 Peter and Jude : A Resource for Students . Atlanta , Ga. : Society of Biblical Literature . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 9781589837379 . Jump up ^ Elliott , John . I Peter : a new translation with introduction and commentary . Yale University Press . 2000 Jump up ^ Warden , Duane . Imperial Persecution and the Dating of 1 Peter and Revelation . Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 34 : 2 . 1991 ^ Jump up to : Knox , John . Pliny and I Peter : A Note on I Peter 4 : 14 -- 16 and 3 : 15 . Journal of Biblical Literature 72 : 3 . 1953 Jump up ^ Downing , F Gerald . Pliny 's Prosecutions of Christians : Revelation and 1 Peter . Journal for the Study of the New Testament 34 . 1988 ^ Jump up to : `` Descent of Christ into Hell . '' Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 , External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : 1 Peter Wikiquote has quotations related to : First Epistle of Peter Online translations of the First Epistle of Peter : NET Bible 1 Peter Bible Text , Study notes , Greek , with audio link Early Christian writings : 1 Peter Online Bible at GospelHall.org Bible : 1 Peter public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Related articles : The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : 1 Peter Easton 's Bible Dictionary 1897 : First Epistle of Peter Ernst R. Wendland , `` Stand Fast in the True Grace of God ! A Study of 1 Peter '' Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Epistles of Saint Peter '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . 1 Peter The authenticity and authorship by Peter of the First Epistle of Peter defended First Epistle of Peter General Epistle Preceded by James New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Second Peter Portals Access related topics Christianity portal Religion portal Literature portal Books portal First Epistle of Peter Bible 1 Peter 1 5 Bible portal Places Asia Babylon Bithynia Cappadocia Galatia Pontus Persons Abraham Jesus Christ Mark Noah Peter Sarah Silvanus Terms / Phrases Spirits in prison Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Epistle of James ( chapter 5 ) Second Epistle of Peter ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Epistle_of_Peter&oldid=841715109 '' Categories : New Testament books Petrine - related books Canonical epistles First Epistle of Peter Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2012 Articles with LibriVox links Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 15 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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what is the name of the cat in hong kong phooey

Penry disguises himself as Hong Kong Phooey by jumping into a filing cabinet despite always getting stuck -- and unstuck by his striped cat Spot -- and once disguised , gets equipped with the `` Phooeymobile '' vehicle that transforms itself into a boat , a plane , or a telephone booth depending on the circumstances by banging his gong or changes automatically whenever necessary .

Spot

Hong Kong Phooey

hong kong phooey

Hong Kong Phooey Genre Animation Directed by Charles A. Nichols Wally Burr ( recording director ) Voices of Scatman Crothers Richard Dawson Kathy Gori Don Messick Joe E. Ross Theme music composer Hoyt Curtin Composer ( s ) Hoyt Curtin Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 16 ( 31 sub-episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) William Hanna Joseph Barbera Producer ( s ) Iwao Takamoto ( creative producer ) Running time 30 minutes ( approximately ) Production company ( s ) Hanna - Barbera Productions Distributor Taft Broadcasting ( 1974 -- 1979 ) Worldvision Enterprises ( 1979 -- 1991 ) Turner Program Services ( 1991 -- 1996 ) Warner Bros. Television Distribution ( 1996 -- present ) Release Original network ABC Original release September 7 ( 1974 - 09 - 07 ) -- December 21 , 1974 ( 1974 - 12 - 21 ) Hong Kong Phooey is a 30 - minute Saturday morning animated series produced by Hanna - Barbera Productions and broadcast on ABC from September 7 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 07 ) , to December 21 , 1974 ( 1974 - 12 - 21 ) . The main character , Hong Kong Phooey himself , is the clownishly clumsy secret identity of Penrod `` Penry '' Pooch , working at a police station as a `` mild - mannered '' janitor under the glare of Sergeant Flint ( `` Sarge '' ) . Penry disguises himself as Hong Kong Phooey by jumping into a filing cabinet despite always getting stuck -- and unstuck by his striped cat Spot -- and once disguised , gets equipped with the `` Phooeymobile '' vehicle that transforms itself into a boat , a plane , or a telephone booth depending on the circumstances by banging his gong or changes automatically whenever necessary . He fights crime relying on his copy of The Hong Kong Book of Kung Fu , a correspondence - course martial - arts instruction handbook . However , his successes are only either thanks to Spot , who provides a solution to the challenges , or the direct result of a comically unintended side effect of his conscious efforts . The humor of incompetence of Hong Kong Phooey is a recurring theme of each episode , and is not unlike the recurring theme in Klondike Kat , whose successes are only thanks to unintended circumstances , not his own skills as a Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer . The background was designed by Lorraine Andrina and Richard Khim . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Production 3 Music 4 Episode guide 5 Home media releases 6 Voices 6.1 Additional voices 7 Other media 7.1 Film 7.2 TV series 7.3 Music 7.4 Literature 7.5 Art 7.6 Comics 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Each episode begins with Rosemary , the telephone operator , getting a call ( and routinely saying `` Hallo , hallo , police headquarters , this is Rosemary , the lovely lassie with the classy chassis '' ) and explaining the crime to Sergeant Flint . Penry , the janitor , overhears Rosemary and proceeds to transform himself into the crime - fighting canine ( whom Rosemary has a crush on ) by slipping behind the vending machine , then jumping into the bottom drawer of his filing cabinet , getting stuck , and , with help from Spot , coming out of the top drawer . After sliding behind an ironing board to the floor below , he bounces off an old sofa , through an open window , into a dumpster outside , and emerges in the Phooeymobile . Even when he crashes into , harms , or otherwise inconveniences a civilian , the passer - by feels honored , as opposed to being annoyed or embarrassed , when they see who did it . One example was when he drove the Phooeymobile through wet cement , splattering the workers : they responded that it was an honor to have a whole day 's work ruined by `` the great Hong Kong Phooey . '' Production ( edit ) Hong Kong Phooey is voiced by Scatman Crothers . Sergeant Flint is voiced by Joe E. Ross , best known as Officer Gunther Toody in the early 1960s television series Car 54 , Where Are You ? As Flint , Ross revived Toody 's famous `` Ooh ! Ooh ! '' exclamation . The final episode , `` Comedy Cowboys '' , was intended as a backdoor pilot for a new series . In this two - part episode , several new cartoon characters ( Honcho , The Mystery Maverick and Posse Impossible ) appear and help to clear Hong Kong Phooey of a crime . These characters later appear in their own continuing segment , `` Posse Impossible '' on CB Bears . Like many animated series created by Hanna - Barbera in the 1970s , the show uses the limited Hanna - Barbera laugh track . Music ( edit ) The show 's opening theme , titled `` Hong Kong Phooey , '' was written and composed by Hoyt Curtin , William Hanna , and Joseph Barbera , and sung by Crothers himself . A cover performed by Sublime is included on the 1995 tribute album Saturday Morning : Cartoons ' Greatest Hits , produced by Ralph Sall for MCA Records . Episode guide ( edit ) No Title ( s ) Air date HKP - 1 `` Car Thieves / Zoo Story '' 7 September 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 07 ) Car Thieves : A stolen car ring is operating in town , and it 's up to Hong Kong Phooey to break through the ring 's sneaky secrets and stop them in their fiendish tracks . Zoo Story : A kangaroo helps Phooey capture a gang of animal thieves . HKP - 2 `` Iron Head the Robot / Cotton Pickin ' Pocket Picker '' 14 September 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 14 ) Iron Head the Robot : When a crook commands his robot to steal every safe in town , Hong Kong Phooey gives chase -- resulting in a showdown in the crook 's gym . Cotton Pickin ' Pocket Picker : Phooey is sent to capture legendary pickpocket Fingers Fazoo . HKP - 3 `` Grandma Goody ( Cat Burglar ) / Candle Power '' 21 September 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 21 ) Grandma Goody ( Cat Burglar ) : This time cats are being stolen all over town , including Spot -- and Grandma Goody is not what she seems , as Hong Kong Phooey finds out in a bubble - filled climax . Candle Power : Two villainous criminals force the city to use candles so that they can build their very own wax museum . HKP - 4 `` The Penthouse Burglaries / Batty Bank Mob '' 28 September 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 28 ) The Penthouse Burglaries : Phooey is called to investigate a number of robberies from penthouse apartments . Batty Bank Mob : Phooey enlists the help of Spot and a friendly octopus to stop a bank robbery . HKP - 5 `` The Voltage Villain / The Giggler '' 5 October 1974 ( 1974 - 10 - 05 ) The Voltage Villain : Phooey is called to investigate a villain who can control electrical appliances . The Giggler : A crazed clown - like criminal uses laughing gas to rob the senses of the guests attending high - society parties of an important mayor and Phooey must defeat the deranged lunatic before everyone dies laughing . HKP - 6 `` The Gumdrop Kid / Professor Presto ( The Malevolent Magician ) '' 12 October 1974 ( 1974 - 10 - 12 ) The Gumdrop Kid : Phooey investigates a child - sized villain 's plans to take over the town 's sweet production . Professor Presto ( The Malevolent Magician ) : Phooey is asked to track down a magician who disappeared from the police station . HKP - 7 `` TV or Not TV / Stop Horsing Around '' 19 October 1974 ( 1974 - 10 - 19 ) TV or Not TV : Phooey attempts to sabotage plans by thieves to steal everyone 's television sets . Stop Horsing Around : Phooey tracks down a circus gang that 's kidnapping horses . HKP - 8 `` Mirror , Mirror on the Wall / Great Movie Mystery '' 26 October 1974 ( 1974 - 10 - 26 ) Mirror , Mirror on the Wall : Phooey investigates a number of robberies in a health salon . Great Movie Mystery : Phooey is asked to participate in the filming of a bank robbery , unaware that it 's real . HKP - 9 `` The Claw / Hong Kong Phooey vs. Hong Kong Phooey '' 2 November 1974 ( 1974 - 11 - 02 ) The Claw : Phooey investigates how a mechanical claw is stealing gold from the National Bank . Hong Kong Phooey vs. Hong Kong Phooey : An impostor starts to claim all of Phooey 's rewards for fighting crime . HKP - 10 `` The Abominable Snowman / Professor Crosshatch '' 9 November 1974 ( 1974 - 11 - 09 ) The Abominable Snowman : Phooey tracks down a snowman who 's stealing equipment for a luxury ski resort . Professor Crosshatch : Phooey is asked to capture an evil professor who has trained his pet bird to steal jewels from shop windows . HKP - 11 `` Goldfisher / Green Thumb '' 16 November 1974 ( 1974 - 11 - 16 ) Goldfisher : A villainous gang plans to raise the cost of fishing by stealing its competitor 's fish . Green Thumb : Phooey tracks down a gang who want to rid the entire city of plants . HKP - 12 `` From Bad to Verse ( Rotten Rhymer ) / Kong and the Counterfeiters '' 23 November 1974 ( 1974 - 11 - 23 ) From Bad to Verse ( Rotten Rhymer ) : The villainous Rotten Rhymer plans to steal the nation 's book collection . Kong and the Counterfeiters : Phooey is called to investigate a bogus money - making scheme . HKP - 13 `` The Great Choo Choo Robbery / Patty Cake , Patty Cake , Bakery Man '' 30 November 1974 ( 1974 - 11 - 30 ) The Great Choo Choo Robbery : The villainous Jim Shady plans to steal every railroad car in the country . Patty Cake , Patty Cake , Bakery Man : Phooey investigates the mysterious theft of jewels by people hiding in baker 's food . HKP - 14 `` Mr. Tornado / The Little Crook Who Was n't There '' 7 December 1974 ( 1974 - 12 - 07 ) Mr. Tornado : Phooey tracks down a super-villain who robs banks by using his tornado - strength lung power . The Little Crook Who Was n't There : Phooey is called to track down a criminal who can disappear without a trace . HKP - 15 `` Dr. Disguiso / The Incredible Mr. Shrink '' 14 December 1974 ( 1974 - 12 - 14 ) Dr. Disguiso : A villainous master of disguise uses his skills for a number of bank robberies . The Incredible Mr. Shrink : An evil businessman terrorizes the town into buying his umbrellas . HKP - 16 `` Comedy Cowboys '' 21 December 1974 ( 1974 - 12 - 21 ) Tin Nose , a conniving cowboy of crime , frames Hong Kong Phooey for the theft of a rare map to The Lost Dutchman Mine from a museum . It 's up to Honcho , The Mystery Maverick , and Posse Impossible to help corral Tin Nose and clear Hong Kong 's name . Home media releases ( edit ) On August 15 , 2006 , Warner Home Video released the complete series on 2 - disc DVD in Region 1 . The DVD set includes commentary on select episodes as well as a documentary of the show from its development through its legacy . The set also includes production designs , never - before - seen original artwork , new interviews , and the special feature Hong Kong Phooey -- The Batty Bank Gang : The Complete Storyboard . The series is also available in the UK as a Region 2 two - disc set , and as two separate volumes in Region 4 . The shorts `` Car Thieves '' and `` Zoo Story '' were also released on a 1970s Saturday morning cartoon compilation . Voices ( edit ) Scatman Crothers -- Hong Kong Phooey / Penrod `` Penry '' Pooch Kathy Gori -- Rosemary Joe E. Ross -- Sergeant Flint Don Messick -- Spot , Narrator , Additional Voices Additional voices ( edit ) Daws Butler Richard Dawson Ron Feinberg Bob Holt Casey Kasem Jay Lawrence Peter Leeds Allan Melvin Alan Oppenheimer Robert Ridgely Fran Ryan Hal Smith Jean Vander Pyl Lee Vines Janet Waldo Lennie Weinrib Frank Welker Paul Winchell Other media ( edit ) With a copyright of 2001 , Alan Lau in conjunction with Wildbrain.com produced a flash animation webshow cartoon that was prominently featured on CartoonNetwork.com , and could still be found there as of the middle of June 2015 . While Penry appears identical to the original incarnation , Hong Kong Phooey is a much larger , cut , and highly competent and skilled fighter -- even without Spot the cat . Hong Kong Phooey faces off against and easily defeats evil anthropomorphic animals : a trio of rabbits , what appears to be a crane , and a reptilianoid ( that appears to be a Komodo dragon ) . At the end he morphs back to Penry with a smile and sparkle in his eye . Film ( edit ) On July 12 , 2009 , it was announced that David A. Goodman had been hired to write the screenplay for a Hong Kong Phooey film . Alex Zamm was slated to direct , and Broderick Johnson , Andrew Kosove , Brett Ratner , and Jay Stern were identified as producers . According to the announcement , Alcon Entertainment would back the film . It was announced on August 10 , 2011 , that Eddie Murphy would be voicing Penry / Hong Kong Phooey in the film . On December 28 , 2012 , test footage of the film was leaked , showing a computer generated character in live action scenery . TV series ( edit ) Hong Kong Phooey / Penrod `` Penry '' Pooch appears in the Wacky Races ( 2017 TV series ) episode Hong Kong Screwy . He is voiced by Phil LaMarr . Music ( edit ) The Bloodhound Gang song `` Why 's Everybody Always Pickin ' on Me ? '' describes a person as looking `` like Chewie , Baba Booey and Hong Kong Phooey all in one . '' The Moldy Peaches song `` Nothing Came Out '' mentions Hong Kong Phooey among other cartoons : `` I want you to watch cartoons with me . He - Man , Voltron , and Hong Kong Phooey . '' The song `` Sugarcane '' by The Space Monkeys mentions the side - effect of drugs as being `` Quicker than the human eye or Hong Kong Phooey . '' The song `` Old School '' by Danger Doom , features a few classic cartoon mentions . One of these is a mention of Phooey by rapper MF Doom in the line `` Ooh Wee , like a Hong Kong Phooey Kick , '' reminiscing about his childhood . Literature ( edit ) The short children 's novel Hong Kong Phooey and The Fortune Cookie Caper by Jean Lewis , illustrated by Phil Ostapczuk , was published in 1975 by Rand McNally and Company , as well as Hong Kong Phooey and the Bird Nest Snatchers ( 1976 ) . Art ( edit ) In January 2015 , a street art ceramic mosaic of Hong Kong Phooey sold at a Sotheby 's auction for HK $ 2 million . The copy sold was a re-creation by the artist Invader after the original was removed from a city wall by Hong Kong authorities . Comics ( edit ) The character appears in 2017 in Scooby - Doo Team - Up # 51 - 52 digital comic ( released in print as # 26 ) . See also ( edit ) List of works produced by Hanna - Barbera Productions List of Hanna - Barbera characters 1970s portal Cartoon portal United States portal Animation portal Television portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CD liner notes : Saturday Morning : Cartoons ' Greatest Hits , 1995 MCA Records Jump up ^ `` ' Hong Kong Phooey ' lands Goodman '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 12 , 2009 ) . `` ' Phooey ' kicks into high gear '' . Variety . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , M. `` Eddie Murphy Lends Voice To ' Hong Kong Phooey ' Feature '' Deadline.com ( August 10 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` ' Hong Kong Phooey ' Movie Test Footage Revealed ; ' Marvin The Martian ' As Well ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . December 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Danger Doom ; MF Doom , Danger Mouse , Talib Kweli. `` Old School Rules '' . Epitaph Records . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Ooh wee , like a Hong Kong Phooey Kick . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Phooey takes his revenge at Sotheby 's '' . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Hong Kong Phooey on IMDb Hong Kong Phooey at TV.com Hong Kong Phooey at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Big Cartoon DataBase : Hong Kong Phooey Hong Kong Phooey -- Profile on Hong Kong Phooey Hong Kong Phooey -- Cartoon Network Department of Cartoons ( Archive ) Hong Kong Phooey Fanriffic Zone -- Featuring an interview with Kathy Gori , voice of Rosemary the telephone operator InternationalHero Hong Kong Phooey tribute Hanna - Barbera Founders William Hanna Joseph Barbera Original productions The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show Birdman Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels CB Bears The Flintstones The Funky Phantom Grape Ape Hong Kong Phooey Huckleberry Hound Jabberjaw The Jetsons Jonny Quest Loopy De Loop Magilla Gorilla The Hanna - Barbera New Cartoon Series Peter Potamus Quick Draw McGraw The Ruff and Reddy Show Scooby - Doo Smurfs Snorks Space Ghost Tom and Jerry Top Cat Yogi Bear Wacky Races Amusement attractions Hanna -- Barbera Land The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera Comics Hanna - Barbera Beyond Other media Films Video games See also Characters Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1970s First - run animated series The New Casper Cartoon Show ( 1963 -- 70 ) The Smokey the Bear Show ( 1969 -- 70 ) The Cattanooga Cats Show ( 1969 -- 71 ) Hot Wheels ( 1969 -- 71 ) Skyhawks ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Adventures of Gulliver ( 1968 -- 70 ) Fantastic Voyage ( 1968 -- 70 ) Will the Real Jerry Lewis Please Sit Down ( 1970 -- 72 ) The Road Runner Show ( 1971 -- 73 ) The Funky Phantom ( 1971 -- 73 ) The Jackson 5ive ( 1971 -- 73 ) The Osmonds ( 1972 -- 74 ) The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie ( 1972 -- 74 ) The Brady Kids ( 1972 -- 74 ) Kid Power ( 1972 -- 74 ) Yogi 's Gang ( 1973 -- 75 ) Super Friends ( 1973 -- 74 ) Lassie 's Rescue Rangers ( 1973 -- 75 ) Goober and the Ghost Chasers ( 1973 -- 75 ) Mission : Magic ! ( 1973 -- 74 ) Hong Kong Phooey ( 1974 -- 76 ) The New Adventures of Gilligan ( 1974 -- 77 ) Devlin ( 1974 -- 76 ) These Are the Days ( 1974 -- 76 ) The Tom and Jerry Show ( 1975 -- 77 ) The Great Grape Ape Show ( 1975 -- 76 ) The Oddball Couple ( 1975 -- 77 ) Jabberjaw ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Scooby - Doo / Dynomutt Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Mumbly Cartoon Show ( 1976 -- 77 ) The All - New Super Friends Hour ( 1977 -- 78 ) Scooby 's All - Star Laff - A-Lympics ( The Scooby - Doo Show Laff - A-Lympics Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels ) ( 1977 -- 79 ) Fangface ( 1978 -- 79 ) Challenge of the Super Friends ( 1978 -- 79 ) The All - New Pink Panther Show ( 1978 -- 79 ) The World 's Greatest Super Friends ( 1979 -- 80 ) The Plastic Man Comedy / Adventure Show ( Mighty Man and Yukk Rickety Rocket ) ( 1979 -- 81 ) Spider - Woman ( 1979 -- 80 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1979 -- 80 ) First - run live - action series American Bandstand ( 1957 -- 87 ) Lancelot Link , Secret Chimp ( 1970 -- 72 ) Here Come the Double Deckers ( 1970 -- 72 ) Lidsville ( 1971 -- 73 ) Curiosity Shop ( 1971 -- 73 ) Make a Wish ( 1971 -- 76 ) Korg : 70,000 B.C. ( 1974 -- 75 ) The Lost Saucer ( 1975 -- 76 ) Uncle Croc 's Block ( 1975 -- 76 ) The Krofft Supershow ( 1976 -- 78 ) Bigfoot and Wildboy Dr. Shrinker Electra Woman and Dyna Girl Magic Mongo Wonderbug Junior Almost Anything Goes ( 1976 -- 78 ) Animals , Animals , Animals ( 1976 -- 81 ) ABC Weekend Special ( 1977 -- 97 ) Kids Are People Too ( 1978 -- 82 ) Rebroadcasts George of the Jungle ( 1967 -- 70 ) Bewitched ( 1972 -- 73 ) Jonny Quest ( 1970 -- 72 ) H.R. Pufnstuf ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Monkees ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm Show ( 1972 ) The Roman Holidays ( 1972 ) Speed Buggy ( 1976 ) Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! ( 1978 ) Schedules 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 Related topics Animation in the United States in the television era Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Phooey&oldid=854462634 '' Categories : 1974 American television series debuts 1974 American television series endings 1970s American animated television series 1970s American satirical television series American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters American Broadcasting Company network shows American children 's animated action television series American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated superhero television series American superhero comedy television series Anthropomorphic martial artists Dog superheroes Fictional dogs Fictional janitors Hanna - Barbera superheroes Martial arts television series Parody superheroes Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into novels Television series by Hanna - Barbera USA Cartoon Express Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from June 2013 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Română Suomi Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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who do you play as in the new god of war

God of War is an action - adventure video game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ) . Released on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 ( PS4 ) console , it is the eighth installment in the God of War series , the eighth chronologically , and the sequel to 2010 's God of War III . Unlike previous games , which were loosely based on Greek mythology , this game is loosely based on Norse mythology . The main protagonists are Kratos , the former Greek God of War , and his young son Atreus . Following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , they journey to fulfill her promise and spread her ashes at the highest peak of the nine realms . Kratos keeps his troubled past a secret from Atreus , who is unaware of his divine nature . Along their journey , they encounter monsters and gods of the Norse world .

Kratos|Atreus

God of War ( 2018 video game )

god of war ( 2018 video game )

God of War Developer ( s ) SIE Santa Monica Studio Publisher ( s ) Sony Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Cory Barlog Producer ( s ) Elizabeth Dahm Wang Sean Llewellyn Chad Cox Eric Fong Designer ( s ) Derek Daniels Programmer ( s ) Florian Strauss Writer ( s ) Matt Sophos Richard Zangrande Gaubert Cory Barlog Composer ( s ) Bear McCreary Series God of War Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Release April 20 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player God of War is an action - adventure video game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ) . Released on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 ( PS4 ) console , it is the eighth installment in the God of War series , the eighth chronologically , and the sequel to 2010 's God of War III . Unlike previous games , which were loosely based on Greek mythology , this game is loosely based on Norse mythology . The main protagonists are Kratos , the former Greek God of War , and his young son Atreus . Following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , they journey to fulfill her promise and spread her ashes at the highest peak of the nine realms . Kratos keeps his troubled past a secret from Atreus , who is unaware of his divine nature . Along their journey , they encounter monsters and gods of the Norse world . Described by creative director Cory Barlog as a reimagining of the franchise , a major gameplay change is that Kratos prominently uses a magical battle axe instead of his signature double - chained blades . God of War also uses an over-the - shoulder free camera , with the game in one shot , as opposed to the fixed cinematic camera of the previous entries . The game includes role - playing video game elements , and Kratos ' son Atreus provides assistance in combat . The majority of the original game 's development team worked on God of War and designed the game to be accessible and grounded . A separate short text - based game , God of War : A Call from the Wilds released in February 2018 , follows Atreus on his first adventure . God of War received universal acclaim from critics , being praised for its narrative , world design , art direction , graphics , characters , and combat system . It received perfect scores from multiple reviewers , making it the highest - rated game in the God of War series , as well the third highest - rated PS4 game on Metacritic . The game performed well commercially , selling five million copies within a month of release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Characterization 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 God of War : A Call from the Wilds 6 Reception 6.1 Sales 6.2 Accolades 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The gameplay is vastly different from the previous installments , as it was rebuilt from the ground up . Although the previous main installment , Ascension ( 2013 ) , introduced multiplayer to the series , this installment is single - player - only . The game features a third - person , over-the - shoulder free camera , a departure from the previous installments , which featured a third - person , fixed cinematic camera ( with the exception of 2007 's 2D side - scroller Betrayal ) . Cinematographically , the game is presented in a continuous shot , with no camera cuts . The game is open , but it is not open - world . Due to it being open , players can fast travel to different locations through Mystic Gateways . As the ability to swim was cut from the game , players instead use a boat to traverse bodies of water . Just like previous entries , there are puzzles for players to solve to progress through parts of the game . Enemies in the game stem from Norse mythology , such as variants of trolls , ogres , dark elves and their king , wolves , wulvers , nightmares , draugrs , tatzelwurms , as well as Gullveig and the revenants , beings warped by seiðr magic , among other original creatures . Valkyries appear as optional boss battles , and players can free the dragons Fáfnir , Otr , and Reginn -- dwarfs that were turned into dragons -- in addition to battling a dragon called Hræzlyr . A major change is that Kratos no longer uses his signature double - chained blades , the Blades of Chaos , as his default weapon . Instead , he uses a magical battle axe , called the Leviathan Axe , which is infused with ice elemental magic . The axe can be thrown at enemies and magically summoned back to his hand ( similar to Thor 's hammer Mjölnir ) . Larger enemies have precision targets and throwing the axe at those targets stuns the enemy . The weapon can also be thrown at environmental objects to trigger a damaging explosion and it can freeze objects and some enemies in place for puzzle solving until the axe is summoned back to Kratos ' hand . The axe has standard light and heavy attacks , and over time , it can be upgraded with runes to allow for special runic attacks , with one slot being for a light runic attack and the other for heavy . This provides players with a variety of options to cater to their own play style . For example , one of the light runic attacks allows Kratos to charge the axe and let out a burst of energy and one of the heavy runic attacks allows Kratos to summon a swirling ice storm . Another new weapon that Kratos utilizes is the Guardian Shield . When not in use , it folds up and appears like a vambrace on Kratos ' left forearm . When summoned , the shield can be used offensively and defensively , similar to the Golden Fleece in previous games . Kratos also utilizes hand - to - hand combat , a feature originally introduced in Ascension . The Blades of Chaos are acquired late into the game via a plot device and perform similarly as they did in previous installments , but can also be upgraded with light and heavy runic attacks . Pre-release gameplay screenshot of God of War , taken from the trailer shown at E3 2016 : Kratos ( center ) and his son Atreus ( right ) are battling a troll . Atreus can assist in combat , such as firing lightning arrows on the player 's command . Similar to previous games , there is a `` Rage '' ability called Spartan Rage . Like the previous versions , the Rage ability has a meter that gradually fills during combat . With this ability , Kratos uses powerful bare - handed attacks , as opposed to weapons , to greatly damage enemies . The game also features elements similar to role - playing video games ( RPGs ) . There are crafting resources for the player to find that allow them to create new or upgrade existing armor with better perks . Players also accumulate a currency called Hacksilver , a key component in crafting and purchasing new items . Experience points ( XP ) are used for learning new combat skills . Throughout the game world , players find chests containing random items , such as Hacksilver and enchantments for improving armor and weapons , as well as two special items , Iðunn 's Apples and Horns of Blood Mead , which increase the maximum length of the health and rage meters , respectively . Quick time events have changed from previous games . Enemies display two meters above their heads , one for health and the other for stun . Filling up the stun meter helps to defeat more difficult enemies . When the stun meter is full , a grab - prompt will appear . Depending on the enemy , Kratos may rip it in half or grab them and throw them into other enemies , among other possible outcomes . Although the game is played entirely as Kratos , there are times when the player may choose to passively control Kratos ' son , Atreus . One button is dedicated to Atreus and its use depends on the context . For example , if the player needs assistance , they can look at an enemy , press the button , and Atreus will use his Talon Bow to shoot arrows at the enemy . The arrows have little effect on an enemy 's health , but do increase the stun meter . Over the course of the game , Atreus helps in combat , traversal , exploration , and puzzle - solving . When facing a large number of enemies , he distracts the weaker ones as Kratos fights the stronger ones . If too many enemies gang up on Atreus , he is knocked out for the remainder of that combat . Just like Kratos , Atreus acquires new skills , armor , special arrows , such as lightning arrows , as well as runic attacks for his Talon Bow , but it only has one slot instead of two . Atreus ' runic attacks summon different spectral animals with different abilities . For example , one summons a wolf that attacks enemies , while another summons the squirrel Ratatoskr that will dig up orbs to replenish Kratos ' health or rage meters . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) While the first seven games were loosely based on Greek mythology , this installment takes the series to Norse mythology , but predates the Vikings . Six of the nine realms of Norse mythology can be explored . The majority of the game takes place in the realm of Midgard , inhabited by humans and other creatures and is the same realm that the Greek world had existed in . As more creatures began appearing , many humans fled . Other realms visited as part of the story include Alfheim , the mystical home of the light and dark elves , Helheim , the icy land of the dead , and Jötunheim , the mountainous land of the giants . Other explorable realms include Niflheim , a realm of poisonous fog with a maze - like structure of rewards , and the fire realm Muspelheim , featuring the six Trials of Muspelheim ; completing each trial grants rewards and advances Kratos and Atreus closer to the top of a large volcano . Access to the other three realms -- Asgard , home of the Æsir gods , Vanaheim , home of the Vanir gods , and Svartalfheim , home of the dwarves -- have been blocked by the ruler of Asgard and the Æsir gods , Odin . At the center of the realms is the mythical tree Yggdrasil , which connects each realm together . Although each realm is a different world , they simultaneously exist in the same space . Travel to and from realms can be done by the use of the Bifröst from a root of Yggdrasil contained within a temple located at the center of the Lake of the Nine . The temple was created by the now dead Týr , a peaceful God of War who had traveled to other lands and learned about their mythologies ; Odin had him killed as he believed Týr was secretly aiding the giants and would try to overthrow him . Characters ( edit ) Main article : Characters of God of War The protagonists of the game are Kratos ( voiced by Christopher Judge ) and his young son Atreus ( Sunny Suljic ) . Kratos is a warrior originally from Sparta who became the Greek God of War and is the son of Zeus . After ending up in Midgard , he met his second and now deceased wife , Laufey ( addressed as Faye ) , and they bore their son , Atreus , who does not know about Kratos ' past or his divine nature , but can hear other beings ' thoughts . The main antagonist is the Æsir god Baldur ( Jeremy Davies ) , the brother of Thor , whose sons Modi and Magni ( Nolan North and Troy Baker , respectively ) assist Baldur . His parents are Odin and the Vanir god Freya ( Danielle Bisutti ) . Freya tried leaving Odin , as she did not truly love him , and Odin had her banished to Midgard , after which she became known as the Witch of the Woods . To protect her son from a prophecy that foretold his death , Freya cast a spell of immortality on Baldur , which also caused him to not feel pain or any feeling of pleasure , which he resented her for . The only thing that she could not prevent from breaking the spell was mistletoe , which she kept secret . Other characters include Mímir ( Alastair Duncan ) , who claims to be the smartest man alive , and the Huldra Brothers Brok ( Roger Craighead ) and Sindri ( Adam J. Harrington ) , a pair of dwarves who appear at various points in the world and assist Kratos and Atreus with forging new gear . Their weapons , including Thor 's hammer Mjölnir , were used by the Æsir gods and they also had forged Kratos ' Leviathan Axe , which originally belonged to Faye , who also gifted Kratos his Guardian Shield . The spirit of the Greek goddess Athena ( Carole Ruggier ) makes a cameo appearance , and Zeus ( Corey Burton ) appears as an illusion to Kratos in Helheim . Plot ( edit ) Many years have passed since Kratos took his vengeance against the Olympian gods , and he now lives with his young son Atreus in Midgard . The game opens following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , Faye , whose last wish was for her ashes to be spread at the highest peak of the nine realms . Before beginning their journey , Kratos is confronted by a mysterious man with godlike powers . After seemingly killing him , Kratos and Atreus set out on their journey . Reaching the Lake of the Nine , Kratos and Atreus encounter the friendly World Serpent , Jörmungandr . After running into impenetrable black mist which can only be extinguished with the Light of Alfheim , they receive aid from the Witch of the Woods to use the Bifröst in order to travel to Alfheim and secure the Light . Upon vanquishing the mist and reaching Midgard 's peak , they overhear a conversation between the mysterious man , revealed to be Baldur , his nephews Modi and Magni , and the imprisoned Mímir . After they leave , Kratos and Atreus confront Mímir , who reveals that their goal is actually in Jötunheim , but travel there has been blocked to keep out Odin and Thor . Mímir , however , knows another passage . He instructs Kratos to cut off his head and have it revived by the Witch of the Woods , revealed to be Freya . Kratos immediately distrusts her , but both Freya and Mímir warn him that he must tell Atreus about his true nature . Kratos , Atreus , and Mímir 's head journey to collect needed components to open Jötunheim 's portal when they are attacked by Modi and Magni . After Kratos kills Magni , Modi flees , but later returns and ambushes them . Atreus collapses ill , which Mímir and Freya explain is a mental contradiction of a god believing himself to be mortal . She tells Kratos that he must retrieve the heart of the Keeper of the Bridge of the Damned in Helheim , but his Leviathan Axe is useless there . Kratos then returns home to unearth his old weapons , the Blades of Chaos , and is haunted by Athena 's spirit , who goads him about his past . After retrieving the heart , he has a haunting vision of Zeus . Atreus is cured and Kratos tells him that he is a god . Atreus then becomes increasingly arrogant on their journey , and he murders a weakened Modi , despite Kratos ordering not to . At Midgard 's peak , they are ambushed by Baldur , resulting in Jötunheim 's portal being destroyed and the group falling into Helheim . Atreus makes amends with Kratos and they find out about Freya and Baldur 's familial relationship . Returning to Midgard , Mímir realizes there is another way to reach Jötunheim , but it requires recovering his missing eye . After obtaining it from Jörmungandr 's belly , who had inadvertently swallowed it when he ate a statue of Thor , they are attacked by Baldur again , but Freya intervenes in an attempt to protect her son . During the fight , Baldur is pierced by Atreus ' mistletoe arrowhead , breaking Freya 's spell on him . Baldur is defeated , and although Kratos gives him an opportunity to retreat , he instead attempts to strangle Freya , forcing Kratos to kill him . A grieving Freya swears revenge on Kratos and taunts him about hiding his true nature from Atreus . Kratos finally tells Atreus about his past and how he had killed his fellow Greek gods , including his father Zeus . Atreus laments if all gods are good for is committing parricide . Kratos tells Atreus that they should both learn from their experiences and not repeat the mistakes of their predecessors . A silent Freya leaves with Baldur 's corpse and Mímir hopefully suggests that she will eventually move on from the tragedy and that Kratos did the right thing . In Jötunheim , they find a temple with a mural depicting their adventures , showing that the giants had foreseen everything that would happen and vaguely foretold what was to come . In addition , they discover that Faye was a giant who decided to stay behind in Midgard , making Atreus a hybrid of giant , god , and mortal . Their fight with Baldur was shown , revealing he was actually after Faye the whole time . It is also revealed that Atreus was named Loki by his mother . Wondering if Faye planned this in advance , Kratos and Atreus fulfill their promise and spread her ashes at the peak . Afterwards , Kratos reveals to Atreus that his given name was also the name of a compassionate Spartan comrade . When they return to Midgard , Mímir warns them that the three - year long Fimbulwinter has started , meaning Ragnarök is soon to follow , which was not supposed to occur for another hundred years . In the game 's secret ending , Kratos and Atreus return home and slumber . Atreus has a vision that at the end of Fimbulwinter , Thor will arrive at their home to confront them . Development ( edit ) At the first annual PlayStation Experience on December 6 , 2014 , Santa Monica Studios 's creative director Cory Barlog confirmed that a new God of War was in very early development . He said that the game would not be a prequel , but it might be a reboot . In April 2016 , Polygon reported that concept art of the next installment had been leaked . The images showed Kratos in the world of Norse mythology ; a concept originally considered by series creator David Jaffe after Kratos eliminated the Greek gods . At the 2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) , the next installment was officially announced with a gameplay demo and confirmed the concept art to be true . The demo showed a fully bearded Kratos with a son , and Kratos was teaching the boy how to hunt . The pair also battled a troll . The end of the demo showed the title God of War and confirmed it was in development for the PlayStation 4 . E3 also confirmed that Barlog had returned to the series as game director for the new installment . Barlog has been a major contributor in the development of the God of War series since the original installment in 2005 , with his prior most notable role being game director of God of War II ( 2007 ) . This new installment was his fifth God of War game . In naming the game , Barlog stated that it was deliberately titled God of War with no numeral or subtitle because although it is a continuation of the series , `` we are reimagining everything . '' Head of Santa Monica Studio Shannon Studstill and Barlog said that Sony Interactive Entertainment had to be convinced to do another God of War game as a lot of people at Sony wanted the series to `` sleep and rest '' due to the lackluster response of the previous game , Ascension . In explaining why Barlog was brought back , Studstill said that he knew the series very well , `` and bringing in someone that understands that history is the respect the franchise deserves . '' Barlog followed up and said that `` You got ta know the rules to break the rules . '' Series creator David Jaffe was also considered , but was unavailable . In explaining the transition from Greek mythology to Norse mythology , Barlog said : `` it 's kind of this BC -- AD change over kind of thing . We 're moving and starting from zero and kind of moving forward on that . '' Before settling on Norse mythology , Egyptian mythology was also considered . Barlog said that half of the team was for it , but since `` there 's a lot more about civilization - it 's less isolated , less barren '' , he had to make the decision and decided on the Norse setting because they wanted the focus to stay on Kratos : `` Having too much around distracts from that central theme of a stranger in a strange land . '' In explaining why Kratos was now in the Norse world , Barlog said that different cultures ' belief systems coexisted , but they were `` separated by geography '' , suggesting that Kratos traveled from Greece to Norway ( Scandinavia ) after the conclusion of God of War III ; in clarifying the conclusion of that game , Barlog said that Kratos did not destroy what was believed to be the entire world , but only the portion that was ruled over by the Greeks . Barlog said that the new game predates the Vikings ; it is the time in which their gods walked the Earth . It was also confirmed that this would not be Kratos ' last game . Barlog said that future games could see the series tackling Egyptian or Mayan mythology , and that although this game focuses on Norse mythology , it alludes to the fact that there are other mythologies co-existing in the world . Barlog also said that he liked the idea of having different directors for each game , seen throughout the first seven games , and although he may not direct another God of War , he would still be at Santa Monica to work on future games . Most of the development team that worked on the original God of War worked on the new installment . They claimed that they matched the new gameplay with the same level of accessibility as the previous installments . It was confirmed that the game would not feature any morality system or branching story ; all players have the same story experience . The developers also confirmed that some of the more controversial mini-games found in previous entries ( such as the sex mini-game ) would not return . Some gameplay characteristics found in the previous installments were cut , such as jumping , swimming , and instant - death platforming challenges ; these were cut due to the camera being closer to Kratos . Although the previous installment , Ascension , introduced multiplayer to the series , the team decided to drop the mode to focus on the single - player experience . In changing the gameplay , Studstill said `` I felt like , in order to reinvent , we really needed to turn a lot of things around . '' In regards to the camera change , Barlog said `` We wanted a much more intimate experience , a much more up close , and a much more player - controlled experience , so the camera really is a mechanic that ( we leaned ) into heavily for everything in the game . '' Explaining Kratos ' axe , lead gameplay designer Jason McDonald , who has worked on the series since the original game , said the axe was chosen because they wanted a more grounded direction for the game . Initially , they were unsure how to make it unique , like how the double - chained blades were . After they came up with the concept of throwing the axe and having it return to Kratos , `` things started to fall into place . '' McDonald said that combat with the axe is a little slower than what it was with the blades , `` but it 's just as fluid and just as brutal as it 's ever been . '' Barlog took inspiration from Dark Souls ( 2011 ) , which influenced the game 's combat system , particularly its gameplay loop and strategic decision - making , as well as the game 's approach to storytelling . In addition , designers Anthony Dimento and Luis Sanchez revealed how God of War 's level design and exploration was influenced by Bloodborne ( 2015 ) , as they wanted to `` just have the world breathe a little bit '' and expand upon player discovery by including `` micro-loops where you 're unlocking paths , unlocking shortcuts ... '' that gave purpose . The entire game was done in a single shot , as in no camera cuts , meaning there are no loading screens or fade - to - black between gameplay and cutscenes . The frame rate was confirmed as 30 frames per second , and the enemy count was increased to up to 100 enemies on - screen ; God of War III and Ascension could do up to 50 . Unlike the previous games , Santa Monica did not make a demo specifically for public release . Barlog explained that doing so would have delayed the game by a couple of months . He also confirmed that the game was built for the standard PlayStation 4 , but the game would `` benefit from the power '' of the PlayStation 4 Pro ; an updated version of the PlayStation 4 that can render games in 4K and was released a few months after God of War was announced . In late December 2016 , Barlog confirmed that the game was playable from start to finish . At the 2017 PlayStation Experience , Barlog said that the game 's story would take 25 -- 35 hours to complete , which is significantly more than the previous four main installments , which each took an average of 10 hours to complete . At E3 2017 , a new trailer was shown featuring new gameplay , cinematics , and characters . In the trailer , Kratos was shown using a shield that he could use offensively and defensively . At one point in the trailer , Kratos finds a Greek vase with himself on it , wielding his infamous double - chained blades . During the trailer , an unnamed woman warns Kratos about the Norse gods , as they know what he did to the Greek gods , while a pair of wolves were also shown . The trailer ends with Kratos and Atreus encountering the World Serpent . Atreus was able to translate what it said , which was that it wanted to help the pair . It was confirmed that the game would release in early 2018 . Since E3 2017 until the game 's launch , Santa Monica included a section on the God of War website titled `` The Lost Pages '' , detailing some of the lore of God of War 's Nordic world . In January 2018 , the game 's release date was confirmed for April 20 , 2018 . A trailer was also released that showed that the character Mímir from the mythology would have a role in the game . On March 22 , God of War went gold . Characterization ( edit ) Christopher Judge does the voice and cinematic motion capture for Kratos in the game , replacing longstanding voice actor Terrence C. Carson , who had voiced Kratos since the original 2005 game , and also did the motion capture for him in 2013 's Ascension During early development , there was talk about having a different protagonist for the game , but it was decided to keep Kratos . Referencing the Nintendo character Mario and the Mario games , Barlog said that just like Mario , `` Kratos is intrinsically tied '' to the God of War series . In regards to the new changes , Barlog said that : I knew I did n't want to simply reboot the franchise , starting over with a retelling of the origin story . I wanted to reimagine the gameplay , give players a fresh perspective and a new tactile experience while delving deeper into the emotional journey of Kratos to explore the compelling drama that unfolds when an immortal demigod makes a decision to change . Barlog explained that Kratos had to change his cycle of violence and learn how to control his rage . He said that Kratos had made many bad decisions , which led to the destruction of Olympus , and wanted to know what would happen if Kratos made a good decision . The birth of Barlog 's own son influenced the idea of Kratos ' character change . The canceled live - action Star Wars television series was also an influence . The bond between Kratos and his son is at the heart of the game and Barlog said `` This game is about Kratos teaching his son how to be a god , and his son teaching Kratos how to be human again . '' Referencing the Marvel Comics character Hulk , Barlog said that in regards to Kratos , `` We 've already told the story of The Hulk . We want to tell the story of ( Bruce ) Banner now . '' One of their goals was to make Kratos `` a more nuanced and interesting character . '' In changing the narrative focus , Studstill said `` I think we inherently knew the franchise needed to evolve in that emotional beat and be something meatier for the older generation of gamers . '' Christopher Judge , best known as Teal'c from Stargate SG - 1 , replaced T.C. Carson as the voice of Kratos ; Carson had voiced Kratos since the original God of War . Commenting in response to the change , Carson said , `` Sony went in a new direction . '' Barlog explained that the way the previous games were made , they were able to have someone else do the motion capture instead of the voice actor . Although Carson had done the motion capture for Kratos in Ascension , Barlog said the actor change was made because of the type of camera work they wanted to do . For the new camera work , they needed someone who was closer to Kratos ' size to do the motion capture along with a child . Carson was unsuitable for this because he was much shorter than Kratos , who is over 6 - feet tall : `` Offsetting ( Carson 's height ) for the size of a child , it turned out it was going to be almost impossible to try and actually shoot them and go in and redo the animations . '' Judge was chosen because he was 6 - foot - 3 and had the body of a professional football player . He was also chosen because of the chemistry with his then - 10 - year - old co-star , Sunny Suljic , who plays Kratos ' son Atreus ; Suljic 's opinion was also sought in making the decision , and out of all the auditions , he liked Judge the most . The two bonded well , and Judge described his time with Suljic as time he had missed with his own children . In stepping into the role of Kratos , Judge took it as an opportunity to add something new to the character . He researched the character and Carson 's performance , but decided not to imitate it . Since Santa Monica were going in a new direction , he decided to start fresh and go from there . Judge was thrown off when he first read the script , stating it `` was a real script '' , and not just `` a way to get into battles . '' He said `` it was really this great story of this relationship and this crazy mythology . '' While Judge did all of Kratos ' motion capture for the cinematic scenes , stuntman Eric Jacobus did all of Kratos ' combat motion capture ; Jacobus was found by God of War 's animators on YouTube . Instead of going directly to Santa Monica to audition , Jacobus recorded an audition tape and they immediately hired him . During E3 2016 , GameSpot mistakenly reported that Kratos ' son 's name was Charlie , which Barlog laughingly denied . In January 2017 , after a fan downloaded the God of War overture and saw the track 's details that said `` An introduction to Kratos and Atreus '' , Barlog confirmed on Twitter that Atreus was in fact the son 's name . Barlog said that Atreus was unaware that Kratos was a demigod , and did not know about his past . They did not reveal details of Atreus ' mother prior to release due to her being a critical part of the story . Barlog stated that during gameplay , Atreus would be `` like magic , an additional combat resource , and ( the player is ) training him and teaching him . '' The developers stated that Atreus would not be a burden during gameplay . The team experimented with several different approaches for Atreus to ensure that he was an empowering presence . Barlog said he did not want the game to be an escort - mission where the A.I. caused a problem for the player . Their goal was for Atreus to enhance Kratos ' capabilities without Atreus becoming a liability . This resulted in the developers designating a command button for Atreus as well as for him to act freely . During combat , Atreus was also designed to call out enemy locations , as due to the camera being closer to Kratos , some enemies may be difficult for the player to see . Jason McDonald said it took a lot of iterations with the enemies and Atreus to make it all work together . Early in development , it was suggested for Atreus to be cut or to significantly minimize his role due to the many developmental challenges and financial expense . Barlog stated that the game could have worked without Atreus , but it would have been completely different , likening it to that of the 2013 film All Is Lost . Barlog said that with just Kratos , it would have been `` one character who talks to himself occasionally , but generally , it will be very silent and everyone will talk in old Norse , so that you wo n't understand anything anybody 's saying . '' After hearing Barlog 's case , Sony gave him the freedom to incorporate Atreus . Lead level designer Rob Davis also noted that with Atreus , it allowed for `` significant gameplay and storytelling opportunities that might not otherwise ( been ) possible . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Bear McCreary , best known for his work on television shows such as Battlestar Galactica and The Walking Dead , scored God of War and composed themes for the game . McCreary said that he was called into Santa Monica Studio in November 2014 to meet with music producers Peter Scaturro and Keith Leary to discuss `` a secret project '' ; McCreary had previously collaborated with Scaturro and Leary on 2011 's SOCOM 4 : U.S. Navy SEALs . Ideas of folk music , mythology , Nordic ethnic instruments , vocal writing , and classical thematic development were discussed , to which McCreary correctly guessed that the discussions were about a new God of War . He met with Barlog early on , and they discussed Barlog 's narrative vision for the game . After meeting with Barlog , he felt that the franchise was in good hands because God of War II , which Barlog also directed , was his favorite installment . McCreary 's initial efforts focused on writing the new main theme , or what he called the Kratos Theme . He spent several months working with Barlog , Scaturro , Leary , Sony music director Chuck Doud , and the rest of the development team in making this new theme . McCreary described the Kratos Theme as `` arguably one of my most structurally satisfying and catchy melodies . '' The main theme features low orchestral instruments , Icelandic choir , deep male vocals , powerful female vocals ( in particular Faroese singer Eivør Pálsdóttir ) , folk percussion , and Nordic stringed instruments , such as the nyckelharpa and hurdy gurdy . When it was decided that God of War would be revealed at E3 2016 , Sony wanted McCreary to perform his original score with a live orchestra at the press conference . McCreary opened the show with the new main theme before the unveiling of God of War , and performed the gameplay demo 's music live during the presentation . On January 13 , 2017 , a live recording from E3 2016 of God of War 's overture was released for free for a limited time . Barlog released the overture as a thank you to fans for God of War 's E3 2016 trailer reaching fifteen million views on YouTube . Release ( edit ) The game was released worldwide on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 . In addition to the standard base game , there were three special editions : the Stone Mason Edition , the Collector 's Edition , and the Digital Deluxe Edition . Only available in the United States and Canada , the Stone Mason Edition came with several physical items , including the base game in a SteelBook case , a 9 - inch ( 230 mm ) statue of Kratos and Atreus that was created by Gentle Giant , 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) carvings of the Huldra Brothers , a horse , and a troll , an exclusive lithograph , a cloth map , a stone mason 's ring , and a keychain of Mímir 's head that talks . There was also various downloadable content ( DLC ) , including an exclusive shield skin , in addition to an armor set and another shield skin for Kratos , a PlayStation 4 dynamic theme , a digital artbook , and God of War # 0 by Dark Horse Comics . The Collector 's Edition came with many of the same items , minus the ring , the keychain , the 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) carvings of the horse and troll , and the exclusive shield skin . The Digital Deluxe Edition comes with all of the digital content , minus the exclusive shield skin . U.S. and Canadian customers also received a Kratos and Atreus pin for pre-ordering the Digital Deluxe Edition . Pre-orders at select retailers received three skins for Kratos ' shield , while pre-orders from GameStop or EB Games also received a `` Luck of Ages XP Talisman '' , granting increased XP gain , increased Hacksilver gain , and increased ability to trigger perks . In addition to the special editions of the game , a Limited Edition PlayStation 4 Pro bundle was also available the same day as the game 's release . The bundle included the standard base game , a PlayStation 4 Pro console decorated with the runes as on Kratos ' axe , and a similarly themed DualShock 4 controller with the God of War logo . Game Director Cory Barlog confirmed that God of War would not have microtransactions post-launch , a feature that has become prominent with other recent games and negatively criticized . Since launch , Santa Monica has supported the game via patch updates to address software bugs . Additionally , the developers added a Photo Mode in update patch 1.20 , released on May 9 , 2018 . Photo Mode allows players to take customized in - game screenshots . Players can adjust the field of view , depth of view , filters , borders , the visibility of characters , and the ability to change the facial expressions of Kratos and Atreus . At E3 2018 , it was confirmed that a New Game Plus mode would be added in a future update . In addition to players having access to their fully upgraded gear upon the start of a new game , the difficulty will be increased . God of War : a Call from the Wilds ( edit ) God of War : A Call from the Wilds is a text - based game playable through Facebook Messenger . To help further promote God of War , Sony partnered with Facebook to develop the play - by - web game , which released on February 1 , 2018 . Completing the game unlocks downloadable concept art . The short story follows Atreus on his first adventure in the Norse wilds . After archery training and learning runes with his mother , Atreus adventures into the wilderness after telepathically hearing the voice of a dying deer ; he finds it covered in blood and stays with it during its final moments . A couple of draugrs appear and Atreus attempts to fight them , but is injured . He is saved by his father , Kratos , who was out hunting . The two then battle a revenant before returning home . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2018 ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 94 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 10 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Game Informer 9.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar+ Giant Bomb IGN 10 / 10 Polygon 10 / 10 The Guardian USgamer God of War received `` universal acclaim '' according to review aggregator Metacritic , tying it with the original God of War for the highest score in the franchise . It has the third highest score of all - time for a PlayStation 4 game , and the highest score for an original , non-remastered PlayStation 4 game . It is the highest rated PlayStation 4 game of 2018 , and is tied with the Xbox One version of Celeste for the highest score of 2018 , regardless of platform . God of War received particular praise for its art direction , graphics , combat system , music , story , use of Norse mythology , characters , and cinematic feeling . Critics called the game a `` technical achievement '' and one of the most impressive - looking games developed for consoles . Many also felt that it had successfully revitalized the series without losing the core identity of its predecessors . Sales ( edit ) During its release week in the UK , God of War became the fastest - selling entry in the franchise , selling 35 % more physical copies than God of War III . The game remained at the top of the all format sales chart throughout April and May for six consecutive weeks , setting a record for a PlayStation 4 exclusive having the most consecutive weeks at number one . It sold 46,091 copies within its first week on sale in Japan , which placed it at number two on the sales chart . The game sold over 3 million copies in three days after its release , making it the fastest - selling PlayStation 4 exclusive . The game was the fastest selling game of the month of its release and contributed to the PS4 being the best selling console of that month . In total , the game sold over five million copies in its first month , with 2.1 million in digital sales . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref 2016 Game Critics Awards 2016 Special Commendation for Graphics Won IGN 's Best of E3 2016 Awards Game of the Show Nominated Best PlayStation 4 Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated The Game Awards 2016 Most Anticipated Game Nominated 2017 The Game Awards 2017 Most Anticipated Game Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colloquially referred to as God of War 4 and God of War PS4 Jump up ^ As depicted in God of War III ( 2010 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Skipper , Ben ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War 4 kicks off Sony E3 2016 press conference '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ; Mahboubian - Jones , Justin ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` God of War 4 PS4 trailers , release date , price , gameplay and everything we know so far '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Jayce ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` In The New ' God of War 4 ' Trailer , Kratos Is Old , Grizzled , And As Brutal As Ever '' . Digital Trends . Designtechnica Corp . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Does n't Include Multiplayer , Wo n't Be Kratos 's Last Game '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Seeto , Damian ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War PS4 Wo n't Have A Multiplayer Mode '' . Attack of the Fanboy . Modern Media Group . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War Set After Third Game , Wo n't Be Open World '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Newhouse , Alex ; Crossley , Rob ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War Revealed for PS4 at E3 2016 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bratt , Chris ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` God of War director explains why entire game has no camera cuts '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barlog , Cory ; Hanson , Ben ( February 2 , 2018 ) . Answering God Of War 's Lingering Questions ( YouTube ) . Game Informer , GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Kulasingham , Gajan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War - The Lost Pages Of Norse Myth : Rise Of The Draugr '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kulasingham , Gajan ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War - The Lost Pages Of Norse Myth : Manifestation Of The Revenant '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Henges , Elizabeth ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Latest God of War Podcast Episode Details the Origin of the Leviathan Axe '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juba 2018 , pp. 40 -- 41 ^ Jump up to : Pereira , Chris ; Fillari , Alessandro ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : New God Of War Trailer Released , Release Date Set For Early 2018 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War Made Me Care About The Series For The First Time '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 42 ^ Jump up to : Lillah , Sarmad ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Details on God of War PS4 Game ; Same Storyline But New Gameplay '' . SegmentNext.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Director on the Challenge of Making People Take Kratos Seriously '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . 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( laughs ) Barlog : Charlie , right ? ( looks at Judge ) Did you leak that ? Judge : I did . ( laughs ) Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` God of War : Kratos ' Son 's Name Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War PS4 Almost Did n't Have One Of Its Best , Most Important Characters '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : New God of War Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McCreary , Bear ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` God of War at E3 '' . BearMcCreary.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . 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External links ( edit ) Official website God of War U.S. PlayStation website God of War on IMDb 2010s portal Mythology portal Sony PlayStation portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal hide God of War series Main series God of War ( 2005 ) God of War II God of War III Ascension God of War ( 2018 ) Other games Betrayal Chains of Olympus Ghost of Sparta Universe Characters Kratos Comic series Collections See also Soulcalibur : Broken Destiny Mortal Kombat PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_of_War_(2018_video_game)&oldid=849988614 '' Categories : 2018 video games Action - adventure games God of War ( series ) PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games PlayStation 4 - only games Single - player video games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Video game sequels Video games based on Norse mythology Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Use American English from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles to be expanded from June 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 20 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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who is running for governor of virginia 2014

Virginia gubernatorial election , 2013

virginia gubernatorial election, 2013

Bob McDonnell Republican

Elected Governor Terry McAuliffe Democratic Elections in Virginia Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 2012 U.S. Senate elections 1922 1924 1928 1930 1934 1936 1940 1942 1946 1948 1952 1954 1958 1960 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1994 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 U.S. House elections 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections U.S. Senate , 1920 U.S. Senate , 1933 U.S. Senate , 1946 U.S. Senate , 1966 1st congressional district , 2007 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1851 1855 1859 1863 ( Confederate ) 1863 ( Union ) 1869 1873 1877 1881 1885 1889 1893 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 2005 2009 2013 2017 Lieutenant Governor elections 2013 2017 Attorney General elections 2005 2013 2017 House of Delegates elections 2009 2017 Other elections 1989 1999 2003 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Ballot measures ( show ) 1970 1972 1976 1977 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2012 2014 2016 2016 Fairfax County Meals Tax Referendum Richmond ( show ) Mayoral elections 2016 City Council elections 2016 The Virginia gubernatorial election of 2013 took place on November 5 , 2013 , to elect the Governor of Virginia . The incumbent Governor , Republican Bob McDonnell , was not eligible to run for re-election due to term limits established by the Virginia Constitution . Virginia is the only state that prohibits its Governor from serving immediate successive terms . Three candidates appeared on the ballot for Governor : Republican Ken Cuccinelli , the Attorney General of Virginia ; Democrat Terry McAuliffe , a businessman and the former Chairman of the Democratic National Committee ; and Libertarian Robert Sarvis , a lawyer and businessman . McAuliffe won the election and was sworn in as governor on January 11 , 2014 . In every Virginia gubernatorial election from 1977 to 2009 , the political party of the President at the time lost the election , even when the state of Virginia had strongly voted for the President in question . However , this pattern was broken in the 2013 election , with McAuliffe 's victory during Barack Obama 's second term as president . This was the first Virginia gubernatorial election since 1965 in which no candidate won an outright majority of the vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Candidates 1.1 Republican Party 1.1. 1 Nominee 1.1. 2 Withdrew 1.1. 3 Declined 1.1. 4 Polling 1.2 Democratic Party 1.2. 1 Nominee 1.2. 2 Declined 1.3 Libertarian Party 1.3. 1 Nominee 1.4 Write - in candidates 1.4. 1 Declared 1.4. 2 Declined 2 General election 2.1 Debates and forums 2.1. 1 Virginia Bar Association debate 2.1. 2 Virginia Farm Bureau forum 2.1. 3 Tidewater Community College forum 2.1. 4 `` Battleground Forum '' 2.1. 5 Energy forum in Arlington 2.1. 6 Fairfax County debate 2.1. 7 Virginia Tech debate 2.2 Fundraising 2.2. 1 Spending by outside groups 2.3 Endorsements 2.4 Polling 2.5 Results 2.6 Analysis 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Candidates ( edit ) Republican party ( edit ) Main article : Republican Party of Virginia convention , 2013 Lieutenant Governor Bill Bolling , elected to the post in 2005 , made a deal with McDonnell whereby Bolling would run for re-election as lieutenant governor in 2009 , enabling McDonnell to run for governor without a primary , in exchange for McDonnell 's support in 2013 . After the 2009 election , Bolling made no secret of his intention to run for governor in 2013 , while Attorney General of Virginia Ken Cuccinelli openly stated that he was considering three options : a run for re-election as attorney general in 2013 , running for the U.S. Senate in 2014 , and running for governor in 2013 . Cuccinelli announced to colleagues on December 1 , 2011 , that he was indeed running for governor . Bolling responded on the same day that he was disappointed that Cuccinelli decided to challenge him . Bolling , who was polling poorly against Cuccinelli , withdrew from the race on November 28 , 2012 . He cited the Republican Party 's decision to move to a nominating convention rather than hold a primary . He ruled out running for another term as Lieutenant Governor and refused to endorse Cuccinelli . Bolling considered running as an independent , but decided against it . Bolling also rejected the possibility of a write - in campaign . Nominee ( edit ) Ken Cuccinelli , Attorney General of Virginia Cuccinelli became the de facto nominee after being the only candidate to file to run by the deadline , and was formally nominated at the state Republican convention on May 18 , 2013 . Withdrew ( edit ) Bill Bolling , Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Declined ( edit ) George Allen , former U.S. Senator and former Governor Thomas M. Davis , former U.S. Representative Jeff McWaters , State Senator Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bill Bolling Ken Cuccinelli Undecided Quinnipiac May 30 -- June 4 , 2012 549 ± 4.2 % 15 % 51 % 31 % Public Policy Polling April 26 -- 29 , 2012 400 ± 4.9 % 23 % 51 % 22 % Roanoke College February 13 -- 28 , 2012 377 ± 5 % 18 % 37 % 44 % Public Policy Polling December 11 -- 13 , 2011 350 ± 5.2 % 25 % 44 % 31 % Public Policy Polling July 21 -- 24 , 2011 400 ± 4.9 % 21 % 45 % 34 % Democratic party ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Terry McAuliffe , businessman and former Chairman of the Democratic National Committee ( campaign ) On April 2 , 2013 , the Democratic Party of Virginia certified that McAuliffe was the only candidate to file for the June primary , and was therefore the Democratic nominee . Declined ( edit ) Ward Armstrong , former Minority Leader of the Virginia House of Delegates Tom Perriello , former U.S. Representative Chap Petersen , State Senator Mark Warner , U.S. Senator and former Governor Libertarian party ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Robert Sarvis , lawyer , entrepreneur and software developer On April 21 , 2013 , the Libertarian Party of Virginia held a special convention and nominated Sarvis as the party 's official gubernatorial candidate . Sarvis ' campaign submitted over 17,000 signatures to meet the Virginia State Board of Elections ( SBE ) requirement of 10,000 valid signatures . On June 26 , 2013 , the SBE confirmed to Sarvis ' campaign that he would be listed on the ballot statewide during the elections this November . This made Sarvis the fourth minor party gubernatorial nominee to get on the Virginia ballot in 40 years . Write - in candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) John Parmele , Jr. , Navy retiree Parmele announced his campaign as a write - in candidate in August 2013 . Parmele unsuccessfully ran for the Virginia Beach City Council six times . In 2005 , he ran as an independent for the 82nd district of the Virginia House of Delegates and lost to incumbent Harry Purkey . Tareq Salahi , reality television personality Salahi planned to seek the Republican nomination , but left the party to launch an independent bid . However , he failed to submit the necessary signatures to the Virginia State Board of Elections by the June 11 , 2013 , deadline and did not appear on the ballot as an independent . He transitioned his run into a write - in campaign and said he would pursue a congressional seat if he did n't win the governorship . Salahi also scheduled to have a film document his campaign by Campbell Media Group , but the production company faced legal allegations . Declined ( edit ) Bill Bolling , Lieutenant Governor of Virginia General election ( edit ) Debates and forums ( edit ) Cuccinelli challenged McAuliffe to a series of 15 debates around the state . McAuliffe refused , and called Cuccinelli 's challenge `` absurd '' and a `` gimmick '' . Cuccinelli responded , `` McAuliffe 's campaign might have dismissed the challenge , but it 's clear that community leaders and Virginians share our desire to hold real debates across the Commonwealth . '' Both candidates agreed to participate in three debates : July 20 , 2013 , in Hot Springs , sponsored by the Virginia Bar Association ; September 25 , 2013 , in McLean , sponsored by the Fairfax County Chamber of Commerce and broadcast by NBC affiliates throughout Virginia ; and a third debate on October 24 , 2013 , at Virginia Tech . Cuccinelli declined to appear at the League of Women Voters / AARP debate , calling it a `` left - wing , stacked debate '' . Cuccinelli accepted a debate invitation in Danville for a date in September or October ; McAuliffe did not respond . Sarvis was not invited to the debates or forums ; some newspapers , including the Richmond Times Dispatch , The Roanoke Times , and The Daily Progress , called for his inclusion . Barton Hinkle of the Richmond Times Dispatch called the current debate process `` stacked '' suggesting that debate organizers are activists trying to influence the outcome of the election for their own ideological purposes . Sarvis said he would `` debate anybody anywhere under any conditions . '' McAuliffe and his campaign repeatedly declined to give a cost for his spending priorities , stating he would pay for them through unspecified government efficiency improvements , the Medicaid expansion , and federal money from Obamacare . McAuliffe said tax increases would not be on the table to pay for policy proposals . Cuccinelli 's 2013 campaign conducted an analysis that found McAuliffe 's spending plan would cost at least $14 billion -- including $12 billion in new spending -- over a four - year term and would translate into a $1,700 tax hike on the average Virginia family . McAuliffe 's campaign accused Cuccinelli 's campaign of `` fabricat ( ing ) '' the numbers . Virginia Bar Association debate ( edit ) Cuccinelli and McAuliffe met in their first debate on Saturday , July 20 , 2013 , at the Omni Homestead Resort in Hot Springs , Virginia , for the Virginia Bar Association - sponsored debate . Both major party candidates attacked their opponent 's record , and they debated one another on issues including transportation , federal healthcare , abortion , Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell , same - sex marriage , and other topics . PBS ' Judy Woodruff moderated the debate . Libertarian Sarvis was not invited to join the debate , but he attended the event to greet voters . Virginia farm Bureau forum ( edit ) Cuccinelli and McAuliffe discussed their plans for Virginia 's largest industry , agriculture and forest products , on Friday , August 2 , 2013 , at Wytheville Community College in Wytheville , Virginia . The candidates also discussed topics including transportation and healthcare . The forum was hosted by the Farm Bureau 's Young Farmers Committee . Libertarian Sarvis was not invited . Tidewater community College forum ( edit ) Cuccinelli and McAuliffe appeared Tuesday , August 6 , 2013 , at the Norfolk Waterside Marriott in Norfolk , Virginia at an event hosted by Tidewater Community College . Democrat McAuliffe argued that improving transportation would spur job creation , and he wanted to reform the Standards of Learning and Medicaid . Republican Cuccinelli focused on tax cuts as well as expanding opportunities for veterans and growing Virginia 's ports . Libertarian Sarvis was not invited to the event , but a spokesman provided a statement about the libertarian candidate . `` Battleground forum '' ( edit ) Cuccinelli and McAuliffe took the stage again on August 9 , 2013 , at the Hylton Performing Arts Center in Manassas , Virginia , hosted by the chambers of commerce from Loudoun , Prince William , Reston and Fredericksburg . Both Cuccinelli and McAuliffe answered a series of questions from representatives from each of the chambers that hosted the forum , and both were called out by the event 's moderator for dodging specific questions . The sharpest exchange was between McAuliffe and the forum moderator Derek McGinty , an anchor on WUSA . McAuliffe declined to take a position on the proposed Bi-County Parkway , a controversial project that would cut through Manassas National Battlefield Park to connect Prince William and Loudoun counties . Libertarian Sarvis attended the event but was not included as a candidate , which led some political observers , such as the Franklin Center for Government and Public Integrity 's project watchdog.org , to say that the number one thing missing from the forum was the invitation to include Sarvis . Four days after moderating the Battleground Forum , WUSA - TV news anchor Derek McGinty said Sarvis should be part of the conversation . Energy forum in Arlington ( edit ) The Consumer Energy Alliance , the National Ocean Industries Association ( NOIA ) , the Thomas Jefferson Institute for Public Policy , and the Virginia Manufacturers Association co-hosted a forum focused on energy with Cuccinelli and McAuliffe on August 29 , 2013 . Libertarian Sarvis was not invited to the forum . The event took place at the George Mason University School of Law campus in Arlington . Both Cuccinelli and McAuliffe launched broad attacks on one another . Cuccinelli pointed out McAuliffe 's inconsistent stances on coal and offshore drilling ( McAuliffe made anti-coal and anti-offshore drilling statements during his 2009 campaign but has attempted to take a more centrist position in 2013 ) . Cuccinelli also pointed to the GreenTech scandal enveloping McAuliffe . McAuliffe offered few specifics on his own energy policy plans but attacked Cuccinelli for his lawsuit of a Virginia Tech professor and expert on global warming whom he investigated for fraud , and said Cuccinelli 's views on social issues would drive away businesses . Fairfax County debate ( edit ) The Fairfax County Chamber of Commerce and NBC4 hosted a debate between Cuccinelli and McAuliffe on September 25 , 2013 . NBC political journalist Chuck Todd moderated . The debate was held at the Capital One Bank headquarters in McLean , Virginia , and was aired live on NBC4 and NBC affiliates in Richmond , Charlottesville , Bristol and other Virginia cities . Throughout the debate , both McAuliffe and Cuccinelli attacked their opponent 's records and views . McAuliffe focused on Medicaid expansion , failed to answer a question about the price tag of his education plan , and was exposed for not knowing that a state constitutional amendment is required to reverse the state 's constitutional ban on same - sex marriage . Cuccinelli focused on his experience in office , defended his social views , and dodged a question about which loopholes he would close . After the debate , the Fairfax County Chamber of Commerce endorsed McAuliffe . A spokesman said the debate would exclude Sarvis for `` no other reason other than our tradition to provide a forum for the two major - party candidates . '' Sarvis attended the debate and his campaign debuted a television ad , which aired in Northern Virginia . The Sarvis ad caused Peter Galuszka of The Washington Post to say Sarvis `` won '' the debate . Five days after the debate moderator Chuck Todd invited Sarvis onto his show , The Daily Rundown , and asked Sarvis questions from the debate . Complete video of debate Virginia Tech debate ( edit ) Virginia Tech and WDBJ sponsored a debate between McAuliffe and Cuccinelli on October 24 , 2013 . Prior to the debate , Cuccinelli agreed informally to participate , though his campaign asked questions about the rules , including to raise the threshold for a third - party candidate to participate , before formally agreeing . McAuliffe also agreed to the rules . Originally , the announced threshold for inclusion in the debate was ten percent in the polls . Later , it would be announced the threshold for inclusion in the debate was ten percent according to the RealClearPolitics average by the October 10 invitation deadline . On October 10 , Sarvis was polling at 9 % in the RealClearPolitics average , and WDBJ announced that Sarvis would not be included at the debate . Sarvis responded that the debate rules were `` designed to exclude . '' Complete video of debate Fundraising ( edit ) Campaign finance reports through November 28 , 2013 Candidate Spent Votes Cost per Vote Terry McAuliffe $38,003,836 1,069,789 $35.52 Ken Cuccinelli $20,942,496 1,013,354 $20.67 Robert Sarvis $213,781 146,084 $1.46 Source : Virginia Public Access Project McAuliffe 's funds include $5.7 million from the Democratic Governors Association PAC ; $950,000 from the Virginia League of Conservation Voters ; over $294,000 he donated to himself ; $250,000 from Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos ; $120,000 from the Liberian International Ship & Corporate Registry ; $100,005 from his father - in - law , Richard Swann ; and $100,000 from Bill Clinton . Cuccinelli 's funds include $3.97 million from the Republican Governors Association PAC and $500,000 from the Republican Party of Virginia McAuliffe has received 34 contributions of $100,000 or more ; Cuccinelli has received six contributions of $100,000 or more . 72 % of McAuliffe 's campaign contributors are from Virginia , but in the first quarter of 2013 , 78 % of his total funds came from donors from outside Virginia . 33 % of Cuccinelli 's funds in the first quarter of 2013 came from donors outside Virginia . Through the first quarter of 2013 ending on March 31 , 2013 , McAuliffe had raised $6.7 million , and Cuccinelli had raised $4.4 million . In the second quarter of 2013 , McAuliffe raised $2.2 million , Cuccinelli raised $1.1 million , and Sarvis raised approximately $2,500 . Terry McAuliffe 's top five donors are from outside Virginia . Three of Ken Cuccinelli 's top five donors are from out - of - state . From July 1 , 2013 through August 31 , 2013 , McAuliffe raised $7,355,246 ; and Cuccinelli raised $5,688,222 . Over that period , McAuliffe received 2,010 contributions of more than $100 , and 5,476 contributions of $100 or less ; while Cuccinelli received 3,193 contributions of more than $100 , and 7,075 contributions of $100 or less . During the same period , McAuliffe 's biggest donations included the DGA ( $2.7 million ) ; the Virginia League of Conservation Voters ( $900,000 ) ; the American Federation of State , County and Municipal Employees ( $100,000 ) ; Laborers ' International Union of North America Education Fund ( $100,000 ) ; and the United Food and Commercial Workers Active Ballot Club Education Fund ( $100,000 ) . Cuccinelli 's biggest donations included several energy companies and private individuals ; his largest contribution over the period was $30,000 . As of August 31 , 2013 , McAuliffe 's campaign has $5,010,223 cash on hand , and Cuccinelli 's campaign has $2,234,369 cash on hand . Spending by outside groups ( edit ) Tom Steyer 's PAC NextGen Climate Action , Michael Bloomberg 's PAC Independence USA , the National Education Association and the Planned Parenthood Action Fund have purchased a combined total of over $4.3 million worth of airtime for television ads supporting McAuliffe or opposing Cuccinelli . Americans for Prosperity , Citizens United , the Virginia Principles Fund PAC , National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund , the Ending Spending Fund , and the Fight for Tomorrow PAC have purchased a combined total of just over $2 million worth of airtime for television ads supporting Cuccinelli or opposing McAuliffe . Purple PAC , a Libertarian - leaning super PAC , spent over $300,000 in television ads designed to boost the Sarvis campaign before election day . Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Ken Cuccinelli Elected Officials Jeb Bush , former Governor of Florida Tichi Pinkney Eppes , Democratic member of the Richmond School Board Bobby Jindal , Governor of Louisiana and Chairman of the Republican Governors Association Bob McDonnell , Governor of Virginia and former Chairman of the Republican Governors Association Rand Paul , U.S. Senator of Kentucky Ron Paul , former congressman from Texas and 2008 & 2012 presidential candidate Mitt Romney , former Governor of Massachusetts and nominee for U.S. President in 2012 Marco Rubio , U.S. Senator of Florida Rick Santorum , former U.S. Senator of Pennsylvania and candidate for U.S. President in 2012 Scott Walker , Governor of Wisconsin Others Mark Levin , talk radio host Dave `` Mudcat '' Saunders , Democratic strategist Organizations Fraternal Order of Police National Federation of Independent Business National Rifle Association ( NRA ) Northern Virginia Technology Council Susan B. Anthony List Virginia Farm Bureau Virginia Police Benevolent Association ( PBA ) Newspapers Bluefield Daily Telegraph The Washington Times ( show ) Terry McAuliffe Current and former statewide politicians Gerry Connolly , U.S. Representative for Virginia 's 11th congressional district Linwood Holton , former Republican Governor of Virginia Tim Kaine , U.S. Senator and former Governor of Virginia Bobby Scott , U.S. Representative for Virginia 's 3rd congressional district Mark Warner , U.S. Senator and former Governor of Virginia Douglas Wilder , former Governor of Virginia Current and former state - level politicians Vince Callahan , former Republican member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1968 to 2008 Jim Dillard , former Republican member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1980 to 2005 Will Sessoms , Mayor of Virginia Beach John Chichester , former Republican member of the Virginia Senate from 1978 to 2008 Katherine Waddell , Independent former Delegate , Virginia Chair for Republican Majority for Choice National politicians Barack Obama , President of the United States Joe Biden , Vice President of the United States Anthony G. Brown , Lieutenant Governor of Maryland Bill Clinton , former President of the United States Hillary Clinton , former United States Secretary of State , former U.S. Senator from New York and former First Lady of the United States Martin O'Malley , Governor of Maryland and former Chairman of the Democratic Governors Association Michelle Obama , First Lady of the United States Others Christopher R. Barron , member of the board of directors and co-founder of GOProud Boyd Marcus , Republican strategist Milt Peterson , Principal and Chairman of the Peterson Companies Dwight Schar , former National Finance Chair of the Republican National Committee Judy Ford Wason , Republican Strategist Earle Williams , former Republican Candidate for Governor of Virginia Organizations Fairfax County Chamber of Commerce Planned Parenthood Advocates of Virginia Virginia Professional Firefighters Newspapers Daily Press Falls Church News - Press Loudoun Times - Mirror The Virginian - Pilot The Washington Post ( show ) Robert Sarvis Elected Officials Gary Johnson , former Republican Governor of New Mexico and Libertarian Party nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election Others Jimmy LaSalvia , co-founder and former executive director of GOProud Newspapers Danville Register & Bee ( show ) Declined to endorse Elected Officials Bill Bolling , Republican Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Newspapers The Richmond Times - Dispatch The Roanoke Times Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ken Cuccinelli ( R ) Terry McAuliffe ( D ) Robert Sarvis ( L ) Other Undecided Newsmax / Zogby November 2 -- 4 , 2013 600 ± 4.1 % 31 % 43 % 12 % 4 % 11 % Public Policy Polling November 2 -- 3 , 2013 870 ± 3.3 % 43 % 50 % 4 % -- 3 % Quinnipiac October 29 -- November 3 , 2013 1,606 ± 2.5 % 40 % 46 % 8 % -- 5 % 42 % 49 % -- 1 % 8 % Newsmax / Zogby October 30 -- November 1 , 2013 600 ± 4.1 % 36 % 43 % 9 % 3 % 9 % Emerson College October 25 -- 30 , 2013 874 ± 3.24 % 40 % 42 % 13 % -- 5 % Christopher Newport University October 25 -- 30 , 2013 1,038 ± 3 % 38 % 45 % 10 % -- 7 % Rasmussen October 28 -- 29 , 2013 1,002 ± 3 % 36 % 43 % 12 % 2 % 7 % Quinnipiac October 22 -- 28 , 2013 1,182 ± 2.9 % 41 % 45 % 9 % 1 % 4 % 45 % 47 % -- 2 % 7 % Public Policy Polling October 26 -- 27 , 2013 709 EV ± 3.6 % 40 % 54 % 4 % -- 2 % Hampton University October 24 , 26 -- 27 , 2013 800 ± 2.9 % 36 % 42 % 12 % -- 10 % 41 % 42 % -- -- 17 % Washington Post / Abt SRBI October 24 -- 27 , 2013 762 ± 4.5 % 39 % 51 % 8 % -- 1 % 42 % 53 % -- -- 5 % Roanoke College October 21 -- 27 , 2013 838 ± 3.4 % 31 % 46 % 9 % -- 15 % Old Dominion Poll October 22 , 2013 670 ± 5 % 37 % 44 % 7 % 2 % 11 % Quinnipiac October 15 -- 21 , 2013 1,085 ± 3 % 39 % 46 % 10 % 1 % 4 % 42 % 50 % -- 2 % 7 % Rasmussen October 20 , 2013 1,000 ± 3 % 33 % 50 % 8 % 3 % 5 % Public Policy Polling October 19 -- 20 , 2013 724 EV ± 3.6 % 39 % 57 % 3 % -- 1 % NBC News / Marist October 13 -- 15 , 2013 596 ± 4 % 38 % 46 % 9 % 1 % 7 % 43 % 52 % -- 1 % 4 % Christopher Newport University October 8 -- 13 , 2013 753 ± 3.6 % 39 % 46 % 11 % -- 4 % Quinnipiac October 2 -- 8 , 2013 1,180 ± 2.9 % 39 % 47 % 8 % -- 5 % 42 % 49 % -- 1 % 7 % PPP / Harper Polling October 5 -- 6 , 2013 1,150 ± 2.9 % 35 % 44 % 12 % -- 8 % 42 % 52 % -- -- 5 % Watson Center October 1 -- 6 , 2013 886 ± 3.1 % 38 % 47 % 8 % -- 7 % Roanoke College September 30 -- October 5 , 2013 1,046 ± 3 % 34 % 40 % 9 % -- 16 % Emerson College September 26 -- 30 , 2013 519 ± 4.25 % 38 % 43 % 11 % -- 8 % Newsmax / Zogby September 27 -- 29 , 2013 600 ± 4.1 % 27 % 32 % 13 % -- 24 % 32 % 33 % -- 11 % 24 % Hampton University September 25 -- 29 , 2013 800 ± 2.9 % 37 % 42 % 8 % -- 12 % University of Mary Washington September 25 -- 29 , 2013 559 ± 4.7 % 35 % 42 % 10 % 5 % 8 % Rasmussen September 23 , 2013 1,050 ± 3 % 38 % 44 % 6 % 2 % 11 % Washington Post / Abt SRBI September 19 -- 22 , 2013 562 ± 5 % 39 % 47 % 10 % -- 3 % 44 % 49 % -- 1 % 6 % Conquest Communications September 19 , 2013 400 ± 5 % 35 % 36 % 11 % -- 19 % NBC News / Marist September 17 -- 19 , 2013 546 ± 4.2 % 38 % 43 % 8 % -- 11 % Harper Polling September 15 -- 16 , 2013 779 ± 3.51 % 37 % 42 % 10 % -- 11 % Roanoke College September 9 -- 15 , 2013 874 ± 3.3 % 36 % 37 % 9 % -- 17 % Quinnipiac September 9 -- 15 , 2013 1,005 ± 3.1 % 41 % 44 % 7 % 1 % 6 % Purple Strategies September 6 -- 10 , 2013 800 ± 3.5 % 38 % 43 % -- -- 19 % Rasmussen September 3 -- 4 , 2013 998 ± 3 % 38 % 45 % -- 7 % 10 % Public Policy Polling August 27 -- 28 , 2013 500 ± ? 37 % 44 % 9 % -- 9 % Emerson College August 23 -- 28 , 2013 653 ± 3.8 % 35 % 45 % 10 % -- 11 % Quinnipiac August 14 -- 19 , 2013 1,129 ± 2.9 % 42 % 48 % -- 2 % 9 % Quinnipiac July 11 -- 15 , 2013 1,030 ± 3.1 % 39 % 43 % -- 1 % 17 % Public Policy Polling July 11 -- 14 , 2013 601 ± 4 % 37 % 41 % 7 % -- 15 % Roanoke College July 8 -- 14 , 2013 525 ± 4.3 % 37 % 31 % 5 % -- 27 % Rasmussen June 5 -- 6 , 2013 1,000 ± 3 % 41 % 44 % -- 3 % 12 % Public Policy Polling May 24 -- 26 , 2013 672 ± 3.8 % 37 % 42 % -- -- 21 % Wenzel Strategies May 14 -- 15 , 2013 800 ± 3.4 % 44 % 36 % -- -- 21 % Quinnipiac May 8 -- 13 , 2013 1,286 ± 2.7 % 38 % 43 % -- 1 % 19 % The Washington Post April 29 -- May 2 , 2013 1,000 ± 3.5 % 46 % 41 % -- -- 13 % NBC News / Marist April 28 -- May 2 , 2013 1,095 ± 3 % 41 % 43 % -- 1 % 16 % Roanoke College April 8 -- 14 , 2013 639 ± 3.9 % 34 % 29 % -- -- 38 % Quinnipiac March 20 -- 25 , 2013 1,098 ± 3 % 40 % 38 % -- 2 % 20 % University of Mary Washington March 20 -- 24 , 2013 1,004 ± 3.5 % 37 % 38 % -- -- 25 % Quinnipiac February 14 -- 18 , 2013 1,112 ± 2.9 % 38 % 38 % -- 1 % 23 % Roanoke College January 14 -- 22 , 2013 583 ± 4.1 % 33 % 26 % -- -- 41 % Christopher Newport University January 14 -- 20 , 2013 1,015 ± 3.1 % 30 % 31 % -- 6 % 33 % Quinnipiac January 4 -- 7 , 2013 1,134 ± 2.9 % 39 % 40 % -- 2 % 19 % Public Policy Polling January 4 -- 6 , 2013 602 ± 4 % 41 % 46 % -- -- 13 % Quinnipiac November 8 -- 12 , 2012 1,469 ± 2.6 % 37 % 41 % -- 1 % 22 % Public Policy Polling August 16 -- 19 , 2012 855 ± 3.4 % 40 % 40 % -- -- 20 % Public Policy Polling July 5 -- 8 , 2012 647 ± 3.9 % 37 % 41 % -- -- 22 % Public Policy Polling April 26 -- 29 , 2012 680 ± 3.8 % 36 % 41 % -- -- 23 % Public Policy Polling December 10 -- 12 , 2011 600 ± 4 % 41 % 40 % -- -- 20 % Public Policy Polling July 21 -- 24 , 2011 500 ± 4.4 % 41 % 38 % -- -- 22 % Hypothetical polling With Bolling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bill Bolling ( R ) Gerry Connolly ( D ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling December 10 -- 12 , 2011 600 ± 4 % 39 % 36 % -- 24 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bill Bolling ( R ) Terry McAuliffe ( D ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac November 8 -- 12 , 2012 1,469 ± 2.6 % 36 % 38 % 1 % 25 % Public Policy Polling August 16 -- 19 , 2012 855 ± 3.4 % 40 % 37 % -- 23 % Public Policy Polling July 5 -- 8 , 2012 647 ± 3.9 % 36 % 33 % -- 31 % Public Policy Polling April 26 -- 29 , 2012 680 ± 3.8 % 36 % 34 % -- 30 % Public Policy Polling December 10 -- 12 , 2011 600 ± 4 % 39 % 36 % -- 25 % Public Policy Polling July 21 -- 24 , 2011 500 ± 4.4 % 38 % 33 % -- 29 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bill Bolling ( R ) Tom Perriello ( D ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling August 16 -- 19 , 2012 855 ± 3.4 % 39 % 36 % -- 25 % Public Policy Polling July 5 -- 8 , 2012 647 ± 3.9 % 38 % 32 % -- 30 % Public Policy Polling April 26 -- 29 , 2012 680 ± 3.8 % 35 % 34 % -- 31 % Public Policy Polling December 10 -- 12 , 2011 600 ± 4 % 39 % 35 % -- 26 % Public Policy Polling July 21 -- 24 , 2011 500 ± 4.4 % 39 % 32 % -- 29 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bill Bolling ( R ) Mark Warner ( D ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac November 8 -- 12 , 2012 1,469 ± 2.6 % 33 % 53 % -- 15 % Public Policy Polling August 16 -- 19 , 2012 855 ± 3.4 % 36 % 50 % -- 14 % Public Policy Polling July 5 -- 8 , 2012 647 ± 3.9 % 35 % 49 % -- 16 % Public Policy Polling April 26 -- 29 , 2012 680 ± 3.8 % 32 % 53 % -- 14 % With Cuccinelli Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ken Cuccinelli ( R ) Gerry Connolly ( D ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling December 10 -- 12 , 2011 600 ± 4 % 40 % 41 % -- 20 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ken Cuccinelli ( R ) Tom Perriello ( D ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling August 16 -- 19 , 2012 855 ± 3.4 % 39 % 41 % -- 20 % Public Policy Polling July 5 -- 8 , 2012 647 ± 3.9 % 39 % 38 % -- 23 % Public Policy Polling April 26 -- 29 , 2012 680 ± 3.8 % 36 % 39 % -- 25 % Public Policy Polling December 10 -- 12 , 2011 600 ± 4 % 41 % 41 % -- 19 % Public Policy Polling July 21 -- 24 , 2011 500 ± 4.4 % 41 % 36 % -- 23 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ken Cuccinelli ( R ) Mark Warner ( D ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac November 8 -- 12 , 2012 1,469 ± 2.6 % 34 % 52 % -- 15 % Public Policy Polling August 16 -- 19 , 2012 855 ± 3.4 % 36 % 53 % -- 11 % Public Policy Polling July 5 -- 8 , 2012 647 ± 3.9 % 37 % 51 % -- 13 % Public Policy Polling April 26 -- 29 , 2012 680 ± 3.8 % 33 % 53 % -- 14 % Three - way race Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ken Cuccinelli ( R ) Terry McAuliffe ( D ) Bill Bolling ( I ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling November 2 -- 3 , 2013 870 ± 3.3 % 32 % 34 % 22 % -- 13 % Quinnipiac February 14 -- 18 , 2013 1,112 ± 2.9 % 31 % 34 % 13 % -- 22 % Roanoke College January 14 -- 22 , 2013 583 ± 4.1 % 25 % 19 % 12 % -- 44 % Christopher Newport University January 14 -- 20 , 2013 1,015 ± 3.1 % 27 % 27 % 9 % -- 37 % Quinnipiac January 4 -- 7 , 2013 1,134 ± 2.9 % 34 % 34 % 13 % -- 19 % Public Policy Polling January 4 -- 6 , 2013 602 ± 4 % 32 % 40 % 15 % -- 13 % Results ( edit ) Polls indicated McAuliffe would win comfortably on Election Day . However , the race was much closer than expected . Cuccinelli led for a good portion of the evening . However , Fairfax County , a suburb of Washington D.C. , is heavily Democratic , and is often one of the last parts of the state to count their votes . With around 90 % of the vote McAuliffe took the lead for the first time . McAuliffe 's lead continued to grow as Fairfax County came in . With 96 % of the vote counted , CNN called the race for McAuliffe . At 10 : 06 P.M. EST , Cuccinelli called McAuliffe to concede defeat . Ralph Northam , also a Democrat , won the race for lieutenant governor , making the governor and the lieutenant governor both Democrats for the first time since 2006 . Virginia gubernatorial election , 2013 Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Terry McAuliffe 1,069,789 47.75 % + 6.49 % Republican Ken Cuccinelli 1,013,354 45.23 % − 13.38 % Libertarian Robert Sarvis 146,084 6.52 % + 6.52 % Write - ins 11,087 0.49 % Plurality 56,435 2.52 % − 14.86 % Turnout 2,240,314 43.0 % Democratic gain from Republican Swing Analysis ( edit ) The result was somewhat surprising because many polls showed McAuliffe with a larger margin of victory over Cuccinelli than he ended up with . The Libertarian candidate was seen as having a large impact on the polls , his presence complicating them and adding `` uncertainty to the ballot test '' . The polling for the Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General elections , which did not feature a third - party candidate , was much more accurate . Although Sarvis also under - performed , his performance was among the three strongest of any Libertarian candidate running in a gubernatorial election and the best result for a third - party candidate in Virginia since 1965 . Exit polls showed that , contrary to conventional wisdom , Sarvis pulled far more votes from McAuliffe than Cuccinelli . See also ( edit ) List of Governors of Virginia United States gubernatorial elections , 2013 Virginia elections , 2013 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election , 2013 Virginia Attorney General election , 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Virginia Department of Elections ( 2016 ) . `` Registration / Turnout Statistics '' . The Commonwealth of Virginia . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official List of Statewide Office Candidates '' ( PDF ) . Virginia State Board of Elections . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McDonnell wins Virginia governor 's race '' Archived November 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Washington Post , November 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ Meola , Olympia ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` McAuliffe edges Cuccinelli to win governor 's race '' . Richmond Times Dispatch . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Will Virginia elect its first Governor in nearly 50 years with less than 50 % of the vote ? Archived October 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kumar , Aita ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Cuccinelli says he may challenge Warner for U.S. Senate in 2014 '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Catanese , David ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` Cuccinelli : ' I have decided to run for governor ' '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Kumar , Anita ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` Ken Cuccinelli announces he will run for Va. governor in 2013 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Sluss ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Could Bolling run for governor as an independent ? '' . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burns , Alexander ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Bill Bolling rejects run as independent in Virginia governor 's race '' . Politico . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Delesline , Nate ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bolling : Race for governor could discourage moderate and independent voters '' . The Daily Progress . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Anita ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` Cuccinelli files papers for gubernatorial run '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Cuccinelli nominated for governor by Virginia GOP '' . WJLA ABC 7 . Associated Press . May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant Governor Bolling to exit Va . gov race '' . Politico . November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , Julian ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` George Allen rules out future runs for political office '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burns , Alexander ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Business leaders seek savior in Virginia governor 's race '' . Politico . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Julian ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` McWaters says ' no ' to governor run , undecided on LG '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` McAuliffe emails : ' I plan on running for Governor of Virginia in 2013 ' '' . Politico . November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , Julian ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` McAuliffe named Dem governor nominee , 4 others make ballot '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Anita ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` House Minority Leader Armstrong looks to run statewide in 2013 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sluss , Michael ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Former Del . Ward Armstrong wo n't run statewide in 2013 '' . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pershing , Ben ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Tom Perriello says he wo n't run for Va. governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , Julian ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Fairfax Sen. Petersen ( D ) wo n't run for governor in ' 13 '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Ian ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Senator Mark Warner says wo n't run for Virginia governor '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hinkle , Bart ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` Yes , Virginia , there is a Door No. 3 '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Montoni , Marc ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` LPVA Calls Special Convention for April 21 '' . Libertarian Party of Virginia . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesiak , Krzysztof ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Robert Sarvis Receives Libertarian Party of Virginia Nomination for Governor in 2013 '' . Independent Political Report . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Winger , Richard ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Rob Sarvis , Libertarian Candidate for Governor of Virginia , Submits 18,000 Signatures '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian Candidate Robert Sarvis Makes the Ballot in Virginia Governor 's Race '' . Charlottesville Newsplex . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Parmele for governor independent '' . Parmele for Governor . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Va . Beach 's Parmele starts write - in campaign '' . The Virginia Pilot . August 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate says blacks bring racism on selves '' . The Virginia Pilot . October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State House District 082 '' . Virginia State Board of Elections . November 8 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Tareq '' . Salahi for Governor . Crash The Vote : Tareq Salahi for Governor . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Haines , Errin ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Salahi announces independent run for Va. governor '' . Virginia Politics . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pershing , Ben ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Tareq Salahi shifts to write - in campaign for Va. governor , eyes U.S. House race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Susan ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tareq Salahi 's Absurd Run for Virginia Governor '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Emily ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` White House Gate Crasher 's Governor Run to Be Documentary '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cuccinelli , McAuliffe spar over transparency at first joint appearance '' . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : facebook ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Cuccinelli accepts Danville debate ; McAuliffe camp balks '' . Newsadvance.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben Pershing ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` In joint appearance , McAuliffe , Cuccinelli trade jabs over debates , transparency '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whack , Errin ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` McAuliffe agrees to five debates in Virginia governor 's race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fairfax Chamber , NBC4 to Host Virginia Gubernatorial Debate September 25 in McLean '' . Fairfaxchamber.org . June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cuccinelli , McAuliffe agree to just 2 more debates '' . Hamptonroads.com . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Julian ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Cuccinelli : League of Women Voters ' debate a ' left wing ' forum '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert who ? The Libertarian Party candidate governor should get a chance to debate '' . The Roanoke Times . July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Three 's company '' . Richmond Times Dispatch . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Bob ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Letter : Send a message to both major political parties '' . The Free Lance - Star . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First debate does n't yield clear winner '' . The Daily Progress . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hinkle , Barton ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Hinkle : The third - party Catch - 22 '' . Richmond Times Dispatch . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Bob ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Libertarian looks to shake up Virginia governor 's race '' . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . I 'll debate anybody anywhere under any conditions ^ Jump up to : Kenneth Cuccinelli says Terry McAuliffe 's priorities would cost Virginia $14 billion Archived October 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . The Washington Times Jump up ^ Kunkle , Fredrick . `` Virginia governor 's race : Where they stand on the issues '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cuccinelli puts $14 billion price tag on McAuliffe spending list Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Watchdog.org Jump up ^ Cuccinelli claims McAuliffe to spend extra $12 B AP via WDBJ Jump up ^ Cuccinelli Claims McAuliffe to Spend Extra $1 Billion Archived February 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . CBS DC Jump up ^ Cella , Matthew ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` First Va. gubernatorial debate gets sharp and personal between Cuccinelli , McAuliffe '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Jim ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` McAuliffe , Cuccinelli exchange barbs '' . Richmond Times Dispatch . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cuccinelli , McAuliffe cast arguments in sharply personal terms in Va. gubernatorial debate '' . Daily Press . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Chelyen ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Cuccinelli , McAuliffe bringing battle to stage '' . Free Lance - Star . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Lynn ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Observations at the Homestead gubernatorial debate '' . Virginia Politics on Demand . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Candidates for governor appear at Va. farm forum '' . Richmond Times Dispatch . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Va. gubernatorial candidates appear at Wytheville forum '' . WVVA . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Va . Gubernatorial Candidates Appear in Norfolk '' . WRIC - TV . August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Va gubernatorial candidates spar over transportation , taxes during jobs summit in Norfolk '' . The Washington Post . August 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ West , Rachel ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Candidates appear at jobs summit : Libertarian candidate not invited '' . WAVY - TV . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben Pershing ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` McAuliffe , Cuccinelli attend joint forum for Northern Virginia business community '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nadler , Danielle ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Gubernatorial Candidates Jab And Dodge At Northern Virginia Forum '' . Leesburg Today . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Koma , Alex ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` McAuliffe , Cucinelli Grilled on Bi-County Parkway '' . Patch Media . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Watson , Kathryn ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` The VA gubernatorial debate that was n't : Top 5 things missing '' . watchdog.org . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGinty , Derek ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Let 's Be Real : Robert Sarvis , new blood in VA Governor 's race ? '' . WUSA - TV . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virginia Energy & Opportunity Forum '' . Consumer Energy Alliance . Aug 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Gubernatorial Candidates Agree to August 29 Energy Forum '' . Consumer Energy Alliance . August 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Ethan ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` McAuliffe , Cuccinelli to Appear at Energy Forum in Arlington '' . ARLnow . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kalter , Lindsay ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` Virginia governor candidates drop gloves in latest skirmish '' . Politico . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia 's Gubernatorial Candidates Will Debate on Business , Economy Sept. 25 '' . WRC - TV . June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Benton , Nicholas ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Fairfax County Chamber of Commerce Endorses McAuliffe After Debate '' . Falls Church News Press . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hinkle , Bart ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` One candidate is focused on issues '' . Richmond Times Dispatch . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wise , Scott ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Robert Sarvis debuts campaign ad during gubernatorial debate '' . WTVR - TV . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Candidates for Va . Governor Clash in Prime - Time Debate '' . CBS DC . September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cuccinelli , McAuliffe Face Off in Debate in Fairfax County '' . WRC - TV . September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Galuszka , Peter ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Sarvis wins the Virginia gubernatorial debate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Third party candidate shakes up Va. race '' . MSNBC . September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Contorno , Steve ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Ken Cuccinelli asks Virginia debate organizers to raise bar for third - party candidates '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian Candidate for Gov. Makes Campaign Stop in Roanoke '' . WSET - TV . October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd bid in governor 's race could cost Cuccinelli '' . Politico . October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Sarvis said to be attracting 10 % of voters '' . The Roanoke Times . October 6 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hohmann , James ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Libertarian excluded from Va . gov debate '' . Politico . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Sarvis Not Invited to Final Va Governor 's Debate '' . Charlottesville Newsplex . October 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dashiell , Joe ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sarvis reacts to decision excluding him from debate '' . WDBJ . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Governor '' . VPAP . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Terry McAuliffe campaign finance '' . VPAP . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ken Cuccinelli campaign finance '' . VPAP . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Sarvis campaign finance '' . VPAP . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Itemized cash contributions reported by McAuliffe for Governor '' . Vpap.org . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Itemized cash contributions reported by Cuccinelli for Governor -- Ken '' . Vpap.org . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Fred . `` Terry McAuliffe gets 78 % of campaign cash from outside Virginia '' . Washingtonexaminer.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` VPAP Governor 2013 summary '' . Vpap.org . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Update : September Filing Reports - LIVE '' . Vpap.org . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 09 / 15 / 2013 Campaign Finance Reports - McAuliffe '' . Vpap.org . August 31 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 09 / 15 / 2013 Campaign Finance Reports - Cuccinelli '' . Vpap.org . August 31 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Donations Reported by McAuliffe for Governor - Terry Filing period 07 / 01 / 2013 through 08 / 31 / 2013 '' . Vpap.org . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Donations Reported by Cuccinelli for Governor - Ken Filing period 07 / 01 / 2013 through 08 / 31 / 2013 '' . Vpap.org . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV buys '' . VPAP . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Bloomberg to buy big for Terry McAuliffe Archived October 25 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Politico Jump up ^ Pershing , Ben ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Outside group launches six - figure ad buy to boost Sarvis campaign for Va. governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Jeff ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Marco Rubio and Jeb Bush could reap political benefits in Virginia '' . Sunshine State News . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fredrick Kunkle ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Cuccinelli unveils new ad featuring female member of Richmond 's school board '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Warren , Michael ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jindal : Republicans Should Be Helping Cuccinelli More , Fighting Obamacare '' . The Weekly Standard . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meola , Olympia ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` McDonnell expresses support for Cuccinelli 's 2013 bid '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schapiro , Jeff E. ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Sen. Rand Paul endorses Cuccinelli for governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Paul endorses Ken Cuccinelli for Virginia governor '' . Politico.com . October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mitt Romney heads to Virginia for private fundraiser for Ken Cuccinelli '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia governor race 2013 : Marco Rubio stumps for Ken Cuccinelli - James Hohmann '' . Politico.Com . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jim Nolan ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Fla . Sen. Marco Rubio backs Ken Cuccinelli '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . roanoke.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( ( 0 = October 25 , 2013 ) ) Jump up ^ Haines , Errin ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker to headline fundraiser for Cuccinelli next month '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cuccinelli , Levin Rally Sterling Crowd '' . Cuccinelli.com . September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Cain ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Democratic strategist Dave ' Mudcat ' Saunders backs Ken Cuccinelli '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . roanoke.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Election endorsements Richmond Times - Dispatch Jump up ^ `` Cuccinelli Receives NFIB Endorsement '' . Cuccinelli.com . February 22 , 1999 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Picket , Kerry ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` McAuliffe : ' Gun Violence Going Down ' is ' Not the Issue ' '' . Breitbart.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What They 're Saying About The NVTC PAC Endorsement '' . Cuccinelli.com . September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SBA List Endorses Ken Cuccinelli in Virginia '' . SBA - List . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cuccinelli wins Farm Bureau endorsement The Roanoke Times Jump up ^ `` Cuccinelli receives backing of Va. police organization '' . Kingsport Times - News . August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Endorsement : Republican Ken Cuccinelli , governor of Virginia Bluefield Daily Telegraph , October 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ EDITORIAL : Cuccinelli for governor Archived October 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . The Washington Times October 21 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Elected Officials '' . Terrymcauliffe.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Linwood Holton Terry McAuliffe for Governor '' . Terrymcauliffe.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Tim Kaine Terry McAuliffe for Governor '' . Terrymcauliffe.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Mark Warner Terry McAuliffe for Governor '' . Terrymcauliffe.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Terry McAuliffe gets three GOP endorsements '' . WJLA.com . March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Julian . `` Va . Beach Mayor Sessoms to endorse McAuliffe for governor '' . The Virginian Pilot . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Chichester Terry McAuliffe for Governor '' . Terrymcauliffe.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Katherine Waddell Terry McAuliffe for Governor '' . Terrymcauliffe.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama to campaign for Terry McAuliffe - Alexander Burns '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Biden to campaign for Terry McAuliffe - James Hohmann '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pershing , Ben ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Terry McAuliffe to get fundraising help from Martin O'Malley , Anthony Brown '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woo , Megan ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` Bill Clinton endorses Terry McAuliffe for governor '' . wtvr . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Ken ( October 19 , 2013 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Endorses Terry McAuliffe '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Obama '' . Terry McAuliffe . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What the hell happened with GOPROUD ? '' . redstate.com . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GOP strategist Boyd Marcus backing McAuliffe '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milt Peterson Terry McAuliffe for Governor '' . Terrymcauliffe.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Schar Terry McAuliffe for Governor '' . Terrymcauliffe.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judy Ford Wason Terry McAuliffe for Governor '' . Terrymcauliffe.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Earle Williams Terry McAuliffe for Governor '' . Terrymcauliffe.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pershing , Ben ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Fairfax Chamber endorses McAuliffe for governor , also backs Northam , Herring '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Planned Parenthood Advocates of Virginia Terry McAuliffe for Governor '' . Terrymcauliffe.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Professional Firefighters Terry McAuliffe for Governor '' . Terrymcauliffe.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` newspapers '' . Terrymcauliffe.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former N.M. governor endorses Sarvis ' bid '' . Richmond Times Dispatch . August 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy LaSalvia '' . Twitter . October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian Robert Sarvis for Virginia governor '' . November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Va . Lt. Gov. Bolling 's part in endorsement controversy angers fellow Republicans '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our choice for governor in 2013 : none of the above '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A year to regret and regroup '' . roanoke.com . October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results - General Election - November 5 , 2013 '' . Virginia State Board of Elections . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( ( 0 = November 9 , 2013 ) ) Jump up ^ Soltis , Kristen ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Why Did The Polls Miss McAuliffe 's Margin of Victory ? '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ ( ( 0 = March 4 , 2016 ) ) Jump up ^ ( ( url = http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2013/images/11/05/va.gov.exit.polls.1120p.110513.v2.final%5B1%5D.copy.pdf%7C=June 25 , 2016 ) ) External links ( edit ) Virginia gubernatorial election , 2013 at Ballotpedia Polling data at RealClearPolitics ( 2012 ← ) 2013 United States elections ( → 2014 ) U.S. Senate Massachusetts ( special ) New Jersey ( special ) U.S. House Alabama 1st Illinois 2nd Louisiana 5th Massachusetts 5th Missouri 8th South Carolina 1st Governors New Jersey Virginia Mayors Albany , NY Albuquerque , NM Atlanta , GA Boston , MA Buffalo , NY Charlotte , NC Cincinnati , OH Cleveland , OH Detroit , MI El Paso , TX Houston , TX Jackson , MS Jersey City , NJ Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Minneapolis , MN New York , NY Omaha , NE Pittsburgh , PA Raleigh , NC Rochester , NY St. Paul , MN San Antonio , TX San Diego , CA Seattle , WA St. Petersburg , FL Tulsa , OK City Minneapolis , MN State California Colorado ( recall ) Virginia Attorney General Notable third party performances in United States elections Presidential ( since 1832 ) 1832 1848 1856 1860 1892 1912 1924 1948 1968 1980 1992 Senatorial ( since 1990 ) Virginia 1990 Alaska 1992 Arizona 1992 Hawaii 1992 Louisiana 1992 Ohio 1992 Arizona 1994 Minnesota 1994 Ohio 1994 Vermont 1994 Virginia 1994 Alaska 1996 Minnesota 1996 Arizona 2000 Massachusetts 2000 Minnesota 2000 Alaska 2002 Kansas 2002 Massachusetts 2002 Mississippi 2002 Oklahoma 2002 Virginia 2002 Oklahoma 2004 Connecticut 2006 Indiana 2006 Maine 2006 Vermont 2006 Arkansas 2008 Idaho 2008 Minnesota 2008 Oregon 2008 Alaska 2010 ( Republican Write - In ) Florida 2010 Indiana 2010 South Carolina 2010 Utah 2010 Indiana 2012 Maine 2012 Maryland 2012 Missouri 2012 Montana 2012 Vermont 2012 Kansas 2014 South Dakota 2014 Wyoming 2014 Alaska 2016 Arizona 2016 Idaho 2016 Indiana 2016 Kansas 2016 Gubernatorial ( since 1990 ) Alaska 1990 Connecticut 1990 Kansas 1990 Maine 1990 New York 1990 Oklahoma 1990 Oregon 1990 Utah 1992 West Virginia 1992 Alaska 1994 Connecticut 1994 Hawaii 1994 Maine 1994 New Mexico 1994 Oklahoma 1994 Pennsylvania 1994 Rhode Island 1994 Vermont 1994 Alaska 1998 Maine 1998 Minnesota 1998 New York 1998 Pennsylvania 1998 Rhode Island 1998 Kentucky 1999 New Hampshire 2000 Vermont 2000 Arizona 2002 California 2002 Maine 2002 Minnesota 2002 New Mexico 2002 New York 2002 Oklahoma 2002 Vermont 2002 Wisconsin 2002 Alaska 2006 Illinois 2006 Maine 2006 Massachusetts 2006 Minnesota 2006 Texas 2006 Louisiana 2007 Vermont 2008 New Jersey 2009 Colorado 2010 Idaho 2010 Maine 2010 Massachusetts 2010 Minnesota 2010 Rhode Island 2010 Wyoming 2010 Kentucky 2011 Virginia 2013 Alaska 2014 Hawaii 2014 Maine 2014 Rhode Island 2014 Wyoming 2014 West Virginia 2016 Portal : Politics Third party ( United States ) Third party officeholders in the United States Third party United States House of Representatives Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_gubernatorial_election,_2013&oldid=815709156 '' Categories : United States gubernatorial elections , 2013 November 2013 events Virginia elections , 2013 Virginia gubernatorial elections Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2013 Use mdy dates from January 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 16 : 03 . 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nonprofit center for science in the public interest

Center for Science in the Public Interest

center for science in the public interest

The Center for Science in the Public Interest ( CSPI ) is a Washington , D.C. - based non-profit watchdog and consumer advocacy group that advocates for safer and healthier foods .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History and funding 2 Programs and campaigns 2.1 Nutrition and food labeling 2.2 School foods 2.3 Menu labeling 2.4 Food safety 2.5 Healthier food choices for public places 2.6 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2.7 Food Day : October 24 2.8 Alcohol Policies Project 2.9 1 % or Less campaign 3 Trans fats 4 Opposition 5 References 6 External links History and funding ( edit ) CSPI is a consumer advocacy organization . Its focus is nutrition and health , food safety , and alcohol policy . CSPI is headed by Michael F. Jacobson , who founded the group in 1971 along with James Sullivan and Albert Fritsch , two fellow scientists from Ralph Nader 's Center for the Study of Responsive Law . In the early days , CSPI focused on various aspects such as nutrition , environmental issues , and nuclear energy . However , after the 1977 departure of Fritsch and Sullivan , CSPI began to focus largely on nutrition and food safety . CSPI has 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) status . Its chief source of income is its Nutrition Action Health Letter , which has about 900,000 subscribers and does not accept corporate advertising . The organization receives about 5 to 10 percent of its $17 million annual budget from grants by private foundations . Programs and campaigns ( edit ) Nutrition and food labeling ( edit ) CSPI advocates for clearer nutrition and food labeling . For example , labeling of `` low - fat '' or `` heart healthy '' foods in restaurants must now meet specific requirements established by the Food and Drug Administration as of May 2 , 1997 . In 1994 , the group first brought the issue of high saturated fat in movie popcorn to the public attention . In 2003 , it worked with lawyer John F. Banzhaf III to pressure ice cream retailers to display nutritional information about their products . In 1975 , CSPI published a `` White Paper on Infant Feeding Practices '' aimed at criticizing the commercial baby food industry 's products and advertising . The White Paper started a formalized , political discussion of issues surrounding early introduction of solid foods and the extraordinarily processed ingredients in commercial baby food . CSPI took particular issue with the modified starches , excessive sugar and salt additions , and presence of nitrates in baby food products . In addition , the White Paper criticized branding and advertisements on products , which they argued lead mothers to believe that solid foods ought to be introduced earlier in an infant 's diet . In 1989 , CSPI was instrumental in convincing fast - food restaurants to stop using animal fat for frying . They would later campaign against the use of trans fats . CSPI 's 1994 petition led to FDA 's 2003 regulation requiring trans fat to be disclosed on food labels . CSPI 's 2004 petition , as well as a later one from a University of Illinois professor , led to the FDA 's ban of partially hydrogenated vegetable oil , the major source of artificial trans fat . In 1998 , the Center published a report entitled Liquid Candy : How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans ' Health . It examined statistics relating to the soaring consumption of soft drinks , particularly by children , and the consequent health ramifications including tooth decay , nutritional depletion , obesity , type - 2 ( formerly known as `` adult - onset '' ) diabetes , and heart disease . It also reviewed soft drink marketing and made various recommendations aimed at reducing soft drink consumption , in schools and elsewhere . A second , updated edition of the report was published in 2005 . Among the actions they advocate are taxing soft drinks . Sugar - sweetened beverages are taxed in Berkeley , CA ; Philadelphia , PA ; Boulder , CO ; San Francisco , CA ; Oakland , CA ; Albany , CA ; and Cook County , IL . CSPI followed up with a 2013 petition calling on the FDA to limit the sugar content of soft drinks and to set voluntary targets for sugar levels in other foods with added sugars . In January 2016 , the Center released a report entitled Seeing Red - Time for Action on Food Dyes which criticized the continued use of artificial food coloring in the United States . The report estimated that over half a million children in the United States suffer adverse behavioral reactions as a result of ingesting food dyes , with an estimated cost exceeding $5 billion per year , citing data from by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . The report urges the Food and Drug Administration to take action to ban or curtail the use of such dyes . CSPI has urged companies to replace synthetic colorings with natural ones , and Mars , General Mills , and other major food manufacturers have begun doing so . School foods ( edit ) CSPI has worked since the 1970s to improve the nutritional quality of school meals , and remove soda and unhealthy foods from school vending machines , snack bars , and a la carte lines . Despite pushback from the soda and snack food industries , CSPI successfully worked with a number of local school districts and states to pass policies in the early 2000s to restrict the sale of soda and other unhealthy snack foods in schools . In 2004 , CSPI worked with members of the National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity ( NANA ) ( a CSPI - led coalition ) to include a provision in the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 to ensure all local school districts develop a nutrition and physical activity wellness policy by 2006 . In 2010 , CSPI and NANA led the successful effort to pass the Healthy , Hunger - Free Kids Act , a landmark law to improve child nutrition programs . The law ( enacted 12 / 13 / 10 ) authorized the U.S. Department of Agriculture to update the nutrition standards for snacks and beverages sold in schools through vending machines , a la carte lines , school stores , fundraisers , and other school venues . CSPI worked with NANA to mobilize support for the updated nutrition standards and urge the USDA to adopt strong final school nutrition standards ( released in June 2013 ) . Despite opposition from some members of Congress and the potato and pizza industries ( which lobbied for unlimited french fries and pizza as a vegetable in school meals ) CSPI and NANA 's efforts also resulted in strong nutrition standards for school lunches . Menu labeling ( edit ) One of CSPI 's top goals has been to ensure that consumers have reliable information about what they eat and drink . Since the early 2000s , CSPI has worked with policymakers and advocates in Philadelphia , New York City , California , and numerous other jurisdictions to pass laws to list calories on menus and menu boards . In addition to making calorie information available to consumers , a key benefit of menu labeling has been the reformulation of existing food items and the introduction of nutritionally improved items in many chain restaurants . In 2010 , CSPI successfully lobbied for a provision , which was passed as part of the Affordable Care Act , to require calorie labeling on menus at chain restaurants and similar retail food establishments nationwide . The Food and Drug Administration proposed regulations for menu labeling in 2011 , and CSPI has since worked to continue to mobilize support for national menu labeling , diffuse opposition from Congress and special interests , and encourage the FDA to strengthen the final regulations and release them in a timely manner . Menu labeling is expected to be implemented nationally in 2018 . Food safety ( edit ) One of CSPI 's largest projects is its Food Safety Initiative , directed to reduce food contamination and foodborne illness . In addition to publishing Outbreak Alert ! , a compilation of food - borne illnesses and outbreaks , the project advocated for the Food Safety Modernization Act , which was signed into law in 2011 . The law refocused government attention on preventing food contamination rather than on identifying problems after they caused outbreaks of illnesses . CSPI has long monitored the safety and use of food additives , most of which it believes are safe . Its activities resulted in bans on the use of Violet dye No. 1 on meat and poultry and sulfites ( which caused numerous deaths , mostly of people with asthma ) on fresh fruits and vegetables , usage limits in other foods , and labeling whenever used ( including wine ) . It campaigned against the use of olestra , a fat substitute that was used in several brands of snack foods , because it might interfere with the absorption of fat - soluble nutrients and cause stomach cramps , vomiting , and diarrhea , though that was disputed by Procter & Gamble , the manufacturer of olestra . CSPI has urged restrictions on the artificial sweeteners aspartame and saccharin because of cancer concerns and on artificial food colorings because they trigger behavioral reactions in sensitive children . Healthier food choices for Public places ( edit ) A growing number of states and localities are working to improve the foods and beverages available in public places , such as parks , recreational facilities , community centers , highway rest stops , agencies buildings , childcare facilities , state hospitals , state universities , and correctional facilities . CSPI is working to support those efforts to offer healthier options through vending machines , cafeterias , concessions stands , institutional feeding , meetings , and events . So far the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has required chain restaurants with 20 plus outlets to list the nutrition information including calories on all menus and menu boards . A high degree of public support for providing this nutrition and calorie information has been shown . Funding History of the CDC 's Division of Nutrition , Physical Activity , and Obesity Centers for disease Control and Prevention ( edit ) CSPI has been working with other members of the National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity ( NANA ) to ensure that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) has adequate resources to address nutrition , physical activity , and obesity . In recent years , funding for CDC 's obesity prevention programs has flat lined , despite obesity continuing to be a top public health threat in the country . In fiscal year 2017 , Congress provided CDC with just under $62 million for the Division of Nutrition , Physical Activity , and Obesity ( DNPAO ) ; that is a mere 0.7 % of total CDC funding and 4 % of CDC 's chronic disease budget , significantly less than for cancer ( 30 % ) , tobacco ( 18 % ) , diabetes ( 14 % ) , and heart disease and stroke ( 14 % ) . The NANA coalition has also been defending CDC 's Prevention Fund , which has provided $1 billion per year in annual funding to support immunizations , education campaigns , and other measures to prevent illnesses and lower health - care costs . Food Day : October 24 ( edit ) Food Day logo Between 2011 and 2016 , CSPI sponsored Food Day , a nationwide celebration of healthy , affordable , and sustainably produced food and a grassroots campaign for better food policies . Food Day 's goal was to help people `` Eat Real , '' which the project defineed as cutting back on sugar drinks , overly salted packaged foods , and fatty , factory - farmed meats in favor of vegetables , fruits , whole grains , and sustainably raised protein . This annual event involved some of the country 's most prominent food activists , united by a vision of food that is healthy , affordable , and produced with care for the environment , farm animals , and the people who grow , harvest , and serve it . Across the country , several thousand events took place each year , from community festivals in Denver , Savannah , and New York City , to a national conference in Washington , DC , to thousands of school activities in Portland , Minneapolis , and elsewhere . Alcohol policies Project ( edit ) The group 's `` Alcohol Policies Project , '' now discontinued , advocated against what it considers adverse societal influences of alcohol , such as marketing campaigns that target young drinkers , and promoted turning self - imposed advertising bans by alcohol industry groups into law . In 1985 CSPI organized Project SMART ( Stop Marketing Alcohol on Radio and Television ) . It generated huge public interest , a petition campaign that obtained a million signatures , and congressional hearings . However , strong opposition from the alcoholic beverage and advertising industries ultimately prevailed . The Alcohol Policies Project organized the `` Campaign for Alcohol - Free Sports TV '' . Launched in 2003 with the support of at least 80 other local and national groups , the campaign asked schools to pledge to prohibit alcohol advertising on local sports programming and to work toward eliminating alcohol advertising from televised college sports programs . It also sought Congressional support for such a prohibition . CSPI also sponsored Project SMART -- Stop Marketing Alcohol on Radio and TV -- which called for federal bans on marketing . The project gathered more than 1 million signatures on a petition , which it presented to Congress at a hearing . That effort was not successful . In addition , CSPI has pressured alcoholic beverage companies with lawsuits . In one such lawsuit , filed in September 2008 , the Center `` sue ( d ) MillerCoors Brewing Company over its malt beverage Sparks , arguing that the caffeine and guarana in the drink are additives that have not been approved by the FDA , '' and that the combination of those ingredients with alcohol resulted in `` more drunk driving , more injuries , and more sexual assaults . '' 1 % or less campaign ( edit ) In the early 1990s , CSPI designed social marketing campaigns to encourage adults and children ( over age two ) to switch from high - fat ( whole and 2 % ) milk to low - fat ( 1 % and fat - free ) milk to reduce their intake of saturated fat and lower their risk of heart disease . The 1 % or Less campaign used paid advertising , public relations , and community - based programs . The campaign was effective in communities nationwide , doubling low - fat milk sales data over the course of the eight - week pilot campaign . Much of that change was maintained over a year . Trans fats ( edit ) During the 1980s , CSPI 's campaign `` Saturated Fat Attack '' advocated the replacement of beef tallow , palm oil and coconut oil at in processed foods and restaurant foods with fats containing less saturated fatty acids , CSPI assumed that trans fats were benign . In a 1986 book entitled `` The Fast - Food Guide '' , it praised chains such as KFC that had converted to partially hydrogenated vegetable oils , which are lower in saturated fat but high in trans fat . As a result of this pressure , many restaurants such as McDonald 's made the switch . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After new scientific research in the early 1990s found that trans fat increased the risk of heart disease , CSPI began leading a successful two - decades - long effort to ban artificial trans fat . From the mid-1990s onward , however , CSPI identified trans fats as the greater public health danger . CSPI executive director Michael Jacobson went on record saying , `` Twenty years ago , scientists ( including me ) thought trans ( fat ) was innocuous . Since then , we 've learned otherwise . '' In response , three trade groups -- the National Restaurant Association , the National Association of Margarine Manufacturers and the Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils -- `` said the evidence ( on trans fat ) was contradictory and inconclusive , and accused ( CSPI ) of jumping to a premature conclusion . '' In 1994 , CSPI petitioned the FDA to require trans fat to be added to Nutrition Facts labels , and in 2004 , with stronger evidence of trans fat 's harmfulness , CSPI petitioned FDA to ban partially hydrogenated oil , the source of most artificial trans fat . In 2003 FDA required trans fat to be labeled , and in 2015 FDA banned the use of partially hydrogenated oil . Opposition ( edit ) Former U.S. Representative Bob Barr ( a libertarian - leaning Republican ) accused CSPI of pursuing `` a pre-existing political agenda '' and pointed to individual responsibility for dietary choices . Cato Institute ( a Washington D.C. - based libertarian think tank ) scholar Walter Olson wrote that the group 's `` longtime shtick is to complain that businesses like McDonald 's , rather than our own choices , are to blame for rising obesity , '' and called CSPI 's suit against McDonald 's for using toys to encourage young children to ask for the company 's Happy Meals on behalf of a California mother a `` new low in responsible parenting . '' In 2002 , the Center for Consumer Freedom published a series of print and radio ads designed in part to drive traffic to the CCF website that provided additional critical information about CSPI . A San Francisco Chronicle article identified CSPI as `` one of two groups singled out ( by the CCF ) for full - on attack , '' and said , `` What 's not mentioned on the ( CCF ) Web site is that it 's one of a cluster of such nonprofits started ... by Berman . '' References ( edit ) Center for Science in the Public Interest . Project to Empower Students to Transform the Campus Drinking Culture : Survival Skills for the Successful Advocate . Washington , DC : Center for Science in the Public Interest , n.d. Goetz , D. Liquor industry gets stricter on advertising . Louisville Courier - Journal , 10.09. 03 Jump up ^ James Bennett & Thomas DiLorenzo , Food and Drink Police : Center for Science in the Public Interest wants government to control our eating habits , ( Capital Research Center , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ `` Nutrition Action Health Letter '' . Center for Science in the Public Interest . Jump up ^ `` Our Funding : CSPI Funding Sources '' . Center for Science in the Public Interest . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Masterson , K ( October 14 , 2007 ) . `` Food cop : Love him or hate him '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Kurtzweil , P. ( July 1997 ) . `` Today 's Special : Nutrition Information '' . FDA Consumer magazine ( May -- June 1997 ) . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Amy Bentley . `` Inventing Baby Food : Taste , Health , and the Industrialization of the American Diet '' . University of California Press , 2014 , pg. 122 . Jump up ^ CSPI Accomplishments . `` CSPI Accomplishments '' . Center for Science in the Public Interest . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils '' . June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael F Jacobson PhD , Liquid Candy : How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans ' Health , ( CSPI , Washington DC 1998 ; 2nd Ed . 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Taxing Soda Could Trim State Deficits ( and Waistlines ) , Says Report '' . April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/Soda%20Taxes%20Passed%20To%20Date%20Infographic%20FINAL_0.pdf Jump up ^ `` CSPI Petition to FDA re : Added Sugars '' ( PDF ) . Center for Science in the Public Interest . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seeing Red : Time for Action on Food Dyes - Center for Science in the Public Interest '' ( PDF ) . cspinet.org . Jump up ^ `` Color Wars re : Artificial Food Coloring CSPI releases report criticizing use of artificial colors in food . '' . The National Law Review . Keller and Heckman LLP. 21 January 2016 . ISSN 2161 - 3362 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Incorporated , Mars , . `` Mars , Incorporated to remove all artificial colors from its human food portfolio '' . www.prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ Hunt , Kevin ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` A big commitment for Big G cereal '' . Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' Donuts and Baskin - Robbins plan to remove artificial colorings from U.S. menus by end of 2018 '' . Dunkin ' Donuts . Jump up ^ `` FDA Menu Labeling Requirements '' . FDA.gov . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical Cuisine '' . Chemical Cuisine . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical Cuisine : Sulfites '' . Chemical Cuisine . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSPI Warns Consumers About Frito - Lay `` Light '' Chips with Olestra `` . Center for Science in the Public Interest . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical Cuisine : Aspartame '' . Chemical Cuisine . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chemical Cuisine : Saccharin '' . Chemical Cuisine . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Food Dyes '' . Center for Science in the Public Interest . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` FY2018 Funding : CDC 's Division of Nutrition , Physical Activity , and Obesity ( DNPAO ) '' ( PDF ) . Center for Science in the Public Interest . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Food Day '' . October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Food Day Advisory Board '' . October 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nat Ives . `` The media business : Advertising ; a trade group tries to wean the alcohol industry from full - figured twins and other racy images '' . New York Times . March 6 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol industry ends its ad ban in broadcasting '' , New York Times . November 8 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Colleges are reaching their limit on alcohol '' . USAToday . November 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bill would ask N.C.A.A. to forgo alcohol ads '' . New York Times . March 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Sullum , Jacob ( February 16 , 2011 ) Loco over Four Loko , Reason Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : David Schleifer ( 2012 ) . `` The Perfect Solution : How Trans Fats Became the Healthy Replacement for Saturated Fats '' . Columbia University . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blume , Elaine ( March 1988 ) . `` The truth about trans : hydrogenated oils are n't guilty as charged '' . Nutrition Action Healthletter , published by CSPI . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FDA : Artificial Trans Fat Not Safe for Use in Food '' . Center for Science in the Public Interest . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Bonnie ( October 1 , 1990 ) . `` Trans in trouble '' . Nutrition Action Healthletter . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Debate Flares on Fat From Hydrogenated Oils '' . New York Times . August 8 , 1996 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` FDA Urged to Require Restaurants to Disclose Use of Partially Hydrogenated Oils '' . Center for Science in the Public Interest . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trans Fat Coming to Food Labels '' . Center for Science in the Public Interest . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils ( Removing Trans Fat ) '' . FDA . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Barr , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` Scientific Research Ruse '' . Washington Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Olson , Walter ( December 15 , 2010 ) McDonald 's suit over Happy Meal toys by California mom Monet Parham new low in responsible parenting , New York Daily News Jump up ^ Ness , Carol ( May 11 , 2002 ) . `` Hand that feeds bites back : Food industry forks over ad campaign to win hearts , stomachs '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Krieger , James ; Saelens , Brian . `` Impact of Menu Labeling on Consumer Behavior : A 2008 - 2012 Upadate '' . Healthy Eating Research . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest&oldid=804099793 '' Categories : Consumer organizations Non-profit organizations based in Washington , D.C. Organizations established in 1971 Medical and health organizations based in Washington , D.C. 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which type of cytoskeletal protein is also involved in muscle contractions

A large - scale example of an action performed by the cytoskeleton is muscle contraction . In the muscle , there are groups of highly specialized cells that work together to perform a function known as muscle contraction . A main component in the cytoskeleton that helps show the true function of this muscle contraction is known as a microfilament . Microfilaments are composed of the most abundant cellular protein known as actin . During contraction of a muscle , within each muscle cell , myosin molecular motors collectively exert forces on parallel actin filaments . Muscle contraction starts from nerve impulses which then causes increased amounts of calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum . Increases in calcium in the cytosol allows muscle contraction to begin with the help of two proteins , tropomyosin and troponin . Tropomyosin inhibits the interaction between actin and myosin , while troponin senses the increase in calcium and releases the inhibition . This action contracts the muscle cell , and through the synchronous process in many muscle cells , the entire muscle .

actin

Cytoskeleton

cytoskeleton

A cytoskeleton is present in all cells of all domains of life ( archaea , bacteria , eukaryotes ) . It is a complex network of interlinking filaments and tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm , from the nucleus to the plasma membrane . The cytoskeletal systems of different organisms are composed of similar proteins . In eukaryotes , the cytoskeletal matrix is a dynamic structure composed of three main proteins , which are capable of rapid growth or disassembly dependent on the cell 's requirements at a certain period of time .

The structure , function and dynamic behavior of the cytoskeleton can be very different , depending on organism and cell type . Even within one cell the cytoskeleton can change through association with other proteins and the previous history of the network . A multitude of functions can be performed by the cytoskeleton . Its primary function would arguably be to give the cell its shape and mechanical resistance to deformation , and through association with extracellular connective tissue and other cells it stabilizes entire tissues . The cytoskeleton can also contract , thereby deforming the cell and the cell 's environment and allowing cells to migrate . Moreover , it is involved in many cell signaling pathways : in the uptake of extracellular material ( endocytosis ) , segregates chromosomes during cellular division , is involved in cytokinesis ( the division of a mother cell into two daughter cells ) , provides a scaffold to organize the contents of the cell in space and for intracellular transport ( for example , the movement of vesicles and organelles within the cell ) ; and can be a template for the construction of a cell wall . Furthermore , it forms specialized structures , such as flagella , cilia , lamellipodia and podosomes . A large - scale example of an action performed by the cytoskeleton is muscle contraction . In the muscle , there are groups of highly specialized cells that work together to perform a function known as muscle contraction . A main component in the cytoskeleton that helps show the true function of this muscle contraction is known as a microfilament . Microfilaments are composed of the most abundant cellular protein known as actin . During contraction of a muscle , within each muscle cell , myosin molecular motors collectively exert forces on parallel actin filaments . Muscle contraction starts from nerve impulses which then causes increased amounts of calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum . Increases in calcium in the cytosol allows muscle contraction to begin with the help of two proteins , tropomyosin and troponin . Tropomyosin inhibits the interaction between actin and myosin , while troponin senses the increase in calcium and releases the inhibition . This action contracts the muscle cell , and through the synchronous process in many muscle cells , the entire muscle . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Eukaryotic cytoskeleton 2.1 Microfilaments ( actin filaments ) 2.2 Intermediate filaments 2.3 Microtubules 2.4 Comparison 2.5 Septins 2.6 Spectrin 2.7 Yeast cytoskeleton 3 Prokaryotic cytoskeleton 3.1 FtsZ 3.2 MreB and ParM 3.3 Crescentin 4 Common features and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes 5 Cytoplasmic Streaming 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) In 1903 , Nikolai K. Koltsov proposed that the shape of cells was determined by a network of tubules that he termed the cytoskeleton . The concept of a protein mosaic that dynamically coordinated cytoplasmic biochemistry was proposed by Rudolph Peters in 1929 while the term ( cytosquelette , in French ) was first introduced by French embryologist Paul Wintrebert in 1931 . When the cytoskeleton was first introduced , it was thought to be an uninteresting gel - like substance that helps organelles stay in place . Much research took place to try to understand the purpose of the cytoskeleton and its components . With the help of Stuart Hameroff and Roger Penrose , they discovered that microtubules vibrate within neurons in the brain which suggest that brain waves come from deeper microtubule vibrations . This discovery showed that the cytoskeleton is not just a gel like substance but it actually has a purpose . Initially , it was thought that the cytoskeleton was exclusive to eukaryotes but in 1992 , it was discovered to be present in prokaryotes as well . This discovery came after the realization that bacteria possess proteins that are homologous to tubulin and actin ; the main components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton . Eukaryotic cytoskeleton ( edit ) Actin cytoskeleton of mouse embryo fibroblasts , stained with phalloidin Eukaryotic cells contain three main kinds of cytoskeletal filaments : microfilaments , microtubules , and intermediate filaments . Each cytoskeletal filament type is formed by polymerization of a distinct type of protein subunit and has its own characteristic shape and intracellular distribution . Microfilaments are polymers of the protein actin and are 7 nm in diameter . Microtubules are composed of tubulin and are 25 nm in diameter . Intermediate filaments are composed of various proteins , depending on the type of cell in which they are found ; they are normally 8 - 12 nm in diameter . The cytoskeleton provides the cell with structure and shape , and by excluding macromolecules from some of the cytosol , it adds to the level of macromolecular crowding in this compartment . Cytoskeletal elements interact extensively and intimately with cellular membranes . Neurodegenerative disorders have recently become more understood in context to what parts of the cell they affect . Diseases , such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , Alzheimer 's Disease , Huntington 's disease , and Parkinson 's disease have had breakthrough research that supports the conclusion that neurodegenerative diseases affect the cytoskeleton . Parkinson 's disease is a condition that causes the degradation of neurons , resulting in tremors , rigidity , and other non-motor symptoms . Research has found evidence that microtubule assembly and stability in the cytoskeleton is compromised causing the neurons to degrade over time . Alzheimer 's disease is much like Parkinson 's in that it is also a neurodegenerative disease that affects the cytoskeleton . Tau proteins , which stabilize microtubules , malfunction in patient 's affected by Alzheimers , causing pathology with the cytoskeleton . Huntington 's disease has also been found to affect the cytoskeleton of cells by excess glutamine in the Huntington protein , which is involved with linking vesicles to the cytoskeleton . An error with this protein is proposed to be a factor in the development of the disease . A fourth neurodegenerative disorder is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , or ALS , which causes a loss of movement by the degradation of motor neurons from defects of the cytoskeleton . A number of small - molecule cytoskeletal drugs have been discovered that interact with actin and microtubules . These compounds have proven useful in studying the cytoskeleton and several have clinical applications . All filaments interact with accessory proteins that regulate and link the filaments to other cell compounds and each other . The accessory proteins are essential for controlled assembly of cytoskeletal filaments in particular locations , and they include motor proteins . Microfilaments ( actin filaments ) ( edit ) Main article : microfilament Microfilaments are composed of linear polymers of G - actin proteins , and generate force when the growing ( plus ) end of the filament pushes against a barrier , such as the cell membrane . They also act as tracks for the movement of myosin molecules that affix to the microfilament and `` walk '' along them . In general , the major component or protein of microfilaments are actin . The G - actin monomer combines to form a polymer which continues to form the microfilament ( actin filament ) . These subunits then assemble into two chains that intertwine into what is called , F - actin chains . Myosin motoring along F - actin filaments generates contractile forces in so - called actomyosin fibers , both in muscle as well as most non-muscle cell types . Actin structures are controlled by the Rho family of small GTP - binding proteins such as Rho itself for contractile acto - myosin filaments ( `` stress fibers '' ) , Rac for lamellipodia and Cdc42 for filopodia . Functions include : Muscle contraction Cell movement Intracellular transport / trafficking Maintenance of eukaryotic cell shape Cytokinesis Cytoplasmic streaming Intermediate filaments ( edit ) Microscopy of keratin filaments inside cells Main article : intermediate filament Intermediate filaments are a part of the cytoskeleton of many eukaryotic cells . These filaments , averaging 10 nanometers in diameter , are more stable ( strongly bound ) than actin filaments , and heterogeneous constituents of the cytoskeleton . Like actin filaments , they function in the maintenance of cell - shape by bearing tension ( microtubules , by contrast , resist compression but can also bear tension during mitosis and during the positioning of the centrosome ) . Intermediate filaments organize the internal tridimensional structure of the cell , anchoring organelles and serving as structural components of the nuclear lamina . They also participate in some cell - cell and cell - matrix junctions . Nuclear lamina exist in all animals and all tissues . Some animals like the fruit fly do not have any cytoplasmic intermediate filaments . In those animals that express cytoplasmic intermediate filaments , these are tissue specific . Keratin intermediate filaments in epithelial cells provide protection for different mechanical stresses the skin may endure . They also provide protection for organs against metabolic , oxidative , and chemical stresses . Strengthening of epithelial cells with these intermediate filaments may prevent onset of apoptosis , or cell death , by reducing the probability of stress . Intermediate filaments are most commonly known as the support system or `` scaffolding '' for the cell and nucleus while also playing a role in some cell functions . In combination with proteins and desmosomes , the intermediate filaments form cell - cell connections and anchor the cell - matrix junctions that are used in messaging between cells as well as vital functions of the cell . These connections allow the cell to communicate through the desmosome of multiple cells to adjust structures of the tissue based on signals from the cells environment . Mutations in the IF proteins have been shown to cause serious medical issues such as premature aging , desmin mutations compromising organs , Alexander Disease , and muscular dystrophy . Different intermediate filaments are : made of vimentins . Vimentin intermediate filaments are in general present in mesenchymal cells . made of keratin . Keratin is present in general in epithelial cells . neurofilaments of neural cells . made of lamin , giving structural support to the nuclear envelope . made of desmin , play an important role in structural and mechanical support of muscle cells . Microtubules ( edit ) Microtubules in a gel - fixated cell Main article : microtubule Microtubules are hollow cylinders about 23 nm in diameter ( lumen = approximately 15 nm in diameter ) , most commonly comprising 13 protofilaments that , in turn , are polymers of alpha and beta tubulin . They have a very dynamic behavior , binding GTP for polymerization . They are commonly organized by the centrosome . In nine triplet sets ( star - shaped ) , they form the centrioles , and in nine doublets oriented about two additional microtubules ( wheel - shaped ) , they form cilia and flagella . The latter formation is commonly referred to as a `` 9 + 2 '' arrangement , wherein each doublet is connected to another by the protein dynein . As both flagella and cilia are structural components of the cell , and are maintained by microtubules , they can be considered part of the cytoskeleton . There are two types of cilia : motile and non-motile cilia . Cilia are short and more numerous than flagella . The motile cilia have a rhythmic waving or beating motion compared to the non-motile cilia which receive sensory information for the cell ; processing signals from the other cells or the fluids surrounding it . Additionally , the microtubules control the beating ( movement ) of the cilia and flagella . Also , the dynein arms attached to the microtubules function as the molecular motors . The motion of the cilia and flagella is created by the microtubules sliding past one another , which requires ATP . They play key roles in : intracellular transport ( associated with dyneins and kinesins , they transport organelles like mitochondria or vesicles ) . Cross section diagram through the cilium shows the `` 9 + 2 '' arrangement of microtubules . the axoneme of cilia and flagella . the mitotic spindle . synthesis of the cell wall in plants . In addition to the roles described above , Stuart Hameroff and Roger Penrose have proposed that microtubules function in consciousness . Comparison ( edit ) Cytoskeleton type Diameter ( nm ) Structure Subunit examples Microfilaments 6 double helix actin Intermediate filaments 10 two anti-parallel helices / dimers , forming tetramers vimentin ( mesenchyme ) glial fibrillary acidic protein ( glial cells ) neurofilament proteins ( neuronal processes ) keratins ( epithelial cells ) nuclear lamins Microtubules 23 protofilaments , in turn consisting of tubulin subunits in complex with stathmin α - and β - tubulin Septins ( edit ) Main article : Septin Septins are a group of the highly conserved GTP binding proteins found in eukaryotes . Different septins form protein complexes with each other . These can assemble to filaments and rings . Therefore , septins can be considered part of the cytoskeleton . The function of septins in cells include serving as a localized attachment site for other proteins , and preventing the diffusion of certain molecules from one cell compartment to another . In yeast cells , they build scaffolding to provide structural support during cell division and compartmentalize parts of the cell . Recent research in human cells suggests that septins build cages around bacterial pathogens , immobilizing the harmful microbes and preventing them from invading other cells . Spectrin ( edit ) Main article : Spectrin Spectrin is a cytoskeletal protein that lines the intracellular side of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells . Spectrin forms pentagonal or hexagonal arrangements , forming a scaffolding and playing an important role in maintenance of plasma membrane integrity and cytoskeletal structure . Yeast cytoskeleton ( edit ) See also : Yeast In budding yeast ( an important model organism ) , actin forms cortical patches , actin cables , and a cytokinetic ring and the cap . Cortical patches are discrete actin bodies on the membrane and are vital for endocytosis , especially the recycling of glucan synthase which is important for cell wall synthesis . Actin cables are bundles of actin filaments and are involved in the transport of vesicles towards the cap ( which contains a number of different proteins to polarize cell growth ) and in the positioning of mitochondria . The cytokinetic ring forms and constricts around the site of cell division . Prokaryotic cytoskeleton ( edit ) Main article : Prokaryotic cytoskeleton Prior to the work of Jones et al. , 2001 , the cell wall was believed to be the deciding factor for many bacterial cell shapes , including rods and spirals . When studied , many misshapen bacteria were found to have mutations linked to development of a cell envelope . The cytoskeleton was once thought to be a feature only of eukaryotic cells , but homologues to all the major proteins of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton have been found in prokaryotes . Harold Erickson notes that before 1992 , only eukaryotes were believed to have cytoskeleton components . However , research in the early ' 90s suggested that bacteria and archaea had homologues of actin and tubulin , and that these were the basis of eukaryotic microtubules and microfilaments . Although the evolutionary relationships are so distant that they are not obvious from protein sequence comparisons alone , the similarity of their three - dimensional structures and similar functions in maintaining cell shape and polarity provides strong evidence that the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cytoskeletons are truly homologous . Three laboratories independently discovered that FtsZ , a protein already known as a key player in bacterial cytokinesis , had the `` tubulin signature sequence '' present in all α - , β - , and γ - tubulins . However , some structures in the bacterial cytoskeleton may not have been identified as of yet . FtsZ ( edit ) FtsZ was the first protein of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton to be identified . Like tubulin , FtsZ forms filaments in the presence of guanosine triphosphate ( GTP ) , but these filaments do not group into tubules . During cell division , FtsZ is the first protein to move to the division site , and is essential for recruiting other proteins that synthesize the new cell wall between the dividing cells . MreB and ParM ( edit ) Prokaryotic actin - like proteins , such as MreB , are involved in the maintenance of cell shape . All non-spherical bacteria have genes encoding actin - like proteins , and these proteins form a helical network beneath the cell membrane that guides the proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis . Some plasmids encode a separate system that involves an actin - like protein ParM . Filaments of ParM exhibit dynamic instability , and may partition plasmid DNA into the dividing daughter cells by a mechanism analogous to that used by microtubules during eukaryotic mitosis . Crescentin ( edit ) The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus contains a third protein , crescentin , that is related to the intermediate filaments of eukaryotic cells . Crescentin is also involved in maintaining cell shape , such as helical and vibrioid forms of bacteria , but the mechanism by which it does this is currently unclear . Additionally , curvature could be described by the displacement of crescentic filaments , after the disruption of peptidoglycan synthesis . Common features and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes ( edit ) By definition , the cytoskeleton is composed of proteins that can form longitudinal arrays ( fibres ) in all organisms . These filament forming proteins have been classified into 4 classes . Tubulin - like , actin - like , Walker A cytoskeletal ATPases ( WACA - proteins ) , and intermediate filaments . Tubulin - like proteins are tubulin in eukaryotes and FtsZ , TubZ , RepX in prokaryotes . Actin - like proteins are actin in eukaryotes and MreB , FtsA in prokaryotes . An example of a WACA - proteins , which are mostly found in prokaryotes , is MinD . Examples for intermediate filaments , which have almost exclusively been found in animals ( i.e. eukaryotes ) are the lamins , keratins , vimentin , neurofilaments , and desmin . Although tubulin - like proteins share some amino acid sequence similarity , their equivalence in protein-fold and the similarity in the GTP binding site is more striking . The same holds true for the actin - like proteins and their structure and ATP binding domain . Cytoskeletal proteins are usually correlated with cell shape , DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes . Which proteins fulfill which task is very different . For example , DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin , but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins , actin - like or tubulin - like proteins can be used . Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin , but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin - like ( often FtsZ - ring ) proteins and sometimes ( Crenarchaeota ) ESCRT - III , which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of division . Cytoplasmic streaming ( edit ) Cytoplasmic streaming , also known as cylcosis , is the active movement of a cell 's contents along the components of the cytoskeleton . While mainly seen in plants , all cell types use this process for transportation of waste , nutrients , and organelles to other parts of the cell . Plant and algae cells are generally larger than many other cells ; so cytoplasmic streaming is important in these types of cells . This is because the cell 's extra volume requires cytoplasmic streaming in order to move organelles throughout the entire cell . Organelles move along microfilaments in the cytoskeleton driven by myosin motors binding and pushing along actin filament bundles . See also ( edit ) Biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal Cell ( biology ) Organelle Nuclear matrix Microfilament References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hardin , Jeff ; Bertoni , Gregory ; Kleinsmith , Lewis J. ( 2015 ) . Becker 's World of the Cell ( 8th ed . ) . New York : Pearson . pp. 422 -- 446 . ISBN 978013399939 - 6 . Jump up ^ McKinley , Michael ; Dean O'Loughlin , Valerie ; Pennefather - O'Brien , Elizabeth ; Harris , Ronald ( 2015 ) . Human Anatomy ( 4th ed . ) . New York : McGraw Hill Education . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 352573 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Alberts , Bruce ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4105 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Wickstead B , Gull K ( August 2011 ) . `` The evolution of the cytoskeleton '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . 194 ( 4 ) : 513 -- 25 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 201102065 . PMC 3160578 . PMID 21859859 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher DA , Mullins RD ( January 2010 ) . `` Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton '' . Nature . 463 ( 7280 ) : 485 -- 92 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 463 ... 485F . doi : 10.1038 / nature08908 . PMC 2851742 . PMID 20110992 . ^ Jump up to : Herrmann H , Bär H , Kreplak L , Strelkov SV , Aebi U ( July 2007 ) . `` Intermediate filaments : from cell architecture to nanomechanics '' . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 8 ( 7 ) : 562 -- 73 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm2197 . PMID 17551517 . Jump up ^ Geli MI , Riezman H ( April 1998 ) . `` Endocytic internalization in yeast and animal cells : similar and different '' . Journal of Cell Science . 111 ( 8 ) : 1031 -- 7 . PMID 9512499 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Geoffrey M. ( 2000 ) . `` Actin , Myosin , and Cell Movement '' . The Cell : A Molecular Approach . 2nd edition . Sinauer Associates . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2002 ) . `` Myosins Move Along Actin Filaments '' . Biochemistry . 5th edition . Biochemistry . 5th edition . Jump up ^ Peters RA . `` The Harben Lectures , 1929 . Reprinted in : Peters , R.A. ( 1963 ) Biochemical lesions and lethal synthesis , p. 216 . Pergamon Press , Oxford '' . Jump up ^ Frixione E ( June 2000 ) . `` Recurring views on the structure and function of the cytoskeleton : a 300 - year epic '' . Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 46 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 94 . doi : 10.1002 / 1097 - 0169 ( 200006 ) 46 : 2 3.0.CO ; 2 - 0 . PMID 10891854 . Jump up ^ Hardin , Jeff . Becker 's World of the Cell ( 9th ed . ) . Pearson . p. 351 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 93492 - 5 . Jump up ^ Elsevier . `` Discovery of Quantum Vibrations in `` Microtubules '' Inside Brain Neurons Corroborates Controversial 20 - Year - Old Theory of Consciousness `` . www.elsevier.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wickstead , Bill ; Gull , Keith ( 22 August 2011 ) . `` The evolution of the cytoskeleton '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . pp. 513 -- 525 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 201102065 . Jump up ^ Minton AP ( October 1992 ) . `` Confinement as a determinant of macromolecular structure and reactivity '' . Biophysical Journal . 63 ( 4 ) : 1090 -- 100 . Bibcode : 1992BpJ ... 63.1090 M . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 92 ) 81663 - 6 . PMC 1262248 . PMID 1420928 . Jump up ^ Doherty GJ , McMahon HT ( 2008 ) . `` Mediation , modulation , and consequences of membrane - cytoskeleton interactions '' . 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Physics of Life Reviews 2014 , 11 , 39 - 78 ^ Jump up to : Unless else specified in boxes , then ref is : Walter F. , PhD . Boron ( 2003 ) . Medical Physiology : A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch . Elsevier / Saunders . p. 1300 . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 3 . Page 25 Jump up ^ Fuchs E , Cleveland DW ( January 1998 ) . `` A structural scaffolding of intermediate filaments in health and disease '' . Science . 279 ( 5350 ) : 514 -- 9 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 279 ... 514F . doi : 10.1126 / science. 279.5350. 514 . PMID 9438837 . Jump up ^ Steinmetz MO ( May 2007 ) . `` Structure and thermodynamics of the tubulin - stathmin interaction '' . Journal of Structural Biology . 158 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 47 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsb. 2006.07. 018 . PMID 17029844 . ^ Jump up to : Mostowy S , Cossart P ( March 2012 ) . `` Septins : the fourth component of the cytoskeleton '' . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 13 ( 3 ) : 183 -- 94 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm3284 . PMID 22314400 . 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Cytoskeleton Monthly News and Blog MBInfo - Cytoskeleton Dynamics Cytoskeleton , Cell Motility and Motors - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry , Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Cytoskeleton database , clinical trials , recent literature , lab registry ... Animation of leukocyte adhesion ( Animation with some images of actin and microtubule assembly and dynamics . ) http://cellix.imba.oeaw.ac.at/ Cytoskeleton and cell motility including videos Open access review article on the emergent complexity of the cytoskeleton ( appeared in Advances in Physics , 2013 ) Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Proteins of the cytoskeleton Human Microfilaments and ABPs Myofilament Actins A1 A2 C1 G1 G2 Myosins MYO1A MYO1B MYO1C MYO1D MYO1E MYO1F MYO1G MYO1H ) II MYH1 MYH2 MYH3 MYH4 MYH6 MYH7 MYH7B MYH8 MYH9 MYH10 MYH11 MYH13 MYH14 MYH15 MYH16 III MYO3A MYO3B V MYO5A MYO5B MYO5C VI MYO6 VII MYO7A MYO7B IX MYO9A MYO9B X MYO10 XV MYO15A XVIII MYO18A MYO18B LC MYL1 MYL2 MYL3 MYL4 MYL5 MYL6 MYL6B MYL7 MYL9 MYLIP MYLK MYLK2 MYLL1 Other Tropomodulin Troponin Tropomyosin Actinin Arp2 / 3 complex actin depolymerizing factors Cofilin Destrin Gelsolin Profilin Titin Other Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome protein Fibrillin Filamin FLNA FLNB FLNC Espin TRIOBP Intermediate filaments Type 1 / 2 ( Keratin , Cytokeratin ) Epithelial keratins ( soft alpha - keratins ) type I / chromosome 17 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 chromosome 12 18 none 21 type II / chromosome 12 2A 5 6A 6B 7 8 9 Hair keratins ( hard alpha - keratins ) type I / chromosome 17 31 32 33A 33B 34 35 36 37 38 type II / chromosome 12 81 82 83 84 85 86 Ungrouped alpha chromosome 17 23 24 25 26 27 28 39 40 chromosome 12 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Not alpha Beta - keratin Type 3 Desmin GFAP Peripherin Vimentin Type 4 Internexin Nestin Neurofilament NEFL NEFM NEFH Synemin Syncoilin Type 5 Nuclear lamins : A / C B1 B2 Microtubules and MAPs Kinesins KIF1A KIF1B KIF2A KIF2C KIF3B KIF3C KIF4A KIF4B KIF5A KIF5B KIF5C KIF6 KIF7 KIF9 KIF11 KIF12 KIF13A KIF13B KIF14 KIF15 KIF16B KIF17 KIF18A KIF18B KIF19 KIF20A KIF20B KIF21A KIF21B KIF22 KIF23 KIF24 KIF25 KIF26A KIF26B KIF27 KIFC1 KIFC2 KIFC3 Dyneins axonemal : DNAH1 DNAH2 DNAH3 DNAH5 DNAH6 DNAH7 DNAH8 DNAH9 DNAH10 DNAH11 DNAH12 DNAH13 DNAH14 DNAH17 DNAI1 DNAI2 DNALI1 DNAL1 DNAL4 cytoplasmic : DYNC1H1 DYNC2H1 DYNC1I1 DYNC1I2 DYNC1LI1 DYNC1LI2 DYNC2LI1 DYNLL1 DYNLL2 DYNLRB1 DYNLRB2 DYNLT1 DYNLT3 Other Tau protein Dynactin DCTN1 Tubulins TUBA1A TUBA1B TUBA1C TUBA3C TUBA3D TUBA3E TUBA4A TUBA8 Stathmin Tektin TEKT1 TEKT2 TEKT3 TEKT4 TEKT5 Dynamin DNM1 DNM2 DNM3 Catenins Alpha catenin Beta catenin APC Plakoglobin ( gamma catenin ) Delta catenin GAN Membrane Dystrophin Dystroglycan Utrophin Ankyrin ANK1 ANK2 ANK3 Spectrin SPTA1 SPTAN1 SPTB SPTBN1 SPTBN2 SPTBN4 SPTBN5 Other Plakins Corneodesmosin Desmoplakin Dystonin Envoplakin MACF1 Periplakin Plectin Talin TLN1 Vinculin Plakophilin PKP1 PKP2 Nonhuman Major sperm proteins Prokaryotic cytoskeleton Crescentin FtsZ MreB See also : cytoskeletal defects GND : 4121944 - 2 NDL : 00576209 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cytoskeleton&oldid=815981217 '' Categories : Cell anatomy Cytoskeleton Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 13 : 28 . 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who played baby's mom in dirty dancing 2017

Carole `` Kelly '' Bishop ( born February 28 , 1944 ) is an American actress and dancer , best known for her roles as matriarch Emily Gilmore on the series Gilmore Girls and as Marjorie Houseman , the mother of Jennifer Grey 's Frances `` Baby '' Houseman in the film Dirty Dancing . Bishop created the role of Sheila in A Chorus Line , for which she won a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical . She also starred as Fanny Flowers in the ABC Family short - lived comedy - drama series Bunheads .

Carole `` Kelly '' Bishop

Kelly Bishop

kelly bishop

Carole `` Kelly '' Bishop ( born February 28 , 1944 ) is an American actress and dancer , best known for her roles as matriarch Emily Gilmore on the series Gilmore Girls and as Marjorie Houseman , the mother of Jennifer Grey 's Frances `` Baby '' Houseman in the film Dirty Dancing . Bishop created the role of Sheila in A Chorus Line , for which she won a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical . She also starred as Fanny Flowers in the ABC Family short - lived comedy - drama series Bunheads .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Credits 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Theater 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Bishop was born in Colorado Springs , Colorado , to Jane Lenore ( née Wahtola ) and Lawrence Boden Bishop . She grew up in Denver , Colorado , where she trained to be a ballet dancer , attending the San Jose Ballet School . At eighteen , she headed to New York City and landed her first job dancing in a year - round ballet company at Radio City Music Hall . Bishop continued to dance in Las Vegas , summer stock and on television until she was cast in 1967 in Golden Rainbow , her first Broadway role . Career ( edit ) Bishop 's big break came when she was cast as the sexy , hard - edged Sheila in the Broadway production of A Chorus Line . Her performance earned her the 1976 Tony Award as `` Best Supporting or Featured Actress ( Musical ) '' as well as the 1976 Drama Desk Award for `` Outstanding Actress in a Musical '' . She also acted in the Broadway productions of Six Degrees of Separation , Neil Simon 's Proposals , the Tony Award - winning The Last Night of Ballyhoo and Bus Stop . It was n't long before she was cast opposite Jill Clayburgh in Paul Mazursky 's big - screen drama An Unmarried Woman ( 1978 ) . Bishop was initially cast in a much smaller part in the 1987 film Dirty Dancing , but was called upon to play Mrs. Houseman when Lynne Lipton , the actress assigned the role , fell ill during the first week of shooting . Bishop went on to play a `` mom '' to high - profile stars in features : Howard Stern 's in the Betty Thomas - directed comedy Private Parts ( 1997 ) , and Tobey Maguire 's in Wonder Boys ( 2000 ) . Additional feature credits include Ich und Er ( USA : Me and Him , 1988 ) , Queens Logic ( 1991 ) , Café Society ( 1995 ) , Miami Rhapsody ( 1995 ) and Blue Moon ( 2002 ) . On television , Bishop starred in the Mike Nichols ' The Thorns opposite Tony Roberts and Marilyn Cooper . She played Lisa Ann Walter 's mother on My Wildest Dreams . She has guest - starred on Kate & Allie , Law & Order , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit and Murphy Brown . From 2000 to 2007 , Bishop starred in the CW Television Network series Gilmore Girls as wealthy New England matriarch Emily Gilmore , mother of Lorelai and grandmother of Rory . Bishop was in Becky Shaw at the Second Stage Theatre in 2008 . She then performed briefly in the 2011 revival of Anything Goes alongside Sutton Foster and Joel Grey . She replaced Jessica Walter in the role of Evangeline Harcourt . Bishop co-starred as Fanny Flowers on the ABC Family program Amy Sherman - Palladino 's Bunheads , in which she reunited with Sutton Foster . The show was canceled after one season . She returned to the role of Emily Gilmore in the miniseries Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) on Netflix . Personal Life ( edit ) Bishop resides in South Orange , New Jersey , where she lives with her husband , TV talk show host Lee Leonard . Credits ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1966 Step Out of Your Mind Missy Linden 1978 Unmarried Woman , An An Unmarried Woman Elaine 1982 O'Hara's Wife Beth Douglas 1986 Solarbabies Tutor Nover Dirty Dancing Marjorie Houseman 1988 Me and Him Eleanor Aramis 1991 Queens Logic Maria Six Degrees of Separation Adele 1995 Miami Rhapsody Zelda 1995 Cafe Society Mrs. Jelke 1997 Private Parts Ray Stern 1999 My X-Girlfriend's Wedding Reception Sylvia Wienstein 2000 Blue Moon Peggy 's Mother 2000 Wonder Boys Amanda Leer 2011 Friends with Kids Marcy Fryman 2011 Novel Romance , AA Novel Romance Lily Sparks 2014 Saint Janet Janet Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1976 Hawaii Five - 0 Char Episode : `` Oldest Profession - Latest Price '' 1981 Advice to the Lovelorn Rita Borden TV film 1982 Hart to Hart Laura Episode : `` Hart of Diamonds '' New Odd Couple , The The New Odd Couple Charity Episode : `` Murray 's Hot Date '' 1984 Kate & Allie Paulette Episode : `` Baby '' 1985 Recovery Room , The The Recovery Room Kaye Brenner TV film As the World Turns Grace Wescott Andrews TV series 1988 Thorns , The The Thorns Ginger Thorn Main role ( 12 episodes ) One Life to Live Serena Wyman 1 episode 1990 Baby - Sitters Club , The The Baby - Sitters Club Flora Episode : `` Claudia and the Secret Passage '' 1992 ABC Afterschool Special Roxanne Holden Episode : `` Summer Stories : The Mall - Part 1 '' 1992 Law & Order Marian Borland Episode : `` Intolerance '' 1992 Murphy Brown Connie Silverberg Episode : `` Me Thinks My Parents Doth Protest Too Much '' 1995 All My Children Freida Landau TV series 1995 My Wildest Dreams Gloria James Recurring role ( 5 episodes ) One Life to Live Dr. Robbins 1 episode 2000 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Registrar Episode : `` Slaves '' 2000 -- 2007 Gilmore Girls Emily Gilmore Main role ( 110 episodes ) 2008 -- 2009 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Julia Zimmer 2 episodes 2009 Army Wives Jean Calhoun Episode : `` Operation : Tango '' Mercy Lauren Kempton 4 episodes Good Wife , The The Good Wife Mrs. Kent ( voice ) Episode : `` VIP Treatment '' ; uncredited 2012 -- 2013 Bunheads Fanny Flowers Main role ( 13 episodes ) 2015 Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll Elizabeth Episode : `` Supercalifragilisticjuliefriggingandrews '' 2015 Flesh and Bone Episode : `` F.U.B.A.R. '' 2015 -- 2016 The Good Wife Bea Wilson 2 episodes 2016 Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life Emily Gilmore Main role ( 4 episodes ) Theater ( edit ) Year Show Role Notes 1968 Golden Rainbow Cat - Girl / Dancer Shubert Theatre 1968 Promises , Promises Clancy 's Lounge Patron / Company Nurse Shubert Theatre 1968 Precious Sons Bea ( standby ) 1971 On the Town Dance Ensemble Imperial Theatre A Chorus Line Sheila Shubert Theatre Originated role Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical 1990 Six Degrees of Separation Kitty / Ouisa Vivian Beaumont Theater Replacement Bus Stop Grace Hoylard Short revival , 29 performances 1997 The Last Night of Ballyhoo Boo Levy Helen Hayes Theatre Replacement 1997 Proposals Annie Robbins Broadhurst Theatre 2011 Anything Goes Mrs. Evangeline Harcourt Stephen Sondheim Theatre August 9 , 2011 - January 15 , 2012 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Profile at FilmReference.com '' . filmreference. 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Bishop Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gilmore Girls ' reunion : Kelly Bishop joins Amy Sherman - Palladino 's new ABC Family show -- EXCLUSIVE '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` THEATER ; Two Mature Lives on Stage and Screen , Now Playing in New Jersey '' , The New York Times , September 19 , 1999 . `` She and her husband , Lee Leonard , the host of Jersey Talking on News 12 in Edison , have been living in South Orange for four years . '' Jump up ^ Worth - Baker , Marcia . `` Mother 's Always Right : played the mother many times over '' , Maplewood Matters , accessed April 22 , 2007 . `` Ask Kelly Bishop , South Orange resident and star of Gilmore Girls , what drew her to the role of Emily Gilmore , and she recalls , ' The pilot was simply the best script I ever read . ' '' External links ( edit ) Kelly Bishop at AllMovie Kelly Bishop at the Internet Broadway Database Kelly Bishop at Internet Off - Broadway Database Kelly Bishop on IMDb Kelly Bishop cast bio on The CW ( hide ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Juanita Hall ( 1950 ) Isabel Bigley ( 1951 ) Helen Gallagher ( 1952 ) Sheila Bond ( 1953 ) Gwen Verdon ( 1954 ) Carol Haney ( 1955 ) Lotte Lenya ( 1956 ) Edie Adams ( 1957 ) Barbara Cook ( 1958 ) Pat Stanley ( 1959 ) Patricia Neway ( 1960 ) Tammy Grimes ( 1961 ) Phyllis Newman ( 1962 ) Anna Quayle ( 1963 ) Tessie O'Shea ( 1964 ) Maria Karnilova ( 1965 ) Beatrice Arthur ( 1966 ) Peg Murray ( 1967 ) Lillian Hayman ( 1968 ) Marian Mercer ( 1969 ) Melba Moore ( 1970 ) Patsy Kelly ( 1971 ) Linda Hopkins ( 1972 ) Patricia Elliott ( 1973 ) Janie Sell ( 1974 ) Dee Dee Bridgewater ( 1975 ) Kelly Bishop ( 1976 ) Delores Hall ( 1977 ) Nell Carter ( 1978 ) Carlin Glynn ( 1979 ) Priscilla Lopez ( 1980 ) Marilyn Cooper ( 1981 ) Liliane Montevecchi ( 1982 ) Betty Buckley ( 1983 ) Lila Kedrova ( 1984 ) Leilani Jones ( 1985 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1986 ) Frances Ruffelle ( 1987 ) Judy Kaye ( 1988 ) Debbie Shapiro ( 1989 ) Randy Graff ( 1990 ) Daisy Eagan ( 1991 ) Tonya Pinkins ( 1992 ) Andrea Martin ( 1993 ) Audra McDonald ( 1994 ) Gretha Boston ( 1995 ) Ann Duquesnay ( 1996 ) Lillias White ( 1997 ) Audra McDonald ( 1998 ) Kristin Chenoweth ( 1999 ) Karen Ziemba ( 2000 ) Cady Huffman ( 2001 ) Harriet Sansom Harris ( 2002 ) Jane Krakowski ( 2003 ) Anika Noni Rose ( 2004 ) Sara Ramirez ( 2005 ) Beth Leavel ( 2006 ) Mary Louise Wilson ( 2007 ) Laura Benanti ( 2008 ) Karen Olivo ( 2009 ) Katie Finneran ( 2010 ) Nikki M. James ( 2011 ) Judy Kaye ( 2012 ) Andrea Martin ( 2013 ) Lena Hall ( 2014 ) Ruthie Ann Miles ( 2015 ) Renée Elise Goldsberry ( 2016 ) Rachel Bay Jones ( 2017 ) BNE : XX4951610 BNF : cb140378514 ( data ) GND : 103521475X ISNI : 0000 0001 1616 1704 LCCN : n97868855 MusicBrainz : 48d90f95 - a7b6 - 4b5f - b043 - 277debac808b VIAF : 32198315 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Bishop&oldid=842906922 '' Categories : American female dancers Dancers from New Jersey American film actresses American television actresses Actresses from Colorado Actresses from New Jersey Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School alumni Drama Desk Award winners Actresses from Boulder , Colorado Actresses from Colorado Springs , Colorado People from South Orange , New Jersey Theatre World Award winners Tony Award winners 1944 births Living people American stage actresses 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Dancers from Colorado Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 13 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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the spanish and french north american empires were densely populated

History of North America

history of north america

A composed satellite photograph of North America in orthographic projection History of North America encompasses the past developments of people populating the continent of North America . While it was widely believed that continent first became a human habitat when people migrated across the Bering Sea 40,000 to 17,000 years ago , recent discoveries may have pushed those estimates back at least another 90,000 years . Regardless , migrants settled in many locations on the continent , from the Inuit of the far north to the Mayans and Aztecs of the south . These isolated communities each developed their own unique ways of life and cultures , and their interaction with one another was limited in comparison to the extensive trade and conflict of civilizations across the Atlantic in Europe and Asia . Records of European travel to North America begin with the Norse in the tenth century CE . In 985 , they founded a settlement on Greenland ( an often - overlooked part of North America ) that persisted until the early 1400s . They also explored the east coast of Canada , but their settlements there were much smaller and shorter - lived . With the Age of Exploration and the voyages of Christopher Columbus ( starting 1492 ) , Europeans began to arrive in the Americas in large numbers and to develop colonial ambitions for both North and South America . Columbus ' `` discovery '' of America is a contested idea because the Americas were already heavily populated by the indigenous Native American peoples , who had developed distinctive civilizations in their own right . After Columbus , influxes of Europeans soon followed and overwhelmed the native population . North America became a staging ground for ongoing European rivalries . The continent was divided by three prominent European powers : England , France , and Spain . The influences of colonization by these states on North American cultures are still apparent today . Conflict over resources on North America ensued in various wars between these powers , but , gradually , the new European colonies developed desires for independence . Revolutions , such as the American Revolution and Mexican War of Independence , created new , independent states that came to dominate North America . The Canadian Confederation formed in 1867 , creating the modern political landscape of North America . From the 19th to 21st centuries , North American states have developed increasingly deeper connections with each other . Although some conflicts have occurred , the continent has for the most part enjoyed peace and general cooperation between its states , as well as open commerce and trade between them . Modern developments include the opening of free trade agreements , extensive immigration from Mexico and Latin America , and drug trafficking concerns in these regions . Contents 1 The beginning of North America 1.1 Pre-Columbian era 2 Arrival of Europeans 2.1 Early contact 2.2 Successful colonization 3 Colonial era 4 Revolutions 5 Expansion era 6 Conflict , confederation , and invasion 7 Late 19th century 8 World Wars era 8.1 World War I 8.2 Interwar years 8.3 World War II 9 Post-war 10 Vietnam and stagflation 11 The 1980s 12 Recent history 13 See also 13.1 By region 14 References 15 Further reading The beginning of North America ( edit ) Main articles : Settlement of the Americas and Paleo - Indians See also : Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Map of early human migrations based on the Out of Africa theory . The specifics of Paleo - Indians ' migration to and throughout the Americas , including the exact dates and routes traveled , are subject to ongoing research and discussion . For years , the traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present - day Alaska around 40,000 -- 17,000 years ago , when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the Quaternary glaciation . These people are believed to have followed herds of now - extinct pleistocene megafauna along ice - free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets . Another route proposed is that , either on foot or using primitive boats , they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America . Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a sea level rise of hundreds of meters following the last ice age . Archaeologists contend that Paleo - Indian migration out of Beringia ( eastern Alaska ) , ranges from 40,000 to around 16,500 years ago . This time range is a hot source of debate and promises to continue as such for years to come . The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia , with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period , or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum , around 16,000 -- 13,000 years before present . However , older alternative theories exist , including migration from Europe . Folsom projectile point . Stone tools , particularly projectile points and scrapers , are the primary evidence of early human activity in the Americas . Crafted lithic flaked tools are used by archaeologists and anthropologists to classify cultural periods . Scientific evidence links indigenous Americans to Asian peoples , specifically eastern Siberian populations . Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to North Asian populations by linguistic dialects , the distribution of blood types , and in genetic composition as reflected by molecular data , such as DNA . 8,000 BCE -- 7,000 BCE ( 10,000 -- 9,000 years ago ) the climate stabilized , leading to a rise in population and lithic technology advances , resulting in a more sedentary lifestyle . Pre-columbian era ( edit ) Main article : Pre-Columbian era Further information : Indigenous peoples of the Americas See also : Aboriginal peoples in Canada , Native Americans in the United States , and Mesoamerica Before contact with Europeans , the indigenous peoples of North America were divided into many different polities , from small bands of a few families to large empires . They lived in several `` culture areas '' , which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones and give a good indication of the main lifeway or occupation of the people who lived there ( e.g. the hunters of the Great Plains , or the farmers of Mesoamerica ) . Native groups can also be classified by their language family ( e.g. Athapascan or Uto - Aztecan ) . It is important to note that people with similar languages did not always share the same material culture , nor were they always allies . The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna . The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter - gatherers ; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally , thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like , the Southwest , Arctic , Poverty , Dalton and Plano traditions . This regional adaptations would become the norm , with reliance less on hunting and gathering , with a more mixed economy of small game , fish , seasonally wild vegetables and harvested plant foods . Many groups continued as big game hunters , however their hunting traditions became more varied and meat procurement methods more sophisticated . The placement of artifacts and materials within an Archaic burial site indicated social differentiation based upon status in some groups . The Mayan ruins of Palenque , Mexico . The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world , such as tomatoes and squash . Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world 's major staples , maize ( corn ) . As a result of the development of agriculture in the south , many important cultural advances were made there . For example , the Maya civilization developed a writing system , built huge pyramids , had a complex calendar , and developed the concept of zero 500 years before anyone in the Old World . The Mayan culture was still present when the Spanish arrived in Central America , but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire further north . In the Southwest of North America , Hohokam and Anasazi societies had been engaged in agricultural production with ditch irrigation and a sedentary village life for at least two millennia before the Spanish arrived in the 1540s . Upon the arrival of the Europeans in the `` New World '' , native peoples found their culture changed drastically . As such , their affiliation with political and cultural groups changed as well , several linguistic groups went extinct , and others changed quite quickly . The name and cultures that Europeans recorded for the natives were not necessarily the same as the ones they had used a few generations before , or the ones in use today . Arrival of Europeans ( edit ) Early contact ( edit ) Map of North America ( 1621 ) . Main article : Norse colonization of North America There was limited contact between North American people and the outside world before 1492 . Several theoretical contacts have been proposed , but the earliest physical evidence comes from the Norse or Vikings . Erik the Red founded a colony on Greenland in 985 CE . Erik 's son Leif Eriksson is believed to have reached the Island of Newfoundland circa 1000 , naming the discovery Vinland . The only Norse site outside of Greenland yet discovered in North America is at L'Anse aux Meadows , Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada . All of the Norse colonies were eventually abandoned . The Viking voyages did not become common knowledge in the Old World . Even the permanent settlement in Greenland , which persisted until the early 1400s , received little attention and Europeans remained largely ignorant of the existence of the Americas until 1492 . As part of a general age of discovery , Genoese sailor Christopher Columbus proposed a voyage west from Europe to find a shorter route to Asia . He eventually received the backing of Isabella I and Ferdinand II , Queen and King of newly united Spain . In 1492 Columbus reached land in the Bahamas . Almost 500 years after the Norse , John Cabot explored the east coast of what would become Canada in 1497 . Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the East Coast of North America from Florida to presumably Newfoundland in 1524 . Jacques Cartier made a series of voyages on behalf of the French crown in 1534 and explored the St. Lawrence River . Successful colonization ( edit ) Main articles : European colonization of the Americas , Exploration of North America , and Spanish Empire Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal In order to understand what constitutes as successful colonization , it is important to understand what colonization means . Colonization refers to large - scale population movements , where the migrants maintain strong links with their or their ancestors ' former country , gaining significant advantages over other inhabitants of the territory by such links . When colonization takes place under the protection of clearly colonial political structures , it may most handily be called settler colonialism . This often involves the settlers entirely dispossessing earlier inhabitants , or instituting legal and other structures which systematically disadvantage them . Initially , European activity consisted mostly of trade and exploration . Eventually Europeans began to establish settlements . The three principal colonial powers in North America were Spain , England , and France , although eventually other powers such as the Netherlands and Sweden also received holdings on the continent . Settlement by the Spanish started the European colonization of the Americas . They gained control of most of the largest islands in the Caribbean and conquered the Aztec empire , gaining control of present - day Mexico and Central America . This was the beginning of the Spanish Empire in the New World . The first successful Spanish settlement in continental North America was Veracruz founded by Hernán Cortés in 1519 , followed by many other settlements in colonial New Spain , including Spanish Florida , Central America , New Mexico , and later California . The Spanish claimed all of North and South America ( with the exception of Brazil ) , and no other European power challenged those claims by planting colonies until over a century after Spain 's first settlements . The first French settlements were Port Royal ( 1604 ) and Quebec City ( 1608 ) in what is now Nova Scotia and Quebec . The Fur Trade soon became the primary business on the continent and as a result transformed the indigenous North American ways of life . The first permanent English settlements were at Jamestown ( 1607 ) ( along with its satellite , Bermuda in 1609 ) and Plymouth ( 1620 ) , in what are today Virginia and Massachusetts respectively . Further to the south , plantation slavery became the main industry of the West Indies , and this gave rise to the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade . Colonial era ( edit ) Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750 -- 2008 -- in the interactive SVG version on a compatible browser , hover over the timeline to step through time Main articles : Colonial history of the United States , Former colonies and territories in Canada , New France , Thirteen Colonies , French and Indian Wars , and New Spain By the year 1663 the French crown had taken over control of New France from the fur - trading companies , and the English charter colonies gave way to more metropolitan control . This ushered in a new era of more formalized colonialism in North America . Rivalry between the European powers created a series of wars on the North American landmass that would have great impact on the development of the colonies . Territory often changed hands multiple times . Peace was not achieved until French forces in North America were vanquished at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec City , and France ceded most of her claims outside of the Caribbean . The end of the French presence in North America was a disaster for most Native nations in Eastern North America , who lost their major ally against the expanding Anglo - American settlement 's . During Pontiac 's Rebellion between the year 's 1763 -- 1766 , a confederation of Great Lakes - area tribes fought a somewhat successful campaign to defend their rights over their lands west of the Appalachian Mountains , which had been `` reserved '' for them under the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . Viceroyalty of New Spain ( present - day Mexico ) was the name of the viceroy - ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in Asia , North America and its peripheries from 1535 to 1821 . Revolutions ( edit ) Main articles : American Revolution , Haitian Revolution , Industrial Revolution , and Mexican War of Independence The coming of the American Revolution had a great impact across the continent . Most importantly it directly led to the creation of the United States of America . However , the associated American Revolutionary War was an important war that touched all corners of the region . The flight of the United Empire Loyalists led to the creation of English Canada as a separate community Meanwhile , Spain 's hold on Mexico was weakening . Independence was declared in 1810 by Miguel Hidalgo , starting the Mexican War of Independence . In 1813 , José María Morelos and the Congress of Anáhuac signed the Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America , the first legal document where the separation of the New Spain with respect to Spain is proclaimed . Spain finally recognized Mexico 's independence in 1821 . Expansion era ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) , Canada under British Imperial control ( 1764 -- 1867 ) , and Mexican -- American War From the time of independence of the United States , that country expanded rapidly to the west , acquiring the massive Louisiana territory in 1803 . Between 1810 and 1811 a Native confederacy under Tecumseh fought unsuccessfully to keep the Americans from pushing them out of the Great Lakes . Tecumseh 's followers then went north into Canada , where they helped the British to block an American attempt to seize Canada during the War of 1812 . Following the war , British and Irish settlement in Canada increased dramatically . US expansion was complicated by the division between `` free '' and `` slave '' states , which led to the Missouri Compromise in 1820 . Likewise , Canada faced a division between French and English communities that led to the outbreak of civil strife in 1837 . Mexico faced constant political tensions between liberals and conservatives , as well as the rebellion of the English - speaking region of Texas , which declared itself the Republic of Texas in 1836 . In 1845 Texas joined the United States , which would later lead to the Mexican -- American War in 1846 that began American imperialism . As a result of conflict with Mexico , the United States made further territorial gains in California and the Southwest . Conflict , confederation , and invasion ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1849 -- 1865 ) , American Civil War , Canadian Confederation , and French intervention in Mexico The secession of the Confederate States and the resulting civil war rocked American society . It eventually led to the end of slavery in the United States , the destruction and later reconstruction of most of the South , and tremendous loss of life . From the conflict , the United States emerged as a powerful industrialized nation . Partly as a response to the threat of American power , four of the Canadian colonies agreed to federate in 1867 , creating the Dominion of Canada . The new nation was not fully sovereign , but enjoyed considerable independence from Britain . With the addition of British Columbia Canada would expand to the Pacific by 1871 and establish a transcontinental railway , the Canadian Pacific , by 1885 . In Mexico conflicts like the Reform War left the state weak , and open to foreign influence . This led to the Second French Empire to invade Mexico . Late 19th century ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) , Reconstruction era of the United States , Post-Confederation Canada ( 1867 - 1914 ) , and Porfiriato In both Russia and China the second half of the 19th century witnessed massive inflows of immigration to settle the West . These lands were not uninhabited however : in the United States the government fought numerous Indian Wars against the native inhabitants . In Canada , relations were more peaceful , as a result of the Numbered Treaties , but two rebellions broke out in 1870 and 1885 on the prairies . The British colony of Newfoundland became a dominion in 1907 . In Mexico , the entire era was dominated by the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz . World wars era ( edit ) Main articles : Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years , Mexican Revolution , and History of the United States ( 1918 -- 1945 ) World War I ( edit ) Main articles : World War I and Military history of Canada during World War I As a part of the British Empire Canada immediately was at war in 1914 . Canada bore the brunt of several major battles during the early stages of the war including the use of poison gas attacks at Ypres . Losses became grave , and the government eventually brought in conscription , despite the fact this was against the wishes of the majority of French Canadians . In the ensuing Conscription Crisis of 1917 , riots broke out on the streets of Montreal . In neighboring Newfoundland , the new dominion suffered a devastating loss on July 1 , 1916 , the First day on the Somme . The United States stayed apart from the conflict until 1917 , joining the Entente powers . The United States was then able to play a crucial role at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that shaped interwar Europe . Mexico was not part of the war as the country was embroiled in the Mexican Revolution at the time . Interwar years ( edit ) Main articles : Roaring Twenties , Great Depression , and Cristero War The 1920s brought an age of great prosperity in the United States , and to a lesser degree Canada . But the Wall Street Crash of 1929 combined with drought ushered in a period of economic hardship in the United States and Canada . From 1937 to 1949 , this was a popular uprising against the anti-Catholic Mexican government of the time , set off specifically by the anti-clerical provisions of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 . World War II ( edit ) Main articles : World War II , Military history of Canada during the Second World War , Military history of the United States during World War II , United States home front during World War II , SS Potrero del Llano , Faja de Oro , and Escuadrón 201 Once again Canada found itself at war before her neighbors , however even Canadian contributions were slight before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . The entry of the United States into the war helped to tip the balance in favor of the allies . On August 19 , 1942 , a force of some 6000 , largely Canadian , infantry was landed near the French channel port of Dieppe . The German defenders under General von Rundstedt destroyed the invaders. 907 Canadians were killed and almost 2,500 captured ( many wounded ) . Lessons learned in this abortive raid were put to good use 2 years later in the successful Normandy invasion . Two Mexican tankers , transporting oil to the United States , were attacked and sunk by the Germans in the Gulf of Mexico waters , in 1942 . The incident happened in spite of Mexico 's neutrality at that time . This led Mexico to declare war on the Axis nations and enter the conflict . The destruction of Europe wrought by the war vaulted all North American countries to more important roles in world affairs . The United States especially emerged as a `` superpower '' . Post-war ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 1964 ) , History of Canada ( 1945 -- 1960 ) , 1950s , 1960s , Cold War , and Civil Rights Movement The early Cold War era saw the United States as the most powerful nation in a Western coalition of which Mexico and Canada were also a part . At home , the United States witnessed convulsive change especially in the area of race relations . In Canada this was mirrored by the Quiet Revolution and the emergence of Quebec nationalism . Mexico experienced an era of huge economic growth after World War II , a heavy industrialization process and a growth of its middle class , a period known in Mexican history as the `` El Milagro Mexicano '' ( Mexican miracle ) . The Caribbean saw the beginnings of decolonization , while on the largest island the Cuban Revolution introduced Cold War rivalries into Latin America . In 1959 the non-contiguous US territories of Alaska and Hawaii became US states . Vietnam and stagflation ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1964 -- 1980 ) , History of Canada ( 1960 -- 1981 ) , 1960s , and 1970s During this time the United States became involved in the Vietnam War as part of the global Cold War . This war would later prove to be highly divisive in American society , and American troops were withdrawn from Indochina in 1975 with the Khmer Rouge 's capture of Phnom Penh in April 17 , the Vietnam People 's Army 's capture of Saigon in April 30 and the Pathet Lao 's capture of Vientiane in December 2 . Canada during this era was dominated by the leadership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau . Eventually in 1982 at the end of his tenure , Canada received a new constitution . Both the United States and Canada experienced stagflation , which eventually led to a revival in small - government politics . The 1980s ( edit ) Main articles : 1980s , History of the United States ( 1980 -- 1988 ) , and History of Canada ( 1982 - 1992 ) Mexican presidents Miguel de la Madrid , in the early 80s and Carlos Salinas de Gortari in the late 80s , started implementing liberal economic strategies that were seen as a good move . However , Mexico experienced a strong economic recession in 1982 and the Mexican peso suffered a devaluation . Presidential elections held in 1988 were forecast to be very competitive and they were . Leftist candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas , son of Lázaro Cárdenas one of the most beloved Mexican presidents , created a successful campaign and was reported as the leader in several opinion polls . On July 6 , 1988 , the day of the elections , a system shutdown of the IBM AS / 400 that the government was using to count the votes occurred , presumably by accident . The government simply stated that `` se cayó el sistema '' ( `` the system crashed '' ) , to refer to the incident . When the system was finally restored , the PRI candidate Carlos Salinas was declared the official winner . It was the first time since the Revolution that a non-PRI candidate was so close to winning the presidency . In the United States president Ronald Reagan attempted to move the United States back towards a hard anti-communist line in foreign affairs , in what his supporters saw as an attempt to assert moral leadership ( compared to the Soviet Union ) in the world community . Domestically , Reagan attempted to bring in a package of privatization and trickle down economics to stimulate the economy . Canada 's Brian Mulroney ran on a similar platform to Reagan , and also favored closer trade ties with the United States . This led to the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement in January 1989 . Recent history ( edit ) Main articles : 1990s , History of the United States ( since 1988 ) , and History of Canada ( 1992 -- present ) The End of the Cold War and the beginning of the era of sustained economic expansion coincided during the 1990s . On January 1 , 1994 Canada , Mexico and the United States signed the North American Free Trade Agreement , creating the world 's largest free trade area . Quebec held a referendum in 1995 for national sovereignty in which 51 % voted no to 49 % yes . In 2000 , Vicente Fox became the first non-PRI candidate to win the Mexican presidency in over 70 years . The optimism of the 1990s was shattered by the 9 / 11 attacks of 2001 on the United States , which prompted military intervention in Afghanistan , which Canada also participated in . Canada and Mexico did not support the United States 's later move to invade Iraq . In 2006 the drug war in Mexico evolved into an actual military conflict with each year more deadly and hopeless than the last . Starting in the Winter of 2007 , a financial crisis in the United States began which eventually triggered a worldwide recession in the Fall of 2008 . In 2009 , Barack Obama was inaugurated as the first African American to be President of the United States . Two years later , Osama Bin Laden , perpetrator of 9 / 11 , was found and killed . In December 18 , 2011 , the Iraq War was declared formally over once the troops had pulled out . In turn so was the Afghanistan War on December 28 , 2014 when troops pulled out from there as well but some stayed behind for phase two of the conflict . See also ( edit ) History of Canada portal History of the Americas History of western civilization Making North America ( 2015 PBS film ) By region ( edit ) American Old West History of Central America History of Latin America History of New England History of the Caribbean History of the Southern United States History of the west coast of North America Histories of cities in the United States History of cities in Mexico History of the US States Local history in Canada References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Atlas of the Human Journey - The Genographic Project '' . National Geographic Society . 1996 -- 2008 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ A 130,000 - year - old archaeological site in southern California , USA Jump up ^ Burenhult , Göran ( 2000 ) . Die ersten Menschen . Weltbild Verlag . ISBN 3 - 8289 - 0741 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fitzhugh , Drs . William ; Goddard , Ives ; Ousley , Steve ; Owsley , Doug ; Stanford. , Dennis . `` Paleoamerican '' . Smithsonian Institution Anthropology Outreach Office . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The peopling of the Americas : Genetic ancestry influences health '' . Scientific American . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America '' . American Antiquity , Vol. 44 , No. 1 ( Jan. , 1979 ) , p2 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 68 Responses to `` Sea will rise ' to levels of last Ice Age ' '' `` . Center for Climate Systems Research , Columbia University . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First Americans Endured 20,000 - Year Layover -- Jennifer Viegas , Discovery News '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Archaeological evidence , in fact , recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago , but rapid expansion into North America did n't occur until about 15,000 years ago , when the ice had literally broken page 2 Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Government of Canada . Parks Canada . 2009 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Canada 's oldest known home is a cave in Yukon occupied not 12,000 years ago as at U.S. sites , but at least 20,000 years ago Jump up ^ `` Pleistocene Archaeology of the Old Crow Flats '' . Vuntut National Park of Canada . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . However , despite the lack of this conclusive and widespread evidence , there are suggestions of human occupation in the northern Yukon about 24,000 years ago , and hints of the presence of humans in the Old Crow Basin as far back as about 40,000 years ago . ^ Jump up to : `` Journey of mankind '' . Brad Shaw Foundation . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A single and early migration for the peopling of the Americas supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data '' . The National Academy of Sciences of the US . National Academy of Sciences . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Neves , W.A. ; Powell , J.F. ; Prous , A. ; Ozolins , E.G. ; Blum , M. ( 1999 ) . `` Lapa vermelha IV Hominid 1 : morphological affinities of the earliest known American '' . Genetics and Molecular Biology . 22 ( 4 ) : 461 . doi : 10.1590 / S1415 - 47571999000400001 . Jump up ^ `` Method and Theory in American Archaeology '' ( Digitised online by Questia Media ) . Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips . University of Chicago . 1958 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Learn about Y - DNA Haplogroup Q '' . Wendy Tymchuk -- Senior Technical Editor . Genebase Systems . 2008 . Archived from the original ( Verbal tutorial possible ) on June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blame North America Megafauna Extinction on Climate Change , Not Human Ancestors '' . ScienceDaily. 2001 . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fiedel , Stuart J ( 1992 ) . Prehistory of the Americas ( Digitised online by Google books ) . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stuart B. Schwartz , Frank Salomon . The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas ( Digitised online by Google books ) . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pielou , E.C. ( 1991 ) . After the Ice Age : The Return of Life to Glaciated North America ( Digitised online by Google books ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 66812 - 6 . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ edited by R.C. Mainfort and M.D. Jeter . Fayetteville , Gillam , J. Christopher ( 1999 ) . `` Paleoindian Settlement in Northeastern Arkansas Arkansas Archeology : Essays in Honor of Dan and Phyllis Morse , '' . University of Arkansas Press . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Imbrie , J ; K.P. Imbrie ( 1979 ) . Ice Ages : Solving the Mystery . Short Hills NJ : Enslow Publishers . ISBN 0 - 226 - 66811 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nash , Gary B. Red , White and Black : The Peoples of Early North America Los Angeles 2015 . Chapter 1 , pg. 4 Jump up ^ Howe , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Empire : a very short introduction ( ( Nachdr . ) ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780192802231 . Jump up ^ Kane 1999 , pp. 81 -- 103 Jump up ^ Ward 1997 , pp. 97 -- 132 Further reading ( edit ) Bennett , Norma V. ( 1997 ) , Pioneer Legacy , ISBN 0 - 9683026 - 0 - 2 Kane , Katie Nits Make Lice : Drogheda , Sand Creek , and the Poetics of Colonial Extermination Cultural Critique , No. 42 ( Spring , 1999 ) , pp. 81 -- 103 doi : 10.2307 / 1354592 Churchill , Ward A Little Matter of Genocide 1997 City Lights Books ISBN 0 - 87286 - 323 - 9 History of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands North America articles History Settlement of the Americas Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era European colonization New Spain New France British North America Turtle Island Geography Cities Countries and dependent territories by population Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics American imperialism North American Union ( NAU ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) Transatlantic relations Economy Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Transportation Countries by GDP ( per capita ) PPP per capita HDI Internet users Minimum wages Society Languages endangered Social ( and financial ) rankings Universities Culture Art painting sculpture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Music Philosophy Religion Sport Symbols Demographics Countries by population density Ethnic groups indigenous peoples classification Immigration Life expectancy Outline Portal Maps History by continent Africa Americas ( North America South America ) Antarctica Australia Eurasia ( Europe Asia ) Oceania Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_North_America&oldid=855605488 '' Categories : History of North America Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Asturianu বাংলা Cymraeg Deutsch Español 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Қазақша Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 14 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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muscle that inserts on both the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity

Iliotibial tract

iliotibial tract

The iliotibial tract or iliotibial band ( also known as Maissiat 's band or IT Band ) is a longitudinal fibrous reinforcement of the fascia lata . The action of the ITB and its associated muscles is to extend , abduct , and laterally rotate the hip . In addition , the ITB contributes to lateral knee stabilization . During knee extension the ITB moves anterior to the lateral condyle of the femur , while ~ 30 degrees knee flexion , the ITB moves posterior to the lateral condyle . However , it has been suggested that this is only an illusion due to the changing tension in the anterior and posterior fibers during movement . It originates at the anterolateral iliac tubercle portion of the external lip of the iliac crest and inserts at the lateral condyle of the tibia at Gerdy 's tubercle . The figure shows only the proximal part of the iliotibial tract .

The part of the iliotibial band which lies beneath the tensor fasciae latae is prolonged upward to join the lateral part of the capsule of the hip - joint . The tensor fasciae latae effectively tightens the iliotibial band around the area of the knee . This allows for bracing of the knee especially in lifting the opposite foot . The gluteus maximus muscle and the tensor fasciae latae insert upon the tract . Clinical significance ( edit ) The IT band stabilizes the knee both in extension and in partial flexion , and is therefore used constantly during walking and running . When a person is leaning forwards with a slightly flexed knee , the tract is the knee 's main support against gravity . Iliotibial band syndrome ( ITBS or ITBFS , for iliotibial band friction syndrome ) is a common thigh injury generally associated with running . It can also be caused by cycling or hiking . The onset of iliotibial band syndrome occurs most commonly in cases of overuse . The iliotibial band itself becomes inflamed in response to repeated compression on the outside of the knee or swelling of the fat pad between the bone and the tendon on the side of the knee . ITB syndrome can also be caused by poor physical condition , lack of warming up before exercise , or drastic changes in activity levels . Until recent anatomical studies showed differently , the previously held belief was that the distal portion of the iliotibial band rubbed over a bursa , however this bursa was found not to exist . Additionally , the theory that the iliotibial band needs to stretch has been questioned as , in cadaveric studies under extreme load , the flexibility of the iliotibial band has been shown to be minimal with greater stiffness than capsular fibers . Symptoms of iliotibial band syndrome may include pain on the outside of the knee at the beginning of exercise which persists through the exercise or specific movements like running downhill and having the knee bent for prolonged periods of time . This syndrome is usually developed by people who suddenly increase their level of activity , such as runners who increase their mileage . Other risk factors for ITBS include gait abnormalities such as overpronation , leg length discrepancies , or bow - leggedness . ITB Syndrome is an overuse condition of the distal ITB near the lateral femoral condyle and at Gerdy 's tubercle . The most vulnerable range of knee flexion for this condition is at 30 - 40 degrees ; this is where the ITB crosses the lateral femoral epicondyle . Postural function ( edit ) The IT band is of critical importance to asymmetrical standing ( pelvic slouch ) . The upward pull on the lower attachment of the IT band thrusts the knee back into hyperextension , thereby locking the knee and converting the limb into a rigid supportive pillar . References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Fairclough ; Hayashi . `` The functional anatomy of the iliotibial band during flexion and extension of the knee : implications for understanding iliotibial band syndrome '' . Journal of Anatomy. 208 : 309 -- 316 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2006. 00531. x . Jump up ^ Saladin . Anatomy & Physiology : 7th Edition . McGraw Hill . pg. 347 Jump up ^ Carnes , M. & Vizniak , N. ( 2009 ) . Quick Reference Evidence - Based Conditions Manual : 3rd Edition . Professional Health Systems Inc. , Canada , pg. 240 - 241 . ^ Jump up to : Akuthota V , Stilp SK , Lento P , Gonzalez P. Iliotibial band syndrome . In : Frontera W , Silver JK , Tizzo TD Jr , eds . Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 2nd ed . St. Louis , MO : W.B. Saunders Elsevier , 20008 : chap 60 . Jump up ^ Fairclough , John ; Hayashi , Koji ; Toumi , Hechmi ; Lyons , Kathleen ; Bydder , Graeme ; Phillips , Nicola ; Best , Thomas M ; Benjamin , Mike ( Mar 2006 ) . `` The functional anatomy of the iliotibial band during flexion and extension of the knee : implications for understanding iliotibial band syndrome '' . J Anat. 208 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 316 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2006. 00531. x . Jump up ^ Rahnemai - Azar , AA ; Miller , RM ; Guenther , D ; Fu , FH ; Lesniak , BP ; Musahl , V ; Debski , RE ( Apr 2016 ) . `` Structural Properties of the Anterolateral Capsule and Iliotibial Band of the Knee '' . Am J Sports Med. 44 ( 4 ) : 892 -- 7 . doi : 10.1177 / 0363546515623500 . Jump up ^ Evans P . The postural function of the iliotibial tract . Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1979 Jul ; 61 ( 4 ) : 271 - 80 . PMC 2492187 Muscles of the hip and human leg Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major / psoas minor iliacus Buttocks Gluteal muscles maximus medius minimus tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group : quadratus femoris inferior gemellus superior gemellus internal obturator external obturator piriformis Thigh / compartments Anterior sartorius quadriceps rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis articularis genus Posterior hamstring biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus Medial pectineus external obturator gracilis adductor longus brevis magnus minimus Fascia Femoral sheath Femoral canal Femoral ring Adductor canal Adductor hiatus Muscular lacuna fascia lata Iliotibial tract Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh Medial intermuscular septum of thigh Cribriform fascia Leg / compartments Anterior tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus peroneus tertius Posterior superficial triceps surae gastrocnemius soleus accessory soleus Achilles tendon plantaris deep tarsal tunnel flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus tibialis posterior popliteus Lateral peroneus muscles longus brevis Fascia Pes anserinus Intermuscular septa anterior posterior transverse Foot Dorsal extensor hallucis brevis extensor digitorum brevis Plantar 1st layer abductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis abductor digiti minimi 2nd layer quadratus plantae lumbrical muscle 3rd layer flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis flexor digiti minimi brevis 4th layer dorsal interossei plantar interossei Fascia Plantar fascia retinacula Peroneal Inferior extensor Superior extensor Flexor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iliotibial_tract&oldid=792174455 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Lower limb anatomy Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2017 , at 22 : 43 . 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Albert Speer

albert speer

Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer ( / ʃpɛr / ; German : ( ˈʃpeːɐ̯ ) ( listen ) ; March 19 , 1905 -- September 1 , 1981 ) was a German architect who was , for most of World War II , Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production for Nazi Germany . Speer was Adolf Hitler 's chief architect before assuming ministerial office . As `` the Nazi who said sorry '' , he accepted moral responsibility at the Nuremberg trials and in his memoirs for complicity in crimes of the Nazi regime , while insisting he had been ignorant of the Holocaust .

Speer joined the Nazi Party in 1931 , launching himself on a political and governmental career which lasted fourteen years . His architectural skills made him increasingly prominent within the Party and he became a member of Hitler 's inner circle . Hitler instructed him to design and construct structures including the Reich Chancellery and the Zeppelinfeld stadium in Nuremberg where Party rallies were held . Speer also made plans to reconstruct Berlin on a grand scale , with huge buildings , wide boulevards , and a reorganized transportation system . In February 1942 , Hitler appointed him as Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production . After the war , he was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to 20 years in prison for his role in the Nazi regime , principally for the use of forced labor . Despite repeated attempts to gain early release , he served his full sentence , most of it at Spandau Prison in West Berlin . Following his release in 1966 , Speer published two bestselling autobiographical works , Inside the Third Reich and Spandau : The Secret Diaries , detailing his close personal relationship with Hitler , and providing readers and historians with a unique perspective on the workings of the Nazi regime . He wrote a third book , Infiltration , about the SS . Speer died of a stroke in 1981 while on a visit to London . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Nazi architect 2.1 Joining the Nazis ( 1930 -- 1934 ) 2.2 First Architect of Nazi Germany ( 1934 -- 1939 ) 2.3 Wartime architect ( 1939 -- 1942 ) 3 Minister of Armaments 3.1 Appointment and increasing power 3.2 Consolidation of arms production 3.3 Defeat of Nazi Germany 4 Post-war 4.1 Nuremberg trial 4.2 Imprisonment 4.3 Release and later life 5 Legacy and controversy 5.1 Architectural legacy 5.2 Actions regarding the Jews 5.3 Knowledge of the Holocaust 6 Career summary 6.1 Nazi Party positions 6.2 Government positions 6.3 Political ranks 6.4 Awards and decorations 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Explanatory notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Bibliography 8.3. 1 Online sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Early years ( edit ) Speer was born in Mannheim , into an upper - middle - class family . He was the second of three sons of Luise Máthilde Wilhelmine ( Hommel ) and Albert Friedrich Speer . In 1918 , the family moved permanently to their summer home Villa Speer on Schloss - Wolfsbrunnenweg , Heidelberg . According to Henry T. King , deputy prosecutor at Nuremberg who later wrote a book about Speer , `` Love and warmth were lacking in the household of Speer 's youth . '' Speer was active in sports , taking up skiing and mountaineering . Speer 's Heidelberg school offered rugby football , unusual for Germany , and Speer was a participant . He wanted to become a mathematician , but his father said if Speer chose this occupation he would `` lead a life without money , without a position and without a future '' . Instead , Speer followed in the footsteps of his father and grandfather and studied architecture . Speer began his architectural studies at the University of Karlsruhe instead of a more highly acclaimed institution because the hyperinflation crisis of 1923 limited his parents ' income . In 1924 when the crisis had abated , he transferred to the `` much more reputable '' Technical University of Munich . In 1925 he transferred again , this time to the Technical University of Berlin where he studied under Heinrich Tessenow , whom Speer greatly admired . After passing his exams in 1927 , Speer became Tessenow 's assistant , a high honor for a man of 22 . As such , Speer taught some of Tessenow 's classes while continuing his own postgraduate studies . In Munich , and continuing in Berlin , Speer began a close friendship , ultimately spanning over 50 years , with Rudolf Wolters , who also studied under Tessenow . In mid-1922 , Speer began courting Margarete ( Margret ) Weber ( 1905 -- 1987 ) , the daughter of a successful craftsman who employed 50 workers . The relationship was frowned upon by Speer 's class - conscious mother , who felt that the Webers were socially inferior . Despite this opposition , the two married in Berlin on August 28 , 1928 ; seven years elapsed before Margarete Speer was invited to stay at her in - laws ' home . Nazi architect ( edit ) Joining the Nazis ( 1930 -- 1934 ) ( edit ) Albert Speer shows a project to Hitler at Obersalzberg Speer stated he was apolitical when he was a young man , and that he attended a Berlin Nazi rally in December 1930 at the urging of some of his students . On March 1 , 1931 , he applied to join the Nazi Party and became member number 474,481 . Part of a series on Nazism Organizations ( show ) National Socialist German Workers ' Party ( NSDAP ) Sturmabteilung ( SA ) Schutzstaffel ( SS ) Geheime Staatspolizei ( Gestapo ) Hitler Youth ( HJ ) Deutsches Jungvolk ( DJ ) League of German Girls ( BDM ) National Socialist German Students ' League ( NSDStB ) National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise ( NSRL ) National Socialist Flyers Corps ( NSFK ) National Socialist Motor Corps ( NSKK ) National Socialist Women 's League ( NSF ) Combat League of Revolutionary National Socialists ( KGRNS ) History ( show ) Early timeline Hitler 's rise to power Machtergreifung German re-armament Nazi Germany Religion in Nazi Germany Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg Rally Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht World War II Tripartite Pact The Holocaust Nuremberg trials Neo-Nazism Ideology ( show ) Fascism Totalitarianism Führerprinzip Anti-democratic thought Houston Stewart Chamberlain Gleichschaltung Arthur de Gobineau Hitler 's political views Mein Kampf The Myth of the Twentieth Century Militarism National Socialist Program New Order Preussentum und Sozialismus Propaganda Religious aspects Strasserism Symbolism Women in Nazi Germany Racial ideology ( show ) Aryan race Blood and Soil An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races Eugenics The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Master race The Passing of the Great Race Racial policy of Nazi Germany Völkisch equality Final Solution ( show ) Concentration camps Deportations Doctors ' trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation People ( show ) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Nazism outside of Germany ( show ) American Nazi Party Aria Party ( Persia ) Arrow Cross Party ( Hungary ) Azure Party ( Persia ) Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Greek National Socialist Party South African Gentile National Socialist Movement Hungarian National Socialist Party Nasjonal Samling ( Norway ) National Movement of Switzerland National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands National Socialist Bloc ( Sweden ) National Socialist League ( UK ) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Movement ( United States ) National Socialist Workers ' Party of Denmark National Unity Party ( Canada ) Nazism in Brazil Nationalist Liberation Alliance ( Argentina ) SUMKA Ossewabrandwag ( South Africa ) World Union of National Socialists Lists ( show ) Books by or about Adolf Hitler Nazi ideologues Nazi Party leaders and officials Nazi Party members Speeches given by Adolf Hitler SS personnel Related topics ( show ) Antisemitism Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 Fascism Glossary of Nazi Germany The Holocaust Neo-Nazism Völkisch movement Zweites Buch Category Nazism portal In 1931 , Speer surrendered his position as Tessenow 's assistant and moved to Mannheim . His father gave him a job as manager of the elder Speer 's properties . In July 1932 , the Speers visited Berlin to help out the Party prior to the Reichstag elections . While they were there , his friend , Nazi Party official Karl Hanke , recommended the young architect to Joseph Goebbels to help renovate the Party 's Berlin headquarters . Speer agreed to do the work . When the commission was completed , Speer returned to Mannheim and remained there as Hitler took office in January 1933 . The organizers of the 1933 Nuremberg Rally asked Speer to submit designs for the rally , bringing him into contact with Hitler for the first time . Neither the organizers nor Rudolf Hess were willing to decide whether to approve the plans , and Hess sent Speer to Hitler 's Munich apartment to seek his approval . This work won Speer his first national post , as Nazi Party `` Commissioner for the Artistic and Technical Presentation of Party Rallies and Demonstrations '' . Shortly after Hitler had come into power , he had started to make plans to rebuild the chancellery . At the end of 1933 he contracted Paul Troost to renovate the entire building . Hitler appointed Speer , whose work for Goebbels had impressed him , to manage the building site for Troost . As Chancellor , Hitler had a residence in the building and came by every day to be briefed by Speer and the building supervisor on the progress of the renovations . After one of these briefings , Hitler invited Speer to lunch , to the architect 's great excitement . Hitler evinced considerable interest in Speer during the luncheon , and later told Speer that he had been looking for a young architect capable of carrying out his architectural dreams for the new Germany . Speer quickly became part of Hitler 's inner circle ; he was expected to call on Hitler in the morning for a walk or chat , to provide consultation on architectural matters , and to discuss Hitler 's ideas . Most days he was invited to dinner . The two men found much in common : Hitler spoke of Speer as a `` kindred spirit '' for whom he had always maintained `` the warmest human feelings '' . The young , ambitious architect was dazzled by his rapid rise and close proximity to Hitler , which guaranteed him a flood of commissions from the government and from the highest ranks of the Party . Speer testified at Nuremberg , `` I belonged to a circle which consisted of other artists and his personal staff . If Hitler had had any friends at all , I certainly would have been one of his close friends . '' First architect of Nazi Germany ( 1934 -- 1939 ) ( edit ) Main article : Nazi architecture The Cathedral of Light above the Zeppelintribune When Troost died on January 21 , 1934 , Speer effectively replaced him as the Party 's chief architect . Hitler appointed Speer as head of the Chief Office for Construction , which placed him nominally on Hess 's staff . One of Speer 's first commissions after Troost 's death was the Zeppelinfeld stadium -- the Nürnberg parade grounds seen in Leni Riefenstahl 's propaganda masterpiece Triumph of the Will . This huge work was able to hold 340,000 people . Speer insisted that as many events as possible be held at night , both to give greater prominence to his lighting effects and to hide the individual Nazis , many of whom were overweight . Speer surrounded the site with 130 anti-aircraft searchlights . Speer described this as his most beautiful work , and as the only one that stood the test of time . Nürnberg was to be the site of many more official Nazi buildings , most of which were never built ; for example , the German Stadium would have accommodated 400,000 spectators , while an even larger rally ground would have held half a million people . While planning these structures , Speer conceived the concept of `` ruin value '' : that major buildings should be constructed in such a way they would leave aesthetically pleasing ruins for thousands of years into the future . Such ruins would be a testament to the greatness of Nazi Germany , just as ancient Greek or Roman ruins were symbols of the greatness of those civilizations . Adolf Hitler looks over the designs for Nuremberg When Hitler deprecated Werner March 's design for the Olympic Stadium for the 1936 Summer Olympics as too modern , Speer modified the plans by adding a stone exterior . Speer designed the German Pavilion for the 1937 international exposition in Paris . The German and Soviet pavilion sites were opposite each other . On learning ( through a clandestine look at the Soviet plans ) that the Soviet design included two colossal figures seemingly about to overrun the German site , Speer modified his design to include a cubic mass which would check their advance , with a huge eagle on top looking down on the Soviet figures . Speer received , from Hitler Youth leader and later fellow Spandau prisoner Baldur von Schirach , the Golden Hitler Youth Honor Badge with oak leaves . In 1937 , Hitler appointed Speer as General Building Inspector for the Reich Capital with the rank of undersecretary of state in the Reich government . The position carried with it extraordinary powers over the Berlin city government and made Speer answerable to Hitler alone . It also made Speer a member of the Reichstag , though the body by then had little effective power . Hitler ordered Speer to develop plans to rebuild Berlin . The plans centered on a three - mile long grand boulevard running from north to south , which Speer called the Prachtstrasse , or Street of Magnificence ; he also referred to it as the `` North - South Axis '' . At the northern end of the boulevard , Speer planned to build the Volkshalle , a huge assembly hall with a dome which would have been over 700 feet ( 210 m ) high , with floor space for 180,000 people . At the southern end of the avenue a great triumphal arch would rise ; it would be almost 400 feet ( 120 m ) high , and able to fit the Arc de Triomphe inside its opening . The outbreak of World War II in 1939 led to the postponement , and later the abandonment , of these plans . Part of the land for the boulevard was to be obtained by consolidating Berlin 's railway system . Speer hired Wolters as part of his design team , with special responsibility for the Prachtstrasse . When Speer 's father saw the model for the new Berlin , he said to his son , `` You 've all gone completely insane . '' Marble Gallery of the New Reich Chancellery All the while plans to build a new Reich chancellery had been underway since 1934 . Land had been purchased by the end of 1934 and starting in March 1936 the first buildings were demolished to create space at Voßstraße . Speer was involved virtually from the beginning . He had been commissioned to renovate the Borsig Palace on the corner of Voßstraße and Wilhelmstraße as a headquarter for the SA , who were about to be relocated from Munich to Berlin in the aftermath of the Röhm purge. and completed the preliminary work for the new chancellery by May 1936 . In June 1936 he charged a personal honorarium of 30,000 Reichsmark and estimated that the chancellery would be completed within three to four years . Detailed plans were completed in July 1937 and the first shell of the new chancellery was complete on 1 January 1938 . On 27 January 1938 Speer received plenipotentiary powers from Hitler to finish the new chancellery by 1 January 1939 . Yet for propagandistic reasons , to prove the vigor and organizational skills of National Socialism , Hitler claimed during the topping - out ceremony on 2 August 1938 that he had ordered Speer to build the new chancellery just that year . Speer reiterated this claim in his memoirs to show that he had been up to that supposed challenge , and some of his biographers , most notably Joachim Fest , have followed that account . The building itself , hailed by Hitler as the `` crowning glory of the greater German political empire '' , was designed as a theatrical set for representation , `` to intimidate and humiliate '' , as historian Martin Kitchen puts it . Because of shortages of labor , the construction workers had to work in two ten - to twelve - hour shifts to have the chancellery completed by early January 1939 . During the war the chancellery was destroyed , except for the exterior walls , by air raids and in the Battle of Berlin in 1945 . It was eventually dismantled by the Soviets and rumors have it , that the remains have been used for other building projects like the Humboldt University , Mohrenstraße metro station or Soviet war memorials in Berlin , but none of these are true . During the Chancellery project , the pogrom of Kristallnacht took place . Speer made no mention of it in the first draft of Inside the Third Reich , and it was only on the urgent advice of his publisher that he added a mention of seeing the ruins of the Central Synagogue in Berlin from his car . Speer was under significant psychological pressure during this period of his life . He later remembered : Soon after Hitler had given me the first large architectural commissions , I began to suffer from anxiety in long tunnels , in airplanes , or in small rooms . My heart would begin to race , I would become breathless , the diaphragm would seem to grow heavy , and I would get the impression that my blood pressure was rising tremendously ... Anxiety amidst all my freedom and power ! Wartime architect ( 1939 -- 1942 ) ( edit ) Hitler visits Paris in 1940 with Speer ( left ) and sculptor Arno Breker . Speer supported the German invasion of Poland and subsequent war , though he recognized that it would lead to the postponement , at the least , of his architectural dreams . In his later years , Speer , talking with his biographer - to - be Gitta Sereny , explained how he felt in 1939 : `` Of course I was perfectly aware that ( Hitler ) sought world domination ... ( A ) t that time I asked for nothing better . That was the whole point of my buildings . They would have looked grotesque if Hitler had sat still in Germany . All I wanted was for this great man to dominate the globe . '' Speer placed his department at the disposal of the Wehrmacht . When Hitler remonstrated , and said it was not for Speer to decide how his workers should be used , Speer simply ignored him . Among Speer 's innovations were quick - reaction squads to construct roads or clear away debris ; before long , these units would be used to clear bomb sites . As the war progressed , initially to great German success , Speer continued preliminary work on the Berlin and Nürnberg plans . Speer also oversaw the construction of buildings for the Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe . In 1940 , Joseph Stalin proposed that Speer pay a visit to Moscow . Stalin had been particularly impressed by Speer 's work in Paris , and wished to meet the `` Architect of the Reich '' . Hitler , alternating between amusement and anger , did not allow Speer to go , fearing that Stalin would put Speer in a `` rat hole '' until a new Moscow arose . When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 , Speer came to doubt , despite Hitler 's reassurances , that his projects for Berlin would ever be completed . Minister of Armaments ( edit ) Appointment and increasing power ( edit ) Speer inspects a Panther tank , 1944 . On February 8 , 1942 , Minister of Armaments Fritz Todt died in a plane crash shortly after taking off from Hitler 's eastern headquarters at Rastenburg . Speer , who had arrived in Rastenburg the previous evening , had accepted Todt 's offer to fly with him to Berlin , but had cancelled some hours before takeoff ( Speer stated in his memoirs that the cancellation was because of exhaustion from travel and a late - night meeting with Hitler ) . Later that day , Hitler appointed Speer as Todt 's successor to all of his posts . In Inside the Third Reich , Speer recounts his meeting with Hitler and his reluctance to take ministerial office , saying that he only did so because Hitler commanded it . Speer also states that Hermann Göring raced to Hitler 's headquarters on hearing of Todt 's death , hoping to claim Todt 's powers . Hitler instead presented Göring with the fait accompli of Speer 's appointment . At the time of Speer 's accession to the office , the German economy , unlike the British one , was not fully geared for war production . Consumer goods were still being produced at nearly as high a level as during peacetime . No fewer than five `` Supreme Authorities '' had jurisdiction over armament production -- one of which , the Ministry of Economic Affairs , had declared in November 1941 that conditions did not permit an increase in armament production . Few women were employed in the factories , which were running only one shift . One evening soon after his appointment , Speer went to visit a Berlin armament factory ; he found no one on the premises . Speer overcame these difficulties by centralizing power over the war economy in himself . Factories were given autonomy , or as Speer put it , `` self - responsibility '' , and each factory concentrated on a single product . Backed by Hitler 's strong support ( the dictator stated , `` Speer , I 'll sign anything that comes from you '' ) , he divided the armament field according to weapon system , with experts rather than civil servants overseeing each department . No department head could be older than 55 -- anyone older being susceptible to `` routine and arrogance '' -- and no deputy older than 40 . Over these departments was a central planning committee headed by Speer , which took increasing responsibility for war production , and as time went by , for the German economy itself . According to the minutes of a conference at Wehrmacht High Command in March 1942 , `` It is only Speer 's word that counts nowadays . He can interfere in all departments . Already he overrides all departments ... On the whole , Speer 's attitude is to the point . '' Goebbels would note in his diary in June 1943 , `` Speer is still tops with the Führer . He is truly a genius with organization . '' Speer was so successful in his position that by late 1943 , he was widely regarded among the Nazi elite as a possible successor to Hitler . Speer ( right , with swastika armband ) looks on with Field Marshal Erhard Milch ( left ) during weapons testing . While Speer had tremendous power , he was of course subordinate to Hitler . Nazi officials sometimes went around Speer by seeking direct orders from the dictator . When Speer ordered peacetime building work suspended , the Gauleiters ( Nazi Party district leaders ) obtained an exemption for their pet projects . When Speer sought the appointment of Hanke as a labor czar to optimize the use of German and slave labor , Hitler , under the influence of Martin Bormann , instead appointed Fritz Sauckel . Rather than increasing female labor and taking other steps to better organize German labor , as Speer favored , Sauckel advocated importing more slave labour from the occupied nations -- and did so , obtaining workers for ( among other things ) Speer 's armament factories , often using the most brutal methods . On December 10 , 1943 , Speer visited the underground Mittelwerk V - 2 rocket factory that used concentration camp labor . Speer claimed after the war that he had been shocked by the conditions there ( 5.7 percent of the work force died that month ) . By 1943 , the Allies had gained air superiority over Germany , and bombings of German cities and industry had become commonplace . However , the Allies in their strategic bombing campaign did not concentrate on industry , and Speer was able to overcome bombing losses . In spite of these losses , German production of tanks more than doubled in 1943 , production of planes increased by 80 percent , and production time for Kriegsmarine 's submarines was reduced from one year to two months . Production would continue to increase until the second half of 1944 . Consolidation of arms production ( edit ) Main articles : Jägerstab and Rüstungsstab In January 1944 , Speer fell ill with complications from an inflamed knee , necessitating a leave . According to Speer 's post-war memoirs , his political rivals ( mainly Göring and Martin Bormann ) , attempted to have some of his powers permanently transferred to them during his absence . Speer claimed that SS chief Heinrich Himmler tried to have him physically isolated by having Himmler 's personal physician Karl Gebhardt treat him , though his `` care '' did not improve his health . Speer 's case was transferred to his friend Dr. Karl Brandt , and he slowly recovered . Internal view of the planned underground factory , Weingut I , one of Jägerstab 's projects , as found by the U.S. Army in 1945 . In response to the Allied air raids on aircraft factories , Adolf Hitler authorised the creation of a Jägerstab , a governmental task force composed of Reich Aviation Ministry , Armaments Ministry and SS personnel . Its aim was to ensure the preservation and growth of fighter aircraft production . The task force was established by the 1 March 1944 order of Speer , with support from Erhard Milch of the Reich Aviation Ministry . Speer and Milch played a key role in directing the activities of the agency , while the day - to - day operations were handled by Chief of Staff Karl Saur , the head of the Technical Office in the Armaments Ministry . Production continued to improve until late 1944 , with allied bombing destroying just 9 % of German production . Production of German fighter aircraft was more than doubled from 1943 to 1944 . In April , Speer 's rivals for power succeeded in having him deprived of responsibility for construction . Speer sent Hitler a bitter letter , concluding with an offer of his resignation . Judging Speer indispensable to the war effort , Field Marshal Erhard Milch persuaded Hitler to try to get his minister to reconsider . Hitler sent Milch to Speer with a message not addressing the dispute but instead stating that he still regarded Speer as highly as ever . According to Milch , upon hearing the message , Speer burst out , `` The Führer can kiss my ass ! '' After a lengthy argument , Milch persuaded Speer to withdraw his offer of resignation , on the condition his powers were restored . On April 23 , 1944 , Speer went to see Hitler who agreed that `` everything ( will ) stay as it was , ( Speer will ) remain the head of all German construction '' . According to Speer , while he was successful in this debate , Hitler had also won , `` because he wanted and needed me back in his corner , and he got me '' . The Jägerstab was given extraordinary powers over labour , production and transportation resources , with its functions taking priority over housing repairs for bombed out civilians or restoration of vital city services . The factories that came under the Jägerstab program saw their work - weeks extended to 72 hours . At the same time , Milch took steps to rationalise production by reducing the number of variants of each type of aircraft produced . The last remaining arch of Weingut I , one of seven that were completed out of a planned twelve . The Jägerstab was instrumental in bringing about the increased exploitation of slave labour for the benefit of Germany 's war industry and its air force , the Luftwaffe . The task force immediately began implementing plans to expand the use of slave labour in the aviation manufacturing . Records show that SS provided 64,000 prisoners for 20 separate projects at the peak of Jägerstab 's construction activities . Taking into account the high mortality rate associated with the underground construction projects , the historian Marc Buggeln estimates that the workforce involved amounted to 80,000 − 90,000 inmates . They belonged to the various sub-camps of Mittelbau - Dora , Mauthausen - Gusen , Buchenwald and other camps . The prisoners worked for Junkers , Messerschmitt , Henschel and BMW , among others . The cooperation between the Reich Ministry of Aviation , the Ministry of Armaments and the SS proved especially productive . Although intended to function for only six months , already in late May Speer and Milch discussed with Goring the possibility of centralising all of Germany 's arms manufacturing under a similar task force . On 1 August 1944 , Speer reorganised the Jägerstab into the Rüstungsstab ( Armament Staff ) to apply the same model of operation to all top - priority armament programs . The formation of the Rüstungsstab allowed Speer , for the first time , to consolidate key arms manufacturing projects for the three branches of the Wehrmacht under the authority of his ministry , further marginalising the Reich Ministry of Aviation . Several departments , including the once powerful Technical Office , were disbanded or transferred to the new task force . The task force oversaw the day - to - day development and production activities relating to the He 162 , the Volksjäger ( `` people 's fighter '' ) , as part of the Emergency Fighter Program . The Rüstungsstab assumed responsibilities for the underground transfer projects of the Jägerstab . In November 1944 , 1.8 million square meters of underground space were ready for occupancy , encompassing over 1,000 spaces commissioned by the task force . But by this time German production was beginning to collapse . ( Post-war , Speer sought to downplay his involvement with these projects and claimed that only 300,000 square meters had been completed ) . According to Buggeln , the Rüstungsstab played a key role in maintaining and increasing production of fighter aircraft and V - 2 rockets . Defeat of Nazi Germany ( edit ) Reichsminister Speer Speer 's name was included on the list of members of a post-Hitler government drawn up by the conspirators behind the July 1944 assassination plot to kill Hitler . The list had a question mark and the annotation `` to be won over '' by his name , which likely saved him from the extensive purges that followed the scheme 's failure . When Speer learned in February 1945 that the Red Army had overrun the Silesian industrial region , he drafted a memo to Hitler noting that Silesia 's coal mines now supplied 60 percent of the Reich 's coal . Without them , Speer wrote , Germany 's coal production would only be a quarter of its 1944 total -- not nearly enough to continue the war . He told Hitler in no uncertain terms that without Silesia , `` the war is lost . '' Hitler merely filed the memo in his safe . By February 1945 , Speer was working to supply areas about to be occupied with food and materials to get them through the hard times ahead . On March 19 , 1945 , Hitler issued his Nero Decree , ordering a scorched earth policy in both Germany and the occupied territories . Hitler 's order , by its terms , deprived Speer of any power to interfere with the decree , and Speer went to confront Hitler , reiterating that the war was lost . Hitler gave Speer 24 hours to reconsider his position , and when the two met the following day , Speer answered , `` I stand unconditionally behind you . '' However , he demanded the exclusive power to implement the Nero Decree , and Hitler signed an order to that effect . Using this order , Speer worked to persuade generals and Gauleiters to circumvent the Nero Decree and avoid needless sacrifice of personnel and destruction of industry that would be needed after the war . Speer managed to reach a relatively safe area near Hamburg as the Nazi regime finally collapsed , but decided on a final , risky visit to Berlin to see Hitler one more time . Speer stated at Nuremberg , `` I felt that it was my duty not to run away like a coward , but to stand up to him again . '' Speer visited the Führerbunker on April 22 . Hitler seemed calm and somewhat distracted , and the two had a long , disjointed conversation in which the dictator defended his actions and informed Speer of his intent to commit suicide and have his body burned . In the published edition of Inside the Third Reich , Speer relates that he confessed to Hitler that he had defied the Nero Decree , but then assured Hitler of his personal loyalty , bringing tears to the dictator 's eyes . Speer biographer Gitta Sereny argued , `` Psychologically , it is possible that this is the way he remembered the occasion , because it was how he would have liked to behave , and the way he would have liked Hitler to react . But the fact is that none of it happened ; our witness to this is Speer himself . '' Sereny notes that Speer 's original draft of his memoirs lacks the confession and Hitler 's tearful reaction , and contains an explicit denial that any confession or emotional exchange took place , as had been alleged in a French magazine article . The following morning , Speer left the Führerbunker ; Hitler curtly bade him farewell . Speer toured the damaged Chancellery one last time before leaving Berlin to return to Hamburg . On April 29 , the day before committing suicide , Hitler dictated a final political testament which dropped Speer from the successor government . Speer was to be replaced by his own subordinate , Karl - Otto Saur . Postwar ( edit ) Nuremberg trial ( edit ) Main article : Nuremberg trials Members of the Flensburg Government after their arrest . Speer ( left ) , Karl Dönitz ( center ) and Alfred Jodl ( right ) . After Hitler 's death , Speer offered his services to the so - called Flensburg Government , headed by Hitler 's successor , Karl Dönitz , and took a significant role in that short - lived regime . On May 15 , an Allied delegation arrived at Glücksburg Castle , where Speer had accommodations , and asked if he would be willing to provide information on the effects of the air war . Speer agreed , and over the next several days , provided information on a broad range of subjects . On May 23 , two weeks after the surrender of German forces , British troops arrested the members of the Flensburg Government and brought Nazi Germany to a formal end . Speer was taken to several internment centres for Nazi officials and interrogated . In September 1945 , he was told that he would be tried for war crimes , and several days later , he was taken to Nuremberg and incarcerated there . Speer was indicted on all four possible counts : first , participating in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of crime against peace ; second , planning , initiating and waging wars of aggression and other crimes against peace ; third , war crimes ; and lastly , crimes against humanity . The Nuremberg defendants listen to the proceedings ( Speer , top seated row , fifth from right ) . U.S. Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson , the chief U.S. prosecutor at Nuremberg , alleged , `` Speer joined in planning and executing the program to dragoon prisoners of war and foreign workers into German war industries , which waxed in output while the workers waned in starvation . '' Speer 's attorney , Dr. Hans Flächsner , presented Speer as an artist thrust into political life , who had always remained a non-ideologue and who had been promised by Hitler that he could return to architecture after the war . During his testimony , Speer accepted responsibility for the Nazi regime 's actions . An observer at the trial , journalist and author William L. Shirer , wrote that , compared to his codefendants , Speer `` made the most straightforward impression of all and ... during the long trial spoke honestly and with no attempt to shirk his responsibility and his guilt '' . Speer claimed that he had planned to kill Hitler in early 1945 by introducing tabun poison gas into the Führerbunker ventilation shaft . He said his efforts were frustrated by the impracticability of tabun and his lack of ready access to a replacement nerve agent , and also by the unexpected construction of a tall chimney that put the air intake out of reach . Speer stated his motive was despair at realising that Hitler intended to take the German people down with him . Speer 's supposed assassination plan subsequently met with some skepticism , with Speer 's architectural rival Hermann Giesler sneering , `` the second most powerful man in the state did not have a ladder . '' Play media October 17 , 1946 , newsreel of Nuremberg trials sentencing Speer was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity , though he was acquitted on the other two counts . His claim that he was unaware of Nazi extermination plans , which probably saved him from hanging , was finally revealed to be false in a private correspondence written in 1971 and publicly disclosed in 2007 . On 1 October 1946 , he was sentenced to 20 years ' imprisonment . While three of the eight judges ( two Soviet and one American ) initially advocated the death penalty for Speer , the other judges did not , and a compromise sentence was reached `` after two days ' discussion and some rather bitter horse - trading '' . The court 's judgment stated that : ... in the closing stages of the war ( Speer ) was one of the few men who had the courage to tell Hitler that the war was lost and to take steps to prevent the senseless destruction of production facilities , both in occupied territories and in Germany . He carried out his opposition to Hitler 's scorched earth programme ... by deliberately sabotaging it at considerable personal risk . Imprisonment ( edit ) Main article : Spandau Prison For additional detail on Speer 's time at Spandau Prison , see Rudolf Wolters # Spandau years Speer spent most of his sentence at Spandau Prison . On July 18 , 1947 , Speer and his six fellow prisoners , all former high officials of the Nazi regime , were flown from Nuremberg to Berlin under heavy guard . They were taken to Spandau Prison in the British Sector of what became West Berlin where they were designated by number , with Speer given Number Five . Initially , the prisoners were kept in solitary confinement for all but half an hour a day and were not permitted to address each other or their guards . As time passed , the strict regimen was relaxed , especially during the three months out of four that the three Western powers were in control ; the four occupying powers took overall control on a monthly rotation . Speer considered himself an outcast among his fellow prisoners for his acceptance of responsibility at Nuremberg . He made a deliberate effort to use his time as productively as possible . He wrote , `` I am obsessed with the idea of using this time of confinement for writing a book of major importance ... That could mean transforming prison cell into scholar 's den . '' The prisoners were forbidden to write memoirs , and mail was severely limited and censored . However , Speer was able to have his writings sent to Wolters as a result of an offer from a sympathetic orderly , and they eventually amounted to 20,000 sheets . He had completed his memoirs by 1954 , which became the basis of Inside the Third Reich and which Wolters arranged to have transcribed onto 1,100 typewritten pages . He was also able to send letters and financial instructions and to obtain writing paper and letters from the outside . His many letters to his children were secretly transmitted and eventually formed the basis for Spandau : The Secret Diaries . With the draft memoir complete and clandestinely transmitted , Speer sought a new project . He found one while taking his daily exercise , walking in circles around the prison yard . Measuring the path 's distance carefully , he set out to walk the distance from Berlin to Heidelberg . He then expanded his idea into a worldwide journey , visualizing the places that he was `` traveling '' through while walking the path around the prison yard . He ordered guidebooks and other materials about the nations through which he imagined that he was passing so as to envision as accurate a picture as possible . He meticulously calculated every meter traveled and mapped distances to the real - world geography . He began in northern Germany , passed through Asia by a southern route before entering Siberia , then crossed the Bering Strait and continued southwards , finally ending his sentence 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) south of Guadalajara , Mexico . Speer devoted much of his time and energy to reading . The prisoners brought some books with them in their personal property , but Spandau Prison had no library ; books were sent from Spandau 's municipal library . From 1952 , the prisoners were also able to order books from the Berlin central library in Wilmersdorf . Speer was a voracious reader and he completed well over 500 books in the first three years at Spandau alone . He read classic novels , travelogues , books on ancient Egypt , and biographies of such figures as Lucas Cranach , Édouard Manet , and Genghis Khan . He took to the prison garden for enjoyment and work , at first to do something constructive while afflicted with writer 's block . He was allowed to build an ambitious garden , transforming what he initially described as a `` wilderness '' into what the American commander at Spandau described as `` Speer 's Garden of Eden '' . Speer 's supporters maintained a continual call for his release . Among those who pledged support for his sentence to be commuted were Charles de Gaulle , U.S. diplomat George Ball , former U.S. High Commissioner John J. McCloy , and former Nuremberg prosecutor Hartley Shawcross . Willy Brandt was a strong advocate of his release , sending flowers to his daughter on the day of his release and putting an end to the de-Nazification proceedings against him , which could have caused his property to be confiscated . A reduced sentence required the consent of all four of the occupying powers , and the Soviets adamantly opposed any such proposal . Speer served his full sentence and was released at midnight on October 1 , 1966 . Release and later life ( edit ) Speer 's grave in Heidelberg Speer 's release from prison was a worldwide media event , as reporters and photographers crowded both the street outside Spandau and the lobby of the Berlin hotel where Speer spent his first hours of freedom in over 20 years . He said little , reserving most comments for a major interview published in Der Spiegel in November 1966 in which he again took personal responsibility for crimes of the Nazi regime . He abandoned plans to return to architecture , as two proposed partners died shortly before his release . Instead , he revised his Spandau writings into two autobiographical books , and later researched and published a work about Himmler and the SS . His books provide a unique and personal look into the personalities of the Nazi era , most notably Inside the Third Reich ( in German , Erinnerungen , or Reminiscences ) and Spandau : The Secret Diaries , and they have become much valued by historians . Speer was aided in shaping the works by Joachim Fest and Wolf Jobst Siedler from the publishing house Ullstein . He found himself unable to re-establish his relationship with his children , even with his son Albert who had also become an architect . According to Speer 's daughter Hilde , `` One by one my sister and brothers gave up . There was no communication . '' Following the publication of his bestselling books , Speer donated a considerable amount of money to Jewish charities . According to Siedler , these donations were as high as 80 % of his royalties . Speer kept the donations anonymous , both for fear of rejection and for fear of being called a hypocrite . Wolters strongly objected to Speer referring to Hitler in the memoirs as a criminal , and Speer predicted as early as 1953 that he would lose a `` good many friends '' if the writings were published . This came to pass following the publication of Inside the Third Reich , as close friends distanced themselves from him , such as Wolters and sculptor Arno Breker . Hitler 's personal pilot Hans Baur suggested that `` Speer must have taken leave of his senses . '' Wolters wondered that Speer did not now `` walk through life in a hair shirt , distributing his fortune among the victims of National Socialism , forswear all the vanities and pleasures of life and live on locusts and wild honey '' . Speer made himself widely available to historians and other enquirers . He did an extensive , in - depth interview for the June 1971 issue of Playboy magazine , in which he stated , `` If I did n't see it , then it was because I did n't want to see it . '' In October 1973 , Speer made his first trip to Britain , flying to London under an assumed name to be interviewed by Ludovic Kennedy on the BBC Midweek programme . Upon arrival , he was detained for almost eight hours at Heathrow Airport when British immigration authorities discovered his true identity . Home Secretary Robert Carr allowed him into the country for 48 hours . In the same year , he appeared on the television programme The World at War . Speer returned to London in 1981 to participate in the BBC Newsnight program ; while there , he suffered a stroke and died on September 1 . He had formed a relationship with an Englishwoman of German origin and was with her at the time of his death . Even to the end of his life , Speer continued to question his actions under Hitler . He asks in his final book Infiltration , `` What would have happened if Hitler had asked me to make decisions that required the utmost hardness ? ... How far would I have gone ? ... If I had occupied a different position , to what extent would I have ordered atrocities if Hitler had told me to do so ? '' Speer leaves the questions unanswered . Legacy and controversy ( edit ) The view of Speer as an unpolitical `` miracle man '' is challenged by Columbia historian Adam Tooze . In his 2006 book , The Wages of Destruction , Tooze , following Gitta Sereny , argues that Speer 's ideological commitment to the Nazi cause was greater than he claimed . Tooze further contends that an insufficiently challenged Speer `` mythology '' ( partly fostered by Speer himself through politically motivated , tendentious use of statistics and other propaganda ) had led many historians to assign Speer far more credit for the increases in armaments production than was warranted and give insufficient consideration to the `` highly political '' function of the so - called armaments miracle . Architectural legacy ( edit ) The Schwerbelastungskörper built by Speer 1941 -- 1942 Little remains of Speer 's personal architectural works , other than the plans and photographs . No buildings designed by Speer during the Nazi era are extant in Berlin , other than the Schwerbelastungskörper ( heavy load bearing body ) , built around 1941 . The 46 - foot ( 14 m ) high concrete cylinder was used to measure ground subsidence as part of feasibility studies for a massive triumphal arch and other large structures proposed as part of Welthauptstadt Germania , Hitler 's planned postwar renewal project for the city . The cylinder is now a protected landmark and is open to the public . Along the Strasse des 17 . Juni , a double row of lampposts designed by Speer still stands . The tribune of the Zeppelinfeld stadium in Nuremberg , though partly demolished , can also be seen . More of Speer 's own personal work can be found in London , where he redesigned the interior of the German Embassy to the United Kingdom , then located at 7 -- 9 Carlton House Terrace . Since 1967 , it has served as the offices of the Royal Society . His work there , stripped of its Nazi fixtures and partially covered by carpets , survives in part . Another legacy was the Arbeitsstab Wiederaufbau zerstörter Städte ( Working group on Reconstruction of destroyed cities ) , authorised by Speer in 1943 to rebuild bombed German cities to make them more livable in the age of the automobile . Headed by Wolters , the working group took a possible military defeat into their calculations . The Arbeitsstab 's recommendations served as the basis of the postwar redevelopment plans in many cities , and Arbeitsstab members became prominent in the rebuilding . Actions regarding the Jews ( edit ) As General Building Inspector , Speer was responsible for the Central Department for Resettlement . From 1939 onward , the Department used the Nuremberg Laws to evict Jewish tenants of non-Jewish landlords in Berlin , to make way for non-Jewish tenants displaced by redevelopment or bombing . Eventually , 75,000 Jews were displaced by these measures . Speer was aware of these activities , and inquired as to their progress . At least one original memo from Speer so inquiring still exists , as does the Chronicle of the Department 's activities , kept by Wolters . Following his release from Spandau , Speer presented to the German Federal Archives an edited version of the Chronicle , stripped by Wolters of any mention of the Jews . When David Irving discovered discrepancies between the edited Chronicle and other documents , Wolters explained the situation to Speer , who responded by suggesting to Wolters that the relevant pages of the original Chronicle should `` cease to exist '' . Wolters did not destroy the Chronicle , and , as his friendship with Speer deteriorated , allowed access to the original Chronicle to doctoral student Matthias Schmidt ( who , after obtaining his doctorate , developed his thesis into a book , Albert Speer : The End of a Myth ) . Speer considered Wolters ' actions to be a `` betrayal '' and a `` stab in the back '' . The original Chronicle reached the Archives in 1983 , after both Speer and Wolters had died . Knowledge of the Holocaust ( edit ) Heinrich Himmler in 1945 Speer maintained at Nuremberg and in his memoirs that he had no knowledge of the Holocaust . In Inside the Third Reich , he wrote that in mid-1944 , he was told by Hanke ( by then Gauleiter of Lower Silesia ) that the minister should never accept an invitation to inspect a concentration camp in neighbouring Upper Silesia , as `` he had seen something there which he was not permitted to describe and moreover could not describe '' . Speer later concluded that Hanke must have been speaking of Auschwitz and blamed himself for not inquiring further of Hanke or seeking information from Himmler or Hitler : These seconds ( when Hanke told Speer this , and Speer did not inquire ) were uppermost in my mind when I stated to the international court at the Nuremberg Trial that , as an important member of the leadership of the Reich , I had to share the total responsibility for all that had happened . For from that moment on I was inescapably contaminated morally ; from fear of discovering something which might have made me turn from my course , I had closed my eyes ... Because I failed at that time , I still feel , to this day , responsible for Auschwitz in a wholly personal sense . Much of the controversy over Speer 's knowledge of the Holocaust has centered on his presence at the Posen Conference on October 6 , 1943 , at which Himmler gave a speech detailing the ongoing Holocaust to Nazi leaders . Himmler said , `` The grave decision had to be taken to cause this people to vanish from the earth ... In the lands we occupy , the Jewish question will be dealt with by the end of the year . '' Speer is mentioned several times in the speech , and Himmler seems to address him directly . In Inside the Third Reich , Speer mentions his own address to the officials ( which took place earlier in the day ) but does not mention Himmler 's speech . In October 1971 , American historian Erich Goldhagen published an article arguing that Speer was present for Himmler 's speech . According to Fest in his biography of Speer , `` Goldhagen 's accusation certainly would have been more convincing '' had he not placed supposed incriminating statements linking Speer with the Holocaust in quotation marks , attributed to Himmler , which were in fact invented by Goldhagen . In response , after considerable research in the German Federal Archives in Koblenz , Speer said he had left Posen around noon ( long before Himmler 's speech ) to journey to Hitler 's headquarters at Rastenburg . In Inside the Third Reich , published before the Goldhagen article , Speer recalled that on the evening after the conference , many Nazi officials were so drunk that they needed help boarding the special train which was to take them to a meeting with Hitler . One of his biographers , Dan van der Vat , suggests this necessarily implies he must have still been present at Posen then and must have heard Himmler 's speech . In response to Goldhagen 's article , Speer had alleged that in writing Inside the Third Reich , he erred in reporting an incident that happened at another conference at Posen a year later , as happening in 1943 . In 2007 , The Guardian reported that a letter from Speer dated December 23 , 1971 , had been found in Britain in a collection of his correspondence to Hélène Jeanty , widow of a Belgian resistance fighter . In the letter , Speer states that he had been present for Himmler 's presentation in Posen . Speer wrote : `` There is no doubt -- I was present as Himmler announced on October 6 , 1943 , that all Jews would be killed . '' In 2005 , the Daily Telegraph reported that documents had surfaced indicating that Speer had approved the allocation of materials for the expansion of Auschwitz after two of his assistants toured the facility on a day when almost a thousand Jews were killed . The documents bore annotations in Speer 's own handwriting . Speer biographer Gitta Sereny stated that , due to his workload , Speer would not have been personally aware of such activities . The debate over Speer 's knowledge of , or complicity in , the Holocaust made him a symbol for people who were involved with the Nazi regime yet did not have ( or claimed not to have had ) an active part in the regime 's atrocities . As film director Heinrich Breloer remarked , `` ( Speer created ) a market for people who said , ' Believe me , I did n't know anything about ( the Holocaust ) . Just look at the Führer 's friend , he did n't know about it either . ' '' Career summary ( edit ) Joined NSDAP : March 1 , 1931 Party Number : 474,481 Nazi Party positions ( edit ) Member , National Socialist Motor Corps : 1931 Commissioner for the Artistic and Technical Presentation of Party Rallies and Demonstrations : 1933 Department Chief , German Labor Front : 1934 Chief , NSDAP Directorate for Technical Matters : 1942 From 1934 to 1939 , Speer was often referred to as `` First Architect of the Reich '' , however this was mainly a title given to him by Hitler and not an actual political position within the Nazi Party or German government . Government positions ( edit ) General Building Inspector for the Reich Capital : 1937 Reich Minister for Weapons , Munitions , and Armaments : 1942 Director of Organisation Todt : 1943 , under his authority as Reich Minister of Armaments Political ranks ( edit ) Albert Speer held the following Nazi Party political ranks . Mitglied : 1931 Amtsleiter der Reichsleitung ( later replaced by Einsatzleiter ; equivalent to Leutnant or Second Lieutenant ) : 1934 Hauptamtsleiter der Reichsleitung ( later replaced by Haupteinsatzleiter ; equivalent to Captain ) : 1935 Dienstleiter ( no equivalent , but senior to Colonel ) : 1939 Hauptdienstleiter ( no equivalent , but senior to Colonel ) : 1941 Befehlsleiter ( equivalent to Generalmajor or Brigadier - General ) : 1942 Oberbefehlsleiter ( equivalent to Generalleutnant or Major - General ) : 1944 Awards and decorations ( edit ) Speer held the following Nazi Party political awards . Golden Party Badge Golden Hitler Youth Badge ( with Oak Leaves ) Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross NSDAP Long Service Award ( Silver -- 15 Years ) Honour Chevron for the Old Guard See also ( edit ) Architecture portal World War II portal Glossary of Nazi Germany List of Nazi Party leaders and officials References ( edit ) Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although dismissed by Hitler , Speer was immediately re-appointed in the Flensburg Government as Minister of Economics . Jump up ^ The title of a BBC2 documentary , The Nazi Who Said Sorry . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 296 . `` Wenn Hitler überhaupt Freunde gehabt hätte , wäre ich bestimmt einer seiner engen Freunde gewesen . '' Jump up ^ Speer 1975 , p. 217 . Diary entry made on Nov , 20 , 1949 . Jump up ^ Tooze 2006 , p. 577 . `` The simple story spun by Speer , that the German war economy up to 1941 was an inefficient sink for labour and raw materials and that it was only after December 1941 , by means of the Fuehrer 's decree and Speer 's inspired leadership , that it was awakened to the need for efficiency , is clearly a myth ( and ) the statistics usually invoked to support this description of the pre-Speer era simply do not stand up to detailed scrutiny . '' Jump up ^ Tooze 2006 , p. 556 . `` ( G ) iven the highly political function of the ' armaments miracle ' the historical record of the Speer Ministry must be approached with a very wary eye . Too many historians have been far too uncritical in the acceptance of Speer 's rhetoric of rationalization , efficiency and productivism ... And this critique is more than mere nit - picking . It goes to the very heart of Speer 's ideological vision of the war economy , as a limitless flow of output released by energetic leadership and technological genius . '' Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Schubert 2006 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ King 1997 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 1984 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 11 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , pp. 34 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , pp. 47 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , pp. 15 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , pp. 22 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , pp. 100 -- 01 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2015 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , pp. 101 -- 03 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2015 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : van der Vat 1997 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Paris World Exposition 1937 . Jump up ^ Angolia 1978 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2015 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2015 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2015 , pp. 46 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 101 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2015 , pp. 53 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2015 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Fest 1999 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 111 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , pp. 176 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , pp. 180 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Fest 2007 , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Fest 2007 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , pp. 193 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 139 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Fest 2007 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 142 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 1984 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , pp. 376 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 146 -- 50 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , pp. 175 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , p. 370 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 168 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , pp. 330 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Boog et al 2006 , p. 347 . ^ Jump up to : Overy 2002 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 207 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Speer 1981 , pp. 232 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Boog et al 2006 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ Buggeln 2014 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Buggeln 2014 , p. 46 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Uziel 2012 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Uziel 2012 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Uziel 2012 , pp. 83 , 240 . Jump up ^ Buggeln 2014 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 224 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 1096 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 482 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 250 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , pp. 486 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Speer 1976 , pp. 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , pp. 498 -- 504 . ^ Jump up to : Fest 1999 , pp. 263 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Speer cross-examination . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , pp. 528 -- 31 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , p. 234 . ^ Jump up to : Fest 1999 , pp. 273 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , p. 628 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 561 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Conot 1983 , p. 471 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 287 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , p. 516 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 1142 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Fest 1999 , pp. 293 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Speer 1970 , pp. 430 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 245 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Connolly 2007 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , pp. 281 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Speer 1976 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Speer 1976 , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 309 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 602 . Jump up ^ Speer 1976 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Speer 1976 , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Fest 1999 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 310 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 672 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 316 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Speer 1976 , p. 447 . Jump up ^ Speer 1976 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Speer 1976 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Fishman 1986 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 605 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 654 . ^ Jump up to : Fest 1999 , p. 319 . ^ Jump up to : Speer 1976 , p. 440 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Speer 1976 , p. 448 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , pp. 324 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 320 -- 21 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , pp. 333 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Speer 1976 , p. 441 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , pp. 329 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , pp. 664 -- 65 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 345 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 328 -- 29 . ^ Jump up to : van der Vat 1997 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Asher 2003 . Jump up ^ Leigh 1973 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , pp. 362 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : Speer 1981 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Tooze 2006 , Chapter 17 : Albert Speer : ' Miracle Man ' . Jump up ^ Tooze 2006 , p. 553 . Cf . Sereny 1995 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Tooze 2006 , p. 555 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Museen der Stadt Nürnberg . Jump up ^ Iconic Photos , A Nazi Funeral in London . ^ Jump up to : Durth & Gutschow 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Fest 1999 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Fest 1999 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Fest 1999 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , pp. 339 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , pp. 226 -- 27 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , pp. 359 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Fest 2007 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , pp. 375 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , pp. 167 -- 68 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Fest 1999 , pp. 184 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , pp. 312 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Goldhagen 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Fest 1999 , pp. 185 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Speer 1970 , p. 313 . Jump up ^ van der Vat 1997 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Sereny 1995 , p. 397 . ^ Jump up to : Connolly 2005 . Jump up ^ International Military Tribunal for Germany , Parts 8 through 13 , Exhibits ( Speer ) 36 - 42 , Yale Law ( Summary ) , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Nuremberg Trial Transcripts '' , One Hundred and Sixtieth Day ( Friday , June 21 , 1946 ) , Part 1 of 12 ( Testimony and Examination of Albert Speer ) Jump up ^ International Military Tribunal for Germany , Parts 8 through 13 , Exhibits ( Speer ) 43 , Yale Law ( Summary ) , 2008 Bibliography ( edit ) Angolia , John ( 1978 ) , For Fuhrer and Fatherland : Political and Civil Awards of the Third Reich , R. James Bender Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 912138 - 16 - 9 Boog , Horst ; Krebs , Gerhard ; Vogel , Detlef ( 2006 ) . Germany and the Second World War : Volume VII : The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia , 1943 - 1944 / 5 . London : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0198228899 . Buggeln , Marc ( 2014 ) . Slave Labor in Nazi Concentration Camps . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198707974 . Conot , Robert ( 1983 ) , Justice at Nuremberg , New York : Harper & Row , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88184 - 032 - 2 Durth , Werner ; Gutschow , Niels ( 1988 ) , Träume in Trümmern , ( `` Dreams in ruins '' ) , Vieweg Friedr . + Sohn Ver , ISBN 978 - 3 - 528 - 08706 - 7 Fest , Joachim ( 1999 ) , Speer : The Final Verdict , translated by Ewald Osers and Alexandra Dring , Harcourt , ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 100556 - 7 Fest , Joachim ( 2007 ) , Albert Speer : Conversations with Hitler 's Architect , translated by Patrick Camiller , Polity Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3918 - 5 Fishman , Jack ( 1986 ) , Long Knives and Short Memories : The Spandau Prison Story , Breakwater Books , ISBN 0 - 920911 - 00 - 5 King , Henry T. ( 1997 ) , The Two Worlds of Albert Speer : Reflections of a Nuremberg Prosecutor , University Press of America , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 0872 - 5 Kitchen , Martin ( 2015 ) . Speer : Hitler 's Architect . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 19044 - 1 . Leigh , David ( October 24 , 1973 ) , `` Delay , then Albert Speer is allowed in '' , The Times , UK , retrieved December 17 , 2008 Overy ( 2002 ) ( 1995 ) . War and Economy in the Third Reich . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820599 - 6 . Schmidt , Matthias ( 1984 ) , Albert Speer : The End of a Myth , St Martins Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 01709 - 5 Schubert , Philipp ( 2006 ) . Albert Speer : Architekt -- Günstling Hitlers -- Rüstungsminister -- Hauptkriegsverbrecher ( Thesis ) . Munich : GRIN Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 638 - 59047 - 1 . Sereny , Gitta ( 1995 ) , Albert Speer : His Battle With Truth , Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 52915 - 8 Shirer , William ( 1990 ) , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich ( 30th anniversary ( original publication 1960 ) ed . ) , New York : Touchstone Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 Speer , Albert ( 1970 ) , Inside the Third Reich ( Translated by Richard and Clara Winston ) , New York and Toronto : Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 00015 - 0 , LCCN 70119132 . Republished in paperback in 1997 by Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82949 - 4 ( Original German edition : Speer , Albert ( 1969 ) . Erinnerungen ( Reminiscences ) . Berlin and Frankfurt am Main : Propyläen / Ullstein Verlag . OCLC 639475. ) Speer , Albert ( 1976 ) , Spandau : The Secret Diaries ( Translated by Richard and Clara Winston ) , New York and Toronto : Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 612810 - 0 ( Original German edition : Speer , Albert ( 1975 ) , Spandauer Tagebücher ( Spandau Diaries ) , Berlin and Frankfurt am Main : Propyläen / Ullstein Verlag , ISBN 978 - 3 - 549 - 17316 - 9 , OCLC 185306869 ) Speer , Albert ( 1981 ) , Infiltration : How Heinrich Himmler Schemed to Build an SS Industrial Empire , Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 612800 - 1 ( Original German edition : Speer , Albert ( 1981 ) , Der Sklavenstaat : meine Auseinandersetzungen mit der SS ( The Slave State : My Battles with the SS ) , Deutsche Verlags - Anstalt , ISBN 978 - 3 - 421 - 06059 - 4 , OCLC 7610230 ) Tooze , Adam ( 2006 ) , The Wages of Destruction : The Making & Breaking of the Nazi Economy , London : Allen Lane , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9566 - 4 Uziel , Daniel ( 2012 ) . Arming the Luftwaffe : The German Aviation Industry in World War II . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6521 - 7 . van der Vat , Dan ( 1997 ) , The Good Nazi : The Life and Lies of Albert Speer , George Weidenfeld & Nicolson , ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 81721 - 5 Online sources ( edit ) Asher , Edgar ( November 21 , 2003 ) . `` The day I met Hitler 's Architect '' . Chicago Jewish Star . pp. 7 , 9 . Connolly , Kate ( May 11 , 2005 ) , `` Wartime reports debunk Speer as the good Nazi '' , The Daily Telegraph , UK , retrieved January 11 , 2014 Connolly , Kate ( March 13 , 2007 ) , `` Letter proves Speer knew of Holocaust plan '' , The Guardian , Guardian News and Media , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Goldhagen , Erich ( March 1 , 1976 ) . `` Speer Accused '' . Harvard Crimson . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . `` A Nazi Funeral in London '' , iconicphotos.wordpress.com , Iconic Photos , November 3 , 2009 , retrieved January 8 , 2012 `` Albert Speer : The Nazi Who Said Sorry '' , ftvdb.bfi.org.uk , British Film Institute , 1996 , retrieved January 8 , 2012 `` The Paris World Exposition 1937 : Monuments to dictatorship -- the German and Soviet Pavilions '' , expo2000.de , Website of Expo 2000 , Hanover , archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 , retrieved January 8 , 2012 `` Speer cross-examination '' , law2.umkc.edu , University of Missouri -- Kansas City , retrieved January 8 , 2012 Official website of the Memorium Nuremberg Trials , Museen der Stadt Nürnberg , retrieved November 5 , 2014 Further reading ( edit ) Kitchen , Martin ( 2015 ) . Speer : Hitler 's Architect . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 19044 - 1 . Krier , Léon ( 1985 ) . Albert Speer : Architecture , 1932 -- 1942 . Archives D'Architecture Moderne . ISBN 2 - 87143 - 006 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albert Speer . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Albert Speer `` BBC Four -- Audio Interviews '' . December 29 , 1979 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2003 . Review of Albert Speer : His Battle with Truth in Foreign Affairs `` Speer und Er '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2005 . Affidavit of Albert Speer : affidavit , sworn and signed at Munich on June 15 , 1977 , translated from the German original . 3D - stereoscopic images of New Reich Chancellery Articles and topics related to Albert Speer Members of the Hitler Cabinet Adolf Hitler ( Chancellor / Führer ) Hermann Göring ( President of the Reichstag ) Ernst Röhm ( Stabschef - SA ) Heinrich Himmler ( Reichsführer - SS ) Rudolf Hess ( Deputy Führer ) Franz von Papen ( Vice-Chancellor ) Acting officeholders shown in italics Minister of Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Minister of Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Minister of Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger Otto Georg Thierack Minister of the Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Wilhelm Keitel Minister of Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Minister for Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Minister for Labour Franz Seldte Minister for Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz - Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Minister for Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz - Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Minister of Aviation Hermann Göring Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Minister for Science and Education Bernhard Rust Minister for Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs Minister for Armaments and Ammunition Fritz Todt Albert Speer Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Minister of State for Bohemia and Moravia Karl Hermann Frank Minister without portfolio Hans Frank Otto Meissner Arthur Seyss - Inquart Martin Bormann Hans Lammers Konstantin Hierl Until May 1941 . 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right politics German resistance Glossary of Nazi Germany Nazi salute Neo-Nazism Social Darwinism Stormfront Swastika Völkisch movement Zweites Buch Category Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure ( 1945 ) 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl - Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Hugo Blaschke Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst - Günther Schenck Hans - Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst - Robert Grawitz Adolf Hitler Eva Hitler ( Eva Braun ) Joseph Goebbels Magda Goebbels Alwin - Broder Albrecht Wilhelm Burgdorf Hans Krebs Franz Schädle Executed Hermann Fegelein Killed Blondi ( Hitler 's dog ) Goebbels children Unknown Heinrich Müller Schwerin von Krosigk Cabinet ( 2 -- 23 May 1945 ) Graf Schwerin von Krosigk ( Chief Minister , independent ) Wilhelm Stuckart ( NSDAP ) Albert Speer ( NSDAP ) Franz Seldte ( NSDAP ) Otto Georg Thierack ( NSDAP ) Grand Admiral Dönitz ( independent ) Julius Heinrich Dorpmüller ( NSDAP ) Herbert Backe ( NSDAP ) In his capacity as Reichskriegsminister . Major defendants at the Nuremberg trials Sentenced to death Martin Bormann Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Alfred Jodl Ernst Kaltenbrunner Wilhelm Keitel Joachim von Ribbentrop Alfred Rosenberg Fritz Sauckel Arthur Seyss - Inquart Julius Streicher Imprisoned ( terms ) Karl Dönitz ( 10 years ) Walther Funk ( life ) Rudolf Hess ( life ) Konstantin von Neurath ( 15 years ) Erich Raeder ( life ) Baldur von Schirach ( 20 years ) Albert Speer ( 20 years ) Acquitted Hans Fritzsche Franz von Papen Hjalmar Schacht No decision Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Robert Ley In absentia . Remains discovered in Berlin in 1972 and conclusively identified in 1998 ; confirmed to have committed suicide on 2 May 1945 Committed suicide on 15 October 1946 before sentence could be carried out Found unfit to stand trial Committed suicide on 25 October 1945 BNE : XX1127632 BNF : cb12640262d ( data ) GND : 118615998 ISNI : 0000 0001 2122 4714 LCCN : n79038453 NARA : 10581893 NDL : 00457262 NKC : jn20000701685 PIC : 376643 RKD : 237511 SELIBR : 280034 SNAC : w680510m SUDOC : 02737162X ULAN : 500027934 VIAF : 17343524 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Speer&oldid=843235544 '' Categories : Albert Speer 1905 births 1981 deaths People from the Grand Duchy of Baden People from Mannheim 20th - century German architects German people convicted of crimes against humanity German people of World War II German prisoners and detainees German male writers German architects Nazi architects Historians of Nazism Nazi Germany ministers Nazi leaders Neoclassical architects Officials of Nazi Germany People convicted by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg SS officers Technical University of Berlin alumni Technical University of Munich alumni Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross 20th - century historians Hidden categories : Featured articles Use mdy dates from March 2012 Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing German - language text CS1 German - language sources ( de ) AC with 15 elements Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 20 : 21 . 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what type of government did england have in the 1600s

Commonwealth of England

commonwealth of england

The Commonwealth was the period from 1649 onwards when England and Wales , later along with Ireland and Scotland , was ruled as a republic following the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I . The republic 's existence was declared through `` An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth '' , adopted by the Rump Parliament on 19 May 1649 . Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a Council of State . During the period , fighting continued , particularly in Ireland and Scotland , between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them , as part of what is now referred to as the Third English Civil War .

In 1653 , after the forcible dissolution of the Rump Parliament , the Army Council adopted the Instrument of Government which made Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector of a united `` Commonwealth of England , Scotland and Ireland '' , inaugurating the period now usually known as the Protectorate . After Cromwell 's death , and following a brief period of rule under his son , Richard Cromwell , the Protectorate Parliament was dissolved in 1659 and the Rump Parliament recalled , the start of a process that led to the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 . The term Commonwealth is sometimes used for the whole of 1649 to 1660 -- a period referred to by monarchists as the Interregnum -- although for other historians , the use of the term is limited to the years prior to Cromwell 's formal assumption of power in 1653 . Contents ( hide ) 1 1649 -- 1653 1.1 Rump Parliament 1.1. 1 Structure 1.1. 2 Issues and achievements 1.1. 3 Reforms 1.1. 4 Dismissal 1.2 Barebone 's Parliament , July -- December 1653 2 The Protectorate , 1653 -- 1659 3 1659 -- 1660 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links 1649 -- 1653 ( edit ) Commonwealth of England 1649 -- 1653 Arms Territory claimed by the Commonwealth in 1653 Capital London Government Commonwealth Legislature Parliament History Declaration 19 May 1649 Instrument of Government 16 December 1653 Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of England Kingdom of Ireland Protectorate ( Commonwealth of England , Scotland and Ireland ) Rump Parliament ( edit ) Main article : Rump Parliament The Rump was created by Pride 's Purge of those members of the Long Parliament who did not support the political position of the Grandees in the New Model Army . Just before and after the execution of King Charles I on 30 January 1649 , the Rump passed a number of acts of Parliament creating the legal basis for the republic . With the abolition of the monarchy , Privy Council and the House of Lords , it had unchecked executive and legislative power . The English Council of State , which replaced the Privy Council , took over many of the executive functions of the monarchy . It was selected by the Rump , and most of its members were MPs . However , the Rump depended on the support of the Army with which it had a very uneasy relationship . After the execution of Charles I , the House of Commons abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords . It declared the people of England `` and of all the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging '' to be henceforth under the governance of a `` Commonwealth '' , effectively a republic . Structure ( edit ) In Pride 's Purge , all members of parliament ( including most of the political Presbyterians ) who would not accept the need to bring the King to trial had been removed . Thus the Rump never had more than two hundred members ( less than half the number of the Commons in the original Long Parliament ) . They included : supporters of religious independents who did not want an established church and some of whom had sympathies with the Levellers ; Presbyterians who were willing to countenance the trial and execution of the King ; and later admissions , such as formerly excluded MPs who were prepared to denounce the Newport Treaty negotiations with the King . Most Rumpers were gentry , though there was a higher proportion of lesser gentry and lawyers than in previous parliaments . Less than one - quarter of them were regicides . This left the Rump as basically a conservative body whose vested interests in the existing land ownership and legal systems made it unlikely to want to reform them . Issues and achievements ( edit ) A 21st - century edition of the Act Declaring and Constituting the People of England to be a Commonwealth and Free - State enacted on 19 May 1649 For the first two years of the Commonwealth , the Rump faced economic depression and the risk of invasion from Scotland and Ireland . By 1653 Cromwell and the Army had largely eliminated these threats . There were many disagreements amongst factions of the Rump . Some wanted a republic , but others favoured retaining some type of monarchical government . Most of England 's traditional ruling classes regarded the Rump as an illegal government made up of regicides and upstarts . However , they were also aware that the Rump might be all that stood in the way of an outright military dictatorship . High taxes , mainly to pay the Army , were resented by the gentry . Limited reforms were enough to antagonise the ruling class but not enough to satisfy the radicals . Despite its unpopularity , the Rump was a link with the old constitution , and helped to settle England down and make it secure after the biggest upheaval in its history . By 1653 , France and Spain had recognised England 's new government . Reforms ( edit ) Though the Church of England was retained , episcopacy was suppressed and the Act of Uniformity 1558 was repealed in September 1650 . Mainly on the insistence of the Army , many independent churches were tolerated , although everyone still had to pay tithes to the established church . Some small improvements were made to law and court procedure ; for example , all court proceedings were now conducted in English rather than in Law French or Latin . However , there were no widespread reforms of the common law . This would have upset the gentry , who regarded the common law as reinforcing their status and property rights . The Rump passed many restrictive laws to regulate people 's moral behaviour , such as closing down theatres and requiring strict observance of Sunday . This antagonised most of the gentry . Dismissal ( edit ) Cromwell , aided by Thomas Harrison , forcibly dismissed the Rump on 20 April 1653 , for reasons that are unclear . Theories are that he feared the Rump was trying to perpetuate itself as the government , or that the Rump was preparing for an election which could return an anti-Commonwealth majority . Many former members of the Rump continued to regard themselves as England 's only legitimate constitutional authority . The Rump had not agreed to its own dissolution when it was dispersed by Cromwell , and legislation from the period immediately before the Civil War -- the Act against dissolving the Long Parliament without its own consent ( 11 May 1641 ) -- gave them the legal basis for this view . Barebone 's Parliament , july -- december 1653 ( edit ) A gold Unite from 1653 The dissolution of the Rump was followed by a short period in which Cromwell and the Army ruled alone . Nobody had the constitutional authority to call an election , but Cromwell did not want to impose a military dictatorship . Instead , he ruled through a ' nominated assembly ' which he believed would be easy for the Army to control , since Army officers did the nominating . Barebone 's Parliament was opposed by former Rumpers and ridiculed by many gentry as being an assembly of ' inferior ' people . However , over 110 of its 140 members were lesser gentry or of higher social status . ( An exception was Praise - God Barebone , a Baptist merchant after whom the Assembly got its derogatory nickname . ) Many were well educated . The assembly reflected the range of views of the officers who nominated it . The Radicals ( approximately forty ) included a hard core of Fifth Monarchists who wanted to be rid of Common Law and any state control of religion . The Moderates ( approximately 60 ) wanted some improvements within the existing system and might move to either the radical or conservative side depending on the issue . The Conservatives ( approximately 40 ) wanted to keep the status quo ( since Common Law protected the interests of the gentry , and tithes and advowsons were valuable property ) . Cromwell saw Barebone 's Parliament as a temporary legislative body which he hoped would produce reforms and develop a constitution for the Commonwealth . However , members were divided over key issues , only 25 had previous parliamentary experience , and although many had some legal training , there were no qualified lawyers . Cromwell seems to have expected this group of ' amateurs ' to produce reform without management or direction . When the radicals mustered enough support to defeat a bill which would have preserved the status quo in religion , the conservatives , together with many moderates , surrendered their authority back to Cromwell who sent soldiers to clear the rest of the Assembly . Barebone 's Parliament was over . The Protectorate , 1653 -- 1659 ( edit ) Main article : The Protectorate See also : First Protectorate Parliament , Second Protectorate Parliament , and Third Protectorate Parliament Arms of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector , used on the great seal from 1655 to 1659 . Commonwealth government by a Council of State and Parliament , was divided in two by The Protectorate when the executive was vested in a Lord Protector , who governed under a written constitution that mandated that the Lord Protector summon triennial parliaments that should sit for several months each year . In 1653 , Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector under England 's first written constitution Instrument of Government , and then under the second and last written constitution , known as the Humble Petition and Advice of 1657 . On 12 April 1654 , under the terms of the Tender of Union , the Ordinance for uniting Scotland into one Commonwealth with England was issued by the Lord Protector and proclaimed in Scotland by the military governor of Scotland , General George Monck , 1st Duke of Albemarle . The ordinance declared that `` the people of Scotland should be united with the people of England into one Commonwealth and under one Government '' and decreed that a new `` Arms of the Commonwealth '' , incorporating the Saltire , should be placed on `` all the public seals , seals of office , and seals of bodies civil or corporate , in Scotland '' as `` a badge of this Union '' . On the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658 , his son , Richard Cromwell , inherited the title Lord Protector , but internal divisions among the republican party led to his resignation , the end of the Protectorate and a second period of Commonwealth government by a Council of State and Parliament . 1659 -- 1660 ( edit ) Commonwealth of England , Scotland and Ireland 1659 -- 1660 Arms Territory of the Commonwealth in 1660 Capital London Government Commonwealth Legislature Parliament History R. Cromwell 's resignation 25 May 1659 Declaration of Breda 4 April 1660 Preceded by Succeeded by Protectorate ( Commonwealth of England , Scotland and Ireland ) Kingdom of England Kingdom of Ireland Kingdom of Scotland The Protectorate might have continued if Cromwell 's son Richard , who was made Lord Protector on his father 's death , had been capable of carrying on his father 's policies . Richard Cromwell 's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the New Model Army . After seven months the Grandees in the New Model Army removed him and , on 6 May 1659 , they reinstalled the Rump Parliament . Charles Fleetwood was appointed a member of the Committee of Safety and of the Council of State , and one of the seven commissioners for the army . On 9 June he was nominated lord - general ( commander - in - chief ) of the army . However , his power was undermined in parliament , which chose to disregard the army 's authority in a similar fashion to the pre -- Civil War parliament . On 12 October 1659 the Commons cashiered General John Lambert and other officers , and installed Fleetwood as chief of a military council under the authority of the Speaker . The next day Lambert ordered that the doors of the House be shut and the members kept out . On 26 October a `` Committee of Safety '' was appointed , of which Fleetwood and Lambert were members . Lambert was appointed major - general of all the forces in England and Scotland , Fleetwood being general . Lambert was now sent , by the Committee of Safety , with a large force to meet George Monck , who was in command of the English forces in Scotland , and either negotiate with him or force him to come to terms . It was into this atmosphere that General George Monck marched south with his army from Scotland . Lambert 's army began to desert him , and he returned to London almost alone . On 21 February 1660 , Monck reinstated the Presbyterian members of the Long Parliament ' secluded ' by Pride , so that they could prepare legislation for a new parliament . Fleetwood was deprived of his command and ordered to appear before parliament to answer for his conduct . On 3 March Lambert was sent to the Tower , from which he escaped a month later . Lambert tried to rekindle the civil war in favour of the Commonwealth by issuing a proclamation calling on all supporters of the `` Good Old Cause '' to rally on the battlefield of Edgehill . But he was recaptured by Colonel Richard Ingoldsby , a regicide who hoped to win a pardon by handing Lambert over to the new regime . The Long Parliament dissolved itself on 16 March . On 4 April 1660 , in response to a secret message sent by Monck , Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda , which made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England . Monck organised the Convention Parliament , which met for the first time on 25 April . On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649 . Charles returned from exile on 23 May . He entered London on 29 May , his birthday . To celebrate `` his Majesty 's Return to his Parliament '' 29 May was made a public holiday , popularly known as Oak Apple Day . He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661 . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth . Wikisource has original text related to this article : An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth First Anglo - Dutch War and Admiral Robert Blake for the role played by sea power during this period Anglo - Spanish War ( 1654 ) List of Ordinances and Acts of the Parliament of England , 1642 -- 1660 Knights , baronets and peers of the Protectorate Republicanism in the United Kingdom Notes ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ^ Jump up to : Schultz 2010 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth Jump up ^ HMSO 1911 . Jump up ^ 27 September 1650 `` Act for the Repeal of several Clauses in Statutes imposing Penalties for not coming to Church '' ( Firth & Rait 1911 , pp. 423 -- 425 ) Jump up ^ `` November 1650 : An Act for turning the Books of the Law , and all Proces and Proceedings in Courts of Justice , into English '' . Jump up ^ Culture 24 . `` Parliament Week : A Cromwellian Act and Seal from the Cromwell Museum '' . Culture24.org.uk . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Sevaldsen 2007 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Journal Volume 8 : 8 May 1660 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday 23 April 1661 '' . The Diary of Samuel Pepys . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Journal Volume 8 : 30 May 1660 '' . References ( edit ) Firth , C.H. ; Rait , R.S. , eds. ( 1911 ) , `` September 1650 : Act for the Repeal of several Clauses in Statutes imposing Penalties for not coming to Church '' , Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum , 1642 -- 1660 , pp. 423 -- 425 `` March 1649 : An Act for the abolishing the Kingly Office in England and Ireland , and the Dominions thereunto belonging '' , Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum , 1642 - 1660. , London : His Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1911 , pp. 18 -- 20 Schultz , Oleg , ed. ( 14 March 2010 ) , Scotland and the Commonwealth : 1651 -- 1660 , Archontology.org , retrieved December 2012 Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ; External link in publisher = ( help ) Sevaldsen , Jørgen ; et al. ( 2007 ) , Angles on the English - Speaking World , V. 7 : The State of the Union : Scotland , 1707 -- 2007 , Museum Tusculanum Press , p. 39 , ISBN 978 - 87 - 635 - 0702 - 8 External links ( edit ) Coins from the Commonwealth of England period , 1649 -- 1660 , including halfcrowns Preceded by Charles I in England & Ireland Commonwealth of England 1649 -- 1653 Succeeded by Oliver Cromwell The Protectorate 1653 -- 1658 Preceded by The Covenanters in Scotland Preceded by Richard Cromwell The Protectorate 1658 -- 1659 Commonwealth of England 1659 -- 1660 Succeeded by Charles II Stuart Restoration History of England Timeline Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Anglo - Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Tudor dynasty Elizabethan period English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian period Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Topics Social history of England History of education in England History of the economy of England History of the politics of England English overseas possessions History of the English language Polities Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby York England portal English monarchs Anglo - Saxon England 927 -- 1066 Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling Kingdom of England 1066 -- 1649 William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I with Philip Elizabeth I James I Charles I Commonwealth of England , Scotland and Ireland 1653 -- 1659 Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Kingdom of England 1660 -- 1707 Charles II James II William III and Mary II Anne Overlord of Britain Also ruler of Ireland Also ruler of Scotland and Ireland Lord Protector Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_England&oldid=805154661 '' Categories : Former countries in the British Isles States and territories established in 1649 States and territories disestablished in the 1650s States and territories established in 1659 States and territories disestablished in 1660 1660 disestablishments Former countries in Europe English Civil War Republicanism in England Scottish republicanism Republicanism in the United Kingdom Former republics Stuart England Interregnum ( England ) 1649 establishments in England Hidden categories : Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles needing additional references from February 2009 All articles needing additional references CS1 errors : dates CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 12 : 39 . 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when was the group areas act passed and why

Group Areas Act

group areas act

Group Areas Act was the title of three acts of the Parliament of South Africa enacted under the apartheid government of South Africa . The acts assigned racial groups to different residential and business sections in urban areas in a system of urban apartheid . An effect of the law was to exclude non-Whites from living in the most developed areas , which were restricted to Whites ( e.g. , Sea Point , Lansdowne , Cape Town , Claremont , Cape Town ) . It caused many non-Whites to have to commute large distances from their homes in order to be able to work . The law led to non-Whites being forcibly removed for living in the `` wrong '' areas . The non-white majority were given much smaller areas ( e.g. , Tongaat , Grassy Park ) to live in than the white minority who owned most of the country . Pass Laws required that non-Whites carry pass books , and later ' reference books ' ( similar to passports ) to enter the ' white ' parts of the country .

The first Group Areas Act , the Group Areas Act , 1950 was promulgated on 7 July 1950 , and it was implemented over a period of several years . It was amended by Parliament in 1952 , 1955 ( twice ) , 1956 and 1957 . Later in 1957 it was repealed and re-enacted in consolidated form as the Group Areas Act , 1957 , which was amended in 1961 , 1962 , and 1965 . In 1966 this version was in turn repealed and re-enacted as the Group Areas Act , 1966 , which was subsequently amended in 1969 , 1972 , 1974 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1982 , and 1984 . It was repealed ( along with many other discriminatory laws ) on 30 June 1991 by the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act , 1991 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Provisions 3 Impact 3.1 Sophiatown 4 See also 5 Sources and external links 6 References Background ( edit ) After the 1948 general election , D.F. Malan 's administration commenced its policy of apartheid that sought to segregate the races in South Africa . The government hoped to achieve this through ' separate development ' of the races and this entailed passing laws that would ensure a distinction on social , economic , political and , in the case of the Group Areas Act , geographical lines . The Group Areas Act may be regarded as an extension of the Asiatic Land Tenure Act , 1946 . Provisions ( edit ) The Act empowered the Governor - General to declare certain geographical areas to be for the exclusive occupation of specific racial groups . In particular the statute identified three such racial groups : whites , coloureds and natives . This authority was exercised on the advice of the Minister of the Interior and the Group Areas Board . Once an area had been designated for sole occupation by certain racial groups the proclamation would not become legally effective for at least one year . Once this time had expired it became a criminal offence to remain in occupation of property in that area with the punishment potentially being a fine and two years ' imprisonment . The Act also applied to businesses with racial designation being applied on the basis of the individuals who held a controlling interest in the company . Impact ( edit ) Mass Meeting at Durban on May 28 , 1950 to protest against Group Area Bill and Suppression of Communism Bill . Section of gathering of over 20,000 people - Africans , Indian and Coloured . The meeting was held under joint auspices of the African National Congress , Natal Indian Congress , and the Coloured People Organisation . The Act became an effective tool in the separate development of races in South Africa . It also granted the Minister of the Interior a mandate to forcibly remove non-whites from valuable pieces of land so that they could become white settlements . Sophiatown ( edit ) One of the most famous uses of the Group Areas Act was the destruction of Sophiatown , a suburb of Johannesburg . On 9 February 1955 2,000 policemen began removing residents in Meadowlands , Soweto and erection a new white - only area called Triomf ( Victory ) . One of the main impacts was on education as many pupils were not able to receive the facilities they required and were disadvantaged . The impact on people 's lives was that they were disadvantaged of deserved job positions . See also ( edit ) Apartheid Apartheid laws Sources and external links ( edit ) List of apartheid - era legislation Original copy of the statute Cape Town 's District Six Museum which examines forced removals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Women 's Anti-Pass Law Campaigns in South Africa http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheid/a/WomensAntiPass.htm Jump up ^ http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-separate-development-south-africa The History of Separate Development in South Africa Jump up ^ Davenport , T.R.H. ( 1978 ) . South Africa : A Modern History . CUP . p. 259 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Loveland , Ian ( 1999 ) . By Due Process of Law : Racial Discrimination & the Right to Vote in South Africa 1855 - 1960 . Hart . p. 242 - 3 . Jump up ^ s . 34 , Group Areas Act 1950 Jump up ^ http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/urban-removals-destruction-sophiatown Jump up ^ http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/sophiatown140206.htm#.Vbzqm_lViko Sophiatown again , 50 years on ( hide ) Apartheid legislation in South Africa Precursors ( before 1948 ) Hut tax ( 1884 ) Franchise and Ballot Act ( 1892 ) Glen Grey Act ( 1894 ) Natal Legislative Assembly Bill ( 1894 ) Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act ( 1906 ) South Africa Act ( 1909 ) Mines and Works Act ( 1911 ) Natives Land Act ( 1913 ) Natives ( Urban Areas ) Act ( 1923 ) Immorality Act ( 1927 ) Native Administration Act ( 1927 ) Representation of Natives Act ( 1936 ) Native Trust and Land Act ( 1936 ) Native ( Urban Areas ) Consolidation Act ( 1945 ) Asiatic Land Tenure Act ( 1946 ) Malan to Verwoerd ( 1948 -- 1966 ) Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act ( 1949 ) Immorality Amendment Act ( 1950 ) Population Registration Act ( 1950 ) Group Areas Act ( 1950 ) Suppression of Communism Act ( 1950 ) Native Building Workers Act ( 1951 ) Separate Representation of Voters Act ( 1951 ) Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act ( 1951 ) Bantu Authorities Act ( 1951 ) Native Laws Amendment Act ( 1952 ) Pass Laws Act ( 1952 ) Public Safety Act ( 1953 ) Native Labour ( Settlement of Disputes ) Act ( 1953 ) Bantu Education Act ( 1953 ) Reservation of Separate Amenities Act ( 1953 ) Natives Resettlement Act ( 1954 ) Group Areas Development Act ( 1955 ) Riotous Assemblies Act ( 1956 ) Industrial Conciliation Act ( 1956 ) Natives ( Prohibition of Interdicts ) Act ( 1956 ) Immorality Act ( 1957 ) Bantu Investment Corporation Act ( 1959 ) Extension of University Education Act ( 1959 ) Promotion of Bantu Self - government Act ( 1959 ) Unlawful Organizations Act ( 1960 ) Indemnity Act ( 1961 ) Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act ( 1961 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1961 ) Urban Bantu Councils Act ( 1961 ) General Law Amendment Act ( 1963 ) Coloured Persons Representative Council Act ( 1964 ) Post-Verwoerd ( 1966 -- 1994 ) Terrorism Act ( 1967 ) Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act ( 1968 ) Prohibition of Political Interference Act ( 1968 ) Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act ( 1970 ) Bantu Homelands Constitution Act ( 1971 ) Aliens Control Act ( 1973 ) Indemnity Act ( 1977 ) National Key Points Act ( 1980 ) - List of National Key Points Internal Security Act ( 1982 ) Black Local Authorities Act ( 1982 ) Republic of South Africa Constitution Act ( 1983 ) This article related to Apartheid legislation in South Africa is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This legislation article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_Areas_Act&oldid=800135708 '' Categories : Apartheid laws in South Africa 1950 in South African law 1957 in South African law 1966 in South African law Apartheid stubs South African law stubs Statute stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 18 : 17 . About Wikipedia

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explain three challenges before the countries which do not have a democratic form of government

Democracy

democracy

Democracy ( Greek : δημοκρατία dēmokratía , literally `` rule of the people '' ) , in modern usage , is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body , such as a parliament . Democracy is sometimes referred to as `` rule of the majority '' . Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do , but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes .

The uncertainty of outcomes is inherent in democracy , which makes all forces struggle repeatedly for the realization of their interests , being the devolution of power from a group of people to a set of rules . Western democracy , as distinct from that which existed in pre-modern societies , is generally considered to have originated in city states such as Classical Athens and the Roman Republic , where various schemes and degrees of enfranchisement of the free male population were observed before the form disappeared in the West at the beginning of late antiquity . The English word dates to the 16th century , from the older Middle French and Middle Latin equivalents . According to political scientist Larry Diamond , democracy consists of four key elements : a political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections ; the active participation of the people , as citizens , in politics and civic life ; protection of the human rights of all citizens ; a rule of law , in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens . The term appeared in the 5th century BC , to denote the political systems then existing in Greek city - states , notably Athens , to mean `` rule of the people '' , in contrast to aristocracy ( ἀριστοκρατία , aristokratía ) , meaning `` rule of an elite '' . While theoretically these definitions are in opposition , in practice the distinction has been blurred historically . The political system of Classical Athens , for example , granted democratic citizenship to free men and excluded slaves and women from political participation . In virtually all democratic governments throughout ancient and modern history , democratic citizenship consisted of an elite class until full enfranchisement was won for all adult citizens in most modern democracies through the suffrage movements of the 19th and 20th centuries . Democracy contrasts with forms of government where power is either held by an individual , as in an absolute monarchy , or where power is held by a small number of individuals , as in an oligarchy . Nevertheless , these oppositions , inherited from Greek philosophy , are now ambiguous because contemporary governments have mixed democratic , oligarchic , and monarchic elements . Karl Popper defined democracy in contrast to dictatorship or tyranny , thus focusing on opportunities for the people to control their leaders and to oust them without the need for a revolution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 History 2.1 Ancient origins 2.2 Middle Ages 2.3 Modern era 2.3. 1 Early modern period 2.3. 2 18th and 19th centuries 2.3. 3 20th and 21st centuries 3 Measurement of democracy 4 Types of governmental democracies 4.1 Basic forms 4.1. 1 Direct 4.1. 2 Representative 4.1. 2.1 Parliamentary 4.1. 2.2 Presidential 4.1. 3 Hybrid or semi-direct 4.2 Variants 4.2. 1 Constitutional monarchy 4.2. 2 Republic 4.2. 3 Liberal democracy 4.2. 4 Socialist 4.2. 5 Anarchist 4.2. 6 Sortition 4.2. 7 Consociational 4.2. 8 Consensus democracy 4.2. 9 Supranational 4.2. 10 Inclusive 4.2. 11 Participatory politics 4.2. 12 Cosmopolitan 4.2. 13 Creative democracy 4.2. 14 Guided democracy 5 Non-governmental democracy 6 Theory 6.1 Aristotle 6.2 Early Republican theory 6.3 Rationale 6.3. 1 Aggregative 6.3. 2 Deliberative 6.3. 3 Radical 7 Criticism 7.1 Inefficiencies 7.2 Popular rule as a façade 7.3 Mob rule 7.4 Political instability 7.5 Fraudulent elections 7.6 Opposition 8 Development 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Most democratic ( closest to 10 ) Least democratic ( closest to 0 ) Democracy 's de facto status in the world as of 2017 , according to Democracy Index by The Economist Democracy 's de jure status in the world as of 2008 ; only Saudi Arabia , Myanmar , Brunei and the Vatican officially admit to be undemocratic No consensus exists on how to define democracy , but legal equality , political freedom and rule of law have been identified as important characteristics . These principles are reflected in all eligible citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes . For example , in a representative democracy , every vote has equal weight , no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative , and the freedom of its eligible citizens is secured by legitimised rights and liberties which are typically protected by a constitution . Other uses of `` democracy '' include that of direct democracy . One theory holds that democracy requires three fundamental principles : upward control ( sovereignty residing at the lowest levels of authority ) , political equality , and social norms by which individuals and institutions only consider acceptable acts that reflect the first two principles of upward control and political equality . The term `` democracy '' is sometimes used as shorthand for liberal democracy , which is a variant of representative democracy that may include elements such as political pluralism ; equality before the law ; the right to petition elected officials for redress of grievances ; due process ; civil liberties ; human rights ; and elements of civil society outside the government . Roger Scruton argues that democracy alone can not provide personal and political freedom unless the institutions of civil society are also present . In some countries , notably in the United Kingdom which originated the Westminster system , the dominant principle is that of parliamentary sovereignty , while maintaining judicial independence . In the United States , separation of powers is often cited as a central attribute . In India , parliamentary sovereignty is subject to the Constitution of India which includes judicial review . Though the term `` democracy '' is typically used in the context of a political state , the principles also are applicable to private organisations . Majority rule is often listed as a characteristic of democracy . Hence , democracy allows for political minorities to be oppressed by the `` tyranny of the majority '' in the absence of legal protections of individual or group rights . An essential part of an `` ideal '' representative democracy is competitive elections that are substantively and procedurally `` fair , '' i.e. , just and equitable . In some countries , freedom of political expression , freedom of speech , freedom of the press , and internet democracy are considered important to ensure that voters are well informed , enabling them to vote according to their own interests . It has also been suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of all voters to participate freely and fully in the life of their society . With its emphasis on notions of social contract and the collective will of all the voters , democracy can also be characterised as a form of political collectivism because it is defined as a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in lawmaking . While representative democracy is sometimes equated with the republican form of government , the term `` republic '' classically has encompassed both democracies and aristocracies . Many democracies are constitutional monarchies , such as the United Kingdom . History ( edit ) Nineteenth - century painting by Philipp Foltz depicting the Athenian politician Pericles delivering his famous funeral oration in front of the Assembly Main article : History of democracy Ancient Origins ( edit ) See also : Athenian democracy The term `` democracy '' first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the city - state of Athens during classical antiquity . The word comes from demos , `` common people '' and kratos , strength . Led by Cleisthenes , Athenians established what is generally held as the first democracy in 508 -- 507 BC . Cleisthenes is referred to as `` the father of Athenian democracy . '' Athenian democracy took the form of a direct democracy , and it had two distinguishing features : the random selection of ordinary citizens to fill the few existing government administrative and judicial offices , and a legislative assembly consisting of all Athenian citizens . All eligible citizens were allowed to speak and vote in the assembly , which set the laws of the city state . However , Athenian citizenship excluded women , slaves , foreigners ( μέτοικοι / métoikoi ) , non-landowners , and men under 20 years of age . The exclusion of large parts of the population from the citizen body is closely related to the ancient understanding of citizenship . In most of antiquity the benefit of citizenship was tied to the obligation to fight war campaigns . Athenian democracy was not only direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people , but also the most direct in the sense that the people through the assembly , boule and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business . Even though the rights of the individual were not secured by the Athenian constitution in the modern sense ( the ancient Greeks had no word for `` rights '' ) , the Athenians enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person . Range voting appeared in Sparta as early as 700 BC . The Apella was an assembly of the people , held once a month , in which every male citizen of at least 30 years of age could participate . In the Apella , Spartans elected leaders and cast votes by range voting and shouting . Aristotle called this `` childish '' , as compared with the stone voting ballots used by the Athenians . Sparta adopted it because of its simplicity , and to prevent any bias voting , buying , or cheating that was predominant in the early democratic elections . Even though the Roman Republic contributed significantly to many aspects of democracy , only a minority of Romans were citizens with votes in elections for representatives . The votes of the powerful were given more weight through a system of gerrymandering , so most high officials , including members of the Senate , came from a few wealthy and noble families . In addition , the Roman Republic was the first government in the western world to have a Republic as a nation - state , although it did n't have much of a democracy . The Romans invented the concept of classics and many works from Ancient Greece were preserved . Additionally , the Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries , and today 's modern representative democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek models because it was a state in which supreme power was held by the people and their elected representatives , and which had an elected or nominated leader . Other cultures , such as the Iroquois Nation in the Americas between around 1450 and 1600 AD also developed a form of democratic society before they came in contact with the Europeans . This indicates that forms of democracy may have been invented in other societies around the world . Middle Ages ( edit ) During the Middle Ages , there were various systems involving elections or assemblies , although often only involving a small part of the population . These included : the Frostating , Gulating , Eidsivating and Borgarting in Norway , the Althing in Iceland , the Løgting in the Faeroe Islands , Scandinavian Things , the election of Uthman in the Rashidun Caliphate , the South Indian Kingdom of the Chola in the state of Tamil Nadu in the Indian Subcontinent had an electoral system at 920 A.D. , about 1100 years ago , Carantania , old Slavic / Slovenian principality , the Ducal Inauguration from 7th to 15th century , the upper - caste election of the Gopala in the Bengal region of the Indian Subcontinent , the Holy Roman Empire 's Hoftag and Imperial Diets ( mostly Nobles and Clergy ) , Frisia in the 10th -- 15th Century ( Weight of vote based on landownership ) the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 10 % of population ) , certain medieval Italian city - states such as Venice , Genoa , Florence , Pisa , Lucca , Amalfi , Siena and San Marino the Cortes of León , the tuatha system in early medieval Ireland , the Veche in Novgorod and Pskov Republics of medieval Russia , The States in Tirol and Switzerland , the autonomous merchant city of Sakai in the 16th century in Japan , Volta - Nigeric societies such as Igbo . the Mekhk - Khel system of the Nakh peoples of the North Caucasus , by which representatives to the Council of Elders for each teip ( clan ) were popularly elected by that teip 's members . The 10th Sikh Guru Gobind Singh ji ( Nanak X ) established the world 's first Sikh democratic republic state ending the aristocracy on day of 1st Vasakh 1699 and Gurbani as sole constitution of this Sikh republic on the Indian subcontinent . Most regions in medieval Europe were ruled by clergy or feudal lords . The Kouroukan Fouga divided the Mali Empire into ruling clans ( lineages ) that were represented at a great assembly called the Gbara . However , the charter made Mali more similar to a constitutional monarchy than a democratic republic . Magna Carta , 1215 , England The Parliament of England had its roots in the restrictions on the power of kings written into Magna Carta ( 1215 ) , which explicitly protected certain rights of the King 's subjects and implicitly supported what became the English writ of habeas corpus , safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal . The first representative national assembly in England was Simon de Montfort 's Parliament in 1265 . The emergence of petitioning is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people . However , the power to call parliament remained at the pleasure of the monarch . Modern era ( edit ) Early modern period ( edit ) In 17th century England , there was renewed interest in Magna Carta . The Parliament of England passed the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects . The English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament , during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647 . Subsequently , the Protectorate ( 1653 - 59 ) and the English Restoration ( 1660 ) restored more autocratic rule , although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence . After the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , the Bill of Rights was enacted in 1689 which codified certain rights and liberties , and is still in effect . The Bill set out the requirement for regular elections , rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch , ensuring that , unlike much of Europe at the time , royal absolutism would not prevail . In the Cossack republics of Ukraine in the 16th and 17th centuries , the Cossack Hetmanate and Zaporizhian Sich , the holder of the highest post of Hetman was elected by the representatives from the country 's districts . In North America , representative government began in Jamestown , Virginia , with the election of the House of Burgesses ( forerunner of the Virginia General Assembly ) in 1619 . English Puritans who migrated from 1620 established colonies in New England whose local governance was democratic and which contributed to the democratic development of the United States ; although these local assemblies had some small amounts of devolved power , the ultimate authority was held by the Crown and the English Parliament . The Puritans ( Pilgrim Fathers ) , Baptists , and Quakers who founded these colonies applied the democratic organisation of their congregations also to the administration of their communities in worldly matters . 18th and 19th centuries ( edit ) Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States by Howard Chandler Christy . The establishment of universal male suffrage in France in 1848 was an important milestone in the history of democracy . The first Parliament of Great Britain was established in 1707 , after the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland under the Acts of Union . Although the monarch increasingly became a figurehead , only a small minority actually had a voice ; Parliament was elected by only a few percent of the population ( less than 3 % as late as 1780 ) . During the Age of Liberty in Sweden ( 1718 -- 1772 ) , civil rights were expanded and power shifted from the monarch to parliament . The taxed peasantry was represented in parliament , although with little influence , but commoners without taxed property had no suffrage . The creation of the short - lived Corsican Republic in 1755 marked the first nation in modern history to adopt a democratic constitution ( all men and women above age of 25 could vote ) . This Corsican Constitution was the first based on Enlightenment principles and included female suffrage , something that was not granted in most other democracies until the 20th century . In the American colonial period before 1776 , and for some time after , often only adult white male property owners could vote ; enslaved Africans , most free black people and most women were not extended the franchise . On the American frontier , democracy became a way of life , with more widespread social , economic and political equality . Although not described as a democracy by the founding fathers , they shared a determination to root the American experiment in the principles of natural freedom and equality . The American Revolution led to the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1787 , the oldest surviving , still active , governmental codified constitution . The Constitution provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties for some , but did not end slavery nor extend voting rights in the United States beyond white male property owners ( about 6 % of the population ) . The Bill of Rights in 1791 set limits on government power to protect personal freedoms but had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 130 years after ratification . Statue of Athena , the patron goddess of Athens , in front of the Austrian Parliament Building . Athena has been used as an international symbol of freedom and democracy since at least the late eighteenth century . In 1789 , Revolutionary France adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and , although short - lived , the National Convention was elected by all men in 1792 . However , in the early 19th century , little of democracy -- as theory , practice , or even as word -- remained in the North Atlantic world . During this period , slavery remained a social and economic institution in places around the world . This was particularly the case in the United States , and especially in the last fifteen slave states that kept slavery legal in the American South until the Civil War . A variety of organisations were established advocating the movement of black people from the United States to locations where they would enjoy greater freedom and equality . The United Kingdom 's Slave Trade Act 1807 banned the trade across the British Empire , which was enforced internationally by the Royal Navy under treaties Britain negotiated with other nations . As the voting franchise in the U.K. was increased , it also was made more uniform in a series of reforms beginning with the Reform Act 1832 . In 1833 , the United Kingdom passed the Slavery Abolition Act which took effect across the British Empire . Universal male suffrage was established in France in March 1848 in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848 . In 1848 , several revolutions broke out in Europe as rulers were confronted with popular demands for liberal constitutions and more democratic government . In the 1860 United States Census , the slave population in the United States had grown to four million , and in Reconstruction after the Civil War ( late 1860s ) , the newly freed slaves became citizens with a nominal right to vote for men . Full enfranchisement of citizens was not secured until after the Civil Rights Movement gained passage by the United States Congress of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . 20th and 21st centuries ( edit ) The number of nations 1800 -- 2003 scoring 8 or higher on Polity IV scale , another widely used measure of democracy 20th - century transitions to liberal democracy have come in successive `` waves of democracy '' , variously resulting from wars , revolutions , decolonisation , and religious and economic circumstances . Global waves of `` democratic regression '' reversing democratization , have also occurred in the 1920s and 30s , in the 1960s and 1970s , and in the 2010s . World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman and Austro - Hungarian empires resulted in the creation of new nation - states from Europe , most of them at least nominally democratic . In the 1920s democracy flourished and women 's suffrage advanced , but the Great Depression brought disenchantment and most of the countries of Europe , Latin America , and Asia turned to strong - man rule or dictatorships . Fascism and dictatorships flourished in Nazi Germany , Italy , Spain and Portugal , as well as non-democratic governments in the Baltics , the Balkans , Brazil , Cuba , China , and Japan , among others . World War II brought a definitive reversal of this trend in western Europe . The democratisation of the American , British , and French sectors of occupied Germany ( disputed ) , Austria , Italy , and the occupied Japan served as a model for the later theory of government change . However , most of Eastern Europe , including the Soviet sector of Germany fell into the non-democratic Soviet bloc . The war was followed by decolonisation , and again most of the new independent states had nominally democratic constitutions . India emerged as the world 's largest democracy and continues to be so . Countries that were once part of the British Empire often adopted the British Westminster system . By 1960 , the vast majority of country - states were nominally democracies , although most of the world 's populations lived in nations that experienced sham elections , and other forms of subterfuge ( particularly in `` Communist '' nations and the former colonies . ) A subsequent wave of democratisation brought substantial gains toward true liberal democracy for many nations . Spain , Portugal ( 1974 ) , and several of the military dictatorships in South America returned to civilian rule in the late 1970s and early 1980s ( Argentina in 1983 , Bolivia , Uruguay in 1984 , Brazil in 1985 , and Chile in the early 1990s ) . This was followed by nations in East and South Asia by the mid-to - late 1980s . Economic malaise in the 1980s , along with resentment of Soviet oppression , contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union , the associated end of the Cold War , and the democratisation and liberalisation of the former Eastern bloc countries . The most successful of the new democracies were those geographically and culturally closest to western Europe , and they are now members or candidate members of the European Union . In 1986 , after the toppling of the most prominent Asian dictatorship , the only democratic state of its kind at the time emerged in the Philippines with the rise of Corazon Aquino , who would later be known as the Mother of Asian Democracy . Corazon Aquino taking the Oath of Office , becoming the first female president in Asia The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s , most prominently in South Africa . Some recent examples of attempts of liberalisation include the Indonesian Revolution of 1998 , the Bulldozer Revolution in Yugoslavia , the Rose Revolution in Georgia , the Orange Revolution in Ukraine , the Cedar Revolution in Lebanon , the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan , and the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia . According to Freedom House , in 2007 there were 123 electoral democracies ( up from 40 in 1972 ) . According to World Forum on Democracy , electoral democracies now represent 120 of the 192 existing countries and constitute 58.2 percent of the world 's population . At the same time liberal democracies i.e. countries Freedom House regards as free and respectful of basic human rights and the rule of law are 85 in number and represent 38 percent of the global population . Most electoral democracies continue to exclude those younger than 18 from voting . The voting age has been lowered to 16 for national elections in a number of countries , including Brazil , Austria , Cuba , and Nicaragua . In California , a 2004 proposal to permit a quarter vote at 14 and a half vote at 16 was ultimately defeated . In 2008 , the German parliament proposed but shelved a bill that would grant the vote to each citizen at birth , to be used by a parent until the child claims it for themselves . In 2007 the United Nations declared September 15 the International Day of Democracy . According to Freedom House , starting in 2005 , there have been eleven consecutive years in which declines in political rights and civil liberties throughout the world have outnumbered improvements , as populist and nationalist political forces have gained ground everywhere from Poland ( under the Law and Justice Party ) to the Philippines ( under Rodrigo Duterte ) . Measurement of democracy ( edit ) Country ratings from the US based Freedom House 's Freedom in the World 2017 survey , concerning the state of world freedom in 2016 Free ( 86 ) Partly Free ( 59 ) Not Free ( 50 ) Countries designated `` electoral democracies '' in Freedom House 's 2017 survey `` Freedom in the World '' , covering the year 2016 Several freedom indices are published by several organisations according to their own various definitions of the term : Freedom in the World published each year since 1972 by the U.S. - based Freedom House ranks countries by political rights and civil liberties that are derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Countries are assessed as free , partly free , or unfree . Worldwide Press Freedom Index is published each year since 2002 ( except that 2011 was combined with 2012 ) by France - based Reporters Without Borders . Countries are assessed as having a good situation , a satisfactory situation , noticeable problems , a difficult situation , or a very serious situation . The Index of Freedom in the World is an index measuring classical civil liberties published by Canada 's Fraser Institute , Germany 's Liberales Institute , and the U.S. Cato Institute . It is not currently included in the table below . The CIRI Human Rights Data Project measures a range of human , civil , women 's and workers rights . It is now hosted by the University of Connecticut . It was created in 1994 . In its 2011 report , the U.S. was ranked 38th in overall human rights . The Democracy Index , published by the U.K. - based Economist Intelligence Unit , is an assessment of countries ' democracy . Countries are rated to be either Full Democracies , Flawed Democracies , Hybrid Regimes , or Authoritarian regimes . Full democracies , flawed democracies , and hybrid regimes are considered to be democracies , and the authoritarian nations are considered to be dictatorial . The index is based on 60 indicators grouped in five different categories . The U.S. - based Polity data series is a widely used data series in political science research . It contains coded annual information on regime authority characteristics and transitions for all independent states with greater than 500,000 total population and covers the years 1800 -- 2006 . Polity 's conclusions about a state 's level of democracy are based on an evaluation of that state 's elections for competitiveness , openness and level of participation . Data from this series is not currently included in the table below . The Polity work is sponsored by the Political Instability Task Force ( PITF ) which is funded by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . However , the views expressed in the reports are the authors ' alone and do not represent the views of the US Government . MaxRange , a dataset defining level of democracy and institutional structure ( regime - type ) on a 100 - graded scale where every value represents a unique regime type . Values are sorted from 1 -- 100 based on level of democracy and political accountability . MaxRange defines the value corresponding to all states and every month from 1789 to 2015 and updating . MaxRange is created and developed by Max Range , and is now associated with the university of Halmstad , Sweden . Types of governmental democracies ( edit ) Main article : Types of democracy Democracy has taken a number of forms , both in theory and practice . Some varieties of democracy provide better representation and more freedom for their citizens than others . However , if any democracy is not structured so as to prohibit the government from excluding the people from the legislative process , or any branch of government from altering the separation of powers in its own favour , then a branch of the system can accumulate too much power and destroy the democracy . World 's states coloured by form of government Full presidential republics Semi-presidential republics Parliamentary republics with an executive president dependent on the legislature Parliamentary republics Parliamentary constitutional monarchies Constitutional monarchies which have a separate head of government but where royalty still hold significant executive and / or legislative power Absolute monarchies One - party states Countries where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended ( e.g. military dictatorships ) Countries which do not fit any of the above systems This map was compiled according to the Wikipedia list of countries by system of government . See there for sources . Several states constitutionally deemed to be multiparty republics are broadly described by outsiders as authoritarian states . This map presents only the de jure form of government , and not the de facto degree of democracy . The following kinds of democracy are not exclusive of one another : many specify details of aspects that are independent of one another and can co-exist in a single system . Basic forms ( edit ) Several variants of democracy exist , but there are two basic forms , both of which concern how the whole body of all eligible citizens executes its will . One form of democracy is direct democracy , in which all eligible citizens have active participation in the political decision making , for example voting on policy initiatives directly . In most modern democracies , the whole body of eligible citizens remain the sovereign power but political power is exercised indirectly through elected representatives ; this is called a representative democracy . Direct ( edit ) A Landsgemeinde ( in 2009 ) of the Canton of Glarus , an example of direct democracy in Switzerland In Switzerland , without needing to register , every citizen receives ballot papers and information brochures for each vote ( and can send it back by post ) . Switzerland has a direct democracy system and votes are organised about four times a year . Main article : Direct democracy Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision - making personally , contrary to relying on intermediaries or representatives . The use of a lot system , a characteristic of Athenian democracy , is unique to direct democracies . In this system , important governmental and administrative tasks are performed by citizens picked from a lottery . A direct democracy gives the voting population the power to : Change constitutional laws , Put forth initiatives , referendums and suggestions for laws , Give binding orders to elective officials , such as revoking them before the end of their elected term , or initiating a lawsuit for breaking a campaign promise . Within modern - day representative governments , certain electoral tools like referendums , citizens ' initiatives and recall elections are referred to as forms of direct democracy . Direct democracy as a government system currently exists in the Swiss cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus , and Kurdish cantons of Rojava . Representative ( edit ) Main article : Representative democracy Representative democracy involves the election of government officials by the people being represented . If the head of state is also democratically elected then it is called a democratic republic . The most common mechanisms involve election of the candidate with a majority or a plurality of the votes . Most western countries have representative systems . Representatives may be elected or become diplomatic representatives by a particular district ( or constituency ) , or represent the entire electorate through proportional systems , with some using a combination of the two . Some representative democracies also incorporate elements of direct democracy , such as referendums . A characteristic of representative democracy is that while the representatives are elected by the people to act in the people 's interest , they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgement as how best to do so . Such reasons have driven criticism upon representative democracy , pointing out the contradictions of representation mechanisms with democracy Parliamentary ( edit ) Main article : Parliamentary system Parliamentary democracy is a representative democracy where government is appointed by , or can be dismissed by , representatives as opposed to a `` presidential rule '' wherein the president is both head of state and the head of government and is elected by the voters . Under a parliamentary democracy , government is exercised by delegation to an executive ministry and subject to ongoing review , checks and balances by the legislative parliament elected by the people . Parliamentary systems have the right to dismiss a Prime Minister at any point in time that they feel he or she is not doing their job to the expectations of the legislature . This is done through a Vote of No Confidence where the legislature decides whether or not to remove the Prime Minister from office by a majority support for his or her dismissal . In some countries , the Prime Minister can also call an election whenever he or she so chooses , and typically the Prime Minister will hold an election when he or she knows that they are in good favour with the public as to get re-elected . In other parliamentary democracies extra elections are virtually never held , a minority government being preferred until the next ordinary elections . An important feature of the parliamentary democracy is the concept of the `` loyal opposition '' . The essence of the concept is that the second largest political party ( or coalition ) opposes the governing party ( or coalition ) , while still remaining loyal to the state and its democratic principles . Presidential ( edit ) Main article : Presidential system Presidential Democracy is a system where the public elects the president through free and fair elections . The president serves as both the head of state and head of government controlling most of the executive powers . The president serves for a specific term and can not exceed that amount of time . Elections typically have a fixed date and are n't easily changed . The president has direct control over the cabinet , specifically appointing the cabinet members . The president can not be easily removed from office by the legislature , but he or she can not remove members of the legislative branch any more easily . This provides some measure of separation of powers . In consequence however , the president and the legislature may end up in the control of separate parties , allowing one to block the other and thereby interfere with the orderly operation of the state . This may be the reason why presidential democracy is not very common outside the Americas , Africa , and Central and Southeast Asia . A semi-presidential system is a system of democracy in which the government includes both a prime minister and a president . The particular powers held by the prime minister and president vary by country . Hybrid or semi-direct ( edit ) See also : Politics of Switzerland and Voting in Switzerland Some modern democracies that are predominantly representative in nature also heavily rely upon forms of political action that are directly democratic . These democracies , which combine elements of representative democracy and direct democracy , are termed hybrid democracies , semi-direct democracies or participatory democracies . Examples include Switzerland and some U.S. states , where frequent use is made of referendums and initiatives . The Swiss confederation is a semi-direct democracy . At the federal level , citizens can propose changes to the constitution ( federal popular initiative ) or ask for a referendum to be held on any law voted by the parliament . Between January 1995 and June 2005 , Swiss citizens voted 31 times , to answer 103 questions ( during the same period , French citizens participated in only two referendums ) . Although in the past 120 years less than 250 initiatives have been put to referendum . The populace has been conservative , approving only about 10 % of the initiatives put before them ; in addition , they have often opted for a version of the initiative rewritten by government . In the United States , no mechanisms of direct democracy exists at the federal level , but over half of the states and many localities provide for citizen - sponsored ballot initiatives ( also called `` ballot measures '' , `` ballot questions '' or `` propositions '' ) , and the vast majority of states allow for referendums . Examples include the extensive use of referendums in the US state of California , which is a state that has more than 20 million voters . In New England , Town meetings are often used , especially in rural areas , to manage local government . This creates a hybrid form of government , with a local direct democracy and a state government which is representative . For example , most Vermont towns hold annual town meetings in March in which town officers are elected , budgets for the town and schools are voted on , and citizens have the opportunity to speak and be heard on political matters . Variants ( edit ) Constitutional monarchy ( edit ) Main article : Constitutional monarchy Queen Elizabeth II , a constitutional monarch Many countries such as the United Kingdom , Spain , the Netherlands , Belgium , Scandinavian countries , Thailand , Japan and Bhutan turned powerful monarchs into constitutional monarchs with limited or , often gradually , merely symbolic roles . For example , in the predecessor states to the United Kingdom , constitutional monarchy began to emerge and has continued uninterrupted since the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights 1689 . In other countries , the monarchy was abolished along with the aristocratic system ( as in France , China , Russia , Germany , Austria , Hungary , Italy , Greece and Egypt ) . An elected president , with or without significant powers , became the head of state in these countries . Elite upper houses of legislatures , which often had lifetime or hereditary tenure , were common in many nations . Over time , these either had their powers limited ( as with the British House of Lords ) or else became elective and remained powerful ( as with the Australian Senate ) . Republic ( edit ) Main article : Republicanism The term republic has many different meanings , but today often refers to a representative democracy with an elected head of state , such as a president , serving for a limited term , in contrast to states with a hereditary monarch as a head of state , even if these states also are representative democracies with an elected or appointed head of government such as a prime minister . The Founding Fathers of the United States rarely praised and often criticised democracy , which in their time tended to specifically mean direct democracy , often without the protection of a constitution enshrining basic rights ; James Madison argued , especially in The Federalist No. 10 , that what distinguished a direct democracy from a republic was that the former became weaker as it got larger and suffered more violently from the effects of faction , whereas a republic could get stronger as it got larger and combats faction by its very structure . What was critical to American values , John Adams insisted , was that the government be `` bound by fixed laws , which the people have a voice in making , and a right to defend . '' As Benjamin Franklin was exiting after writing the U.S. constitution , a woman asked him `` Well , Doctor , what have we got -- a republic or a monarchy ? '' . He replied `` A republic -- if you can keep it . '' Liberal democracy ( edit ) Main article : Liberal democracy A liberal democracy is a representative democracy in which the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision - making power is subject to the rule of law , and moderated by a constitution or laws that emphasise the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals , and which places constraints on the leaders and on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of minorities ( see civil liberties ) . In a liberal democracy , it is possible for some large - scale decisions to emerge from the many individual decisions that citizens are free to make . In other words , citizens can `` vote with their feet '' or `` vote with their dollars '' , resulting in significant informal government - by - the - masses that exercises many `` powers '' associated with formal government elsewhere . Socialist ( edit ) See also : Democracy in Marxism Socialist thought has several different views on democracy . Social democracy , democratic socialism , and the dictatorship of the proletariat ( usually exercised through Soviet democracy ) are some examples . Many democratic socialists and social democrats believe in a form of participatory , industrial , economic and / or workplace democracy combined with a representative democracy . Within Marxist orthodoxy there is a hostility to what is commonly called `` liberal democracy '' , which they simply refer to as parliamentary democracy because of its often centralised nature . Because of their desire to eliminate the political elitism they see in capitalism , Marxists , Leninists and Trotskyists believe in direct democracy implemented through a system of communes ( which are sometimes called soviets ) . This system ultimately manifests itself as council democracy and begins with workplace democracy . ( See Democracy in Marxism . ) Democracy can not consist solely of elections that are nearly always fictitious and managed by rich landowners and professional politicians . -- Che Guevara , Speech , Uruguay , 1961 Anarchist ( edit ) Anarchists are split in this domain , depending on whether they believe that a majority - rule is tyrannic or not . The only form of democracy considered acceptable to many anarchists is direct democracy . Pierre - Joseph Proudhon argued that the only acceptable form of direct democracy is one in which it is recognised that majority decisions are not binding on the minority , even when unanimous . However , anarcho - communist Murray Bookchin criticised individualist anarchists for opposing democracy , and says `` majority rule '' is consistent with anarchism . Some anarcho - communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy , feeling that it can impede individual liberty and opt in favour of a non-majoritarian form of consensus democracy , similar to Proudhon 's position on direct democracy . Henry David Thoreau , who did not self - identify as an anarchist but argued for `` a better government '' and is cited as an inspiration by some anarchists , argued that people should not be in the position of ruling others or being ruled when there is no consent . Sortition ( edit ) Main article : Sortition Sometimes called `` democracy without elections '' , sortition chooses decision makers via a random process . The intention is that those chosen will be representative of the opinions and interests of the people at large , and be more fair and impartial than an elected official . The technique was in widespread use in Athenian Democracy and Renaissance Florence and is still used in modern jury selection . Consociational ( edit ) Main article : Consociational democracy A consociational democracy allows for simultaneous majority votes in two or more ethno - religious constituencies , and policies are enacted only if they gain majority support from both or all of them . Consensus democracy ( edit ) Main article : Consensus democracy A consensus democracy , in contrast , would not be dichotomous . Instead , decisions would be based on a multi-option approach , and policies would be enacted if they gained sufficient support , either in a purely verbal agreement , or via a consensus vote -- a multi-option preference vote . If the threshold of support were at a sufficiently high level , minorities would be as it were protected automatically . Furthermore , any voting would be ethno - colour blind . Supranational ( edit ) Qualified majority voting is designed by the Treaty of Rome to be the principal method of reaching decisions in the European Council of Ministers . This system allocates votes to member states in part according to their population , but heavily weighted in favour of the smaller states . This might be seen as a form of representative democracy , but representatives to the Council might be appointed rather than directly elected . Inclusive ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . 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Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Main article : Inclusive democracy Inclusive democracy is a political theory and political project that aims for direct democracy in all fields of social life : political democracy in the form of face - to - face assemblies which are confederated , economic democracy in a stateless , moneyless and marketless economy , democracy in the social realm , i.e. self - management in places of work and education , and ecological democracy which aims to reintegrate society and nature . The theoretical project of inclusive democracy emerged from the work of political philosopher Takis Fotopoulos in `` Towards An Inclusive Democracy '' and was further developed in the journal Democracy & Nature and its successor The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy . The basic unit of decision making in an inclusive democracy is the demotic assembly , i.e. the assembly of demos , the citizen body in a given geographical area which may encompass a town and the surrounding villages , or even neighbourhoods of large cities . An inclusive democracy today can only take the form of a confederal democracy that is based on a network of administrative councils whose members or delegates are elected from popular face - to - face democratic assemblies in the various demoi . Thus , their role is purely administrative and practical , not one of policy - making like that of representatives in representative democracy . The citizen body is advised by experts but it is the citizen body which functions as the ultimate decision - taker . Authority can be delegated to a segment of the citizen body to carry out specific duties , for example to serve as members of popular courts , or of regional and confederal councils . Such delegation is made , in principle , by lot , on a rotation basis , and is always recallable by the citizen body . Delegates to regional and confederal bodies should have specific mandates . Participatory Politics ( edit ) Main article : Participatory politics A Parpolity or Participatory Polity is a theoretical form of democracy that is ruled by a Nested Council structure . The guiding philosophy is that people should have decision making power in proportion to how much they are affected by the decision . Local councils of 25 -- 50 people are completely autonomous on issues that affect only them , and these councils send delegates to higher level councils who are again autonomous regarding issues that affect only the population affected by that council . A council court of randomly chosen citizens serves as a check on the tyranny of the majority , and rules on which body gets to vote on which issue . Delegates may vote differently from how their sending council might wish , but are mandated to communicate the wishes of their sending council . Delegates are recallable at any time . Referendums are possible at any time via votes of most lower - level councils , however , not everything is a referendum as this is most likely a waste of time . A parpolity is meant to work in tandem with a participatory economy . Cosmopolitan ( edit ) Main article : Cosmopolitan democracy Cosmopolitan democracy , also known as Global democracy or World Federalism , is a political system in which democracy is implemented on a global scale , either directly or through representatives . An important justification for this kind of system is that the decisions made in national or regional democracies often affect people outside the constituency who , by definition , can not vote . By contrast , in a cosmopolitan democracy , the people who are affected by decisions also have a say in them . According to its supporters , any attempt to solve global problems is undemocratic without some form of cosmopolitan democracy . The general principle of cosmopolitan democracy is to expand some or all of the values and norms of democracy , including the rule of law ; the non-violent resolution of conflicts ; and equality among citizens , beyond the limits of the state . To be fully implemented , this would require reforming existing international organisations , e.g. the United Nations , as well as the creation of new institutions such as a World Parliament , which ideally would enhance public control over , and accountability in , international politics . Cosmopolitan Democracy has been promoted , among others , by physicist Albert Einstein , writer Kurt Vonnegut , columnist George Monbiot , and professors David Held and Daniele Archibugi . The creation of the International Criminal Court in 2003 was seen as a major step forward by many supporters of this type of cosmopolitan democracy . Creative democracy ( edit ) Main article : Creative democracy Creative Democracy is advocated by American philosopher John Dewey . The main idea about Creative Democracy is that democracy encourages individual capacity building and the interaction among the society . Dewey argues that democracy is a way of life in his work of `` Creative Democracy : The Task Before Us '' and an experience built on faith in human nature , faith in human beings , and faith in working with others . Democracy , in Dewey 's view , is a moral ideal requiring actual effort and work by people ; it is not an institutional concept that exists outside of ourselves . `` The task of democracy '' , Dewey concludes , `` is forever that of creation of a freer and more humane experience in which all share and to which all contribute '' . Guided democracy ( edit ) Main article : Guided democracy Guided democracy is a form of democracy which incorporates regular popular elections , but which often carefully `` guides '' the choices offered to the electorate in a manner which may reduce the ability of the electorate to truly determine the type of government exercised over them . Such democracies typically have only one central authority which is often not subject to meaningful public review by any other governmental authority . Russian - style democracy has often been referred to as a `` Guided democracy . '' Russian politicians have referred to their government as having only one center of power / authority , as opposed to most other forms of democracy which usually attempt to incorporate two or more naturally competing sources of authority within the same government . Non-governmental democracy ( edit ) Aside from the public sphere , similar democratic principles and mechanisms of voting and representation have been used to govern other kinds of groups . Many non-governmental organisations decide policy and leadership by voting . Most trade unions and cooperatives are governed by democratic elections . Corporations are controlled by shareholders on the principle of one share , one vote . An analogous system , that fuses elements of democracy with sharia law , has been termed islamocracy . Theory ( edit ) A marble statue of Aristotle Aristotle ( edit ) Aristotle contrasted rule by the many ( democracy / polity ) , with rule by the few ( oligarchy / aristocracy ) , and with rule by a single person ( tyranny or today autocracy / absolute monarchy ) . He also thought that there was a good and a bad variant of each system ( he considered democracy to be the degenerate counterpart to polity ) . For Aristotle the underlying principle of democracy is freedom , since only in a democracy the citizens can have a share in freedom . In essence , he argues that this is what every democracy should make its aim . There are two main aspects of freedom : being ruled and ruling in turn , since everyone is equal according to number , not merit , and to be able to live as one pleases . But one factor of liberty is to govern and be governed in turn ; for the popular principle of justice is to have equality according to number , not worth , ... And one is for a man to live as he likes ; for they say that this is the function of liberty , inasmuch as to live not as one likes is the life of a man that is a slave . -- Aristotle , Politics 1317b ( Book 6 , Part II ) Early Republican theory ( edit ) A common view among early and renaissance Republican theorists was that democracy could only survive in small political communities . Heeding the lessons of the Roman Republic 's shift to monarchism as it grew larger , these Republican theorists held that the expansion of territory and population inevitably led to tyranny . Democracy was therefore highly fragile and rare historically , as it could only survive in small political units , which due to their size were vulnerable to conquest by larger political units . Montesquieu famously said , `` if a republic is small , it is destroyed by an outside force ; if it is large , it is destroyed by an internal vice . '' Rousseau asserted , `` It is , therefore the natural property of small states to be governed as a republic , of middling ones to be subject to a monarch , and of large empires to be swayed by a despotic prince . '' Rationale ( edit ) Among modern political theorists , there are three contending conceptions of the fundamental rationale for democracy : aggregative democracy , deliberative democracy , and radical democracy . Aggregative ( edit ) The theory of aggregative democracy claims that the aim of the democratic processes is to solicit citizens ' preferences and aggregate them together to determine what social policies society should adopt . Therefore , proponents of this view hold that democratic participation should primarily focus on voting , where the policy with the most votes gets implemented . Different variants of aggregative democracy exist . Under minimalism , democracy is a system of government in which citizens have given teams of political leaders the right to rule in periodic elections . According to this minimalist conception , citizens can not and should not `` rule '' because , for example , on most issues , most of the time , they have no clear views or their views are not well - founded . Joseph Schumpeter articulated this view most famously in his book Capitalism , Socialism , and Democracy . Contemporary proponents of minimalism include William H. Riker , Adam Przeworski , Richard Posner . According to the theory of direct democracy , on the other hand , citizens should vote directly , not through their representatives , on legislative proposals . Proponents of direct democracy offer varied reasons to support this view . Political activity can be valuable in itself , it socialises and educates citizens , and popular participation can check powerful elites . Most importantly , citizens do not really rule themselves unless they directly decide laws and policies . Governments will tend to produce laws and policies that are close to the views of the median voter -- with half to their left and the other half to their right . This is not actually a desirable outcome as it represents the action of self - interested and somewhat unaccountable political elites competing for votes . Anthony Downs suggests that ideological political parties are necessary to act as a mediating broker between individual and governments . Downs laid out this view in his 1957 book An Economic Theory of Democracy . Robert A. Dahl argues that the fundamental democratic principle is that , when it comes to binding collective decisions , each person in a political community is entitled to have his / her interests be given equal consideration ( not necessarily that all people are equally satisfied by the collective decision ) . He uses the term polyarchy to refer to societies in which there exists a certain set of institutions and procedures which are perceived as leading to such democracy . First and foremost among these institutions is the regular occurrence of free and open elections which are used to select representatives who then manage all or most of the public policy of the society . However , these polyarchic procedures may not create a full democracy if , for example , poverty prevents political participation . Similarly , Ronald Dworkin argues that `` democracy is a substantive , not a merely procedural , ideal . '' Deliberative ( edit ) Deliberative democracy is based on the notion that democracy is government by deliberation . Unlike aggregative democracy , deliberative democracy holds that , for a democratic decision to be legitimate , it must be preceded by authentic deliberation , not merely the aggregation of preferences that occurs in voting . Authentic deliberation is deliberation among decision - makers that is free from distortions of unequal political power , such as power a decision - maker obtained through economic wealth or the support of interest groups . If the decision - makers can not reach consensus after authentically deliberating on a proposal , then they vote on the proposal using a form of majority rule . Many theorists is discussing the conception of Debliberative Democracy , considering specially the thought of Jürgen Habermas . Radical ( edit ) Radical democracy is based on the idea that there are hierarchical and oppressive power relations that exist in society . Democracy 's role is to make visible and challenge those relations by allowing for difference , dissent and antagonisms in decision making processes . Criticism ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of democracy Protests Inefficiencies ( edit ) Some economists have criticized the efficiency of democracy , citing the premise of the irrational voter , or a voter who makes decisions without all of the facts or necessary information in order to make a truly informed decision . Another argument is that democracy slows down processes because of the amount of input and participation needed in order to go forward with a decision . A common example often quoted to substantiate this point is the high economic development achieved by China ( a non-democratic country ) as compared to India ( a democratic country ) . According to economists , the lack of democratic participation in countries like China allows for unfettered economic growth . On the other hand , Socrates was of the belief that democracy without educated masses ( educated in the more broader sense of being knowledgeable and responsible ) would only lead to populism being the criteria to become an elected leader , and not competence . This would ultimately lead to a demise of the nation . This was quoted by Plato in book 10 of The Republic , in Socrates ' conversation with Adimantus . Socrates was of the opinion that the right to vote must not be an indiscriminate right ( for example by birth or citizenship ) , but must be given only to people who thought sufficiently of their choice . Popular rule as a façade ( edit ) The 20th - century Italian thinkers Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca ( independently ) argued that democracy was illusory , and served only to mask the reality of elite rule . Indeed , they argued that elite oligarchy is the unbendable law of human nature , due largely to the apathy and division of the masses ( as opposed to the drive , initiative and unity of the elites ) , and that democratic institutions would do no more than shift the exercise of power from oppression to manipulation . As Louis Brandeis once professed , `` We may have democracy , or we may have wealth concentrated in the hands of a few , but we ca n't have both . '' Mob rule ( edit ) Plato 's The Republic presents a critical view of democracy through the narration of Socrates : `` Democracy , which is a charming form of government , full of variety and disorder , and dispensing a sort of equality to equals and unequaled alike . '' In his work , Plato lists 5 forms of government from best to worst . Assuming that the Republic was intended to be a serious critique of the political thought in Athens , Plato argues that only Kallipolis , an aristocracy led by the unwilling philosopher - kings ( the wisest men ) , is a just form of government . James Madison critiqued direct democracy ( which he referred to simply as `` democracy '' ) in Federalist No. 10 , arguing that representative democracy -- which he described using the term `` republic '' -- is a preferable form of government , saying : `` ... democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention ; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property ; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths . '' Madison offered that republics were superior to democracies because republics safeguarded against tyranny of the majority , stating in Federalist No. 10 : `` the same advantage which a republic has over a democracy , in controlling the effects of faction , is enjoyed by a large over a small republic '' . Political instability ( edit ) More recently , democracy is criticised for not offering enough political stability . As governments are frequently elected on and off there tends to be frequent changes in the policies of democratic countries both domestically and internationally . Even if a political party maintains power , vociferous , headline grabbing protests and harsh criticism from the popular media are often enough to force sudden , unexpected political change . Frequent policy changes with regard to business and immigration are likely to deter investment and so hinder economic growth . For this reason , many people have put forward the idea that democracy is undesirable for a developing country in which economic growth and the reduction of poverty are top priorities . This opportunist alliance not only has the handicap of having to cater to too many ideologically opposing factions , but it is usually short lived since any perceived or actual imbalance in the treatment of coalition partners , or changes to leadership in the coalition partners themselves , can very easily result in the coalition partner withdrawing its support from the government . Biased media has been accused of causing political instability , resulting in the obstruction of democracy , rather than its promotion . Fraudulent elections ( edit ) In representative democracies , it may not benefit incumbents to conduct fair elections . A study showed that incumbents who rig elections stay in office 2.5 times as long as those who permit fair elections . Democracies in countries with high per capita income have been found to be less prone to violence , but in countries with low incomes the tendency is the reverse . Election misconduct is more likely in countries with low per capita incomes , small populations , rich in natural resources , and a lack of institutional checks and balances . Sub-Saharan countries , as well as Afghanistan , all tend to fall into that category . Governments that have frequent elections tend to have significantly more stable economic policies than those governments who have infrequent elections . However , this trend does not apply to governments where fraudulent elections are common . Opposition ( edit ) Main article : Anti-democratic thought Democracy in modern times has almost always faced opposition from the previously existing government , and many times it has faced opposition from social elites . The implementation of a democratic government within a non-democratic state is typically brought about by democratic revolution . Post-Enlightenment ideologies such as fascism , nazism , communism and neo-fundamentalism oppose democracy on different grounds , generally citing that the concept of democracy as a constant process is flawed and detrimental to a preferable course of development . Development ( edit ) Main article : Democratization Several philosophers and researchers have outlined historical and social factors seen as supporting the evolution of democracy . Cultural factors like Protestantism influenced the development of democracy , rule of law , human rights and political liberty ( the faithful elected priests , religious freedom and tolerance has been practiced ) . Other commentators have mentioned the influence of wealth ( e.g. S.M. Lipset , 1959 ) . In a related theory , Ronald Inglehart suggests that improved living - standards can convince people that they can take their basic survival for granted , leading to increased emphasis on self - expression values , which is highly correlated to democracy . Carroll Quigley concludes that the characteristics of weapons are the main predictor of democracy : Democracy tends to emerge only when the best weapons available are easy for individuals to buy and use . By the 1800s , guns were the best personal weapons available , and in America , almost everyone could afford to buy a gun , and could learn how to use it fairly easily . Governments could n't do any better : it became the age of mass armies of citizen soldiers with guns Similarly , Periclean Greece was an age of the citizen soldier and democracy . Recent theories stress the relevance of education and of human capital -- and within them of cognitive ability to increasing tolerance , rationality , political literacy and participation . Two effects of education and cognitive ability are distinguished : a cognitive effect ( competence to make rational choices , better information - processing ) and an ethical effect ( support of democratic values , freedom , human rights etc . ) , which itself depends on intelligence . Evidence that is consistent with conventional theories of why democracy emerges and is sustained has been hard to come by . Recent statistical analyses have challenged modernisation theory by demonstrating that there is no reliable evidence for the claim that democracy is more likely to emerge when countries become wealthier , more educated , or less unequal . Neither is there convincing evidence that increased reliance on oil revenues prevents democratisation , despite a vast theoretical literature on `` the Resource Curse '' that asserts that oil revenues sever the link between citizen taxation and government accountability , seen as the key to representative democracy . The lack of evidence for these conventional theories of democratisation have led researchers to search for the `` deep '' determinants of contemporary political institutions , be they geographical or demographic . More inclusive institutions lead to democracy because as people gain more power , they are able to demand more from the elites , who in turn have to concede more things to keep their position . This virtuous circle , may end up in democracy . An example of this is the disease environment . Places with different mortality rates had different populations and productivity levels around the world . For example , in Africa , the Tsetse fly which is harmful to humans and livestock reduced the ability of the Africans to plow the land . This made Africa less settled . As a consequence , political power was less concentrated . This also affected the colonial institutions that where set in place by the European countries in Africa . If the colonial settlers could live or not in a place made them develop different institutions which led to different economic and social paths . This also affected the distribution of power and the collective actions people could take . As a result , some African countries ended up having democracies and others autocracies . Another example of geographical determinants for democracy is having access to coastal areas and rivers . This natural endowment has a positive relation with economic development thanks to the benefits of trade . Trade brought economic development , which in turn , broaden the power . If the ruler wanted to increase his revenues , he had to protect property rights to create incentives for people to invest . As more people had more power , more concessions had to be made by the ruler and in many places this process lead to democracy . These determinants defined the structur of the society moving the balance of political power . In the 21st century , democracy has become such a popular method of reaching decisions that its application beyond politics to other areas such as entertainment , food and fashion , consumerism , urban planning , education , art , literature , science and theology has been criticised as `` the reigning dogma of our time '' . The argument suggests that applying a populist or market - driven approach to art and literature ( for example ) , means that innovative creative work goes unpublished or unproduced . In education , the argument is that essential but more difficult studies are not undertaken . Science , as a truth - based discipline , is particularly corrupted by the idea that the correct conclusion can be arrived at by popular vote . However , more recently , theorists have also advanced the concept epistemic democracy to assert that democracy actually does a good job tracking the truth . Robert Michels asserts that although democracy can never be fully realised , democracy may be developed automatically in the act of striving for democracy : `` The peasant in the fable , when on his death - bed , tells his sons that a treasure is buried in the field . After the old man 's death the sons dig everywhere in order to discover the treasure . They do not find it . But their indefatigable labor improves the soil and secures for them a comparative well - being . The treasure in the fable may well symbolise democracy . '' Dr. Harald Wydra , in his book Communism and The Emergence of Democracy ( 2007 ) , maintains that the development of democracy should not be viewed as a purely procedural or as a static concept but rather as an ongoing `` process of meaning formation '' . Drawing on Claude Lefort 's idea of the empty place of power , that `` power emanates from the people ( ... ) but is the power of nobody '' , he remarks that democracy is reverence to a symbolic mythical authority as in reality , there is no such thing as the people or demos . Democratic political figures are not supreme rulers but rather temporary guardians of an empty place . Any claim to substance such as the collective good , the public interest or the will of the nation is subject to the competitive struggle and times of for gaining the authority of office and government . The essence of the democratic system is an empty place , void of real people which can only be temporarily filled and never be appropriated . The seat of power is there , but remains open to constant change . As such , what `` democracy '' is or what is `` democratic '' progresses throughout history as a continual and potentially never ending process of social construction . See also ( edit ) Politics portal Consent of the governed Constitutional liberalism Democracy Index Democracy Ranking Democratic peace theory E-democracy Empowered democracy Foucault -- Habermas debate Good governance Parliament in the Making Shadow government ( conspiracy ) Spatial Citizenship Statism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary : Democracy . Jump up ^ `` Democracy -- Definition of Democracy by Merriam - Webster '' . Jump up ^ Przeworski , Adam ( 1991 ) . Democracy and the Market . Cambridge University Press . pp. 10 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Diamond , L. , Lecture at Hilla University for Humanistic Studies January 21 , 2004 : `` What is Democracy '' ; Diamond , L. and Morlino , L. , The quality of democracy ( 2016 ) . In Diamond , L. , In Search of Democracy . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 78128 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wilson , N.G. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient Greece . New York : Routledge . p. 511 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97334 - 1 . Jump up ^ Barker , Ernest ( 1906 ) . The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle . Chapter VII , Section 2 : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Jump up ^ Jarvie , 2006 , pp. 218 -- 19 Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2017 - Economist Intelligence Unit '' ( PDF ) . EIU.com . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 22 August 2007 ) . `` Liberty and justice for some '' . The Economist . Economist Group . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Guillermo ( 2005 ) , `` Why the rule of law matters '' , in Diamond , Larry ; Morlino , Leonardo , Assessing the quality of democracy , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , pp. 3 -- 17 , ISBN 9780801882876 . Preview . Jump up ^ Dahl , Robert A. ; Shapiro , Ian ; Cheibub , José Antônio ( 2003 ) . The democracy sourcebook . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 9780262541473 . Details . Jump up ^ Hénaff , Marcel ; Strong , Tracy B. ( 2001 ) . Public space and democracy . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 9780816633883 . Jump up ^ Kimber , Richard ( September 1989 ) . `` On democracy '' . Scandinavian Political Studies . Wiley . 12 ( 3 ) : 201 , 199 -- 219 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9477.1989. tb00090. x . Full text . Jump up ^ Scruton , Roger ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` A Point of View : Is democracy overrated ? '' . BBC News . BBC . ^ Jump up to : Kopstein , Jeffrey ; Lichbach , Mark ; Hanson , Stephen E. , eds. ( 2014 ) . Comparative Politics : Interests , Identities , and Institutions in a Changing Global Order ( 4 , revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 37 -- 39 . ISBN 1139991388 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary sovereignty '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 18 August 2014 ; `` Independence '' . Courts and Tribunals Judiciary . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Daily Express News ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` All - party meet vows to uphold Parliament supremacy '' . The New Indian Express . Express Publications ( Madurai ) Limited . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Barak , Aharon ( 2006 ) , `` Protecting the constitution and democracy '' , in Barak , Aharon , The judge in a democracy , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press , p. 27 , ISBN 9780691120171 . Preview . Jump up ^ Kelsen , Hans ( October 1955 ) . `` Foundations of democracy '' . Ethics , special issue : Part 2 : Foundations of Democracy . Chicago Journals. 66 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 101 . doi : 10.1086 / 291036 . JSTOR 2378551 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Martha ( 2000 ) . Women and human development : the capabilities approach . Cambridge New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521003858 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Richard ; Samuels , David ( 2006 ) , `` Devaluing the vote in Latin America '' , in Diamond , Larry ; Plattner , Marc F. , Electoral systems and democracy , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 168 , ISBN 9780801884757 . Jump up ^ Montesquieu , Spirit of the Laws , Bk. II , ch. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Everdell , William R. ( 2000 ) ( 1983 ) . The end of kings : a history of republics and republicans ( 2nd ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226224824 . Jump up ^ `` Pericles ' Funeral Oration '' . the-athenaeum.org . Jump up ^ John Dunn , Democracy : the unfinished journey 508 BC -- 1993 AD , Oxford University Press , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 827934 - 5 Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Ober & Wallace 2007 , p. . Jump up ^ `` Democracy '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ R. Po - chia Hsia , Lynn Hunt , Thomas R. Martin , Barbara H. Rosenwein , and Bonnie G. Smith , The Making of the West , Peoples and Cultures , A Concise History , Volume I : To 1740 ( Boston and New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2007 ) , 44 . Jump up ^ Aristotle Book 6 Jump up ^ Grinin , Leonid E. ( 2004 ) . The Early State , Its Alternatives and Analogues . Uchitel ' Publishing House . Jump up ^ `` Women and Family in Athenian Law '' . www.stoa.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Susan Lape , Reproducing Athens : Menander 's Comedy , Democratic Culture , and the Hellenistic City , Princeton University Press , 2009 , p. 4 , ISBN 1400825911 Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Ober & Wallace 2007 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Ober & Hedrick 1996 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 2001 , pp. 194 -- 201 Jump up ^ `` Full historical description of the Spartan government '' . Rangevoting.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Terrence A. Boring , Literacy in Ancient Sparta , Leiden Netherlands ( 1979 ) . ISBN 90 - 04 - 05971 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Ancient Rome from the earliest times down to 476 A.D '' . Annourbis.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Watson 2005 , p. 285 Jump up ^ Livy 2002 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Watson 2005 , p. 271 Jump up ^ `` Constitution 1,000 years ago '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta : an introduction '' . The British Library . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Magna Carta is sometimes regarded as the foundation of democracy in England ... Revised versions of Magna Carta were issued by King Henry III ( in 1216 , 1217 and 1225 ) , and the text of the 1225 version was entered onto the statute roll in 1297 ... The 1225 version of Magna Carta had been granted explicitly in return for a payment of tax by the whole kingdom , and this paved the way for the first summons of Parliament in 1265 , to approve the granting of taxation . Jump up ^ `` Citizen or Subject ? '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17 . 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Jump up ^ `` Putney debates '' . The British Library . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britain 's unwritten constitution '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . The key landmark is the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown ... The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch 's prerogatives , providing for the regular meeting of Parliament , free elections to the Commons , free speech in parliamentary debates , and some basic human rights , most famously freedom from ' cruel or unusual punishment ' . Jump up ^ `` Constitutionalism : America & Beyond '' . Bureau of International Information Programs ( IIP ) , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . The earliest , and perhaps greatest , victory for liberalism was achieved in England . The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th , and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and , eventually , of the House of Commons . What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law ( although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism ) . This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages . What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced . Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects ... However , as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights , the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property ( in the narrow sense ) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth . The `` rights of man '' enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England , notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789 . Jump up ^ Tocqueville , Alexis de ( 2003 ) . Democracy in America . USA : Barnes & Noble . pp. 11 , 18 -- 19 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5230 - 3 . Jump up ^ Allen Weinstein and David Rubel ( 2002 ) , The Story of America : Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower , DK Publishing , Inc. , New York , N.Y. , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8903 - 1 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Clifton E. 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Themercury.co.za . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` A Citizen 's Guide To Vermont Town Meeting '' . July 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2012 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Republic -- Definition from the Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary '' . M-w.com. 2007 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Novanglus , no . 7 . 6 March 1775 Jump up ^ `` The Founders ' Constitution : Volume 1 , Chapter 18 , Introduction , `` Epilogue : Securing the Republic '' `` . Press-pubs.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Economics Cannot be Separated from Politics '' speech by Che Guevara to the ministerial meeting of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council ( CIES ) , in Punta del Este , Uruguay on August 8 , 1961 Jump up ^ Pierre - Joseph Proudhon . General Idea of the Revolution See also commentary by Graham , Robert . The General Idea of Proudhon 's Revolution Jump up ^ Bookchin , Murray . Communalism : The Democratic Dimensions of Social Anarchism . Anarchism , Marxism and the Future of the Left : Interviews and Essays , 1993 -- 1998 , AK Press 1999 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Bookchin , Murray . Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism : An Unbridgeable Chasm Jump up ^ Graeber , David and Grubacic , Andrej . Anarchism , Or The Revolutionary Movement Of The Twenty - first Century Jump up ^ Thoreau , H.D. On the Duty of Civil Disobedience Jump up ^ Dowlen , Oliver ( 2008 ) . The Political Potential of Sortition : A study of the random selection of citizens for public office . Imprint Academic . Jump up ^ `` Article on Cosmopolitan democracy by Daniele Archibugi '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` letter by Einstein -- `` To the General Assembly of the United Nations '' `` . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . , first published in United Nations World New York , Oct 1947 , pp13 - 14 Jump up ^ Daniele Archibugi & David Held , eds. , Cosmopolitan Democracy . An Agenda for a New World Order , Polity Press , Cambridge , 1995 ; David Held , Democracy and the Global Order , Polity Press , Cambridge , 1995 , Daniele Archibugi , The Global Commonwealth of Citizens . Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy , Princeton University Press , Princeton , 2008 Jump up ^ http://pages.uoregon.edu/koopman/courses_readings/dewey/dewey_creative_democracy.pdf Jump up ^ Ten Years After the Soviet Breakup : From Democratization to `` Guided Democracy '' Journal of Democracy . By Archie Brown . Oct. 2001 . Downloaded Apr. 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Putin 's Rule : Its Main Features and the Current Diarchy Johnson 's Russia List . By Peter Reddaway . Feb. 18 , 2009 . Downloaded April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tibi , Bassam ( 2013 ) . The Sharia State : Arab Spring and Democratization . p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` Aristotle , The Politics '' . Humanities.mq.edu.au . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Aristotle '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ^ Jump up to : `` Deudney , D. : Bounding Power : Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village . ( eBook and Paperback ) '' . press.princeton.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Springer , Simon ( 2011 ) . `` Public Space as Emancipation : Meditations on Anarchism , Radical Democracy , Neoliberalism and Violence '' . Antipode. 43 ( 2 ) : 525 -- 62 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8330.2010. 00827. x . Jump up ^ Joseph Schumpeter , ( 1950 ) . Capitalism , Socialism , and Democracy . Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 133008 - 6 . Jump up ^ Anthony Downs , ( 1957 ) . An Economic Theory of Democracy . Harpercollins College . ISBN 0 - 06 - 041750 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Robert , ( 1989 ) . Democracy and its Critics . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04938 - 2 Jump up ^ Dworkin , Ronald ( 2006 ) . Is Democracy Possible Here ? Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691138725 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Gutmann , Amy , and Dennis Thompson ( 2002 ) . Why Deliberative Democracy ? Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12019 - 5 Jump up ^ Joshua Cohen , `` Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy '' in Essays on Reason and Politics : Deliberative Democracy Ed . James Bohman and William Rehg ( The MIT Press : Cambridge ) 1997 , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Ethan J. `` Can Direct Democracy Be Made Deliberative ? '' , Buffalo Law Review , Vol. 54 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Is Democracy a Pre-Condition in Economic Growth ? A Perspective from the Rise of Modern China '' . UN Chronicle . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Conversation of Socrates , Plato ; H , Translated by Spens . The Republic of Plato - Book ten - A conversation between Socrates and Admimantus . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Femia , Joseph V. `` Against the Masses '' , Oxford 2001 Jump up ^ Dilliard , Iriving . `` Mr. Justice Brandeis , Great American '' , Modern View Press 1941 , p. 42 . Quoting Raymond Lonergan . See , http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009170443;seq=56;view=1up;num=42 Jump up ^ Plato , the Republic of Plato ( London : J.M Dent & Sons LTD. ; New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. Inc . ) , 558 - C . Jump up ^ The contrast between Plato 's theory of philosopher - kings , arresting change , and Aristotle 's embrace of change , is the historical tension espoused by Karl Raimund Popper in his WWII treatise , The Open Society and its Enemies ( 1943 ) . Jump up ^ `` Head to head : African democracy '' . BBC News . 2008 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Review of Policy Research , Volume 22 , Issues 1 -- 3 , Policy Studies Organization , Potomac Institute for Policy Studies . Blackwell Publishing , 2005 . p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Paul Collier ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) . `` 5 myths about the beauty of the ballot box '' . Washington Post . Washington Post . p . B2 . Jump up ^ Inglehart , Ronald . Welzel , Christian Modernisation , Cultural Change and Democracy : The Human Development Sequence , 2005 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Foreword , written by historian Harry J Hogan Archived 2013 - 09 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . in 1982 , to Quigley 's Weapons Systems and Political Stability Jump up ^ see also Chester G Starr , Review of Weapons Systems and Political Stability , American Historical Review , Feb 1984 , p98 , available at carrollquigley.net ^ Jump up to : Carroll Quigley ( 1983 ) . Weapons systems and political stability : a history . University Press of America . pp. 38 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 2947 - 5 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll Quigley ( 1983 ) . Weapons systems and political stability : a history . University Press of America . p. 307 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 2947 - 5 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Glaeser , E. ; Ponzetto , G. ; Shleifer , A. ( 2007 ) . `` Why does democracy need education ? '' . Journal of Economic Growth . 12 ( 2 ) : 77 -- 99 . doi : 10.1007 / s10887 - 007 - 9015 - 1 . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Deary , I.J. ; Batty , G.D. ; Gale , C.R. ( 2008 ) . `` Bright children become enlightened adults '' . Psychological Science . 19 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9280.2008. 02036. x . PMID 18181782 . Jump up ^ Rindermann , H ( 2008 ) . `` Relevance of education and intelligence for the political development of nations : Democracy , rule of law and political liberty '' . Intelligence . 36 ( 4 ) : 306 -- 22 . doi : 10.1016 / j. intell. 2007.09. 003 . Jump up ^ Albertus , Michael ; Menaldo , Victor ( 2012 ) . `` Coercive Capacity and the Prospects for Democratisation '' . Comparative Politics . 44 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 69 . doi : 10.5129 / 001041512798838003 . Jump up ^ `` The Resource Curse : Does the Emperor Have no Clothes ? '' . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Robinson , James A. ( 2006 ) . Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy . Cambridge Books , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85526 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Rainfall and Democracy '' . Jump up ^ Alsan , Marcella ( 2015 ) . `` The Effect of the TseTse Fly on African Development '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Review . 105 ( 1 ) : 382 -- 410 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 20130604 . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Johnson , Simon and Robinson , James ( 2005 ) . `` Institutions as a fundamental cause of long - run growth '' . Handbook of Economic Growth . 1 . pp. 385 -- 472 , Sections 1 to 4 . doi : 10.1016 / S1574 - 0684 ( 05 ) 01006 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mellinger , Andrew D. , Jeffrey Sachs , and John L. Gallup. ( 1999 ) . `` Climate , Water Navigability , and Economic Development '' . Working Paper . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Johnson , Simon and Robinson , James ( 2005 ) . `` Institutions as a fundamental cause of long - run growth '' . Handbook of Economic Growth . 1 . pp. 385 -- 472 , Sections 5 to 10 . doi : 10.1016 / S1574 - 0684 ( 05 ) 01006 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrelly , Elizabeth ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Deafened by the roar of the crowd '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Robert Michels ( 1999 ) ( 1962 by Crowell - Collier ) . Political Parties . Transaction Publishers . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 3116 - 1 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Harald Wydra , Communism and the Emergence of Democracy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2007 , pp. 22 -- 27 . Further reading ( edit ) This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Appleby , Joyce . ( 1992 ) . Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination . Harvard University Press . Archibugi , Daniele , The Global Commonwealth of Citizens . Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy , Princeton University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13490 - 1 Becker , Peter , Heideking , Juergen , & Henretta , James A. ( 2002 ) . Republicanism and Liberalism in America and the German States , 1750 -- 1850 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80066 - 2 Benhabib , Seyla. ( 1996 ) . Democracy and Difference : Contesting the Boundaries of the Political . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04478 - 1 Blattberg , Charles . ( 2000 ) . From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics : Putting Practice First , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829688 - 1 . Birch , Anthony H. ( 1993 ) . The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 41463 - 0 Bittar , Eduardo C.B. ( 2016 ) . `` Democracy , Justice and Human Rights : Studies of Critical Theory and Social Philosophy of Law '' . Saarbrücken : LAP , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 659 - 86065 - 2 Castiglione , Dario. ( 2005 ) . `` Republicanism and its Legacy . '' European Journal of Political Theory . pp 453 -- 65 . Copp , David , Jean Hampton , & John E. Roemer. ( 1993 ) . The Idea of Democracy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43254 - 2 Caputo , Nicholas . ( 2005 ) . America 's Bible of Democracy : Returning to the Constitution . SterlingHouse Publisher , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58501 - 092 - 9 Dahl , Robert A. ( 1991 ) . Democracy and its Critics . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 04938 - 1 Dahl , Robert A. ( 2000 ) . On Democracy . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08455 - 9 Dahl , Robert A. Ian Shapiro & Jose Antonio Cheibub. ( 2003 ) . The Democracy Sourcebook . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 54147 - 3 Dahl , Robert A. ( 1963 ) . A Preface to Democratic Theory . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 13426 - 0 Davenport , Christian . ( 2007 ) . State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86490 - 9 Diamond , Larry & Marc Plattner. ( 1996 ) . The Global Resurgence of Democracy . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5304 - 3 Diamond , Larry & Richard Gunther. ( 2001 ) . Political Parties and Democracy . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6863 - 4 Diamond , Larry & Leonardo Morlino. ( 2005 ) . Assessing the Quality of Democracy . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8287 - 6 Diamond , Larry , Marc F. Plattner & Philip J. Costopoulos. ( 2005 ) . World Religions and Democracy . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8080 - 3 Diamond , Larry , Marc F. Plattner & Daniel Brumberg. ( 2003 ) . Islam and Democracy in the Middle East . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7847 - 3 Elster , Jon . ( 1998 ) . Deliberative Democracy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59696 - 1 Emerson , Peter ( 2007 ) `` Designing an All - Inclusive Democracy . '' Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 33163 - 6 Emerson , Peter ( 2012 ) `` Defining Democracy . '' Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 20903 - 1 Everdell , William R. ( 2003 ) The End of Kings : A History of Republics and Republicans . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 22482 - 1 . Gabardi , Wayne . ( 2001 ) . Contemporary Models of Democracy . Polity . Gutmann , Amy , and Dennis Thompson . ( 1996 ) . Democracy and Disagreement . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 19766 - 4 Gutmann , Amy , and Dennis Thompson . ( 2002 ) . Why Deliberative Democracy ? Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12019 - 5 Haldane , Robert Burdone ( 1918 ) . The future of democracy . London : Headley Bros. Publishers Ltd . Halperin , M.H. , Siegle , J.T. & Weinstein , M.M. ( 2005 ) . The Democracy Advantage : How Democracies Promote Prosperity and Peace . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 95052 - 7 Hansen , Mogens Herman . ( 1991 ) . The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 18017 - 3 Held , David . ( 2006 ) . Models of Democracy . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5472 - 9 Inglehart , Ronald . ( 1997 ) . Modernisation and Postmodernisation . Cultural , Economic , and Political Change in 43 Societies . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01180 - 6 Isakhan , Ben and Stockwell , Stephen ( co-editors ) . ( 2011 ) The Secret History of Democracy . Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24421 - 4 Jarvie , I.C. ; Milford , K. ( 2006 ) . Karl Popper : Life and time , and values in a world of facts Volume 1 of Karl Popper : A Centenary Assessment , Karl Milford . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5375 - 2 . Khan , L. Ali . ( 2003 ) . A Theory of Universal Democracy : Beyond the End of History . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 2003 - 8 Köchler , Hans . ( 1987 ) . The Crisis of Representative Democracy . Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8204 - 8843 - 2 Lijphart , Arend. ( 1999 ) . Patterns of Democracy : Government Forms and Performance in Thirty - Six Countries . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 07893 - 0 Lipset , Seymour Martin . ( 1959 ) . `` Some Social Requisites of Democracy : Economic Development and Political Legitimacy '' . American Political Science Review . 53 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 105 . doi : 10.2307 / 1951731 . JSTOR 1951731 . Macpherson , C.B. ( 1977 ) . The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 289106 - 8 Morgan , Edmund. ( 1989 ) . Inventing the People : The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America . Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30623 - 1 Mosley , Ivo ( 2003 ) . Democracy , Fascism , and the New World Order . Imprint Academic . ISBN 0 907845 649 . Mosley , Ivo ( 2013 ) . In The Name Of The People . Imprint Academic . ISBN 9781845402624 . Ober , J. ; Hedrick , C.W. ( 1996 ) . Dēmokratia : a conversation on democracies , ancient and modern . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01108 - 7 . Plattner , Marc F. & Aleksander Smolar. ( 2000 ) . Globalisation , Power , and Democracy . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6568 - 8 Plattner , Marc F. & João Carlos Espada. ( 2000 ) . The Democratic Invention . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6419 - 3 Putnam , Robert . ( 2001 ) . Making Democracy Work . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 5 - 551 - 09103 - 5 Raaflaub , Kurt A. ; Ober , Josiah ; Wallace , Robert W ( 2007 ) . Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24562 - 4 . Riker , William H ... ( 1962 ) . The Theory of Political Coalitions . Yale University Press . Sen , Amartya K. ( 1999 ) . `` Democracy as a Universal Value '' . Journal of Democracy . 10 ( 3 ) : 3 -- 17 . doi : 10.1353 / jod. 1999.0055 . Tannsjo , Torbjorn. ( 2008 ) . Global Democracy : The Case for a World Government . Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 3499 - 6 . Argues that not only is world government necessary if we want to deal successfully with global problems it is also , pace Kant and Rawls , desirable in its own right . Thompson , Dennis ( 1970 ) . The Democratic Citizen : Social Science and Democratic Theory in the 20th Century . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 13173 - 5 Vinje , Victor Condorcet ( 2014 ) . The Versatile Farmers of the North ; The Struggle of Norwegian Yeomen for Economic Reforms and Political Power , 1750 -- 1814 . Nisus Publications . https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00HU4KHI4/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_dp_T1_u0ypzb4AM7QD3 Volk , Kyle G. ( 2014 ) . Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press . Weingast , Barry . ( 1997 ) . `` The Political Foundations of the Rule of Law and Democracy '' . American Political Science Review . 91 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 263 . doi : 10.2307 / 2952354 . JSTOR 2952354 . Weatherford , Jack . ( 1990 ) . Indian Givers : How the Indians Transformed the World . New York : Fawcett Columbine . ISBN 978 - 0 - 449 - 90496 - 1 Whitehead , Laurence . ( 2002 ) . Emerging Market Democracies : East Asia and Latin America . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7219 - 8 Willard , Charles Arthur . ( 1996 ) . Liberalism and the Problem of Knowledge : A New Rhetoric for Modern Democracy . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 89845 - 2 Wood , E.M. ( 1995 ) . Democracy Against Capitalism : Renewing historical materialism . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47682 - 9 Wood , Gordon S. ( 1991 ) . The Radicalism of the American Revolution . Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 73688 - 2 examines democratic dimensions of republicanism External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Democracy . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Democracy Look up democracy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Library resources about Democracy Resources in your library Democracy at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Dictionary of the History of Ideas : Democracy The Economist Intelligence Unit 's index of democracy Alexis de Tocqueville , Democracy in America Full hypertext with critical essays on America in 1831 -- 32 from American Studies at the University of Virginia Data visualizations of data on democratisation and list of data sources on political regimes on ' Our World in Data ' , by Max Roser . ( 1 ) MaxRange Classifying political regime type and democracy level to all states and months 1789 -- 2015 `` Democracy '' , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Melissa Lane , David Wootton and Tim Winter ( In Our Time , Oct. 18 , 2001 ) The Age of Enlightenment Topics Atheism Capitalism Civil liberties Counter-Enlightenment Critical thinking Deism Democracy Empiricism Encyclopédistes Enlightened absolutism Free markets Haskalah Humanism Human rights Liberalism Liberté , égalité , fraternité Methodological skepticism Nationalism Natural philosophy Objectivity Rationality Rationalism Reason Reductionism Sapere aude Science Scientific method Socialism Universality Weimar Classicism Thinkers France Jean le Rond d'Alembert Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Marquis de Condorcet Denis Diderot Claude Adrien Helvétius Baron d'Holbach Georges - Louis Leclerc Montesquieu François Quesnay Jean - Jacques Rousseau Marquis de Sade Voltaire Germany Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Georg Hamann Johann Gottfried von Herder Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi Immanuel Kant Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Moses Mendelssohn Friedrich Schiller Thomas Wizenmann Greece Neophytos Doukas Theoklitos Farmakidis Rigas Feraios Theophilos Kairis Adamantios Korais Ireland Robert Boyle Edmund Burke Italy Cesare Beccaria Gaetano Filangieri Antonio Genovesi Pietro Verri The Netherlands Spinoza Hugo Grotius Balthasar Bekker Bernard Nieuwentyt Frederik van Leenhof Christiaan Huygens Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Jan Swammerdam Poland Tadeusz Czacki Hugo Kołłątaj Stanisław Konarski Ignacy Krasicki Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz Stanisław August Poniatowski Jędrzej Śniadecki Stanisław Staszic Józef Wybicki Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Józef Andrzej Załuski Portugal Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo Russia Catherine II Spain Charles III Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro United Kingdom ( Scotland ) Francis Bacon Jeremy Bentham Joseph Black James Boswell Adam Ferguson Edward Gibbon Robert Hooke David Hume Francis Hutcheson Samuel Johnson John Locke Isaac Newton Thomas Reid Adam Smith Mary Wollstonecraft United States Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson James Madison George Mason Thomas Paine Social and political philosophy Pre-modern philosophers Aquinas Aristotle Averroes Augustine Chanakya Cicero Confucius Al - Ghazali Han Fei Laozi Marsilius Mencius Mozi Muhammad Plato Shang Socrates Sun Tzu Thucydides Modern philosophers Bakunin Bentham Bonald Bosanquet Burke Comte Emerson Engels Fourier Franklin Grotius Hegel Hobbes Hume Jefferson Kant Kierkegaard Le Bon Le Play Leibniz Locke Machiavelli Maistre Malebranche Marx Mill Montesquieu Möser Nietzsche Paine Renan Rousseau Royce Sade Smith Spencer Spinoza Stirner Taine Thoreau Tocqueville Vivekananda Voltaire 20th -- 21th - century Philosophers Ambedkar Arendt Aurobindo Aron Azurmendi Badiou Baudrillard Bauman Benoist Berlin Judith Butler Camus Chomsky De Beauvoir Debord Du Bois Durkheim Foucault Gandhi Gehlen Gentile Gramsci Habermas Hayek Heidegger Irigaray Kirk Kropotkin Lenin Luxemburg Mao Marcuse Maritain Michels Mises Negri Niebuhr Nozick Oakeshott Ortega Pareto Pettit Plamenatz Polanyi Popper Radhakrishnan Rand Rawls Rothbard Russell Santayana Sarkar Sartre Schmitt Searle Simonović Skinner Sombart Spann Spirito Strauss Sun Taylor Walzer Weber Žižek Social theories Ambedkarism Anarchism Authoritarianism Collectivism Communism Communitarianism Conflict theories Confucianism Consensus theory Conservatism Contractualism Cosmopolitanism Culturalism Fascism Feminist political theory Gandhism Individualism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Mohism National liberalism Republicanism Social constructionism Social constructivism Social Darwinism Social determinism Socialism Utilitarianism Vaisheshika Concepts Civil disobedience Democracy Four occupations Justice Law Mandate of Heaven Peace Property Revolution Rights Social contract Society War more ... 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You ca n't have your cake and eat it

you can't have your cake and eat it

You ca n't have your cake and eat it ( too ) is a popular English idiomatic proverb or figure of speech . The proverb literally means `` you can not simultaneously retain your cake and eat it '' . Once the cake is eaten , it is gone . It can be used to say that one can not or should not have or want more than one deserves or is reasonable , or that one can not or should not try to have two incompatible things . The proverb 's meaning is similar to the phrases `` you ca n't have it both ways '' and `` you ca n't have the best of both worlds . ''

Many people are confused by the meaning of `` have '' and `` eat '' in the order as used here , although still understand the proverb and its intent and use it in this form . Some people feel the above form of the proverb is incorrect and illogical and instead prefer : `` You ca n't eat your cake and ( then still ) have it too '' , which is in fact closer to the original form of the proverb ( see further explanations below ) but uncommon today . Another variant uses `` keep '' instead of `` have '' . Having to choose whether to have or eat your cake illustrates the concept of trade - offs or opportunity cost . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Literal meaning 3 Other languages 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The order of the clauses in the saying has been the subject of some debate , and was even used in forensic linguistics ( contributing to the identification and arrest of the so - called Unabomber ) . An early recording of the phrase is in a letter on 14 March 1538 from Thomas , Duke of Norfolk , to Thomas Cromwell , as `` a man can not have his cake and eat his cake '' . The phrase occurs with the clauses reversed in John Heywood 's `` A dialogue Conteinyng the Nomber in Effect of All the Prouerbes in the Englishe Tongue '' from 1546 , as `` wolde you bothe eate your cake , and have your cake ? '' . In John Davies ' `` Scourge of Folly '' of 1611 , the same order is used , as `` A man can not eat his cake and haue it stil . '' In Jonathan Swift 's 1738 farce `` Polite Conversation '' , the character Lady Answerall says `` she can not eat her cake and have her cake . '' The order was reversed again in a posthumous adaptation of `` Polite Conversation '' in 1749 , `` Tittle Tattle ; or , Taste A-la - Mode '' , as `` And she can not have her Cake and eat her Cake . '' From 1812 ( R.C. Knopf 's `` Document Transcriptions of War of 1812 '' ( 1959 ) VI. 204 ) is a modern - sounding recording of `` We can not have our cake and eat it too . '' According to the Google Ngram Viewer , the eat - first order was more common until about 1935 , since which time the have - first order has become much more popular . Literal meaning ( edit ) Paul Brians , Professor of English at Washington State University , points out that perhaps a more logical or easier to understand version of this saying is , `` You ca n't eat your cake and have it too . '' Professor Brians writes that a common source of confusion about this idiom stems from the verb to have which in this case indicates that once eaten , keeping possession of the cake is no longer possible , seeing that it is in your stomach ( and no longer exists as a cake ) . Alternatively , the two verbs can be understood to represent a sequence of actions , so one can indeed `` have '' one 's cake and then `` eat '' it . Consequently , the literal meaning of the reversed idiom does n't match the metaphorical meaning . The phrase can also have specialized meaning in academic contexts ; Classicist Katharina Volk of Columbia University has used the phrase to describe the development of poetic imagery in Latin didactic poetry , naming the principle behind the imagery 's adoption and application the `` have - one 's - cake - and - eat - it - too principle '' . In English , `` have '' can mean `` eat '' , as in `` Let 's have breakfast '' or `` I 'm having a sandwich '' . So the saying `` You ca n't have your cake and eat it too '' may mean that you ca n't eat the cake and then eat it again ; or less metaphorically , that what you want is unreasonable . This interpretation makes sense in both the `` have - eat '' and `` eat - have '' iterations of the idiom , and might explain why the earliest known iteration is `` have - eat '' . Other languages ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Various expressions are used to convey similar idioms in other languages : Albanian : Të hysh në ujë e të mos lagesh . -- To take a swim and not get wet . Bulgarian : Не може и вълкът да е сит , и агнето цяло . -- You ca n't have both the wolf fed , and the lamb intact . Bosnian : Ne možeš imati i jare i pare . -- You ca n't have both the lamb and the money . Simplified Chinese : 鱼 与 熊 掌 , 不可 兼 得. ; traditional Chinese : 魚 與 熊 掌 , 不可 兼 得 . -- You ca n't have both the fish and the bear 's paw . ( Bear 's paw is considered a delicacy in ancient China . ) Croatian : Ne možeš imati i ovce i novce -- You ca n't have both the sheep ( pl . ) and the money . Also , Vuk sit , ovce na broju -- The wolf is full , the sheep are all accounted for . Czech : Nejde sedět zadkem na dvou židlích -- You ca n't sit on two chairs at the same time . Danish : Man kan ikke både blæse og have mel i munden -- You can not both blow and have flour in your mouth . Or Danish : Man kan ikke få både i pose og ( i ) sæk - You ca n't get both in bag and ( in ) sack . Dutch : Je moet kiezen of delen -- You have to choose or divide . This is based on Dutch civil law where in a division of property one person divides the property in two parts and the other person chooses the part he likes most . French : Vouloir le beurre et l'argent du beurre -- to want the butter and the money from ( selling ) the butter . The idiom can be emphasized by adding et le sourire de la crémière ( `` and a smile from the ( female ) shopkeeper '' ) or , on its more familiar version , `` et le cul de la crémière '' ( `` and the ( female ) shopkeeper 's butt '' ) . German : Wasch mir den Pelz , aber mach mich nicht nass -- wash my fur but do n't get me wet . Also , Man kann nicht auf zwei Hochzeiten tanzen -- one can not dance at two weddings ( at the same time ) . Swiss German : Du chasch nit dr Füfer und s Weggli ha -- you ca n't have the five cent coin and a bread roll . Greek : Και την πίτα ολόκληρη και τον σκύλο χορτάτο -- you want the entire pie and the dog full . Gujarati : Gujarati : બે હાથમાં લાડુ હોવા - having Laddu in both your hands . Hebrew : אי אפשר לאכול את העוגה ולהשאיר אותה שלמה ‎ -- you ca n't eat the cake and keep it whole . Also , Hebrew : אי אפשר להחזיק את המקל משתי הקצוות ‎ - It is impossible to hold the stick from both ends . Hungarian : Olyan nincs , hogy a kecske is jóllakjon , és a káposzta is megmaradjon -- It is impossible that the goat has enough to eat and the cabbage remains as well . Also , Egy fenékkel nem lehet két lovat megülni -- It is impossible to ride two horses with one butt . ( The meaning is similar to the Romanian translation . ) Nem lehet egyszerre házaséletet is élni és szűznek is maradni . - It is not possible to go to the wedding bed and still remain a virgin . Icelandic : Það er ekki hægt að bæði halda og sleppa - You ca n't have and have not at the same time . Also : Bágt er að blása og hafa mjöl í munni . -- You can not both blow and have flour in your mouth . Italian : Volere la botte piena e la moglie ubriaca -- to want the barrel full and the wife drunk . Kannada : ಅಕ್ಕಿ ಮೇಲೆ ಆಸೆ , ನೆಂಟರ ಮೇಲೆ ಪ್ರೀತಿ -- Desire over rice , love over relatives . Korean : 두 마리 토끼 를 잡을 수 없다 -- You ca n't catch two rabbits ( at the same time ) . Malayalam : കക്ഷത്തിലുള്ളത് പോകാനും പാടില്ല ഉത്തരത്തിലുള്ളത് വേണം താനും ! -- You want both the one on the roof , and the one in your armpit . Nepali : दुवै हातमा लड्डु -- having laddu ( a sweet candy ) in both your hands . Norwegian : Man kan ikke få både i pose og sekk -- You ca n't get both in bag and sack . Papiamento : Skohe of lag'i skohe -- choose or let choose . Pashto : Dawara ghaaray ma wahaa ‎ -- You can not be on both sides . Persian : هم خدا را خواستن و هم خرما را ‎ -- wanting both God and the sugar - dates . Polish : Zjeść ciastko i mieć ciastko -- To eat the cookie and have the cookie . Portuguese : Querer ter sol na eira e chuva no nabal -- Wanting the sun to shine on the threshing floor , while it rains on the turnip field . Romanian : Nu poți împăca și capra și varza -- You ca n't reconcile the goat and the cabbage . Also , Și cu tigaia unsă și cu slănina în pod - To have the pan greased and the lard in the attic ( or the more vulgar version : Şi cu dânsa - ntr - însa , şi cu sufletu - n rai - To have ' it ' in ' it ' and the soul in heaven . ) Russian : И рыбку съесть , и в воду не лезть -- wanting to eat a fish without first catching it from the waters . Serbian : Не можеш да имаш и јаре и паре -- You ca n't have both goatling and money , and Не можеш сести с једним дупетом на две столице -- You ca n't sit on two chairs with one butt . Spanish : Querer estar en misa y en procesión -- wishing to be both at mass and in the procession , and estar en misa y repicando ( or estar en misa y tocar la campana -- to be both at mass and in the belfry , bell - ringing . ) Argentina : la chancha y los veinte -- the pig and the twenties . ( Comes from the old piggybanks for children that used to contain coins of 20 cents . The only way to get the coins was to break the piggybank open -- hence the phrase . This can be emphasized by adding y la máquina de hacer chorizos -- and the machine to make sausage . ) Swedish : Att äta kakan och ha den kvar - To eat the cookie and still have it . Tamil : மீசைக்கும் ஆசை கூழுக்கும் ஆசை -- desire to have both the moustache and to drink the soup . Turkish : Hem karnım doysun hem pastam dursun . -- I want my tummy full and still have a cake . Vietnamese : Được cái này mất cái kia . -- You gain one thing but lose the other . Welsh : Allwch chi mo'i chael hi bob ffordd . -- You ca n't have it all ways . Also , Allwch chi ddim cadw torth a'i bwyta hi - You ca n't keep a loaf and eat it . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of cake in English '' . Oxford Dictionaris . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ngram Viewer . Google . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ngram Viewer . Google . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , John R ( 2006 - 06 - 15 ) . John Stuart Mill 's Political Philosophy : Balancing Freedom and the Collective Good . p. 154 . ISBN 9781847143440 . Jump up ^ Fullbrook , Edward ( 2008 - 10 - 21 ) . Ontology and Economics : Tony Lawson and His Critics . p. 17 . ISBN 9780203888773 . Jump up ^ Suits , Daniel Burbidge ( 1973 ) . Principles of economics . p. 49 . ISBN 9780060465285 . Jump up ^ `` Language Log : Forensic linguistics , the Unabomber , and the etymological fallacy '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Letters and Papers , Foreign and Domestic , Henry VIII , Volume 13 Part 1 : January - July 1538 ( p. 189 ref. 504 ) . Institute of Historical Research ( `` Sponsor '' ) . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` cake '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Shapiro , Fred R ( 2006 ) . The Yale Book of Quotations . ISBN 9780300107982 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan ( 1841 ) . The Works of Jonathan Swift ... : Containing interesting and valuable papers . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Timothy Fribble ( Pseud . ) , Jonathan Swift ( 1749 ) . Tittle Tattle . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Have Your Cake and Eat It Too '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Eat / Have , Have / Eat Your Cake ! '' . ABLE Innovations Blog . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Speake , Jennifer ( 2008 ) . `` Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs . ISBN 9780199539536 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Graph at Google Ngram Viewer Jump up ^ Common Errors in English : Eat Cake . Washington State University . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Katharina Volk , The Poetics of Latin Didactic . Lucretius , Vergil , Ovid , Manilius . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` dict.org '' . Jump up ^ `` Redensarten-Index.de '' . Jump up ^ This is a euphemism for a common vulgar expression и рыбку съесть , и на хуй сесть first used by Alexander Pushkin in a private letter . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Bruce ; Jones , Dafydd Glyn ( 1995 ) . Geiriadur yr Academi : The Welsh Academy English -- Welsh Dictionary . Cardiff : University of Wales Press . p. 191 . ISBN 0708311865 . External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of have one 's cake and eat it too at Wiktionary Post at `` The Phrase Finder '' , quoting Wise Words and Wives ' Tales : The Origins , Meanings and Time - Honored Wisdom of Proverbs and Folk Sayings Olde and New and The Random House Dictionary of Popular Proverbs and Sayings . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_can%27t_have_your_cake_and_eat_it&oldid=834261843 '' Categories : English phrases English - language idioms Metaphors referring to food and drink Hidden categories : All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Albanian - language text Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Articles containing Bosnian - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Croatian - language text Articles containing Czech - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Gujarati - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Hungarian - language text Articles containing Icelandic - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Kannada - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Malayalam - language text Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing Papiamento - language text Articles containing Pashto - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Polish - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Romanian - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Serbian - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles containing Welsh - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 19 : 35 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20can%2527t%20have%20your%20cake%20and%20eat%20it

who was president of india during india's first nuclear test

Pokhran - II

pokhran - ii

Pokhran - II Operation Shakti A cylindrical shaped nuclear bomb , Shakti I , prior to its detonation . Information Country India Test site Pokhran Test Range , Rajasthan Period 11 -- 13 May 1998 Number of tests 5 Test type Underground tests Device type Fission / fusion Max . yield 43 -- 45 kilotons of TNT ( 180 -- 190 TJ ) tested Test chronology ← Pokhran - I ( Operation Smiling Buddha ) The Pokhran - II tests were a series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army 's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998 . It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted by India ; the first test , code - named Smiling Buddha , was conducted in May 1974 . Pokhran - II consisted of five detonations , the first of which was a fusion bomb while the remaining four were fission bombs . The tests were initiated on 11 May 1998 , under the assigned code name Operation Shakti , with the detonation of one fusion and two fission bombs . On 13 May 1998 , two additional fission devices were detonated , and the Indian government led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shortly convened a press conference to declare India a full - fledged nuclear state . The tests resulted in a variety of sanctions against India by a number of major states , including Japan and the United States . Many names have been assigned to these tests ; originally these were collectively called Operation Shakti -- 98 , and the five nuclear bombs were designated Shakti - I through to Shakti - V. More recently , the operation as a whole has come to be known as Pokhran II , and the 1974 explosion as Pokhran - I . Contents 1 India 's nuclear bomb project 1.1 Post-Smiling Buddha 2 Political momentum : 1988 -- 1998 2.1 1998 Indian general elections 2.2 Preparations for the test 3 Nuclear weapon designs and development 3.1 Development and test teams 3.2 Movement and logistics 3.3 Specifications and detonation 3.4 Announcement 4 Reactions to tests 4.1 Domestic reactions 4.2 International reactions 4.2. 1 United States 4.2. 2 Canada , Japan , and other countries 4.2. 3 China 4.2. 4 Pakistan 4.3 U.N. sanctions 4.3. 1 Effects on Indian economy 5 Legacy 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links India 's nuclear bomb project ( edit ) Efforts towards building the nuclear bomb , infrastructure , and research on related technologies have been undertaken by India since World War II . Origins of India 's nuclear program dates back to 1944 when nuclear physicist Homi Bhabha began persuading the Indian Congress towards the harnessing of nuclear energy -- a year later he established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ( TIFR ) . In 1950s , the preliminary studies were carried out at the BARC and plans were developed to produce plutonium and other bomb components . In 1962 , India and China engaged in the disputed northern front , and was further intimidated with Chinese nuclear test in 1964 . Direction towards militarisation of the nuclear program slowed down when Vikram Sarabhai became its head and little interest of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965 . After Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966 , the nuclear program was consolidated when physicist Raja Ramanna joined the efforts . Another nuclear test by China eventually led to India 's decision toward building nuclear weapons in 1967 and conducted its first nuclear test , Smiling Buddha , in 1974 . Post-smiling Buddha ( edit ) Responding to Smiling Buddha , the Nuclear Suppliers Group severely affected the India 's nuclear program . The world 's major nuclear powers imposed technological embargo on India and Pakistan , which was technologically racing to meet with India 's challenge . The nuclear program struggled for years to gain credibility and its progress crippled by the lack of indigenous resources and dependent on imported technology and technical assistance . At IAEA , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared that India 's nuclear program was not militarising despite authorising preliminary work on the hydrogen bomb design . As an aftermath of the state emergency in 1975 that resulted in the collapse of the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's government , the nuclear program was left with a vacuum of political leadership and even basic management . Work on the hydrogen bomb design continued under M. Srinivasan , a mechanical engineer , but progress was slow . The nuclear program received little attention from Prime Minister Morarji Desai who was renowned for his peace advocacy . In 1978 , Prime Minister Desai transferred physicist Ramanna to Indian MoD , and his government was not entirely without progress in nuclear program and had the program continue to grow at a desirable rate . Disturbing news came from Pakistan when the world discovered the Pakistan 's clandestine atomic bomb program . Contrary to India 's nuclear program , Pakistan 's atomic bomb program was akin to United States 's Manhattan Project , it was under military oversight with civilian scientists in charge of the scientific aspects of the program . The Pakistani atomic bomb program was well funded and organised by then ; India realised that Pakistan was likely to succeed in its project in matter of two years . In 1980 , the general elections marked the return of Indira Gandhi and the nuclear program began to gain momentum under Ramanna in 1981 . Requests for additional nuclear tests were continued to be denied by the government when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi saw Pakistan began exercising the brinkmanship , though the nuclear program continued to advance . Initiation towards hydrogen bomb began as well as the launch of the missile programme began under Late president Dr. Abdul Kalam , who was then an aerospace engineer . Political momentum : 1988 -- 1998 ( edit ) During the 1998 Indian general election , BJP 's Atal Bihari Vajpayee promised to carry out nuclear tests . In 1989 , the general elections witnessed the Janata Dal party led by V.P. Singh , forming the government . Prime Minister V.P. Singh down played the relations with the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto whose Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) won the general elections in 1988 . Foreign relations between India and Pakistan began to severely worsen when India began charging Pakistan of supporting the militancy in Jammu and Kashmir . During this time , the missile program succeeded in the development of the Prithvi missiles . Successive governments in India decided to observe this temporary moratorium for fear of inviting international criticism . The Indian public had been supportive towards the nuclear tests which ultimately led Prime Minister Narasimha Rao deciding to conduct further tests in 1995 . Plans were halted after American spy satellites picked up signs of preparations for nuclear testing at Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan . President Bill Clinton and his administration exerted enormous pressure on Prime Minister Narasimha Rao to stop the preparations . Responding to India , Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto issued harsh and severe statements against India on Pakistan 's news channels ; thus putting stress on the relations between two countries . Diplomatic tension escalated between two countries when Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto raised the Kashmir issue at the United Nations in 1995 . In a speech delivered by then - Speaker National Assembly Yousaf Raza Gillani , stressed the `` Kashmir issue '' as continue to endanger the peace and security in the region . The Indian delegation headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the United Nations , reiterated that the `` UN resolutions only call upon Pakistan -- the occupying force to vacate the `` Jammu and Kashmir Area . '' 1998 Indian general elections ( edit ) Main articles : Indian general election , 1998 ; Bharatiya Janata Party ; Indian economy ; and Indian politics The BJP , came to power in 1998 general elections with an exclusive public mandate . BJP 's political might had been growing steadily in strength over the past decade over several issues . In Pakistan , the similar conservative force , the PML ( N ) , was also in power with an exclusive mandate led by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif who defeated the leftist PPP led by Benazir Bhutto in general elections held in 1997 . During the BJP campaign , Atal Bihari Vajpayee indulged in grandstanding -- such as when he declared on 25 February that his government would `` take back that part of Kashmir that is under Pakistan 's control . '' Before this declaration , the BJP platform had clear intention to `` exercise the option to induct nuclear weapons '' and `` India should become an openly nuclear power to garner the respect on the world stage that India deserved . '' By 18 March 1998 , Vajpayee had publicly begun his lobbying for nuclear explosion and declared that `` there is no compromise on national security ; all options including the nuclear options will be exercised to protect security and sovereignty . '' Consultation began between Prime Minister Vajpayee , Dr. Abdul Kalam , R. Chidambaram and officials of the Indian DAE on nuclear options . Chidambaram briefed Prime Minister Vajpayee extensively on the nuclear program ; Abdul Kalam presented the status of the missile program . On 28 March 1998 , Prime Minister Vajpayee asked the scientists to make preparations in the shortest time possible , and preparations were hastily made . It was time of tense atmosphere when Pakistan , at a Conference on Disarmament , offered a peace rhetoric agreement with India for `` an equal and mutual restraint in conventional , missile and nuclear fields . '' Pakistan 's equation was later reemphasised on 6 April and the momentum in India for nuclear tests began to build up which strengthened Vajpayee 's position to order the tests . Preparations for the test ( edit ) Main articles : CIA activities in India , ISI activities in India , and Indo - US Relations The US Marine Intelligence maps showing the Indian test site , 1997 . Unlike Pakistan 's weapon -- testing laboratories , there was very little that India could do to hide its activity at Pokhran . Contrary to high - altitude granite mountains in Pakistan , the bushes are sparse and the dunes in the Rajasthan Desert do n't provide much cover from probing satellites . The Indian intelligence had been aware of United States spy satellites and the American CIA had been detecting Indian test preparations since 1995 ; therefore , the tests required complete secrecy in India and also needed to avoid detection by other countries . The 58th Engineer Regiment of Indian Army 's Corps of Engineers was commissioned to prepare the test sites without being probed by the United States spy satellites . The 58th Engineer 's commander Colonel Gopal Kaushik supervised the test preparations and ordered his `` staff officers take all measures to ensure total secrecy . '' Extensive planning was done by a very small group of scientists , senior military officers and senior politicians to ensure that the test preparations would remain secret , and even senior members of the Indian government did n't know what was going on . The chief scientific adviser and the Director of Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) , Dr. Abdul Kalam , and Dr. R. Chidambaram , the Director of the Department of Atomic Energy ( DAE ) , were the chief coordinators of this test planning . The scientists and engineers of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) , the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research ( AMDER ) , and the Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) were involved in the nuclear weapon assembly , layout , detonation and obtaining test data . A very small group of senior scientists were involved in the detonation process , all scientists were required to wear army uniforms to preserve the secrecy of the tests . Since 1995 , the 58th Engineer Regiment had learned to avoid satellite detection . Work was mostly done during night , and equipment was returned to the original place to give the impression that it was never moved . Bomb shafts were dug under camouflage netting and the dug - out sand was shaped like dunes . Cables for sensors were covered with sand and concealed using native vegetation . Scientists would not depart for Pokhran in groups of two or three . They travelled to destinations other than Pokhran under pseudonyms , and were then transported by the army . Technical staff at the test range wore military uniform , to prevent detection in satellite images . Nuclear weapon designs and development ( edit ) Development and test teams ( edit ) The main technical personnel involved in the operation were : Project Chief Coordinators Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( later , President of India ) , Scientific Adviser to the prime minister and Head of the DRDO . Dr. R. Chidambaram , Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Atomic energy . Defence Research & Development Organization ( DRDO ) Dr. K. Santhanam ; Director , Test Site Preparations . Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research Dr. G.R. Dikshitulu ; Senior Research Scientist B.S.O.I Group , Nuclear Materials Acquisition Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Dr. Anil Kakodkar , Director of BARC . Dr. Satinder Kumar Sikka , Director ; Thermonuclear Weapon Development . Dr. M.S. Ramakumar , Director of Nuclear Fuel and Automation Manufacturing Group ; Director , Nuclear Component Manufacture . Dr. D.D. Sood , Director of Radiochemistry and Isotope Group ; Director , Nuclear Materials Acquisition . Dr. S.K. Gupta , Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy Group ; Director , Device Design & Assessment . Dr. G. Govindraj , Associate Director of Electronic and Instrumentation Group ; Director , Field Instrumentation . Movement and logistics ( edit ) Main articles : Military logistics and Indian Army Corps of Engineers The Thar Desert in the state of Rajasthan where the nuclear site , the Pokhran Test Range , is located . Three laboratories of the DRDO were involved in designing , testing and producing components for the bombs , including the advanced detonators , the implosion and high - voltage trigger systems . These were also responsible for weaponising , systems engineering , aerodynamics , safety interlocks and flight trials . The bombs were transported in four Indian Army trucks under the command of Colonel Umang Kapur ; all devices from BARC were relocated at 3 am on 1 May 1998 . From the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport , the bombs were flown in an Indian Air Force 's AN - 32 plane to the Jaisalmer army base . They were transported to Pokhran in an army convoy of four trucks , and this required three trips . The devices were delivered to the device preparation building , which was designated as ' Prayer Hall ' . The test sites was organised into two government groups and were fired separately , with all devices in a group fired at the same time . The first group consisted of the thermonuclear device ( Shakti I ) , the fission device ( Shakti II ) , and a sub-kiloton device ( Shakti III ) . The second group consisted of the remaining two sub-kiloton devices Shakti IV and V. It was decided that the first group would be tested on 11 May and the second group on 13 May . The thermonuclear device was placed in a shaft code named ' White House ' , which was over 200 metres ( 660 ft ) deep , the fission bomb was placed in a 150 metres ( 490 ft ) deep shaft code named ' Taj Mahal ' , and the first sub-kiloton device in ' Kumbhkaran ' . The first three devices were placed in their respective shafts on 10 May , and the first device to be placed was the sub-kiloton device in the ' Kumbhkaran ' shaft , which was sealed by the army engineers by 8 : 30 pm . The thermonuclear device was lowered and sealed into the ' White House ' shaft by 4 am , and the fission device being placed in the ' Taj Mahal ' shaft was sealed at 7 : 30 am , which was 90 minutes before the planned test time . The shafts were L - shaped , with a horizontal chamber for the test device . The timing of the tests depended on the local weather conditions , with the wind being the critical factor . The tests were underground , but due to a number of shaft seal failures that had occurred during tests conducted by the United States , the Soviet Union , and the United Kingdom , the sealing of the shaft could not be guaranteed to be leak - proof . By early afternoon , the winds had died down and the test sequence was initiated . Dr. K. Santhanam of the DRDO , in charge of the test site preparations , gave the two keys that activated the test countdown to Dr. M. Vasudev , the range safety officer , who was responsible for verifying that all test indicators were normal . After checking the indicators , Vasudev handed one key each to a representative of BARC and the DRDO , who unlocked the countdown system together . At 3 : 45 pm the three devices were detonated . Specifications and detonation ( edit ) Five nuclear devices were Made during Operation Shakti . All devices were weapon - grade plutonium and they were : Shakti I -- A thermonuclear device yielding 45 kt , but designed for up to 200 kt . Shakti II -- A plutonium implosion design yielding 15 kt and intended as a warhead that could be delivered by bomber or missile . It was an improvement of the device detonated in the 1974 Smiling Buddha ( Pokhran - I ) test of 1974 , developed using simulations on the PARAM supercomputer . Shakti III -- An experimental linear implosion design that used `` non-weapon grade '' plutonium , but which likely omitted the material required for fusion , yielding 0.3 kt . Shakti IV - A 0.5 kt experimental device . Shakti V -- A 0.2 kt experimental device . An additional , sixth device ( Shakti VI ) is suspected to have been present but not detonated . At 3 : 43 pm IST ; three nuclear bombs ( specifically , the Shakti I , II and III ) were detonated simultaneously , as measured by international seismic monitors . On 13 May , at 12.21 p.m. IST 6 : 51 UTC , two sub-kiloton devices ( Shakti IV and V ) were detonated . Due to their very low yield , these explosions were not detected by any seismic station . On 13 May 1998 , India declared the series of tests to be over after this . Announcement ( edit ) Following the Pokhran - II tests , India became the sixth country to join the nuclear club . Shortly after the tests , a press meet was convened at the Prime Minister 's residence in New Delhi . Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee appeared before the press corps and made the following short statement : `` Today , at 15 : 45 hours , India conducted three underground nuclear tests in the Pokhran range . The tests conducted today were with a fission device , a low yield device and a thermonuclear device . The measured yields are in line with expected values . Measurements have also confirmed that there was no release of radioactivity into the atmosphere . These were contained explosions like the experiment conducted in May 1974 . I warmly congratulate the scientists and engineers who have carried out these successful tests . '' Reactions to tests ( edit ) Domestic reactions ( edit ) News of the tests were greeted with jubilation and large - scale approval by society in India . The Bombay Stock Exchange registered significant gains . Newspapers and television channels praised the government for its bold decision ; editorials were full of praise for the country 's leadership and advocated the development of an operational nuclear arsenal for the country 's armed forces . The Indian opposition , led by Congress Party criticised the Vajpayee administration for carrying out the series of nuclear tests . The Congress Party spokesman , Salman Khursheed , accused the BJP of trying to use the tests for political ends rather than to enhance the country 's national security . By the time India had conducted tests , the country had a total of $44 bn in loans in 1998 , from IMF and the World Bank . The industrial sectors of the Indian economy such as the chemicals industry , were likely to be hurt by sanctions . The Western consortium companies , which had invested heavily in India , especially in construction , computing and telecoms , were generally the ones who were harmed by the sanctions . In 1998 , Indian government announced that it had already allowed for some economic response and was willing to take the consequences . International reactions ( edit ) United States ( edit ) The United States issued a strong statement condemning India and promised that sanctions would follow . The American intelligence community was embarrassed as there had been `` a serious intelligence failure of the decade '' in detecting the preparations for the test . In keeping with its preferred approach to foreign policy in recent decades , and in compliance with the 1994 anti-proliferation law , the United States imposed economic sanctions on India . The sanctions on India consisted of cutting off all assistance to India except humanitarian aid , banning the export of certain defence material and technologies , ending American credit and credit guarantees to India , and requiring the US to oppose lending by international financial institutions to India . From 1998 -- 1999 , the United States held series of bilateral talks with India over the issue of India becoming party of the CTBT and NPT . In addition , the United States also made an unsuccessful attempt of holding talks regarding the rollback of India 's nuclear program . India took a firm stand against the CTBT and refusing to be signatory party of it despite under pressure by the US President Bill Clinton , and noted the treaty as it was not consistent with India 's national security interest . Canada , Japan , and other countries ( edit ) Strong criticism was drawn from Canada on India 's actions and its High Commissioner . Sanctions were also imposed by Japan on India and consisted of freezing all new loans and grants except for humanitarian aid to India . Some other nations also imposed sanctions on India , primarily in the form of suspension of foreign aid to India and government - to - government credit lines . However , the United Kingdom , France , and Russia refrained from condemning India . China ( edit ) On 12 May the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated : `` The Chinese government is seriously concerned about the nuclear tests conducted by India , '' and that the tests `` run counter to the current international trend and are not conducive to peace and stability in South Asia . '' . The next day the Chinese Foreign Ministry issued the statement clearly stating that `` it is shocked and strongly condemned '' the Indian nuclear tests and called for the international community to `` adopt a unified stand and strongly demand that India immediate stop development of nuclear weapons '' . China further rejected India 's stated rationale of needing nuclear capabilities to counter a Chinese threat as `` totally unreasonable '' . In a meeting with Masayoshi Takemura of Democratic Party of Japan , Foreign Minister of the People 's Republic of China Qian Qichen was quoted as saying that India 's nuclear tests were a `` serious matter , '' particularly because they were conducted in light of the fact that more than 140 countries have signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty . `` It is even more unacceptable that India claims to have conducted the tests to counter what it called a `` China threat '' . On 24 November 1998 , the Chinese Embassy , New Delhi issued a formal statement : ( sic ) ... But regrettably , India conducted nuclear tests last May , which has run against the contemporary historical trend and seriously affected peace and stability in South Asia . Pakistan also conducted nuclear tests later on . India 's nuclear tests have not only led to the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan and provocation of nuclear arms races in South Asia , but also dealt a heavy blow to international nuclear disarmament and the global nonproliferation regime . It is only natural that India 's nuclear tests have met with extensive condemnation and aroused serious concern from the international community . -- Chinese Embassy , New Delhi Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : India - Pakistan relations The most vehement and strong reaction to India 's nuclear explosion was from a neighbouring country , Pakistan . Great ire was raised in Pakistan , which issued a severe statement blaming India for instigating a nuclear arms race in the region . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif vowed that his country would give a suitable reply to India . The day after the first tests , Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub Khan indicated that Pakistan was ready to conduct a nuclear test . He stated : `` Pakistan is prepared to match India , we have the capability ... We in Pakistan will maintain a balance with India in all fields '' , he said in an interview . `` We are in a headlong arms race on the subcontinent . '' On 13 May 1998 , Pakistan bitterly condemned the tests , and Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub was quoted as saying that Indian leadership seemed to `` have gone berserk ( sic ) and was acting in a totally unrestrained way . '' Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was much more subdued , maintaining ambiguity about whether a test would be conducted in response : `` We are watching the situation and we will take appropriate action with regard to our security '' , he said . Sharif sought to mobilise the entire Islamic world in support of Pakistan and criticised India for nuclear proliferation . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had been under intense pressure regarding the nuclear tests by President Bill Clinton and Opposition leader Benazir Bhutto at home . Initially surprising the world , Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif authorised nuclear testing program and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) carried out nuclear testings under the codename Chagai - I on 28 May 1998 and Chagai - II on 30 May 1998 . These six underground nuclear tests at the Chagai and Kharan test site were conducted fifteen days after India 's last test . The total yield of the tests was reported to be 40 kt ( see codename : Chagai - I ) . Pakistan 's subsequent tests invited similar condemnation from the United States . American President Bill Clinton was quoted as saying `` Two wrongs do n't make a right '' , criticising Pakistan 's tests as reactionary to India 's Pokhran - II . The United States and Japan reacted by imposing economic sanctions on Pakistan . According to the Pakistan 's science community , the Indian nuclear tests gave an opportunity to Pakistan to conduct nuclear tests after 14 years of conducting only cold tests ( See : Kirana - I ) . Pakistan 's leading nuclear physicist , Pervez Hoodbhoy , held India responsible for Pakistan 's nuclear test experiments in Chagai . UN sanctions ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172 The reactions from abroad started immediately after the tests were advertised . On 6 June , the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1172 condemning the test and that of Pakistan 's . China issued a vociferous condemnation calling upon the international community to exert pressure on India to sign the NPT and eliminate its nuclear arsenal . With India joining the group of countries possessing nuclear weapons , a new strategic dimension had emerged in Asia , particularly South Asia . Effects on Indian economy ( edit ) Overall , the effect of international sanctions on Indian economy was minimal ; the technological progress was marginal . Most nations did not call for embargoes against India as the exports and imports together constituted only 4.0 % of its GDP , with United States trade accounting for only 10.0 % of this total . Far more significant were the restrictions on lending imposed by the United States and its representatives on international finance bodies . Most of the sanctions were lifted within five years . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in India The Indian government has officially declared the 11 May as National Technology Day in India to commemorate the first of the five nuclear tests that were carried out on 11 May 1998 . It was officially signed by then - Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1998 and the day is celebrated by giving awards to various individuals and industries in the field of science and technology . In popular culture ( edit ) Parmanu : The Story of Pokhran is a 2018 Bollywood movie based on India 's underground Pokhran - II nuclear test . See also ( edit ) India and weapons of mass destruction Pokhran - I -- First nuclear test explosion by India on 18 May 1974 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- Operation Shakti : 1998 '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org. 30 March 2001 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : CNN India Bureau ( 17 May 1998 ) . `` India releases pictures of nuclear tests '' . CNN India Bureau , 1998 . CNN India Bureau . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official press release by India '' . meadev.gov.in/ . Ministry of External Affairs , 1998 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : et . al . `` The nuclear politics : The 1998 Election '' . Nuclear weapon archives . Nuclear politics . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Release ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` US imposes sanctions on India '' . BBC America . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bates , Crispin ( 2007 ) . Subalterns and Raj : South Asia Since 1600 . Routledge . p. 343 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21484 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Sublette , Carey . `` The Long Pause : 1974 -- 1989 '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Chengappa , Raj ( 2000 ) . Weapons of peace : the secret story of India 's quest to be a nuclear power . New Delhi : Harper Collins Publishers , India . pp. 219 -- 220 . ISBN 81 - 7223 - 330 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : weapon archive . `` The Momentum builds '' . Nuclear weapon Archive . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ CNN ( 4 January 1996 ) . `` India wants to divert attention from N - test plan '' . Dawn Archives . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UN General Assembly -- 11th Meeting official records '' ( PDF ) . documents-dds-ny.un.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Team , ODS . `` UN General Assembly -- 10th Meeting official records '' ( PDF ) . documents-dds-ny.un.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Masood Haider ( 5 September 1995 ) . `` Pakistan 's raising of Kashmir issue upsets India '' . Dawn . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ See : Pakistani general elections , 1997 Jump up ^ ( PTI ) , Press Trust of India . `` Pokhran II row : Sethna slams Kalam , Iyengar says tests were done in haste '' . DNA News . dna news . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Books : Weapons of Peace -- How the CIA was Fooled '' . India Today . Jump up ^ `` Forces gung - ho on N - arsenal '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Note : While the plutonium used in Shakti III has been reported in some sources as `` reactor - grade '' , it may have been fuel - grade , which is intermediate between the former and weapons - grade ; cf . Why You Ca n't Build a Bomb From Spent Fuel Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Press Release ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Planned Series of Nuclear Tests Completed '' . Indian Government . Ministry of External Affairs . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ BBC Report ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Asia 's nuclear challenge : Third World joins the nuclear club '' . BBC India 1998 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister 's announcement of India 's three underground nuclear tests '' . Fas.org . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lyon , David ( 31 May 1998 ) . `` India detonates two more bombs '' . BBC India , 1998 ( Follow up ) . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Reports ( 1 June 1998 ) . `` India -- will sanctions bite ? '' . BBC Economic review . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Weiner , T. ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Nuclear anxiety : The Blunders ; U.S. Blundered On Intelligence , Officials Admit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. imposes sanctions on India '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Chandrasekharan , S. `` CTBT : where does India stand ? '' . southasiaanalysis.org/ . South Asia analysis . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clarifying India 's Nascent Nuclear Doctrine '' . armscontrol.org/ . arms control interview . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/east-meets-far-east/article6365598.ece Jump up ^ `` U.S. lifts final sanctions on Pakistan '' . CNN . 29 October 2001 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Charan D. Wadhva ( 27 June -- 3 July 1998 ) . `` Costs of Economic Sanctions : Aftermath of Pokhran II '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 33 ( 26 ) : 1604 -- 1607 . JSTOR 4406922 . Jump up ^ `` China is ' Seriously Concerned ' But Restrained in Its Criticism , '' . New York Times , 13 May 1998 . 13 May 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Resources on India and Pakistan ( 1999 ) . `` China 's Reaction to India 's Nuclear Tests '' . CNS Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Active Correspondents ( 24 November 1998 ) . `` India - China Claim ' active approach '' . The Hindu , 24 / xi - 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Special Report ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Pakistan condemns India 's nuclear tests '' . BBC Pakistan . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gertz , Bill ( 2013 ) . Betrayal : How the Clinton Administration Undermined American Security . Washington DC : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 1 - 62157 - 137 - 8 . Jump up ^ See Chagai - I Jump up ^ cns.miis.edu at the Library of Congress Web Archives ( archived 2001 - 11 - 18 ) Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's tests '' . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoodbhoy , PhD ( Nuclear Physics ) , Pervez Amerali ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Bayonet '' . Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy , Doctor of Philosophy ( Nuclear Physics ) , Professor of Nuclear and High - Energy Physics at the Quaid - e-Azam University and Senior academic research scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics . Dr. Prof. Pervez Amerali Hoodbhoy and The Herald . ^ Jump up to : Dittmer , L. , ed. ( 2005 ) . South Asia 's nuclear security dilemma : India , Pakistan , and China . Armonk , NY : Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1419 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Press Information Bureau ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` National technology day celebrated '' . Department of Science and Technology . Archived from the original on 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . External links ( edit ) Nuclear Weapons Archive : Operation Shakti India aborted nuclear bomb plans in 1994 Sumit Ganguly ( Spring 1999 ) . `` India 's Pathway to Pokhran II : The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi 's Nuclear Weapons Program '' . International Security . 23 ( 4 ) : 148 -- 177 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 23.4. 148 . JSTOR 2539297 . Chengappa , Raj . How the CIA was Fooled written by Raj Chengappa ( Weapons of peace ) . India Today . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Coordinates : 27 ° 04 ′ 44 '' N 71 ° 43 ′ 20 '' E  /  27.07884 ° N 71.722113 ° E  / 27.07884 ; 71.722113 Pokhran - II ( Operation Shakti ) Sites 58th Regiment of the Army Engineering Corps Pokhran CIRUS reactor Department of Atomic Energy Rajasthan Trombay Research Institutes Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory ( TBRL ) High Energy Materials Research Laboratory ( HEMRL ) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Administrators Atal Bihari Vajpai George Fernandes Brajesh Mishra Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Ved Prakash Malik Jaswant Singh Saleem Iqbal Shervani K. Subrahmanyam Scientists Raja Ramanna Homi Sethna A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Satinder Kumar Sikka K. Santhanam Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan P.K. Iyengar Rajagopala Chidambaram Ravi Grover Anil Kakodkar M.P. Parameswaran Srikumar Banerjee D.D. Sood M.S. Ramkumar Related articles India and weapons of mass destruction History of nuclear weapons Pokhran - I Trinity expolsion Tsar Bomba Operation Shakti Chagai - I Test No. 6 See also : Nuclear power in India Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Minister of Defence Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 -- 1948 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Army Navy Air Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokhran-II&oldid=862950617 '' Categories : Indian nuclear weapons testing 1998 in India 1998 in military history Pokaran Vajpayee administration initiatives Underground nuclear weapons testing Code names 1998 in science Political history of India Nuclear history of India Politics of India A.P.J. Abdul Kalam May 1998 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template other archives Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Français 한국어 हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी 日本 語 සිංහල Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 19 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what is formed by crystals and is inorganic

Crystal

crystal

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents ( such as atoms , molecules , or ions ) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure , forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions . In addition , macroscopic single crystals are usually identifiable by their geometrical shape , consisting of flat faces with specific , characteristic orientations . The scientific study of crystals and crystal formation is known as crystallography . The process of crystal formation via mechanisms of crystal growth is called crystallization or solidification .

The word crystal derives from the Ancient Greek word κρύσταλλος ( krustallos ) , meaning both `` ice '' and `` rock crystal '' , from κρύος ( kruos ) , `` icy cold , frost '' . Examples of large crystals include snowflakes , diamonds , and table salt . Most inorganic solids are not crystals but polycrystals , i.e. many microscopic crystals fused together into a single solid . Examples of polycrystals include most metals , rocks , ceramics , and ice . A third category of solids is amorphous solids , where the atoms have no periodic structure whatsoever . Examples of amorphous solids include glass , wax , and many plastics . Crystals are often used in pseudoscientific practices such as crystal therapy , and , along with gemstones , are sometimes associated with spellwork in Wiccan beliefs and related religious movements . Contents ( hide ) 1 Crystal structure ( microscopic ) 2 Crystal faces and shapes 3 Occurrence in nature 3.1 Rocks 3.2 Ice 3.3 Organigenic crystals 4 Polymorphism and allotropy 5 Crystallization 6 Defects , impurities , and twinning 7 Chemical bonds 8 Quasicrystals 9 Special properties from anisotropy 10 Crystallography 11 Image gallery 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading Crystal structure ( microscopic ) Halite ( table salt , NaCl ) : Microscopic and macroscopic Microscopic structure of a halite crystal . ( Purple is sodium ion , green is chlorine ion . ) There is cubic symmetry in the atoms ' arrangement . Macroscopic ( ~ 16cm ) halite crystal . The right - angles between crystal faces are due to the cubic symmetry of the atoms ' arrangement . Main article : Crystal structure The scientific definition of a `` crystal '' is based on the microscopic arrangement of atoms inside it , called the crystal structure . A crystal is a solid where the atoms form a periodic arrangement . ( Quasicrystals are an exception , see below . ) Not all solids are crystals . For example , when liquid water starts freezing , the phase change begins with small ice crystals that grow until they fuse , forming a polycrystalline structure . In the final block of ice , each of the small crystals ( called `` crystallites '' or `` grains '' ) is a true crystal with a periodic arrangement of atoms , but the whole polycrystal does not have a periodic arrangement of atoms , because the periodic pattern is broken at the grain boundaries . Most macroscopic inorganic solids are polycrystalline , including almost all metals , ceramics , ice , rocks , etc . Solids that are neither crystalline nor polycrystalline , such as glass , are called amorphous solids , also called glassy , vitreous , or noncrystalline . These have no periodic order , even microscopically . There are distinct differences between crystalline solids and amorphous solids : most notably , the process of forming a glass does not release the latent heat of fusion , but forming a crystal does . A crystal structure ( an arrangement of atoms in a crystal ) is characterized by its unit cell , a small imaginary box containing one or more atoms in a specific spatial arrangement . The unit cells are stacked in three - dimensional space to form the crystal . The symmetry of a crystal is constrained by the requirement that the unit cells stack perfectly with no gaps . There are 219 possible crystal symmetries , called crystallographic space groups . These are grouped into 7 crystal systems , such as cubic crystal system ( where the crystals may form cubes or rectangular boxes , such as halite shown at right ) or hexagonal crystal system ( where the crystals may form hexagons , such as ordinary water ice ) . Crystal faces and shapes As a halite crystal is growing , new atoms can very easily attach to the parts of the surface with rough atomic - scale structure and many dangling bonds . Therefore , these parts of the crystal grow out very quickly ( yellow arrows ) . Eventually , the whole surface consists of smooth , stable faces , where new atoms can not as easily attach themselves . Crystals are commonly recognized by their shape , consisting of flat faces with sharp angles . These shape characteristics are not necessary for a crystal -- a crystal is scientifically defined by its microscopic atomic arrangement , not its macroscopic shape -- but the characteristic macroscopic shape is often present and easy to see . Euhedral crystals are those with obvious , well - formed flat faces . Anhedral crystals do not , usually because the crystal is one grain in a polycrystalline solid . The flat faces ( also called facets ) of a euhedral crystal are oriented in a specific way relative to the underlying atomic arrangement of the crystal : they are planes of relatively low Miller index . This occurs because some surface orientations are more stable than others ( lower surface energy ) . As a crystal grows , new atoms attach easily to the rougher and less stable parts of the surface , but less easily to the flat , stable surfaces . Therefore , the flat surfaces tend to grow larger and smoother , until the whole crystal surface consists of these plane surfaces . ( See diagram on right . ) One of the oldest techniques in the science of crystallography consists of measuring the three - dimensional orientations of the faces of a crystal , and using them to infer the underlying crystal symmetry . A crystal 's habit is its visible external shape . This is determined by the crystal structure ( which restricts the possible facet orientations ) , the specific crystal chemistry and bonding ( which may favor some facet types over others ) , and the conditions under which the crystal formed . Occurrence in nature Ice crystals Fossil shell with calcite crystals Rocks By volume and weight , the largest concentrations of crystals in the Earth are part of its solid bedrock . Crystals found in rocks typically range in size from a fraction of a millimetre to several centimetres across , although exceptionally large crystals are occasionally found . As of 1999 , the world 's largest known naturally occurring crystal is a crystal of beryl from Malakialina , Madagascar , 18 m ( 59 ft ) long and 3.5 m ( 11 ft ) in diameter , and weighing 380,000 kg ( 840,000 lb ) . Some crystals have formed by magmatic and metamorphic processes , giving origin to large masses of crystalline rock . The vast majority of igneous rocks are formed from molten magma and the degree of crystallization depends primarily on the conditions under which they solidified . Such rocks as granite , which have cooled very slowly and under great pressures , have completely crystallized ; but many kinds of lava were poured out at the surface and cooled very rapidly , and in this latter group a small amount of amorphous or glassy matter is common . Other crystalline rocks , the metamorphic rocks such as marbles , mica - schists and quartzites , are recrystallized . This means that they were at first fragmental rocks like limestone , shale and sandstone and have never been in a molten condition nor entirely in solution , but the high temperature and pressure conditions of metamorphism have acted on them by erasing their original structures and inducing recrystallization in the solid state . Other rock crystals have formed out of precipitation from fluids , commonly water , to form druses or quartz veins . The evaporites such as halite , gypsum and some limestones have been deposited from aqueous solution , mostly owing to evaporation in arid climates . Ice Water - based ice in the form of snow , sea ice and glaciers is a very common manifestation of crystalline or polycrystalline matter on Earth . A single snowflake is a single crystal or a collection of crystals , while an ice cube is a polycrystal . Organigenic crystals Many living organisms are able to produce crystals , for example calcite and aragonite in the case of most molluscs or hydroxylapatite in the case of vertebrates . Polymorphism and allotropy Main articles : Polymorphism ( materials science ) and Allotropy The same group of atoms can often solidify in many different ways . Polymorphism is the ability of a solid to exist in more than one crystal form . For example , water ice is ordinarily found in the hexagonal form Ice I , but can also exist as the cubic Ice I , the rhombohedral ice II , and many other forms . The different polymorphs are usually called different phases . In addition , the same atoms may be able to form noncrystalline phases . For example , water can also form amorphous ice , while SiO can form both fused silica ( an amorphous glass ) and quartz ( a crystal ) . Likewise , if a substance can form crystals , it can also form polycrystals . For pure chemical elements , polymorphism is known as allotropy . For example , diamond and graphite are two crystalline forms of carbon , while amorphous carbon is a noncrystalline form . Polymorphs , despite having the same atoms , may have wildly different properties . For example , diamond is among the hardest substances known , while graphite is so soft that it is used as a lubricant . Polyamorphism is a similar phenomenon where the same atoms can exist in more than one amorphous solid form . Crystallization Main articles : Crystallization and Crystal growth Vertical cooling crystallizer in a beet sugar factory . Crystallization is the process of forming a crystalline structure from a fluid or from materials dissolved in a fluid . ( More rarely , crystals may be deposited directly from gas ; see thin - film deposition and epitaxy . ) Crystallization is a complex and extensively - studied field , because depending on the conditions , a single fluid can solidify into many different possible forms . It can form a single crystal , perhaps with various possible phases , stoichiometries , impurities , defects , and habits . Or , it can form a polycrystal , with various possibilities for the size , arrangement , orientation , and phase of its grains . The final form of the solid is determined by the conditions under which the fluid is being solidified , such as the chemistry of the fluid , the ambient pressure , the temperature , and the speed with which all these parameters are changing . Specific industrial techniques to produce large single crystals ( called boules ) include the Czochralski process and the Bridgman technique . Other less exotic methods of crystallization may be used , depending on the physical properties of the substance , including hydrothermal synthesis , sublimation , or simply solvent - based crystallization . Large single crystals can be created by geological processes . For example , selenite crystals in excess of 10 meters are found in the Cave of the Crystals in Naica , Mexico . For more details on geological crystal formation , see above . Crystals can also be formed by biological processes , see above . Conversely , some organisms have special techniques to prevent crystallization from occurring , such as antifreeze proteins . Defects , impurities , and twinning Main articles : Crystallographic defect , Impurity , Crystal twinning , and Mosaicity Two types of crystallographic defects . Top right : edge dislocation . Bottom right : screw dislocation . An ideal crystal has every atom in a perfect , exactly repeating pattern . However , in reality , most crystalline materials have a variety of crystallographic defects , places where the crystal 's pattern is interrupted . The types and structures of these defects may have a profound effect on the properties of the materials . A few examples of crystallographic defects include vacancy defects ( an empty space where an atom should fit ) , interstitial defects ( an extra atom squeezed in where it does not fit ) , and dislocations ( see figure at right ) . Dislocations are especially important in materials science , because they help determine the mechanical strength of materials . Another common type of crystallographic defect is an impurity , meaning that the `` wrong '' type of atom is present in a crystal . For example , a perfect crystal of diamond would only contain carbon atoms , but a real crystal might perhaps contain a few boron atoms as well . These boron impurities change the diamond 's color to slightly blue . Likewise , the only difference between ruby and sapphire is the type of impurities present in a corundum crystal . Twinned pyrite crystal group . In semiconductors , a special type of impurity , called a dopant , drastically changes the crystal 's electrical properties . Semiconductor devices , such as transistors , are made possible largely by putting different semiconductor dopants into different places , in specific patterns . Twinning is a phenomenon somewhere between a crystallographic defect and a grain boundary . Like a grain boundary , a twin boundary has different crystal orientations on its two sides . But unlike a grain boundary , the orientations are not random , but related in a specific , mirror - image way . Mosaicity is a spread of crystal plane orientations . A mosaic crystal is supposed to consist of smaller crystalline units that are somewhat misaligned with respect to each other . Chemical bonds In general , solids can be held together by various types of chemical bonds , such as metallic bonds , ionic bonds , covalent bonds , van der Waals bonds , and others . None of these are necessarily crystalline or non-crystalline . However , there are some general trends as follows . Metals are almost always polycrystalline , though there are exceptions like amorphous metal and single - crystal metals . The latter are grown synthetically . ( A microscopically - small piece of metal may naturally form into a single crystal , but larger pieces generally do not . ) Ionic compound materials are usually crystalline or polycrystalline . In practice , large salt crystals can be created by solidification of a molten fluid , or by crystallization out of a solution . Covalently bonded solids ( sometimes called covalent network solids ) are also very common , notable examples being diamond and quartz . Weak van der Waals forces also help hold together certain crystals , such as crystalline molecular solids , as well as the interlayer bonding in graphite . Polymer materials generally will form crystalline regions , but the lengths of the molecules usually prevent complete crystallization -- and sometimes polymers are completely amorphous . Quasicrystals The material holmium -- magnesium -- zinc ( Ho -- Mg -- Zn ) forms quasicrystals , which can take on the macroscopic shape of a dodecahedron . ( Only a quasicrystal , not a normal crystal , can take this shape . ) The edges are 2 mm long . Main article : Quasicrystal A quasicrystal consists of arrays of atoms that are ordered but not strictly periodic . They have many attributes in common with ordinary crystals , such as displaying a discrete pattern in x-ray diffraction , and the ability to form shapes with smooth , flat faces . Quasicrystals are most famous for their ability to show five-fold symmetry , which is impossible for an ordinary periodic crystal ( see crystallographic restriction theorem ) . The International Union of Crystallography has redefined the term `` crystal '' to include both ordinary periodic crystals and quasicrystals ( `` any solid having an essentially discrete diffraction diagram '' ) . Quasicrystals , first discovered in 1982 , are quite rare in practice . Only about 100 solids are known to form quasicrystals , compared to about 400,000 periodic crystals known in 2004 . The 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Dan Shechtman for the discovery of quasicrystals . Special properties from anisotropy See also : Crystal optics Crystals can have certain special electrical , optical , and mechanical properties that glass and polycrystals normally can not . These properties are related to the anisotropy of the crystal , i.e. the lack of rotational symmetry in its atomic arrangement . One such property is the piezoelectric effect , where a voltage across the crystal can shrink or stretch it . Another is birefringence , where a double image appears when looking through a crystal . Moreover , various properties of a crystal , including electrical conductivity , electrical permittivity , and Young 's modulus , may be different in different directions in a crystal . For example , graphite crystals consist of a stack of sheets , and although each individual sheet is mechanically very strong , the sheets are rather loosely bound to each other . Therefore , the mechanical strength of the material is quite different depending on the direction of stress . Not all crystals have all of these properties . Conversely , these properties are not quite exclusive to crystals . They can appear in glasses or polycrystals that have been made anisotropic by working or stress -- for example , stress - induced birefringence . Crystallography Main article : Crystallography Crystallography is the science of measuring the crystal structure ( in other words , the atomic arrangement ) of a crystal . One widely used crystallography technique is X-ray diffraction . Large numbers of known crystal structures are stored in crystallographic databases . Image gallery Insulin crystals grown in earth orbit . Hoar frost : A type of ice crystal ( picture taken from a distance of about 5 cm ) . Gallium , a metal that easily forms large crystals . An apatite crystal sits front and center on cherry - red rhodochroite rhombs , purple fluorite cubes , quartz and a dusting of brass - yellow pyrite cubes . Boules of silicon , like this one , are an important type of industrially - produced single crystal . A specimen consisting of a bornite - coated chalcopyrite crystal nestled in a bed of clear quartz crystals and lustrous pyrite crystals . The bornite - coated crystal is up to 1.5 cm across . See also Atomic packing factor Anticrystal Cocrystal Colloidal crystal Crystal growth Crystal oscillator Liquid crystal Time crystal References Jump up ^ Stephen Lower . `` Chem1 online textbook -- States of matter '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ashcroft and Mermin ( 1976 ) . Solid state physics . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ κρύσταλλος , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ κρύος , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ `` The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language '' . Kreus. 2000 . Jump up ^ Regal , Brian . ( 2009 ) . Pseudoscience : A Critical Encyclopedia . Greenwood . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35507 - 3 Jump up ^ Patti Wigington ( 31 August 2016 ) . `` Using Crystals and Gemstones in Magic '' . About.com . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Magic of Crystals and Gemstones '' . WitchesLore. 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ The surface science of metal oxides , by Victor E. Henrich , P.A. Cox , page 28 , google books link Jump up ^ G. Cressey and I.F. Mercer , ( 1999 ) Crystals , London , Natural History Museum , page 58 Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Petrology '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Libbrecht , Kenneth ; Wing , Rachel ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . The Snowflake : Winter 's Frozen Artistry . Voyageur Press . ISBN 9781627887335 . Jump up ^ `` Cave of Crystal Giants -- National Geographic Magazine '' . nationalgeographic.com . Jump up ^ Britain ) , Science Research Council ( Great ( 1972 ) . Report of the Council . H.M. Stationery Office . Jump up ^ International Union of Crystallography ( 1992 ) . `` Report of the Executive Committee for 1991 '' . Acta Crystallogr . A. 48 ( 6 ) : 922 . doi : 10.1107 / S0108767392008328 . PMC 1826680 . Jump up ^ Steurer W. ( 2004 ) . `` Twenty years of structure research on quasicrystals . Part I. Pentagonal , octagonal , decagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystals '' . Z . Kristallogr. 219 ( 7 -- 2004 ) : 391 -- 446 . Bibcode : 2004ZK ... 219 ... 391S . doi : 10.1524 / zkri. 219.7. 391.35643 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 29 . Further reading Find more aboutCrystalat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Howard , J. Michael ; Darcy Howard ( Illustrator ) ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction to Crystallography and Mineral Crystal Systems '' . Bob 's Rock Shop . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 20 . Krassmann , Thomas ( 2005 -- 2008 ) . `` The Giant Crystal Project '' . Krassmann . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 20 . Various authors ( 2007 ) . `` Teaching Pamphlets '' . Commission on Crystallographic Teaching . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 20 . Various authors ( 2004 ) . `` Crystal Lattice Structures : Index by Space Group '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Various authors ( 2010 ) . `` Crystallography '' . Spanish National Research Council , Department of Crystallography . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 08 . GND : 4033209 - 3 BNF : cb11941210s ( data ) NDL : 00565650 BNE : XX526709 ( hide ) Patterns in nature Patterns Crack Dune Foam Meander Phyllotaxis Soap bubble Symmetry in crystals Quasicrystals in flowers in biology Tessellation Vortex street Wave Widmanstätten pattern Causes Pattern formation Biology Natural selection Camouflage Mimicry Sexual selection Mathematics Chaos theory Fractal Logarithmic spiral Physics Crystal Fluid dynamics Plateau 's laws Self - organization People Plato Pythagoras Empedocles Leonardo Fibonacci Liber Abaci Adolf Zeising Ernst Haeckel Joseph Plateau Wilson Bentley D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson On Growth and Form Alan Turing The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis Aristid Lindenmayer Benoît Mandelbrot How Long Is the Coast of Britain ? Statistical Self - Similarity and Fractional Dimension Related Pattern recognition Emergence Mathematics and art Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crystal&oldid=826405318 '' Categories : Crystals Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1999 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 22 : 54 . 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when does the wwe 2k 18 come out

WWE 2K18 is an upcoming professional wrestling video game being developed in a collaboration between Yuke 's and Visual Concepts , and to be published by 2K Sports . It is scheduled to be released worldwide on October 17 , 2017 for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Microsoft Windows . The Nintendo Switch version is scheduled to be released in Fall 2017 . It is the nineteenth game in the WWE game series ( fifth under the WWE 2K banner ) , and is the sequel to WWE 2K17 . It will be the first video game under the WWE 2K banner to be released on a Nintendo platform . This will also be the first video game under the WWE 2K banner to not be released on PlayStation 3 or Xbox 360 .

October 17 , 2017

WWE 2K18

wwe 2k18

WWE 2K18 is an upcoming professional wrestling video game being developed in a collaboration between Yuke 's and Visual Concepts , and to be published by 2K Sports . It is scheduled to be released worldwide on October 17 , 2017 for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Microsoft Windows . The Nintendo Switch version is scheduled to be released in Fall 2017 . It is the nineteenth game in the WWE game series ( fifth under the WWE 2K banner ) , and is the sequel to WWE 2K17 . It will be the first video game under the WWE 2K banner to be released on a Nintendo platform . This will also be the first video game under the WWE 2K banner to not be released on PlayStation 3 or Xbox 360 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Marketing 1.1 Roster 2 Gameplay 2.1 Game modes 2.2 Commentary and graphics 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Marketing ( edit ) On May 23 , 2017 , 2K Sports announced WWE 2K18 would be released in fall 2017 . On June 19 , 2017 , 2K released a trailer , revealing that Seth Rollins will be featured as the game 's cover star . In the trailer , it features Rollins vandalizing and burning down a fictitious WWE warehouse in Stamford , Connecticut , as well as showing the tagline `` Be Like No One '' . The second trailer features Kurt Angle visiting the ruins of the warehouse and finding a pair of his boots among the ashes , which announced Angle as the game 's pre-order . The game 's deluxe edition was also announced , giving players access to the game four days early , along with the season pass and additional in - game content yet to be announced . On July 10 , 2017 , a Nintendo Switch version was also confirmed . On July 27 , 2K Sports announced the collector 's edition , called the `` Cena ( Nuff ) '' edition . The collector 's edition revolves around John Cena , commemorating his 15 years in the WWE , and includes a Cena action figure , a piece of the ring mat from his victory at the 2017 Royal Rumble , and an autographed photo from Cena . Unlike previous years , the collector 's edition will also include the game 's season pass . The collector 's edition ( as well as the deluxe edition ) will have two additional playable versions of Cena ( included with 2006 's ECW One Night Stand and WrestleMania XXVI attires ) , as well as Batista and Rob Van Dam as playable characters . On August 16 , 2K and IGN announced the first 47 playable characters , with a roster reveal special hosted by Corey Graves , Renee Young , and Goldust . Two days later , 2K announced that the soundtrack for the game would be curated by The Rock and will feature a mix of classic rock , modern rock , and hip hop . On September 26 , 2K announced that for the first time , the PC version of the game will release alongside its console counterparts on October 17 . Season pass details were unveiled on September 27 , featuring the accelerator , myPlayer kick start , New Moves pack , NXT Generation pack , and the Enduring Icons pack . Roster ( edit ) On June 29 , 2017 , it was announced that Kurt Angle would be the pre-order bonus character for WWE 2K18 , making his first WWE video game appearance since WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007 . For the third installment in a row , the roster will be the largest included in the series at launch . Gameplay ( edit ) Similar to its predecessors , WWE 2K18 is a professional wrestling game and for the first time since WWF SmackDown ! Just Bring It , eight wrestlers will be able to be in a match at once , instead of 6 ( The Nintendo Switch version will only support 6 wrestlers in the ring ) . The Royal Rumble match has been retooled , with new mechanics , finishers and elimination sequences . A carry system will be introduced ( which is similar to the Ultimate Control Grapple system introduced in WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007 ) , allowing players to pick up or drag their opponent and place them in a specific spot . Game modes ( edit ) Improvements have been made to the creation suite , including an enhanced highlight system . The Create - a-Match feature , last seen in WWE 2K14 , has returned . MyCareer now allows backstage free roaming , with wrestlers creating alliances and enemies , and fighting styles are introduced in the `` MyPlayer '' career mode , letting players choose between eight different fighting styles , each with its own strengths and weaknesses . The new Road To Glory mode enables players to use their MyPlayer characters to qualify and compete in events , similar to the one found in WWE SuperCard . Universe mode has been improved with a new story system , alongside new cut - scenes , power - rankings and a goal system . Commentary and graphics ( edit ) WWE 2K18 will feature a new commentary team of Michael Cole , Byron Saxton and Corey Graves . Crowd sound will be also improved and will feature authentic crowd chants . It will also feature a new graphics engine , which will enhance the camera system and improves lighting , textures and character models . See also ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal Video games portal List of licensed wrestling video games List of fighting games WWE 2K List of video games in the WWE 2K Games series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` WWE 2K18 Announced , Grand Theft Auto V Hits 80 Million '' . PlayStation LifeStyle. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knezevic , Kevin ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` Nintendo Switch Version Of WWE 2K18 Announced '' . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ 2K18 , WWE ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` # WWE2K18 will not be released on PlayStation 3 or Xbox 360 '' . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed : WWE 2K18 Is n't Coming to PS3 or Xbox 360 '' . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ WWE 2K ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` WWE 2K18 Seth Rollins Cover Reveal '' . Retrieved 4 August 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Watch Kurt Angle 's official WWE 2K18 trailer that premiered during Raw '' . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` WWE 2K18 Release Date , Cover Star , And Special Editions Revealed '' . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fillari , Alessandro ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` John Cena - Themed WWE 2K18 Collector 's Edition Revealed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skrebels , Joe ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` WWE 2K18 Roster Reveal : First 47 Playable Superstars Announced '' . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazique , Brian . `` ' WWE 2K18 ' Soundtrack Announced And Curated By Dwayne ' The Rock ' Johnson '' . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ 2k PC Jump up ^ Season pass Jump up ^ Elfring , Mat ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` WWE 2K18 Features Kurt Angle As Pre-Order Bonus '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE 2K - WWE 2K18 Features Revealed '' . wwe.2k.com . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Video games based on WWE Main series ( list ) SmackDown ! series SmackDown ! 2 : Know Your Role Just Bring It Shut Your Mouth Here Comes the Pain SmackDown vs. Raw series SmackDown ! vs Raw 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 Online ( cancelled ) WWE series ' 12 ' 13 WWE 2K series 2K14 2K15 2K16 2K17 2K18 WrestleMania based WrestleMania ( 1989 ) Challenge WrestleMania ( 1991 ) Super Steel Cage Challenge The Arcade Game 2000 Road to ... X8 Road to X8 XIX 21 Legends Programming based Superstars ( 1989 ) Superstars ( 1991 ) Superstars 2 Royal Rumble ( 1993 ) King of the Ring Raw ( 1994 ) In Your House War Zone Royal Rumble ( 2000 ) No Mercy Raw ( 2002 ) Raw 2 Survivor Series Other MicroLeague Wrestling WrestleFest European Rampage Tour Rage in the Cage Attitude With Authority ! Betrayal Crush Hour Day of Reckoning Aftershock Day of Reckoning 2 All Stars SuperCard Immortals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WWE_2K18&oldid=805024215 '' Categories : Upcoming video games Upcoming video games scheduled for 2017 2017 video games Nintendo Switch games PlayStation 4 games Xbox One games WWE video games Multiplayer and single - player video games Take - Two Interactive games 2K Sports games Sports video games with career mode Crossover video games Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 15 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who sings i got a meeting in the ladies room

`` Meeting in the Ladies Room '' is a hit single recorded by Klymaxx for the MCA Records label , and was the title track from their fourth album and was written by : Reggie Calloway ; Vincent Calloway and Boaz Watson . The single reached number 4 on the Billboard R&B chart , number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart In addition to peaking at number 22 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart . The success of this song helped their Meeting in the Ladies Room album reach Platinum status . The song 's music video was directed by Gerald Casale of Devo and featured an appearance from a then - unknown Vivica A. Fox . The song was also included on the MCA Records motion picture soundtrack for 1985 's Secret Admirer . Billboard named the song # 85 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time .

Klymaxx

Meeting in the Ladies Room ( song )

meeting in the ladies room ( song )

`` Meeting in the Ladies Room '' is a hit single recorded by Klymaxx for the MCA Records label , and was the title track from their fourth album and was written by : Reggie Calloway ; Vincent Calloway and Boaz Watson . The single reached number 4 on the Billboard R&B chart , number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart In addition to peaking at number 22 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart . The success of this song helped their Meeting in the Ladies Room album reach Platinum status . The song 's music video was directed by Gerald Casale of Devo and featured an appearance from a then - unknown Vivica A. Fox . The song was also included on the MCA Records motion picture soundtrack for 1985 's Secret Admirer . Billboard named the song # 85 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Charts 3 References 4 External links Personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals Bernadette Cooper , Lorena Porter and Lynn Malsby Background vocals by Klymaxx Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 59 U.S. Billboard Dance Music / Club Play Singles 22 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Singles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 329 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 -- 2003 . Record Research . p. 147 . Jump up ^ Klymaxx chart history AllMusic.com . Retrieved 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Pyles , Tim . `` Devo Are Still Men '' . nbcsandiego.com . NBCUniversal Media , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Group , Vibe Media ( 1998 ) . `` Vibe '' . Vibe Media Group . Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/secret-admirer-mw0000863898 Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics This 1980s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meeting_in_the_Ladies_Room_(song)&oldid=791131254 '' Categories : 1985 singles Klymaxx songs 1984 songs MCA Records singles 1980s pop song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 July 2017 , at 10 : 13 . About Wikipedia

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where is the national flag hoisted on 26 january

The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital , New Delhi , at the Rajpath before the President of India . On this day , ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath , which are performed as a tribute to India ; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage .

New Delhi

Republic Day ( India )

republic day ( india )

Republic Day honours the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act ( 1935 ) as the governing document of India .

The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 , and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system , completing the country 's transition towards becoming an independent republic . 26 January was chosen as the Republic day because it was on this day in 1930 when Declaration of Indian Independence ( Purna Swaraj ) was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress as opposed to the Dominion status offered by British Regime . It is one of three national holidays in India , the other two being Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of Republic Day 2 Celebrations 2.1 Delhi Republic Day parade 2.2 Beating Retreat 3 Gallery 4 Republic Day parade chief guest 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References History of Republic Day ( edit ) India achieved independence from British raj on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful non-violent resistance and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi . The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 ( 10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30 ) , an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth ( later Commonwealth of Nations ) . India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor - general . The country , though , did not yet have a permanent constitution ; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935 . On 28 August 1947 , the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution , with Dr BR Ambedkar as chairman . While India 's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule , the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution . A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947 . The Assembly met , in sessions open to public , for 166 days , spread over a period of two years , 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution . After many deliberations and some modifications , the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand - written copies of the document ( one each in Hindi and English ) on 24 January 1950 . Two days later , it came into effect throughout the whole nation . Celebrations ( edit ) President Rajendra Prasad ( in the horse - drawn carriage ) readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade on Rajpath , New Delhi , in 1950 . The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital , New Delhi , at the Rajpath before the President of India . On this day , ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath , which are performed as a tribute to India ; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage . In 2016 , on the occasion of the 67th Republic Day , the Protocol Department of the Government of Maharashtra held its first parade on the lines of the Delhi Republic Day parade along the entire stretch of Marine Drive in Mumbai . Delhi Republic Day parade ( edit ) Main article : Delhi Republic Day parade Delhi Republic Day parade is held in the capital , New Delhi . Commencing from the gates of the Rashtrapati Bhavan ( the President 's residence ) , Raisina Hill on Rajpath past the India Gate , this event is the main attraction of India 's Republic Day Celebrations lasting three days . The parade showcases India 's Defence Capability , Cultural and Social Heritage . Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy , and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations . The President of India who is the Commander - in - Chief of the Indian Armed Forces , takes the salute . Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade . Beating Retreat ( edit ) Main article : Beating Retreat The Beating Retreat ceremony is held after officially denoting the end of Republic Day festivities . It is conducted on the evening of 29 January , the third day after the Republic Day . It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military , the Indian Army , Indian Navy and Indian Air Force . The venue is Raisina Hill and an adjacent square , Vijay Chowk , flanked by the North and South block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan ( President 's Palace ) towards the end of Rajpath . The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the ( PBG ) , a cavalry unit . When the President arrives , the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute , which is followed by the playing of the Indian National Anthem , Jana Gana Mana , by the Army . The Army develops the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands , Pipe and Drum Bands , Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me , Mahatma Gandhi 's favourite hymn , and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end . Gallery ( edit ) Buildings on Raisina Hill including Rashtrapati Bhavan , lit up during Republic Day 2008 . Surya Kiran Aerobatics Team displaying tricolor . Border Security Force personnel on Republic Day . Republic Day parade chief guest ( edit ) Countries invited as chief guests for the Republic Day parade . Erstwhile Yugoslavia ( twice invited ) has not been depicted in the map . 5 times ( France , UK ) 4 times ( Bhutan , Russia / USSR ) Thrice ( Indonesia , Mauritius ) Twice ( Brazil , Japan , Nepal , Nigeria , Pakistan , Singapore , Sri Lanka , Thailand , Vietnam ) Once Uninvited Since 1950 , India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi . During 1950 -- 1954 , Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues ( like Irwin Stadium , Kingsway , Red Fort and Ramlila Grounds ) . It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath . The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic , economic and political interests . During 1950s -- 1970s , a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India . In 1968 and 1974 , India played host to two countries on the same Republic Day . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Year Guest name Country Note 1950 President Sukarno Indonesia 1951 King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Nepal 1952 1953 1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck Bhutan 1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad Pakistan First guest for parade at Rajpath 1956 Chancellor of the Exchequer R.A. Butler United Kingdom Two guests Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka Japan 1957 Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov Soviet Union 1958 Marshall Ye Jianying China 1959 Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip United Kingdom 2nd invitation 1960 Chairman Kliment Voroshilov Soviet Union 2nd invitation 1961 Queen Elizabeth II United Kingdom 3rd invitation 1962 Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann Denmark Note 1963 King Norodom Sihanouk Cambodia 1964 Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten United Kingdom 4th invitation 1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid Pakistan 2nd invitation 1966 1967 King Mohammed Zahir Shah Afghanistan Note 1968 Chairman Alexei Kosygin Soviet Union 3rd invitation Two guests President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 1969 Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov Bulgaria 1970 King of the Belgians Baudouin Belgium Attended only the Beating Retreat 1971 President Julius Nyerere Tanzania 1972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Mauritius 1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko Zaire President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 2nd invitation Two guests Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike Sri Lanka President Kenneth Kaunda Zambia 1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac France 1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek Poland 1978 President Patrick Hillery Ireland 1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser Australia 1980 President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing France 2nd invitation 1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo Mexico 1982 King Juan Carlos I Spain President Shehu Shagari Nigeria 1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 2nd invitation 1985 President Raúl Alfonsín Argentina 1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou Greece President Alan Garcia Peru President J.R. Jayewardene Sri Lanka 2nd invitation General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh Vietnam Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth Mauritius 2nd invitation 1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Maldives President Mário Soares Portugal Prime Minister John Major United Kingdom 5th invitation Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Singapore 1995 President Nelson Mandela South Africa President Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazil Prime Minister Basdeo Panday Trinidad and Tobago 1998 President Jacques Chirac France 3rd invitation 1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev Nepal 2nd invitation 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo Nigeria 2nd invitation President Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria 2002 President Cassam Uteem Mauritius 3rd invitation 2003 President Mohammed Khatami Iran President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva Brazil 2nd invitation 2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 3rd invitation 2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al - Saud Saudi Arabia 2007 President Vladimir Putin Russia 4th invitation 2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy France 4th invitation 2009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Lee Myung Bak South Korea 2011 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Indonesia 2nd invitation 2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra Thailand 2013 King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Bhutan 4th invitation 2014 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan 2nd invitation 2015 President Barack Obama United States 2016 President François Hollande France 5th invitation 2017 Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan United Arab Emirates 2018 Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Brunei Ten guests ( Heads of ASEAN states ) Prime Minister Hun Sen Cambodia 2nd invitation President Joko Widodo Indonesia 3rd invitation Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Laos Prime Minister Najib Razak Malaysia President Htin Kyaw Myanmar President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Philippines Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Singapore 2nd invitation Prime Minister Prayuth Chan - ocha Thailand 2nd invitation Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Vietnam 2nd invitation Notes ( edit ) 1. ^ Danish Prime Minister attended Republic Day in Madras ( Chennai ) . 2. ^ For the first time , the President of India ( S. Radhakrishnan ) could not take the salute at the Republic Day parade due to ill - health . Zahir Shah arrived on 28 January . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic Day ( India ) . History of India Independence Day ( India ) Constitution Day ( India ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 29 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Independence Act 1947 '' . The National Archives , Her Majesty 's Government . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constituent Assembly DEBATES ( PROCEEDINGS ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Chap '' . Mod.nic.in . Archived from the original on 7 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Curtain Raiser -- Beating Retreat Ceremony 2011 '' . Ministry of Defence. 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beating Retreat weaves soul - stirring musical evening '' . The Times of India . 29 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Martial music rings down the curtain '' . The Times of India . 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yog Sandesh Jan - 10 English '' . Scribd.com . Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Day celebrations : President Pranab Mukherjee tweets images from 1950 onwards '' . 25 July 2017 -- via The Economic Times . Jump up ^ India , President of ( 18 January 2015 ) . `` King Tribhuvan of Nepal was the guest of honour for the Republic Day in 1951 # 26Januarypic.twitter.com/piqaZUKolr '' . Jump up ^ `` Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru '' ( PDF ) . claudearpi.net . Jump up ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20050205163551/http://www.dawn.com/2005/01/31/fea.htm Jump up ^ Rajan , Mannaraswamighala Sreeranga ( 1964 ) . `` India in world affairs , 1954 -- 56 '' . Jump up ^ The Times of India , News Service . ( 1956 , Jan 22 ) . REPUBLIC DAY IN DELHI . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/501661043 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Zhukov At India 's National Day Aka Zhukov -- India ( 1957 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Deepak , B. R ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . India & China , 1904 -- 2004 : A century of peace and conflict . ISBN 9788178271125 . Jump up ^ `` In India , they have been celebrating Republic Day . After the parade ... '' . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2547?000 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Duke Popular Everywhere ( 1959 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Prasad , Rajendra ( 1984 ) . Dr. Rajendra Prasad : Correspondence and Select Documents . ISBN 9788170230021 . Jump up ^ `` Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , News Photo , Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth be '' . Timescontent.com. 1961 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2488?000 Jump up ^ Indian Information . 1962 . Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Republic Celebration ( 1964 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2555?000 Jump up ^ `` visit to New Delhi of Mr Kosygin on the occasion of Republic Day -- Google zoeken '' . Google.com. 2013 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Recorder '' . 1969 . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2558?000 Jump up ^ Link : Indian Newsmagazine. 25 July 1970 . Jump up ^ `` India '' . 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Record '' . 1972 . Jump up ^ Reed , Sir Stanley ( 1974 ) . `` The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who 's who '' . Jump up ^ `` Indian and Foreign Review '' . 1973 . Jump up ^ Lok Sabha ( 1975 ) . `` Lok Sabha Debates '' . Jump up ^ http://www.ambafrance-au.org/france_australie/spip.php?article1521 Jump up ^ `` The Eastern Economist '' . 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick J. Hillery '' . Clarelibrary.ie . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bilateral Visits '' . Hcindia-au.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` India Argentina Relations '' ( PDF ) . Mea.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2000 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Mea.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/6 ^ Jump up to : `` Choosing R - Day chief guest : Behind the warm welcome , a cold strategy '' . Indian Express . 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` General South African History timeline '' sahistory.org.za Accessed on 13 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Choosing R - Day chief guest : Behind the warm welcome , a cold strategy '' . Indian Express . 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian President next R - Day parade chief guest -- Rediff.com India News '' . News.rediff.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian President next R - Day parade chief guest -- Rediff.com India News '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ New Delhi , 2 Dec ( IANS ) ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Thai PM to be chief guest on India 's Republic Day '' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India invites King of Bhutan as chief guest at Republic Day celebrations '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 2013 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` India likely to Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as Republic Day chief guest : India , News -- India Today '' . Indiatoday.intoday.in . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Obama in India joins Modi at Delhi Republic Day parade '' . 26 January 2015 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` French President Hollande invited as Republic Day guest '' . 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Crown Prince to be chief guest on Republic Day '' . Jump up ^ `` India to invite heads of 10 Asean nations for Republic Day celebrations -- Times of India '' . Jump up ^ DANISH PREMIER TO VISIT INDIA. ( 1962 , Jan 04 ) . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/365725781 Jump up ^ `` Asian Recorder '' . 25 July 1967 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Asian Almanac '' . V.T. Sambandan. 25 July 1967 -- via Google Books . Days of Importance to India National holidays Republic Day Independence Day Gandhi Jayanti Central Government Holidays Republic Day Independence Day Gandhi Jayanti Ambedkar Jayanti Mahavir Jayanti Buddha 's Birthday Christmas Day Dussehra Diwali ( Deepavali ) Good Friday Guru Nanak 's Birthday Eid ul - Fitr Eid al - Adha ( Bakrid ) Muharram Prophet Mohammad 's Birthday ( Id - e-Milad ) Bank Holidays Bank 's Holiday Ambedkar Jayanti Gandhi Jayanti Mahavir Jayanti Maharaja Agresen Jayanti Kashiram Death Anniversary Dussehra ( Maha Navami ) Dussehra ( Vijaya Dashami ) Deepawali Deepawali ( Govardhan Puja ) Bhai Duj / Chitragupt Jayanti Eid al - Adha ( Bakrid ) Guru Nanak 's birthday / Kartik Poornima Dr. B R. Ambedkar 's Nirwan Diwas Moharram Christmas Hindu holidays Bhogi / Lohri Makar Sankranti / Pongal / Maghi / Magh Bihu Thiruvalluvar Day Uzhavar Thirunal Farmers Day Vasant Panchami ( aka Saraswati Puja ) Ratha Saptami Maha Shivaratri Holi ( aka Dol ) Gudi Padwa / Ugadi / Puthandu Ram Navami Hanuman Jayanti Akshaya Tritiya / Maharishi Parashurama Jayanti Rath Jatra Nag Panchami or Guga - Navami Raksha Bandhan ( aka Rákhi Púrńimá ) Krishna Janmashtami Ganesh Chaturthi Onam Raja Parba Mahalaya Dussehra / Durga Puja Kumara Purnima ( aka Kojaagari Pornima ) Diwali ( aka Káli Puja , Deepavali and Diipávali ) Devotthan Ekadashi Hartalika Teej Jagaddhatri Puja Visvakarma Puja Nuakhai Chhath Bathukamma Bonalu Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. 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how many cheesecake factories are there in new york

The Cheesecake Factory

the cheesecake factory

The Cheesecake Factory Bakery Cafe , LLC . Grand Lux Cafe , LLC .

RockSugar Pan Asian Kitchen , LLC . Website www.thecheesecakefactory.com The Cheesecake Factory , Inc. is a restaurant company and distributor of cheesecakes based in the United States . The company operates 210 full - service restaurants : 194 under The Cheesecake Factory brand , 14 under the Grand Lux Cafe brand and 2 under the RockSugar Pan Asian Kitchen brand . The Cheesecake Factory also operates two bakery production facilities -- in Calabasas , California , and Rocky Mount , North Carolina -- and licenses two bakery - based menus for other food service operators under The Cheesecake Factory Bakery Cafe marque . Its cheesecakes and other baked goods can also be found in the cafes of many Barnes & Noble stores . David M. Overton , the company 's founder , opened the first Cheesecake Factory restaurant in Beverly Hills , California , in 1978 . The restaurant established the future chain 's pattern of featuring an eclectic menu , large portions , and signature cheesecakes . Contents 1 History 1.1 Founding and early years 1.2 California 1.3 Expansion beyond Southern California 1.4 International expansion 2 Other restaurants 2.1 Grand Lux Cafe 2.2 RockSugar Southeast Asian Kitchen 3 Menu 3.1 Caloric content 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Founding and early years ( edit ) The Cheesecake Factory was founded by Evelyn Overton . Evelyn first decided to open a business after making a cheesecake for her husband 's employer in 1949 . She opened a small cheesecake shop in Detroit , Michigan in the late 1950s , but eventually gave it up in order to raise her two children . She continued to supply cakes to several local restaurants through a kitchen in her basement . In 1972 , Oscar and Evelyn moved to the Woodland Hills area of Los Angeles where they opened a wholesale bakery , in which they produced cheesecakes and other desserts for local restaurants . California ( edit ) In 1978 , Evelyn 's son David opened a small salad - and - sandwich restaurant in Beverly Hills that sold 10 varieties of cheesecakes on a one - page menu . In 1983 , he opened a second restaurant in Marina del Rey . By 1987 , the Beverly Hills location had expanded into a 78 - seat restaurant and was experiencing great financial success . This led to the opening of a third , larger location in Redondo Beach , which was eventually renovated into a 300 - seat , 21,000 - square - foot ( 2,000 m ) location . By the end of the 1980s , The Cheesecake Factory 's one - page menu had expanded and the restaurant offered additional fast - food and short - order items . Expansion beyond Southern California ( edit ) The Cheesecake Factory at Palisades Center in West Nyack , New York The 1990s saw the opening of the first Cheesecake Factory restaurant outside of Southern California . The new restaurant was located in Washington , D.C. The Cheesecake Factory was incorporated in 1992 and went public in September 1993 . David Overton planned to open 3 - 4 units a year in the hopes of generating 25 % a year increase in sales . The company began changing its menu twice a year and added items including steaks , seafood , and vegetarian dishes . The company continued to open new restaurants and by 1995 was ranked 11th in the United States . As of April 2013 , The Cheesecake Factory operated 162 restaurants under The Cheesecake Factory name in 36 states . The company used to operate one self - service , limited - menu express food service operation under The Cheesecake Factory marque inside the DisneyQuest family entertainment center in Lake Buena Vista , Florida . International expansion ( edit ) The Cheesecake Factory in Hong Kong The Cheesecake Factory has expanded into international markets by both licensing agreements for other companies to operate franchises , and by corporate ownership . The first store outside the United States was opened at The Dubai Mall in August 2012 as a franchise via a licensing agreement . The first Canadian location was opened at Yorkdale Mall in Toronto in November 2017 . Plaza Las Américas in San Juan , Puerto Rico , opened its first Cheesecake Factory in the Caribbean on August 28 , 2013 . On January 25 , 2011 , the company expanded into the Middle East in a partnership with Kuwaiti retail franchising company M.H. Alshaya Co . The 300 - seat restaurant opened on August 16 , 2012 at The Dubai Mall . This is the Cheesecake Factory 's first location outside the United States . In May 2014 , The Cheesecake Factory announced that they would open the first Cheesecake Factory in East Asia . The first East Asian Cheesecake Factory opened in Disneytown in Pudong , Shanghai , China on June 16 , 2016 . As of May , 2018 , the Cheesecake Factory had eight restaurants in the Middle East . They have three in Dubai : at The Dubai Mall , Mall of Emirates , and Jumeirah Beach Residence . In Kuwait , they have one in The Avenues Mall and another in Arabella , with two in Saudi Arabia in Riyadh and Jeddah , and lastly in the Yas Mall in Abu Dhabi . On December 1 , 2015 , The Cheesecake Factory opened its eighth Middle East branch at the Verdun Shopping Center in Beirut , Lebanon . The opening was attended by many of The Cheesecake Factory management including managers from the US and Dubai. The Cheesecake Factory opened also made its first appearance in Doha , Qatar , by opening in the Mall of Qatar and further opened two more branches in Villagio and Doha Festival City . There are Cheesecake Factories in Parque Delta ( shopping center ) and Centro Santa Fe , Mexico City . On April 12 , 2017 , the company announced that it is expanding into Canada with the first location at Yorkdale Shopping Centre in Toronto , Ontario . At more than 10,400 sq. ft , the new location opened in November 2017 . In May 2017 , a Hong Kong store opened in Harbour City , Tsim Sha Tsui . Other restaurants ( edit ) A Grand Lux Cafe Restaurant at Westfield Garden State Plaza , Paramus , New Jersey . The Cheesecake Factory Bakery Cafe operates two bakery production facilities in Calabasas Hills , California and Rocky Mount , North Carolina , and licenses two bakery - based menus to other food service operators . This division operates in North America , Europe , Asia and the Middle East . Grand Lux Cafe ( edit ) David Overton designed the Grand Lux Cafe , an upscale restaurant for The Venetian hotel and casino in Las Vegas . The restaurant is modeled after Italian , French , and Austrian styles . The Cafe offers , in addition to American and European - style food , Thai , Malaysian , Caribbean cuisine , and others . The Cheesecake Factory operates fourteen Grand Lux Cafe restaurants located in Florida , Georgia , Illinois , Nevada , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , and Texas . Each Grand Lux Cafe features an on - site bakery which produces a selection of signature bake - to - order desserts ( takes up to 30min . ) , and a full - service craft bar . Most of the restaurants feature sumptuous fabrics and textures and polished marble floors and table tops . Hand - blown glass fixtures and intricate mosaics . The four most recent Grand Lux Cafe restaurants have moved in a new design direction , incorporating inlaid leather seating , warm wood paneling , colorful drum lamp shades and roaring fireplaces to create a cleaner modern look . RockSugar Southeast Asian Kitchen ( edit ) RockSugar Southeast Asian Kitchen is a contemporary Asian - fusion restaurant which opened on June 19 , 2008 , at Century City in Los Angeles . David Overton excluded Chinese and Japanese cuisines from the menu , as these are served at the Grand Lux and Cheesecake Factory restaurants . A second location opened in Oakbrook , IL in November 2017 . Menu ( edit ) The Cheesecake Factory 's Miso Salmon This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 ) In addition to cheesecake , the menu also offers starters and entrees , such as chicken , pasta , and burgers . Caloric content ( edit ) The Cheesecake Factory has been criticized for featuring large servings of high calorie and high fat foods , and a corresponding lack of healthy menu options . For these reasons , the chain was dubbed the `` worst family restaurant in America '' for 2010 by Men 's Health magazine . The average sandwich at the restaurant contains 1,400 calories . In 2013 , the Center for Science in the Public Interest gave a better understanding toward some of the food found at The Cheesecake Factory , including the `` Crispy Chicken Costoletta '' that has more calories ( 2,610 ) than a 12 - piece bucket of fried chicken from KFC and The Cheesecake Factory 's `` Bistro Shrimp Pasta '' dish , which had more calories than any other entrée from a national chain restaurant at 3,120 calories , with 89 grams of saturated fat . The United States Department of Agriculture 's Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion states in its dietary guidelines that a typical female adult should consume about 2,000 calories ( males plus 500 ) and no more than 10 % of saturated fat per day . In an attempt to offer healthier , lower calorie meal options , The Cheesecake Factory created a `` Skinnylicious '' menu that features a variety of cocktails , salads , appetizers , and specialty dishes such as lemon - garlic shrimp and grilled salmon . See also ( edit ) Los Angeles portal Companies portal Food portal List of companies in the United States List of S&P 400 companies List of restaurant chains Cheesecake References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Cheesecake Factory - Investor Relations - Annual Reports '' . Archived from the original on 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' What Is The Cheesecake Factory ? '' About Page on the company 's website `` . Cheesecakefactory.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of The Cheesecake Factory '' . Funding Universe . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Cheesecake Factory Restaurant Locations '' . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Zanolla , Leah ( 26 March 2008 ) . `` Cheesecake Factory Express Leaving Downtown Disney '' . Jump up ^ Farooqui , Salmaan ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Not a piece of cake '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheesecake Factory abrirá en Plaza las Américas en el 2013 - Plaza Las Americas Shopping Center - San Juan , Puerto Rico http://es.plazalasamericas.com/news/the-cheesecke-factory-abrira-en-plaza-las-americas-en-el-2013/title=The Cheesecake Factory abrirá en Plaza las Américas en el 2013 - Plaza Las Americas Shopping Center - San Juan , Puerto Rico Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://nrn.com/international/cheesecake-factory-expand-asia Jump up ^ Kowitt , Beth ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Mystery Company Importing Americana to the Mideast '' . Fortune . 167 ( 3 ) : 90 -- 96 . Jump up ^ http://thecheesecakefactory.com.mx/m/ Jump up ^ Ipsum , Liora ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Cheesecake Factory is opening a Toronto location this fall '' . dailyhive.com . Jump up ^ Yorkdale Style ( @ YorkdaleStyle ) ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Cheescake Factory will be opening on November 21st 2017 ! Check Yorkdale.com for updates ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ http://www.scmp.com/comment/blogs/article/2092264/first-impressions-cheesecake-factory-hong-kong-trip-back-80s The Cheesecake Factory Hong Kong -- worth the wait for a table at American chain 's new outlet ? Bernice Chan Jump up ^ `` Questions for ... Cheesecake Factory 's David Overton '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dolinsky , Steve ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) . `` L.A. - based RockSugar opens Oak Brook location '' . ABC7 Chicago . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Zinczenko , David ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) . `` America 's Best -- and Worst ! -- Family Restaurants '' . Health.yahoo.net . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ HealthiNation ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Worst Foods in America , 2010 '' . Health.yahoo.net . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Xtreme Eating 2013 : Extremism Running Amok at America 's Restaurant Chains '' . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dietary Guidelines 2015 - 2020 , Appendix 2 . Estimated Calorie Needs per Day , by Age , Sex , and Physical Activity Level '' . The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dietary Guidelines 2015 - 2020 '' . The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cheesecake Factory ' SkinnyLicious ' menu cuts calories - USATODAY.com '' . USATODAY.COM . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Cheesecake Factory . Official website Grand Lux Café website RockSugar Southeast Asian Kitchen Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Burger chains Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Wiener chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl 's Jr . 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Orange Julius Peet 's Planet Smoothie Robeks Seattle 's Best Coffee Smoothie King Starbucks Tropical Smoothie Cafe Tully 's Frozen desserts Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Braum 's Bruster 's Carvel Cold Stone Creamery Culver 's Dairy Queen Dippin ' Dots Fosters Freeze Friendly 's Golden Spoon Graeter 's Häagen - Dazs Handel 's MaggieMoo 's Marble Slab Menchie 's Oberweis Pinkberry Red Mango Rita 's Sweet Frog Tastee - Freez TCBY Tropical Sno Tutti Frutti Yogen Früz Yogurtland Hot dogs Hot Dog on a Stick Nathan 's Famous Portillo 's Wienerschnitzel Mexican - style / Tex - Mex Baja Fresh Cafe Rio Chipotle Del Taco El Pollo Loco Freebirds Green / Red Burrito La Salsa Moe 's Pancheros Qdoba Rubio 's Taco Bell Taco Bueno Taco Cabana Taco del Mar Taco John 's Taco Mayo Taco Time Tijuana Flats Wahoo 's Fish Taco Other Fazoli 's The Halal Guys Hooters Noodles & Company Sbarro Skyline Chili Sandwiches Arby 's Atlanta Bread Blimpie Capriotti 's Charley 's Così Cousins D'Angelo Daphne 's Erbert & Gerbert 's Firehouse Subs Great Wraps Jason 's Jerry 's Subs Jersey Mike 's Jimmy John 's Lee 's Sandwiches Lenny 's Sub McAlister 's Deli Miami Subs Newk 's Eatery Penn Station Port of Subs Potbelly Primo Hoagies Quiznos Rax Sandella 's Schlotzsky 's Steak Escape Subway Togo 's Tubby 's Tudor 's Biscuit World Which Wich ? 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Salt Esquire Ivar 's Long John Silver 's Red Lobster Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Defunct Bresler 's Brigham 's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Druther 's Henry 's Hamburgers Hot ' n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Red Barn Sandy 's Teavana White Tower Zantigo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cheesecake_Factory&oldid=857001463 '' Categories : Restaurants in the Greater Los Angeles Area Restaurant chains in the United States Companies based in Calabasas , California Restaurants established in 1978 1978 establishments in California Companies listed on NASDAQ Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013 Articles to be expanded from November 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 עברית Polski Português Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 22 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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did michael jordan win 3 championships in a row

The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they were responsible for popularizing the NBA worldwide . They are known for having one of the NBA 's greatest dynasties , winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three - peats . All six championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships and never lose an NBA Finals series in their history .

Chicago Bulls

chicago bulls

Chicago Bulls 2018 -- 19 Chicago Bulls season Conference Eastern Division Central Founded 1966 History Chicago Bulls 1966 -- present Arena United Center Location Chicago , Illinois Team colors Red , black President Michael Reinsdorf General manager Gar Forman Head coach Fred Hoiberg Ownership Jerry Reinsdorf Affiliation ( s ) Windy City Bulls Championships 6 ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Conference titles 6 ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Division titles 9 ( 1975 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2011 , 2012 ) Retired numbers 4 ( 4 , 10 , 23 , 33 ) Website www.nba.com/bulls Home Away Third Fourth The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded on January 16 , 1966 . The team plays its home games at the United Center , an arena shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they were responsible for popularizing the NBA worldwide . They are known for having one of the NBA 's greatest dynasties , winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three - peats . All six championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships and never lose an NBA Finals series in their history . The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995 -- 96 NBA season , setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015 -- 16 NBA season . The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season , and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015 -- 16 Warriors . Many experts and analysts consider the 1996 Bulls to be one of the greatest teams in NBA history . Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls , for a total of six MVP awards . The Bulls share rivalries with the Detroit Pistons , New York Knicks , and the Miami Heat . The Bulls ' rivalry with the Pistons was highlighted heavily during the late 1980s and early 1990s . Contents 1 Franchise history 1.1 Team creation 1.2 1966 -- 1974 : Early success 1.3 1976 -- 1984 : Gilmore and Theus 1.4 1984 -- 1998 : The Michael Jordan era 1.4. 1 1991 -- 1993 : First championship three - peat 1.4. 2 1993 -- 1995 : Jordan 's first retirement 1.4. 3 1995 -- 1998 : Second championship three - peat 1.5 1998 -- 2004 : Rebuilding 1.5. 1 2004 -- 2007 : Resurgence 1.5. 2 2007 -- 2008 : Missing the playoffs 1.6 2008 -- 2016 : Derrick Rose era 1.6. 1 2008 -- 2010 : Derrick Rose appearance 1.6. 2 2010 -- 2011 : Arrival of Tom Thibodeau 1.6. 3 2011 -- 2014 : Injury - plagued seasons for Derrick Rose 1.6. 4 2014 -- 2015 : Derrick Rose return to health 1.6. 5 2015 -- 2016 : Change in approach 1.6. 6 2016 -- 2017 : Derrick Rose departs 1.7 2017 -- present : Rebuilding 2 Rivalries 2.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 2.2 Detroit Pistons 2.3 Miami Heat 2.4 New York Knicks 3 Traditions 3.1 Starting lineup introductions 3.2 Black shoes and socks 3.3 The circus trip 4 Name , logo and uniforms 4.1 Name 4.2 Logo 4.3 Uniforms 4.3. 1 1966 -- 73 uniforms 4.3. 2 1973 -- 85 uniforms 4.3. 3 1985 -- present uniforms 4.3. 4 Alternate black uniforms 4.3. 5 Other uniforms 5 Mascots 6 Season - by - season records 7 Franchise records 8 Training facility 9 Home arenas 10 Players 10.1 Current roster 10.2 Retained draft rights 10.3 Franchise leaders 11 Head coaches 12 Hall of Famers , retired and honored numbers 12.1 Basketball Hall of Famers 12.2 FIBA Hall of Famers 12.3 Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame 12.4 Retired numbers and honorees 13 Media 13.1 Radio 13.2 Television 14 References 15 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Team creation ( edit ) On January 16 , 1966 Chicago was granted an NBA franchise to be called the Bulls . The Chicago Bulls became the third NBA franchise in the city , after the Chicago Stags ( 1946 -- 1950 ) and the Chicago Packers / Zephyrs ( now the Washington Wizards ) . The Bulls ' founder , Dick Klein , was the Bulls ' only owner to ever play professional basketball ( for the Chicago American Gears ) . He served as the Bulls ' president and general manager in their initial years . After the 1966 NBA Expansion Draft , the newly founded Chicago Bulls were allowed to acquire players from the previously established teams in the league for the upcoming 1966 -- 67 season . The team started in the 1966 -- 67 NBA season , and posted the best record by an expansion team in NBA history . Coached by Chicagoan and former NBA star Johnny `` Red '' Kerr , and led by former NBA assist leader Guy Rodgers , guard Jerry Sloan and forward Bob Boozer , the Bulls qualified for the playoffs , the only NBA team to do so in their inaugural season . 1966 -- 1974 : early success ( edit ) The 1969 -- 70 Chicago Bulls In their first season , the Bulls played their home games at the International Amphitheatre , before moving to Chicago Stadium . Fan interest was diminishing after four seasons , with one game in the 1968 season having an official attendance of 891 and some games being played in Kansas City . In 1969 , Klein dropped out of the general manager job and hired Pat Williams , who as the Philadelphia 76ers ' business manager created promotions that helped the team become third in attendance the previous season . Williams revamped the team roster , acquiring Chet Walker from his old team in exchange for Jim Washington and drafting Norm Van Lier -- who was traded to the Cincinnati Royals and only joined the Bulls in 1971 -- while also investing in promotion , with actions such as creating mascot Benny the Bull . The Bulls under Williams and head coach Dick Motta qualified for four straight playoffs and had attendances grow to over 10,000 . In 1972 , the Bulls set a franchise win - loss record at 57 wins and 25 losses . During the 1970s , the Bulls relied on Jerry Sloan , forwards Bob Love and Chet Walker , point guard Norm Van Lier , and centers Clifford Ray and Tom Boerwinkle . The team made the conference finals in 1975 but lost to the eventual champions , the Golden State Warriors , 4 games to 3 . After four 50 - win seasons , Williams returned to Philadelphia , and Motta decided to take on the role of GM as well . The Bulls ended up declining , winning only 24 games in the 1975 -- 1976 season . Motta was fired and replaced by Ed Badger . 1976 -- 1984 : Gilmore and Theus ( edit ) Gilmore in 1977 Klein sold the Bulls to the Wirtz Family , longtime owners of the Chicago Blackhawks . Indifferent to NBA basketball , the new ownership group infamously implemented a shoestring budget , putting little time and investment into improving the team . Artis Gilmore , acquired in the ABA dispersal draft in 1976 , led a Bulls squad which included guard Reggie Theus , forward David Greenwood and forward Orlando Woolridge . In 1979 , the Bulls lost a coin flip for the right to select first in the NBA draft ( Rod Thorn , the Bulls ' General Manager , called `` heads '' ) . Had the Bulls won the toss , they would have selected Magic Johnson ; instead , they selected David Greenwood with the second pick . The Los Angeles Lakers selected Johnson with the pick acquired from the New Orleans Jazz , who traded the selection for Gail Goodrich . After Gilmore was traded to the San Antonio Spurs for center Dave Corzine , the Bulls employed a high - powered offense centered around Theus , and which soon included guards Quintin Dailey and Ennis Whatley . However , with continued dismal results , the Bulls decided to change direction , trading Theus to the Kansas City Kings during the 1983 -- 84 season . Attendance began to dwindle , with the Wirtz Family looking to sell to ownership groups interested in moving the team out of Chicago , before selling to local ownership . 1984 -- 1998 : the Michael Jordan era ( edit ) Michael Jordan was drafted third overall by the Bulls in 1984 . He won six championships and six Finals MVPs for Chicago . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the summer of 1984 , the Bulls had the third pick of the 1984 NBA draft , after Houston and Portland . The Rockets selected Hakeem Olajuwon , the Blazers picked Sam Bowie and the Bulls chose shooting guard Michael Jordan . The team , with new management in owner Jerry Reinsdorf and general manager Jerry Krause , decided to rebuild around Jordan . Jordan set franchise records during his rookie campaign for scoring ( third in the league ) and steals ( fourth ) , and led the Bulls back to the playoffs , where they lost in four games to the Milwaukee Bucks . For his efforts , he was rewarded with a selection to the All - NBA Second Team and the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . In the following off - season , the team acquired point guard John Paxson and on draft day traded with the Cavaliers for the rights to power forward Charles Oakley . Along with Jordan and center Dave Corzine , they provided much of the Bulls ' offense for the next two years . After suffering a broken foot early in the 1985 -- 86 season , Jordan finished second on the team to Woolridge in scoring . Jordan returned for the playoffs , and led the eighth - place Bulls against the 67 -- 15 Boston Celtics , led by Larry Bird . At the time , the Bulls had the fifth worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history . Though the Bulls were swept , Jordan recorded a playoff single - game record 63 points in Game 2 ( which still stands to this day ) , prompting Bird to call him ' God disguised as Michael Jordan . ' In the 1986 -- 87 NBA season , Jordan continued his assault on the record books , leading the league in scoring with 37.1 points per game and becoming the first Bull named to the All - NBA First Team . The Bulls finished 40 -- 42 , which was good enough to qualify them for the playoffs . However , they were again swept by the Celtics in the playoffs . In the 1987 draft , to address their lack of depth , Krause selected center Olden Polynice eighth overall and power forward Horace Grant 10th overall , then sent Polynice to Seattle in a draft - day trade for the fifth selection , small forward Scottie Pippen . With Paxson and Jordan in the backcourt , Brad Sellers and Oakley at the forward spots , Corzine anchoring center , and rookies Pippen and Grant coming off the bench , the Bulls won 50 games and advanced to the Eastern Conference semifinals , where they were beaten by the eventual Eastern Conference Champions Detroit Pistons in five games . For his efforts , Jordan was named NBA Most Valuable Player , an award he would win four more times over his career . The 1987 -- 88 season would also mark the start of the Pistons - Bulls rivalry which was formed from 1988 to 1991 . The 1988 -- 89 season marked a second straight year of major off - season moves . Power forward Charles Oakley , who had led the league in total rebounds in both 1987 and 1988 , was traded on the eve of the 1988 NBA draft to the New York Knicks along with a first - round draft pick used by the Knicks to select Rod Strickland for center Bill Cartwright and a first - round pick , which the Bulls used to obtain center Will Perdue . In addition , the Bulls acquired three - point shooter Craig Hodges from Phoenix . The new starting lineup of Paxson , Jordan , Pippen , Grant , and Cartwright took some time to mesh , winning fewer games than the previous season , but made it all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals , where they were defeated in six games by the NBA champion Pistons . In 1989 -- 90 , Jordan led the league in scoring for the fourth straight season and was joined on the all - star squad for the first time by Pippen . There was also a major change during the off - season , where head coach Doug Collins was replaced by assistant coach Phil Jackson . The Bulls also picked up rookie center Stacey King and rookie point guard B.J. Armstrong in the 1989 draft . With these additional players and the previous year 's starting five , the Bulls again made it to the Conference Finals and pushed the Pistons to seven games before being eliminated for the third straight year , the Pistons going on to repeat as NBA champions . 1991 -- 1993 : first championship three - peat ( edit ) In the 1990 -- 91 season , the Bulls recorded a then - franchise record 61 wins , and romped through the playoffs , where they swept the Knicks in the first round , defeated the Philadelphia 76ers in the semifinals , then eliminated defending champion Pistons in the Conference Finals and won the NBA Finals in five games over the Magic Johnson - led Los Angeles Lakers . The Bulls won their second straight title in 1992 after racking up another franchise record for wins with 67 . They defeated the Miami Heat in four games in the first round , the Knicks in seven hard - fought games in the second round , then the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games in the Eastern Conference to the Finals for the second year in a row where they defeated the Clyde Drexler - led Portland Trail Blazers in six games . In 1993 , the Bulls won their third consecutive championship by defeating the Atlanta Hawks , Cleveland Cavaliers and New York Knicks in the first three rounds and then defeating regular season MVP Charles Barkley and the Phoenix Suns , with John Paxson 's three - pointer with 3.9 seconds left giving them a 99 -- 98 victory in Game 6 in Phoenix , Arizona . 1993 -- 1995 : Jordan 's first retirement ( edit ) United Center This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On October 6 , 1993 , Michael Jordan shocked the basketball community by announcing his retirement , three months after his father 's murder . The Bulls were then led by Scottie Pippen , who established himself as one of the top players in the league by winning the 1994 All - Star MVP . He received help from Horace Grant and B.J. Armstrong , who were named to their first all - star games . The three were assisted by Cartwright , Perdue , shooting guard Pete Myers , and Croatian rookie forward Toni Kukoč . Despite the Bulls winning 55 games during the 1993 -- 94 season , they were beaten in seven games by the Knicks in the second round of the playoffs , after a controversial foul call by referee Hue Hollins in game 5 of that series . The Knicks eventually reached the finals that year , but lost to the Houston Rockets . The Bulls opened the 1994 -- 95 season by leaving their home of 27 years , Chicago Stadium , and moving into their current home , the United Center . In 1994 , the Bulls lost Grant , Cartwright and Scott Williams to free agency , and John Paxson to retirement , but picked up shooting guard Ron Harper , the seeming heir apparent to Jordan in assistant coach Tex Winter 's triple - post offense , and small - forward Jud Buechler . The Bulls started Armstrong and Harper in the backcourt , Pippen and Kukoc at the forward spots , and Perdue at center . They also had sharpshooter Steve Kerr , whom they acquired via free agency before the 1993 -- 94 season , Myers , and centers Luc Longley ( acquired via trade in 1994 from the Minnesota Timberwolves ) and Bill Wennington . However , they were struggling during the season , on March 18 , 1995 , they received the news that Michael Jordan was coming out of retirement . He scored 55 points against the Knicks in only his fifth game back , and led the Bulls to the fifth seed in the playoffs , where they defeated the Charlotte Hornets . However , Jordan and the Bulls were unable to overcome the eventual Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic , which included Horace Grant , Anfernee Hardaway , and Shaquille O'Neal . When Jordan returned to the Bulls , he initially wore No. 45 ( which was his number while playing for the Birmingham Barons , a minor - league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox ) . He chose the No. 45 because his older brother Larry wore that number in high school . Michael wanted to be half as good as his brother so he chose 23 which is half of 45 ( 22.5 ) rounded up . However , Jordan switched back to the familiar 23 before game 2 of the Orlando Magic series . In the off - season , the Bulls lost Armstrong in the expansion draft , and Krause traded Perdue to the San Antonio Spurs for rebounding specialist Dennis Rodman , who had won the past four rebounding titles , and who had also been a member of the Detroit Pistons ' `` Bad Boys '' squad that served as the Bulls ' chief nemesis in the late 1980s . 1995 -- 1998 : second championship three - peat ( edit ) Michael Jordan Scottie Pippen With a lineup of Harper , Jordan , Pippen , Rodman and Longley , and perhaps the league 's best bench in Steve Kerr , Kukoc , Wennington , Buechler , and guard Randy Brown , the Bulls posted one of the best single - season improvements in league history and the best single - season record at that time , moving from 47 -- 35 to 72 -- 10 , becoming the first NBA team to win 70 or more games . Jordan won his eighth scoring title , and Rodman his fifth straight rebounding title , while Kerr finished second in the league in three - point shooting percentage . Jordan garnered the elusive triple crown with the NBA MVP , NBA All - Star Game MVP , and NBA Finals MVP . Krause was named NBA Executive of the Year , Jackson Coach of the Year , and Kukoc the Sixth Man of the Year . Both Pippen and Jordan made the All - NBA First Team , and Jordan , Pippen , and Rodman made the All - Defensive First Team , making the Bulls the only team in NBA history with three players on the All - Defensive First Team . In addition , the 1995 -- 96 team holds several other records , including the best road record in a standard 41 - road - game season ( 33 -- 8 ) , the all - time best start by a team ( 41 -- 3 ) , and the best start at home ( 37 -- 0 ) . The Bulls also posted the second - best home record in history ( 39 -- 2 ) , behind only the 1985 -- 86 Celtics 40 -- 1 home mark . The team triumphed over the Miami Heat in the first round , the New York Knicks in the second round , the Orlando Magic in the Eastern Conference Finals and finally Gary Payton , Shawn Kemp and the Seattle SuperSonics for their fourth title . The 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls are widely regarded as one of the greatest teams in the history of basketball . Bulls head coach Phil Jackson consulting Michael Jordan in 1997 In the 1996 -- 97 season , the Bulls missed out on a second consecutive 70 - win season by losing their final two games to finish 69 -- 13 . They repeated their home dominance , going 39 -- 2 at the United Center . The Bulls capped the season by defeating the Bullets , Hawks and Heat in the first three rounds of the playoffs en route to winning their fifth NBA championship over John Stockton , Karl Malone and the Utah Jazz . Jordan earned his second straight and ninth career scoring title , while Rodman earned his sixth straight rebounding title . Jordan and Pippen , along with Robert Parish , who was a member of the Bulls at the time , were also honored as members of the 50 greatest players of all - time with the NBA celebrating its 50th season . Parish , whose single season with the Bulls would be his last year in the league , was nominated for his stellar career with the Boston Celtics . The 1997 -- 98 season was one of turmoil for the NBA champion Bulls . Many speculated this would be Michael Jordan 's final season with the team . Phil Jackson 's future with the team was also questionable , as his relationship with team general manager Jerry Krause was one of growing tension . Scottie Pippen was looking for a significant contract extension that he thought he deserved , but was not getting from the organization . In spite of the turmoil that surrounded the Bulls , they still had a remarkable season , with a final regular - season record of 62 -- 20 . Michael Jordan would be named the league MVP for the fifth and final time , and the Bulls went into the playoffs as the number one seed in the Eastern Conference . The first round of the playoffs for the Bulls was against the New Jersey Nets , a team led by Keith Van Horn , Kendall Gill and Sam Cassell . The Bulls swept the Nets three to nothing in a best of five series . The conference semi-finals were more challenging with the Charlotte Hornets stealing game two from the Bulls at the United Center , and tying the series 1 -- 1 . But the Bulls easily defeated the Hornets in the next three games of the series . The Conference Finals was a challenge for the Bulls as they went up against the Reggie Miller - led Indiana Pacers . Experts were of the opinion that the Pacers had the best chance to defeat the Bulls . The Pacers gave the Bulls no road wins , winning games 3 , 4 , and 6 , sending the series to a deciding game seven at the United Center . The Bulls prevailed and beat the Pacers 88 -- 83 , winning their 6th Eastern Conference Championship . In a much anticipated Finals , The Bulls faced the team they beat the previous year , the Utah Jazz . Led by Karl Malone and John Stockton , the Jazz felt confident that they could defeat the Bulls , winning game one at Utah 's Delta Center . Facing a potential two to nothing deficit , the Bulls won Game 2 at the Delta Center and tied the series . The Bulls returned to the United Center and , by winning the next two games , took a 3 -- 1 series lead . The Jazz won Game 5 by two points , 83 -- 81 . Game 6 was a tough battle for both teams , as the Jazz had a lead late in the game . Down by three points to the Jazz , Michael Jordan led the Bulls to one final win . Jordan hit a shot to bring the Bulls within 1 , then stole the ball from Karl Malone and hit the game winning shot with 5.2 seconds remaining on the clock . With a score of 87 -- 86 , John Stockton put up a three - pointer , but missed , giving the Bulls their sixth championship in eight years . Jordan would be named the Finals MVP for the sixth time in his career . He retired for the second time on January 13 , 1999 . 1998 -- 2004 : rebuilding ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The summer of 1998 brought an abrupt end to the championship era . Krause felt that the Bulls were on the verge of being too old and unable to compete . He decided that the team 's only choices were to rebuild or endure a slow decline . His plan was to trade away the aging talent and acquire high draft picks while clearing salary cap space to make a run at several promising free agents in two years ' time . After having been vetoed in a previous attempt by owner Jerry Reinsdorf , Krause traded Scottie Pippen for Roy Rogers ( who was released in February 1999 ) and a conditional second - round draft pick from the Houston Rockets . He also decided not to re-sign Dennis Rodman , and traded Luc Longley and Steve Kerr for other draft picks . He hired a new coach , Tim Floyd , who had run a successful program at Iowa State University . Upon Phil Jackson 's departure , Michael Jordan made his second retirement official . With a new starting lineup of point guard Randy Brown , shooting guard Ron Harper , newcomer Brent Barry at small forward , power forward Toni Kukoč , and center Bill Wennington , the team began the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season . Kukoc led the team in scoring , rebounding , and assists , but the team won only 13 of 50 games . The lowest point of the season came on April 10 in a game against the Miami Heat . In that game , the Bulls scored 49 points to set an NBA record for the fewest points in a game in the shot clock era . The previous year 's dismal finish came with one highlight : the team won the draft lottery and the rights to power forward Elton Brand . Since the team lost Harper , Wennington and Barry in the offseason , Brand and fellow rookie Ron Artest led the team throughout the year , especially after Kukoc missed most of the season due to injury and was then dealt for a draft pick at the trading deadline . Brand recorded the first 20 -- 10 average for the Bulls since the days of Artis Gilmore . He led all rookies in scoring , rebounds , blocks , field goal percentage and minutes , while Artest led all rookies in steals and finished second on the team in scoring . For his efforts Brand was named 1999 -- 2000 co-Rookie of the Year with Houston 's Steve Francis , and to the all - rookie first team , while Artest was named to the all - rookie second team . However , the team established a franchise low at 17 -- 65 , second worst in the league . After a summer in which the Bulls witnessed most major and minor free agents Tim Duncan , Grant Hill , Tracy McGrady , Eddie Jones and even Tim Thomas choose to stay with their teams ( or go elsewhere ) rather than sign with them , Krause signed free agent center Brad Miller and shooting guard Ron Mercer , and drafted power forward Marcus Fizer and traded draft pick Chris Mihm to Cleveland for the rights of guard Jamal Crawford . Brand again led the team in scoring and rebounds with another 20 -- 10 season , but the new acquisitions failed to make a major impact , and they finished with the worst record in team history and the league 's worst for the season at 15 -- 67 . Krause shocked Bulls fans on draft day in 2001 when he traded franchise player Brand to the Los Angeles Clippers for the second pick in the draft , Tyson Chandler . He also selected Eddy Curry with the fourth pick . Since both Chandler and Curry came straight out of high school , neither was expected to make much of a contribution for several years , but they were seen as potential franchise players . The team floundered without veteran leadership . At mid-season , the Bulls traded their top three scorers -- Mercer , Artest , and Miller along with Kevin Ollie -- to the Indiana Pacers for veteran guard Jalen Rose , Travis Best and Norman Richardson . There was also a change in coaching , with Floyd being dismissed in favor of assistant coach and former Bulls co-captain Bill Cartwright , following a series of arguments with players and management . The Bulls improved from 15 to 21 wins , although they were still tied for last in the league . For the 2002 -- 03 season , the Bulls came to play with much optimism . They picked up college phenom Jay Williams with the second pick in the draft . Williams teamed with Jalen Rose , Crawford , Fizer , newcomer Donyell Marshall , Curry , Chandler , and guard Trenton Hassell to form a young and exciting nucleus which improved to 30 -- 52 in Bill Cartwright 's first full season as head coach . Curry led the league in field goal percentage , becoming the first Bull since Jordan to lead the league in a major statistical category . During the summer of 2003 , long - time GM Jerry Krause retired , and former player and color commentator John Paxson was tapped as his successor . Jay Williams , coming off a promising rookie campaign , was seriously injured in a motorcycle accident . His contract was bought out by the Bulls in February 2004 and he has yet to return to the game . Paxson selected point guard Kirk Hinrich with the seventh pick in the draft , and signed veteran free agent and former franchise player Scottie Pippen . With Pippen playing , Cartwright at the sidelines , and Paxson in the front office , the Bulls hoped that some of the championship magic from before would return . However , the 2003 -- 04 season was a resounding disappointment . Eddy Curry regressed , leading to questions about his conditioning and commitment . Tyson Chandler was plagued by a chronic back injury , missing more than thirty games . Pippen 's ability to influence games was impaired by knee problems , and he openly contemplated retirement . Jamal Crawford remained inconsistent . Bill Cartwright was fired as head coach in December and replaced with former Phoenix coach Scott Skiles . A trade with the Toronto Raptors brought Antonio Davis and Jerome Williams in exchange for Rose and Marshall in what was seen as a major shift in team strategy from winning with athleticism to winning with hard work and defense . After struggling throughout the season , the Bulls finished with 23 wins and 59 losses , the second - worst record in the league . Fizer was not re-signed , and Crawford was re-signed and traded to the Knicks for expiring contracts . Hinrich provided the lone bright spot , becoming a fan favorite for his gritty determination and tenacious defense . He won a place on the All - Rookie first team . 2004 -- 2007 : resurgence ( edit ) Luol Deng made his first All - Star appearance with the team in 2012 and his second in 2013 . During the 2004 off - season , Paxson traded a 2005 draft pick to the Phoenix Suns in return for an additional pick in the 2004 NBA draft . He used the picks to select Connecticut guard Ben Gordon and Duke small forward Luol Deng in the first round , and Duke point guard Chris Duhon in the second . Paxson also signed free agent small forward Andrés Nocioni , who had recently won an Olympic gold medal as a member of the Argentine national team . After losing the first nine games of the season , the Bulls began to show signs of improvement behind their improved team defense and clutch fourth - quarter play from Gordon . The Bulls , who were 0 -- 9 to start the season , finished the regular season 47 -- 35 , with the third - best record in the Eastern Conference and advanced to the NBA playoffs for the first time since Jordan 's departure . In the first round , the 4th - seeded Bulls played the Washington Wizards . Despite an injury to Deng and a heart issue with Curry , the Bulls opened the series with two wins at home , but lost the next four games and the series . After the season , Ben Gordon became the first rookie to win the NBA Sixth Man Award and the first Bull to win the award since 1996 with Toni Kukoč . During the 2005 off - season , the Bulls re-signed free agent Tyson Chandler . However , Curry showed possible symptoms of a heart disease resulting of a heart murmur during checkups , and Paxson would not clear him to play without extensive DNA testing . Ultimately , Curry refused to participate in the tests , and he was traded along with Antonio Davis to the New York Knicks for Michael Sweetney , Tim Thomas , and what became the second pick of the 2006 NBA draft -- as well as the right to swap picks with New York in the 2007 NBA draft . Without a significant post presence , the Bulls struggled for most of the 2005 -- 06 season . However , a late - season 12 -- 2 surge allowed them to finish 41 -- 41 and qualify for the 2006 playoffs as the seventh seed . There , the Bulls faced the Miami Heat . After two close losses in Miami , the Bulls broke through with a blowout win in Game 3 , and another win in Game 4 . However , the Heat took the next two games to win the series and went on to win that year 's championship . The Bulls ' several young players nevertheless earned additional postseason experience , and Nocioni turned in a remarkable series of performances that far exceeded his season averages . In the 2006 NBA Draft , the Bulls were awarded forward - center LaMarcus Aldridge and immediately traded him to the Portland Trail Blazers for forward Tyrus Thomas and forward Viktor Khryapa . In a second draft - day trade , the Bulls selected Rodney Carney and traded him to the Philadelphia 76ers for guard Thabo Sefolosha . Later that summer , four - time Defensive Player of the Year Ben Wallace signed with the Bulls for a reported four - year , $60 million contract . Following the signing of Wallace , the Bulls traded Tyson Chandler , the last remaining player of the Krause era , to the ( then ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets for veteran power forward P.J. Brown and J.R. Smith and salary cap space that was used to sign former Chicago co-captain Adrian Griffin . In 2006 -- 07 , the Bulls overcame a 3 -- 9 season start to finish 49 -- 33 , the third - best record in the Eastern Conference . In the first round , the Bulls again faced Miami , the defending NBA champions . The Bulls narrowly won Game 1 at home , then followed it with a blowout victory in Game 2 . In Miami , the Bulls rallied from a 12 - point second - half deficit to win Game 3 and then posted another comeback win in Game 4 . The Bulls ' four - game sweep of the defending champions stunned many NBA observers . It was Chicago 's first playoff series victory since 1998 , Jordan 's last season with the team . The Bulls then advanced to face the Detroit Pistons , marking the first time the Central Division rivals had met in the playoffs since 1991 . The Pistons won the first three games including a big comeback in Game 3 . No NBA team had ever come back from a 0 -- 3 deficit to win the series , but the Bulls avoided a sweep by winning Game 4 by 10 points . The Bulls then easily won Game 5 in Detroit , and had a chance to make NBA history . But they lost at home in game 6 by 10 , and the Pistons won the series 4 -- 2 on May 17 . 2007 -- 2008 : missing the playoffs ( edit ) Joakim Noah was drafted by the Bulls in 2007 . He was named an All Star for the first time in 2013 and for the second time in 2014 . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the off season , the Bulls signed forward Joe Smith and guard Adrian Griffin , and drafted center Joakim Noah . However , distractions began when Luol Deng and Ben Gordon turned down contract extensions , never citing reasons . Then rumors surfaced that the Bulls were pursuing stars like Kevin Garnett , Pau Gasol , and most notably , Kobe Bryant . None of these deals happened , and general manager John Paxson denied a deal was ever imminent . The Bulls started the 2007 -- 08 NBA season by losing 10 of their first 12 games and on December 24 , 2007 , after a 9 -- 16 start , the Bulls fired head coach Scott Skiles . Jim Boylan was named the interim head coach on December 27 , 2007 . On February 21 , 2008 , Ben Wallace , Joe Smith , Adrian Griffin and the Bulls ' 2009 2nd round draft pick were exchanged for Drew Gooden , Cedric Simmons , Larry Hughes and Shannon Brown in a three - team trade deal involving the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Seattle SuperSonics . Boylan was not retained on April 17 at the conclusion of the 2007 -- 08 season after compiling a 24 -- 32 record with the Bulls . The Bulls ended the 2007 -- 08 campaign with a 33 -- 49 record , a complete reversal of last year 's record . After Jim Boylan 's interim tenure expired , the Bulls began the process of selecting a new head coach . They were in talks with former Phoenix head coach Mike D'Antoni , but on May 10 , 2008 , he signed with the New York Knicks . Other possible options included former Dallas head coach Avery Johnson and former Bulls head coach Doug Collins . Collins resigned from the coaching list on June 4 , 2008 , reporting that he did not want to ruin his friendship with Jerry Reinsdorf . On June 10 , 2008 , the Chicago Bulls G.M. John Paxson hired Vinny Del Negro , with no coaching experience , to coach the young Bulls . On July 3 , 2008 , the Chicago Tribune reported that Del Harris agreed to become an assistant coach for the Chicago Bulls along with former Charlotte Bobcats head coach Bernie Bickerstaff and longtime NBA assistant Bob Ociepka . Along with Bickerstaff and Ociepka , Harris helped establish a veteran presence on the coaching staff and helped rookie head coach Del Negro . 2008 -- 2016 : Derrick Rose era ( edit ) 2008 -- 2010 : Derrick Rose appearance ( edit ) With a slim 1.7 % chance of winning the rights to draft number 1 , the Bulls won the 2008 NBA Draft Lottery and selected first overall . With this , the Bulls became the team with the lowest chance of winning to ever win the lottery since it was modified for the 1994 NBA draft , and second lowest ever . On June 26 , 2008 , the Bulls drafted Chicago native Derrick Rose from the University of Memphis as the number 1 draft pick . At pick number 39 they selected Sonny Weems . The Bulls later traded Weems to the Denver Nuggets for Denver 's 2009 regular second - round draft pick . The Bulls then acquired Ömer Aşık from the Portland Trail Blazers ( selected with the 36th pick ) for Denver 's 2009 regular second - round draft pick , New York 's 2009 regular second - round draft pick , and the Bulls ' 2010 regular second - round draft pick . The Bulls re-signed Luol Deng to a six - year $71 million contract on July 30 , 2008 . He was later plagued with an injury keeping him from action for most of the 2008 -- 09 season . Ben Gordon signed a one - year contract on October 2 , 2008 . Derrick Rose was drafted first overall by the Bulls in 2008 . He was the 2010 -- 2011 regular season MVP . On February 18 , 2009 , the Bulls made their first of several trades , sending Andrés Nocioni , Drew Gooden , Cedric Simmons , and Michael Ruffin to the Sacramento Kings for Brad Miller and John Salmons . Then on February 19 , 2009 , the NBA trade deadline , the Bulls traded Larry Hughes to the New York Knicks for Tim Thomas , Jerome James , and Anthony Roberson . Later that day the Bulls made the third trade in a span of less than 24 hours by sending swingman Thabo Sefolosha to the Oklahoma City Thunder for a 2009 first - round pick . The trades brought a late - season push for the Bulls , which finally clinched a playoff berth on April 10 , 2009 , their fourth in the last five years . They finished the season with a 41 -- 41 record . Their record was good enough to secure a No. 7 seed in the 2009 NBA Playoffs , playing a tough series against the Boston Celtics . In Game 1 , Derrick Rose scored 36 points , along with 11 assists , tying Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 's record for most points scored by a rookie in a playoff debut . After breaking the record for most overtimes played in an NBA Playoffs Series , the Boston Celtics managed to overcome the Bulls after 7 games and 7 overtimes played . The Bulls had two first round picks in the 2009 NBA draft and decided to take Wake Forest stand out forward James Johnson and athletic USC forward Taj Gibson . In the 2009 NBA off - season the Bulls lost their leading scorer , Ben Gordon , when he signed with their divisional rival , the Detroit Pistons . On February 18 , 2010 , John Salmons was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks for Joe Alexander and Hakim Warrick . Meanwhile , Tyrus Thomas was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats for Acie Law , Flip Murray and a future protected first round pick . On April 14 , 2010 , the Bulls clinched the playoffs with the number 8 seed . Unlike the previous year , however , the Bulls ' playoff run was shorter and less dramatic as they were eliminated by the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games . On May 4 , 2010 , the Bulls officially fired head coach Vinny Del Negro . 2010 -- 2011 : arrival of Tom Thibodeau ( edit ) Tom Thibodeau coached the Bulls to 62 wins in his first season . In early June 2010 , Boston Celtics assistant Tom Thibodeau accepted a three - year contract to fill the Bulls ' head coaching vacancy . He was officially introduced on June 23 . On July 7 , it was revealed that Carlos Boozer of the Utah Jazz had verbally agreed to an $80 million , five - year contract . Afterwards , the Bulls traded veteran point guard Kirk Hinrich to the Washington Wizards to create more cap space . The Bulls also signed former 76er and Jazz sharpshooter Kyle Korver to a three - year , $15 million contract . The same day that the Bulls signed Kyle Korver , they signed Turkish All - Star Ömer Aşık . After being matched by the Orlando Magic for J.J. Redick , they signed their third free agent from the Jazz in the off - season in shooting guard Ronnie Brewer , traded for former Warrior point guard C.J. Watson , and signed former Bucks power forward Kurt Thomas as well as former Spurs player Keith Bogans and former Celtic Brian Scalabrine . Rose earned the 2011 NBA MVP Award , thereby becoming the youngest player in NBA history to win it . He became the first Bulls player since Michael Jordan to win the award . As a team , Chicago finished the regular season with a league - best 62 -- 20 record and clinched the first seed in the Eastern Conference for the first time since 1998 . The Bulls defeated the Indiana Pacers and the Atlanta Hawks in five and six games , respectively , thereby reaching the Eastern Conference finals for the first time since 1998 , and faced the Miami Heat . After winning the first game of the series , they lost the next four games , ending their season . 2011 -- 2014 : injury - plagued seasons for Derrick Rose ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the off - season , the Bulls drafted Jimmy Butler 30th overall in the 2011 NBA draft . After the NBA lockout ended , the Bulls lost Kurt Thomas to free agency , and released Keith Bogans . The Bulls signed veteran shooting guard Richard `` Rip '' Hamilton to a three - year deal , after he was waived by the Detroit Pistons . The Bulls also gave MVP Derrick Rose a 5 - year contract extension worth $94.8 million . Derrick Rose was voted as an NBA All - Star starter for the second consecutive year , and was the third leading voted player overall behind Dwight Howard and Kobe Bryant . Luol Deng was also selected as a reserve for the Eastern Conference . This was the first time that the Bulls had two all stars since 1997 , when Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen were the duo . Derrick Rose was injured for most of the 2011 -- 12 NBA season ; however , the team was still able to finish with a 50 -- 16 record and clinched the first seed in the Eastern Conference for the second straight year and the best overall record in the NBA ( tied with the San Antonio Spurs ) . Rose suffered a new injury when he tore his ACL during the 4th quarter of the first playoff game on April 28 , 2012 , against the Philadelphia 76ers and missed the rest of the series . Head coach Tom Thibodeau was criticized for keeping Rose in the game even though the Bulls were essentially minutes away from their victory over the 76ers . The Bulls lost the next three games , and also lost Noah to a foot injury after he severely rolled his ankle stepping on Andre Iguodala 's foot in Game 3 ; he briefly returned for part of the fourth quarter of that game , but missed the following games in the series . After winning Game 5 at home , Bulls were eliminated by the 76ers in Game 6 in Philadelphia , becoming the fifth team in NBA history to be eliminated as a first seed by an eighth seed . In Game 6 , Andre Iguodala sank two free throws with 2.2 seconds left to put the 76ers up 79 -- 78 after getting fouled by Ömer Aşık , who had missed two free throws five seconds earlier . At the end of the season , Boozer and Aşık were the only members on the Bulls ' roster to have played in every game , with Korver and Brewer missing one game apiece . In the offseason , the Bulls gave up Lucas to the Toronto Raptors , Brewer to the New York Knicks , Korver to the Atlanta Hawks , Watson to the Brooklyn Nets and Aşık to the Houston Rockets , but brought back Kirk Hinrich . In addition , they added Marco Belinelli , Vladimir Radmanovic , Nazr Mohammed and Nate Robinson to the roster via free agency . Rose missed the entire 2012 -- 13 season , but despite his absence , the Bulls finished 45 -- 37 , second in the Central Division ( behind the Indiana Pacers ) and 5th in their conference . They defeated the Brooklyn Nets 4 -- 3 ( after leading 3 -- 1 ) in the first round of the playoffs and lost to the Miami Heat 4 -- 1 in the next round . During the season , the Bulls snapped both Miami 's 27 - game winning streak and the New York Knicks ' 13 - game winning streak , becoming the second team in NBA history to snap two winning streaks of 13 games or more in a season . Just 10 games into the 2013 -- 14 season , Derrick Rose would tear his medial meniscus on a non-contact play . He declared he would miss the remainder of the season . On January 7 , 2014 , veteran forward Luol Deng was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers for center Andrew Bynum and a set of picks . Bynum was immediately waived after the trade went through . The Bulls would finish second in the Central Division with 48 wins , and earned home - court advantage in the first round . However , due to lack of a strong offensive weapon , they failed to win a single home game en route to losing to the Washington Wizards in five games . In the 2014 NBA draft , the Bulls traded their 16th and 19th picks for Doug McDermott , the former Creighton star and 5th leading scorer in NCAA history , who was selected with the 11th pick , and in the second round , took Cameron Bairstow with the 49th pick . That offseason , they signed Pau Gasol , re-signed Kirk Hinrich and brought over Eurostar Nikola Mirotić , who was acquired via a draft day trade in 2011 , but could not come over sooner , due to salary cap constraints . 2014 -- 2015 : Derrick Rose return to health ( edit ) The second return of Derrick Rose gave the Bulls and their fans optimism for the 2014 -- 15 season . With 2 - time NBA Champion Pau Gasol and a deep bench consisting of Taj Gibson , Nikola Mirotić , Tony Snell , Aaron Brooks , Doug McDermott , Kirk Hinrich , among others , the Bulls were one of the two favorite teams to come out of the Eastern Conference along with the Cleveland Cavaliers . The Bulls started off the season in style with a blowout win of the New York Knicks , and then winning 7 of their first 9 games ( losses coming to the Cleveland Cavaliers and Boston Celtics ) . The emergence of Jimmy Butler as a primary scorer for the Bulls was a major surprise and he surged into the forefront of the `` Most Improved Player of the Year '' award race . Butler 's statistical jump was noted by many as one of the greatest in NBA History , going from scoring just 13 points per game in 2013 -- 14 to scoring 20 points per game in 2014 -- 15 . Pau Gasol was considered a huge asset for the Bulls and averaged a double - double throughout the season . Both Butler and Gasol ended up making the Eastern Conference All - Star team . The Bulls ' second half of the season was marred by inconsistency and frustration set in with Derrick Rose blasting the team for not being on the same page . Tension between management and Tom Thibodeau continued to be a dark cloud hanging over the organization . The Bulls finished with a 50 -- 32 record and the 3rd seed in the Eastern Conference . They faced the Milwaukee Bucks in the first round , and took advantage of the young and inexperienced Bucks by going up a quick 3 -- 0 in the series . However , inconsistency and not being on the same page yet again plagued the Bulls as the Bucks won the next two games , sending a scare to Chicago . The Bulls bounced back with fury in Game 6 however , beating the Bucks by a playoff record 54 points winning the series 4 -- 2 . The next round saw the Bulls facing their arch - rival Cleveland Cavaliers , and their biggest nemesis , LeBron James , who had beaten the Bulls in all three of their previous playoff meetings . The Bulls shocked the Cavs in Game 1 dominating them and never trailing . The Cavs answered back in Game 2 in the same fashion , never trailing the entire game . In a pivotal Game 3 in Chicago , the Bulls and Cavs battled closely all the way through , but the Bulls prevailed on a last - second buzzer beating 3 - pointer by Derrick Rose . In Game 4 , the Cavs would answer once again , with LeBron James hitting the buzzer - beating shot to win the game . The Bulls lack of consistency and poor offensive showing doomed them once again as the Cavs won the next 2 games handily and closed out the series 4 -- 2 . After the series , speculation erupted about Tom Thibodeau 's job security due to escalating feud between Thibodeau and Bulls front office managers Gar Forman and John Paxson . 2015 -- 2016 : change in approach ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fred Hoiberg is the 19th head coach in the franchise 's history . On May 28 , 2015 , the Bulls fired Tom Thibodeau to seek a `` change in approach '' . The Bulls named Fred Hoiberg as their head coach on June 2 , 2015 . The Bulls had only 1 draft pick in the 2015 NBA draft , and selected center Bobby Portis from the University of Arkansas . Bulls forward Mike Dunleavy Jr. was ruled out for at least the first four months of the season after completing back surgery . With Dunleavy out indefinitely , the Bulls promoted Doug McDermott to the starting lineup in his place at small forward . Before the season started , coach Fred Hoiberg made an incredibly controversial move by putting Nikola Mirotić as his starting power forward to pair with center Pau Gasol , meaning Joakim Noah , a long - time Bulls veteran and a fan - favorite was to come off the bench . Hoiberg told the media that the move was suggested by Noah himself but Noah denied having made any suggestions to Hoiberg , which sparked a distrust between the two before the season even began . The Bulls started the 2015 -- 16 season off well with an impressive season - opening 97 -- 95 victory against archrivals and defending Eastern Conference Champion Cleveland Cavaliers and jumped to an 8 -- 3 record in the first month . The Bulls went 10 -- 9 and through late November and December . The Bulls came back and won six straight games . However soon afterwards , they lost 12 of their next 17 games and Butler missed four weeks after injuring his knee . The Bulls were eliminated from playoff contention after a loss to the Miami Heat on April 7 , 2016 although finishing with season with a winning record of 42 -- 40 . It was the first time in 8 years that the Bulls had missed the playoffs . 2016 -- 2017 : Derrick Rose departs ( edit ) On June 22 , 2016 , Derrick Rose and Justin Holiday , along with a 2017 second - round draft pick , were traded to the New York Knicks for center Robin Lopez , and point guards Jerian Grant and José Calderón , who was soon traded to the Los Angeles Lakers . On July 7 , the Bulls announced the signing of Rose 's replacement , guard Rajon Rondo . On July 15 , the Bulls signed Chicago native Dwyane Wade . On October 17 , 2016 , the Bulls acquired 2014 Rookie of the Year Michael Carter - Williams in exchange for Tony Snell . On February 23 , 2017 , Taj Gibson and Doug McDermott , along with a 2018 second - round draft pick , were traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder for point guard Cameron Payne , shooting guard Anthony Morrow , and power forward / center Joffrey Lauvergne . The Bulls clinched the eighth seed in 2017 NBA Playoffs after winning seven of their final ten games and finishing the season with a 41 -- 41 record . The team struck an early 2 -- 0 lead against the top - seeded Boston Celtics in the first round of the playoffs , but ultimately lost the series after losing the next four games . 2017 -- present : rebuilding ( edit ) On June 22 , 2017 , Jimmy Butler , along with Chicago 's 2017 first - round pick , was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves for Zach LaVine , Kris Dunn , and Minnesota 's 2017 first - round pick , which the Bulls used to select Lauri Markkanen . Additionally , on June 27 , the Bulls did not give a qualifying offer to Michael Carter - Williams , allowing him to enter unrestricted free agency . On June 30 , Rajon Rondo and Isaiah Canaan were waived by the Bulls . On September 24 , 2017 , Dwyane Wade and the Bulls reportedly agreed to a buyout of the remaining year on his contract . Adrian Wojnarowski reported that Wade gave back $8 million of his $23.2 million contract as part of the agreement . On October 17 , 2017 , a fight broke out in practice between Bobby Portis and Nikola Mirotić , who suffered a concussion and two broken bones in his face . Portis was suspended eight games for his role in the altercation , and Mirotić missed 23 games to start the regular season . On February 1 , 2018 , the Bulls traded Mirotić and a second - round draft pick to the New Orleans Pelicans for a first - round draft pick and Ömer Aşık , Tony Allen , and Jameer Nelson . Bulls ended up finishing the season with 27 -- 55 record . On June 21 , 2018 , Bulls selected Wendell Carter with the seventh overall pick , and with 22nd overall pick via trade with New Orleans Pelicans selected Chandler Hutchison . On July 8 , the Bulls matched an offer Zach LaVine received from the Sacramento Kings for a four - year , $78 million deal . On July 14 , the team signed Jabari Parker to a two - year , $40 million contract after the Milwaukee Bucks ' general manager Jon Horst removed the qualifying offer on the restricted free agent and allowed him to become unrestricted . Part of Parker 's agreement gave the Bulls a team option for the second year . Rivalries ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) Further information : Bulls -- Cavaliers rivalry Detroit Pistons ( edit ) Further information : Bulls -- Pistons rivalry The Bulls ' main division rivals have been the Detroit Pistons ever since the Jordan - led Bulls met the `` Bad Boy '' Pistons in the 1988 Eastern Conference semifinals . The two teams met in the playoffs four consecutive years , with the Pistons winning each time until 1991 . The Eastern Conference Finals in 1991 ended with a four - game sweep of the Pistons , who walked off the floor with time still on the game clock . The rivalry was renewed in the 2007 Eastern Conference Semifinals , in which former Detroit cornerstone Ben Wallace met his former team ( the Pistons won in 6 games ) . The geographic proximity and membership in the Central Division further intensify the rivalry , which has been characterized by intense , physical play ever since the teams met in the late 1980s . Chicago fans have been known to have a disliking for Detroit professional teams , as it was in the same division as Chicago in all four major North American sports until recently when the Red Wings moved to the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference for the 2013 -- 14 season . Miami Heat ( edit ) Further information : Bulls -- Heat rivalry The Bulls and the Miami Heat rivalry began once the Heat became contenders during the 1990s , a decade dominated by the Bulls . They were eliminated 3 times by Chicago , who went on to win the title each time . The rivalry has come back due to the return of the Bulls to the playoffs in the post-Michael Jordan era and the emergence of Dwyane Wade and Derrick Rose . The revived rivalry has been very physical , involving rough plays and hard fouls between players , most notably the actions of former Heat player James Posey . The Bulls and Heat met in the 2011 Eastern Conference Finals , with the Heat winning in 5 games . On March 27 , 2013 , Chicago snapped Miami 's 27 - game winning streak . The Bulls and Heat met later that year in the 2013 Eastern Conference Semifinals . Miami won the series 4 -- 1 . Since LeBron James 's departure from Miami , the Bulls - Heat rivalry has experienced a tough in comparison to the better part of the century as the Bulls chop the Heat 's playoff hopes in the 2017 regular season . New York Knicks ( edit ) Further information : Bulls -- Knicks rivalry Another franchise that the Bulls have competed fiercely with is the New York Knicks . The two teams met in the playoffs in four consecutive years ( 1991 -- 94 ) and again in 1996 , with the teams ' series twice ( 1992 and 1994 ) going the full seven games . Their first playoff confrontation , however , came in 1989 when both teams were called `` teams on the rise '' under Michael Jordan and Patrick Ewing , respectively ( rivalry that started their freshman year in the 1982 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Game with Jordan hitting the deciding jumper of the final ) . That first confrontation would belong to Chicago with six games of the Eastern Semifinals . The Bulls won in the first three years ( 1991 -- 93 ) before losing in 1994 but got revenge in 1996 . As with Detroit , the historic rivalry between the cities has led to animosity between the teams and occasionally their fans . Traditions ( edit ) Starting lineup introductions ( edit ) During the Bulls ' run of dominance , the player introductions became world - famous . Longtime announcer Tommy Edwards was the first to use `` Sirius '' , `` On The Run '' and other songs in game presentation in the NBA . When Edwards moved to Boston for employment with CBS Radio , he was replaced by Ray Clay in 1990 , and Clay continued many of the traditional aspects of the Bulls introductions , including the music , The Alan Parsons Project 's `` Sirius '' , for all six championship runs . The lights are first dimmed during the visiting team introduction , accompanied by `` The Imperial March '' from Star Wars composed by John Williams or `` On the Run '' by Pink Floyd , or `` Tick of the Clock '' by Chromatics . Virtually all lights in the stadium are then shut off for the Bulls introduction , and a spotlight illuminates each player as he is introduced and runs onto the court ; the spotlight is also focused on the Bulls logo prior to the introductions . Since the move to the United Center , lasers and fireworks have been added , and with improvements to the arena 's White Way video screen , computer graphics on the stadium monitors have been added . These graphics feature the 3D - animated ' Running of the Bulls ' en route to the United Center , along the way smashing a bus featuring the opposing team 's logo . Coincidentally , Alan Parsons wrote `` Sirius '' for his own band and was the sound engineer for `` On the Run '' from Pink Floyd 's album The Dark Side of the Moon . Traditionally , the players have been introduced in the following order : small forward , power forward , center , point guard , shooting guard . During the championship era , Scottie Pippen was usually the first ( or second after Horace Grant ) Bulls player introduced , and Michael Jordan the last . ( Pippen and Jordan are the only players to play on all six Bulls championship teams . ) More recently with Derrick Rose 's arrival , the guards have been reversed in order , making the Chicago - bred point guard the last player introduced . Although internal disputes eventually led to the dismissal of Clay , the Bulls in 2006 announced the return of Tommy Edwards as the announcer . As part of Edwards ' return , the introductions changed as a new introduction was developed by Lily and Lana Wachowski , Ethan Stoller and Jamie Poindexter , all from Chicago . The introduction also included a newly composed remix of the traditional Sirius theme . Black shoes and socks ( edit ) The Bulls have an unofficial tradition of wearing black shoes ( regardless of being home or away ) during the playoffs , which dates all the way back to 1989 when they debuted the tradition . Then - Bulls backup center Brad Sellers suggested to wear black shoes as a way to show unity within the team . For the 1996 playoffs , they became the first team to wear black socks with the black shoes , similar to the University of Michigan and the Fab Five which started the trend in college earlier in the decade . Since , many teams have this look in both the regular season and playoffs . It was noted when the Bulls made their first playoff appearance during the 2004 -- 05 season after a six - year hiatus , they continued the tradition and wore black shoes . Even though the Bulls generally wear black footwear in the playoffs since 1989 , there have been some notable exceptions . In the 1995 playoffs against the Magic , when Michael Jordan debuted his Air Jordan XI shoe , he wore the white colorway during the Bulls ' playoff games in Orlando . He was fined by the Bulls for not complying with their colorway policy . During the 2009 playoffs , the Bulls again broke the tradition when all of their players wore white shoes and socks in Game 3 of the first round against the Boston Celtics . More recently , since the NBA 's relaxation of sneaker color rules , some Bulls players wore either red or white sneakers in defiance of the tradition . The circus trip ( edit ) The Bulls and their arena mates , the Chicago Blackhawks , shared an odd tradition dating to the opening of Chicago Stadium . Every fall , Feld Entertainment 's Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus came to Chicago on its nationwide tour . Since it used large indoor venues rather than tents , it took over the United Center for its entire run and the Bulls were forced , along with the Blackhawks , to take an extended road trip that lasted around two weeks . The start of the `` circus trip '' , as many sportscasters dubbed it , was noted in local newspapers , television and radio sports reports as `` the circus trip '' , along with national programs like SportsCenter . Blackhawks chairman Rocky Wirtz , who co-owns the United Center with Bulls chairman Jerry Reinsdorf , let the contract lapse after the circus ' 2016 run , and condensed the formerly two - week local run of Feld 's Disney on Ice to a week - long period effective February 2018 . Name , logo and uniforms ( edit ) Name ( edit ) Dick Klein wanted a name that evoked Chicago 's traditional meat packing industry and the Chicago Stadium 's proximity to the Union Stock Yards . Klein considered names like Matadors or Toreadors , but dismissed them , saying , `` If you think about it , no team with as many as three syllables in its nickname has ever had much success except for the ( Montreal Canadiens ) . '' After discussing possible names with his family , Klein settled on Bulls when his son Mark said , `` Dad , that 's a bunch of bull ! '' Chicago Bulls wordmark ( 1966 -- present ) Logo ( edit ) The iconic Bulls ' logo is a charging red bull 's face ( seen at left ) . The logo was designed by noted American graphic designer Dean P. Wessel and was adopted in 1966 . At one point , the Bulls also had an alternate logo during the early 1970s , featuring the same Bulls logo , but with a cloud that says `` Windy City '' below the bull 's nose . Uniforms ( edit ) 1966 -- 73 uniforms ( edit ) The Bulls currently wear three different uniforms : a white uniform , a red uniform , and a black alternate uniform . The original uniforms were aesthetically close to what the Bulls wear today , featuring the iconic diamond surrounding the Bulls logo on the shorts and block lettering . What distinguished the original uniforms were the black drop shadows , red or white side stripes with black borders , and white lettering on the red uniforms . For the 1969 -- 70 season , the red uniforms were tweaked to include the city name . 1973 -- 85 uniforms ( edit ) For the 1973 -- 74 season , the Bulls drastically changed their look , removing the side stripes and drop shadows while moving the front numbers to the left chest . While the white uniforms saw the `` Bulls '' wordmark go from a vertically arched to radially arched arrangement , the red uniforms saw a more significant makeover , featuring black lettering and a script `` Chicago '' wordmark . With a few tweaks in the lettering , these uniforms were used until 1985 . This uniform set was later revived as a throwback uniform during the 2003 -- 04 and 2015 -- 16 seasons . 1985 -- present uniforms ( edit ) Starting with the 1985 -- 86 season , the Bulls updated their uniform . Among the more notable changes in the look were centered uniform numbers and a vertically arched `` Bulls '' wordmark in both the red and white uniforms . Like the previous set , this uniform saw a few tweaks particularly in the treatment of the player 's name . When Nike became the NBA 's uniform provider in 2017 , the Bulls kept much of the same look save for the truncated shoulder striping and the addition of the Chicago four stars on the waistline . With Nike and the NBA eliminating any designations on home and away uniforms , the Bulls also announced that their red `` Icon '' uniforms would become their primary home uniforms while the white `` Association '' uniforms would become their primary away uniforms . Alternate black uniforms ( edit ) In the 1995 -- 96 season , the Bulls added a black uniform to their set . The initial look featured red pinstripes and lacked the classic diamond on the shorts . This set was revived as throwback uniforms in the 2007 -- 08 and 2012 -- 13 seasons . From the 1997 -- 98 to the 2005 -- 06 seasons , the Bulls wore slightly modified black uniforms without pinstripes . This set , with a few slight changes in the template , also marked the return of the city name in front of the uniform during the 1999 -- 2000 season . The 2006 -- 07 season saw another change in the Bulls ' black alternate uniform , now resembling the red and white uniform with the addition of a red diamond in the shorts . For the 2014 -- 15 season , the uniforms were tweaked a bit to include sleeves and a modernized diamond treatment in black with red and white borders . Since the 2017 -- 18 season , the Bulls ' black uniforms remained mostly untouched save for the aforementioned switch to the new Nike logo that affected the treatment towards the shoulder piping . Nike also dubbed this uniform as the `` Statement '' uniform in reference to its third jerseys . The Bulls began wearing the Statement uniforms after Thanksgiving and is currently used in away games against teams that wear their white or cream uniforms . Other uniforms ( edit ) During the 2005 -- 06 season , the Bulls honored the defunct Chicago Stags by wearing the team 's red and blue throwback uniforms . The set featured red tops and blue shorts . From 2006 to 2017 , the Bulls wore a green version of their red uniforms during the week of St. Patrick 's Day in March . The only red elements visible were those found on the team logo . For 2015 the Bulls wore sleeved versions of the green uniform that featured white lettering with gold and black trim and the `` Chicago '' wordmark replacing `` Bulls in front . In 2016 and 2017 , they wore the same uniforms minus the sleeves . Between 2009 and 2017 , the Bulls wore a variation of their red uniforms as part of the NBA 's `` Noche Latina '' festivities every March . The only notable change in this uniform was the `` Los Bulls '' wordmark in front . For 2014 , the Bulls briefly retired the look in favor of a black sleeved uniform featuring `` Los Bulls '' in white with red trim . During the NBA 's `` Green Week '' celebrations , the Bulls also wore green uniforms , but with a slightly darker shade from their St. Patrick 's Day counterparts . They used their black alternate uniforms as its template . They donned the uniforms in a game against the Philadelphia 76ers on April 9 , 2009 . The Bulls also wore special edition Christmas uniforms as part of the NBA 's Christmas Day games . The one - off Christmas uniforms were as follows : 2012 : Monochrome red uniforms with lettering in red with black trim . 2013 : Sleeved red uniforms with Bulls logo rendered in silver . 2014 : Modified version of red uniform featuring the Bulls logo in front and a contrasting white nameplate of the player 's first name . 2015 : Red uniforms with ornate script letters in cream . 2016 : Monochrome red uniforms with ornate script letters in black . From 2015 to 2017 , the Bulls wore a grey `` Pride '' sleeved uniform , featuring the team name and other lettering in red with white trim . The shorts featured a more modernized version of the diamond , along with four six - pointed stars on either side . In the 2017 -- 18 season , the Bulls will wear special `` City '' uniforms designed by Nike . The uniforms , designed to pay homage to Chicago 's flag , are in white and feature the classic `` Chicago '' script and numbers in red with light blue trim along with four six - pointed stars on each side . Mascots ( edit ) Benny the Bull in 2018 . See also : Benny the Bull Benny the Bull is the main mascot of the Chicago Bulls . He was first introduced in 1969 . Benny is a red bull who wears number 1 . Benny is one of the oldest and best known mascots in all of professional sports . The Bulls also had another mascot named Da Bull . Introduced in 1995 , he was described on the team website as being the high flying cousin of Benny , known for his dunking skills . The man who portrayed Da Bull was arrested in 2004 for possession and selling marijuana from his car . Da Bull was retired soon after the incident . While Benny has a family - friendly design , Da Bull was designed as a more realistic bull . Unlike Benny , Da Bull was brown . He also had a meaner facial expression and wore number 95 . Season - by - season records ( edit ) Further information : List of Chicago Bulls seasons This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) Franchise records ( edit ) Main article : Chicago Bulls accomplishments and records This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) Training facility ( edit ) In 1992 , the team began training at the Berto Center , located at 550 Lake Cook Rd. , Deerfield , Illinois . However , on June 13 , 2012 , the team announced that it would move its practice facility to a downtown location closer to the United Center to reduce game day commutes . On September 12 , 2014 , the Bulls officially opened their new training facility , the Advocate Center . Home arenas ( edit ) Arena Arena Tenure International Amphitheatre 1966 -- 1967 Chicago Stadium 1967 -- 1994 United Center 1994 -- present Players ( edit ) Further information : Chicago Bulls all - time roster and Chicago Bulls draft history Current roster ( edit ) Chicago Bulls roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Alkins , Rawle ( TW ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1997 -- 10 -- 29 Arizona 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arcidiacono , Ryan 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 26 Villanova 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Aşık , Ömer 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1986 -- 07 -- 04 Turkey 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Blakeney , Antonio 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 197 lb ( 89 kg ) 1996 -- 10 -- 04 LSU 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Carter , Wendell 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 251 lb ( 114 kg ) 1999 -- 04 -- 16 Duke 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Cleveland , Antonius 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1994 -- 02 -- 02 Southeast Missouri State 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Dunn , Kris 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 18 Providence F / C 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Felício , Cristiano 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 280 lb ( 127 kg ) 1992 -- 07 -- 07 CCSE Prep ( CA ) G / F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Holiday , Justin 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1989 -- 04 -- 05 Washington -- Hutchison , Chandler 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 197 lb ( 89 kg ) 1996 -- 04 -- 26 Boise State 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 LaVine , Zach 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1995 -- 03 -- 10 UCLA 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Lopez , Robin 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 277 lb ( 126 kg ) 1988 -- 04 -- 01 Stanford 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Markkanen , Lauri 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1997 -- 05 -- 22 Arizona 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Parker , Jabari 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1995 -- 05 -- 15 Duke 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Payne , Cameron 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1994 -- 08 -- 08 Murray State 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Portis , Bobby 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 248 lb ( 112 kg ) 1995 -- 02 -- 10 Arkansas 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Valentine , Denzel 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 214 lb ( 97 kg ) 1993 -- 11 -- 16 Michigan State 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Walton , Derrick 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 84 lb ( 38 kg ) 1995 -- 04 -- 03 Michigan Head coach Fred Hoiberg Assistant coach ( es ) Randy Brown Nate Loenser Pete Myers Mike Wilhelm Jim Boylen ( Associate HC ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 07 -- 08 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Bulls hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2011 59 Ater Majok F / C Australia Sagesse Club ( Lebanon ) Acquired from the Los Angeles Lakers 2008 53 Tadija Dragićević Serbia Yeşilgiresun Belediye ( Turkey ) Acquired from the Utah Jazz ( via Dallas ) 39 Albert Miralles F / C Spain Free agent Acquired from the Toronto Raptors ( via Miami , Boston , Milwaukee and Cleveland ) Franchise leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team . Italic denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) 1 . Michael Jordan ( 29,277 ) 2 . Scottie Pippen ( 15,123 ) 3 . Bob Love ( 12,623 ) 4 . Luol Deng ( 10,286 ) 5 . Jerry Sloan ( 10,233 ) 6 . Chet Walker ( 9,788 ) 7 . Artis Gilmore ( 9,288 ) 8 . Kirk Hinrich ( 8,536 ) 9 . Reggie Theus ( 8,279 ) 10 . Derrick Rose ( 8,001 ) 11 . Ben Gordon ( 7,372 ) 12 . Horace Grant ( 6,866 ) 13 . Norm Van Lier ( 6,505 ) 14 . Jimmy Butler ( 6,208 ) 15 . Toni Kukoč ( 6,148 ) 16 . Orlando Woolridge ( 6,146 ) 17 . Dave Greenwood ( 5,824 ) 18 . B.J. Armstrong ( 5,553 ) 19 . Mickey Johnson ( 5,531 ) 20 . Dave Corzine ( 5,457 ) 21 . Joakim Noah ( 5,325 ) 22 . Taj Gibson ( 5,280 ) 23 . John Paxson ( 4,932 ) 24 . Bob Boozer ( 4,807 ) 25 . Tom Boerwinkle ( 4,596 ) 26 . Quintin Dailey ( 4,473 ) 27 . Bob Weiss ( 4,445 ) 28 . Carlos Boozer ( 4,347 ) 29 . Andres Nocioni ( 4,120 ) 30 . Clem Haskins ( 3,703 ) 31 . Bill Cartwright ( 3,638 ) 32 . Wilbur Holland ( 3,568 ) 33 . Eddy Curry ( 3,414 ) 34 . Charles Oakley ( 3,162 ) 35 . Elton Brand ( 3,117 ) 36 . Steve Kerr ( 3,109 ) 37 . Ricky Sobers ( 3,059 ) 38 . Scott May ( 3,048 ) 39 . Nikola Mirotic ( 2,774 ) 40 . Ron Harper ( 2,760 ) 41 . Jalen Rose ( 2,742 ) 42 . Jamal Crawford ( 2,737 ) 43 . Jim Washington ( 2,736 ) 44 . Pau Gasol ( 2,633 ) 45 . Marcus Fizer ( 2,426 ) 46 . Tyson Chandler ( 2,397 ) 47 . John Mengelt ( 2,386 ) 48 . Luc Longley ( 2,326 ) 49 . Stacey King ( 2,278 ) 50 . Will Perdue ( 2,264 ) Other statistics ( regular season ) ( as of April 18 , 2017 ) Most minutes played Player Minutes Michael Jordan 35,887 Scottie Pippen 30,269 Jerry Sloan 24,798 Kirk Hinrich 23,545 Luol Deng 22,882 Bob Love 22,073 Norm Van Lier 19,122 Horace Grant 18,204 Joakim Noah 16,858 Artis Gilmore 16,777 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Michael Jordan 5,836 Tom Boerwinkle 5,745 Scottie Pippen 5,726 Joakim Noah 5,387 Jerry Sloan 5,385 Artis Gilmore 5,342 Horace Grant 4,721 Dave Greenwood 4,222 Luol Deng 4,078 Bob Love 3,998 Most assists Player Assists Michael Jordan 5,012 Scottie Pippen 4,494 Kirk Hinrich 3,811 Norm Van Lier 3,676 Derrick Rose 2,516 Reggie Theus 2,472 John Paxson 2,394 Bob Weiss 2,008 Tom Boerwinkle 2,007 Toni Kukoč 1,840 Most steals Player Steals Michael Jordan 2,306 Scottie Pippen 1,792 Kirk Hinrich 857 Norm Van Lier 724 Luol Deng 639 Horace Grant 587 Jimmy Butler 583 Reggie Theus 580 Joakim Noah 481 Toni Kukoč 476 Most blocks Player Blocks Artis Gilmore 1,029 Michael Jordan 828 Joakim Noah 803 Scottie Pippen 774 Taj Gibson 696 Horace Grant 579 Dave Corzine 573 Dave Greenwood 526 Tyson Chandler 487 Luol Deng 360 Most three - pointers made Player 3 - pointers made Kirk Hinrich 1,049 Ben Gordon 770 Scottie Pippen 664 Michael Jordan 555 Steve Kerr 430 Andrés Nocioni 403 Luol Deng 387 Nikola Mirotić 363 Toni Kukoč 351 Derrick Rose 350 Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Bulls head coaches Hall of Famers , retired and honored numbers ( edit ) Basketball Hall of Famers ( edit ) Chicago Bulls Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 42 Nate Thurmond 1974 -- 1976 1985 8 George Gervin G / F 1985 -- 1986 00 Robert Parish 1996 -- 1997 2003 23 45 Michael Jordan 1984 -- 1993 1995 -- 1998 2009 33 Scottie Pippen 1987 -- 1998 2003 -- 2004 53 Artis Gilmore 1976 -- 1982 2011 91 Dennis Rodman 1995 -- 1998 2011 25 Chet Walker 1969 -- 1975 2012 5 Guy Rodgers 1966 -- 1967 2014 Coaches Name Position Tenure Inducted Phil Jackson Coach 1989 -- 1998 2007 Jerry Sloan Coach 1979 -- 1982 2009 Contributors Name Position Tenure Inducted Jerry Colangelo -- 1968 -- 1995 Jerry Reinsdorf Owner 1985 -- present 2016 Jerry Krause General Manager 1985 -- 2003 2017 Rod Thorn General Manager 1978 -- 1985 2018 Notes : In total , Jordan was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team . In total , Pippen was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team . Inducted as coach . He also played for the Bulls ( 1966 -- 1976 ) . Colangelo worked as a marketing director , scout , and assistant to the president of the team . Also served as Head Coach ( 1981 -- 1982 ) . FIBA Hall of Famers ( edit ) Chicago Bulls Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 23 45 Michael Jordan 1984 -- 1993 1995 -- 1998 2015 7 Toni Kukoč 1993 -- 2000 2017 Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame Retired numbers and honorees ( edit ) Chicago Bulls retired numbers and honorees No . Player Position / charge Tenure Date retired Jerry Sloan G / SF 1966 -- 1976 February 17 , 1978 10 Bob Love 1968 -- 1976 January 14 , 1994 23 Michael Jordan SG 1984 -- 1993 1995 -- 1998 November 1 , 2003 33 Scottie Pippen SF 1987 -- 1998 2003 -- 2004 December 9 , 2005 -- Phil Jackson Coach 1987 -- 1989 ( assistant ) 1989 -- 1998 ( head ) May 5 , 1999 -- Johnny Kerr Coach Business manager Broadcaster 1966 -- 1968 ( head coach ) 1973 -- 1975 ( business manager ) 1977 -- 2009 ( broadcaster ) February 10 , 2009 -- Jerry Krause General manager March 26 , 1985 -- April 7 , 2003 October 31 , 2003 Media ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Bulls broadcasters Radio ( edit ) The team 's games are broadcast on Entercom 's WSCR ( 670 ) as of February 3 , 2018 . From October 2015 - January 2018 , games were carried on Cumulus Media 's WLS ( 890 ) in a deal that was expected to last until the 2020 - 21 season , but was nullified in the middle of the 2017 - 18 season after Cumulus filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and nullified several large play - by - play and talent contracts . Chuck Swirsky does play - by - play , with Bill Wennington providing color commentary . Univision Radio 's WRTO ( 1200 ) has carried Spanish language game coverage since 2009 - 10 , with Omar Ramos as play - by - play announcer and Matt Moreno as color analyst . Television ( edit ) The Bulls ' television broadcasts are split among NBC Sports Chicago , which broadcasts most of the games , WGN - TV , and WCIU - TV . The announcers are Neil Funk and Stacey King . Also worth noting is that WGN - TV does not air all of its Chicago Bulls games nationwide : only a select few , usually Saturday games , were nationally televised on WGN America from 1999 -- 2014 . The rest are only available within the Chicago area . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` This Date in the NBA -- January '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - year history of the Chicago Bulls '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Chicago Bulls seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . National Basketball Association . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bulls Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Become Second Team in NBA History to Win 70 Games in a Single Season '' . Golden State Warriors. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Sam ( September 1 , 2012 ) . `` PAT WILLIAMS HELPED SAVE PRO BASKETBALL IN CHICAGO '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Records of Playoff Teams '' . The Sporting News . April 28 , 1986 . p. 46 . Jump up ^ databasebasketball.com , Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 Game Log and Scores Archived January 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ All - Defensive Teams , NBA.com , accessed May 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Teams in NBA History '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ databasebasketball.com , Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 Game Log and Scores Archived January 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA at 50 '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Parish Bio '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wise , Mike ( October 29 , 1997 ) . `` N.B.A. PREVIEW ' 97 -- ' 98 : End of Line for Dynasty ? Aging Bulls to Face Challenge From Several Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BULLS : BULLS SCHEDULE 1998 -- 99 '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : February 2008 Transactions '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` KINGS ACQUIRE FOUR PLAYERS IN THREE - TEAM TRADE '' . NBA.com . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Knicks trade for Bulls ' Hughes '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Bulls trade Sefolosha for draft pick '' . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2009 . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ JIMMY GOLEN , AP Sports Writer May 3 , 12 : 33 am EDT ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` OT hold - down : Celtics top Bulls in regulation -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2009 NBA Draft -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ K.C. JOHNSON , Chicago Tribune May 4 , 2 : 20 pm EDT ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` No timetable for new Bulls coach ; Pax apologizes '' . ChicagoBreakingSports.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ K.C. Johnson , Thibodeau accepts Bulls ' 3 - year offer to be their 18th head coach , Chicago Tribune , June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thibodeau named 18th head coach in franchise history '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . June 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bulls ' Jimmy Butler Most Improved Players '' . ESPN . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Friedell , Nick ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Thibodeau out in Chicago as Bulls seek ' change in approach ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BULLS NAME FRED HOIBERG HEAD COACH '' . Bulls.com ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Acquire Derrick Rose '' . NBA.com . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BULLS SIGN RAJON RONDO '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BULLS SIGN DWYANE WADE '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bucks Acquire Tony Snell from the Bulls '' . NBA.com . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Clinch Playoff Berth , Will Face Celtics In 1st Round '' . CBS Chicago . 2017 - 04 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Aschburner , Steve ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Isaiah Thomas , Boston Celtics complete emotional comeback over Chicago Bulls '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , K.C. ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Bulls trade Nikola Mirotic to Pelicans for 1st - round pick and 3 players '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sykes II , Michael D. ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Bobby Portis suspended 8 games for punching teammate Nikola Mirotic in face '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan '' . Classicsportsgamesondvd.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Staff , NBA.com . `` Jimmy Butler , Dwyane Wade call out teammates after tough loss - NBA.com '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ben . `` The One Record the Warriors Ca n't Take From the Bulls : Even as Golden State closes on a historic 73rd win , Chicago 's pre-game music still sets the standard , '' Wall Street Journal ( April 12 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` BULLS : Tommy Edwards '' . Bulls.com . 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Jump up ^ Kuc , Chris ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Say goodbye to the circus trip : Scheduling quirk to end for Blackhawks , Bulls '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Name -- Chicago Bulls '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jon , Hilkevitch ( June 23 , 1993 ) . `` Logo Designer Has Reason To Horn In On Bulls ' Glory '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 9 eye - catching Bulls jerseys over the years '' . Chicago Bulls . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LOOK : Chicago Bulls unveil revamped Nike jerseys , opt to wear red for home games '' . CBSSports.com . August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mascots ' stigmata '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Bulls coming home to Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Byrne , John ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Bulls open West Side practice facility '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` BULLS TRADE JOSE CALDERON TO LOS ANGELES LAKERS '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls trade Smith to Dallas '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BULLS TRADE MIKE DUNLEAVY TO CLEVELAND '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Bulls : Players '' . Basketball Reference. 2017 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Charles , Mike . `` Jerry 's story '' . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CSN Staff ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` White Sox , Bulls Announce Long - Term Deals with WLS AM 890 '' . CSNChicago.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Done deal : Bulls pivot to The Score '' . Robert Feder . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bulls Schedule '' . Bulls.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Bulls . 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what is the second movie of the pirates of the caribbean

The film series started in 2003 with Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , which received positive reviews from critics and grossed US $ 654 million worldwide . After the first film 's success , Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works . The franchise 's second film , subtitled Dead Man 's Chest , was released three years later in 2006 ; the sequel proved successful , breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere . Dead Man 's Chest ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office . The third film in the series , subtitled At World 's End , followed in 2007 earning $960 million , and Disney released a fourth film , subtitled On Stranger Tides , in 2011 in conventional 2D , Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D . On Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion , becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this .

Dead Man 's Chest

Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series )

pirates of the caribbean ( film series )

Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of American fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disney 's theme park ride of the same name .

Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) , Rob Marshall ( 4 ) and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) . The series is primarily written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) ; other writers include Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) , Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) and Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) . The stories follow the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) , Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) . Characters such as Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ) and Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ) follow Jack , Will and Elizabeth in the course of the films . The fourth film features Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) and Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) , while the fifth film features Armando Salazar ( Javier Bardem ) , Henry Turner ( Brenton Thwaites ) and Carina Smyth ( Kaya Scodelario ) . The films take place in a fictional historical setting ; a world ruled by the British Empire , the East India Trading Company ( based on the real East India Company ) and the Spanish Empire , with pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers . The film series started in 2003 with Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , which received positive reviews from critics and grossed US $ 654 million worldwide . After the first film 's success , Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works . The franchise 's second film , subtitled Dead Man 's Chest , was released three years later in 2006 ; the sequel proved successful , breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere . Dead Man 's Chest ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office . The third film in the series , subtitled At World 's End , followed in 2007 earning $960 million , and Disney released a fourth film , subtitled On Stranger Tides , in 2011 in conventional 2D , Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D . On Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion , becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this . The franchise has grossed over $4.5 billion worldwide ; it is the tenth - highest - grossing film series of all time and it was the first franchise where more than one film grossed $1 billion worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) 1.2 Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) 1.3 At World 's End ( 2007 ) 1.4 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) 1.5 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 1.6 Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( TBA ) 2 Short film 2.1 Tales of the Code : Wedlocked ( 2011 ) 3 Production 3.1 First film 3.2 Second and third films 3.3 Fourth film 3.4 Fifth film 4 Principal cast 5 Crew 6 Music 6.1 Film soundtracks 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Critical and public response 7.3 Accolades 7.3. 1 Academy Awards 7.3. 2 Golden Globe Awards 7.3. 3 Golden Raspberry Awards 7.3. 4 MTV Movie Awards 7.3. 5 Teen Choice Awards 8 References 9 External links Films ( edit ) Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley , who portrayed the principal characters . Only Depp and Rush reprised their roles in every film . Bloom and Knightley did not return for the fourth film and had cameo appearances for the fifth film . The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner 's love , Elizabeth Swann , from cursed pirates led by Jack 's mutinous former first mate , Captain Barbossa . Jack wants revenge against Barbossa , who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship , the Black Pearl , along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold . Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film . Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack 's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man 's Chest -- and inside , the heart of villainous Davy Jones -- which would give Beckett control of the seas . However , Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones , who made Jack captain of the Black Pearl for 13 years in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones ' ship , the Flying Dutchman . At World 's End ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and , with the help of the Flying Dutchman , he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever . To stand against the East India Trading Co. , Will , Elizabeth , Barbossa , and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones ' Locker . As one of the Nine Pirate Lords , Jack is needed in order to release an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett 's forces . On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover , Angelica . She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica 's father . Both are also in search of the Fountain ; Angelica to save her father 's soul , Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one - legged man . Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa , now a privateer in King George II 's Navy , who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth . Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Ghost Spanish Royal Navy soldiers led by Jack Sparrow 's old nemesis , Captain Armando Salazar , escape from the Devil 's Triangle , with the goal of killing every pirate at sea , including him . To survive , Jack seeks out the legendary Trident of Poseidon , a powerful artifact whose owner can control the seas and break curses . Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( tba ) ( edit ) Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back - to - back , although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development . On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be released . In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film . Shortly after , it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film . Short film ( edit ) Tales of the code : wedlocked ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Wenches Scarlett ( Lauren Maher ) and Giselle ( Vanessa Branch ) fix each other up for their wedding , in which they would each marry their groom . Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man -- Jack Sparrow -- the two wenches find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer . The short film serves as a prequel to The Curse of the Black Pearl , explaining just why Jack Sparrow 's boat , the Jolly Mon , was seen sinking at the beginning of the whole story , and explaining why wenches Scarlett and Giselle were so upset with him , and it also implies how Cotton lost his tongue . The plot took inspiration from the `` Auction scene '' from the original ride . The short was directed by James Ward Byrkit , and was only included as a special feature in the US 15 - disc 3D Blu - ray / 2D Blu - ray / DVD + Digital Copy box set that includes films 1 -- 4 ; and in the similar UK five - disc set . Production ( edit ) First film ( edit ) In the early 1990s screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio conceived a supernatural spin on the pirate genre after completing work on Aladdin , but there was no interest from any studio . Undeterred , the writing team refused to give up the dream , waiting for a studio to pick up their take on a pirate tale . Disney had Jay Wolpert write a script based on the Pirates of the Caribbean , which producer Jerry Bruckheimer rejected , feeling it was `` a straight pirate movie '' . Bruckheimer brought Stuart Beattie in to rewrite the script in March 2002 , due to his knowledge of piracy , and later that month Elliott and Rossio were brought in . Elliott and Rossio , inspired by the opening narration of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride , decided to give the film a supernatural edge . As the budget rose , Michael Eisner and Robert Iger threatened to cancel the film , though Bruckheimer changed their minds when he showed them concept art and animatics . In June 2002 Gore Verbinski signed on to direct The Curse of the Black Pearl , and Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush signed on the following month to star . Verbinski was attracted to the idea of using modern technology to resurrect a genre , one that had disappeared after the Golden Age of Hollywood , and recalled his childhood memories of the ride , feeling the film was an opportunity to pay tribute to the `` scary and funny '' tone of it . Depp was attracted to the story as he found it quirky : rather than trying to find treasure , the crew of the Black Pearl were trying to return it in order to lift their curse ; also , the traditional mutiny had already taken place . Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa , as he knew he would not play it with attempts at complexity , but with a simple villainy that would suit the story 's tone . Orlando Bloom read the script after Rush , with whom he was working on Ned Kelly , suggested it to him . Keira Knightley came as a surprise to Verbinski : he had not seen her performance in Bend It Like Beckham and was impressed by her audition . Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann , but the role went to Jonathan Pryce , whom Depp idolized . Shooting for The Curse of the Black Pearl began on October 9 , 2002 and wrapped by March 7 , 2003 . Before its release , many executives and journalists had expected the film to flop , as the pirate genre had not been successful for years , the film was based on a theme - park ride , and Depp rarely made a big film . However , The Curse of the Black Pearl became both a critical and commercial success . Second and third films ( edit ) After seeing how well the first film was made , the cast and crew signed for two sequels to be shot back - to - back , a practical decision on Disney 's part to allow more time with the same cast and crew . Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio knew that with an ensemble cast , they were n't free to invent totally different situations and characters , as with the Indiana Jones and James Bond series , and so had to retroactively turn The Curse of the Black Pearl into the first of a trilogy . They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann 's embrace at the end of the first film , and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device . They settled on introducing Davy Jones , the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken , a mythology mentioned twice in the first film . They introduced the historical East India Trading Company ( also mentioned in the first film ) , which for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of personal freedom represented by pirates . Filming for the sequels began on February 28 , 2005 , with Dead Man 's Chest finishing on March 1 , 2006 , and At World 's End on January 10 , 2007 . The second film was also the first Disney theatrical feature film with the computer - generated Walt Disney Pictures logo . Fourth film ( edit ) Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film . As Gore Verbinski was unavailable , Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film . Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand - alone film , with a story that would support new characters , and incorporate elements from the novel , such as Blackbeard , the Fountain of Youth and mermaids -- the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films . Depp , Rush , Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles , and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica , Blackbeard 's daughter and Jack Sparrow 's love interest . A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain . After the costly production of two simultaneous films , Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment , giving a lower budget , which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects . It was also filmed in 3D , with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar . Filming for On Stranger Tides began June 14 , 2010 and ended on November 19 , 2010 . It was released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . With a budget of $378.5 million , On Stranger Tides holds the record for most expensive film ever made . Fifth film ( edit ) On January 14 , 2011 , it was confirmed that Terry Rossio would write the screenplay for the fifth installment , without his co-writer Ted Elliott . On January 11 , 2013 , Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film . On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were selected to direct . On August 22 , 2013 , the two revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales , alluding to the line well - known from the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park attractions . Although , the film was given an alternative title , Salazar 's Revenge , in selected European , South American and Asian countries for marketing purposes . They also confirmed that they were working on the film , speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson 's `` funny and touching '' script and that they are inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl . On September 10 , 2013 , Disney pushed back the film 's initial 2015 release , with sources indicating that a Summer 2016 release is likely . Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script issues were behind the delay , and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well - received outline . While Disney originally announced a release on July 7 , 2017 , Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on May 26 , 2017 . A spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea . According to Australian film industry sources , pre-production started in late September 2014 with filming expected to commence in February 2015 . This was officially confirmed by Disney and Ian Walker the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2 , 2014 , stating that filming will take place exclusively in Australia , being the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations . Production began in Australia on February 17 , 2015 and wrapped on July 9 , 2015 . Principal cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters List indicator ( s ) This table shows the recurring characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film , or that the character 's presence in the film has not yet been announced . A indicates a cameo appearance . A indicates an appearance wherein an actor 's facial features were digitally imprinted upon another actor 's face . A indicates an appearance as a younger version of a pre-existing character . Character Films Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Captain Jack Sparrow Johnny Depp Johnny Depp Anthony De La Torre Captain Hector Barbossa Geoffrey Rush Joshamee Gibbs Kevin McNally William `` Will '' Turner , Jr . Orlando Bloom Dylan Smith Orlando Bloom Orlando Bloom Elizabeth Swann Pirate King Keira Knightley Lucinda Dryzek Keira Knightley Keira Knightley Marty Martin Klebba Martin Klebba James Norrington Jack Davenport Weatherby Swann Jonathan Pryce Pintel Lee Arenberg Ragetti Mackenzie Crook Cotton David Bailie Mullroy Angus Barnett Angus Barnett Angus Barnett Murtogg Giles New Giles New Giles New Theodore Groves Greg Ellis Greg Ellis Gillette Damian O'Hare Damian O'Hare Anamaria Zoe Saldana Davy Jones Bill Nighy Silhouette only William Turner , Sr . Bootstrap Bill Stellan Skarsgård Cutler Beckett Tom Hollander Tia Dalma Calypso Naomie Harris Sao Feng Chow Yun - fat Captain Edward Teague Keith Richards Alexander Scheer Keith Richards Henry Turner Dominic Scott Kay Brenton Thwaites Lewis McGowan Scrum Stephen Graham Captain Edward Teach Blackbeard Ian McShane Angelica Teach Penélope Cruz Philip Swift Sam Claflin Syrena Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey Captain Armando Salazar Javier Bardem Carina Barbossa Carina Smyth Kaya Scodelario `` Uncle '' Jack Teague Paul McCartney Crew ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Cinematographer Producer Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl July 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 09 ) Gore Verbinski Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio and Stuart Beattie and Jay Wolpert Dariusz Wolski Jerry Bruckheimer Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest July 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End May 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) Rob Marshall Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio ( Based on : On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) Joachim Rønning & Espen Sandberg Jeff Nathanson Jeff Nathanson and Terry Rossio Paul Cameron Music ( edit ) Main article : List of songs featured in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series Film soundtracks ( edit ) Title U.S. release date Length Composer ( s ) Label Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( Original Soundtrack ) July 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 22 ) 43 : 50 Klaus Badelt and Hans Zimmer Walt Disney Records Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) July 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 04 ) 58 : 32 Hans Zimmer Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) 55 : 50 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) 77 : 11 Hans Zimmer and Rodrigo y Gabriela Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) 75 : 20 Geoff Zanelli Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Box office gross All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide North America Worldwide Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl 000000002003 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2003 $305,413,918 $348,850,097 $654,264,015 64 108 $140 million Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2006 $423,315,812 $642,863,913 $1,066,179,725 17 21 $225 million Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2007 $309,420,425 $654,000,000 $963,420,425 61 35 $300 million Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 $241,071,802 $804,642,000 $1,045,713,802 119 23 $378.5 million Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 $172,558,876 $622,221,339 $794,780,215 254 69 $230 million Total $ 7009145178083300000 ♠ 1,451,780,833 $ 7009307257734900000 ♠ 3,072,577,349 $ 7009452435818200000 ♠ 4,524,358,182 12 9 $1.452 billion The Pirates of the Caribbean film series was successful at the box office , with each film grossing over $650 million , and all but Dead Men Tell No Tales at some point ranking among the fifty highest - grossing films of all time . It also became the first ever series to have multiple films passing the billion dollar mark in box office revenues with Dead Man 's Chest and On Stranger Tides , since followed by other film franchises . The Curse of the Black Pearl was the third - highest - grossing 2003 film in North America ( behind The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King and Finding Nemo ) and fourth worldwide ( behind The Return of the King , Finding Nemo and The Matrix Reloaded ) . Dead Man 's Chest was the most successful film of 2006 worldwide , and At World 's End led the worldwide grosses in 2007 , though being only fourth in North America ( behind Spider - Man 3 , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Shrek the Third ) . On Stranger Tides was the third - highest - grossing film of 2011 worldwide ( behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) and the fifth in North America . The first three sequels broke box office records upon release , of which the most notable are the opening - weekend record in North America ( Dead Man 's Chest ) , the Memorial - Day weekend record in North America ( At World 's End ) and the opening - weekend record outside North America ( On Stranger Tides ) . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl 79 % ( 210 reviews ) 63 ( 40 reviews ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 54 % ( 220 reviews ) 53 ( 37 reviews ) A − Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 45 % ( 220 reviews ) 50 ( 36 reviews ) A − Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides 32 % ( 262 reviews ) 45 ( 39 reviews ) B+ Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales 30 % ( 230 reviews ) 39 ( 45 reviews ) A − The series is noted for its high quality of acting talent , and is one of the aspects of the films that is always praised . The visual and practical effects are considered some of the best ever done on film , so much so that audiences believed certain CGI elements of the films were real and done practically . However , the plots of the four sequels have received mixed reviews , with the general consensus that they are too bloated and convoluted to follow . Pirates of the Caribbean is noted for reinvigorating the pirate genre of film after decades of either no pirate films or failed pirate films . The success of the series saw Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer try to replicate the franchise 's success by launching films such as Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time and The Lone Ranger , the latter of which directed by Gore Verbinski . Both movies failed critically and commercially . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise Academy Awards ( edit ) Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 11 Academy Awards , of which a single award was won . Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Actor in a Leading Role Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Art Direction Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Sound Editing Nominated Nominated Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Won Nominated Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Together , all the four films were nominated for a total of 2 Golden Globe Awards , of which neither were won . Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Golden Raspberry Awards ( edit ) Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Worst Actor Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Worst Supporting Actor Nominated ( Javier Bardem ) as Captain Armando Salazar Worst Screen Combo Nominated ( Johnny Depp & his worn - out drunk routine ) MTV Movie Awards ( edit ) Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 13 MTV Movie Awards , of which 4 were won . Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Best Movie Nominated Won Nominated Best Male Performance Won ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Best Female Performance Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Best Breakthrough Female Performance Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Best On - Screen Team Nominated ( Johnny Depp & Orlando Bloom ) Best Villain Nominated ( Geoffrey Rush ) Nominated ( Bill Nighy ) Best Comedic Performance Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) Together , the first four films were nominated for a total of 32 Teen Choice Awards , of which 17 were won . Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Choice Movie : Chemistry Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie : Fight / Action Sequence Won ( Johnny Depp vs Geoffrey Rush ) Choice Movie : Liar Won ( Johnny Depp ) Choice Movie : Liplock Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie : Female Breakout Star Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie Actor Won ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Nominated ( Brenton Thwaites ) Choice Summer Movie Won Nominated Choice Movie : Scream Won ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie Won Won Nominated Choice Movie : Rumble Won ( Orlando Bloom & Jack Davenport ) Won ( Orlando Bloom ) Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Won ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Male Hottie Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Choice Movie Actress Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Won ( Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Penélope Cruz ) Nominated ( Kaya Scodelario ) Choice Movie : Villain Won ( Bill Nighy ) Won ( Bill Nighy ) Nominated ( Ian McShane ) Nominated ( Javier Bardem ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Depp Movies List by Box Office Sales '' . 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Variety . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Eric ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Penelope Cruz To Play Johnny Depp 's Love Interest In New ' Pirates ' '' . MTV Movie News . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin Added to Cast of Walt Disney Pictures ' / Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' Epic Adventure Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Slash Film . April 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Legends of On Stranger Tides . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ Singer , Leigh ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Astrid Berges - Frisbey Interview '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . 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Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates ' raid record books '' . Box Office Mojo. 2006 - 07 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Third ' Pirates ' Sacks Memorial Record '' . Box Office Mojo. 2007 - 05 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 2011 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Pirates ' Sails to New Overseas Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 12 . 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Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Review : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End '' . ReelViews . May 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Dead Men Tell No Tales ' sinks Depp , ' Pirates ' '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` BBC News -- Mark Kermode savages new Pirates Of The Caribbean film '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , ' 2 stars '' . azcentral.com . Jump up ^ Hamilton , John ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates in the Media '' . ABDO Publishing Company . Jump up ^ `` ' Prince of Persia ' weaker than hoped for in foreign debut '' . Los Angeles Times . May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prince of Persia : The Sands of Times reviews at Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Lone Ranger ' to Cost Disney $160 - $190 M in Q4 '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 76th Academy Award Winners '' . Blackflix.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees & Winners for the 79th Academy Awards '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 80th Academy Awards ( 2008 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Official website ( hide ) Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Weatherby Swann Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Cite error : There are tags on this page , but the references will not show without a ( ( reflist group = note ) ) template ( see the help page ) . 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what cars do the top gear presenters own

Jeremy Clarkson

jeremy clarkson

Jeremy Clarkson Clarkson in 2006 Jeremy Charles Robert Clarkson ( 1960 - 04 - 11 ) 11 April 1960 ( age 58 ) Doncaster , West Riding of Yorkshire , England Residence Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire , England Langness , Isle of Man Education Hill House School , Doncaster Repton School Honorary Doctor of Engineering Occupation Journalist , presenter , columnist , writer Years active 1988 -- present Employer W. Chump & Sons ( co-owner ) Amazon Video The Sun The Sunday Times ITV Known for The Grand Tour Top Gear ( 2002 -- 15 ) Top Gear ( 1988 -- 98 ) Jeremy Clarkson 's Motorworld Robot Wars Jeremy Clarkson 's Extreme Machines Clarkson Clarkson 's Car Years Speed Notable work See below Home town Doncaster , England Height 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) Spouse ( s ) Alexandra James ( m . 1989 ; div. 1990 ) Frances Cain ( m . 1993 ; div. 2014 ) Children Parent ( s ) Shirley and Eddie Clarkson Jeremy Charles Robert Clarkson ( born 11 April 1960 ) is an English broadcaster , journalist and writer who specialises in motoring . He is best known for co-presenting the BBC TV show Top Gear with Richard Hammond and James May from October 2002 to March 2015 . He also currently writes weekly columns for The Sunday Times and The Sun . From a career as a local journalist in Northern England , Clarkson rose to public prominence as a presenter of the original format of Top Gear in 1988 . Since the mid-1990s , he has become a recognised public personality , regularly appearing on British television presenting his own shows for BBC and appearing as a guest on other shows . As well as motoring , Clarkson has produced programmes and books on subjects such as history and engineering . In 1998 , he hosted the first series of Robot Wars , and from 1998 to 2000 he also hosted his own talk show , Clarkson . In 2015 , the BBC decided not to renew Clarkson 's contract with the company after a dispute with a Top Gear producer while filming on location . That year , Clarkson and his Top Gear co-presenters and producer Andy Wilman formed the production company W. Chump & Sons to produce The Grand Tour for Amazon Video . In 2018 , he presented the 20th anniversary specials of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? for ITV . His opinionated but humorous tongue - in - cheek writing and presenting style has often provoked a public reaction . His actions , both privately and as a Top Gear presenter have also sometimes resulted in criticism from the media , politicians , pressure groups and the public . He also has a significant public following , being credited as a major factor in the resurgence of Top Gear as one of the most popular shows on the BBC . Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Childhood 1.2 Repton School 2 Career 2.1 Writing career 2.2 Television 3 Opinions and influence 3.1 Politics 3.2 Environment 3.3 Cultural mockery 3.4 Himself 3.5 Media 3.6 Recognition 4 Other interests 4.1 Military interests 4.2 Engineering interests 5 Cars 5.1 Ownership 5.2 Likes 5.3 Dislikes 6 Controversies 6.1 Activities on Top Gear 6.2 Activities outside Top Gear 6.3 Road safety 6.4 Dismissal from Top Gear 7 Personal life 8 Filmography 8.1 Presenter 8.2 Other roles 9 DVDs 10 Bibliography 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Early life Childhood Clarkson was born in Doncaster , the son of Shirley Gabrielle Clarkson , a teacher , and Edward Grenville Clarkson , a travelling salesman . His parents , who ran a business selling tea cosies , put their son 's name down in advance for private schools , with no idea how they were going to pay the fees , until at the last moment , when he was 13 , they made two Paddington Bear stuffed toys for each of their children . These proved so popular that they started selling them through the business with sufficient success to be able to pay the fees for Clarkson to attend Hill House School , Doncaster , and later Repton School . Repton School Clarkson has stated he was deeply unhappy at Repton School , saying that he had been a `` suicidal wreck '' there , having experienced extreme bullying , which he alleged included : being thrown into a cold plunge pool , night time beatings , being forced to lick the lavatories clean , routine damage to his property , defecation in his tuck box , and the cutting up of his clothing . According to his own account , he was expelled from Repton School for `` drinking , smoking and generally making a nuisance of himself . '' Clarkson attended Repton alongside Formula One engineer Adrian Newey and former Top Gear Executive Producer Andy Wilman . Clarkson played the role of a public schoolboy , Atkinson , in a BBC radio Children 's Hour serial adaptation of Anthony Buckeridge 's Jennings novels until his voice broke . Career Writing career Clarkson 's first job was as a travelling salesman for his parents ' business , selling Paddington Bear toys . He later trained as a journalist with the Rotherham Advertiser , before also writing for the Rochdale Observer , Wolverhampton Express and Star , Lincolnshire Life , Shropshire Star and the Associated Kent Newspapers . When writing in 2015 in his final column for Top Gear magazine , he credited the Shropshire Star as his first outlet as a motoring columnist : `` I started small , on the Shropshire Star with little Peugeots and Fiats and worked my way up to Ford Granadas and Rovers until , after about seven years , I was allowed to drive an Aston Martin Lagonda ... It was 10 years before I drove my first Lamborghini . '' In 1984 , Clarkson formed the Motoring Press Agency ( MPA ) , in which , with fellow motoring journalist Jonathan Gill , he conducted road tests for local newspapers and automotive magazines . This developed into articles for publications such as Performance Car . He has regularly written for Top Gear magazine since its launch in 1993 . In 1987 , Clarkson wrote for Amstrad Computer User and made articles about Amstrad CPC game reviews . Clarkson writes regular columns in the tabloid newspaper The Sun , and for the broadsheet newspaper The Sunday Times . His columns in the Times are republished in The Weekend Australian newspaper . He also writes for the `` Wheels '' section of the Toronto Star . Clarkson has written humorous books about cars and several other subjects . Many of his books are collections of articles that he has written for The Sunday Times . Television Clarkson ( right ) with his fellow Top Gear presenters , Richard Hammond and James May Clarkson 's first major television role came as one of the presenters on the British motoring programme Top Gear , from 27 October 1988 to 3 February 2000 , in the programme 's earlier format . Jon Bentley , a researcher at Top Gear , helped launch his television career . Bentley shortly afterwards became the show 's producer , and said about hiring Clarkson : `` He was just what I was looking for - an enthusiastic motoring writer who could make cars on telly fun . He was opinionated and irreverent , rather than respectfully po - faced . The fact that he looked and sounded exactly like a twenty - something ex-public schoolboy did n't matter . Nor did the impression there was a hint of school bully about him . I knew he was the man for the job . ( ... ) Clarkson stood out because he was funny . Even my bosses allowed themselves the odd titter . '' Clarkson then also presented the show 's new format from 20 October 2002 to 8 March 2015 . Along with co-presenters James May and Richard Hammond , he is credited with turning Top Gear into the most - watched TV show on BBC Two , rebroadcast to over 100 countries around the world . Clarkson 's company Bedder 6 , which handled merchandise and international distribution for Top Gear , earned over £ 149m in revenue in 2012 , prior to a restructuring that gave BBC Worldwide full control of the Top Gear rights . Clarkson presented the first series UK version of Robot Wars . His talk show , Clarkson , comprised 27 half - hour episodes aired in the United Kingdom between November 1998 and December 2000 , and featured guest interviews with musicians , politicians and television personalities . Clarkson went on to present documentaries focused on non-motoring themes such as history and engineering , although the motoring shows and videos continued . Alongside his stand - alone shows , many mirror the format of his newspaper columns and books , combining his love of driving and motoring journalism , with the examination and expression of his other views on the world , such as in Jeremy Clarkson 's Motorworld , Jeremy Clarkson 's Car Years and Jeremy Clarkson Meets the Neighbours . After Trinny and Susannah labelled Clarkson 's dress sense as that of a market trader , he was persuaded to appear on their fashion makeover show What Not to Wear to avoid being considered for their all - time worst dressed winner award . Their attempts at restyling Clarkson were rebuffed , and Clarkson stated he would rather eat his own hair than appear on the show again . For an episode of the first series of the BBC 's Who Do You Think You Are ? broadcast in November 2004 , Clarkson was invited to investigate his family history . It included the story of his great - great - great grandfather , John Kilner ( 1792 -- 1857 ) , who invented the Kilner jar , a container for preserved fruit . Clarkson 's views are often showcased on television shows . In 1997 , Clarkson appeared on the light - hearted comedy show Room 101 , in which a guest nominates things they hate in life to be consigned to nothingness . Clarkson dispatched caravans , houseflies , the sitcom Last of the Summer Wine , the mentality within golf clubs , and vegetarians . He has made several appearances on the prime time talk shows Parkinson and Friday Night with Jonathan Ross since 2002 . By 2003 , his persona was deemed to fit the mould for the series Grumpy Old Men , in which middle - aged men talk about any aspects of modern life which irritate them . Since the topical news panel show Have I Got News for You dismissed regular host Angus Deayton in October 2002 , Clarkson has become one of the most regularly used guest hosts on the show . Clarkson has appeared as a panellist on the political current affairs television show Question Time twice since 2000 . On 2 October 2015 , he presented Have I Got News for You again for the first time since his dismissal . In 2007 , Clarkson won the National Television Awards Special Recognition Award . Also in 2007 , it was reported that Clarkson earned £ 1 million a year for his role as a Top Gear presenter , and a further £ 1.7 million from books , DVDs and newspaper columns . In 2007 , Clarkson and co-presenter James May were the first people to reach the North Magnetic Pole in a car , chronicled in Top Gear : Polar Special . In 2008 , Clarkson sustained minor injuries to his legs , back and hand in an intentional collision with a brick wall while making the 12th series of Top Gear . In 2014 , he received £ 4.8 million dividend and £ 8.4 million share buyout from BBC Worldwide , bringing his estimated income for the year to more than £ 14 million . On 30 July 2015 , it was announced that Clarkson , along with former Top Gear hosts Richard Hammond and James May would present a new show on Amazon Video . The first season was made available worldwide in 2016 . On 11 May 2016 , Clarkson confirmed on his Twitter feed that the series would be titled The Grand Tour , and air from a different location each week . On 9 March 2018 , it was announced that Clarkson would host a revamped series of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? on ITV . The show had previously been presented by Chris Tarrant . Opinions and influence Politics Clarkson is in favour of personal freedom and against government regulation , stating that government should `` build park benches and that is it . They should leave us alone . '' He has a particular contempt for the Health and Safety Executive . He often criticised the Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown , especially what he calls the ' ban ' culture , frequently fixating on the bans on smoking and 2004 ban on fox hunting . In April 2013 , Clarkson was among 2,000 invited guests to the funeral of Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . Clarkson does not support Brexit , stating that while the European Union has its problems , Britain would not have any influence over the EU , should it leave the Union . He envisions the European Union being turned into a US - like `` United States of Europe '' , with one army , one currency , and one unifying set of values . Clarkson 's comments have both a large number of supporters and opponents . He often comments on the media - perceived social issues of the day such as the fear of challenging adolescent youths , known as ' hoodies ' . In 2007 , Clarkson was cleared of allegations of assaulting a hoodie while visiting central Milton Keynes , after Thames Valley Police said that if anything , he had been the victim . In the five - part series Jeremy Clarkson : Meets the Neighbours he travelled around Europe in a Jaguar E-Type , examining ( and in some cases reinforcing ) his stereotypes of other countries . As a motoring journalist , he is frequently critical of government initiatives such as the London congestion charge or proposals on road charging . He is also frequently scornful of caravanners and cyclists . He has often singled out John Prescott the former Transport Minister , and Stephen Joseph the head of the public transport pressure group Transport 2000 for ridicule . In September 2013 , a tweet proposing that he might stand for election as an independent candidate in Doncaster North , the constituency of the then Labour leader of the opposition , Ed Miliband , was retweeted over 1,000 times -- including by John Prescott . Environment Clarkson is unsympathetic to the green movement and has little respect for groups such as Greenpeace -- he believes that the `` eco-mentalists '' are a by - product of the `` old trade unionists and CND lesbians '' who had found a more relevant cause -- but `` loves the destination '' of environmentalism and believes that people should quietly strive to be more eco-friendly . Regarding windfarms , he says that in the future , they will be described as `` a reminder of the time when mankind temporarily took leave of its senses and decided wind , waves and lashings of tofu could somehow generate enough electricity for the whole planet '' . Clarkson has voiced some views regarding global warming : he believes that higher temperatures are not necessarily negative and that anthropogenic carbon dioxide production has a negligible effect on the global climate , but is aware of the negative potential consequences of global warming , saying `` let 's just stop and think for a moment what the consequences might be . Switzerland loses its skiing resorts ? The beach in Miami is washed away ? North Carolina gets knocked over by a hurricane ? Anything bothering you yet ? '' In an attempt to prove the press and public , furor over the 2007 UK child benefit data scandal was a fuss about nothing , he published his own bank account number and sort code , together with instructions on how to find out his address , in The Sun newspaper , expecting nobody to be able to remove money from his account . He later discovered that someone had set up a monthly direct debit for £ 500 to Diabetes UK . Cultural mockery See also : Top Gear controversies Clarkson has been critical of the Special Relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom . He referred to the US as the United States of Total Paranoia , commenting that one needs a permit to do everything except for purchasing weapons . Himself Whilst Clarkson states such views in his columns and in public appearances , his public persona does not necessarily represent his personal views , as he acknowledged whilst interviewing Alastair Campbell saying `` I do n't believe what I write , any more than you ( Campbell ) believe what you say '' . Clarkson has been described as a `` skilful propagandist for the motoring lobby '' by The Economist . With a forthright and sometimes deadpan delivery , Clarkson is said to thrive on the notoriety his public comments bring , and has risen to the level of the bête noire of the various groups who disagree with his views . On the Channel 4 organised viewer poll , for the 100 Worst Britons We Love to Hate programme , Clarkson polled in 66th place . By 2005 , Clarkson was perceived by the press to have upset so many people and groups , The Independent put him on trial for various ' crimes ' , declaring him guilty on most counts . Media Responses to Clarkson 's comments are often directed personally , with derogatory comments about residents of Norfolk leading to some residents organising a `` We hate Jeremy Clarkson '' club . In The Guardian 's 2007 ' Media 100 ' list , which lists the top 100 most `` powerful people in the ( media ) industry '' , based on cultural , economic and political influence in the UK , Clarkson was listed as a new entrant at 74th . Some critics even attribute Clarkson 's actions and views as being influential enough to be responsible for the closure of Rover and the Luton manufacturing plant of Vauxhall . Clarkson 's comments about Rover prompted workers to hang an `` Anti-Clarkson Campaign '' banner outside the defunct Longbridge plant in its last days . The BBC often played down his comments as ultimately not having the weight they were ascribed . In 2007 , they described Clarkson as `` Not a man given to considered opinion '' , and in response to an official complaint another BBC spokeswoman once said : `` Jeremy 's colourful comments are always entertaining , but they are his own comments and not those of the BBC . More often than not they are said with a twinkle in his eye . '' On his chat show , Clarkson , he caused upset to the Welsh by placing a 3D plastic map of Wales into a microwave oven and switching it on . He later defended this by saying , `` I put Wales in there because Scotland would n't fit . '' Recognition In 2005 , Clarkson received an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree from the Oxford Brookes University . His views on the environment precipitated a small demonstration at the award ceremony for his honorary degree , when Clarkson was pied by road protester Rebecca Lush . Clarkson took this incident in good humour , responding ' good shot ' and subsequently referring to Lush as `` Banana girl '' . Clarkson has spoken in support of hydrogen cars . In 2008 , an internet petition was posted on the Prime Minister 's Number 10 website to `` Make Jeremy Clarkson Prime Minister '' . By the time it closed , it had attracted 49,446 signatures . An opposing petition posted on the same site set to `` Never , Ever Make Jeremy Clarkson Prime Minister '' attracted 87 signatures . Clarkson later commented he would be a rubbish Prime Minister as he is always contradicting himself in his columns . In their official response to the petition , Number 10 agreed with Clarkson 's comments . In response to the reactions he gets , Clarkson has stated `` I enjoy this back and forth , it makes the world go round but it is just opinion . '' On the opinion that his views are influential enough to topple car companies , he has argued that he has proof that he has had no influence . `` When I said that the Ford Orion was the worst car ever it went on to become a best - selling car . '' Clarkson was ranked 49th on Motor Trend Magazine 's Power List for 2011 , its list of the fifty most influential figures in the automotive industry . Other interests Military interests Clarkson has a keen interest in the British Armed Forces and several of his DVDs and television shows have featured a military theme , whether it be flying in military jets or several Clarkson focused Top Gear spots having a military theme such as Clarkson escaping a Challenger 2 tank in a Range Rover , a Lotus Exige evading missile lock from an Apache attack helicopter , a platoon of Irish Guardsmen shooting at a Porsche Boxster and Mercedes - Benz SLK , or using a Ford Fiesta as a Royal Marine landing craft . Clarkson visited British troops in Baghdad in October 2005 . In 2003 , Clarkson presented The Victoria Cross : For Valour looking at recipients of the Victoria Cross , in particular focusing on his father - in - law , Robert Henry Cain , who received a VC for actions during the Battle of Arnhem in World War II . In 2007 , Clarkson wrote and presented Jeremy Clarkson : Greatest Raid of All Time , a documentary about the World War II Operation Chariot , a 1942 Commando raid on the docks of Saint - Nazaire in occupied France . At the end of 2007 , Clarkson became a patron of Help for Heroes , a charity aiming to raise money to provide better facilities to wounded British servicemen . His effort led to the 2007 Christmas appeal in The Sunday Times supporting Help for Heroes . Engineering interests Clarkson is passionate about engineering , especially pioneering work . In Inventions That Changed the World Clarkson showcased the invention of the gun , computer , jet engine , telephone and television . He has previously criticised the engineering feats of the 20th century as merely improvements on the truly innovative inventions of the Industrial Revolution . He cites the lack of any source of alternative power for cars , other than by `` small explosions '' . In Great Britons , as part of a public poll to find the greatest historical Briton , Clarkson was the chief supporter for Isambard Kingdom Brunel , a prominent engineer during the Industrial Revolution credited with numerous innovations . Despite this , he also has a passion for many modern examples of engineering . In Speed and Extreme Machines , Clarkson rides and showcases numerous vehicles and machinery . Clarkson was awarded an honorary degree from Brunel University on 12 September 2003 , partly because of his work in popularising engineering , and partly because of his advocacy of Brunel . In his book , I Know You Got Soul he describes many machines that he believes possess a soul . He cited the Concorde crash as his inspiration , feeling a sadness for the demise of the machine as well as the passengers . Clarkson was a passenger on the last BA Concorde flight on 24 October 2003 . Paraphrasing Neil Armstrong he described the retirement of the fleet as `` This is one small step for a man , but one huge leap backwards for mankind '' . He briefly acquired an English Electric Lightning F1A jet fighter XM172 , which was installed in the front garden of his country home . The Lightning was subsequently removed on the orders of the local council , which `` would n't believe my claim that it was a leaf blower '' , according to Clarkson on a Tiscali Motoring webchat . In fact , the whole affair was set up for his programme Speed , and the Lightning is now back serving as gate guardian at Wycombe Air Park ( formerly RAF Booker ) . In a Top Gear episode , Clarkson drove the Bugatti Veyron in a race across Europe against a Cessna private aeroplane . The Veyron was an £ 850,000 technology demonstrator project built by Volkswagen to become the fastest production car , but a practical road car at the same time . In building such an ambitious machine , Clarkson described the project as `` a triumph for lunacy over common sense , a triumph for man over nature and a triumph for Volkswagen over absolutely every other car maker in the world . '' After winning the race , Clarkson announced that `` It 's quite a hollow victory really , because I 've got to go for the rest of my life knowing that I 'll never own that car . I 'll never experience that power again . '' Cars Ownership Alfa Romeo Alfetta GTV Lamborghini Gallardo Spyder once owned by Clarkson Clarkson owns or has owned : Volvo XC90 Range Rover TDV8 Vogue SE Lotus Elise 111S Mercedes - Benz 600 Grosser Mercedes - Benz SLK55 AMG Mercedes CLK63 AMG Black Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG Roadster BMW M3 CSL Honda CR - X Ferrari F355 Ford GT Aston Martin Virage Alfa Romeo Alfetta GTV6 Ford Focus Lamborghini Gallardo Volkswagen Golf GTI Volkswagen Scirocco 1 Volkswagen Scirocco 2 Land Rover Defender Ford Escort RS Cosworth McLaren 675LT Toyota Land Cruiser Clarkson wanted to purchase the Ford GT after admiring its inspiration , the Ford GT40 race cars of the 1960s . Clarkson was able to secure a place on the shortlist for the few cars that would be imported to Britain to official customers , only through knowing Ford 's head of PR through a previous job . After waiting years and facing an increased price , he found many technical problems with the car . After `` the most miserable month 's motoring possible , '' he returned it to Ford for a full refund . After a short period , including asking Top Gear fans for advice over the Internet , he bought back his GT . He called it `` the most unreliable car ever made '' , because he was never able to complete a return journey with it . In 2006 , Clarkson ordered a Gallardo Spyder and sold the Ford GT to make way for it . In August 2008 , he sold the Gallardo because `` idiots in Peugeots kept trying to race ( him ) in it '' . In October , he announced that he had sold his Volvo XC90 . In January 2009 , in a review of the car printed in The Times , he wrote : `` I 've just bought my third Volvo XC90 in a row and the simple fact is this : it takes six children to school in the morning . '' Likes The Lexus LFA , considered by Clarkson to be the best car he has ever driven You ca n't be a true petrolhead until you 've owned an Alfa Romeo . -- Jeremy Clarkson Clarkson has spoken highly of the Czech - made Škoda Yeti , calling it possibly the best car in the world , and used 20 minutes of a Top Gear episode putting the Yeti through a number of challenges to support his point . Clarkson called the Brera , Alfa 's latest sports car , `` Cameron Diaz on wheels '' . Clarkson has expressed fondness for late - model V8 Holdens , available in the UK rebadged as Vauxhalls . Of the Monaro he said , `` It 's like they had a picture of me on their desk and said ( Australian accent ) ' Let 's build that bloke a car ! ' '' and `` I ca n't believe it ... I 've fallen in love ... with a Vauxhall ! '' Clarkson suffered two slipped discs that he attributed to driving the Monaro , which he described as being `` back - breakingly marvellous '' . Clarkson considers the Lexus LFA as the best car he has ever driven . Dislikes Clarkson expressed disdain for Rover , including its Rover 75 model Clarkson dislikes the British car brand Rover , the last major British owned and built car manufacturer . This view stretched back to the company 's time as part of British Leyland . Describing the history of the company up to its last flagship model , the Rover 75 , he paraphrased Winston Churchill and stated `` Never in the field of human endeavour has so much been done , so badly , by so many , '' citing issues with the rack and pinion steering system . In the latter years of the company , Clarkson blamed the `` uncool '' brand image as being more of a hindrance to sales than any faults with the cars . On its demise , Clarkson stated `` I can not even get teary and emotional about the demise of the company itself -- though I do feel sorry for the workforce . '' Clarkson has also expressed hatred for the Toyota Prius . Clarkson has also criticised Vauxhalls and has described Vauxhall 's parent company , General Motors , as a `` pensions and healthcare '' company which sees the `` car making side of the business as an expensive loss - making nuisance '' . Clarkson has expressed particular disdain for the Vauxhall Vectra , describing it as : `` One of my least favourite cars in the world . I 've always hated it because I 've always felt it was designed in a coffee break by people who could n't care less about cars '' and `` one of the worst chassis I 've ever come across . '' After a Top Gear piece by Clarkson for its launch in 1995 , described by The Independent as `` not doing ( GM ) any favours '' , Vauxhall complained to the BBC and announced , `` We can take criticism but this piece was totally unbalanced . '' Controversies Clarkson 's comments and actions have sometimes resulted in complaints from viewers , car companies , and national governments . Activities on Top Gear Main article : Top Gear controversies In 2004 , the BBC apologised unreservedly and paid £ 250 in compensation to a Somerset parish council , after Clarkson damaged a 30 - year - old horse - chestnut tree by driving into it to test the strength of a Toyota Hilux . In December 2006 , the BBC complaints department upheld the complaint of four Top Gear viewers that Clarkson had used the phrase `` ginger beer '' ( rhyming slang for `` queer '' ) in a derogatory manner , when Clarkson picked up on and agreed with an audience member 's description of the Daihatsu Copen as being a bit `` gay '' . The Top Gear : Polar Special was criticised by the BBC Trust for glamorising drink driving in a scene showing Clarkson and James May in a vehicle , despite Clarkson saying to the camera , `` And please do not write to us about drinking and driving , because I am not driving I am sailing '' ( as they were on top of international , frozen waters ) . They stated the scene `` was not editorially justified '' despite occurring outside the jurisdiction of any drink - driving laws . In a later incident during a Top Gear episode broadcast on 13 November 2005 , Clarkson , while talking about a Mini design that might be `` quintessentially German '' , made a mock Nazi salute , and made references to the Hitler regime and the German invasion of Poland by suggesting the GPS `` only goes to Poland '' . In November 2008 , Clarkson attracted over 500 complaints to the BBC when he joked about lorry drivers murdering prostitutes . The BBC stated the comment was a comic rebuttal of a common misconception about lorry drivers and was within the viewer 's expectation of Clarkson 's Top Gear persona . Chris Mole , the Member of Parliament for Ipswich , where five prostitutes were murdered in 2006 , wrote a `` strongly worded '' letter to BBC Director - General Mark Thompson , demanding that Clarkson be sacked . Clarkson dismissed Mole 's comments in his Sunday Times column the following weekend , writing , `` There are more important things to worry about than what some balding and irrelevant middle - aged man might have said on a crappy BBC2 motoring show . '' Andrew Tinkler , chief executive of the Eddie Stobart Group , a major trucking company , stated that `` They were just having a laugh . It 's the 21st century , let 's get our sense of humour in line . '' In July 2009 , Clarkson was reported to have called then British Prime Minister Gordon Brown `` a silly cunt '' during a warm - up while recording a Top Gear show . Although several newspapers reported that he had subsequently argued with BBC Two controller Janice Hadlow , who was present at the recording , the BBC denied that he had been given a `` dressing down '' . John Whittingdale , Conservative chair of the Culture Select Committee remarked : `` Many people will find that offensive , many people will find that word in particular very offensive ( ... ) I am surprised he felt it appropriate to use it . '' On 6 July 2010 , Clarkson reportedly angered gay rights campaigners after he made a remark on Top Gear that did not get aired on the 4 July 's episode . But guest Alastair Campbell wrote about it on Twitter . Clarkson apparently said he `` Demanded the right not to get bummed '' . The BBC later said that they cut this remark out as they `` edited down '' the interview as it was too long to fit into the show . In an episode aired after the watershed on 1 August 2010 , Clarkson described a Ferrari F430 as `` special needs '' . He said the car owned by co-presenter James May looked `` like a simpleton '' . Media regulator Ofcom investigated after receiving two complaints , and found that the comments `` were capable of causing offence '' but did not censure the BBC . On 12 January 2012 , the Indian High Commission lodged a formal complaint with the BBC over the `` tasteless '' antics of Clarkson 's Top Gear Christmas special where he mocked India 's culture and people . During the 90 - minute special , which was aired twice over the Christmas break , Clarkson made a string of jokes about Indian food , clothes , toilets , trains and history . On an episode of Top Gear broadcast on 5 February 2012 , Clarkson compared a Japanese car / camper van to a person with a growth on their face . A major UK charity that supports people with facial disfigurements , Changing Faces , complained to the BBC and Ofcom after Clarkson 's remarks . In an unused take for a Top Gear feature recorded in early 2012 , Clarkson is alleged to have mumbled the ethnic slur `` nigger '' when repeating the children 's rhyme Eeny , meeny , miny , moe . The clip later surfaced on the website of the Daily Mirror tabloid at the beginning of May 2014 . In the take , Clarkson attempts to mumble the sentence so as to obscure the word , but admitted that upon a close listening , the word could still be heard . Clarkson apologised for his efforts not being `` quite good enough '' to ensure the footage was not used . It was reported on 3 May , that the BBC had given Clarkson a final warning , with the presenter accepting that he would be sacked if he made another offensive remark . Near the end of the Top Gear : Burma Special , which aired March 2014 , Clarkson and Hammond were seen admiring a wooden bridge , which they had built during the episode . Clarkson is quoted as saying `` That is a proud moment , but there 's a slope on it '' as a native crosses the bridge , ' slope ' being a pejorative for Asians . Top Gear Executive Producer Andy Wilman responded : `` When we used the word slope in the recent Top Gear Burma Special it was a light - hearted word play joke referencing both the build quality of the bridge and the local Asian man who was crossing it . We were not aware at the time , and it has subsequently been brought to our attention , that the word slope is considered by some to be offensive . '' In October 2014 , Clarkson attracted controversy when filming the Top Gear : Patagonia Special after driving a Porsche 928 in Argentina with the licence plate H982 FKL , allegedly referring to the 1982 Falklands War . Also , during the broadcast itself , Clarkson was seen referring to the controversy that had risen after the Burma Special ; when inspecting a bridge , which he and his colleagues had built during the episode , he was quoted as saying `` That is a proud moment , Hammond , but ... is it straight ? '' Activities outside Top Gear In October 1998 , Hyundai complained to the BBC about what they described as `` bigoted and racist '' comments he made at the Birmingham Motor Show , where he was reported as saying that the people working on the Hyundai stand had `` eaten a dog '' and that the designer of the Hyundai XG had probably eaten a spaniel for his lunch . Clarkson also allegedly referred to those working on the BMW stand as `` Nazis '' , although BMW said they would not be complaining . In March 2004 , at the British Press Awards , he swore at Piers Morgan and punched him before being restrained by security ; Morgan says it left him with a scar above his left eyebrow . In April 2007 , he was criticised in the Malaysian parliament for having described one of their cars , the Perodua Kelisa , as the worst in the world , adding that `` its name was like a disease and ( suggesting ) it was built in jungles by people who wear leaves for shoes '' . A Malaysian government minister countered , pointing out that no complaints had been received from UK customers who had bought the car . While in Australia , Clarkson made disparaging remarks aimed at the British Prime Minister Gordon Brown , in February 2009 , calling him a `` one - eyed Scottish idiot '' and accused him of lying . These comments were widely condemned by the Royal National Institute of Blind People and also Scottish politicians who requested that he should be taken off air . He subsequently apologised for referencing Brown 's monocular blindness , but insisted : `` I have n't apologised for calling him an idiot . '' His 4 September 2011 column for The Sun newspaper drew angry remarks in response to Clarkson 's call to abolish the Welsh language : `` I think we are fast approaching the time when the United Nations should start to think seriously about abolishing other languages . What 's the point of Welsh , for example ? All it does is provide a silly maypole around which a bunch of hotheads can get all nationalistic . '' Wikinews has related news : ' Have them all shot ' : BBC gets 21,000 + complaints over Jeremy Clarkson 's public sector striker comments On 30 November 2011 , while being interviewed on the BBC 's The One Show , Clarkson commented on the UK 's public sector strike that day , lauding the capital 's empty roads . After mentioning the BBC 's need for balance , he said , `` I would take them outside and execute them in front of their families . '' The programme later apologised for his remarks , with further apologies issued by Clarkson and the BBC . These remarks had attracted 21,335 complaints to the BBC within 36 hours ; the BBC also received 314 messages of support for Clarkson . Clarkson was criticised by the mental health charity Mind for his 3 December 2011 column for The Sun , in which he described those who jump in front of trains as `` Johnny Suicide '' and argues that following a death , trains should carry on their journeys as soon as possible . He adds : `` The train can not be removed nor the line re-opened until all of the victim 's body has been recovered . And sometimes the head can be half a mile away from the feet . '' ... `` Change the driver , pick up the big bits of what 's left of the victim , get the train moving as quickly as possible and let foxy woxy and the birds nibble away at the smaller , gooey parts that are far away or hard to find . '' Road safety Clarkson often discusses high speed driving on public roads , criticising road safety campaigns involving cameras and speed bumps . In 2002 , a Welsh Assembly Member Alun Pugh wrote to BBC director general Greg Dyke to complain about Clarkson 's comments that he believed encouraged people to use Welsh roads as a high speed test track . A BBC spokesman said that suggestions Clarkson had encouraged speeding were `` nonsense '' . Clarkson has also made similar comments about driving in Lincolnshire . As of 2004 , Clarkson was reported as having a clean licence . In a November 2005 Times article , Clarkson wrote on the Bugatti Veyron , `` On a recent drive across Europe I desperately wanted to reach the top speed but I ran out of road when the needle hit 240 mph , '' and `` From the wheel of a Veyron , France is the size of a small coconut . I can not tell you how fast I crossed it the other day . Because you simply would n't believe me . '' In 2007 , solicitor Nick Freeman represented Clarkson against a charge of driving at 86 mph in a 50 mph zone on the A40 road in London , defeating it on the basis that the driver of the car loaned to Clarkson from Alfa Romeo could not be ascertained . In 2008 , Clarkson claimed in a talk at the Hay Festival to have been given a speeding ticket for driving at 186 mph on the A1203 Limehouse Link road in London . Dismissal from Top Gear In March 2015 , Clarkson was suspended by the BBC from Top Gear following a `` fracas '' with one of the show 's producers . It emerged that Clarkson had been involved in a dispute over catering while filming on location in Hawes , North Yorkshire . Clarkson had been offered soup and a cold meat platter , instead of the steak he wanted , because the hotel chef had gone home . The BBC announced that the next episode of the show would not be broadcast on 15 March . It was later announced through the BBC 's website that the network would be likely to drop the remaining two episodes of the series as well in the wake of the incident , which involved Clarkson punching producer Oisin Tymon , who was later treated in hospital . Tymon also claimed that Clarkson had called him a `` lazy Irish cunt '' . Clarkson 's contract with the BBC expired at the end of March , and a previously proposed three - year renewal was withdrawn . A Change.org petition , aiming to reverse the BBC decision , was started on 10 March by blogger Guido Fawkes . The petition reached its target 1,000,000 signatures by the afternoon of 20 March , and was delivered to the BBC in an artillery vehicle by a man dressed as Top Gear test driver The Stig , with Fawkes as spokesman . The hosting website described the petition as the fastest - growing campaign in its history . On 19 March , at a charity auction at the Roundhouse in Camden , north London , Clarkson launched into a humorous verbal tirade against BBC studio bosses related to his suspension from the programme , saying `` The BBC have fucked themselves . '' He later stated that this was `` meant in jest '' . On 25 March 2015 , the BBC released an official statement confirming that , as a result of the actions which led to his suspension , they would not be renewing his contract with the show . Following the statement , North Yorkshire Police requested to view the report and stated that `` action will be taken by North Yorkshire police where necessary '' . However , Tymon has informed the police that he does not wish to press charges against Clarkson , and Clarkson urged fans of the show to stop trolling Tymon on social media , as what happened was not his fault . British police have announced they are investigating death threats made against BBC Director - General Tony Hall over the issue . Less than 24 hours after his dismissal , Clarkson was approached by Zvezda , a Russian state broadcaster , to present a motoring programme . In his Sunday Times column on 19 April , Clarkson revealed that two days before he hit Tymon , he had been told by his doctor that a lump he had could be cancer of the tongue . Testing later confirmed that it was not cancerous . In the same column , he stated that he had initially considered retiring from television following his dismissal , but was now planning a new motoring programme . In November 2015 , Tymon sued Clarkson and the BBC for racial discrimination over the verbal abuse he received in the March incident . The following February , Clarkson formally apologised to Tymon and settled the racial discrimination and personal injury claim for £ 100,000 . Personal life Clarkson married Alexandra James in 1989 , but she left him for one of his friends after six months . In May 1993 , he married his manager , Frances Cain , daughter of VC recipient Robert Henry Cain , in Fulham . The couple lived in Chipping Norton , in the Cotswolds , with their three children . Clarkson has been described as a member of the Chipping Norton set . Known for buying him car - related gifts , for Christmas 2007 Clarkson 's second wife bought him a Mercedes - Benz 600 . She was reported to have filed divorce proceedings in April 2014 . In September 2010 , Clarkson was granted a privacy injunction against his first wife to prevent her from publishing claims that their sexual relationship continued after his second marriage ( see AMM v HXW ) . He voluntarily lifted the injunction in October 2011 , commenting that : `` Injunctions do n't work . You take out an injunction against somebody or some organisation and immediately news of that injunction and the people involved and the story behind the injunction is in a legal - free world on Twitter and the Internet . It 's pointless . '' Clarkson is a fan of the rock band Genesis and attended the band 's reunion concert at Twickenham Stadium in 2007 . He also provided sleeve notes for the reissue of the album Selling England by the Pound as part of the Genesis 1970 -- 1975 box set . Clarkson was involved in a protracted legal dispute about access to a `` permissive path '' across the grounds of his second home , a converted lighthouse , on the Isle of Man between 2005 and 2010 , after reports that dogs had attacked and killed sheep on the property . Clarkson and his wife had claimed that four sheep were deliberately killed after being chased into the sea by a dog let off its lead . He lost the dispute after the Isle of Man government held a public inquiry , and he was told to re-open the footpath . The decision was affirmed by the Isle of Man High Court . On 4 August 2017 , he was admitted to hospital after falling ill with pneumonia while on a family vacation in Majorca , Spain and was being treated in a hospital there . He subsequently said he could `` breathe out harder and for longer than a non-smoking 40 - year - old '' and had 96 per cent capacity for a person his age . `` In short , getting on for three - quarters of a million fags have not harmed me in any way . I have quite literally defied medical science '' . Filmography Presenter Year Title Channel Notes 1988 -- 2000 Top Gear BBC Two 1995 -- 1996 Jeremy Clarkson 's Motorworld 13 episodes 1997 Jeremy Clarkson 's Extreme Machines 1 series ( 6 episodes ) 1998 Robot Wars 1 series ( 6 episodes ) 1998 -- 2000 Clarkson 3 series ( 27 episodes ) 2000 Jeremy Clarkson 's Car Years 1 series ( 6 episodes ) 2001 Jeremy Clarkson 's Speed 1 series ( 6 episodes ) 2001 You Do n't Want to Do That 1 series 2002 Jeremy Clarkson : Meets the Neighbours BBC Two 5 episodes 2002 -- 2015 Top Gear 22 series ( 175 episodes + 11 specials ) 2003 The Victoria Cross : For Valour One -- off Inventions That Changed the World BBC Two 1 series ( 5 episodes ) 2007 Jeremy Clarkson : The Greatest Raid of All Time One -- off 2014 PQ17 : An Arctic Convoy Disaster One -- off 2016 -- present The Grand Tour Amazon Prime Video 3 series 2018 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ITV 1 series ( 7 episodes ) Other roles Year Title Role 2003 Grumpy Old Men Participant Who Do You Think You Are ? Participant 2006 Cars Harv ( Voice ; UK version only ) 2011 Forza Motorsport 4 Voice Artist 2013 Forza Motorsport 5 Voice Artist 2014 Phineas and Ferb Adrian ( Voice ) Jeremy Clarkson has also appeared on several occasions as one of the panelists on television comedy - quiz show QI . DVDs `` Top Gear : Supercars '' ( With Tiff Needell ) ( 1994 , BBC Video , VHS ) . `` Top Gear : Classic Cars '' ( With Quentin Willson ) ( 1995 , BBC Video , VHS ) . `` Motorsport Mayhem '' ( 1995 , Arison International , VHS / DVD ) . `` More Motorsport Mayhem '' ( With Steve Rider ) ( 1996 , Arison International , VHS ) . `` Motorworld '' ( 1996 , BBC Video , VHS ) . `` Unleashed on Cars '' ( 1996 , VCI Video , VHS / DVD ) . `` Extreme Machines '' ( 1997 , BBC Video , VHS ) . `` Apocalypse Clarkson '' ( 1997 , VCI Video , VHS / DVD ) . `` Top Gear : The Fast & Furious '' ( With Tiff Needell ) ( 1997 , BBC Video , VHS ) . `` The Most Outrageous Jeremy Clarkson Film In The World ... Ever ! '' ( 1998 , VCI Video , VHS / DVD ) . `` Top Gear : The Fast & Furious II '' ( With Tiff Needell ) ( 1998 , BBC Video , VHS ) . `` Head To Head '' ( 1999 , VCI Video , VHS / DVD ) . `` At Full Throttle '' ( 2000 , VCI Video , VHS / DVD ) . `` Speed '' ( 2001 , BBC Video , VHS ) . `` Top 100 Cars '' ( 2001 , VCI Video , VHS / DVD ) . `` No Limits '' ( 2002 , VCI Video , VHS / DVD ) . `` Shoot Out '' ( 2003 , VCI Video , VHS / DVD ) . `` Hot Metal '' ( 2004 , VCI Video , VHS / DVD ) . `` Heaven & Hell '' ( 2005 , 2 Entertain , DVD ) . `` The Good The Bad The Ugly '' ( 2006 , 2 Entertain , DVD ) . `` Supercar Showdown '' ( 2007 , 2 Entertain , DVD ) . ( Amazon.co.uk . copies come with ' Behind The Scenes ' DVD ) `` The Collection '' ( 2008 , 2 Entertain , DVD ) . `` Thriller '' ( 2008 , 2 Entertain , DVD ) . ( Play.com . copies come with ' Behind The Scenes ' DVD ) `` Duel '' ( 2009 , 2 Entertain , DVD ) . ( Top Gear Magazine offer includes ' Behind The Scenes ' DVD ) `` The Italian Job '' ( 2010 , 2 Entertain , DVD ) . ( 2 - Disc edition copies come with ' Behind The Scenes ' DVD ) `` War Stories '' ( 2011 , 2 Entertain , DVD ) . `` Powered Up '' ( 2011 , 2 Entertain , DVD ) . `` Top Gear : Worst Car in the History of the World '' ( With James May ) ( 2012 , BBC DVD ) `` Top Gear : The Perfect Road Trip '' ( With Richard Hammond ) ( 2013 , BBC DVD ) `` Top Gear : The Perfect Road Trip 2 '' ( With Richard Hammond ) ( 2014 , BBC DVD ) Bibliography Book Publisher Year Jeremy Clarkson 's Motorworld BBC Books Penguin Books Reprinted 2004 Clarkson on Cars Virgin Books Penguin Books Reprinted 2004 Clarkson 's Hot 100 Virgin Books Carlton Books 1997 Reprinted 1998 Planet Dagenham Andre Deutsch Carlton Books 1998 Reprinted 2006 Born to be Riled BBC Books Penguin Books 1999 Reprinted 2007 Jeremy Clarkson on Ferrari Lancaster Books Salamander Books 2000 Reprinted 2001 The World According to Clarkson Icon Books Penguin Books Reprinted 2005 I Know You Got Soul Michael Joseph Penguin Books 2005 Reprinted 2006 And Another Thing ... : The World According To Clarkson Volume 2 Michael Joseph Penguin Books 2006 Reprinted 2007 Do n't Stop Me Now ! ! Michael Joseph Penguin Books 2007 Reprinted 2008 For Crying Out Loud ! : The World According To Clarkson Volume 3 Michael Joseph Penguin Books 2008 Reprinted 2009 Driven To Distraction Michael Joseph Penguin Books 2009 Reprinted 2010 How Hard Can It Be ? : The World According To Clarkson Volume 4 Michael Joseph Penguin Books Reprinted 2011 Round The Bend Michael Joseph Penguin Books 2011 Reprinted 2012 The Top Gear Years Penguin Books 2012 Reprinted 2013 Is It Really Too Much To Ask ? : The World According To Clarkson Volume 5 Penguin Books 2013 Reprinted 2014 What Could Possibly Go Wrong ... Penguin Books 2014 Reprinted 2015 As I was saying ... : The World According To Clarkson Volume 6 Penguin Books 24 September 2015 Two books containing the best columns from previous publications , entitled `` The Collected Thoughts of Clarkson '' and `` Never Played Golf '' were issued by Top Gear Magazine , in 2003 and 2004 respectively . References ^ Jump up to : Parkinson , Justin ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` The Jeremy Clarkson story '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peel P50 feature '' . Top Gear . Series 10 . Episode 3 . 28 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson dropped by BBC after damning report into assault on producer '' . The Guardian . 25 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Summary text of BBC 's report into Jeremy Clarkson ' fracas ' '' . The Guardian . 25 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Desert Island Discs -- Jeremy Clarkson '' . BBC Radio4. 16 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2010 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Shirley Clarkson , ' Bearly Believable : My Part in the Paddington Bear Story ' , Harriman House Publishing , 23 June 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 905641 - 72 - 7 Jump up ^ `` '' Jeremy Clarkson 's mum lifts lid on famous son '' by Alex Eckford . ' ' Autotrader ' ' , date unclear , viewed 16 July 2012 `` . Autotrader.co.uk. 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clarkson was suicidal at school after being bullied '' . www.msn.com . Archived from the original on 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Patrick ( November 2003 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson 's Fact File '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 11 November 2012 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . He claims to have been expelled from his public school for drinking , smoking and generally making a nuisance of himself . Jump up ^ Batra , Ruhi . `` Newey giving shape to Red Bull dreams '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Radio Academy '' . William ( ' Uncle David ' ) Davis . The Radio Academy ( a registered charity dedicated to the encouragement , recognition and promotion of excellence in UK broadcasting and audio production ) . Archived from the original on 14 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Among the schoolboy actors who passed through the Jennings plays before their voices broke , incidentally , was Jeremy Clarkson Jump up ^ Jeremy Clarkson ( 2013 ) . Jeremy Clarkson on LBC 97.3 ( Online video ) . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Clarkson Archived 28 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sacked Clarkson tells how his road to motoring fame started in Shropshire '' . Shropshire Star . 27 March 2015 . p. 4 . Report by David Banner . Jump up ^ Jeremy Clarkson at AskMen.com Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 27 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson Amstrad Game Reviews '' . Imgur . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson '' . IMDb . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/mar/26/jeremy-clarkson-bbc-top-gear Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/3079354/jon-bentley-gadget-show-top-gear-jeremy-clarkson/ Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31907458 ^ Jump up to : `` Jeremy Clarkson , Top Gear host , suspended by BBC after ' fracas ' '' . BBC News . 10 March 2015 . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 27 April 2007 ) . `` Your Clarkson needs you '' . Top Gear Magazine . BBC Worldwide . Archived from the original on 28 May 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2007 ... we finished with 8.6 million people watching the end of the final show . To put that in perspective , it 's pretty much twice what a very successful programme could dream of getting on BBC2 or Channel 4 . It puts us on level terms with Eastenders . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 21 September 2006 ) . `` Top Gear 's chequered past '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 April 2007 . It is currently shown in more than 100 countries around the world , and Top Gear magazine is the UK 's biggest - selling car magazine . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear : Jeremy Clarkson netted more than £ 14m from show last year '' . Guardian . 16 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Conlan , Tara ; Sabbagh , Dan ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` Top Gear deal nets Jeremy Clarkson multi-million pound payout '' . Guardian . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robot Wars '' . SphereTV . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 18 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Worst - Dressed Winners '' . Vogue . Condé Nast Publications . 27 August 2002 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2007 . FAMED fashion commentators Susannah Constantine and Trinny Woodall have come up with a definitive worst - dressed list to coincide with the launch of a new series of their What Not to Wear programme ... While each candidate was invited onto the show for a full wardrobe makeover , only Birds of a Feather actress Lesley Joseph ( who `` looks like a pantomime dame '' ) , and Jeremy Clarkson ( `` who looks like he should be selling vegetables in the market '' ) , have accepted . Their reward for having their fashion sense publicly torn apart is that they will avoid winning the all - time Worst - Dressed title . Jump up ^ `` BBC ONE honours the best TV moments from 2002 '' ( Press release ) . BBC Press Office . 1 February 2003 . Retrieved 27 April 2007 . Trinny and Susannah suggest alternatives to Jeremy Clarkson 's wardrobe with very little success . Every suggested outfit is `` shot down in flames '' by Jeremy causing an exasperated Trinny to ask him why he agreed to appear on the programme . Jump up ^ `` Mammary mia ! '' . The Sunday Herald . 8 September 2002 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2007 . Retrieved 18 August 2007 . `` I 'd rather eat my own hair than shop with these two again , '' said Jeremy Clarkson , who was lured onto their show after they picked him out as one of the `` world 's worst - dressed men '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Do You Think You Are ? -- Jeremy Clarkson '' ( Press release ) . BBC . 24 September 2004 . Retrieved 2 August 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Do You Think You Are ? with Jeremy Clarkson '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? . UK . 2 November 2004 . BBC . BBC Two . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 '' . Have I Got News for You . Series 50 . Episode 1 . 2 October 2015 . BBC One . Jump up ^ Pay us the same as Clarkson -- or we quit ! The Independent ( London ) , 5 July 2008 Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Top Gear -- The Show -- Production Notes -- Polar Special '' . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear smash pictures released '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 16 July 2013 ) . `` Top Gear : Jeremy Clarkson netted more than £ 14m from show last year '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John . `` Top Gear 's Clarkson , Hammond and May sign Amazon deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John . `` Top Gear 's Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond and James May making show for Amazon '' . BBC News . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( 11 May 2016 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson 's new Amazon show is called The Grand Tour '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson replaces Chris Tarrant on Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? '' . BBC News . 9 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : BBC News Clarkson : ' I 'd be a rubbish PM ' , 27 May 2008 Jump up ^ Wright , Oliver ; Williams , Rob ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson , Shirley Bassey and Tony Blair , but no Mikhail Gorbachev : Margaret Thatcher 's funeral guest list announced '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Oppenheim , Maya ( 13 March 2016 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson announces he wants Britain to stay in the EU to create a ' United States of Europe ' '' . The Independent on Sunday . London . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ BBC News Clarkson quizzed over gang ordeal , 6 December 2007 Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 1 May 2005 ) . `` Peugeot 1007 -- Brilliant , the doors are useless , 1 May 2005 '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . So what , exactly , is God 's most stupid creation ? The pink flamingo , the avocado pear , Stephen Joseph from the pressure group Transport 2000 ? Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson ' Considering Bid To Be MP ' '' . BSkyB. 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ This has been my perfect week Clarkson Times column 13 January 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` Okay , you 've got me bang to rights -- I 'm a secret green '' The Times , 17 May 2009 Jump up ^ ruralvoice.co.uk , March 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` The People vs Jeremy Clarkson '' . The Independent . London . 13 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Hendry , Andrew ( 9 January 2008 ) . `` Top Gear host publishes bank details , loses money '' . Computerworld . Retrieved 16 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 15 March 2009 ) . `` I 'm starting divorce proceedings in this special relationship '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` The united states of total paranoia '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ ( Top Gear Series 15 , Episode 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Lessons from London 's congestion charge '' ( Fee required ) . The Economist. 22 February 2007 . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Auto Trader Clarkson versus the world , 13 April 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Clarkson in the doghouse '' . BBC News . 26 October 1998 . Retrieved 2 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Hargreaves , Ian ( 5 February 2001 ) . `` A nation mocked too much '' . The New Statesman . Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 22 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biker banned days after TV gaffe '' . BBC News Wales . BBC . 31 October 2002 . Retrieved 22 July 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , James ( 6 January 2008 ) . `` Wales snubs bid to make Clarkson PM '' . Wales on Sunday . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 22 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson , Doctor of Engineering ( HonDEng ) '' . Oxford Brookes University . Archived from the original on 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Polly ( 12 September 2005 ) . `` Clarkson hit by pie at degree ceremony '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 August 2006 . The controversial BBC motoring presenter Jeremy Clarkson today received an honorary degree from Oxford Brookes University -- and a banana meringue pie in the face from an environmental protester . Mr Clarkson was met by a peaceful demonstration of around 20 activists who objected to his being awarded the degree . During a photocall following the ceremony one campaigner threw the pie , which protesters later claimed was organic , in his face . Jump up ^ Degree honour Clarkson hit by pie , BBC News , 12 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` ( ARCHIVED CONTENT ) PMClarkson -- epetition response '' . Number10.gov.uk. 19 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Top Gear Host Jeremy Clarkson -- 2011 Power List '' . Motor Trend . 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Fiona ; Coates , Sam ; Savage , Michael ( 8 November 2005 ) . `` Clarkson and Gill in Baghdad your views '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) The Victoria Cross : For Valour at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ `` Help for Heroes official site '' . Helpforheroes.org.uk . Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Fiona ; Coates , Sam ; Savage , Michael ( 2 December 2007 ) . `` Clarkson 's hero '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Charles Robert Clarkson -- 2003 '' . Brunel University . 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Flintoff , John - Paul ( 2010 ) . Through the Eye of a Needle . Permanent Publications . p. 80 . ISBN 9781856230452 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) English Electric Lightning -- Pictures -- Survivors . Retrieved 27 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Time Online Bugatti Veyron -- Utterly , stunningly , jaw droppingly brilliant , 27 November 2005 Jump up ^ `` Top Gear '' . series 7 , episode 5 . 11 December 2005 . BBC Two . ^ Jump up to : Clarkson , Jeremy ( 18 January 2009 ) . `` Volvo XC90 '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 15 March 2009 ) . `` Range Rover TDV8 Vogue SE '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ The world according to Clarkson , Sunday Times , 30 April 2006 Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 13 January 2008 ) . `` Mazda MX - 5 : It 's far too cool for you , Mr Footballer '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` The Clarkson review : Mercedes - Benz SLK 55 AMG ( 2012 ) '' . Driving.co.uk . Archived from the original on 4 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Clarkson , Jeremy ( 2011 ) . Round the Bend . Penguin Books Ltd. p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7181 - 5842 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Top Gear , Season 8 , Episode 1 7 May 2006 ^ Jump up to : Top Gear : the official annual 2009 . London : BBC Children 's . 2008 . p. 6 . ISBN 9781405904551 . OCLC 262682080 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson Drives a Volkswagen Golf GTI , Captain Power Does n't Care About its Emissions '' . autoevolution. 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Clarkson , Jeremy ( 2011 ) . Round the Bend . Penguin Books Ltd . pp. 140 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7181 - 5842 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear Star Clarkson 's Ford for sale '' . Autotrader. 31 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 December 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 15 August 2016 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson 's Star Cars '' . Sunday Times . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarkson 's Car Years : The All New Family Car 2000 . BBC . 2000 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Clarkson -- `` The Italian Job '' DVD Jump up ^ Clarkson drives a Skoda Yeti , Top Gear , BBC Worldwide Ltd. , Series 16 , Episode 1 date = July 2011 Archived 8 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Alfa Romeo Brera marketing video released at Autoblog . Retrieved 27 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Clarkson . Top Gear 2 January 2005 ( TV ) . London : BBC . Jump up ^ `` Vauxhall Monaro VXR : It 's back - breakingly marvellous '' , The Sunday Times Online , 10 July 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson 's Top Gear Love Letter to the Lexus LFA '' . Lexus Enthusiast. 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 24 April 2005 ) . `` Goodbye , Rover . Sorry , I wo n't be shedding a tear '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . Jump up ^ White , Roland ( 6 November 2005 ) . `` Lib Dem MP identifies Clarkson as a global threat '' . The Sunday Times . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Clarkson , Jeremy ( 5 June 2005 ) . `` Vauxhall Astra SRi : Vauxhall , I forgive you ( almost ) everything '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 5 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Clarkson . Top Gear 16 July 2006 ( TV ) . London : BBC . Jump up ^ O'Grady , Sean ( 13 September 2005 ) . `` Vroom with a view : The crown prince of petrolheads ; Jeremy Clarkson is the self - appointed scourge of the green movement '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 13 March 2006 . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . And never , ever could he be likened to a Vauxhall Vectra . That was the vehicle that underwhelmed Jeremy so much that on its launch , he made a satirical little film about it for Top Gear . He just walked around the family hatchback , rubbing his chin and shaking his head a bit , saying absolutely nothing . It was a characteristically clever trick , but it did n't do the folks who made that car any favours . The Vectra was n't the smash hit that Vauxhall hoped it would be . Jump up ^ Woodman , Peter ( 19 October 1995 ) . `` Top Gear gives new Vauxhall a second chance '' . The Press Association . Jump up ^ BBC News -- BBC stumps up for tree stunt , 21 February 2004 Jump up ^ `` ECU ruling : Top Gear , BBC Two '' . BBC Complaints. 15 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2007 . Retrieved 18 December 2006 . In this instance there was no editorial purpose which would have served to justify the potential offence , and the complaints were therefore upheld . Jump up ^ BBC News Top Gear rapped for alcohol use , 2 July 2008 Jump up ^ Hall , Alan ( 15 December 2005 ) . `` Germans up in arms over Clarkson 's mocking Nazi salute '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh , UK : Johnston Press . Archived from the original on 3 June 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2006 . Clarkson raised his arm Nazi - style as he spoke about the German company BMW 's Mini . Then , mocking the 1939 invasion that triggered the Second World War , he said it would have a satellite navigation system `` that only goes to Poland '' . Finally , in a reference to Adolf Hitler 's boast that his Third Reich would last ten centuries , Clarkson said the fan belt would last for 1,000 years . The German government is said to be highly displeased : diplomats pointed out that , had Clarkson made the Nazi salute on German television , he could be facing six months behind bars as , joking or not , such behaviour is illegal under the country 's post-war constitution . The German motoring press , initially sharply critical of Clarkson 's constant anti-German diatribes , nowadays portrays him as a sore loser , i.e. someone who simply has n't understood yet that English carmaking is as much a thing of the past as tophats and the colonial empire . ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Clarkson sparks fresh BBC row The Times , 4 November 2008 ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( 6 November 2008 ) . `` MP calls for Clarkson to lose job '' , BBC News Online . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 9 November 2008 ) . `` Into the breach , normal people , and sod the polar bears '' , The Sunday Times , Times Newspapers . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Leigh Holmwood and Chris Tryhorn `` Clarkson crashes into trouble with C - word attack on PM '' , The Guardian , 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clarkson in new Brown insult row `` , BBC News , 25 July 2009 Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( 6 July 2010 ) . `` TV -- News -- Clarkson slammed for ' Top Gear ' gay remark '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear ' speciale needs ' joke offensive , says Ofcom '' . BBC News . 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Sweney ( 12 January 2012 ) . `` Top Gear special prompts complaint from Indian high commission '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 10 February 2012 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson 's ' facial growth ' comment prompts complaints '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Josh Halliday and Nicholas Watt `` BBC under pressure to sack Jeremy Clarkson over N - word claims '' , The Guardian , 1 May 2014 Jump up ^ Josh Halliday , Nicholas Watt and Kevin Rawlinson Jeremy Clarkson ' begs forgiveness ' over N - word footage The Guardian , 1 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson given final warning by the BBC '' , The Guardian ( London ) , 3 May 2014 Jump up ^ The Huffington Post UK / PA ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Top Gear Producer Very Sorry About Jeremy Clarkson 's Offensive Remark In Burma Special '' . Huffingtonpost.co.uk . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Protests cut short Top Gear shoot '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top Gear ' Patagonia Special Finds Clarkson Poking Fun At Ofcom Racism Row For His Use Of Word ' Slope ' '' . The Huffington Post UK . 29 December 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Barber , Lynn ( 20 November 2005 ) . `` I should have been fired years ago , to be honest '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia lambasts Top Gear host '' . BBC News . BBC . 4 April 2007 . Retrieved 23 April 2007 . In one article , he said its name was like a disease and suggested it was built in jungles by people who wear leaves for shoes . Jump up ^ McCusker , Eamonn ( 9 November 2005 ) . `` Clarkson : Heaven and Hell '' . DVD TImes . Retrieved 21 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Summers , Deborah ( 6 February 2009 ) . `` Scottish politicians urge BBC to take Jeremy Clarkson off air over Gordon Brown jibes '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 16 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Pykett , Emily ( 7 February 2009 ) . `` news.scotsman.com '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` theherald.co.uk '' . theherald.co.uk. 7 February 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Clarkson apologises for PM remark '' . BBC News . 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 16 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Gaskell , Simon . `` Jeremy Clarkson under fire over call for Welsh language to be abolished '' . WalesOnline . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson apologises over strike comment '' . BBC News . 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Complaints over Clarkson One Show comments reach 21,000 '' . BBC News . 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson : Train Suicides Are ' Selfish ' '' . Sky News HD . 3 December 2011 . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ MSN.com News Jeremy Clarkson in new road safety row , 27 October 2005 Jump up ^ `` Top Gear '' . series 7 , episode 4 , Italian supercar for £ 10,000 challenge . 4 December 2005 . BBC Two . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 27 November 2007 ) . `` Bugatti Veyron -- Utterly , stunningly , jaw droppingly brilliant '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 26 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Clarkson speeding case dismissed '' . BBC News . 6 September 2007 . Jump up ^ BBC News Clarkson 's speed claim criticised , 28 May 2008 Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson suspended from Top Gear : as it happened '' . Telegraph . 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( 13 March 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson : David Cameron backs ' friend ' and ' huge talent ' after witnesses claim Top Gear ' fracas ' was over steak '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ MacQuarrie , Ken . `` Investigation findings '' ( PDF ) . bbc.co.uk . BBC . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson ' punch ' : Top Gear episodes to be dropped '' . BBC News . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Conlan , Tara ( 24 February 2016 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson apologises to former Top Gear producer Oisin Tymon '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson dropped from Top Gear , BBC confirms '' . BBC.com . BBC . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Rayner , Gordon ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson suspended : James May confirms Top Gear host was in ' a dust - up ' with producer over dinner '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . It has also emerged that the three presenters could walk away from Top Gear before the BBC 's investigation into Clarkson 's behaviour is concluded , as their contracts expire at the end of this month and they have not yet signed new three - year deals that were expected to be completed within days . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ; Mark Sweney ; Tara Conlan ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` BBC faces multimillion - pound bill from Jeremy Clarkson 's suspension '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Clarkson could walk away from the show when his contract runs out at the end of this month whatever the verdict of the BBC 's inquiry into the affair . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear : 350,000 sign petition supporting Jeremy Clarkson '' . BBC News . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fans petition BBC to reinstate ' Top Gear ' host Jeremy Clarkson '' . The New York Times . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Petition backing Jeremy Clarkson hits one million signatures '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Dearden , Lizzie ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson petition ' BBC Bring Back Clarkson ' is now officially the fastest - growing Change.org campaign in history '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson in sweary rant against BBC bosses '' , The Guardian , 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 20 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson : BBC comments ' meant in jest ' '' . BBC News . 22 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- BBC Director - General 's statement regarding Jeremy Clarkson -- Media centre '' . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson could face police investigation after BBC dismissal '' . The Guardian . 25 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear producer ' wo n't press charges ' against Jeremy Clarkson '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Selby , Jenn ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson calls on trolls to leave producer Oisin Tymon alone : ' None of this is his fault ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson : BBC chief Tony Hall receives death threats after decision to drop Top Gear presenter '' . ABC News . 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Butterfly , Amelia ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson has been offered a new job but it 's in Russia '' . BBC Newsbeat . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson recalls cancer scare before Top Gear ' fracas ' '' . BBC News . 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Melvin , Don ( 13 November 2015 ) . `` Former ' Top Gear ' host Jeremy Clarkson sued for racial discrimination '' . CNN . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( 13 November 2015 ) . `` BBC Top Gear producer ' suing Jeremy Clarkson and BBC ' for racial discrimination '' . The Independent . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Anita Singh ; Bill Gardner ; Miranda Prynne ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson divorce : ' Mrs Clarkson deserves every penny ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Dewar , Caroline ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Who 's who in the Chipping Norton set '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ J Clarkson ( 13 January 2008 ) . `` Mazda MX - 5 : It 's far too cool for you , Mr Footballer '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ AMM v HXW ( 2010 ) EWHC 2457 ( QB ) ( 7 October 2010 ) , High Court ( England and Wales ) Jump up ^ Halliday , Josh ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson lifts ' pointless ' injunction against ex-wife '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Fiona ; Coates , Sam ; Savage , Michael ( 2 November 2008 ) . `` The famous fans of Genesis '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson loses Isle of Man land dispute '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` New concern over private pathway '' . BBC News . 12 October 2005 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Prowl ' deplores ' sheep attack on Clarkson land '' . Isle of Man Today . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clarkson told to reopen footpath by Isle of Man home '' . BBC News . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson loses fight over Langness '' . Isle of Man Today . 27 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson off work for ' some time ' with pneumonia '' . BBC News . 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chande , Surena . `` OK ! - Jeremy Clarkson Quits Smoking '' . Jump up ^ Heritage , Stuart ( 9 March 2018 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson hosting who wants to be a millionaire - I 'll have to phone a friend '' . Retrieved 9 March 2018 . Further reading Jeremy Clarkson 's Motorworld ( 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 563 - 38730 - 0 Clarkson on Cars : Writings and Rantings of the BBC 's Top Motoring Correspondent ( 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 86369 - 964 - 2 Clarkson 's Hot 100 ( 1997 ) , ISBN 1 - 85227 - 730 - 0 Jeremy Clarkson 's Planet Dagenham : Drivestyles of the Rich and Famous ( 1998 ) , ISBN 0 - 233 - 99335 - 5 Born to Be Riled : The Collected Writings of Jeremy Clarkson ( 1999 ) ( re-published 2007 ) , ISBN 0 - 563 - 55146 - 1 Jeremy Clarkson 's Ultimate Ferrari ( 2001 ) , ISBN 1 - 84065 - 358 - 2 The World According To Clarkson ( 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 7181 - 4730 - 8 Clarkson on Cars ( 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 14 - 101788 - 0 I Know You Got Soul ( 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 7181 - 4729 - 4 Motorworld ( 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 14 - 101787 - 2 The World According to Clarkson 2 : And Another Thing ... ( 2006 ) , ISBN 0 - 7181 - 4985 - 8 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeremy Clarkson . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jeremy Clarkson Jeremy Clarkson on IMDb Jeremy Clarkson on Twitter Archive of Clarkson 's Sunday Times columns Archive of Clarkson 's Sun columns Jeremy Clarkson on Journalisted BIBSYS : 5100421 BNE : XX5249654 GND : 135582830 ISNI : 0000 0001 1694 6042 LCCN : n97005120 LNB : 000185864 NKC : jo2010580760 SUDOC : 09860323X VIAF : 102195935 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Clarkson&oldid=850707631 '' Categories : 1960 births Living people British motoring journalists 20th - century English writers 21st - century English writers English columnists English male journalists English libertarians English male writers English television presenters People educated at Hill House School , Doncaster People educated at Repton School People from Doncaster The Sun ( United Kingdom ) people The Sunday Times people Top Gear people Sportspeople from Yorkshire Robot Wars presenters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from August 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2018 Articles with hCards Twitter username same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 15 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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when did season 3 of gotham come out on netflix

The series premiered on Nine Network in Australia on October 12 . In Canada , it is shown in simulcast on CTV and reran on M3 . In New Zealand , it premiered on TV2 on September 28 . In the United Kingdom , it premiered on Channel 5 on October 13 . The channel also screen the second season but after failing to screen the third season it was announced in August 2017 that the season would premiere exclusively on DVD and BluRay and be on Netflix from September 1 . In Ireland , it premiered on RTÉ2 on 26 January 2015 .

September 1

Gotham ( TV series )

gotham ( tv series )

Crescenzo Notarile

Editor ( s ) Daniel Gabbe David Ekstrom Mark C. Baldwin John Ganem Barrie Wise Leland Sexton Sarah C. Reeves Running time 42 -- 49 minutes Production company ( s ) Primrose Hill Productions DC Entertainment Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Fox Picture format 16 : 9 ( HDTV ) Original release September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) -- present External links Official website www.fox.com/gotham Production website www.warnerbros.com/tv/gotham Gotham is an American crime drama television series developed by Bruno Heller , based on characters published by DC Comics and appearing in the Batman franchise , primarily those of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne . The series stars Ben McKenzie as the young Gordon , while Heller executive - produces , along with Danny Cannon , who also directed the pilot . Originally the series would have related only Gordon 's early days on the Gotham City Police Department , but the series subsequently included the Wayne character and the origin stories of several Batman villains , including Penguin , Riddler , Catwoman , Poison Ivy , Scarecrow , Mr. Freeze , Hugo Strange , and Ra 's al Ghul . Gotham premiered on Fox on September 22 , 2014 . In May 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on September 21 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.2. 1 Season 1 5.2. 2 Season 2 5.2. 3 Season 3 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Other media 6.1 Comic books 6.2 Novels 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Gotham episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Avg . viewers ( in millions ) 22 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) May 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) 68 7.56 22 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) 89 5.37 22 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) 100 4.52 TBA September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) TBA TBA TBA In the first season , James Gordon , a new recruit in the Gotham City Police Department is paired with veteran detective Harvey Bullock to solve the murders of Thomas and Martha Wayne . Gordon meets the Waynes ' son Bruce who is now in the care of his butler Alfred Pennyworth . In addition , he also encounters gang member Oswald Cobblepot , forensics worker Edward Nygma , street orphans Selina Kyle and Pamela `` Ivy '' Pepper , assistant district attorney Harvey Dent , and medical doctor Leslie Thompkins . Gordon becomes involved with Gotham 's crime families including gangster Fish Mooney and crime lords Carmine Falcone and Salvatore Maroni . In the second season , Gordon deals with a series of events that are being orchestrated by Theo Galavan and his sister Tabitha as part of a plan to take over Gotham as the new Mayor of Gotham City and exacting revenge against the Wayne Family . After Galavan is murdered in his run for mayor , the Gotham City Police Department deals with the actions of Victor Fries . The enigmatic Hugo Strange and his assistant Ethel Peabody conduct a series of bizarre experiments underneath Arkham Asylum in the underground Indian Hill facility that is secretly owned by Wayne Enterprises and overseen by the Court of Owls . In the third season taking place six months later , Gordon has become a bounty hunter as he works to track down Indian Hill experiments that escaped as well as a revived Fish Mooney . While planning to get Leslie Thompkins back , he also encounters Carmine Falcone 's son Mario Calvi as well as hypnotist Jervis Tetch who arrives to look for his sister Alice where she possesses poisonous blood that drives many crazy in various ways . Meanwhile , Ivy is aged up to an adult woman following an encounter with one of Fish Mooney 's Indian Hill followers and Jerome Valeska is revived to resume his previous vendetta against the city . Gordon has to deal with the Court of Owls working on behalf of Ra 's al Ghul and the League of Shadows , Penguin and Ivy teaming up to form an army , and Edward Nygma embraces his new identity as `` The Riddler '' . In the fourth season , Bruce Wayne is a masked vigilante , patrolling Gotham 's streets at night , wearing dark clothes and a hooded black balaclava . Cobblepot begins a campaign to dominate the city 's underworld by profiting off licensed crime , Nygma finds his mental faculties diminished as a side - effect of having been flash - frozen , Jonathan Crane is seen embracing his role as the Scarecrow , the League of Shadows begin their next plot involving an ancient embalming knife , and Butch Gilzean seemingly returns from the dead as Solomon Grundy . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Gotham characters Ben McKenzie as James Gordon -- In September 2013 , it was reported that Fox was developing a TV series centred on James Gordon 's early days as a police detective and the origin stories of various Batman villains . In February 2014 , McKenzie was cast as the lead character . When describing his character in an interview , McKenzie stated that Gordon `` is a truly honest man . The last honest man in a city full of crooked people . He 's not an anti-hero , he 's a true hero -- but he will have to compromise . '' Donal Logue as Harvey Bullock -- In early 2014 , it was announced that Logue was cast as Harvey Bullock , a character who serves as James Gordon 's ethically conflicted and compromised partner in the GCPD . David Mazouz as Bruce Wayne -- In March 2014 , Mazouz was cast as Bruce Wayne . When discussing his character , Mazouz stated that `` you never got to explore what Bruce Wayne was going through or his grieving process or what his anger makes him do . At this point in his life , he 's angry , he 's scared , he 's compulsive , and he 's lonely . He 's looking for any meaning to his parents ' death . You 'll see the things that he 'll do to himself and to other people while he 's grieving , and you 'll see how he becomes a regular kid again . '' Zabryna Guevara as Sarah Essen -- In February 2014 , Guevara was confirmed for the series . Descriptions revealed her character to be a police captain at the GCPD and James Gordon 's direct superior . Sean Pertwee as Alfred Pennyworth -- In February 2014 , Pertwee was cast as Alfred Pennyworth in the series . Pertwee 's character takes inspiration from the Earth One iteration of Alfred Pennyworth . Robin Lord Taylor as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin -- In February 2014 , Taylor was cast as Oswald Cobblepot , an intelligent low - level thug who used to work for Fish Mooney . Erin Richards as Barbara Kean -- In February 2014 , Richards was confirmed to have been cast in the show . Richards portrays James Gordon 's fiancee , Barbara Kean , though their relationship deteriorates over the course of the season . She renews a past romantic relationship with Renee Montoya . Camren Bicondova as Selina `` Cat '' Kyle -- In March 2014 , Bicondova was confirmed to have joined the show 's cast . According to Bicondova , `` The main word that I can think of to characterize Selina is that she 's just surviving . She 's very mischievous and very challenging to play at times , because she feels emotions but she hides them . I realized that she is n't just a street thief and a survivor ; she 's actually a normal girl . '' Cory Michael Smith as Edward Nygma / Riddler -- Smith joined the cast in April 2014 . In May 2014 , Smith was promoted to a series regular . `` What I love about the character 's history is how diverse it is '' , says Smith . `` When I was auditioning for Gotham , I got a handful of comics from different decades , so I had a perspective -- it 's been around for 75 years , which is a long time . I wanted to see an evolution of the comics -- and of the character . Going from this quite innocent , well - intentioned , joyful person to starting to find this other part of him that he did n't know he had . He 's a person who 's constantly abused , and it 's out of anger and exhaustion , and then realizing that when you start taking control of situations like that , you can gain power that way -- it 'll be something that he can start to enjoy . '' Victoria Cartagena as Renee Montoya -- Cartagena joined the series in May 2014 , but she was not a regular in season 2 . Andrew Stewart - Jones as Crispus Allen -- Stewart - Jones joined the series in May 2014 , but he was not a regular in season 2 . John Doman as Carmine Falcone -- Doman first appeared in the series pilot as Carmine Falcone , a mob boss with ties to James Gordon 's father . Doman continued to appear throughout the season . Jada Pinkett Smith as Fish Mooney -- Smith was cast as Fish Mooney in February 2014 . She appeared throughout the season until her character was seemingly killed in the show 's Season 1 finale after being dropped off the side of a tall building by Penguin . When asked if her character will return in future seasons , Smith replied , `` If she survives the fall . I signed for a year . I do n't think any of us really thought that Fish would have the life that she 's had or be one of the favorite characters on the show . She was there to service a purpose , as far as helping to tell Penguin 's story . I 'm a smart girl . I understood I was there to service Penguin . If she survives , I would definitely be willing to do whatever was necessary to continue servicing the story of Gotham . '' In January 2016 it was announced that Smith would be reprising the role for the second half of season 2 . Morena Baccarin as Leslie `` Lee '' Thompkins -- Morena Baccarin was cast in October 2014 . Baccarin was promoted to a series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first season . James Frain as Theo Galavan / Azrael -- In June 2015 , Frain was announced as a series regular for season two . Jessica Lucas as Tabitha Galavan -- In June 2015 , Lucas was announced as series regular for season two . Chris Chalk as Lucius Fox -- In March 2015 , Chalk was announced as Lucius Fox , and was promoted to a series regular for the second season . Drew Powell as Butch Gilzean / Cyrus Gold / Solomon Grundy -- Fish Mooney 's right - hand man and mob enforcer . Victor Zsasz later `` worked on '' Butch , causing him to obey Oswald Cobblepot 's every command , although this was later undone by Tabitha Galavan . Powell was promoted to a series regular for the second season . Nicholas D'Agosto as Harvey Dent -- In July 2014 , it was announced that Harvey Dent would appear in the show . D'Agosto was revealed to portray Harvey Dent in October 2014 , and was promoted to a series regular for the second season . Michael Chiklis as Nathaniel Barnes / The Executioner -- In July 2015 , Chiklis was announced as a series regular for season two as Captain Nathaniel Barnes . Maggie Geha as Ivy `` Pamela '' Pepper -- The character was portrayed by Clare Foley as a recurring character . Starting with the second episode of season three , she was promoted to series regular with the role recast . Benedict Samuel as Jervis Tetch / Mad Hatter -- In August 2016 , Samuel was announced as a series regular for season 3 . He is described as a psychotic hypnotist with a steadfast desire to find his missing sister Alice . Alexander Siddig as Ra 's al Ghul -- The powerful head of the League of Assassins with a keen eye on Bruce Wayne . In March 2017 , Siddig was announced to portray Ra 's in the season 3 finale before being upgraded to a series regular for season 4 . Crystal Reed as Sofia Falcone -- The daughter of Carmine Falcone who is returning to Gotham to help Gordon take down the Penguin . Reed was announced to portray Sofia Falcone and upgraded to a series regular for season 4 . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Initially , Heller said he was hesitant about doing a series about superheroes , telling website Digital Spy that `` I do n't really know how to write about people with super powers '' . Further elaborating to Entertainment Weekly that `` I do n't think Batman works very well on TV '' , adding that `` Frankly , all those superhero stories I 've seen , I always love them until they get into the costume '' , noting that at that point `` they 've stopped becoming humans . '' It was Heller 's son who suggested that the focus of the series be Commissioner Gordon from which Heller then further developed into the idea of Gordon being the investigator who investigated Bruce Wayne 's parents ' murder an idea he says that `` gave us a starting point and allowed us to tell the saga from a much earlier point than before '' . On September 24 , 2013 , Fox announced that it had bypassed the traditional pilot phase and placed a straight - to - series order for Gotham , to be written and executive produced by Heller . Gotham received a series order from Fox on May 5 , 2014 , with the first season reported to consist of 16 episodes , rather than the standard 13 or 22 . On January 17 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a second season . Fox 's Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly stated , `` We were only contractually obligated to order 13 , and we ordered 16 , because we think that 's the way that show , at least in its first iteration , will be very strong to arc to . Could we do more next season ? We certainly could , but that 's where we 're starting with that one . That show is going to have a very strong , serialized element . '' On October 13 , Fox ordered an additional six episodes for the show , bringing the first season order to a full 22 episodes . Speaking of the project at the 2014 winter TCA press tour , Reilly described the series as `` this operatic soap that has a slightly larger - than - life quality . This is not some adjunct companion series . This is the Batman franchise , just backing it up ( in chronology ) . '' He later added that the series is separate from any DC film universe . As part of a settlement with his heirs , Gotham and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice were the first productions by DC that credited Bill Finger as co-creator of Batman . Casting ( edit ) In January 2014 , rumors arose that Donal Logue would portray Gordon in the series . Logue denied these rumors via Twitter . Logue was eventually cast as Harvey Bullock . In February 2014 , Ben McKenzie was cast as James Gordon . McKenzie had shot a previous pilot with Heller for CBS , which led to Heller writing his characterization of Gordon with Mckenzie in mind . Casting Bruce Wayne was challenging in part because , as Heller put it `` It 's such an important casting and it would 've been very dangerous to cast the wrong person '' adding that the casting process for Wayne `` took a lot of negotiation , a lot of back and forth so that everyone was happy and comfortable . '' In early March 2014 , David Mazouz was cast as Bruce Wayne while Camren Bicondova was cast as Selina Kyle . At the 2014 Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo , DC 's Jim Cunningham said that Renee Montoya would be a character on the show . Filming ( edit ) In February 2014 , it was reported that production would begin in New York City in March . Filming for the first season finished on March 24 , 2015 . Music ( edit ) In July 2014 , it was announced that Graeme Revell would be the composer for the series . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered on Nine Network in Australia on October 12 . In Canada , it is shown in simulcast on CTV and reran on M3 . In New Zealand , it premiered on TV2 on September 28 . In the United Kingdom , it premiered on Channel 5 on October 13 . The channel also screen the second season but after failing to screen the third season it was announced in August 2017 that the season would premiere exclusively on DVD and BluRay and be on Netflix from September 1 . In Ireland , it premiered on RTÉ2 on 26 January 2015 . Marketing ( edit ) The pilot was screened at the Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment panel at San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2014 . Home Media ( edit ) In September 2014 , Warner Bros. sold the series ' worldwide video on demand rights to Netflix . The first season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on September 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) In early October 2014 , market research firm Survata polled more than 1,400 viewers to determine that Gotham was the major TV premiere , out of 24 , that viewers were most interested to watch that year . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 00 pm 22 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 8.21 May 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) 4.93 2014 -- 15 68 7.56 2.8 22 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 4.57 May 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) 3.62 2015 -- 16 89 5.37 2.0 22 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 3.90 June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) 3.03 2016 -- 17 100 4.52 1.6 Thursday 8 : 00 pm TBA September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 3.21 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD In Australia , the first and second episodes received 1.24 million and 896,000 viewers , respectively . The timeshifted broadcasts were watched by 1.43 and 1.03 million , respectively . The Canadian debut got 3.38 million viewers , making it the second most - watched telecast of the night and week . The UK premiere was watched by 3.20 million viewers . The airings on the 1 - hour and 24 - hour timeshift channels were watched by 597,000 and 142,000 viewers , respectively . In New Zealand , it was the most - watched program on the network , with 278,540 viewers . The time shifted version was watched by 39,580 viewers . Critical response ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes ratings per season Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Rating 80 % 81 % 89 % Season 1 ( edit ) Season 1 of Gotham received generally positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season a rating of 80 % based on 86 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` High production values , a talented cast , and an appealingly stylized approach to the Batman mythos help Gotham overcome its occasionally familiar themes . '' Metacritic gives the season a score of 71 out of 100 , based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . David Hinckley of the New York Daily News praised the first episode for playing `` like a 45 - minute movie , with stunning visuals that never feel like a shrunken TV version of the Batman films against which it will inevitably be measured '' and lauded Logue 's Harvey Bullock as a scene - stealer . The San Jose Mercury News ' Chuck Barney called the pilot `` a fun , dark , moody and well - paced first hour '' and McKenzie 's James Gordon a commanding lead , while saying Jada Pinkett Smith is `` an absolute blast to watch . '' Matt Brennan of Indiewire said that Gotham was `` the perfect antidote to superhero fatigue '' , praising the `` bright , pop - inflected aesthetic , with urban backdrops that appear as though cut out from the panels of a comic book . '' Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly criticized the first half of season one along with the mid-season premiere . He found the personalities of the most characters `` already nearly fully formed ; all they can become is more or less than what they already are . '' Jensen added that Gordon not being Gotham 's redeemer hurt the premise of the show and heavily criticized what he saw as the under - use of Jada Pinkett Smith 's character . In the end , he does not see Gotham `` as a show for comic book fanboys '' but rather as `` a post-fanboy , or fanboy - irrelevant . '' Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club lamented that `` there have been dozens of interpretations of Batman and his city in the 75 years since their creation , and Gotham has trouble finding the right balance of influences '' . Season 2 ( edit ) The second season of Gotham received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the season has a rating of 81 % based on 14 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While still tonally uneven in season two , Gotham is back with a renewed focus , moving away from disjointed case - of - the - week plots into a darker , more stable serialized story . '' Metacritic gives the season a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season of Gotham received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 84 % based on 5 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee Result Ref . 2014 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Most Exciting New Series Gotham Won 2015 American Society of Cinematographers Episode of a Regular Series Christopher Norr `` Spirit of the Goat '' Nominated Television Movie , Miniseries or Pilot David Stockton `` Pilot '' Nominated Art Directors Guild One - hour period or fantasy single - camera television series Doug Kraner `` Pilot , '' `` Selina Kyle , '' `` Arkham '' Nominated Gracie Awards Outstanding Drama Gotham Won Motion Picture Sound Editors TV Short Form Music Score Ashley Revell `` Lovecraft '' Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Jada Pinkett Smith Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Drama Gotham Nominated Favorite Actor In A New TV Series Benjamin McKenzie Nominated Favorite Actress In A New TV Series Jada Pinkett Smith Nominated Saturn Awards Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series Gotham Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Camren Bicondova Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Doug Kraner `` Pilot '' Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series or Movie Lisa Padovani `` Under the Knife '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series George Haddad `` All Happy Families Are Alike '' Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Thomas Joseph Mahoney `` Lovecraft '' Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Drama Gotham Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Gotham Nominated Choice TV Actor : Drama Benjamin McKenzie Nominated Choice TV : Villain Cameron Monaghan Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series Crescenzo Giacomo Notarile `` Azrael '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series George Haddad `` Azrael '' Nominated Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Drama Series , Limited Series , or Movie Norman Douglass Nominated 2017 Saturn Awards Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series Gotham Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Action Show Gotham Nominated Choice TV : Villain Cory Michael Smith Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series George Haddad `` Destiny Calling '' Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Thomas Joseph Mahoney `` Heavydirtysoul '' Won Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Drama Series , Limited Series , or Movie Norman Douglass Nominated Other Media ( edit ) Comic books ( edit ) On February 1 , 2016 , Fox began airing episodes of a five - part motion comic titled Gotham Stories , meant to tie into the series ' second season . Novels ( edit ) On January 31 , 2017 , the first Gotham tie - in novel was published by Titan . Dawn of Darkness by Jason Starr is described as an `` official prequel '' to the TV series , set two months prior to the beginning of the series . See also ( edit ) Bruce Wayne ( TV series ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McMillian , Graeme ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' : New Artwork Teases `` Wrath of the Villains '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Season 3 First Look : Jim Gordon Prepares to Battle a `` Mad City '' ( Exclusive Photo ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - gotham on fox '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Look : Comic - Con 's Exclusive ' Gotham : Dawn of Night ' Poster '' . tvinsider.com . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cast & Details '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get a First Look at ' Gotham 's ' Season 2 Villains '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . August 5 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham : New TV Show Imagines the City Before Batman '' . Wired . September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` FOX 's Gotham Reveals a Logo and Official Synopsis '' . Super Hero Hype . CraveOnline . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` First Trailer for Gotham Revealed '' . IGN . j2 Global . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Gotham Featurette Reveals New Footage And Details '' . IGN . j2 Global . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Gotham to introduce Mr Freeze : ' The science needs to be real ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( July 20 , 2014 ) . `` Gotham Showrunner : Professor Hugo Strange and How Arkham Asylum Came to Be Part of Season One '' . IGN . j2 Global . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/854693-ras-al-ghul-debuts-in-gotham-finale-featurette#/slide/1 Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Gotham renewed for season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gotham Season 4 Premiere Moved Up '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Nabs Gotham City Origin Drama About Commissioner Gordon From Bruno Heller & Warner Bros. TV With Series Commitment '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ben McKenzie To Star As James Gordon in Fox 's Batman Series ' Gotham ' '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Ben McKenzie ' Gotham ' interview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Donal Logue Cast as Harvey Bullock in Gotham '' . IGN . j2 Global . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox 's Batman Prequel ' Gotham ' Casts Its Young Bruce Wayne , Catwoman '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` David Mazouz Talks Playing Bruce Wayne On Gotham '' . Collider . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox 's Batman Prequel ' Gotham ' Casts Penguin , Alfred '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . ^ Jump up to : AJ Marechal . `` Fox 's ' Gotham ' Casts Classic ' Batman ' Characters the Penguin , Alfred Pennyworth '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Jump up ^ `` ' Gotham ' First Look : Batman 's Butler Revealed '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Rob Bricken . `` What We Learned from the Script for Gotham 's First Episode '' . io9 . Jump up ^ Russ Burlingame . `` Gotham 's Camren Bicondova Talks Becoming Selina , Her Favorite Catwomen and Hopes For an Animated Gotham '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ Jen Yamato . `` Cory Michael Smith Joins Fox 's Batman Series ' Gotham ' As The Riddler '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Andy Swift . `` ' Gotham ' : Cory Michael Smith Is The Riddler -- 2014 Fox Series Cast '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ `` Cory Michael Smith 's Riddler promoted to series regular in Gotham '' . Digital Spy . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox 's ' Gotham ' Promotes Three to Series Regulars '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gotham 's ' Cory Michael Smith Unlocks the Mystery of the Riddler '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ http://uk.ign.com/articles/2017/04/25/gotham-how-the-riddler-got-his-name-review ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Big Bang , Arrow , Bates , Sleepy , Castle , Twin Peaks , UnREAL , Gotham , Dome and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Matt Mitovich did some digging around and learned that , as suspected , neither Victoria Cartagena nor Andrew Stewart - Jones ( AKA Montoya and Allen ) will return as regulars Jump up ^ Gotham Season 1 Episode 1 `` Pilot '' ( 22 September 2014 ) Jump up ^ Brian Truitt , USA TODAY ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Jada Pinkett Smith joins Fox 's growing ' Gotham ' TV cast '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Gotham season 1 Episode 22 `` All Happy Families Are Alike '' ( May 4 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Gotham ' postmortem : Jada Pinkett Smith on Fish Mooney 's fate '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello . `` ' Gotham ' : Jada Pinkett Smith Returning as Fish Mooney in Season 2 - TVLine '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Morena Baccarin Joins ' Gotham ' Cast '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Gotham Promotes Morena Baccarin to Series Regular in Season 2 '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nellie Andreeva ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Casts James Frain As Regular , Will Play New Villain & Tigress ' Brother '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Chalk Cast As Lucius Fox On ' Gotham ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` Gotham Season 2 : Chris Chalk Upped to Series Regular , as Lucius Fox '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levine , Daniel S. `` ' Gotham ' Spoilers : Who Is Cyrus Gold ? '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` ' Gotham ' Promotes Drew Powell To Regular In Season 2 '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Showrunner : Professor Hugo Strange and How Arkham Asylum Came to Be Part of Season One '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Nicholas D'Agosto Cast In ' Gotham ' As Harvey Dent / Two - Face '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Gotham Season 2 : Nicholas D'Agosto Promoted to Series Regular '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Chiklis Cops Big Gotham Role , Joins Season 2 as Series Regular '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Recasting ( Spoiler ) in Season 3 '' . TVline . June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Recasts Poison Ivy for Season 3 '' . Jump up ^ `` Gotham first look : Meet Benedict Samuel 's Mad Hatter '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/03/game-of-thrones-gotham-ras-al-ghul-alexander-siddig-cast-fox-1202034232/ ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Gotham Season 4 Cast Photo Reveals Haunting Skyline of Villains and Heroes '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Season 4 - Crystal Reed Cast as Sofia Falcone '' . Deadline . July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tanswell , Adam . `` Gotham : Bruno Heller on Batman 's origins , the Joker and DC crossovers '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James . `` Gotham showrunner breaks silence , answers burning questions on Batman prequel -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Batman Prequel Series Coming to Fox '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Gets Series Order at FOX ; Updated With Trailer ( Video ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` TV Upfronts : Fox 's Kevin Reilly on ' Idol ' Changes , ' Gotham ' Hype and a ' Tough ' Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gotham ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' Empire ' Renewed for new seasons by FOX '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` How Many Episodes Will Gotham Season 1 Have ? '' . IGN . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Fox Orders Full Season of Gotham '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Holy Gotham ! Fox 's James Gordon Series Will Include Bruce Wayne , Penguin , Riddler , Others '' . TV Line . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` FOX 's Gotham Is a Batman Origin Story and Will Have a Christopher Nolan-Esque Tone '' . IGN . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` DC Entertainment to Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in Gotham and Batman v Superman ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Harman , Harry ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Donal Logue Denies Involvement in Fox 's Batman TV Series Gotham '' . Movie Web . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Donal Logue Joins Fox 's Batman Prequel ' Gotham ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ben McKenzie To Star As Detective James Gordon In Fox 's Batman Series ' Gotham ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow . `` Ben McKenzie 's Journey From Reluctant Teen Idol on ' The O.C. ' to Sheriff of ' Gotham ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Finds Its Bruce Wayne in ' Touch ' Star David Mazouz '' . The Wrap . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( April 26 , 2014 ) . `` C2E2 2014 : DC Comics Batman Panel - Eternal News , Joker 's Return Teased '' . Newsarama . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos -- Camren Bicondova '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ Campbell , Evan ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Veteran Comic Book Movie Composer Graeme Revell to Score Gotham '' . IGN . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( May 26 , 2014 ) . `` Seven secures Battle Creek , from Vince Gilligan '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CTV Fall 2014 Premiere Dates '' . Bell Media . July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham '' . TVNZ Ondemand . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham is coming to Channel 5 '' . Channel 5 . August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham season 3 lands on Netflix UK next month -- days after the DVD / Blu - ray release '' . Digital Spy. 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preview : Gotham begins on RTÉ2 tonight '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beedle , Tim ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Breaking News : Gotham , The Flash , Constantine and Arrow Will Share the Stage at Comic - Con '' . DC Comics . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallenstein , Andrew ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Lands Fox 's ' Gotham ' After First Season Worldwide '' . Variety . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jamie Lovett . `` Gotham : The Complete First Season Blu - Ray And DVD Release Dates Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim . `` 25 New Fall Shows Viewers Are Most Excited About Will Surprise You ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Forever ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scorpion ' & ' America 's Next Top Model ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Mike and Molly ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelorette ' premiere , all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelorette , ' NHL and ' Gotham ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Gotham , ' ' Zoo ' and CW originals unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday 12 October 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 12 October 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Programs ( September 22 - 28 , 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Top 10 '' . BARB . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Regan ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings : 28 September 2014 '' . Throng . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Regan ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Time Shifted TV Ratings : 28 September 2014 '' . Throng . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gotham : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gotham : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gotham : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` Fox 's Batman prequel ' Gotham ' , with Ben McKenzie , shows style and sleek visuals in pilot screening '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck . `` ' Gotham ' : TV critics get first look at buzzy Batman prequel '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Brennan ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Gotham ' , Fox 's Whiz - Bang Antidote to Superhero Fatigue ( TRAILER ) '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeff Jensen ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` The failings of ' Gotham ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oliver Sava ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Gotham : Pilot '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham : Season 2 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Jeff ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Critics ' Choice TV Awards : ' Orange is the New Black ' and ' Fargo ' Win Big '' . BuddyTV.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Manhattan ' , ' Gotham ' , Lead ASC Nominations for TV Cinematography '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . 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just call me angel of the morning original

Angel of the Morning

angel of the morning

`` Angel of the Morning '' is a popular song , written and composed by Chip Taylor , that has been recorded numerous times by , or has been a hit single for , various artists including Evie Sands , Merrilee Rush , Juice Newton , Nina Simone , P.P. Arnold , Olivia Newton - John , The Pretenders / Chrissie Hynde , Dusty Springfield , Mary Mason , Melba Montgomery , Vagiant , Billie Davis , Bonnie Tyler , Rita Wilson , The New Seekers and Skeeter Davis .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Original and charting versions 2 Versions by Chip Taylor 3 Non-charting versions 4 Translated versions 5 Film , television and literature 6 Versions ( English language - chronology ) 7 Chart history 7.1 Weekly charts 7.1. 1 Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts version 7.2 Year - end charts 7.2. 1 Juice Newton version 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Original and charting versions ( edit ) Written and composed by New York City - born songwriter Chip Taylor , actor Jonathan `` Jon '' Voight 's brother , `` Angel of the Morning '' was originally offered to Connie Francis to sing , but she turned it down because she thought that it was too risqué for her career . The song 's narrator describes the breakup of a presumably illicit love affair : `` If morning 's echo says we 've sinned , well , it was what I wanted now . '' Taylor produced a recording of the song with Evie Sands , but the financial straits of Cameo - Parkway Records , which had Sands on their roster , reportedly prevented either that version 's release or its distribution . Other early recordings of the song were made in 1967 by Danny Michaels for Lee Hazlewood 's LHI label and by UK vocalist Billie Davis . `` Angel of the Morning '' finally became a hit in 1968 through a recording by Merrilee Rush , made that January at American Sound Studios in Memphis , with Chips Moman and Tommy Cogbill producing . Rush had come to Memphis through the group she fronted , the Turnabouts , being the opening act for a Paul Revere and the Raiders tour . While in Memphis , the Raiders recorded the album Going to Memphis at American Sound Studios , an association which led to Rush 's discovery by Tommy Cogbill , who had been hoping to find the right voice for `` Angel of the Morning '' -- he had kept a tape of the demo of that song constantly in his pocket for several months . Rush recorded the song and the tracks which would comprise her Angel of the Morning album with the American Sound house band , even though the single and the album would be credited to the group Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts . The single version of `` Angel of the Morning '' was released in February 1968 , and reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 that June , peaking at No. 7 . A No. 1 hit in Canada , Australia and New Zealand , `` Angel of the Morning '' also afforded Rush a hit in the Netherlands ( No. 4 ) . `` Angel of the Morning '' earned Rush a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary - Pop Vocal Performance , Female . Rush would record a new version of the song for her 1977 eponymous album release . Rush 's version of `` Angel of the Morning '' would be featured on the soundtrack of the 1999 film Girl , Interrupted , whose time frame is 1967 and 1968 , in which author - composer Chip Taylor 's niece Angelina Jolie had a starring role . In the United Kingdom , where Rush 's version had failed to reach the Top 50 , stalling at No. 55 , `` Angel of the Morning '' reached No. 29 in August 1968 through a rendition by P.P. Arnold , who had sung background on the 1967 Billie Davis version ; Arnold 's version was produced by Andrew Loog Oldham . In 1977 , Mary Mason also had a UK Top 30 hit with her version , which was actually a medley of two Chip Taylor songs , `` Angel of the Morning '' and `` Any Way That You Want Me ; '' this reached No. 27 . British act Guys ' n ' Dolls had a hit in the Netherlands in 1977 with `` Angel of the Morning , '' their version reaching No. 11 on the Dutch chart . `` Angel of the Morning '' Single by Juice Newton from the album Juice B - side `` Headin ' for a Heartache '' Released February 1981 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Recorded 4 September 1980 Genre Soft rock , Country rock Length 3 : 49 3 : 57 ( 7 `` ) Label Capitol 4976 Songwriter ( s ) Chip Taylor Producer ( s ) Richard Landis Juice Newton singles chronology `` You Fill My Life '' ( 1980 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1981 ) `` Queen of Hearts '' ( 1981 ) `` You Fill My Life '' ( 1980 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1981 ) `` Queen of Hearts '' ( 1981 ) Tying with Juice Newton 's version as the highest - charting C&W version of the song is the 1978 release by Melba Montgomery which reached No. 22 on the Billboard C&W chart . Previously , `` Angel of the Morning '' had appeared on the Billboard C&W chart through a rendition by Connie Eaton ; this had reached No. 34 in 1970 . The highest - charting and best - selling version in the United States , outperforming even Merrilee Rush 's 1968 version in both ways , was recorded and released in 1981 by country - rock singer Juice Newton for her album Juice , which released on Capitol Records . Newton re-interpreted the song at the suggestion of Steve Meyer , who promoted Capitol Records singles and albums to radio stations and felt a version of `` Angel of the Morning '' by Newton would be a strong candidate for airplay . Newton would state that she would never have herself thought of recording `` Angel of the Morning , '' and even though she immediately recognized the song when Meyer played it for her ( quote ) : `` I ( had n't been ) really aware of that song because ... when ( it ) was popular I was listening to folk music and R&B and not Pop , and that was a very Pop song . '' Newton 's version reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 , No. 22 on the Billboard country music chart , and spent three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart in April of that year . The recording also earned Newton a Grammy nomination , and in the same category as Rush 's 1968 hit . More than 1 million units of Newton 's single of the song were sold in the United States , and the single reached the Top 10 in a number of other countries , including Canada and Australia . Notably , Newton 's video for `` Angel of the Morning '' was the first country - music music video aired on MTV ; it first aired in 1981 . In the UK , this recording reached No. 43 on the UK Singles Chart , marking the song 's third appearance on that chart without becoming a truly major hit . Newton recorded the song again in 1998 for her The Trouble with Angels album . The song `` Angel , '' released by reggae artist Shaggy , heavily samples `` Angel of the Morning , '' using the melody , but with different words , for the sung refrain . It reached # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending March 31 , 2001 . Swedish singer Jill Johnson released `` Angel of the Morning , '' with lyrics in English , in 2007 from her album of cover versions , Music Row . This version peaked at No. 30 at the Swedish singles chart . Versions by Chip Taylor ( edit ) In 1972 , Taylor released a version on Buddah 325 . It reached # 101 in the Record World survey . In 1996 , Taylor released a version on the album Hit Man . In 1999 , a version by Taylor appeared on the KGSR fundraiser CD Broadcasts Vol. 7 . In 2004 , Taylor released a version of the song with his singer / songwriter partner Carrie Rodriguez on the album of the same name . Non-charting versions ( edit ) In 1968 , the American singer Joya Landis recorded a late rocksteady / early reggae version of this song in Jamaica for producer Arthur `` Duke '' Reid and his Treasure Isle label . The UK release ( Trojan TR - 622 ) had `` Love Letters '' by Phyllis Dillon and Alton Ellis as the B - side . It also appeared on the compilation album Soul Of Jamaica a.k.a. Come Rock With Me In Jamaica , and on the Trojan compilation album , Tighten Up , Volume 1 ( both 1968 ) . The Chicks , a female New Zealand pop duo , released their version on their 1968 album C'mon Chicks . Allison Durbin , who was dubbed `` Australia 's Queen of Pop '' in the 1960s , released a version on her 1968 album I Have Loved Me a Man . Soul singer Bettye Swann had a single release of `` Angel of the Morning '' in 1969 . The New Seekers included `` Angel of the Morning '' on their self - titled debut album ( 1969 ) . Nina Simone recorded the song in 1971 on Here Comes the Sun . Norwegian singer Ellen Nikolaysen recorded the song for her 1973 English language album Freckles . Soul singer Thelma Jones recorded the song for her eponymous 1978 album . Reggae singer Samantha Rose recorded a Lover 's rock version on the In Person LP in 1979 . Vintage British Invasion group The Tremeloes recorded the song in 1987 as an attempted comeback single . In 1991 , horror punk band Haunted Garage included the chorus of `` Angel of the Morning '' in the bridge of their song `` Theme '' on the album Possession Park , changing the lyrics to `` Satan of the morning '' . In 1995 , Chrissie Hynde and The Pretenders sang their own version on the Friends soundtrack album . The song was released as a single , but it did not chart . The short - lived British girl band Thunderbugs recorded an upbeat version of the song for their 1999 debut album , Delicious . In 2003 Maggie Reilly recorded `` Angel of the Morning '' for her album Save It for a Rainy Day . The Boston - based band Tijuana Sweetheart ( then named VAGIANT ) released a cover on their debut album , Public Display of Infection . The Atlanta - based band Girlyman released a cover on its 2007 live album Somewhere Different Now . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country , which they released in 2014 . Translated versions ( edit ) A number of non-English versions of `` Angel of the Morning '' have been recorded including the following : In Czech as `` Dál jen vejdi '' a 1989 single by Věra Martinová In Dutch as `` Vlinder van een zomer '' a 1968 single by Willeke Alberti . In French as `` Au revoir et à demain '' ( literally : `` goodbye and see you tomorrow '' ) a 1967 single by Liliane Saint - Pierre . In Finnish as `` Kaipuu '' a 1968 single by Pepe Willberg and also as `` Jos Itket Silloin '' recorded by Pirjo Lehti for her 1985 Se On Rakkautta Oikeaa album . In Italian as `` Gli occhi verdi dell'amore '' ( literally : `` the green eyes of love '' ) which was a 1968 hit in Italy at No. 9 for I Profeti . In German as `` Der Engel der Verdammten '' by Juliane Werding on her 1975 album Wenn du denkst , dass du denkst , dann denkst du nur , du denkst and also as `` `` Ich bin dein Engel bis zum Morgen '' a 1981 single by Suzanne Klee . In Spanish as `` Ángel de la Mañana '' by Enrique Guzmán in 1975 . In Swedish as `` En enda morgon '' recorded by Elisabeth Andreassen for her 1981 album Angel of the Morning and also as `` Nattens sista ängel '' recorded by Wizex for their 1982 album Nattfjäril . These respective lyricists for these versions were Mats Rådberg and Roine Carlsson . In Russian as `` Нелегальный Ангел '' ( Nelegal'nyj Angel ) by Julia Kova in 2005 . Film , television and literature ( edit ) The Merrilee Rush version of the song is featured in the soundtrack of the films Girl , Interrupted ( as noted above ) and Violet and Daisy . Rush 's version is also played during a scene in the 1978 film Fingers , where it is used to accentuate the conflicted nature of the main character played by Harvey Keitel . The song was performed live by Chrissie Hynde in a 1995 episode of Friends titled `` The One with the Baby on the Bus , '' and that version also appears in that show 's soundtrack album . ( As noted above , though released as a single , it did not chart . ) The song also makes an appearance in the 1996 film Jerry Maguire , with Tom Cruise 's titular character singing what appears to be the original version , enthusiastically if badly . More recently , Conan O'Brien has referenced the track , during periodic ironic pledges to cease his show 's use of arbitrary and stupid humor in which he presents a gorilla dressed as a nurse who uses an old - fashioned abdominal exerciser while enjoying the song . In `` Branch Closing '' , an episode of The Office , Michael Scott sings `` Levinson in the morning '' to his supervisor , Jan Levinson . The song plays a central role in Graeme Simsion 's 2016 novel The Best of Adam Sharp ( optioned to Vocab Films in 2017 ) . Juice Newton 's version is heard during Drew Barrymore 's first scene in the film Charlie 's Angels , in the film Charlie Wilson 's War ( in which it is also sung by Emily Blunt ) , the opening titles of Deadpool , and the ending of The Meddler . It is also featured in Season 1 of HBO 's True Detective . The Toyota Highlander `` Kid Cave '' commercial , aired from late 2010 , features a young boy who is embarrassed by his parents 's singing of the song while he is riding with them in a car . The song features in an episode of ABC 's sitcom Modern Family , `` Regrets Only '' ( Series / Season 2 , Ep 16 ) , when Gloria , portrayed by Sofia Vergara , is singing along to it on a karaoke machine . A karaoke version of the song is also featured in the second - season finale of the HBO series The Leftovers . Juice Newton 's re-recorded version of the song was featured in the opening credits of the 2016 film Deadpool . Versions ( English language - chronology ) ( edit ) 1967 : Evie Sands ( original recording ) , Billie Davis 1968 : Merrilee Rush and The Turnabouts , Asha Puthli and The Surfers , P.P. Arnold , Percy Faith , Ray Conniff 1969 : Dusty Springfield ( TV performance on Decidedly Dusty ) , Skeeter Davis , Bettye Swann , the New Seekers , the Tremeloes , Connie Eaton 1970 : The Aggressors , on their album Reggae Steadae Go 1971 : Nina Simone 1973 : Olivia Newton - John 1977 : Merrilee Rush ( re-recording for United Artists Records ) , Guys ' n ' Dolls , Mary Mason ( `` Angel of the Morning '' / `` Any Way That You Want Me '' medley ) 1978 : Melba Montgomery , Thelma Jones , Pat Kelly 1981 : Elisabeth Andreassen , Juice Newton , the States 1987 : The Tremeloes 1995 : The Pretenders 1998 : Juice Newton ( re-recording ) , Bonnie Tyler 1998 : Gitte Haenning ( Gitte Hænning ) WEA Records Warner music Germany 1998 : Bonnie Tyler 1999 : Thunderbugs 2000 : Joya Landis 2001 : Maggie Reilly 2003 : The Shocker 2006 : Chip Taylor & Carrie Rodriguez 2007 : Girlyman , Jill Johnson , Vagiant 2008 : Barb Jungr , Randy Crawford ( with Joe Sample ) 2011 : Hanne Boel 2012 : Rita Wilson Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts version ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 32 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Canada 70 US Billboard Hot 100 28 US Cash Box 45 Juice Newton version ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Canada RPM Top Singles Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 23 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 43 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1981 ) Rank Australia 26 Canada 8 New Zealand 50 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Cash Box 21 See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1960s List of number - one singles in 1968 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1981 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts -- `` Angel of the Morning '' / `` Reap What You Sow '' `` . Discogs . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Roben ( 2010 ) . Memphis Boys : the story of American Studios ( 1st ed . ) . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 126 -- 130 . ISBN 1 - 60473 - 401 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM v Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Arnold UK Singles Chart info Archived August 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 12 September 2009 Jump up ^ Mason UK Singles Chart info Archived March 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum . SpinMedia . May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewiston Daily Sun April 15 , 1981 p. 4 Jump up ^ Kentucky New Era p. 2 Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of No. 1 Adult Contemporary Hits ( Billboard Publications ) , page 250 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 454 . Jump up ^ Newton UK Singles Chart info Archived March 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Hit Man -- Chip Taylor . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ KGSR BROADCASTS CDS -- Volume 7 Archived December 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... KGSR.com . Jump up ^ Angel of the Morning -- Chip Taylor , Carrie Rodriguez Amazon.com . Jump up ^ Best of Adam Sharp Playlist , Penguin Jump up ^ Anita Busch . Toni Collette Options Graeme Simsion Novel ' The Best of Adam Sharp ' For Her Vocab Films , Deadline Hollywood Jump up ^ Beth Harpaz . What Embarrasses a Teen ? A Parent 's Mere Existence , Associated Press , 2010 - 12 - 20 Jump up ^ `` Discography '' . Asha Puthli official website . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MusicMight : : Artists : : THE STATES '' . Rockdetector.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ RPM 100 Singles , July 6 , 1968 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Merrilee Rush -- Angel of the Morning '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts . Jump up ^ `` Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , July 13 , 1968 Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.5867&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 28 , 1968 Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . Sydney : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Juice Newton -- Angel of the Morning '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ RPM 50 Singles , May 23 , 1981 Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Juice Newton -- Angel of the Morning '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Juice Newton -- Angel of the Morning '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Juice Newton -- Angel of the Morning '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Juice Newton -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Juice Newton . Jump up ^ `` Juice Newton -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Juice Newton . Jump up ^ `` Juice Newton -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Juice Newton . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , May 16 , 1981 Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.4689&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3870 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 26 , 1981 Preceded by `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' by Herb Alpert Canadian RPM 100 number - one single ( Merrilee Rush version ) July 6 , 1968 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Lady Willpower '' by Gary Puckett and the Union Gap Preceded by `` What Kind of Fool '' by Barbra Streisand and Barry Gibb Billboard Adult Contemporary ( chart ) number - one single ( Juice Newton version ) April 11 - April 25 , 1981 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Morning Train ( Nine to Five ) '' by Sheena Easton External links ( edit ) Newton 1981 U.S. single release info Discogs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Juice Newton Studio albums Juice Newton & Silver Spur After the Dust Settles Come to Me Well Kept Secret Take Heart Juice Quiet Lies Dirty Looks Ca n't Wait All Night Old Flame Emotion Ai n't Gonna Cry The Trouble with Angels American Girl The Gift of Christmas Duets : Friends & Memories Live albums Every Road Leads Back to You Compilation albums Greatest Hits Emotions Anthology Country Classics The Ultimate Hits Collection Notable singles `` It 's a Heartache '' `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Sunshine '' `` Angel of the Morning '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Sweetest Thing ( I 've Ever Known ) '' `` Love 's Been a Little Bit Hard on Me '' `` Break It to Me Gently '' `` Tell Her No '' `` You Make Me Want to Make You Mine '' `` Hurt '' `` Old Flame '' `` Both to Each Other ( Friends and Lovers ) '' ( with Eddie Rabbitt ) `` Cheap Love '' `` What Can I Do with My Heart '' `` First Time Caller '' `` Tell Me True '' `` When Love Comes Around the Bend '' `` Funny How Time Slips Away '' ( with Willie Nelson ) Guest appearances `` Ebony Eyes '' ( Bob Welch song ) Have Harmony , Will Travel ( Carla Olson album ) Related topics Discography Capitol Records RCA Records Otha Young Book : Juice Newton Melba Montgomery Discography Collaborative and solo studio albums What 's in Our Heart Bluegrass Hootenanny Do n't Let the Good Times Fool You Compilation albums A King & Two Queens Famous Country Duets Collaborative singles `` We Must Have Been Out of Our Minds '' `` Let 's Invite Them Over '' `` What 's in Our Heart '' `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Baby Ai n't That Fine '' `` Something to Brag About '' Solo singles `` No Charge '' `` Do n't Let the Good Times Fool You '' `` Angel of the Morning '' See also George Jones Gene Pitney Charlie Louvin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Morning&oldid=797920306 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1968 singles 1981 singles 1993 singles 2001 singles Elisabeth Andreassen songs Jill Johnson songs Connie Eaton songs Juice Newton songs Melba Montgomery songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Chip Taylor Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Song recordings produced by Richard Landis Capitol Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 23 : 24 . 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is spica a main sequence star having a surface temperature

A-type main - sequence star

a - type main - sequence star

An A-type main - sequence star ( AV ) or A dwarf star is a main - sequence ( hydrogen - burning ) star of spectral type A and luminosity class V. These stars have spectra which are defined by strong hydrogen Balmer absorption lines . They have masses from 1.4 to 2.1 times the mass of the Sun and surface temperatures between 7600 and 11 500 K. Bright and nearby examples are Altair ( A7 V ) , Sirius A ( A1 V ) , and Vega ( A0 V ) . A-type stars are fully radiative and thus are not expected to harbor a magnetic dynamo . As a consequence , because they do not have strong stellar winds they lack a means to generate X-ray emission .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Spectral Standard Stars 2 Planets 3 See also 4 References Spectral standard stars ( edit ) Typical characteristics Stellar Class Mass ( M ) Radius ( R ) ( K ) A0V 2.40 1.87 0.7 9727 A2V 2.19 1.78 1.3 8820 A5V 1.86 1.69 2.0 7880 A6V 1.80 1.66 7672 A7V 1.74 1.63 2.3 7483 A8V 1.66 1.60 2.4 7305 A9V 1.62 1.55 2.5 7112 The revised Yerkes Atlas system listed a dense grid of A-type dwarf spectral standard stars , but not all of these have survived to this day as standards . The `` anchor points '' and `` dagger standards '' of the MK spectral classification system among the A-type main - sequence dwarf stars , i.e. those standard stars that have remain unchanged over years and can be considered to define the system , are Vega ( A0 V ) , Gamma Ursae Majoris ( A0 V ) , and Fomalhaut ( A3 V ) . The seminal review of MK classification by Morgan & Keenan ( 1973 ) did not provide any dagger standards between types A3 V and F2 V. HD 23886 was suggested as an A5 V standard in 1978 . Richard Gray & Robert Garrison provided the most recent contributions to the A dwarf spectral sequence in a pair of papers in 1987 and 1989 . They list an assortment of fast - and slow - rotating A-type dwarf spectral standards , including HD 45320 ( A1 V ) , HD 88955 ( A2 V ) , 2 Hydri ( A7 V ) , 21 Leonis Minoris ( A7 V ) , and 44 Ceti ( A9 V ) . Besides the MK standards provided in Morgan 's papers and the Gray & Garrison papers , one also occasionally sees Delta Leonis ( A4 V ) listed as a standard . There are no published A6 V and A8 V standard stars . The Morgan - Keenan spectral classification Planets ( edit ) A-type stars are young ( typically few hundred million years ) and many emit infrared radiation beyond what would be expected from the star alone . This IR excess is attributable to dust emission from a debris disk where planets form . Surveys indicate massive planets commonly form around A-type stars although these planets are difficult to detect using the Doppler spectroscopy method . This is because A-type stars typically rotate very quickly , which makes it very difficult to measure the small Doppler shifts induced by orbiting planets since the spectral lines are very broad . However , this type of massive star eventually evolves into a cooler red giant which rotates more slowly and thus can be measured using the radial velocity method . As of early 2011 about 30 Jupiter class planets have been found around evolved K - giant stars including Pollux , Gamma Cephei and Iota Draconis . Doppler surveys around a wide variety of stars indicate about 1 in 6 stars having twice the mass of the Sun are orbited by one or more Jupiter - sized planets , vs. 1 in 16 for Sun - like stars . A-type stars known to have planets include Fomalhaut , HD 15082 , Beta Pictoris and HD 95086 b . See also ( edit ) Stellar classification Star count , survey of stars References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stellar Spectral Types , entry at hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu , accessed on line June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics '' by B.W Caroll and D.A Ostlie 1996 edition , chapter 8 Jump up ^ Empirical bolometric corrections for the main - sequence , G.M.H.J. Habets and J.R.W. Heintze , Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement 46 ( November 1981 ) , pp. 193 -- 237 , Tables VII and VIII . Jump up ^ SIMBAD , entries on Sirius A and Vega , accessed June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schröder , C. ; Schmitt , J.H.M.M. ( November 2007 ) , `` X-ray emission from A-type stars '' , Astronomy and Astrophysics , 475 ( 2 ) : 677 -- 684 , Bibcode : 2007A&A ... 475 ... 677S , doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20077429 . Jump up ^ Adelman , S.J. ( 2005 ) . `` The physical properties of normal a stars '' . Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union . 2004 . doi : 10.1017 / S1743921304004314 . Jump up ^ Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas H.L. Johnson & W.W. Morgan , 1953 , Astrophysical Journal , 117 , 313 Jump up ^ MK ANCHOR POINTS , Robert F. Garrison ^ Jump up to : Spectral Classification , W.W. Morgan & P.C. Keenan , 1973 , Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , vol. 11 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Revised MK Spectral Atlas for stars earlier than the sun , W.W. Morgan , W.W. , H.A. Abt , J.W. Tapscott , 1978 , Williams Bay : Yerkes Observatory , and Tucson : Kitt Peak National Observatory Jump up ^ The early A type stars -- Refined MK classification , confrontation with Stroemgren photometry , and the effects of rotation , R.O. Gray & R.F. Garrison , 1987 , Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series , vol. 65 , p. 581 Jump up ^ The late A-type stars -- Refined MK classification , confrontation with Stromgren photometry , and the effects of rotation , R.O. Gray & R.F. Garrison , 1989 , Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series , vol. 70 , p. 623 Jump up ^ Song , Inseok ; et al. ( 2002 ) , `` M - Type Vega - like Stars '' , The Astronomical Journal , 124 ( 1 ) : 514 -- 518 , arXiv : astro - ph / 0204255 , Bibcode : 2002AJ ... 124 ... 514S , doi : 10.1086 / 341164 Jump up ^ Johnson , J.A. ( 2011 ) . `` The Stars that Host Planets '' . Sky & Telescope ( April ) : 22 -- 27 . Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red - giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Yellow Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Oscillating Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Hypothetical stars Boson star Black dwarf Exotic Electroweak star Quark Strange Preon Planck Dark matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Symbiotic Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Icarus ( most distant individual star ) Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to A stars . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A-type_main-sequence_star&oldid=846476197 '' Categories : Star types A-type main - sequence stars Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Slovenčina Suomi 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 00 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when did little house on the prairie end

The regular series was preceded by the two - hour pilot movie , which first aired on March 30 , 1974 . The series premiered on the NBC network on September 11 , 1974 , and last aired on May 10 , 1982 . During the 1982 -- 83 television season , with the departure of Landon and Grassle , the series was broadcast with the new title Little House : A New Beginning .

May 10 , 1982

Little House on the Prairie ( TV series )

little house on the prairie ( tv series )

Little House on the Prairie ( known as Little House : A New Beginning in its final season ) is an American western drama television series , starring Michael Landon , Melissa Gilbert , Karen Grassle , and Melissa Sue Anderson , about a family living on a farm in Walnut Grove , Minnesota , in the 1870s and 1880s . The show is an adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder 's best - selling series of Little House books . Television producer and NBC executive Ed Friendly became aware of the story in the early 1970s . He asked Michael Landon to direct the pilot movie . Landon agreed on the condition that he could also play Charles Ingalls .

The regular series was preceded by the two - hour pilot movie , which first aired on March 30 , 1974 . The series premiered on the NBC network on September 11 , 1974 , and last aired on May 10 , 1982 . During the 1982 -- 83 television season , with the departure of Landon and Grassle , the series was broadcast with the new title Little House : A New Beginning . In 1997 , TV Guide ranked the two - part episode `` I 'll Be Waving As You Drive Away '' at 97 on its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time list . A film adaptation of the pilot movie is currently underway at Paramount Pictures , with Sean Durkin as the director , Scott Rudin as the producer , and Abi Morgan as the screenwriter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Notable guest stars 3 Production notes 4 Themes 5 Spin - offs and sequels 5.1 Little House : A New Beginning 5.2 Movie specials 6 Broadcast history 7 Reception 7.1 Nielsen ratings 7.2 Accolades 7.3 Popularity in Spain 8 Other media 8.1 Syndication 8.2 DVD , Blu - ray and Digital Copy releases 8.3 List of releases 9 Announced film adaptation 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) Main article : List of Little House on the Prairie episodes Based on the autobiographical `` Little House '' stories , episodes of Little House on the Prairie usually concern members of the Ingalls family , who live on a small farm near the village of Walnut Grove , Minnesota . Many episodes concern the maturation of the family 's second daughter , Laura . However , episodes also focus on other family and community members , providing a depiction of life in a small agrarian community in late nineteenth - century America . The show 's central characters are Charles Ingalls ( farmer and mill worker ) , his wife Caroline , and their four daughters , Mary , Laura , Carrie , and Grace , though the family expands with the addition of adopted son Albert in season five and adopted siblings Cassandra and James at the end of season seven . Other essential characters include the Oleson family : Nels , proprietor of the town 's general store , Oleson 's Mercantile ; his malicious , gossiping wife , Harriet , who runs the Mercantile with him ; and their two children , Nellie and Willie , and later , their adopted daughter , Nancy ; Isaiah Edwards , Grace Snider Edwards and their three adopted children ; the Garvey family , Jonathan , Alice , and Andy ; Rev. Robert Alden ; Lars Hanson , the town 's founder and proprietor of the town 's mill ; and Dr. Hiram Baker , the town 's physician . Teacher - turned - lawyer Adam Kendall is introduced at the end of season four and later weds Mary Ingalls , and Almanzo Wilder is introduced in season six and later weds Laura Ingalls . Cast and characters ( edit ) Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls , 1975 Main article : List of Little House on the Prairie characters Melissa Gilbert has the most appearances of the series , a total of 190 of the 204 episodes . Michael Landon appeared in all but four episodes of seasons one through eight , but departed from being a regular part of the cast when the show was retooled as Little House : A New Beginning ( season nine ) . Main cast ( edit ) Michael Landon as Charles Ingalls Karen Grassle as Caroline Quiner Ingalls ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls Wilder Melissa Sue Anderson as Mary Ingalls Kendall ( seasons 1 -- 7 , 8 ) Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush as Carrie Ingalls ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Matthew Labyorteaux as Albert ( Quinn ) Ingalls ( seasons 5 -- 9 ) Richard Bull as Nels Oleson Katherine `` Scottie '' MacGregor as Harriet Oleson Alison Arngrim as Nellie Oleson Dalton ( seasons 1 - 7 , 9 ) Jonathan Gilbert as Willie Oleson Victor French as Isaiah Edwards ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 , 8 -- 9 ) Bonnie Bartlett as Grace Snider Edwards ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 ) Kevin Hagen as Dr. Hiram Baker Dabbs Greer as Rev. Robert Alden Charlotte Stewart as Eva Beadle Simms ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Karl Swenson as Lars Hanson ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Radames Pera as John ( Sanderson , Jr . ) Edwards ( seasons 2 & 3 ) Brian Part as Carl ( Sanderson ) Edwards ( seasons 2 & 3 ) Kyle Richards as Alicia ( Sanderson ) Edwards ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 6 , 8 ) Merlin Olsen as Jonathan Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 7 ) Hersha Parady as Alice Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Patrick Labyorteaux as Andrew `` Andy '' Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 7 ) Linwood Boomer as Adam Kendall ( seasons 4 -- 8 ) Ketty Lester as Hester - Sue Terhune ( seasons 5 -- 9 ) Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh as Grace Ingalls ( seasons 5 -- 8 ) Dean Butler as Almanzo Wilder ( seasons 6 -- 9 ) Lucy Lee Flippin as Eliza Jane Wilder ( seasons 6 -- 8 ) Allison Balson as Nancy Oleson ( seasons 8 & 9 ) Jason Bateman as James ( Cooper ) Ingalls ( seasons 7 & 8 ) Missy Francis as Cassandra ( Cooper ) Ingalls ( seasons 7 & 8 ) Shannen Doherty as Jenny Wilder ( season 9 ) Notable guest Stars ( edit ) Many actors , who were either well - known or went on to become famous , guest - starred on the show . Willie Aames ( episode 3.15 ) Anne Archer ( episode 1.17 ) Hermione Baddeley ( 3 episodes ) Jonathan Banks ( episode 6.16 ) Billy Barty ( 2 episodes ) Peter Billingsley ( episode 8.12 ) Dirk Blocker ( episode 1.9 ) Ray Bolger ( 2 episodes , S5 ) Ernest Borgnine ( episode 1.13 / 14 ) Christopher Bowman ( episodes 5.9 , 5.18 ) Todd Bridges ( episode 3.18 ) Red Buttons ( episode 1.19 ) Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash ( episode 3.1 ) Charles Cioffi ( episode 5.22 ) Michael Conrad ( episode 4.8 ) Keith Coogan ( episode 7.15 ) James Cromwell ( episode 7.1 ) David Faustino ( episode 7.5 ) Gil Gerard ( episode 4.4 ) Louis Gossett , Jr. ( episode 2.18 ) Jerry Hardin ( episode 5.23 ) Melora Hardin ( episodes 8.1 / 2 , Look Back to Yesterday ) Mariette Hartley ( episode 2.19 ) John Hillerman ( episode 5.8 ) Rance Howard ( episode 3.13 ) Ernie Hudson ( episode 8.8 ) Rick Hurst ( episode 1.3 ) John Ireland ( episode 3.4 ) Burl Ives ( episode 3.10 ) Ford Rainey ( episodes 2.2 , 4.21 ) Richard Jaeckel ( episodes 2.18 , 7.17 / 18 ) Jack Kruschen ( episode 8.6 ) Katy Kurtzman ( episodes 3.19 , 4.16 ) Charles Lane ( episode 9.3 ) Sheila Larken ( episode 9.13 ) Robert Loggia ( episode 9.4 ) Mike Lookinland ( episode 4.4 ) Chuck McCann ( episode 1.11 ) Vera Miles ( episode 9.19 ) Richard Mulligan ( episode 2.21 ) Patricia Neal ( episode 2.7 ) James Olson ( episode 6.10 ) Sean Penn ( uncredited student extra ) Eddie Quillan ( 7 episodes ) Anne Ramsey ( episode 5.1 ) Nick Ramus ( episode 4.13 ) Kim Richards ( episode 1.7 ) James B. Sikking ( episode 3.17 ) Queenie Smith ( 5 episodes ) Madeleine Stowe ( episode 7.6 ) Robert Torti ( episode 8.6 ) Mitch Vogel ( episode 1.23 ) M. Emmet Walsh ( episode 8.8 ) Collin Wilcox ( episode 4.7 ) Harris Yulin ( episode 1.20 ) and three of Landon 's children : Michael Landon , Jr. ( episode 3.20 ) Leslie Landon ( 4 guest episodes ) Shawna Landon ( Little House Years / episode 9.15 ; both uncredited ) Production notes ( edit ) Of the 204 episodes , Michael Landon directed the largest number at 87 ; producer William F. Claxton handled the majority of the remaining shows at 68 , while co-star Victor French helmed 18 . Maury Dexter ( who was often an assistant director ) and Leo Penn directed the remaining episodes at 21 and 3 episodes respectively . Interior shots were filmed at Paramount studios in Los Angeles , while exteriors were largely filmed at the nearby Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley , where the town of Walnut Grove had been constructed . Many other filming locations were also used during the course of the series including Old Tucson Studios and various locations in Sonora , California . Many of the exterior shots of Walnut Grove and the other Minnesota towns shown in the series have noticeable mountain terrain in the background of the scenes . In actuality the southern Minnesota landscape , where the show is supposed to take place , there are no tall mountains . The series theme song was titled The Little House and was written and conducted by David Rose . The ending theme music , also written by Rose , originally appeared as a piece of incidental music in a later - season episode of Michael Landon 's previous long - running series , Bonanza . Themes ( edit ) Little House explored many different themes including frequently portrayed ones of adoption , alcoholism , faith , poverty , blindness , and prejudice of all types including racism . Some plots also include subjects such as drug addiction ( i.e. morphine ) , leukemia , child abuse , and even rape . Although predominantly a drama , the program has many lighthearted and comedic moments as well . Some of the episodes written by Michael Landon were recycled storylines from ones that he had written for Bonanza . Season two 's `` A Matter of Faith '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` A Matter of Circumstance '' ; season five 's `` Someone Please Love Me '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` A Dream To Dream '' ; season seven 's `` The Silent Cry '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` The Sound of Sadness '' ; season eight 's `` He Was Only Twelve '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` He Was Only Seven '' ; and season nine 's `` Little Lou '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` It 's A Small World '' . Spin - offs and sequels ( edit ) Little House : a new Beginning ( edit ) When Michael Landon decided to leave the show ( though he stayed on as executive producer and occasional writer and director ) , season nine was renamed , the focus was put on the characters of Laura and Almanzo , and more characters were added to the cast . A new family , the Carters ( Stan Ivar as John , Pamela Roylance as Sarah , Lindsay Kennedy as older son Jeb , and David Friedman as younger son Jason ) , move into the Ingalls house . Meanwhile , Almanzo and Laura take in their niece , Jenny Wilder , when Almanzo 's brother dies and raise her alongside their daughter , Rose . The Wilders appear prominently in some episodes , while in others they appear only in early scenes used to introduce the story or its characters . The explanation given for the original characters ' absence was that they moved to Burr Oak , Iowa , to pursue a promising life . The show lost viewers , and this version of the series was canceled after one season . However , the show lived on for another 1.5 years in movie format . Movie specials ( edit ) Three made - for - television post-series movies followed during the 1983 - 84 television season : Little House : A Look Back to Yesterday ( 1983 ) , Little House : The Last Farewell ( 1984 ) , and Little House : Bless All the Dear Children ( 1984 ) . In The Last Farewell , Charles and Caroline decide to visit Walnut Grove . They learn that a railroad tycoon actually holds the deed to the township , and he wants to take it over for his own financial gain . Despite their best efforts , the townspeople are unable to drive the businessman away . At a town meeting , John Carter offers a supply of explosives that he has . Each man takes turn blowing up his own building in an emotional farewell to the town . When asked why the set was blown up , the show 's producer , Kent McCray , said that when the series started , he made an agreement with the property owners that at the end of the series he would put the acreage back to its original state . When the production crew were estimating the cost of dismantling all the buildings , Michael Landon thought for a while and said , `` What if we blow up the town ? That would get the buildings all in pieces and you can bring in your equipment to pick up the debris and cart it away . '' He then said that he would write it where they blow up all the buildings , except for the little house and the church . Both McCray and Landon wept as the town blew up . Bless All the Dear Children was filmed prior to The Last Farewell , but ended up being the last of the three movies to air . Given its Christmas - related content , NBC opted to air it during the following Christmas season . Two other Little House movies were made in conjunction with the Landon series : the 1974 pilot for the program and The Little House Years ( 1979 ) , a Thanksgiving special / clip show that aired in the middle of season six . Broadcast history ( edit ) For the first two seasons , the show was aired on Wednesday nights at 8pm ET / 7pm CT , to moderate ratings . In 1976 , the series became a Monday night staple on NBC ; after the move , it remained in the top 30 for the rest of its run . Reception ( edit ) Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1974 -- 75 ) : # 13 Season 2 ( 1975 -- 76 ) : Not in top 30 Season 3 ( 1976 -- 77 ) : # 15 Season 4 ( 1977 -- 78 ) : # 7 Season 5 ( 1978 -- 79 ) : # 14 Season 6 ( 1979 -- 80 ) : # 16 Season 7 ( 1980 -- 81 ) : # 10 Season 8 ( 1981 -- 82 ) : # 24 ( Tied with : The Facts of Life ) Season 9 ( 1982 -- 83 ) : # 28 Accolades ( edit ) 1978 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography in Entertainment Programming for a Series , Ted Voigtlander , episode `` The Fighter '' 1979 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Series , Ted Voigtlander , episode `` The Craftsman '' 1979 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series , David Rose , episode `` The Craftsman '' 1980 : TP de Oro , Spain , Mejor Actriz Extranjera ( Best Foreign Actress ) , Melissa Sue Anderson 1981 : Western Writers of America Spur Award for Best TV Script , Michael Landon , episode `` May We Make Them Proud '' 1982 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Series ( Dramatic Underscore ) , David Rose , episode `` He Was Only Twelve '' ( Part 2 ) 1983 : Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series , Melissa Gilbert 1984 : Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series , Melissa Gilbert Popularity in Spain ( edit ) In the late 1970s and early 1980s , La Casa de la Pradera ( Little House on the Prairie ) was one of Spanish Television 's most popular series . In 1976 Karen Grassle ( Caroline Quiner Ingalls ) won Spanish television 's prestigious TP de Oro award for best foreign actress , and the series itself won for best foreign series ; Melissa Sue Anderson ( Mary Ingalls ) won the TP de Oro in 1980 thanks in part to the enhanced profile she received as a result of her visit to Spain and her appearance on Spanish Television 's 625 Lineas program in early 1979 . The continued popularity of the show led to the appearance of Katherine MacGregor ( Harriet Oleson ) on 625 Lineas and Ding Dong in 1980 . Other media ( edit ) Syndication ( edit ) The show remains popular in syndicated reruns and has been on the air in the U.S. continuously since its original run . In addition to airing on local stations , it has been airing multiple times each day on INSP and Hallmark Channel . In the past , it has aired on TV Land and TBS . As of September 19 , 2016 , the show is currently airing on COZI TV four times daily , with the exception of Seasons eight and nine . In the U.S. , television syndication rights are currently owned by CBS Television Distribution . Originally , NBC licensed these rights to Worldvision Enterprises , since networks could not own syndication arms at the time . As a result of corporate changes , Paramount Domestic Television and CBS Paramount Domestic Television would inherit the rights via Spelling Entertainment , finally passing to CTD in 2007 . In Canada , reruns of the series began airing weeknights on CTS , a Christian - based network , as of September 1 , 2008 . Because of its historical context and its connection to the book series , it is deemed acceptable for use by the FCC to meet federal E / I programming guidelines . The show is typically stripped ( run five days a week ) in syndication , which is enough to completely cover a TV station 's E / I requirements and more . NBC owns ancillary rights and thus is the worldwide licensor for DVD rights as well . Sister company NBC Universal International Television distributes the series internationally . DVD , Blu - ray and Digital Copy releases ( edit ) The entire series has been released on standard - definition DVD , high - definition Blu - ray , and on both standard and high - definition Digital Copy . In addition , some individual episodes have been released on DVD and VHS . Starting with Season 7 , the Blu - ray 's are only available exclusively through Amazon.com . There are multiple DVD sets which are noticeably different from one another . The original DVD sets sold in the U.S. and Canada were released under license from NBCUniversal by Imavision Distribution , a company based in Quebec . A majority of the episodes in the original North American DVD versions had scenes cut from the episodes -- these were derived from the syndicated television versions by Worldvision Enterprises , the series ' former distributor . Other episodes were time - compressed and are NTSC - converted video prints from UK PAL masters , while others were derived from 16MM syndication prints , also from Worldvision . Only a handful of episodes in the original sets were in their original uncut versions . The episodes in these original sets are also known to have relatively poor video quality , such as tracking lines , as well as audio problems , though the quality issues are not as pronounced in the first few seasons as they are in the later seasons . The first three seasons of the old sets notably are also missing closed - captioning . These original North American DVD sets included interviews with former cast members Alison Arngrim , Dabbs Greer and Dean Butler . For the original movies & complete series sets , Imavision provided numerous additional special features including additional interviews with many of the cast members such as Melissa Gilbert and Melissa Sue Anderson and specials highlighting Michael Landon , the casting of the show , and more . Imavision also released a French - language version of the series . Both versions are in NTSC color and coded for all regions . Later copies of these original sets were distributed by Lionsgate Home Entertainment following their acquisition of Imavision , but these should not be confused with the Lionsgate re-releases described below . The DVD sets sold in the United Kingdom were released by Universal Playback ( a Universal Studios Home Entertainment label ) ; this version is in PAL color and coded for region 2 . Unlike the original North American DVD sets , the UK version contains mostly uncut episodes . In 2014 , Lionsgate Home Entertainment began re-releasing the series in North America on DVD , and also for the first time , in high definition on Blu - ray , as well as Digital Copy through providers such as Vudu and Amazon Video . These new releases , which are stated to come direct from the original broadcast masters , contain mostly uncut episodes and are remastered to have superior picture and sound . The Blu - rays , with their high bitrate , high definition 1080p picture ( as opposed to standard definition picture on the DVDs ) currently provide the best viewing experience of the show that is commercially available . The first six seasons on Blu - ray notably also contain lossless audio as opposed to the compressed audio on the DVDs . Starting with Season 7 , Lionsgate chose to only release the remaining Blu - ray 's exclusively through Amazon.com . In the process , they made several other changes to the Blu - ray 's including compressing the audio ( though with a relatively high bitrate ) , simplifying the on - screen disc menus , and eliminating the slipcovers and included Digital Copy codes that had been present for the previous seasons . The newer Lionsgate remastered sets all contain English , French , and Spanish audio as well as English subtitles . They do not include the special features present on the earlier non-remastered releases , but rather seasons 1 through 6 each contain a roughly 15 minute segment of a special called `` The Little House Phenomenon '' . Season 1 also contains the original Pilot movie . Season 7 contains no special features . Seasons 8 & 9 contain the three post-series movie specials as extras , with `` Look Back to Yesterday '' and `` The Last Farewell '' appearing on Season 8 , and `` Bless All The Dear Children '' appearing on Season 9 . Some fans of the show have been perplexed as to why Lionsgate did this , both because all of the movies take place after the Season 9 timeline , and also because they included `` The Last Farewell '' on Season 8 when that is considered by fans to be the end to the show given its significant and memorable ending . Lionsgate 's decision as to which movies to include on which season appears to have been based on broadcast order rather than production order , since `` Bless All The Dear Children '' was the last episode broadcast even though `` The Last Farewell '' was the last one produced . None of the available releases of the series contain `` Little House Years '' , which was a three - hour Thanksgiving special aired during Season 6 that largely consisted of flashback clips . While the re-releases are substantially better than what was previously available , there are a handful of episodes that still were released in edited form or contain other problems . The most significant of these , affecting all formats of the remastered releases , include over 3 minutes missing from the Season 7 episode , `` Divorce , Walnut Grove Style , '' almost 4 minutes missing from Season 9 's `` Home Again , '' and extremely low volume of the townspeoples ' singing on the English audio of the last scene of the final movie , `` The Last Farewell . '' List of releases ( edit ) Name No. of episodes Originally aired DVD release dates Remastered DVD & Blu - ray release date Digital Copy release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 1 Region 1 Season 1 24 1974 -- 1975 July 8 , 2003 July 25 , 2005 March 25 , 2014 March 25 , 2014 Season 2 22 1975 -- 1976 July 8 , 2003 March 27 , 2006 May 6 , 2014 May 6 , 2014 Season 3 22 1976 -- 1977 November 4 , 2003 March 10 , 2008 September 9 , 2014 September 9 , 2014 Season 4 22 1977 -- 1978 February 17 , 2004 May 26 , 2008 January 20 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 Season 5 24 1978 -- 1979 June 29 , 2004 August 4 , 2008 April 14 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 Season 6 24 1979 -- 1980 October 26 , 2004 May 3 , 2010 July 14 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 Season 7 22 1980 -- 1981 February 15 , 2005 July 17 , 2010 October 6 , 2015 ( DVD ) December 22 , 2015 ( Blu - ray ) September 9 , 2014 Season 8 22 1981 -- 1982 June 14 , 2005 March 20 , 2011 January 19 , 2016 ( DVD ) March 22 , 2016 ( Blu - ray ) September 9 , 2014 Season 9 22 1982 -- 1983 November 1 , 2005 January 20 , 2012 April 19 , 2016 September 9 , 2014 3 - Movie Box Set 3 movies 1983 -- 1984 November 28 , 2006 None ( but is in Complete set ) September 13 , 2016 ( DVD only ) September 13 , 2016 The Complete Television Series 204 1974 -- 1984 November 11 , 2008 October 7 , 2015 ( Dutch import ) October 6 , 2015 ( DVD only ) September 9 , 2014 Announced film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( feature film ) In October 2012 , Sony Pictures announced that a film based on the series 's pilot is under development , with Scott Rudin as the producer . However , the film was later on turnaround to Paramount Pictures in 2016 , where the film resumed development . It has Sean Durkin as the director and Abi Morgan as the screenwriter , although Rudin is still the film 's producer . No actors have been selected or joined the cast yet . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Special Collectors ' Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' Movie Lands at Paramount ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Little House On The Prairie set for big screen reboot by Paramount '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Little House on the Prairie Season 8 Episode 8 Chicago '' . TV.com . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Farewell Summary '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lennon . `` The REAL story of the destruction of Walnut Grove '' . Prairie Fans . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Melissa ( 2009 ) . Prairie Tale : A Memoir ( pp. 141 - 142 ) . Simon Spotlight Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1974 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1975 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1977 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1978 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1979 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1980 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Ted Voigtlander , 75 ; Won Emmys for ' Little House ' Cinematography '' . Los Angeles Times . December 11 , 1988 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows Archive - INSP TV - Family - Friendly Entertainment - TV Shows and Movies '' . www.insp.com . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Removes Happy Days for Dramas ; Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows ( Week of April 29 , 2013 ) - SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Blu-ray.com forum - Little House on the Prairie : Seasons 1 - 10 '' . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) . `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' Movie in the Works at Paramount '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee . `` Grab your bonnets ! ' Little House on the Prairie ' is heading to the big screen '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Little House on the Prairie movie back in development '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' Movie Lands at Paramount ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) . Television in the United States portal 1970s portal 1980s portal Little House on the Prairie on IMDb Little House : Look Back to Yesterday on IMDb Little House : The Last Farewell on IMDb Little House : Bless All the Dear Children on IMDb The Illustrated Little House on the Prairie Episode Guide Little House on the Prairie Official Website hide Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie Books Little House in the Big Woods ( 1932 ) Farmer Boy ( 1933 ) Little House on the Prairie ( 1935 ) On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) By the Shores of Silver Lake ( 1939 ) The Long Winter ( 1940 ) Little Town on the Prairie ( 1941 ) These Happy Golden Years ( 1943 ) On the Way Home ( 1962 , posthumous ) The First Four Years ( 1971 ) West from Home ( 1974 ) Old Town in the Green Groves ( 2002 ) A Little House Traveler ( 2006 ) Characters Mr. Edwards Nellie Oleson Robert Alden Other Live - action TV series pilot episodes Animated TV series TV films TV miniseries Musical Little House Wayside Locations Family Charles Ingalls Caroline Ingalls Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Grace Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Lane Other Young Pioneers novel pilot miniseries Christmas special Free Land Highway Medal William Anderson BNF : cb13506393j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)&oldid=845069152 '' Categories : 1974 American television series debuts 1983 American television series endings 1970s American drama television series 1980s American drama television series Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) English - language television programs NBC network shows Period family drama television series Period television series Television programs based on American novels Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Universal Television Television series set in the 1870s Television series set in the 1880s Television shows set in Minnesota Western ( genre ) television series Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 04 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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who is the show the goldbergs based on

The Goldbergs is an American television period sitcom that premiered on Tuesday , September 24 , 2013 , on ABC . The series was created by Adam F. Goldberg and stars Wendi McLendon - Covey , Jeff Garlin , Sean Giambrone , Troy Gentile , Hayley Orrantia , and George Segal . The show is produced by Goldberg , Seth Gordon , and Doug Robinson . It is based on Goldberg 's childhood and family in the 1980s , complete with a childhood version of himself . The fourth season premiered on September 21 , 2016 . In May 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a fifth and sixth season . The fifth season premiered on September 27 , 2017 .

Goldberg 's childhood and family in the 1980s

The Goldbergs ( 2013 TV series )

the goldbergs ( 2013 tv series )

The Goldbergs is an American television period sitcom that premiered on Tuesday , September 24 , 2013 , on ABC . The series was created by Adam F. Goldberg and stars Wendi McLendon - Covey , Jeff Garlin , Sean Giambrone , Troy Gentile , Hayley Orrantia , and George Segal . The show is produced by Goldberg , Seth Gordon , and Doug Robinson . It is based on Goldberg 's childhood and family in the 1980s , complete with a childhood version of himself . The fourth season premiered on September 21 , 2016 . In May 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a fifth and sixth season . The fifth season premiered on September 27 , 2017 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guest stars 2.4 Cameos from real - life Counterparts 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Nielsen ratings 6 Broadcast 7 Syndication 8 Schooled 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Promotional poster used for the series ' first season The Goldbergs is set in the 1980s in Jenkintown , Pennsylvania . The show is loosely based on the showrunner 's childhood , during which he videotaped events , many of which are reenacted throughout the program . It shows the reality of the ' 80s through a young boy 's eyes . The series stars Jeff Garlin as patriarch Murray and Wendi McLendon - Covey as matriarch Beverly . Their two older children are Erica ( Hayley Orrantia ) and Barry ( Troy Gentile ) . The youngest child , Adam ( Sean Giambrone ) , documents his family life with his video camera . Beverly 's father , Albert `` Pops '' Solomon ( George Segal ) , is frequently around to provide advice or to help out his grandchildren ( often behind his daughter 's back ) . The present - day `` Adult Adam '' ( Patton Oswalt ) narrates every episode as taking place in `` 1980 - something '' . The narrator takes creative liberties with the time frame , resulting in occasional anachronisms . For example , the second - season episode `` Just Say No '' has references to both the Walter Mondale / Geraldine Ferraro presidential campaign ( which took place in 1984 ) and the TV shows American Gladiators and America 's Funniest Home Videos ( both of which debuted in 1989 ) . Many references to real - life Philadelphia - area businesses are made , including the Wawa Inc. convenience store chain , Gimbel 's department store , Willow Grove Park Mall , and Kremp 's Florist of Willow Grove , Pennsylvania . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Wendi McLendon - Covey as Beverly Goldberg ( née Solomon ) , the overprotective matriarch of the Goldbergs . She frequently injects herself into her children 's lives , often to their embarrassment , and is supremely confident in their abilities . Sean Giambrone as Adam Fredrick Goldberg , the pop - culture obsessed youngest child of the Goldbergs . Smart and geeky , he often films his family 's activities on a VHS camcorder . He often ends up having to use his middle initial to distinguish himself from another Adam Goldberg who attends the same school and is also an aspiring filmmaker . Patton Oswalt voices the adult Adam Goldberg , who narrates the show from the present day . Jeff Garlin as Murray Christian Goldberg , the gruff , somewhat asocial patriarch of the Goldbergs . Unlike Beverly , he is realistic about his children 's abilities and believes she smothers them too much . Despite his apathetic tendencies at home , he values hard work and has worked full time since his teenage years . He also wants his children to learn how to fend for themselves and calls them morons if they mess up . He runs his father - in - law 's furniture business , loves sports , and is often seen lounging in front of his TV in his white briefs . Troy Gentile as Barry Norman Goldberg , the overconfident , slightly dim - witted middle child of the Goldbergs . Though seemingly untalented in every way ( except in ice hockey and wrestling , at which he excels ) , he remains highly self - assured while trying to become popular in high school . He is determined to dominate everything he does , including sports , loves rap music , and is the leader of a crew called JTP ( whose group name his fellow members repeat whenever it is said ) . Hayley Orrantia as Erica Dorothy Goldberg , the nonchalant oldest child of the Goldbergs . Smart and musically gifted but rebellious , she is popular in school and dominant over her younger brothers . George Segal as Albert `` Pops '' Solomon , Beverly 's laid - back widower father . Though an elderly man with a number of goofy characteristics , he acts much younger than his age , often giving sage advice to his grandchildren . Adam considers him his best friend . He once owned a successful furniture store called Ottoman Empire that allowed him to retire comfortably , and he now lets his son - in - law Murray run the business . AJ Michalka as Lainey Lewis ( Season 3 -- 4 ; recurring 1 -- 2 , 5 - present ) , Erica 's best friend and one of the most popular girls at school , whom Barry has had a lifelong crush on . To the surprise of many , Lainey kisses Barry at a party in the first - season finale , the two slowly grow closer together in season two , and eventually become an unlikely couple . Sam Lerner as ' Madman ' Geoff Schwartz ( Season 5 - present ; recurring 2 - 4 ) , one of Barry 's best friends . The nickname `` Madman '' is a form of ironic humor , given how well - behaved the character is , especially compared to Barry . He is infatuated with Erica and makes many futile attempts to win her affections . At the end of the third season , he begins dating Evelyn Silver just as Erica realizes she reciprocates Geoff 's feelings . He later breaks up with Evey to be with Erica . Recurring ( edit ) Troy Winbush as Puchinski , a police officer who sometimes runs afoul of the Goldbergs ' craziness , and often sympathises with Beverly . Cedric Yarbrough as Vic , Murray 's friend and co-worker from Canada . Ben Zelevansky as Dale , the manager of the arcade frequented by Adam , Barry , and Pops . ( season 1 ) Natalie Alyn Lind as Dana Caldwell , Adam 's classmate who becomes his girlfriend . In the season 2 finale , it is revealed Dana may be moving to Seattle . The season 3 premiere confirms she is now living in Seattle . Adam and Dana continue a long - distance relationship , but it ends when the two realize how different they have become . ( season 1 - 3 ; guest season 4 ) Jackson Odell as Ari Caldwell , a popular student , a friend of Erica and Lexi , and Dana 's older brother . ( season 1 - 2 ) Virginia Gardner as Lexi Bloom , Barry 's crush . ( season 1 , mentioned season 4 ) Kathryn Leigh Scott as Miriam Ferguson , one of Pops ' lovers . ( season 1 ) Jennifer Irwin as Virginia Kremp , Chad 's mother , neighbor to the Goldbergs . Jacob Hopkins as Chad Kremp , Virginia 's youngest son and a close friend of Adam . Tyler Stokes as Drew Kremp , Chad 's older brother and Erica 's ex-boyfriend . ( season 1 and 3 ) Dan Fogler as Marvin Goldberg , Murray 's carefree , unreliable younger brother . He moves in with the family near the end of season four , living in their basement . Tim Meadows as Jonathan `` Andre '' Glascott , a disenchanted teacher who also delivers pizza and gives guitar lessons for extra money . He serves as the school 's hapless guidance counselor . Barbara Alyn Woods as Mrs. Caldwell , Dana and Ari 's mother . Woods is the real - life mother of Natalie Alyn Lind , who portrays Dana . ( season 1 ) Stephanie Katherine Grant as Emmy `` Muscles '' Mirsky , a girl in the neighborhood with whom Adam likes to spend time . Because they grew up together , Adam tends to treat her like `` one of the guys '' . Kenny Ridwan as Dave Kim , an awkward classmate and friend of Adam 's , who is always addressed by both his first and last names , even by his own mother . Cooper Roth ( season 1 ) and Zayne Emory ( season 2 - 3 ) as J.C. Spink , a bully who torments Adam . The original film producer who inspired the character portrays a school bus driver . Mason Cook as Tyler Stansfield , a puny but fierce classmate of Adam . Dustin Ybarra as Nitrous , a university student who occasionally interacts with Beverly . Usually Beverly has to make a demand of Nitrous , which he will agree to , but only after trying to coerce her into showing him her breasts or giving him $1 million . ( season 1 and 3 ) Bryan Callen as Rick Mellor , the high school 's no - nonsense gym teacher and coach . Joey Luthman as Roger McFadden , a nerdy classmate of Barry 's . ( season 1 ) Stephen Tobolowsky as Principal Earl Ball , the principal of the Goldberg children 's high school . Beverly frequently confronts him when she knows something has gone wrong in her children 's classes or school activities . ( season 2 - present ) Ana Gasteyer as Susan Cinoman , a music teacher at the Goldberg children 's high school and love interest of Rick Mellor . ( season 2 - present ) Noah Munck as ' Naked ' Rob Smith , one of Barry 's best friends who goes shirtless at any opportunity . ( season 2 - present ) Matt Bush as ' Ladies ' Man ' Andy Cogan , one of Barry 's best friends who is frequently teased for his short stature . ( season 2 - present ) Nathan Gamble as Garry Ball , the Principal 's rebellious son and Adam 's only cool friend . ( season 2 - 3 ) Dan Bakkedahl as Mr. Woodburn , Adam 's lonely and depressed science teacher . ( season 2 ) Suzy Nakamura as Mrs. Kim , Dave Kim 's mother and the owner of a Chinese restaurant frequented by the Goldbergs . ( season 2 ) Rob Huebel as John Calabasas , an opportunistic businessman with several careers . ( season 2 - 3 ) Judd Hirsch as Ben `` Pop Pop '' Goldberg , Murray 's cantankerous , opinionated father . He frequently fights with Murray , with whom he has trouble communicating , and he views Pops as a rival . ( seasons 3 - present ; Pop Pop first appeared in one season 2 episode , and was portrayed by Paul Sorvino ) Allie Grant as Evelyn `` Evey '' Silver , a girl Beverly tries to set up Barry with . Erica is deeply disturbed by this , because Evey is eerily similar to Beverly . She later becomes Geoff Schwartz 's girlfriend . ( season 2 - present ) David Koechner as Bill Lewis , Lainey 's father who is raising her as a single parent . To Murray 's dismay , Bill is a major fan of the Dallas Cowboys , starting a rivalry between the two . Bill and Murray eventually become good friends as they discover that , outside of football , they have a lot in common . ( season 2 - present ) Nate Hartley as Dan , a nerdy punching bag , who is always in the wrong place at the wrong time . ( season 2 - present ) Charlie DePew as Anthony Balsamo , a popular , good - looking student and Lainey 's ex-boyfriend . ( season 2 - 3 ) Sam Kindseth as David Sirota , Adam 's goofy friend and classmate . In the present he is an American political commentator and radio host . ( season 2 - 3 ) Michaela Watkins as Ms. Taraborelli , a socially awkward Spanish and sex education teacher . ( season 2 ) Christopher Avila as Raji Mitra , an intelligent student Beverly hires to tutor Lainey . ( season 3 ) Sean Marquette as Johnny Atkins , a ponytailed , saxophone - playing troublemaker who , much like Barry Goldberg , has a high opinion of himself . He is always seen wearing a Rush tour t - shirt . In addition to saxophone , he also plays the drums . Erica dated him briefly . ( season 3 - present ) Niko Guardado as Rubén Amaro , Jr. , a highly popular student and champion athlete . In adulthood , he will become a major league baseball player and General Manager of Philadelphia Phillies . ( season 3 - present ) Alex Jennings as Carla Mann , a vaguely popular student and friend of Erica and Lainey who is a bit of a troublemaker . She is also an on - off girlfriend of Johnny Atkins . ( season 3 - present ) Froy Gutierrez as Benjamin `` Handsome Ben '' Bauman , a highly popular student whom Adam sees as his rival , though Ben is always friendly to him . Quincy Fouse as Taz Money , a popular friend of Adam . ( season 3 ) Lucky : Lucky is an actual dog introduced in season 3 as the Goldberg family pet . Shayne Topp as Matt Bradley ; a punk rocker - turned - Deadhead who becomes the newest member of the JTP , over Barry 's initial objections . Adult Adam 's voice - over later confides that Matt would become Barry 's closest friend after high school . ( season 4 - present ) Rowan Blanchard as Jackie Geary , Adam 's girlfriend who shares his love of science fiction . ( season 4 - present ) . Alison Rich as Valley Erica , Erica 's Valley girl roommate at college ; the two have the same first name , but decidedly different personalities . ( season 5 ) Ken Lerner as Lou Schwartz , Geoff 's father . ( season 5 ) Mindy Sterling as Linda Schwartz , Geoff 's mother . ( season 5 ) Notable guest stars ( edit ) Brec Bassinger as Zoe McIntosh , a girl Adam had a crush on . ( season 1 , episode 1 and season 4 , episode 3 ) Tom Cavanagh as Charles Kremp , Chad 's father . ( season 1 , episode 8 ) Martin Starr as Andre , the local video store clerk who bans Murray after an excessively late rental . ( season 1 ) Thomas Lennon as Taun - Taun Todd , a Star Wars fan that Erica and Adam meet while waiting in line to see Return of the Jedi . ( season 1 , episode 22 ) David Spade as Gus , a sketchy manufacturer of fake IDs . ( season 2 , episode 1 ) Charlie Sheen as the man in police station , reprising his iconic role from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . ( season 2 , episode 14 ) Nick Swardson as Rick , a sketchy black market toy dealer . ( season 2 , episode 15 ) Chuck Norris as himself ( voice only ) , who is heard from offscreen reading a letter to Barry . ( season 3 ) Weird Al Yankovic as himself . ( season 3 , episode 15 ) Chad Coleman as Leon , a manager of Spencer 's Gifts store . ( season 4 ) Martin Kove as Master John , reprising his role as Cobra Kai dojo sensei . ( season 4 ) Ilan Mitchell - Smith as Mr. Connelly , the science teacher in the fifth - season premiere episode `` Weird Science . '' Mitchell - Smith portrayed Wyatt Donnelly in the film Weird Science . Bill Goldberg as Nick Mellor , Coach Mellor 's brother ( Season 5 ) Cameos from real - life Counterparts ( edit ) `` Handsome '' Ben Beauman and `` Regular '' Amy Gross as Double Dare Producers Jackie Geary as the Jackie character 's mother Chad Kremp as a deli worker ( season 1 ) , and as his father ( season 4 ) JC Spink as Joe the Bus Driver R.D. Robb as a photographer Mike Levy and Mike Levy as Computer Technicians Rubén Amaro Jr. as Rubén Amaro Sr . Beverly Goldberg , Virginia Kremp and Linda Schwartz as a group of elderly friends that Beverly longs to be like Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Goldbergs episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 23 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 76 6.20 24 September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 57 8.37 24 September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 57 7.62 24 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 54 6.97 5 TBA September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) TBA TBA TBA Production ( edit ) From left to right : Segal , Gentile , McLendon - Covey , Orrantia , and Garlin Casting ( edit ) The project originally received a script commitment from Fox in August 2011 . After Adam Goldberg 's previous show , Breaking In , was canceled , he did not want to wait for another pilot season to arrive and moved it to ABC , who agreed to immediately produce it . On January 11 , 2013 , Wendi McLendon - Covey was cast as the pilot 's lead ; later , Jeff Garlin and George Segal joined the cast . Filming ( edit ) The pilot episode was directed by Seth Gordon . On May 10 , 2013 , ABC picked up the show to series to air in the 2013 -- 14 American television season . It was later picked up for a full season order on November 1 , 2013 . The program is filmed on a series of stages at Sony Pictures Studios . Music ( edit ) The show 's theme song , `` Rewind , '' was written at Goldberg 's request by I Fight Dragons , his favorite band , specifically for the show . A soundtrack , featuring songs performed on the show by the cast members , was released on December 6 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The Goldbergs pilot received mixed reviews , averaging a score of 52 % on Metacritic based on reviews from 26 critics . Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` one of the rare freshman comedies to deliver '' , giving credit to the show 's `` outstanding writing '' and `` strong cast '' . David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle said `` you 'll immediately like everyone in the family and the jokes derive from credible situations '' . Hank Stuever of The Washington Post said the show was `` obnoxiously loud '' . David Hinckley of The New York Daily News said the show is `` just awful '' . Tierney Bricker of E ! News gave a more positive review , saying that the show is `` like Modern Family mixed with A Christmas Story '' . The Goldbergs was included in TV Guide 's 2013 Top Twenty `` Best Shows of the Year '' , along with The Hollywood Reporter and Today . In addition , SpoilerTV awarded The Goldbergs with the honor of Best Comedy of 2013 -- 2014 . The second season had a Rotten Tomatoes score of 100 % fresh with five reviews , and there were many calls from both critics and the public to renew the show for a third season . The show continued to be well received , with Entertainment Weekly calling the season two premiere `` the best of any family comedy on TV in the way it eschews dysfunction for its more appropriate , real - world term : love '' . After the series was renewed for season 3 , ABC network chief Paul Lee stated that both he and ABC believed that the show will be around for `` a long time '' . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV Season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Nielsen Rating ( 18 - 49 ) Date Premiere Viewers ( in millions ) Premiere 18 - 49 rating / share Date Finale Viewers ( in millions ) Finale 18 - 49 rating / share Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 23 September 24 , 2013 8.94 3.1 / 8 May 13 , 2014 4.26 1.5 / 5 2013 -- 2014 # 76 6.20 N / A Wednesday 8 : 30 pm 24 September 24 , 2014 7.31 2.4 / 6 May 13 , 2015 6.70 2.0 / 7 2014 -- 2015 # 57 8.34 2.8 24 September 23 , 2015 7.62 2.4 / 8 May 18 , 2016 6.39 1.9 / 7 2015 -- 2016 # 57 7.62 2.5 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 24 September 21 , 2016 6.90 2.0 / 8 May 17 , 2017 5.27 1.4 / 6 2016 -- 2017 # 54 6.97 2.1 5 September 27 , 2017 6.20 1.8 / 7 2017 -- 2018 Broadcast ( edit ) The Goldbergs originally premiered on ABC on 24 September 2013 . The pilot was made available on Hulu and ABC.com before it premiered on television . In Australia , the show airs on the Seven Network . It has been broadcast in the United Kingdom on E4 since 20 April 2015 , in Ireland on RTÉ2 since 19 October 2015 and in Turkey on DiziSmart since 2015 . In France , the series began broadcasting since 17 October 2015 on Comedie+ . The show has been broadcasting on Neox TV channel in Spain since May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) . In India , the series is aired on Star World . In Germany , the series is aired on the Disney Channel since February 16 , 2016 . In Portugal , the series is aired on Fox Comedy . Syndication ( edit ) The show went into syndication in September 2017 and began airing on local stations on September 11 , Nick at Nite on September 18 , Pop on September 24 , and will also begin to air on TV Land . Schooled ( edit ) In November 2016 , it was first reported that ABC was developing a spinoff that would centre around recurring character Rick Mellor , played by Bryan Callen . On January 10 , 2017 , Wendi McClendon - Covey 's character was reported as appearing in the script in a guest appearance . The script was ordered to pilot on February 2 , 2017. . On March 16 , 2017 , it was confirmed that Nia Long had been cast as the female lead in the role of Lucy Winston . At the same time it was confirmed that Tim Meadows would reprise his recurring role from The Goldbergs as Andre Glascott . Jay Chandrasekhar was also confirmed to direct . On May 17 , 2017 , ABC passed on the spin - off , despite it reportedly testing very well - going as far to test better than the pilot of the original series . At the same time , Adam F. Goldberg revealed the title of the failed spin - off - `` Schooled '' . On January 8 , 2018 , it was announced that the pilot would air as a special episode of The Goldbergs on January 24 , 2018 . The pilot will air under the episode title The Goldbergs : 1990 - Something . Goldberg has expressed hope that the airing will prompt discussions with ABC that could lead to the series being picked up for the 2018 -- 19 TV season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Announcementsauce : We did the theme song for The Goldbergs on ABC ! '' . Ifightdragons.com . September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lynette Rice ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ABC renews ' Nashville , ' ' Scandal , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goldbergs , The ( ABC ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Quantico , and more renewed at ABC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' Gets 2 - Year Renewal By ABC For Seasons 5 & 6 '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pfefferman , Naomi ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` Meet ' The Goldbergs ' : Adam Goldberg mines his family 's mishegoss for new sitcom '' . Jewish Journal . TRIBE Media Corp . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` TV Review : The Goldbergs '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs - Season 5 - AJ Michalka Not Returning as Series Regular '' . SpoilerTV . SpoilerTV . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs - Season 5 - Sam Lerner promoted to regular '' . Spoiler TV . Spoiler TV . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Rowan Blanchard Joins The Goldbergs in First Post-Girl Meets World Role '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joyce Eng ( 28 January 2015 ) . `` Goldbergs Exclusive : What ' 80s Toy Is Beverly Trying to Buy From Nick Swardson ? '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` entertainment2016 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` entertainment2017 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Fox To Bring Back ' Breaking In ' With 13 - Ep . Order , Buy New Adam Goldberg Comedy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Adam F. Goldberg ' 80s Comedy Moves From Fox To ABC With Production Commitment '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Wendi McLendon - Covey To Star In Adam Goldberg 's 1980s Comedy Pilot At ABC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Jeff Garlin To Star In Adam Goldberg 's 1980s Family Comedy Pilot At ABC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Maya Kazan Cast In CW Pilot ' Company Town ' , George Segal In ABC 's ' How The Hell ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton . `` ABC Orders 7 Dramas and 5 Comedies , Axes ' Happy Endings ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Orders Full Seasons of ' The Goldbergs , ' ' Trophy Wife ' ; ' Super Fun Night ' Gets 4 More Episodes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Schneider ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` How The Goldbergs and Other New Shows Kept Their Theme Songs '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs Mixtape by Various Artists '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` The Goldbergs : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` Snarky ' Mom ' seems hip , but ' Goldbergs ' funnier '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` ' The Goldbergs ' : Back to the ' 80s and totally gagging on ABC '' . The Washington Post . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Trophy Wife ' : TV reviews '' . The New York Daily News . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs Review : We Totally Want to Be a Part of ABC 's Retro Family '' . E ! News . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs Pictures - Photo Gallery : The Best TV Shows of 2013 '' . Tvguide.com. 2012 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Goodman 's Best Comedies of 2013 '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2013 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Maggie Furlong ( 2013 - 12 - 21 ) . `` 11 breakout hits of the fall TV season - Entertainment '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Last Week in TV - Week of May 18 - Season Awards and Reviews - Mega Version '' . SpoilerTV . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs : Season 2 '' . rottentomatoes.com. 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Goldbergs ' season 2 premiere react : Same love , new mixtape '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ http://renewcanceltv.com/the-goldbergs-season-4-abc-eyes-long-future/ ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' , & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' , & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor , ' The Middle ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Goldbergs , ' & ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' & ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd . `` Watch ABC Shows Free Online Fall Comedies '' . Variety . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DIE GOLDBERGS - Trailer - NEU im DISNEY CHANNEL '' . February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2016/11/08/development-update-tuesday-november-8-686012/11918/ Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2017/01/10/development-update-tuesday-january-10-201421/11970/ Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2017/02/02/development-update-thursday-february-2-619121/11993/ Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2017/03/09/development-update-thursday-march-9-66315/12027/ Jump up ^ `` Adam F. Goldberg Twitter '' . Adam F. Goldberg . May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/goldbergs-1990s-set-pilot-air-abc-1073142 Jump up ^ `` Adam F. Goldberg Twitter '' . Adam F. Goldberg . May 17 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Goldbergs on IMDb The Goldbergs at TV Guide The Goldbergs Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Related Characters Adam Goldberg Episodes Jenkintown ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 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who does carmela soprano have an affair with

Carmela 's resentment of her husband 's infidelity has often driven her to the brink of breaking her marriage vows during some sexually charged moments with her priest , Father Phil Intintola ( in `` College '' ) , and painter - decorator Vic Musto . During the fourth season , Carmela has a mutual romantic infatuation with Furio Giunta . Tony had secured Furio from the Camorra clan while on an inaugural trip to Naples , the Soprano family ancestral homeland , a trip that Carmela had wanted to be a part of . Carmela reaches a low point with Tony 's constant string of affairs and the two have a romantically - tense but `` arms - length '' relationship for a period . Each confides to separate friends that they are falling for each other but Furio , no longer able to bear the burden that the internal conflict is causing him ( that of his feelings conflicting with his honor , as well as his respect to the `` family '' hierarchy ) , sells his house and moves back to Italy . This sends Carmela into a depression .

Carmela Soprano

carmela soprano

Carmela Soprano ( née DeAngelis ) , played by Edie Falco , is a fictional character on the HBO TV series The Sopranos . She is the wife of Mafia boss Tony Soprano .

Edie Falco 's performance as Carmela was universally lauded . She won Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1999 , 2001 and 2003 , and received six nominations for her role in the series . Falco has also won two Golden Globe Awards and three Screen Actors Guild Awards . Character biography ( edit ) Carmela was Tony Soprano 's high school sweetheart , and the couple married at a young age . They have two children together : Meadow Soprano and Anthony `` A.J. '' Soprano , Jr . Carmela attended Montclair State University for an unspecified period of time before dropping out . Carmela is a homemaker for the Soprano household , and works to create a semblance of legitimacy for her family even though she is well aware their wealth is built on `` blood money '' . Tony trusts Carmela enough to confide in her , to a degree , about some of his Mafia dealings ( notably the failed attempt on his life and the death of Richie Aprile ) . Tony 's work and constant infidelity have put a serious strain on the marriage and cause a period of separation . Carmela is an observant Roman Catholic and has difficulty rationalizing her husband 's profession and the flaws in their marriage . Tony and Carmela often reconcile after Tony presents her with expensive gifts , notably jewelry , designer clothing , furs , cars , and even a $600,000 plot of land she wants to build a spec house on . Carmela sometimes has intense guilt for having sacrificed her children 's security for the luxuries Tony 's career could provide . She also defends her children from Tony when they do something wrong . She has shown herself willing to use her mob - wife status to intimidate others , as she does in `` Full Leather Jacket '' , where she not - too - subtly manipulates her neighbor 's Georgetown - alumna sister into writing a letter of recommendation for Meadow to Georgetown , hoping Meadow would not go to UC Berkeley but rather stay closer to home . Also , she discards a letter from Berkeley to Meadow requesting transcripts , but later retrieves it from the trash in a moment of guilt . While she is very proud of Meadow 's accomplishments and ambition , Carmela is also jealous and resentful of her daughter for achieving the independence and success she always wanted herself . She constantly frets over A.J. 's troubles and inactivity , yet tends to coddle him and is unwilling to impose any real restrictions on him . She has trouble with her husband 's profession , considering him more a Robin Hood - like character and just another `` crook '' rather than a brutal murderer . Carmela 's resentment of her husband 's infidelity has often driven her to the brink of breaking her marriage vows during some sexually charged moments with her priest , Father Phil Intintola ( in `` College '' ) , and painter - decorator Vic Musto . During the fourth season , Carmela has a mutual romantic infatuation with Furio Giunta . Tony had secured Furio from the Camorra clan while on an inaugural trip to Naples , the Soprano family ancestral homeland , a trip that Carmela had wanted to be a part of . Carmela reaches a low point with Tony 's constant string of affairs and the two have a romantically - tense but `` arms - length '' relationship for a period . Each confides to separate friends that they are falling for each other but Furio , no longer able to bear the burden that the internal conflict is causing him ( that of his feelings conflicting with his honor , as well as his respect to the `` family '' hierarchy ) , sells his house and moves back to Italy . This sends Carmela into a depression . By the end of the fourth season , Tony and Carmela separate after Tony 's former mistress Irina Peltsin calls the Soprano home , talks to A.J. , and informs Carmela that Tony slept with Irina 's cousin and Junior 's nurse , Svetlana Kirilenko . Carmela even begins dating A.J. 's guidance counselor , Robert Wegler , and pursuing divorce proceedings against Tony , but is drawn back to her husband by financial concerns and difficulties in rearing A.J. , as well as a difficult breakup with Wegler , who correctly accuses Carmela of using sex to manipulate him into giving A.J. special treatment in school . At the end of the fifth season , Carmela agrees to reunite with Tony after he agrees to purchase a $600,000 investment property in Montville , under Carmela 's name , so she could build a spec house . Despite some initial awkwardness , the two are firmly reunited after Tony is shot by his uncle , Junior Soprano , both during his coma and after his hospital release . The crisis seems to have strengthened their bond . Carmela 's selfish , materialistic nature is never far from the surface . After Tony surprises his delighted wife with a Porsche Cayenne Turbo , Carmela proceeds to flaunt her new car in front of Ginny Sacrimoni and Angie Bonpensiero , both of whom were reported to be having serious financial problems . Carmela is somewhat embarrassed when Angie admires Carmela 's car and tells her that she recently purchased a Corvette with her own money , showing that Angie has achieved a certain level of financial independence and Carmela has not . Carmela 's own efforts to become financially independent have been less successful , as Tony neglects to intervene for a long period when an inspector determines that materials used on her spec house are not up to code , thereby halting construction and straining her relationship with her father , who was building the house with her . Tony later recants , however , and orders Silvio Dante to lean on the inspector to change his mind . Around this time , Carmela is concerned for the whereabouts of Adriana La Cerva , who seemingly had disappeared . Carmela 's concern intensifies when she encountered Adriana 's mother , Liz La Cerva , at the Feast of St. Elzear ( Episode 74 , `` The Ride '' ) . Liz , who has stopped taking care of herself , tells Carmela that in fact Adriana is dead and Christopher is responsible , going on to say the FBI told her so . The next day , Carmela confronts Tony , who dismisses her : `` Let me school you on domestic violence , '' he says . `` First and foremost , there is always a body . '' Carmela is not aware that Adriana was a low - level informant for the FBI and that Christopher , who had learned this truth from Adriana herself , informed Tony , who in turn had her executed by Silvio ( in `` Long Term Parking '' ) . She is also unaware that Tony murdered Christopher after he had flipped off the highway the SUV in which both were traveling ( in `` Kennedy and Heidi '' ) . Carmela becomes greatly concerned for A.J. after he tries to commit suicide and is subsequently placed in the psychiatric ward at Mountainside Hospital . Carmela , along with Tony , encourages A.J. to become part of the production team for a film written by Daniel Baldwin and financed by Little Carmine , rather than enlist in the Army . She is shown considering building plans for a beach house , and in the final scene of the series , she meets Tony at a diner for a family meal . References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) HBO Character Profile : Carmela Soprano ( hide ) The Sopranos Episodes Season 1 `` The Sopranos '' `` 46 Long '' `` Denial , Anger , Acceptance '' `` Meadowlands '' `` College '' `` Pax Soprana '' `` Down Neck '' `` The Legend of Tennessee Moltisanti '' `` Boca '' `` A Hit Is a Hit '' `` Nobody Knows Anything '' `` Isabella '' `` I Dream of Jeannie Cusamano '' Season 2 `` Guy Walks into a Psychiatrist 's Office ... '' `` Do Not Resuscitate '' `` Toodle - Fucking - Oo '' `` Commendatori '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` The Happy Wanderer '' `` D - Girl '' `` Full Leather Jacket '' `` From Where to Eternity '' `` Bust Out '' `` House Arrest '' `` The Knight in White Satin Armor '' `` Funhouse '' Season 3 `` Mr. Ruggerio 's Neighborhood '' `` Proshai , Livushka '' `` Fortunate Son '' `` Employee of the Month '' `` Another Toothpick '' `` University '' `` Second Opinion '' `` He Is Risen '' `` The Telltale Moozadell '' `` ... To Save Us All from Satan 's Power '' `` Pine Barrens '' `` Amour Fou '' `` Army of One '' Season 4 `` For All Debts Public and Private '' `` No Show '' `` Christopher '' `` The Weight '' `` Pie - O - My '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Watching Too Much Television '' `` Mergers and Acquisitions '' `` Whoever Did This '' `` The Strong , Silent Type '' `` Calling All Cars '' `` Eloise '' `` Whitecaps '' Season 5 `` Two Tonys '' `` Rat Pack '' `` Where 's Johnny ? '' `` All Happy Families ... '' `` Irregular Around the Margins '' `` Sentimental Education '' `` In Camelot '' `` Marco Polo '' `` Unidentified Black Males '' `` Cold Cuts '' `` The Test Dream '' `` Long Term Parking '' `` All Due Respect '' Season 6 Part I `` Members Only '' `` Join the Club '' `` Mayham '' `` The Fleshy Part of the Thigh '' `` Mr. & Mrs. John Sacrimoni Request ... '' `` Live Free or Die '' `` Luxury Lounge '' `` Johnny Cakes '' `` The Ride '' `` Moe n ' Joe '' `` Cold Stones '' `` Kaisha '' Part II `` Soprano Home Movies '' `` Stage 5 '' `` Remember When '' `` Chasing It '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Kennedy and Heidi '' `` The Second Coming '' `` The Blue Comet '' `` Made in America '' Characters Primary Tony Soprano Jennifer Melfi Carmela Soprano Christopher Moltisanti Junior Soprano Big Pussy Bonpensiero Silvio Dante Paulie Gualtieri Anthony Soprano , Jr . Meadow Soprano Adriana La Cerva Richie Aprile Janice Soprano Livia Soprano Secondary Johnny Sack Bobby Baccalieri Furio Giunta Vito Spatafore Ralph Cifaretto Tony Blundetto Carmine Lupertazzi Jackie Aprile Jr . Mikey Palmice Matthew Bevilaqua Sean Gismonte Ray Curto Dwight Harris Larry Barese Fictional universe Soprano crime family Lupertazzi crime family Friends and family Satriale 's Pork Store Bada Bing Cleaver FBI Related articles Awards and nominations Music The Sopranos : Road to Respect Pinball game David Chase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmela_Soprano&oldid=826428609 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Italian descent The Sopranos characters Fictional Republicans ( United States ) Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from November 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Polski Română Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 01 : 43 . 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which type of organism produces food in an ecosystem

Producers ( autotrophs ) are typically plants or algae . Plants and algae do not usually eat other organisms , but pull nutrients from the soil or the ocean and manufacture their own food using photosynthesis . For this reason , they are called primary producers . In this way , it is energy from the sun that usually powers the base of the food chain . An exception occurs in deep - sea hydrothermal ecosystems , where there is no sunlight . Here primary producers manufacture food through a process called chemosynthesis .

autotrophs

Trophic level

trophic level

The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food chain . The word trophic derives from the Greek τροφή ( trophē ) referring to food or nourishment . A food chain represents a succession of organisms that eat another organism and are , in turn , eaten themselves . The number of steps an organism is from the start of the chain is a measure of its trophic level . Food chains start at trophic level 1 with primary producers such as plants , move to herbivores at level 2 , predators at level 3 and typically finish with carnivores or apex predators at level 4 or 5 . The path along the chain can form either a one - way flow or a food `` web '' . Ecological communities with higher biodiversity form more complex trophic paths .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Biomass transfer efficiency 3 Evolution of trophic levels 4 Fractional trophic levels 5 Mean trophic level 6 FiB index 7 Tritrophic and other interactions 8 Examples 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) Consumer categories based on material eaten ( plant : green shades are live , brown shades are dead ; animal : red shades are live , purple shades are dead ; or particulate : grey shades ) and feeding strategy ( gatherer : lighter shade of each color ; miner : darker shade of each color ) The three basic ways in which organisms get food are as producers , consumers and decomposers . Producers ( autotrophs ) are typically plants or algae . Plants and algae do not usually eat other organisms , but pull nutrients from the soil or the ocean and manufacture their own food using photosynthesis . For this reason , they are called primary producers . In this way , it is energy from the sun that usually powers the base of the food chain . An exception occurs in deep - sea hydrothermal ecosystems , where there is no sunlight . Here primary producers manufacture food through a process called chemosynthesis . Consumers ( heterotrophs ) are species that can not manufacture their own food and need to consume other organisms . Animals that eat primary producers ( like plants ) are called herbivores . Animals that eat other animals are called carnivores , and animals that eat both plant and other animals are called omnivores . Decomposers ( detritivores ) break down dead plant and animal material and wastes and release it again as energy and nutrients into the ecosystem for recycling . Decomposers , such as bacteria and fungi ( mushrooms ) , feed on waste and dead matter , converting it into inorganic chemicals that can be recycled as mineral nutrients for plants to use again . Trophic levels can be represented by numbers , starting at level 1 with plants . Further trophic levels are numbered subsequently according to how far the organism is along the food chain . Level 1 : Plants and algae make their own food and are called primary producers . Level 2 : Herbivores eat plants and are called primary consumers . Level 3 : Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers . Level 4 : Carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers . Level 5 : Apex predators that have no predators are at the top of the food chain . Second trophic level Rabbits eat plants at the first trophic level , so they are primary consumers . Third trophic level Foxes eat rabbits at the second trophic level , so they are secondary consumers . Fourth trophic level Golden eagles eat foxes at the third trophic level , so they are tertiary consumers . Decomposers The fungi on this tree feed on dead matter , converting it back to nutrients that primary producers can use . In real world ecosystems , there is more than one food chain for most organisms , since most organisms eat more than one kind of food or are eaten by more than one type of predator . A diagram that sets out the intricate network of intersecting and overlapping food chains for an ecosystem is called its food web . Decomposers are often left off food webs , but if included , they mark the end of a food chain . Thus food chains start with primary producers and end with decay and decomposers . Since decomposers recycle nutrients , leaving them so they can be reused by primary producers , they are sometimes regarded as occupying their own trophic level . Biomass transfer efficiency ( edit ) An energy pyramid illustrates how much energy is needed as it flows upward to support the next trophic level . This diagram is not to scale , because only about 10 % of the energy transferred between each trophic level is converted to biomass . In general , each trophic level relates to the one below it by absorbing some of the energy it consumes , and in this way can be regarded as resting on , or supported by , the next lower trophic level . Food chains can be diagrammed to illustrate the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to the next in a food chain . This is called an energy pyramid . The energy transferred between levels can also be thought of as approximating to a transfer in biomass , so energy pyramids can also be viewed as biomass pyramids , picturing the amount of biomass that results at higher levels from biomass consumed at lower levels . The efficiency with which energy or biomass is transferred from one trophic level to the next is called the ecological efficiency . Consumers at each level convert on average only about 10 % of the chemical energy in their food to their own organic tissue ( the ten - percent law ) . For this reason , food chains rarely extend for more than 5 or 6 levels . At the lowest trophic level ( the bottom of the food chain ) , plants convert about 1 % of the sunlight they receive into chemical energy . It follows from this that the total energy originally present in the incident sunlight that is finally embodied in a tertiary consumer is about 0.001 % Evolution of trophic levels ( edit ) Both the number of trophic levels and the complexity of relationships between them evolve as life diversifies through time , the exception being intermittent mass extinction events . Fractional trophic levels ( edit ) Killer whales ( orca ) are apex predators but they are divided into separate populations hunting specific preys varying from tuna , small sharks , and seals . Food webs largely define ecosystems , and the trophic levels define the position of organisms within the webs . But these trophic levels are not always simple integers , because organisms often feed at more than one trophic level . For example , some carnivores also eat plants , and some plants are carnivores . A large carnivore may eat both smaller carnivores and herbivores ; the bobcat eats rabbits , but the mountain lion eats both bobcats and rabbits . Animals can also eat each other ; the bullfrog eats crayfish and crayfish eat young bullfrogs . The feeding habits of a juvenile animal , and , as a consequence , its trophic level , can change as it grows up . The fisheries scientist Daniel Pauly sets the values of trophic levels to one in plants and detritus , two in herbivores and detritivores ( primary consumers ) , three in secondary consumers , and so on . The definition of the trophic level , TL , for any consumer species is : T L i = 1 + ∑ j ( T L j ⋅ D C i j ) ( \ displaystyle TL_ ( i ) = 1 + \ sum _ ( j ) ( TL_ ( j ) \ cdot DC_ ( ij ) ) \ ! ) where T L j ( \ displaystyle TL_ ( j ) ) is the fractional trophic level of the prey j , and D C i j ( \ displaystyle DC_ ( ij ) ) represents the fraction of j in the diet of i . In the case of marine ecosystems , the trophic level of most fish and other marine consumers takes value between 2.0 and 5.0 . The upper value , 5.0 , is unusual , even for large fish , though it occurs in apex predators of marine mammals , such as polar bears and killer whales . In addition to observational studies of animal behavior , and quantification of animal stomach contents , trophic level can be quantified through stable isotope analysis of animal tissues such as muscle , skin , hair , bone collagen . This is because there is a consistent increase in the nitrogen isotopic composition at each trophic level caused by fractionations that occur with the synthesis of biomolecules ; the magnitude of this increase in nitrogen isotopic composition is approximately 3 -- 4 ‰ . Mean trophic level ( edit ) The mean trophic level of the world fisheries catch has steadily declined because many high trophic level fish , such as this tuna , have been overfished In fisheries , the mean trophic level for the fisheries catch across an entire area or ecosystem is calculated for year y as : T L y = ∑ i ( T L i ⋅ Y i y ) ∑ i Y i y ( \ displaystyle TL_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i ) ( TL_ ( i ) \ cdot Y_ ( iy ) ) ) ( \ sum _ ( i ) Y_ ( iy ) ) ) ) where Y i y ( \ displaystyle Y_ ( iy ) ) is the catch of the species or group i in year y , and T L i ( \ displaystyle TL_ ( i ) ) is the trophic level for species i as defined above . Fish at higher trophic levels usually have a higher economic value , which can result in overfishing at the higher trophic levels . Earlier reports found precipitous declines in mean trophic level of fisheries catch , in a process known as fishing down the food web . However , more recent work finds no relation between economic value and trophic level ; and that mean trophic levels in catches , surveys and stock assessments have not in fact declined , suggesting that fishing down the food web is not a global phenomenon . However Pauly et al. note that trophic levels peaked at 3.4 in 1970 in the northwest and west - central Atlantic , followed by a subsequent decline to 2.9 in 1994 . They report a shift away from long - lived , piscivorous , high - trophic - level bottom fishes , such as cod and haddock , to short - lived , planktivorous , low - trophic - level invertebrates ( e.g. , shrimps ) and small , pelagic fish ( e.g. , herrings ) . This shift from high - trophic - level fishes to low - trophic - level invertebrates and fishes is a response to changes in the relative abundance of the preferred catch . They argue this is part of the global fishery collapse . FiB index ( edit ) Since biomass transfer efficiencies are only about 10 % , it follows that the rate of biological production is much greater at lower trophic levels than it is at higher levels . Fisheries catches , at least to begin with , will tend to increase as the trophic level declines . At this point the fisheries will target species lower in the food web . In 2000 , this led Pauly and others to construct a `` Fisheries in Balance '' index , usually called the FiB index . The FiB index is defined , for any year y , by F i B y = log ⁡ Y y / ( T E ) T L y Y 0 / ( T E ) T L 0 ( \ displaystyle FiB_ ( y ) = \ log ( \ frac ( Y_ ( y ) / ( TE ) ^ ( TL_ ( y ) ) ) ( Y_ ( 0 ) / ( TE ) ^ ( TL_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ) where Y y ( \ displaystyle Y_ ( y ) ) is the catch at year y , T L y ( \ displaystyle ( TL ) _ ( y ) ) is the mean trophic level of the catch at year y , Y 0 ( \ displaystyle Y_ ( 0 ) ) is the catch , T L 0 ( \ displaystyle ( TL ) _ ( 0 ) ) the mean trophic level of the catch at the start of the series being analyzed , and T E ( \ displaystyle TE ) is the transfer efficiency of biomass or energy between trophic levels . The FiB index is stable ( zero ) over periods of time when changes in trophic levels are matched by appropriate changes in the catch in the opposite direction . The index increases if catches increase for any reason , e.g. higher fish biomass , or geographic expansion . Such decreases explain the `` backward - bending '' plots of trophic level versus catch originally observed by Pauly and others in 1998 . Tritrophic and other interactions ( edit ) One aspect of trophic levels is called tritrophic interaction . Ecologists often restrict their research to two trophic levels as a way of simplifying the analysis ; however , this can be misleading if tritrophic interactions ( such as plant -- herbivore -- predator ) are not easily understood by simply adding pairwise interactions ( plant -- herbivore plus herbivore -- predator , for example ) . Significant interactions can occur between the first trophic level ( plant ) and the third trophic level ( a predator ) in determining herbivore population growth , for example . Simple genetic changes may yield morphological variants in plants that then differ in their resistance to herbivores because of the effects of the plant architecture on enemies of the herbivore . Plants can also develop defenses against herbivores such as chemical defenses . Examples ( edit ) Depending on the nature of the species the precise trophic level of the species may be somewhat ambiguous and its precise value may vary depending on the source . Virtually all plants as well as phytoplankton and similar organisms are classified at level 1.0 . Most worms would be typically classified at level 2.1 ; a typical insect 2.2 ; a jellyfish 3.0 ; a typical bird 3.6 ; a typical small mammal 4.1 . A 2013 study published in the National Academy of Sciences estimates the average trophic level of human beings at 2.21 , similar to pigs or anchovy . Of course this is only an average , and plainly both modern and ancient human eating habits are complex and vary greatly . For example , a traditional Eskimo living on a diet consisting primarily of seals would have a trophic level of nearly 5 . See also ( edit ) Cascade effect Energy flow ( ecology ) Mesopredator release hypothesis Trophic cascade Trophic state index -- applied to lakes Trophic dynamics -- Food web References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of TROPHIC '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Science of Earth Systems . Cengage Learning . 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7668 - 3391 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Ecology of Deep - sea Hydrothermal Vents . Princeton University Press . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04929 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lisowski M , Miaoulis I , Cyr M , Jones LC , Padilla MJ , Wellnitz TR ( 2004 ) Prentice Hall Science Explorer : Environmental Science , Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 115090 - 4 ^ Jump up to : American Heritage Science Dictionary , 2005 . Houghton Mifflin Company . ^ Jump up to : Pauly , D. ; Palomares , M.L. ( 2005 ) . `` Fishing down marine food webs : it is far more pervasive than we thought '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of Marine Science . 76 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Sahney , S. & Benton , M.J. ( 2008 ) . `` Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Royal Society : Biological . 275 ( 1636 ) : 759 -- 65 . PMC 2596898 . PMID 18198148 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2007.1370 . Jump up ^ Odum WE and Heald EJ ( 1975 ) `` The detritus - based food web of an estuarine mangrove community '' . Pages 265 -- 286 in L.E. Cronin , ed . Estuarine research . Vol. 1 . Academic Press , New York . Jump up ^ Pimm , SL ; Lawton , JH ( 1978 ) . `` On feeding on more than one trophic level '' . Nature . 275 ( 5680 ) : 542 -- 544 . doi : 10.1038 / 275542a0 . Jump up ^ Cortés , E ( 1999 ) . `` Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of sharks '' . ICES J. Mar . Sci. 56 ( 5 ) : 707 -- 717 . doi : 10.1006 / jmsc. 1999.0489 . ^ Jump up to : Pauly , D ; Trites , A ; Capuli , E ; Christensen , V ( 1998 ) . `` Diet composition and trophic levels of marine mammals '' . ICES J. Mar . Sci. 55 ( 3 ) : 467 -- 481 . doi : 10.1006 / jmsc. 1997.0280 . Jump up ^ Szpak , Paul ; Orchard , Trevor J. ; McKechnie , Iain ; Gröcke , Darren R. ( 2012 ) . `` Historical Ecology of Late Holocene Sea Otters ( Enhydra lutris ) from Northern British Columbia : Isotopic and Zooarchaeological Perspectives '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 39 ( 5 ) : 1553 -- 1571 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2011.12. 006 . Jump up ^ Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( 2005 ) Ecosystems and Human Well - being : Synthesis Island Press . pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Sethi , SA ; Branch , TA ; Watson , R ( 2010 ) . `` Global fishery development patterns are driven by profit but not trophic level '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 107 ( 27 ) : 12163 -- 12167 . PMC 2901455 . PMID 20566867 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1003236107 . Jump up ^ Branch , TA ; Watson , Reg ; Fulton , Elizabeth A. ; Jennings , Simon ; McGilliard , Carey R. ; Pablico , Grace T. ; Ricard , Daniel ; Tracey , Sean R. ( 2010 ) . `` Trophic fingerprint of marine fisheries '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 468 ( 7322 ) : 431 -- 435 . PMID 21085178 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09528 . ^ Jump up to : Pauly , D ; Christensen v , V ; Dalsgaard , J ; Froese , R ; Torres Jr , FC Jr ( 1998 ) . `` Fishing down marine food webs '' . Science . 279 ( 5352 ) : 860 -- 863 . PMID 9452385 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 279.5352. 860 . Jump up ^ Pauly , D ; Christensen , V ; Walters , C ( 2000 ) . `` Ecopath , Ecosim and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem impact of fisheries '' . ICES J. Mar . Sci. 57 ( 3 ) : 697 -- 706 . doi : 10.1006 / jmsc. 2000.0726 . Jump up ^ Kareiva , Peter ; Sahakian , Robert ( 1990 ) . `` Letters to Nature : Tritrophic effects of a simple architectural mutation in pea plants '' . Nature . 35 ( 6274 ) : 433 -- 434 . doi : 10.1038 / 345433a0 . Jump up ^ PW Price ; CE Bouton ; P Gross ; BA McPheron ; JN Thompson ; Weis , and A.E. ( 1980 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Interactions Among Three Trophic Levels : Influence of Plants on Interactions Between Insect Herbivores and Natural Enemies '' . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 11 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 65 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. es. 11.110180. 000353 . Jump up ^ `` Fish On Line '' . FishBase . chapter = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Yirka , Bob ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Eating up the world 's food web and the human trophic level '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 110 : 20617 -- 20620 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1305827110 . Lay summary -- Phys.org . Jump up ^ Campbell , Bernard Grant ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . Human Ecology : The Story of Our Place in Nature from Prehistory to the Present . p. 12 . ISBN 9780202366609 . External links ( edit ) Trophic levels BBC . Last updated March 2004 . Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense / counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - 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based models Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic animals ( Insects Mammals ) Aquatic plants Aquatic science Benthos Biodiversity research Bioluminescence Biomass Biomonitoring Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Camouflage and mimicry Dead zone Ecohydrology Ecosystems Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Isotope analysis Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Nekton Neuston Particle Pelagic zone Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Pleuston Predation Productivity Ramsar Convention Respiration Schooling Sediment trap Siltation Spawning Substrate Thermal pollution Toxicology Trophic level Water column Zooplankton More ... 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Marine life Bacteriophages Census Fish coastal coral reef deep sea demersal pelagic Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep - water coral Invertebrates Larvae Mammals Marine life Microorganisms Paradox of the plankton Reptiles Seabirds Seashore wildlife Vertebrates Wild fisheries Marine habitats Bay mud Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetlands Kelp forests Hydrothermal vents Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflats Rocky shores Salt marshes Salt pannes and pools Seagrass meadows Sponge grounds Sponge reefs Tide pools Issues Ecological values of mangroves Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trophic_level&oldid=800310855 '' Categories : Fisheries Ecology Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 18 : 55 . 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how many times has a nfl teams lost every game

A winless season is a regular season in which a sports team fails to win any of their games . The antithesis of a perfect season , this ignominy has been suffered twelve times in professional American football , six times in arena football , three times in professional Canadian football , once each in American professional lacrosse and box lacrosse , more than twenty - five times in major Australian football leagues , thirteen times in top - level rugby league , at least twice in top - level rugby union , and twice in English county cricket .

twelve times

List of winless seasons

list of winless seasons

A winless season is a regular season in which a sports team fails to win any of their games . The antithesis of a perfect season , this ignominy has been suffered twelve times in professional American football , six times in arena football , three times in professional Canadian football , once each in American professional lacrosse and box lacrosse , more than twenty - five times in major Australian football leagues , thirteen times in top - level rugby league , at least twice in top - level rugby union , and twice in English county cricket .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Gridiron football 1.1 National Football League 1.1. 1 8 or more games 1.1. 2 7 games or fewer 1.2 Arena Football League 1.3 United Football League 1.4 World League of American Football 1.5 Other American football leagues 1.6 Canadian Football League 1.6. 1 CFL teams with no wins in a season ( based on official CFL site ) 2 National Pro Grid League 2.1 NPGL teams with no wins in a season ( based on NPGL site ) 3 Lacrosse 4 Other North American leagues 4.1 Major League Soccer 4.2 National Basketball Association 4.2. 1 Women 's National Basketball Association 4.2. 2 United States Basketball League 4.2. 3 British Basketball League 4.3 National Hockey League 4.4 Major League Baseball 5 Australian rules football 5.1 VFL / AFL 5.1. 1 VFL / AFL teams with no wins in a season 5.2 SANFL 5.3 WAFL 5.4 VFA / VFL 5.4. 1 1897 - 1995 5.4. 2 1996 - present 6 Rugby league 6.1 Great Britain 6.2 Australia 7 Rugby union 8 Cricket 8.1 County cricket 8.2 International first - class cricket 8.3 International one - day and Twenty20 cricket 9 Netball 10 Association football 11 Ice hockey 12 Notes 13 References Gridiron Football ( edit ) Because of the relatively small number of games played in college and professional football seasons , there is a possibility that a particularly inept team will not manage to win any games . Before overtime was used consistently , teams might tie a game without winning one ; these are generally counted in lists of winless seasons . This is because , during eras before overtime was introduced to American football , leagues generally ignored tied games when calculating winning percentage . National Football League ( edit ) 8 or more games ( edit ) Year Team Wins Losses Ties Strength of Schedule Remarks 2017 Cleveland Browns 0 16 0 0.520 Ties the 2008 Detroit Lions for most losses in a single season . Coincidentally , both had perfect 4 -- 0 preseasons , and lost the final game of the regular season to a heated division rival on the road . First NFL franchise to have multiple seasons with 15 or more losses , going 1 -- 31 over two seasons , with their only win in week 16 of the 2016 season . 2008 Detroit Lions 0 16 0 0.559 Detroit was the first non-expansion team to lose every game in a full season since World War II . This was their second winless season in franchise history ( 1942 , see below ) . With this season , The Lions became only the second NFL franchise with two full winless seasons ( and the only one still in existence ) . 1982 Baltimore Colts 0 8 0.648 Strike - shortened season . 1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 14 0 0.520 Debut season ; went on to lose the first 12 games of the 1977 season as well , to start 0 -- 26 as a franchise . 1960 Dallas Cowboys 0 11 0.540 Debut season . 1944 Brooklyn Tigers 0 10 0 0.645 Suspended operations after the season , and did not return to the league after World War II ended . 1944 Card - Pitt 0 10 0 0.650 Merger between Chicago Cardinals and the Pittsburgh Steelers due to player shortages during World War II ; the Steelers themselves merged with the Philadelphia Eagles the previous year for the same reasons . Also , the Steagles were the only team the Steelers had merged and won games with the Eagles . 1943 Chicago Cardinals 0 10 0 0.595 If one includes the 1944 Card - Pitt team ( see above ) , the Cardinals are the only NFL team to have back - to - back full seasons without a victory . ( The league , however , considers Card - Pitt and the Cardinals to be separate franchises . ) 1942 Detroit Lions 0 11 0 0.541 This was the first NFL season during U.S. involvement in World War II , leading to a depletion of the player talent pool . There were talks of suspending play . However , it was ultimately decided to continue operations to boost morale on the home front . 1934 Cincinnati Reds 0 8 0 0.608 Folded before the season was over . 1925 Columbus Tigers 0 9 0 0.649 First franchise with more than one full winless season ( the Tigers folded after the 1926 campaign ) . 1922 Columbus Panhandles 0 8 0 0.531 The Rochester Jeffersons went a combined 0 -- 21 -- 2 from 1922 to 1925 , but played only partial NFL schedules in those years ( 0 -- 4 -- 1 , 0 -- 4 , 0 -- 7 and 0 -- 6 -- 1 , respectively ) . They also had another winless season in 1911 going 0 -- 1 -- 3 in the New York Pro Football League . Source : Worst NFL Teams of all time ( ESPN ) 7 games or fewer ( edit ) Year Team Wins Losses Ties Strength of schedule Remarks 1929 Dayton Triangles 0 6 0 0.656 Dayton 's final season . The third and consecutive winless seasons for Dayton . Their final win was in 1927 then consecutively went 0 -- 18 -- 1 losing every game in their final two seasons . 1928 Dayton Triangles 0 7 0 0.625 The second winless season for Dayton . 1927 Buffalo Bisons 0 5 0 0.456 The Bisons consecutively went 0 -- 13 -- 2 through a three - season span . 1926 Hammond Pros 0 0 0.537 The second winless season for Hammond . 1926 Louisville Colonels 0 0 0.546 Louisville changed their name from the Brecks to the Colonels making this the franchise 's third winless season and going 1 - 12 -- 0 in their four seasons . 1925 Rochester Jeffersons 0 6 0.609 The fourth consecutive winless season for the Jeffersons . They went 0 -- 21 -- 2 through this span . 1925 Dayton Triangles 0 7 0.663 1925 Duluth Kelleys 0 0 0.621 1925 Milwaukee Badgers 0 6 0 0.708 1924 Kenosha Maroons 0 0.612 Only season . 1924 Minneapolis Marines 0 6 0 0.650 Consecutively went 0 - 9 - 2 through a three - season span . 1924 Rochester Jeffersons 0 6 0 0.594 The third consecutive winless season for the Jeffersons . 1923 Louisville Brecks 0 0 0.544 The second winless season for Louisville in their third season , and only having one win in the previous season . 1923 Rochester Jeffersons 0 0 0.550 The second consecutive winless season for the Jeffersons . 1922 Evansville Crimson Giants 0 0 0.567 1922 Rochester Jeffersons 0 0.590 1922 Hammond Pros 0 0.526 1921 Tonawanda Kardex 0 0 0.400 Only NFL season . 1921 Muncie Flyers 0 0 0.444 The second winless season in a row . The Flyers finished their NFL franchise record as 0 -- 3 . 1921 Louisville Brecks 0 0 0.285 1921 New York Brickley Giants 0 0 0.650 Only Season . 1920 Muncie Flyers 0 0 0.700 Arena Football League ( edit ) The previously shorter length of seasons in arena football made imperfect seasons quite possible . The following teams went through an Arena Football League season without winning a game : Year Team Played Remarks 1989 Maryland Commandos Only year branded as the Maryland Commandos . 1991 Columbus Thunderbolts 10 Moved to Cleveland the following year . New Orleans Night 10 Team ceased operations after season . Milwaukee Mustangs 12 First winless team to remain in same city during following season . Went to 10 -- 4 in 1996 . Folded in 2001 . Memphis Pharaohs 14 Relocated twice , firstly as the Portland Forest Dragons from 1997 and then as the Oklahoma Wranglers . Folded in 2001 . 2003 Carolina Cobras 16 Went to 6 -- 10 the following season . Folded in 2004 . In 2001 , the Columbus Wardogs of AF2 , the minor league of the AFL , made history becoming the first American football team to go 0 -- 16 . United Football League ( edit ) The United Football League had one winless season . In their inaugural season , the 2009 New York Sentinels lost all six of their games . The team , which was a traveling team that played games in Hartford , Long Island and New Jersey ( and had intended to play a game in New York City but backed out ) , fired its head coach and settled permanently in Hartford to become the Hartford Colonials . Under the UFL 's double round robin format , only one team could finish any particular season entirely with losses , since every team played each other at least twice . World League of American Football ( edit ) The 1991 inaugural season of the World League of American Football saw the Raleigh - Durham Skyhawks fold after losing all ten of their regular - season games . The following year , the WLAF replaced that franchise with the Ohio Glory who almost met the same fate but managed one win in their lone season . Other American Football leagues ( edit ) Since non-professional , semi-professional and minor league teams are inherently unstable in their membership , it is far easier for seasons in which a team wins no games to occur . In the case of non-professional teams , neither mechanisms to force a team to shut down against its will , nor effective drafts or revenue sharing mechanisms to distribute talent evenly among teams typically exist , leading to poor teams accumulating multiple winless seasons . Four teams in football history have both lost all their games and failed to score a single point in an entire season ; all played eight games or less . The 1938 Clintonville Four Wheel Drive Truckers failed to score a point in a nine - game season , but managed two 0 -- 0 ties . There are at least twelve teams who have accumulated losing streaks of 20 games or more ; there are also four teams who have accumulated seasons of all losses with at least 13 games . In the case of minor professional football , particularly in indoor football leagues , winless seasons often result from an owner 's abandonment or other financial hardship . The American Indoor Football Association had at least one winless team in five out of six seasons . The National Indoor Football League went its first three seasons without a winless season , but beginning in 2004 , at least one team went winless every year until the league 's collapse in 2007 . Though the Spring Football League had two teams with winless seasons ( the Los Angeles Dragons and the Miami Tropics ) , and the Stars Football League had one such team ( the traveling 2011 Michigan Coyotes ) , they are almost never mentioned in discussions of perfect and perfectly bad seasons , since those teams only played two games each before the seasons were cut short . AF2 was the minor league of the Arena Football League . In 2001 , the Columbus Wardogs made history becoming the first American football team to finish a season 0 -- 16 . The Legends Football League ( originally Lingerie Football League ) , whose seasons are only three to four games long for each team , has had eight teams with perfectly bad seasons in three years of play . One such team , the Toronto Triumph , did not win a game in either of their competing seasons in 2011 and 2012 . The Princeton Tigers sprint football squad , a team consisting of players under 172 pounds , sustained 16 consecutive winless seasons before Princeton University shut the team down in 2015 , citing safety concerns in allowing players to play on a team so heavily outmatched . Canadian Football League ( edit ) The Canadian Football League currently has a regular season of eighteen games ; from 1952 to 1985 it was generally sixteen games as with the current NFL season , though those teams in the Eastern Division played only fourteen as late as 1973 . Also , the CFL did not adopt interdivisional regular season play until the early 1960s . Consequently , especially given the much smaller number of teams playing , there have been fewer imperfect seasons than in the National Football League , with the exception of the first decade or so when fewer games were played . CFL teams with no wins in a season ( based on official CFL site ) ( edit ) Year Team Games Wins Losses Ties Comments 1949 Hamilton Wildcats 12 0 12 0 Merged with the Hamilton Tigers for 1950 season 1946 Hamilton Wildcats 12 0 10 1941 Montreal Royals 6 0 6 0 Did not resume when Canadian football recommenced after World War II . 1939 Montreal Royals 6 0 5 1938 Edmonton Eskimos 8 0 8 0 1938 Montreal Royals 6 0 6 0 National Pro Grid League ( edit ) The National Pro Grid League has a short season of 3 to 4 games per team plus a 4 to 8 team playoff . The Los Angeles Reign did not win one game during the first three seasons of the league . NPGL teams with no wins in a season ( based on NPGL site ) ( edit ) Season Team Games Wins Losses Comments 2016 LA Reign 0 2015 LA Reign 0 2014 LA Reign 0 Including one playoff loss . Lacrosse ( edit ) Seasons in the National Lacrosse League and its predecessors Major Indoor Lacrosse League and Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League have varied from eight games in the first years of competition to sixteen games today , with the extension having been gradual . The Charlotte Cobras , who played only one season before folding , are the only team in the history of the NLL to have not won a game in a season . In their sole 1996 season they played twelve games and lost them all , before folding . In Major League Lacrosse , the season has consisted of either twelve or fourteen games since the league was formed in 2001 . The only winless season in Major League Lacrosse has been by the 2006 Chicago Machine , who went 0 -- 12 and lost an MLL record thirteen consecutive games . Other North American leagues ( edit ) In the other major professional sports leagues of North America it is virtually impossible that a team could lose all its games , for the simple reason that there are many more games in the regular season than in football or lacrosse . Major League Soccer ( edit ) The Major League Soccer schedule has consisted of between twenty - six and thirty - four games . No team in Major League Soccer has ever come close to losing all its games : the most losses in a MLS season is 24 from 32 games by the Kansas City Wizards in 1999 , the year when the league used shootouts to decide all tied games . Shootouts were abandoned the following season . In 2013 , D.C. United set new MLS records in futility . They won a league low three games , and lost a record 24 games , tying the aforementioned Wizards . National basketball association ( edit ) Since the 1967 -- 68 season , the National Basketball Association 's regular season schedule has been 82 games long ( except 1998 -- 99 , 50 games and 2011 -- 12 , 66 games due to lockouts ) . It has been as few as 48 games long , but eventually expanded to an 82 - game schedule . The 2011 -- 12 Charlotte Bobcats hold the record for the lowest winning percentage of any team in an NBA season , winning only 7 out of 66 games in a lockout - shortened season , for a winning percentage of . 106 . This broke the record held by the 1972 -- 73 Philadelphia 76ers , who had a winning percentage of . 110 in a full 82 - game season . The 1947 -- 48 Providence Steamrollers won an all - time NBA low of six games out of 48 (. 125 winning percentage ) . The 1953 -- 54 Baltimore Bullets went 0 -- 20 on the road . More recently , the 1990 -- 91 Sacramento Kings managed a near - imperfect road season , winning only one of 41 away games . Overall , the Kings lost 43 consecutive road games before beating the Orlando Magic 95 -- 93 on November 23 , 1991 . Women 's National basketball association ( edit ) Since its formation in 1997 , the WNBA regular season has been gradually increased from 30 to the current 34 - game schedule . No team has gone through a WNBA season without winning a game ; the fewest wins in a WNBA season has been three by the 1998 Washington Mystics in their first season , and the 2011 Tulsa Shock . Two other expansion WNBA teams , the 2008 Atlanta Dream at 4 -- 30 and the 2006 Chicago Sky at 5 -- 29 have come closest to this record . United states basketball League ( edit ) The Atlantic City Seagulls of the ( now defunct ) summertime , minor league USBL finished the 2001 season with an 0 -- 28 record . It was quite a turnaround for the franchise , as they were dominant in the USBL just a few years earlier ; the Seagulls were USBL runners - up in 1996 , then swept to three straight titles in 1997 -- 99 . In 2000 , the Seagulls slipped to 12 -- 18 , fourth place , and were beaten in the first round of the playoffs ; after their winless 2001 campaign , the Seagulls folded . British basketball League ( edit ) In 2013 , Mersey Tigers became the first top - flight British basketball team to go a whole season winless . This record of 0 -- 33 in the regular season of the 2012 -- 13 BBL Championship , was completed with a 90 -- 57 loss away to Glasgow Rocks , but can also be extended to include their complete season of 0 -- 35 ( defeats in the first round of the BBL Cup and BBL Trophy ) . The defeat in the BBL Trophy was also significant because they fell at this stage to EBL Division One side , Worthing Thunder , and in doing so , it was the first time a BBL side had been knocked out from a competition by an EBL team . They also currently hold the longest losing streak of 34 consecutive defeats in the BBL Championship . National Hockey League ( edit ) The National Hockey League 's schedule , like that of the NBA , consists of 82 games . Since the 2004 -- 05 lockout , teams receive two points for a win , one point for a loss in overtime or a shootout , and zero points for a loss in regulation time . From 1997 until 2004 , teams received two points for a win , one point for a tie or overtime loss , and zero points for a regulation loss . Prior to 1997 , teams received two points for a win , one point for a tie , and no points for a loss . From 1997 to 2004 , NHL standings tables had four columns : W -- L -- T -- OTL . From 2005 to 2010 , it was reduced to three , W -- L -- OTL ; in 2011 , a `` regulation / overtime win '' column ( ROW ) was added , which excludes shootout wins ; it does not change the point totals , but does serve as the second tiebreaker ( after games played ; since all teams play 82 games by the season 's end barring any unreschedulable cancellations , it becomes the first tiebreaker at season 's end ) . No team has ever come close to losing every game in an NHL season ; the worst record is by the 1974 -- 75 Washington Capitals who went 8 -- 67 -- 5 ( 8 wins , 67 losses , 5 ties ) . The 1974 -- 75 Capitals and 1992 -- 93 Ottawa Senators hold the record for fewest wins on the road with one . The NHL played an 80 - game season in 1974 -- 75 , whereas in 1992 -- 93 the schedule consisted of 84 games , thus giving the Senators the percentage record for worst road record . The Senators also set a record by losing their first 38 consecutive road games ( the Senators ' road statistics include a neutral site game played in Hamilton , Ontario , in which the Senators were considered the road team ) . Major League baseball ( edit ) Since the early 1960s , the schedule of both leagues of Major League Baseball has been 162 games long , and before that it was 154 games long . With such a schedule , it is practically impossible for a team to finish with a winless season . The sabermetric baseball statistic Wins Above Replacement is calculated on the premise that even a team consisting entirely of replacement - level players is expected to win a baseline minimum number of games ( typically 40 - 50 depending primarily on the caliber of the team 's division ) per 162 game season . The closest to a perfectly imperfect season in the National League was the infamous 1899 Cleveland Spiders season , who finished with a record of 20 - 134 after its roster was looted by the owners of the team , who then stacked the best players onto the St. Louis Perfectos . With a win percentage of . 130 , the Spiders are ( as of 2016 ) the last of three major league teams to have finished a season below the Mendoza line (. 200 ) in win percentage ; the others were the 1889 Louisville Colonels (. 196 ) , and the 1890 Pittsburgh Alleghenys (. 169 ) , whose best players had jumped to the Pittsburgh Burghers of the newly formed Player 's League . Since the establishment of the American League in 1901 , the teams to have come closest to imperfection are the 1916 Philadelphia Athletics ( 36 -- 117 ) , the 1935 Boston Braves ( 38 -- 115 ) , the 1962 New York Mets ( 40 -- 120 ) and the 2003 Detroit Tigers ( 43 -- 119 ) . Australian rules Football ( edit ) VFL / AFL ( edit ) In the Australian Football League ( until 1990 called the Victorian Football League ) , seasons have ranged from twelve games per team ( in 1916 , when only four teams competed due to World War I ) to 22 games ( since 1970 , except for 1993 when 20 games were played ) , with most seasons being of 18 or 22 games duration . VFL / AFL teams with no wins in a season ( edit ) Season Team Wins Losses Draws Remarks 1897 St Kilda 0 14 0 Did not win a match until Round 1 of 1900 1898 St Kilda 0 17 0 1899 St Kilda 0 17 0 VFL / AFL record low percentage of 23.2 ( scored only 323 points and conceded 1,391 ) 1902 St Kilda 0 17 0 Full forward Charlie Baker won the VFL Leading Goalkicker Medal despite the team being winless 1913 University 0 18 0 Full forward Roy Park won the VFL Leading Goalkicker Medal despite the team being winless 1914 University 0 18 0 Dropped out of competition and folded at the end of the season ; reformed in 1919 and have competed in amateur football since 1919 Melbourne 0 16 0 Melbourne 's first season in the VFL after being in recess from 1916 - 1918 due to World War I 1926 North Melbourne 0 17 1928 Hawthorn 0 18 0 1931 North Melbourne 0 18 0 1934 North Melbourne 0 18 0 1950 Hawthorn 0 18 0 1964 Fitzroy 0 18 0 SANFL ( edit ) In the South Australian National Football League , season length has varied from twelve games to 22 . Since 2015 , teams have played 18 games per season . Season Team Wins Losses Draws Remarks 1898 West Adelaide 0 14 0 First season in SAFL . 1906 West Adelaide 0 12 0 1908 Sturt 0 12 0 1909 South Adelaide 0 12 0 1921 Glenelg 0 14 0 First season in SAFL ; did not record first win until Round 1 of 1925 . 1922 Glenelg 0 14 0 1923 Glenelg 0 14 0 1924 Glenelg 0 14 0 1926 South Adelaide 0 13 1933 West Adelaide 0 17 0 1948 South Adelaide 0 17 0 1950 South Adelaide 0 17 0 1964 Central District 0 20 0 First season in SANFL . 1995 Sturt 0 22 0 The first ( and to date only ) 0 - 22 season in a major Australian rules football league . Wafl ( edit ) The West Australian Football League has existed within Western Australia under various monikers since 1885 , and until the 1980s was of equivalent standard to the VFL and SANFL . Its season was originally around six to nine games in length , later increasing to 21 games , and from 2018 is 18 . Season Team Wins Losses Draws Remarks 1899 Rovers 0 8 0 Folded during season ; Perth played the remaining fixtures . 1902 Subiaco 0 15 0 1905 Subiaco 0 10 0 Played fewer games than rival league clubs due to financial difficulties . 1917 Midland Junction 0 12 0 Disbanded at end of season . 1999 Peel 0 20 0 VFA / VFL ( edit ) 1897 - 1995 ( edit ) From the time of the formation of the Victorian Football League in 1896 until it was dissolved in 1995 , the VFA was the second - tier club competition in Victoria . Its home - and - away season varied erratically from 12 to 22 games in length . Season Team Wins Losses Draws VFA Division Remarks 1898 Brunswick 0 15 0 Single 1903 Essendon Town 0 18 0 Single 1904 Preston 0 18 0 Single 1910 Preston 0 18 0 Single 1912 Melbourne City 0 18 0 Single First season in the VFA . 1913 Melbourne City 0 18 0 Single Folded at the end of the season . 1941 Sandringham 0 18 0 Single Conceded then - record score of 43.29 ( 287 ) . 1951 Box Hill 0 19 Single First season in VFA . 1961 Brighton 0 18 0 Second Nearly folded at the end of the season before reforming as Brighton - Caulfield . 1973 Box Hill 0 18 0 Second 1977 Box Hill 0 18 0 Second 1981 Sunshine 0 18 0 Second Waverley 0 18 0 First 1986 Camberwell 0 18 0 First 1986 Mordialloc 0 18 0 Second 1989 Camberwell 0 18 0 Single Defeated Sunshine in Round 4 , but Sunshine dropped out of the VFA and folded after eight games , with their record being expunged . Camberwell 0 18 0 Single Dropped out of the VFA and folded before the start of the following season . 1993 Coburg 0 18 0 Single Lost 29 consecutive matches between 1992 -- 1994 . 1995 Williamstown 0 16 0 Single 1996 - present ( edit ) After 1995 , the VFA was replaced by the current Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , which serves as a state league and feeder to the AFL . Season Team Wins Losses Draws Remarks 2001 Bendigo 0 20 0 2002 Bendigo 0 19 2009 Bendigo 0 18 0 2013 Bendigo 0 18 0 2014 Bendigo 0 18 0 Dropped out of league and folded at the end of the season . 2015 Frankston 0 18 0 Rugby League ( edit ) Great britain ( edit ) In the Rugby Football League Championship , teams initially played a variable number of games , with the maximum ranging over time from 26 to 38 , and some teams playing as few as fourteen . In more modern times the fixture list has been standardised at 26 games per team . As a result of this fairly lengthy schedule , it has been almost impossible for British rugby league teams to lose all their games , with the only exception being during World War II 's so - called `` Wartime emergency League '' when teams were often able to arrange no more than ten games and some as few as five . The only two winless seasons since normal competition resumed after the war have been in the second and third divisions of the Championship . Season Team Wins Losses Draws Remarks 2006 Oldham 0 18 0 National League One Finished with a points difference of - 724 1991 -- 92 Nottingham City 0 26 0 Third Division Last season in league Finished with a points difference of - 1159 1989 -- 90 Runcorn Highfield 0 28 0 Second Division Renamed Highfield for following season ; still took five successive wooden spoons before disbanding in 1997 1941 -- 1942 Bramley 0 19 0 Left the league until 1945 -- 1946 1940 -- 1941 Broughton Rangers 0 10 0 `` Wartime Emergency Season '' Left the league until 1945 -- 1946 as Belle Vue Rangers before disbanding in 1955 . 1940 -- 1941 Leigh 0 13 0 `` Wartime Emergency Season '' Did not return until 1946 -- 1947 1906 -- 1907 Liverpool City 0 30 0 Scored only 76 points and conceded almost 1,400 . Australia ( edit ) In Australian rugby league seasons were initially between eight ( in the event of Kangaroo tours ) and sixteen games long , so that a very bad team could go through a season with only losses . As a result of the expansion of the NSWRL from 1947 onwards , the season has been lengthened gradually with a few intermissions . The following NSWRL teams up to 1966 did not win a single game : Season Team Wins Losses Draws Remarks 1966 Easts 0 18 0 Longest winless season in NSWRL / NRL history . Last season with 18 games : in 1967 the season expanded to 22 . Sequence of 29 winless games from Round 13 of 1965 . 1946 Souths 0 14 0 Lost 22 successive games after the death of Alf Blair during the 1944 / 1945 off - season . 1937 University 0 8 0 Team disbanded after season shortened by Kangaroo tour , having won only one game in three years ( 13 -- 11 against St. George in the last round of 1936 ) . 1935 University 0 16 0 Lost 42 consecutive games after winning 4 -- 3 in opening game of 1934 1921 University 0 8 0 Kangaroo tour shortened season . Won only one game in initial season of 1920 for a combined 1 -- 20 record . 1920 Annandale 0 13 0 Disbanded at end of season after having won only one game ( 8 -- 5 against Norths ) in three seasons . 1918 Annandale 0 14 0 Sequence of 27 winless games : won only twice in last four seasons Since 1967 , NSWRL and later NRL seasons have been between 22 and 26 games long ; thus it is much less likely a very bad team could lose every single one of its games . Rugby union ( edit ) Super Rugby , the Southern Hemisphere 's principal club competition , has seen two teams go through an entire season with no wins or draws . Both seasons were in the competition 's past incarnations of Super 12 and Super 14 , each name reflecting the number of competing teams . Under both Super 12 ( 1996 -- 2005 ) and Super 14 ( 2006 -- 2010 ) formats , each team played all other teams once , resulting in seasons of 11 and then 13 games . The competition became Super Rugby with the addition of a 15th team in 2011 . The season format was also heavily revamped ; the regular season now consists of 16 matches . The Super 12 and Super 14 eras each saw one team finish a season with only losses ; both teams with this dubious distinction are from South Africa . In 2002 , the Bulls , based in Pretoria , finished with 11 losses from 11 matches . The other imperfect season was that of the Johannesburg - based Lions in the final season of the Super 14 format in 2010 , who lost all 13 of their matches , while ending up with a final points difference of negative 300 . Cricket ( edit ) County cricket ( edit ) Main articles : Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 1884 and Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 1920 In English first - class county cricket , which has a history dating back to the early nineteenth century and was until the middle twentieth century up to the highest standard of the game , seasons have varied in length . Before the 1880s , they were generally less than ten matches in length and some `` first - class '' counties played only against one or two different opponents , so that a team losing all its games was not uncommon . Between 1887 and 1929 , seasons were gradually increased in length to a standard twenty - eight matches for all counties . However , because of the development and popularity of one - day cricket , seasons have been reduced to twenty - four games in 1969 and twenty in 1972 , though this was increased by two in 1977 and 1983 . With an increase to four days for all games , sixteen or seventeen games have been played since 1993 . Also , because of improvements to pitches via the heavy roller and covering to protect from rain , the proportion of games `` drawn '' ( not finished ) has steadily risen since the 1870s . Only two county teams have ever finished a season with only losses in a program of eight or more games : English First - Class County Teams Losing Every Game ( qualification 8 or more games ) Season Team Wins Losses Draws Remarks 1884 Derbyshire 0 10 0 Won only three games from 1884 to 1887 Lost every game in 1887 , but played only six games 1920 Derbyshire 0 17 0 One match , against Nottinghamshire , was abandoned without a ball bowled Teams losing or drawing every game in a first - class county season have been rather less exceptional , though by no means frequent : Other English First - Class County Teams with No Wins in a Season ( qualification 8 or more games ) Season Team Wins Losses Draws Remarks 1865 Yorkshire 0 6 Were to have an amazing rise due to the discovery of deadly fast bowlers Freeman and Emmett , winning every game in 1867 . 1871 Surrey 0 9 1877 Sussex 0 7 1886 Derbyshire 0 8 Was demoted from first - class status between 1888 and 1893 1897 Derbyshire 0 9 7 Lost two games by one wicket to power clubs Lancashire and Yorkshire 1900 Hampshire 0 16 6 Lost star batsman Robert Poore to the Boer War 1901 Derbyshire 0 13 7 1910 Somerset 0 15 Lost star bowler Bill Greswell to business in Ceylon . Two - year record in 1910 and 1911 was one win , 28 losses and five draws 1924 Derbyshire 0 13 11 1928 Worcestershire 0 19 11 Most matches and most losses by any winless county team . Played 54 county matches without a win between June 1927 and May 1929 . 1936 Northamptonshire 0 9 15 Did win one game against Sussex under `` one - innings '' rules after first two days washed out by rain 1937 Northamptonshire 0 16 8 Lost star batsman Fred Bakewell to a car crash and bowler `` Nobby '' Clark to loss of form 1938 Northamptonshire 0 17 7 Ninety - nine County Championship matches without a win between 14 May 1935 and 29 May 1939 1967 Nottinghamshire 0 24 Only team to be winless without finishing bottom 24 drawn matches is most in county cricket history ; four finished games is fewest in a season of more than sixteen games 1979 Glamorgan 0 10 11 1982 Warwickshire 0 8 14 Alvin Kallicharran was leading run - scorer in country , but bowling exceptionally weak with average of over 45 runs per wicket Durham 0 12 5 Won only one match in any competition ( four - day or one ) against a first - class opponent 2008 Surrey 0 5 10 First Division 2008 Gloucestershire 0 5 11 Second Division 2009 Worcestershire 0 10 6 First Division 2013 Leicestershire 0 8 8 Second Division 2014 Northamptonshire 0 12 First Division 2014 Leicestershire 0 10 6 Second Division . First back - to - back winless seasons by a county since the Second World War . There were no completely winless seasons in the Sunday League limited - overs competition during its history from 1969 to 2009 . International first - class cricket ( edit ) With the exception of the Sheffield Shield since the 1970s , most first - class cricket competitions outside England have either been knock - outs or of such short length that it becomes an everyday occurrence for a team to lose all its games . Some , such as the Ranji Trophy and most seasons of the Quaid - e-Azam Trophy , have indeed been knockout competitions , which typically use first innings lead to decide if a match is unfinished . There have still be some notable winless sequences in non-English first - class cricket : in the 1981 -- 1982 Quaid - e-Azam Trophy , Karachi lost all nine of its matches between 1959 -- 1960 and 1986 -- 1987 , Jammu and Kashmir played a total of 115 games without a win International one - day and twenty20 cricket ( edit ) In the 2012 -- 13 season of the Australian Big Bash League , the Sydney Thunder completed an imperfect season where they lost all their eight games despite possessing the likes of Chris Gayle . Netball ( edit ) In the ANZ Championship , which formed out of the old Commonwealth Bank Trophy in 2008 , seasons have been thirteen games . There has so far been one winless season , by the Central Pulse from Wellington ( formed as a combination of the Wellington Shakers and Western Flyers ) in the opening 2008 season . They did earn one point when a game was abandoned due to a leaking roof . The Pulse were to win only one game each in 2009 and 2010 , thus having a record of 2 -- 36 after three seasons . Association Football ( edit ) Only three teams are known to have completed a season with no victories or draws . Antigua Barracuda lost all 26 matches of the 2013 USL Pro , while in the 2015 - 16 season , English non-league team Longford AFC , played a 30 - game season in the Gloucestershire Northern Senior League Division Two ( 14th tier on the English pyramid ) , losing all their matches after the majority of their players and manager left . In 2016 , Grêmio Barueri lost all 19 matches of the Campeonato Paulista Série A3 , the third level of the São Paulo state championship . After the disastrous season , the Antigua and Grêmio Barueri teams folded . In the 2010 -- 11 Ukrainian Second League ( 3rd tier on the Ukrainian pyramid ) , FC Veres Rivne lost all 14 out of 22 scheduled games before being expelled from the league due to failure of payment of league dues ; in addition , they also did not score a single goal at home . In top - level domestic league football however , few teams have completed their respective seasons without winning a game . In the 2010 -- 11 Serbian SuperLiga , FK Čukarički Stankom played an entire season winless , drawing five matches and losing 25 in a 30 - game season , giving them only 5 points and finishing bottom in a field of 16 . The team also only scored ten goals whilst conceding 65 . In the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group , which is the top tier of association football in the European country , three teams have all played a season without winning , with those being Torpedo Ruse ( four draws out of 22 matches during 1951 ) , Rakovski Ruse ( one draw out of 30 matches during 1996 / 97 ) and Chernomorets Burgas Sofia ( also one draw out of 30 matches during 2006 / 07 ) . Chernomorets were however the worse performing out of these , conceding 131 goals with only eight in reply ( the same number scored as Rakovski Ruse in their winless season ) , they still however completed the season with a minus 2 points total , because they violated a rule concerning not being able to field enough youth players . In the 1946 - 47 Allsvenskan , the Swedish Football League season of 1946 - 47 with 22 games played , Billingsfors IK tied 3 games and lost 19 , the only team in Swedish football history never to win even one single Allsvenskan game . In the 1999 -- 2000 Vyshcha Liha , the highest division of Ukrainian football championship , FC Zirka Kirovohrad tied 9 matches and lost 21 out of 30 . The open high frequency of draws in association football , coupled with the relatively long length of seasons and promotion and relegation system used in a majority of jurisdictions to automatically remove the lowest performing teams from any given league , makes winless seasons less likely to occur . Ice Hockey ( edit ) Winless seasons occurred frequently in the Ukrainian Hockey Championship , the top - level ice hockey league in Ukraine . The longest series belongs to HK Dniprovski Vovky who lost all 30 games in the regulation time in the 2007 -- 08 season . SDYuShOR Sokil , the academy team of HC Sokil Kyiv , had three winless seasons ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2004 -- 05 , and 2006 -- 07 ) . Four more teams completed a season without winning a single game : Ivars Kyiv lost all 12 games in 1996 -- 97 , Kryzynka II , the second team of HK Kryzynka Kiev ( playing in the same league as the main team ) , tied 1 and lost 13 games out of 14 in 1998 - 99 , HC Khimik Sieverodonetsk lost all 16 games in 2003 -- 04 , and VIM - Berkut lost all 10 games in 2009 -- 10 . Notes ( edit ) In the 1944 under - 19 wartime competition that replaced the senior competition between 1942 and that season due to the player drain of World War II , South Fremantle lost all nineteen of their games . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 1942 Lions were a winless , toothless mess '' . Detroit Athletic . November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Worst NFL Teams of all Time '' . ESPN . August 22 , 2002 . Retrieved 2002 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Semi-pro Football / Minor League Football -- Team Points Records '' . Semiprofootball.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Semi-pro Football / Minor League Football -- Team Games Records '' . Semiprofootball.org. 1986 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.sprintfootball.com/single-post/2016/04/12/Princeton-drops-Sprint-Football Jump up ^ `` 1973 Regular Season Standings CFL.ca Official Site of the Canadian Football League '' . CFL.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Kings at Washington Bullets Box Score , November 20 , 1990 '' . Basketball-Reference.com. 1990 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Football Club -- Bio '' . Australian Football . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` West Adelaide Football Club -- Stats '' . Australian Football . 2013 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Sturt Football Club -- Stats '' . Australian Football . 2013 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` South Adelaide Football Club -- Stats '' . Australian Football . 2013 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Glenelg Football Club -- Stats '' . Australian Football . 2013 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Glenelg Football Club -- Stats '' . Australian Football . 2013 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Glenelg Football Club -- Stats '' . Australian Football . 2013 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Glenelg Football Club -- Stats '' . Australian Football . 2013 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` South Adelaide Football Club -- Stats '' . Australian Football . 2013 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` West Adelaide Football Club -- Stats '' . Australian Football . 2013 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` South Adelaide Football Club -- Stats '' . Australian Football . 2013 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` South Adelaide Football Club -- Stats '' . Australian Football . 2013 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Central District Football Club -- Stats '' . Australian Football . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` West Australian Football League '' . WAFL . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wynne - Thomas , Peter ; The Rigby A -- Z of Cricket Records ; pp. 53 to 67 . ISBN 072701868X Jump up ^ `` The Home of CricketArchive '' . Cricketarchive.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Home of CricketArchive '' . Cricketarchive.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Home of CricketArchive '' . Cricketarchive.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Home of CricketArchive '' . Cricketarchive.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Home of CricketArchive '' . Cricketarchive.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Home of CricketArchive '' . Cricketarchive.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wynne - Thomas ; The Rigby A − Z of Cricket Records ; p. 68 Jump up ^ `` Central Pulse fail to attract Silver Ferns '' . Stuff.co.nz. 2009 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Netball : Pulse winless no more '' . 28 June 2009 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_winless_seasons&oldid=828101780 '' Categories : Lists of worsts Sports - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 15 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Izzie Stevens

izzie stevens

Isobel Katherine `` Izzie '' Stevens , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , and was portrayed by actress Katherine Heigl from 2005 to 2010 . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , Izzie worked her way up to resident level , while her relationships with her colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) formed a focal point of the series .

Heigl garnered critical acclaim for her performance as Izzie and received numerous awards and nominations for her role , winning the `` Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Drama Series '' at the 2007 Emmy Awards . She was critical of the character 's development during the show 's fourth season , particularly her romance with George . She declined to put herself forward for the 2008 Emmy Awards , citing insufficient material in the role . After speculation that Izzie would be killed off in the fifth season , the character was diagnosed with Stage 4 metastatic melanoma . She married Alex in the series ' one - hundredth episode , and afterwards , her tumor was successfully removed . Izzie made her final appearance in the sixth season , leaving Seattle after Alex refused to resume their marriage . Heigl requested to be released from her contract 18 months early , in order to spend more time with her family . In January 2012 , Heigl reported that she would like to return to Grey 's Anatomy to give closure to her character , however , Rhimes confirmed that there were no plans to have the character return at that time and has since stated that she has no plans to ever re-approach Izzie 's storyline again . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Izzie appears in the first episode of Grey 's Anatomy , meeting fellow interns Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , Alex Karev , and George O'Malley . She and George move in with Meredith and become best friends . Izzie 's boyfriend , hockey player Hank ( Jonathan Scarfe ) , struggles to accept her new role as a surgeon , and the two break up . Izzie is hurt when Alex exposes her past as a lingerie model . However , the two later go on to begin a friendship and then a romance . Alex experiences sexual dysfunction with Izzie and cheats on her with nurse Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) . When Izzie finds out , she breaks up with him , though they briefly reunite following a bomb incident at the hospital . Izzie reveals while treating a pregnant teenager that she had a daughter at the age of 16 and gave up for adoption . Izzie falls in love with cardiothoracic patient Denny Duquette ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) , and the two become engaged . When Denny 's condition deteriorates , Izzie deliberately worsens his health further by cutting his LVAD wire to move him up the donor register . Although Denny receives a new heart , he has a stroke hours later and dies . Izzie is the sole beneficiary of Denny 's will , inheriting $8.7 million . She uses the money to open a free clinic at the hospital : the Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic . Izzie disapproves of George 's relationship and marriage to orthopedic resident Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . She and George sleep together , and attempt to keep their liaison a secret . George and resident Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) are the only people aware that Izzie gave birth to a daughter at the age of sixteen ; ultimately the child was given up for adoption . He supports Izzie when her daughter Hannah ( Liv Hutchings ) , diagnosed with leukemia , arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital in need of a bone marrow transplant from Izzie . Izzie 's feelings for George grow , and she reveals that she has fallen in love with him . When Callie discovers George has been unfaithful , the two separate , and George and Izzie embark on a short - lived relationship , only to discover there is no real chemistry between them . Izzie supports Alex when he discovers his new girlfriend has psychiatric problems , and convinces him to have her committed . She is also handed primary responsibility for the clinic , as Bailey cuts back on her responsibilities . Izzie and Alex go on to rekindle their relationship , though Izzie is concerned when she begins hallucinating Denny . She discovers she has metastatic melanoma ( Stage IV ) which has spread to her liver , skin , and brain , causing the hallucinations . Her survival chances are estimated at only 5 % . She is admitted to Seattle Grace as a patient , and Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) successfully removes a tumor from her brain . Izzie spends her time in the hospital planning Meredith and Derek 's wedding , but when her condition worsens and Derek discovers a second brain tumor , they give the ceremony to Izzie and Alex , who marry in front of all their friends . The procedure to remove the second tumor from Izzie 's brain causes her to lose her short - term memory , and although she soon regains it , she flatlines moments later . The fifth season ends with her friends ignoring her DNR order and attempting to resuscitate her , transposed with images of Izzie in an elevator encountering George , who has been in an accident and is also currently flatlining . Though George dies , Izzie is resuscitated and recovers enough to return to work . Izzie makes a treatment error that endangers the life of a patient , and is fired from the hospital 's surgical program . Believing Alex is partially to blame , she writes him a Dear John letter and leaves . Izzie later learns that Alex was not responsible for her lost job , and returns to make amends with him , but Meredith informs her that Alex is moving on . Izzie informs Alex that she no longer has cancer . Although he is pleased , Alex officially breaks up with Izzie , telling her that he loves her but deserves better . She leaves Seattle to start fresh . Several episodes later , Alex informs Meredith that Izzie sent divorce papers , which he signs in the episode `` How Insensitive '' . In the sixth - season finale , Alex is shot and asks for Izzie . Imagining that Meredith 's half - sister Lexie ( Chyler Leigh ) is Izzie , he apologizes and asks her never to leave him again . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) Heigl refused to be considered for the 2008 Emmy Awards due to insufficient material on Grey 's Anatomy . Izzie was created by Grey 's Anatomy producer Shonda Rhimes , with actress Katherine Heigl cast in the role . Heigl originally wanted to play Izzie as a brunette , but was requested to retain her natural blond for the part . Heigl 's comprehension of medical procedures and terminology is slight ; the actress explained that while she has an admiration for doctors , she is not as fascinated by medicine as other cast members . When Kate Walsh 's character Addison Montgomery left Grey 's Anatomy to launch the spin - off show Private Practice , Heigl disclosed that she had hoped for a spin - off for Izzie . Heigl declined to put her name forward for consideration at the 2008 Emmy Awards , claiming that she had been given insufficient material on the series to warrant a nomination . Following Heigl 's statement , speculation arose that her character would suffer a brain tumor and be killed off Grey 's Anatomy , substantiated by the announcement Jeffrey Dean Morgan would return to the series as Denny , who died at the end of season two . ABC 's entertainment president Steve McPherson denied the rumor , stating : `` There is an unbelievable storyline for her this year , which is really central to everything that 's going to go on this season '' . Speculation resumed , however , when Dean Morgan returned to the show for a second time in its fifth season . Cast member James Pickens , Jr. announced that both Heigl and T.R. Knight were set to depart from the show , but he later retracted his comment . During the course of the fifth season , Izzie was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma ( Stage IV ) which spread to her liver , skin and brain . Following the show 's one - hundredth episode wrap party , Heigl revealed she did not know if Izzie would survive , as no one on the production team would disclose her character 's fate to her . It was confirmed in June 2009 that Heigl would return as Izzie for the show 's sixth season . Heigl 's appearances in the season were sporadic , seeing Izzie depart and return twice . Although she was scheduled to appear in the final five episodes of the season , Heigl requested that she be released from her contract 18 months early , and made her final appearance on January 21 , 2010 . Heigl explained that she wanted to spend more time with her family , and did not think it would be respectful to Grey 's Anatomy viewers to have Izzie return and depart yet again . Michael Ausiello spoke further on Katherine Heigl 's perspective on Izzie 's departure . He said , `` ( Katherine ) thinks her Jan. 21 farewell - while not originally intended to be her last episode - oddly works as a bookend to Izzie 's story . `` Even though there 's a part of me that would like to go back and do the quick Izzie farewell , '' she says , `` I also think that my last scene - where Meredith says to Izzie , ' Do n't go , we 're your family , ' and Izzie 's response was , ' No you 're not , you 're just a bunch of people I worked with , and I can find that anywhere ' - was kind of tragic and appropriate all at the same time . When I was playing the scene I was really trying to convey that , for Izzie , that was a lie that she had to tell herself to have the courage to have to move on . '' In August 2010 , Rhimes stated that she did not feel Izzie 's character arc -- specifically her relationship with Alex -- had fully concluded , and hoped to give proper closure to their relationship in the seventh season . She later confirmed that she had intended to kill off Izzie off - screen , but opted against this a day later as she felt that it would destroy Alex , rather than give him closure . Instead , she concluded : `` I 'm open to seeing Izzie again . So if she ( Katherine ) were to come back , we would be thrilled to ( wrap up her story ) . But if she does n't , we 'll just move on . '' Heigl also went on to say in October 2010 that the character returning to show looks bleak because , `` that chapter is closed , and it 's sad . And it 's hard . '' She also felt that Izzie coming back to the show would , `` just feel manipulative . '' However , in January 2012 , Heigl stated in an interview that she has asked the producers if she could return to the show to give closure to Izzie 's storyline : `` I 've told them I want to ( return ) , '' she said . `` I really , really , really want to see where ( Izzie ) is . I just want to know what happened to her and where she went and what she 's doing now . My idea is that she actually like figures it out , and finds some success and does really well in a different hospital . She was always floundering you know , and so she was always one step behind the eight ball and I want to see that girl take some power back . '' She later went on to say that she regrets leaving the show , `` Oh yeah , sometimes , yeah . You miss it . I miss my friends . It was a great work environment ... and it becomes a family . I spent six years together with these people every day ... you grow up together , in a way , '' and again commented on Izzie possibly returning to the show , `` I always felt that if they wanted me to come back and sort of wrap up that storyline ... I want them to know that I 'm down with it if they want me to , but I completely understand if it does n't necessarily work ... They 've got a lot of story lines going on there . '' But in March 2012 , Shonda Rhimes said that there are no plans at the moment for the character to return , `` I think it was really nice to hear her appreciating the show . At the same time we are on a track we have been planning . The idea of changing that track is not something we are interested in right now . '' Three years later , Rhimes said she has completely moved on from the idea of Izzie coming back , `` I 'm done with that story . I 've turned that idea over in my mind a thousand times and thought about how it would go . And I do n't think so . '' Characterization ( edit ) Heigl believes that the Grey 's Anatomy writers incorporate much of the actors ' personalities into their roles , and that Izzie is a `` super moral '' version of herself . Episode `` Bring the Pain '' , which aired as the fifth episode of the second season , was originally intended to be the final episode of the first season . Rhimes explained that Izzie 's character in this episode came `` full circle '' from her role in the pilot : `` Izzie , so vulnerable and underestimated when we first meet her , is the girl who removes her heart from her sleeve in `` Bring the Pain '' . '' Discussing Izzie 's personality in a 2006 Cosmopolitan interview , Heigl assessed that she is `` immensely kind '' and patient . When Denny died in the season two episode `` Losing My Religion '' , Rhimes discussed the impact it had on Izzie , noting that Izzie is forced to abandon her idealism , which in turn leads to her letting go of medicine . In the aftermath of Denny 's death , Heigl came to believe that Izzie was not cut out to be a doctor . Executive producer Betsy Beers explained , however , that Denny 's death served to make Izzie more mature , and Heigl affirmed that `` At the beginning of the ( third ) season they were trying to show how lost Izzie was . She lost her optimism . She realizes now that life is difficult , but she still tries very hard to see the best in people . '' In order to demonstrate Izzie 's dislike of George 's love - interest Callie , Rhimes penned a scene which she deemed one of her favorite moments on the show , in which Callie urinates in front of a stunned Izzie and Meredith . Rhimes assessed that : `` I love that Mer and Izzie respond with all the trauma of having viewed a car crash ( ... ) the point is Callie pees and Izzie tortures her a tiny bit about the hand washing and that made me overjoyed because that 's the kind of thing people do . '' Discussing Izzie 's relationship with Alex in a 2006 Cosmopolitan interview , Heigl assessed that `` Even when Alex was a complete dirtbag to her ( Izzie ) , she forgave him and gave him another chance . And he really screwed her over . ( ... ) To go for a guy like that is to say I want to be damaged . ' '' Writer Stacy McKee deemed Izzie 's moving on from Alex to patient Denny Duquette `` karma '' , as Alex previously treated Izzie badly , yet as he begins to realize his true feelings , he is forced to watch her embark on a romance with `` the undeniably handsome - and totally charming '' Denny . Series writer Blythe Robe commented on Izzie and Denny : `` I love the way Izzie lights up when she 's around him . I love their relationship because it 's so pure and honest and completely game free . '' Writer Elizabeth Klaviter noted at this time the way Izzie `` seems to be sacrificing her reputation because of her feelings for Denny . '' When Izzie deliberately worsened Denny 's condition to move him up the transplant list , series writer Mark Wilding questioned the morality of the actions , asking : `` is Izzie bad for doing it ? Is she tremendously irresponsible ? She cut the LVAD wire for love so does that make her action understandable ? '' Heigl was critical of Izzie 's relationship with George ( T.R. Knight ) , deeming it `` a ratings ploy '' . Rhimes discussed costuming choices in the scene which saw the interns gather around Denny 's deathbed , explaining : `` Meredith and George and Cristina and Callie and Alex are all dressed , not for a prom , but for a funeral . Everyone in dark colors , everyone dressed somberly . As if they were in mourning . Only Izzie is in happy pink . Only Izzie looks like she did n't know this was coming . '' Following Denny 's death , Heigl approached Rhimes to ask when her character would next have a romantic liaison . Rhimes explained that `` Izzie does n't sleep around '' . Heigl expressed a desire for Izzie to reunite with Alex , explaining : `` I believe on some level , there 's a connection between Izzie and Alex . He can do honorable things even though he 's cutting and sarcastic . I would like to ultimately see them together , if not this season , then next . '' Yahoo ! Voices wrote that Stevens in the third season `` has become more condescending and passive aggressive herself , more than anyone else . '' Heigl was critical of her character 's development in the show 's fourth season , particularly her affair with George , which she deemed `` a ratings ploy '' . Heigl explained : `` They really hurt somebody , and they did n't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it . I have a really hard time with that kind of thing . I 'm maybe a little too black and white about it . I do n't really know Izzie very well right now . She 's changed a lot . '' Attempting to rationalise Izzie 's actions , Heigl later assessed that : People who are so infallible , perfect and moral tend to be the first to slip and fall . But I would love to see how she deals with the consequences of what she 's done , because what 's interesting is when people make decisions that shake their world , they suddenly have to go , ' Woo , I did n't know I was capable of this . ' I 'd like to see Izzie take some culpability . Reception ( edit ) Heigl was nominated for the `` Best Supporting Actress in a TV Series '' award at the 2007 and 2008 Golden Globe Awards for her role as Izzie . She was named `` Favorite Female TV Star '' at the 34th People 's Choice Awards , and awarded `` Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Drama Series '' at the 2007 Emmy Awards . Prior to the ceremony , considering Heigl 's chances of winning the Emmy , Variety 's Stuart Levine assessed of her performance : `` Heigl has little difficulty reaching Izzie 's highest highs and lowest lows . Showrunner Shonda Rhimes puts a lot of pressure on Heigl to carry many intense storylines , and she 's up to the challenge . '' Levine also noted , however : `` There are times when Izzie becomes completely irrational during crisis situations , which may bother some . '' Fox News included Izzie in its list of `` The Best TV Doctors For Surgeon General '' . The character was listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' and in BuzzFeed 's `` 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . Heigl at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards where she won the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Award . During the show 's third season , the New York Post 's Robert Rorke deemed Izzie to be `` the heart and soul '' of Grey 's Anatomy . He deemed her the show 's heroine , and wrote that : `` Izzie is a welcome , calming presence , despite the devastation she experienced when she failed to save her patient and fiance Denny Duquette . ( ... ) Besides the formidable Dr. Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , Izzie seems to be the only adult intern at Seattle Grace ; the character has achieved a depth lacking in her fellow interns . '' Eyder Peralta of The Houston Chronicle was critical of Izzie 's ethics in cutting Denny 's LVAD wire , writing that she `` should not be practising medicine '' and stating : `` That 's the reason I do n't watch Grey 's Anatomy , anymore , because the super hot blond chick can make an earth - shattering , fatal decision and she does n't get canned . '' The season four romance between Izzie and George proved unpopular with viewers , and resulted in a fan backlash among Alex and Izzie fans . The return of Izzie 's deceased fiancé Denny and the resumption of their romance during the show 's fifth season also proved unpopular with fans , and was deemed `` the world 's worst storyline '' by Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times . McNamara was also critical of the episode `` Now or Never '' , which saw Izzie flatline following neurosurgery , opining that Izzie ought to die . The episode in which Izzie married long - term love Alex received 15.3 million viewers , the largest television audience of the night . Izzie 's cancer storyline received a mixed response from the medical community . Otis Brawley , chief medical officer at the American Cancer Society , commented that Izzie 's treatment options were unrealistic . Whereas in the show she was offered the drug interleukin - 2 , in reality the drug is never recommended to patients when melanoma has spread to the brain , as it can cause bleeding and strokes . Brawley explained that such patients would instead be offered radiosurgery . Conversely however , Tim Turnham , executive director of the Melanoma Research Foundation , praised Grey 's Anatomy for bringing about greater public awareness of melanoma , stating : `` We welcome the national spotlight Grey 's Anatomy has created for melanoma and its efforts to encourage viewers to learn more about the importance of prevention , early detection and research . '' References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) , Peter Horton ( director ) ( March 27 , 2005 ) . `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 1 . ABC . Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) , Peter Horton ( director ) ( April 3 , 2005 ) . `` The First Cut is the Deepest '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 2 . ABC . Jump up ^ Ann Hamilton ( writer ) , John David Coles ( director ) ( April 24 , 2005 ) . `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 5 . ABC . 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Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilding , Mark ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` From Mark Wilding , writer of `` 17 Seconds '' `` . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bennetts , Leslie ( January 2008 ) . `` Heigl 's Anatomy '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hollerup , Natasha ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` The Season that `` Grey 's Anatomy '' Became Riveting `` . Yahoo ! Voices . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Iley , Chrissy ( March 30 , 2008 ) . `` Katherine Heigl : from Grey 's Anatomy to 27 Dresses '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` ' Atonement , ' ' Sweeney ' win Globes '' . Variety . Reed Elsevier . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards sidestep strike '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Marla ( September 18 , 2007 ) . `` Katherine Heigl : Nobody Thought I 'd Win the Emmy '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Stuart ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` Supporting Actress : Drama - Shades of ' Grey ' for ABC 's hospital gal pals '' . Variety . Reed Elsevier . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Best TV Doctors For Surgeon General '' . Fox News . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . BuzzFeed . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peralta , Eyder ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` Tsk . Tsk . Ethics these days . '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` The power of Heroes worship '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` Katherine Heigl & T.R. Knight : Are they really set to exit ' Grey 's Anatomy ? ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Dead or alive on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toff , Benjamin ; Itzkoff , David ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` ABC 's Wedding Gift '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Szabo , Liz ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Doctors , patients say ' Grey 's ' cancer story is n't accurate '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Ben ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and melanoma '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Izzie Stevens on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izzie_Stevens&oldid=808143113 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional models Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from Washington ( state ) Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional characters with cancer Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Македонски Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 03 : 46 . 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who sang the original get the party started

Get the Party Started

get the party started

`` Get the Party Started '' is a song by American recording artist Pink , and was the first single from her second album titled Missundaztood ( 2001 ) . It became an international hit and reached the top ten in many countries . The song was Pink 's biggest - selling song at that time . The track was released on October 9 , 2001 to positive reviews . After the release of the single , it was confirmed that Pink would be releasing Missundaztood .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing 2 Critical response 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Remixes 6 Track listing 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 Awards 9 Shirley Bassey version 9.1 Track listings and formats 10 Cover versions 11 Appearances in other media 12 References 13 External links Writing ( edit ) The song was composed by former 4 Non Blondes frontwoman , Linda Perry . She said that the process of making the song was `` so unlike me '' ; according to her , she was going through a `` weird phase '' during which she wanted to learn how to program drums . She programmed her first beat , picked up a bass guitar , and , in her words , `` did what the beat was asking me to do . '' She decided to put `` every wrong instrument '' in the song , and consequently acquired a horn sample . `` I was doing the music , the melody was already coming to me in what I wanted the song to be , '' she said . She finished the song by including in the song `` every catch phrase you possibly could imagine '' , before laughing at the realization that she had written a potential hit single and her first dance song . `` You create something in your bedroom or your house , and it 's just a fun thing that you 're doing , '' she said . `` Then all of a sudden , you hear that song that you started in your house , and it 's on the radio . And people are now acknowledging it . It 's just trippy . '' Critical response ( edit ) AllMusic highlighted the song and added : `` This record bubbles over with imagination , as hooky pop songs like the title track rub shoulders with glitzy dancefloor anthems like `` Get the Party Started . '' Jim Farber was favorable : `` The single `` Get the Party Started '' has the tricky synth hook of a perfect new - wave hit from the ' 80s . '' NME was less positive : `` displays the kind of clod - hopping attention - seeking on single ' Get the Party Started ' that makes you assume you 're listening to a Geri Halliwell record . '' Jason Thompson described this song and praised : `` the dance inducing `` Get the Party Started '' . Again , even this is n't really in the mold of current dance tracks . Instead , it feels more like the kinds of grooves that were coming out in the early Nineties , when alt - rock was influencing the discos as well as the college charts . In fact , it sounds a little like Apollo Smile who had an album out back in ' 91 or so . `` Get the Party Started '' also echoes the good time vibe that other hits like Deee - Lite 's `` Groove Is in the Heart '' had that won over many fans . This track should do just the same thing . It did for me , anyway . '' Slant Magazine called this song `` retro - dipped dance - pop . '' Sputnikmusic marked it as a highlight and added : `` It is not all slow and serious going though , as 1st single ' Get The Party Started ' proves . As the song title suggests , this is the dance - oriented party - starter that the artist 's debut album lacked . '' Stylus Magazine called this song `` near perfection . '' Commercial Performance ( edit ) The song reached number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on December 29 , 2001 , becoming one of Pink 's biggest solo hits in the U.S. with `` Most Girls '' also reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2000 and `` So What '' , `` Raise Your Glass '' , and `` Just Give Me a Reason '' reaching number one in 2008 , 2010 , and 2013 respectively , and `` Fuckin ' Perfect '' that reached number two in America . The single 's success was spurred by heavy airplay in the US , which prompted the song to also peak at number four on Billboard 's Radio Songs chart . It peaked at number two in the UK , where it was narrowly denied the top spot by the posthumous release of George Harrison 's `` My Sweet Lord '' . It reached number - one in Australia and number - two in many European countries , most notably Austria , Germany , Italy and Switzerland , being held off from the top position by Shakira 's smash hit `` Whenever , Wherever '' . `` Get the Party Started '' was certified gold in Australia , Austria , Germany , France Sweden and Switzerland , and in Norway it received a platinum certification . The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2003 in the category of `` Best Female Pop Vocal Performance '' , which it lost to Norah Jones 's `` Do n't Know Why '' . It won the award for `` Favorite Song '' at the Kids ' Choice Awards of 2002 , and at the MTV Europe Music Awards of 2002 , it won the award for `` Best Song '' . `` Get the Party Started '' is often considered one of Pink 's signature songs as she tends to finish her shows with this song in her encore section along with a ballad song such as `` Nobody Knows '' and `` Glitter In The Air '' . In December , the song was listed as number 81 on Rolling Stone 's Top Songs of the 2000s . Music Video ( edit ) The music video was shot by director Dave Meyers in Los Angeles in late September 2001 . At 1 minute and 46 seconds into the video , an American Flag is shown , a nod to the September 11 attacks just days earlier . The video uses an abbreviated version of the song , cutting out the last chorus , and also cutting out the instrumentals . The song 's composer , Linda Perry , is seen as a bartender . In the video , Pink is getting ready to go out , trying on different outfits . One of her friends picks her up , and they drive in a car bobbing their heads to the music . However , the car runs out of fuel , so they get out and steal two skateboards from two boys . Pink falls off her skateboard because men in a car are whistling at her . The women arrive at the club but are refused entry , so to get in they use a scaffold to reach the top of the building . Inside the club , Pink changes her clothes and starts to party ; in the end Pink dances with two other dancers ( Kevin Federline and Georvohn Lambert ) . The video was nominated at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards for `` Best Pop Video '' and won the awards for `` Best Female Video '' and `` Best Dance Video '' . Remixes ( edit ) Pink teamed up with Redman and Rockwilder for a remix of `` Get the Party Started '' , using elements of the Eurythmics song `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . The remix was released as a single only in France , where it reached number four and was certified gold . Pink performed the remix during her I 'm Not Dead Tour in 2006 and 2007 . The remix was also featured on the 9th installment of the U.S. version of the Now That 's What I Call Music ! series . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD1 and Cassette `` Get the Party Started '' ( Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 12 `` Get the Party Started ( Sweet Dreams ) '' ( featuring Redman ) -- 4 : 05 `` Get the Party Started '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 12 UK CD2 and German CD single `` Get the Party Started '' ( Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 12 `` Get the Party Started '' ( K5 Werk Kraft Mix ) ( featuring Spoonface ) -- 7 : 02 `` Get the Party Started '' ( Pink Noise Disco Mix ) -- 3 : 44 `` Get the Party Started '' ( Video ) -- 3 : 21 American CD single `` Get the Party Started ( Sweet Dreams ) '' ( featuring Redman ) -- 4 : 05 `` Get the Party Started '' ( Lady May Remix ) - 3 : 50 `` Get the Party Started '' ( Ernie 's All Night Party Anthem ) - 3 : 23 `` Get the Party Started '' ( Pink Noise Disco Mix ) -- 3 : 44 `` Get the Party Started '' ( Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 12 European CD single `` Get the Party Started '' ( Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 12 `` Get the Party Started ( Sweet Dreams ) '' ( featuring Redman ) -- 4 : 05 Australian CD single `` Get the Party Started '' ( Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 12 `` Get the Party Started ( Sweet Dreams ) '' ( featuring Redman ) -- 4 : 05 `` Get the Party Started '' ( Pink Noise Disco Mix - Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 46 `` Get the Party Started '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 12 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 -- 02 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 11 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 15 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Charts ) 25 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 47 U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Remix featuring Redman Shirley Bassey version Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 15 Austrian Singles Chart 10 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 40 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 35 Dutch Singles Chart 34 French Singles Chart 83 German Singles Chart 16 Italian Singles Chart 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34 Swedish Singles Chart 16 Swiss Singles Chart 18 UK Singles Chart 21 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 24 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 20,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 200,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Ireland ( IRMA ) Gold 7,500 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 15,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Awards ( edit ) Year Awards ceremony Award Results 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards Best Song Won 2002 MTV Video Music Awards Best Female Video Won 2002 MTV Video Music Awards Best Dance Video Won 2002 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Song Won 2002 Q Awards Best Video Won 2003 Grammy Awards Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance Nominated Shirley Bassey version ( edit ) `` Get the Party Started '' Single by Shirley Bassey from the album Get the Party Started Released July 23 , 2007 Format CD single , digital download Recorded 2006 Genre Pop , vocal Length 4 : 02 Label Lock Stock and Barrel Songwriter ( s ) Linda Perry Producer ( s ) Catherine Feeney , Nikki Lamborn , Chuck Norman , Bob Kraushaar Shirley Bassey singles chronology `` The Living Tree '' ( 2007 ) `` Get the Party Started '' ( 2007 ) `` Big Spender '' ( 2007 ) `` The Living Tree '' ( 2007 ) `` Get the Party Started '' ( 2007 ) `` Big Spender '' ( 2007 ) Shirley Bassey recorded a cover for a spy - themed 2006 Marks & Spencer Christmas television advertising campaign . Her version became a cult hit and was included on her 2007 album , also titled Get the Party Started . The Guardian wrote , `` Bassey is the only singer alive who could take the bouncing , enthusiastic R&B of the original Get the Party Started and turn it into a grand , imperious swoop worthy of a Bond theme ; it 's a terrific cover version , even if it perhaps did n't quite merit the album attached to it . '' On 13 January 2008 , Bassey 's version was used in the opening sequence to the ITV1 series Dancing on Ice . It was also used in the promo for Cycle 4 of Australia 's Next Top Model , and Bassey 's version charted at number 47 in the UK and ended at the Billboard Year - End Charts at number forty - three in the Hot Dance Club Plays Tracks of the year , having peaked at number 3 in April 2008 . The track was used again in 2010 for the opening credits of the spy - spoof movie Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore . The track was also used for 2015 commercial of Honda Stepwgn . Track listings and formats ( edit ) UK CD single `` Get The Party Started '' ( Radio edit ) -- 3 : 44 `` Get The Party Started '' -- 4 : 02 `` Get The Party Started '' ( NorthXNorthWest Club mix ) -- 7 : 21 `` Get The Party Started '' ( Fugitives Coming Up mix ) -- 5 : 34 `` Get The Party Started '' ( Flip & Fill remix ) -- 5 : 58 `` Get The Party Started '' ( Music video ) -- 4 : 00 US Digital single `` Get The Party Started '' ( Chris Cox Club mix ) -- 8 : 45 `` Get The Party Started '' ( Chris Cox Dub mix ) -- 8 : 05 `` Get The Party Started '' ( Chris Cox Radio mix ) -- 3 : 49 Cover versions ( edit ) David Cassidy performed the song as fictional Vegas performer Boone Vincent in the `` Vegas '' episode of the TV series Malcolm in the Middle . Appearances in other media ( edit ) In early 2002 , Pink teamed up with Bally Total Fitness to promote Bally Total Fitness memberships . The title of the advertising campaign was `` Get This Body Started '' , and in early 2002 there were several Bally Total Fitness commercials in the United States that used the Pink song . The track was used extensively by the NBA during the 2002 -- 2003 season . For the Finals , ABC used the song as the introduction music in 2003 . Use on The Ellen DeGeneres Show when Paris Hilton appeared on the show once . Used in Pump it Up : The PREX 3 , a rhythm dancing arcade game . The Shirley Bassey version of the song is also considered the official anthem for the 2010 sequel , Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore . The song was made available to download on April 17 , 2012 for play in Rock Band 3 Basic and PRO mode utilizing real guitar / bass guitar , and MIDI compatible electronic drum kits / keyboards plus vocal harmonies . The song appeared in the second Daria TV movie and series finale Is It College Yet ? during Lindy 's party . The song appeared in South Park season 18 episode 2 in Gluten Free Ebola . The song appeared in the pilot episode of The Middle . The song appeared in The Simpsons season 26 episode 17 in Waiting for Duffman The song appeared in `` Black - ish '' season 1 episode 3 in `` The Nod '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pink : Missundaztood Music Review '' . Slant Magazine . 2001 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linda Perry , High Priestess of Pop '' . ASCAP Playback Magazine . Late 2003 . Jump up ^ `` M ! ssundaztood - P ! nk - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` M ! ssundaztood '' . 23 November 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Pink : M ! ssundaztood - NME '' . NME . Jump up ^ `` Pink : M ! ssundaztood '' . Jump up ^ `` Review : Pink - M ! ssundaztood - Sputnikmusic '' . www.sputnikmusic.com . Jump up ^ Pink - M ! ssundaztood - Review - Stylus Magazine Archived 2010 - 02 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Radio Music : Top Radio Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` P ! nk - Get The Party Started '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` P ! nk - Get The Party Started '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` P ! nk - Get The Party Started ( Remixes ) '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` P ! nk - Get The Party Started '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` P ! nk - Get The Party Started '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- P ! nk -- Get the Party Started '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- P ! nk -- Get the Party Started '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- P ! nk -- Get the Party Started '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- P ! nk -- Get the Party Started '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` P ! nk Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- P ! nk -- Get the Party Started '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` P ! nk : Get the Party Started '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- P ! nk -- Get the Party Started '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- PINK Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 4 , 2002 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- P ! nk -- Get the Party Started '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- P ! nk '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- P ! nk -- Get the Party Started '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- P ! nk -- Get the Party Started '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- P ! nk -- Get the Party Started '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Polish Airplay Charts - Lista krajowa 09 / 2002 '' . PiF PaF Production . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romanian Top 100 website Archived July 2 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- P ! nk -- Get The Party Started '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- P ! nk -- Get the Party Started '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- P ! nk -- Get the Party Started '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` P ! nk : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` P ! nk Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` P ! nk Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` P ! nk Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` P ! nk Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2002 Archived July 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jahreshitparade 2002 - austriancharts.at Archived March 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS Archived January 26 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS Archived April 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Dutch Charts - dutchcharts.nl '' . www.dutchcharts.nl . Jump up ^ Snepmusique.com , le site du Snep Archived December 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Top Annuali Single : 2002 '' . www.hitparadeitalia.it . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 2002 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ www.sverigetopplistan.se - Årslista Singlar - År 2002 Archived February 10 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Swiss Year - End Charts 2002 - swisscharts.com Archived July 8 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Best Selling Singles : 1999 '' ( PDF ) . Bpi.co.uk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Billboard Top 100 - 2002 - Longbored Surfer - Charts Archived January 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2001 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 2001 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Austria - Searchable Database '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Certifications 2002 '' . Belgian Entertainment Association . Archived from the original on 2002 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Pink -- Get The Party Started '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BVMI Germany - Searchable Database '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Archived from the original on 24 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIANZ Top 50 Singles '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trofeer '' ( in Norwegian ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Norway . 2001 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GLF Sweden - Searchable Database '' . Sverigetopplistan . Grammofonleverantörernas förening . Archived from the original on 2002 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . To access certification , one must search ( Sök ) for `` So What '' or `` So What P ! nk '' and click the `` Visa '' button . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Switzerland - Searchable Database '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on 2002 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BPI - Searchable Database '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on 2002 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA - Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on 2006 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Woods , Sarah . `` Shirley Bassey stars in Bond - style Marks & Spencer ad '' . Brand Republic . November 6 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Macpherson , Alex. `` Reviews - Pop CD - Dame Shirley Bassey , Get the Party Started '' . The Guardian . June 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive - The Chart Archive '' . www.chartstats.com . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2008/dance-club-songs Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/music/shirley-bassey/chart-history/dance-club-play-songs Jump up ^ `` Honda Honda Movie Channel ステップ ワゴン - 「 ARROW 」 篇 '' . Honda Japan . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm in the Middle : Vegas episode on TV.com '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . External links ( edit ) `` Get the Party Started '' music video on YouTube Pink songs Discography Ca n't Take Me Home `` There You Go '' `` Most Girls '' `` You Make Me Sick '' Missundaztood `` Get the Party Started '' `` Do n't Let Me Get Me '' `` Just Like a Pill '' `` Family Portrait '' Try This `` Feel Good Time '' `` Trouble '' `` God is a DJ '' `` Last to Know '' I 'm Not Dead `` Stupid Girls '' `` Who Knew '' `` U + Ur Hand '' `` Nobody Knows '' `` Leave Me Alone ( I 'm Lonely ) '' `` Dear Mr. President '' Funhouse `` So What '' `` Sober '' `` Please Do n't Leave Me '' `` Bad Influence '' `` Funhouse '' `` I Do n't Believe You '' `` Glitter in the Air '' Greatest Hits ... So Far ! ! ! `` Raise Your Glass '' `` Fuckin ' Perfect '' `` Whataya Want from Me '' The Truth About Love `` Blow Me ( One Last Kiss ) '' `` Try '' `` Just Give Me a Reason '' `` True Love '' `` Walk of Shame '' `` Are We All We Are '' Beautiful Trauma `` What About Us '' `` Beautiful Trauma '' `` Revenge '' Collaborations `` Lady Marmalade '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Setting the World on Fire '' `` Waterfall '' Other songs `` Bridge of Light '' `` I Am Not My Hair '' `` Sing '' `` Today 's the Day '' `` Just Like Fire '' `` White Rabbit '' `` Hands '' Shirley Bassey Studio albums Born to Sing the Blues The Bewitching Miss Bassey The Fabulous Shirley Bassey Shirley Shirley Bassey Let 's Face the Music Shirley Stops the Shows I 've Got a Song for You And We Were Lovers This Is My Life This Is My Life ( La vita ) Does Anybody Miss Me Something Something Else I Capricorn And I Love You So Never Never Never Nobody Does It Like Me Good , Bad but Beautiful Love , Life and Feelings You Take My Heart Away The Magic Is You All by Myself I Am What I Am La Mujer Keep the Music Playing The Bond Collection Sings the Songs of Andrew Lloyd Webber Sings the Movies The Show Must Go On Thank You for the Years Get the Party Started The Performance Hello Like Before Live albums Shirley Bassey at the Pigalle Live in Japan Compilation albums The Shirley Bassey Collection The Shirley Bassey Singles Album Thoughts of Love 25th Anniversary Album Bassey -- The EMI / UA Years 1959 -- 1979 Four Decades of Song Singles `` Burn My Candle '' `` The Wayward Wind '' `` After the Lights Go Down Low '' `` Banana Boat Song '' `` As Long As He Needs Me '' `` Reach for the Stars '' / `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` Love for Sale '' `` Goldfinger '' `` If You Go Away '' `` Big Spender '' `` Something '' `` The Fool on the Hill '' `` For All We Know '' `` And I Love You So '' `` Never Never Never '' `` To All the Men I 've Loved Before '' `` The Rhythm Divine '' `` Love Is No Game '' `` Sin Ti '' `` How Do You Keep the Music Playing '' `` ' Disco ' La Passione '' `` History Repeating '' `` Light My Fire '' `` World in Union '' `` Where Do I Begin '' `` Diamonds from Sierra Leone '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` The Living Tree '' `` Get the Party Started '' `` Big Spender ( remix ) '' Related articles Discography Songs Albums Book : Shirley Bassey Preceded by `` Smooth Criminal '' by Alien Ant Farm ARIA ( Australia ) number - one single December 30 , 2001 -- January 6 , 2002 Succeeded by `` Hero '' by Enrique Iglesias Preceded by `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by Kylie Minogue European Hot 100 number - one single February 9 , 2002 -- March 2 , 2002 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Whenever , Wherever '' by Shakira Preceded by `` Sa Pot Ierta '' by Animal X Romanian Top 100 number - one single January 18 , 2002 -- April 1 , 2002 Succeeded by `` In Your Eyes '' by Kylie Minogue Preceded by `` Everyday '' by Kim English Billboard Hot Dance Music / Club Play number - one single January 20 , 2002 -- January 26 , 2002 Succeeded by `` Freelove '' by Depeche Mode Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Get_the_Party_Started&oldid=817319781 '' Categories : 2001 singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video Music videos directed by Dave Meyers ( director ) Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - 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which of the following is not a function of lysomes

Lysosome

lysosome

A lysosome is a membrane - bound organelle found in nearly all animal cells . They are spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down many kinds of biomolecules . Put simply , a lysosome is a type of vesicle with specific composition , of both its membrane proteins , and proteins of its lumen . The lumen 's pH ( 4.5 -- 5.0 ) is optimal for the enzymes involved in hydrolysis , analogous to the activity of the stomach . Besides degradation of polymers , the lysosome is involved in various cell processes , including secretion , plasma membrane repair , cell signaling , and energy metabolism .

The lysosomes also act as the waste disposal system of the cell by digesting unwanted materials in the cytoplasm , both from outside the cell and obsolete components inside the cell . Material from outside the cell is taken - up through endocytosis , while material from the inside of the cell is digested through autophagy . Their sizes can be very different -- the biggest ones can be more than 10 times bigger than the smallest ones . They were discovered and named by Belgian biologist Christian de Duve , who eventually received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 . Lysosomes are known to contain more than 60 different enzymes . Enzymes of the lysosomes are synthesised in the rough endoplasmic reticulum . The enzymes are imported from the Golgi apparatus in small vesicles , which fuse with larger acidic vesicles . Enzymes destined for a lysosome are specifically tagged with the molecule mannose 6 - phosphate , so that they are properly sorted into acidified vesicles . Synthesis of lysosomal enzymes is controlled by nuclear genes . Mutations in the genes for these enzymes are responsible for more than 30 different human genetic disorders , which are collectively known as lysosomal storage diseases . These diseases result from an accumulation of specific substrates , due to the inability to break them down . These genetic defects are related to several neurodegenerative disorders , cancer , cardiovascular diseases , and ageing - related diseases . Lysosomes should not be confused with liposomes , or with micelles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Function and structure 3 Formation 4 Pathogen entry 5 Disease 6 Lysosomotropism 7 Controversy in botany 8 Etymology and pronunciation 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Discovery ( edit ) TEM views of various vesicular compartments . Lysosomes are denoted by `` Ly '' . They are dyed dark due to their acidity ; in the center of the top image , a Golgi Apparatus can be seen , distal from the cell membrane relative to the lysosomes . Christian de Duve , the chairman of the Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium , had been studying the mechanism of action of a pancreatic hormone insulin in liver cells . By 1949 , he and his team had focused on the enzyme called glucose 6 - phosphatase , which is the first crucial enzyme in sugar metabolism and the target of insulin . They already suspected that this enzyme played a key role in regulating blood sugar levels . However , even after a series of experiments , they failed to purify and isolate the enzyme from the cellular extracts . Therefore , they tried a more arduous procedure of cell fractionation , by which cellular components are separated based on their sizes using centrifugation . They succeeded in detecting the enzyme activity from the microsomal fraction . This was the crucial step in the serendipitous discovery of lysosomes . To estimate this enzyme activity , they used that of standardised enzyme acid phosphatase , and found that the activity was only 10 % of the expected value . One day , the enzyme activity of purified cell fractions which had been refrigerated for five days was measured . Surprisingly , the enzyme activity was increased to normal of that of the fresh sample . The result was the same no matter how many times they repeated the estimation , and led to the conclusion that a membrane - like barrier limited the accessibility of the enzyme to its substrate , and that the enzymes were able to diffuse after a few days ( and react with their substrate ) . They described this membrane - like barrier as a `` saclike structure surrounded by a membrane and containing acid phosphatase . '' It became clear that this enzyme from the cell fraction came from a membranous fractions , which were definitely cell organelles , and in 1955 De Duve named them `` lysosomes '' to reflect their digestive properties . The same year , Alex B. Novikoff from the University of Vermont visited de Duve 's laboratory , and successfully obtained the first electron micrographs of the new organelle . Using a staining method for acid phosphatase , de Duve and Novikoff confirmed the location of the hydrolytic enzymes of lysosomes using light and electron microscopic studies . de Duve won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 for this discovery . Originally , De Duve had termed the organelles the `` suicide bags '' or `` suicide sacs '' of the cells , for their hypothesized role in apoptosis . However , it has since been concluded that they only play a minor role in cell death . Function and structure ( edit ) Lysosomes contain a variety of enzymes , enabling the cell to break down various biomolecules it engulfs , including peptides , nucleic acids , carbohydrates , and lipids . The enzymes responsible for this hydrolysis require an acidic environment for optimal activity . In addition to being able to break down polymers , lysosomes are capable of fusing with other organelles & digesting large structures or cellular debris ; through cooperation with phagosomes , they are able to conduct autophagy , clearing out damaged structures . Similarly , they are able to break - down virus particles or bacteria in phagocytosis of macrophages . The size of lysosomes varies from 0.1 μm to 1.2 μm . With a pH ranging from 4.5 to 5.0 , the interior of the lysosomes is acidic compared to the slightly basic cytosol ( pH 7.2 ) . The lysosomal membrane protects the cytosol , and therefore the rest of the cell , from the degradative enzymes within the lysosome . The cell is additionally protected from any lysosomal acid hydrolases that drain into the cytosol , as these enzymes are pH - sensitive and do not function well or at all in the alkaline environment of the cytosol . This ensures that cytosolic molecules and organelles are not destroyed in case there is leakage of the hydrolytic enzymes from the lysosome . The lysosome maintains its pH differential by pumping in protons ( H ions ) from the cytosol across the membrane via proton pumps and chloride ion channels . Vacuolar H+ - ATPases are responsible for transport of protons , while the counter transport of chloride ions is performed by ClC - 7 Cl / H antiporter . In this way a steady acidic environment is maintained . It sources its versatile capacity for degradation by import of enzymes with specificity for different substrates ; cathepsins are the major class of hydrolytic enzymes , while lysosomal alpha - glucosidase ( GAA ) is responsible for carbohydrates , and ACP is necessary to release phosphate groups of phospholipids . Formation ( edit ) The lysosome is shown in purple , as an endpoint in Endocytotic sorting . AP2 is necessary for vesicle formation , whereas the Mannose - 6 - receptor is necessary for sorting Hydrolase into the Lysosome 's lumen . Many components of animal cells are recycled by transferring them inside or embedded in sections of membrane . For instance , in endocytosis ( more specifically , macropinocytosis ) , a portion of the cell 's plasma membrane pinches off to form a vesicle that will eventually fuse with an organelle within the cell . Without active replenishment , the plasma membrane would continuously decrease in size . It is thought that lysosomes participate in this dynamic membrane exchange system and are formed by a gradual maturation process from endosomes . The production of lysosomal proteins suggests one method of lysosome sustainment . Lysosomal protein genes are transcribed in the nucleus . mRNA transcripts exit the nucleus into the cytosol , where they are translated by ribosomes . The nascent peptide chains are translocated into the rough endoplasmic reticulum , where they are modified . Upon exiting the endoplasmic reticulum and entering the Golgi apparatus via vesicular transport , a specific lysosomal tag , mannose 6 - phosphate , is added to the peptides . The presence of these tags allow for binding to mannose 6 - phosphate receptors in the Golgi apparatus , a phenomenon that is crucial for proper packaging into vesicles destined for the lysosomal system . Upon leaving the Golgi apparatus , the lysosomal enzyme - filled vesicle fuses with a late endosome , a relatively acidic organelle with an approximate pH of 5.5 . This acidic environment causes dissociation of the lysosomal enzymes from the mannose 6 - phosphate receptors . The enzymes are packed into vesicles for further transport to established lysosomes . The late endosome itself can eventually grow into a mature lysosome , as evidenced by the transport of endosomal membrane components from the lysosomes back to the endosomes . Pathogen entry ( edit ) Cholera gaining entry into a cell via endocytosis . As the endpoint of endocytosis , the lysosome also acts as a safeguard in preventing pathogens from being able to reach the cytoplasm before being degraded . Pathogens often hijack endocytotic pathways such as pinocytosis in order to gain entry into the cell . The lysosome prevents easy entry into the cell by hydrolyzing the biomolecules of pathogens necessary for their replication strategies ; reduced Lysosomal activity results in an increase in viral infectivity , including HIV . In addition , AB toxins such as cholera hijack the endosomal pathway while evading lysosomal degradation . Disease ( edit ) Lysosomes are responsible for a group of genetically inherited disorders called lysosomal storage diseases ( LSD ) . They are a type of inborn errors of metabolism caused by malfunction of one of the enzymes . The rate of incidence is estimated to be 1 in 5,000 live births , and the true figure expected to be higher as many cases are likely to be undiagnosed or misdiagnosed . The primary cause is deficiency of an acidic hydrolase ( a hydrolase which functions best in acidic environments ) . Other conditions are due to defects in lysosomal membrane proteins that fail to transport the enzyme , non-enzymatic soluble lysosomal proteins . The initial effect of such disorders is accumulation of specific macromolecules or monomeric compounds inside the endosomal -- autophagic -- lysosomal system . This results in abnormal signaling pathways , calcium homeostasis , lipid biosynthesis and degradation and intracellular trafficking , ultimately leading to pathogenetic disorders . The organs most affected are brain , viscera , bone and cartilage . There is no direct medical treatment to cure LSDs . The most common LSD is Gaucher 's disease , which is due to deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase . Consequently , the enzyme substrate , the fatty acid glucosylceramide accumulates , particularly in white blood cells , which in turn affects spleen , liver , kidneys , lungs , brain and bone marrow . The disease is characterized by bruises , fatigue , anaemia , low blood platelets , osteoporosis , and enlargement of the liver and spleen . Metachromatic leukodystrophy is another lysosomal storage disease that also affects sphingolipid metabolism . Lysosomotropism ( edit ) Weak bases with lipophilic properties accumulate in acidic intracellular compartments like lysosomes . While the plasma and lysosomal membranes are permeable for neutral and uncharged species of weak bases , the charged protonated species of weak bases do not permeate biomembranes and accumulate within lysosomes . The concentration within lysosomes may reach levels 100 to 1000 fold higher than extracellular concentrations . This phenomenon is called `` lysosomotropism '' , `` acid trapping '' or `` proton pump '' effect . The amount of accumulation of lysosomotropic compounds may be estimated using a cell - based mathematical model . A significant part of the clinically approved drugs are lipophilic weak bases with lysosomotropic properties . This explains a number of pharmacological properties of these drugs , such as high tissue - to - blood concentration gradients or long tissue elimination half - lifes ; these properties have been found for drugs such as haloperidol , levomepromazine , and amantadine . However , high tissue concentrations and long elimination half - lives are explained also by lipophilicity and absorption of drugs to fatty tissue structures . Important lysosomal enzymes , such as acid sphingomyelinase , may be inhibited by lysosomally accumulated drugs . Such compounds are termed FIASMAs ( functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase ) and include for example fluoxetine , sertraline , or amitriptyline . Ambroxol is a lysosomotropic drug of clinical use to treat conditions of productive cough for its mucolytic action . Ambroxol triggers the exocytosis of lysosomes via neutralization of lysosomal pH and calcium release from acidic calcium stores . Presumably for this reason , Ambroxol was also found to improve cellular function in some disease of lysosomal origin such as Parkinson 's or lysosomal storage disease . Controversy in botany ( edit ) By scientific convention , the term lysosome is applied to these vesicular organelles only in animals , and the term vacuole is applied to those in plants , fungi and algae ( some animal cells also have vacuoles ) . Discoveries in plant cells since the 1970s started to challenge this definition . Plant vacuoles are found to be much more diverse in structure and function than previously thought . Some vacuoles contain their own hydrolytic enzymes and perform the classic lysosomal activity , which is autophagy . These vacuoles are therefore seen as fulfilling the role of the animal lysosome . Based on de Duve 's description that `` only when considered as part of a system involved directly or indirectly in intracellular digestion does the term lysosome describe a physiological unit '' , some botanists strongly argued that these vacuoles are lysosomes . However , this is not universally accepted as the vacuoles are strictly not similar to lysosomes , such as in their specific enzymes and lack of phagocytic functions . Vacuoles do not have catabolic activity and do not undergo exocytosis as lysosomes do . Etymology and pronunciation ( edit ) The word lysosome ( / ˈlaɪsoʊsoʊm / , / ˈlaɪzəzoʊm / ) is New Latin that uses the combining forms lyso - ( referring to lysis and derived from the Latin lysis , meaning `` to loosen '' , via Ancient Greek λύσις ( lúsis ) ) , and - some , from soma , `` body '' , yielding `` body that lyses '' or `` lytic body '' . The adjectival form is lysosomal . The forms * lyosome and * lyosomal are much rarer ; they use the lyo - form of the prefix but are often treated by readers and editors as mere unthinking replications of typos , which has no doubt been true as often as not . See also ( edit ) Peroxisome Cathelicidin Antimicrobial peptides Innate immune system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mindell JA ( 2012 ) . `` Lysosomal Acidification Mechanisms '' . Annual Review of Physiology. 74 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 86 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - physiol - 012110 - 142317 . PMID 22335796 . Jump up ^ Settembre C , Fraldi A , Medina DL , Ballabio A ( May 2013 ) . `` Signals from the lysosome : a control centre for cellular clearance and energy metabolism '' . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 14 ( 5 ) : 283 -- 96 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm3565 . PMC 4387238 . PMID 23609508 . Jump up ^ Lüllmznn - Rauch R ( 2005 ) . `` History and Morphology of Lysosome '' . In Zaftig P. Lysosomes ( Online - Ausg. 1 ed . ) . 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Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 29 ( 1 ) : 193 -- 213 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. pp. 29.060178. 001205 . Jump up ^ Moriyasu Y , Ohsumi Y ( August 1996 ) . `` Autophagy in Tobacco Suspension - Cultured Cells in Response to Sucrose Starvation '' . Plant Physiology. 111 ( 4 ) : 1233 -- 1241 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 111.4. 1233 . PMC 161001 . PMID 12226358 . Jump up ^ Jiao BB , Wang JJ , Zhu XD , Zeng LJ , Li Q , He ZH ( January 2012 ) . `` A novel protein RLS1 with NB - ARM domains is involved in chloroplast degradation during leaf senescence in rice '' . Molecular Plant . 5 ( 1 ) : 205 -- 17 . doi : 10.1093 / mp / ssr081 . PMID 21980143 . Jump up ^ Swanson SJ , Bethke PC , Jones RL ( May 1998 ) . `` Barley aleurone cells contain two types of vacuoles . Characterization of lytic organelles by use of fluorescent probes '' . The Plant Cell. 10 ( 5 ) : 685 -- 98 . doi : 10.2307 / 3870657 . PMC 144374 . PMID 9596630 . Jump up ^ Holtzman E ( 1989 ) . Lysosomes . New York : Plenum Press . pp. 7 , 15 . ISBN 978 - 0306 - 4 - 3126 - 5 . Jump up ^ De DN ( 2000 ) . Plant Cell Vacuoles : An Introduction . Australia : Csiro Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 643 - 09944 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Look up lysosome in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document `` Science Primer '' . 3D structures of proteins associated with lysosome membrane Hide and Seek Foundation For Lysosomal Research Lysosomal Disease Network , a research consortium funded by the NIH through its NCATS / Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network Self - Destructive Behavior in Cells May Hold Key to a Longer Life Mutations in the Lysosomal Enzyme -- Targeting Pathway and Persistent Stuttering Animation showing how lysosomes are made , and their function ( hide ) Structures of the cell / organelles Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal Nucleolus RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Cytosol Inclusions Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall NDL : 00569577 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lysosome&oldid=835780678 '' Categories : Vesicles Cell anatomy Organelles Lysosomal storage diseases Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 18 : 43 . 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treaty on a nuclear-weapon-free zone in central asia citation

Central Asian nuclear Weapon Free Zone

central asian nuclear weapon free zone

The Central Asian Nuclear - Weapon - Free Zone ( CANWFZ ) treaty is a legally binding commitment by Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan not to manufacture , acquire , test , or possess nuclear weapons . The treaty was signed on 8 September 2006 at Semipalatinsk Test Site , Kazakhstan , and is also known as Treaty of Semipalatinsk , Treaty of Semei , or Treaty of Semey .

The treaty was ratified by Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan Tajikistan and Kazakhstan , and entered into force 2009 - 03 - 21 . Nuclear - Weapon - Free Zones NW states Nuclear sharing NPT only Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 List of states 2.1 Membership 2.2 Protocol 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources History ( edit ) Steps towards the establishment of such a zone began with the Almaty Declaration ( 1 ) in 1992 . A resolution calling for the establishment of such a zone was adopted by consensus by the United Nations General Assembly in 1997 and reaffirmed in 2000 . Mindful of the lack of support by the nuclear powers for a similar Southeast Asian Nuclear - Weapon - Free Zone Treaty , the five permanent members of the Security Council were involved in the negotiations . While Russia and China approved of the treaty , United States , France and United Kingdom objected to a clause which stated that the Treaty would not affect the rights and obligations of the signatories under previous international agreements because of the already existent Tashkent Treaty which involved Russia . The United States also objected on principle to establishment of any zone disturbing `` existing security arrangements to the detriment of regional and international security or otherwise abridg ( ing ) the inherent right of individual or collective self - defense guaranteed in the UN charter '' . The United States also objected to possibility that Iran could apply to join the Treaty , so this provision was removed . The United States , United Kingdom , and France were finally concerned about the possibility that the Treaty could forbid the transit of nuclear weapons through the territory . In spite of attempts by United States , United Kingdom , and France to block the Treaty , it was finally signed in September 2006 , although they voted against the General Assembly Resolution which welcomed the signing of the treaty in December 2006 . All five Permanent Members of the Security Council ( also the five NPT nuclear weapons states ) signed the Protocol to the treaty on May 6 , 2014 , which provides legally binding assurances not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against CANWFZ Treaty parties . As of May 2016 all Permanent Members of the Security Council except the United States have ratified the protocols . List of states ( edit ) Participation in the Central Asian Nuclear - Weapon - Free Zone Treaty as of November 2008 Signed and ratified Membership ( edit ) State Signed Deposited Kazakhstan 000000002006 - 09 - 08 - 0000 Sep 8 , 2006 000000002008 - 11 - 26 - 0000 Nov 26 , 2008 Kyrgyzstan 000000002006 - 09 - 08 - 0000 Sep 8 , 2006 000000002007 - 03 - 22 - 0000 Mar 22 , 2007 Tajikistan 000000002006 - 09 - 08 - 0000 Sep 8 , 2006 000000002008 - 11 - 12 - 0000 Nov 12 , 2008 Turkmenistan 000000002006 - 09 - 08 - 0000 Sep 8 , 2006 000000002008 - 04 - 19 - 0000 Apr 19 , 2008 Uzbekistan 000000002006 - 09 - 08 - 0000 Sep 8 , 2006 000000002007 - 04 - 02 - 0000 Apr 2 , 2007 Protocol ( edit ) State Signed Deposited China 000000002014 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 2014 000000002015 - 08 - 17 - 0000 Aug 17 , 2015 France 000000002014 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 17 - 0000 Nov 17 , 2014 Russia 000000002014 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 2014 000000002015 - 06 - 22 - 0000 Jun 22 , 2015 United Kingdom 000000002014 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 2014 000000002015 - 01 - 30 - 0000 Jan 30 , 2015 United States 000000002014 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 2014 See also ( edit ) Nuclear - Weapon - Free Zone Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peter Crail and Daryl G. Kimball ( November 2007 ) . `` Nuclear - Weapon - Free Zones ( NWFZ ) At a Glance '' . Arms Control Association . Jump up ^ The Central Asian Nwfz Initiative Archived February 21 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Parliament ratifies CANWFZ treaty , endorse external borrowing program Jump up ^ http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/260825,nuclear-free-zone-in-central-asia-enters-into-force-saturday.html Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Resolution 38 . A / RES / 52 / 38 page 29 . 9 December 1997 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Resolution 33 . A / RES / 55 / 33 page 39 . 20 December 2000 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Parrish and William Potter ( 5 September 2006 ) . `` Central Asian States Establish Nuclear - Weapon - Free - Zone Despite U.S. Opposition '' . James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies . Jump up ^ `` Remarks of U.S. Delegation to the Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Conference Tashkent , Uzbekistan '' . The Nuclear Threat Initiative . 15 September 1997 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Verbotim Report 67 . A / 61 / PV. 67 page 29 . 6 December 2006 at 15 : 00 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/05/225681.htm Jump up ^ http://www.astanatimes.com/2014/05/new-step-forward-greater-regional-global-security/ Jump up ^ http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/canwfz_protocol Sources ( edit ) IAEA report Monterey Institute of International Studies - Center for Nonproliferation Studies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Asian_Nuclear_Weapon_Free_Zone&oldid=787290739 '' Categories : Central Asia Nuclear technology in Kazakhstan Treaties of Kazakhstan Treaties of Kyrgyzstan Treaties of Tajikistan Treaties of Turkmenistan Treaties of Uzbekistan Nuclear weapons policy Treaties concluded in 2006 Treaties entered into force in 2009 Treaties establishing nuclear - weapon - free zones Tajikistan -- Uzbekistan relations Kyrgyzstan -- Uzbekistan relations Kyrgyzstan -- Tajikistan relations Kazakhstan -- Kyrgyzstan relations Kazakhstan -- Uzbekistan relations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 日本 語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 15 : 28 . 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who was the murderer on the orient express spoiler

Poirot proposes two possible solutions : either that a stranger boarded the train and murdered Cassetti , or that every one of the passengers , who had a connection to the Armstrongs , had all conspired to kill Cassetti together . The ostensible Mrs. Hubbard , in fact Daisy Armstrong 's grandmother , the famous actress Linda Arden , confesses the truth of the second solution , yet M. Bouc and Dr. Constantine choose to present the first of the two to the Yugoslav police .

every one of the passengers , who had a connection to the Armstrongs , had all conspired to kill Cassetti together

Murder on the Orient Express

murder on the orient express

Murder on the Orient Express is a detective novel by Agatha Christie featuring the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot . It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 1 January 1934 . In the United States , it was published on 28 February 1934 , under the title of Murder in the Calais Coach , by Dodd , Mead and Company . The U.K. edition retailed at seven shillings and sixpence ( 7 / 6 ) and the U.S. edition at $2.00 .

The U.S. title of Murder in the Calais Coach was used to avoid confusion with the 1932 Graham Greene novel Stamboul Train which had been published in the United States as Orient Express . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Reception 3 References and allusions 4 Adaptations 4.1 Radio 4.2 Film 4.2. 1 Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) 4.2. 2 Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 ) 4.3 Television 4.3. 1 Murder on the Orient Express ( 2001 ) 4.3. 2 Agatha Christie 's Poirot : `` Murder on the Orient Express '' ( 2010 ) 4.3. 3 Japanese TV adaptation ( 2015 ) 4.4 Computer game 5 Publication history 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The railway station passenger terminal in Vinkovci , Croatia After taking the Taurus Express from Aleppo in Syria to Istanbul , private detective Hercule Poirot arrives at the Tokatlian Hotel . There he receives a telegram prompting him to return to London . He instructs the concierge to book a first - class compartment on the Simplon - Orient Express , leaving that night . Although the train is fully booked , Poirot obtains a second - class berth , but only with the intervention of a friend and fellow Belgian who is also boarding the train , M. Bouc , a director of the railway , Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits . Aboard the train , a malevolent , elderly American , Samuel Ratchett , attempts to hire Poirot because he believes his life is threatened , but Poirot refuses out of distaste for the man . In Belgrade , on the second night of the journey , two extra coaches are added to the train and M. Bouc he gives up his first - class compartment to Poirot and moves to a different coach himself . That compartment adjoins Ratchett 's . The train is stopped by a snowdrift near Vincovci ( sic ) . Among the several events that disturb Poirot 's sleep is a cry from Ratchett 's compartment . The next morning , M. Bouc informs him that Ratchett has been murdered and asks Poirot to investigate . When Poirot and Dr. Constantine examine Ratchett 's compartment , Poirot finds a note with the words ' - member little Daisy Armstrong ' on it , which leads him to doubt Ratchett 's identity . A few years before , three - year - old heiress Daisy Armstrong was kidnapped by a man named Lenfranco Cassetti , who collected a ransom and killed the child . Cassetti was caught but fled the country after he was acquitted on a technicality . Poirot concludes that Ratchett and Cassetti are one and the same . Poirot proposes two possible solutions : either that a stranger boarded the train and murdered Cassetti , or that every one of the passengers , who had a connection to the Armstrongs , had all conspired to kill Cassetti together . The ostensible Mrs. Hubbard , in fact Daisy Armstrong 's grandmother , the famous actress Linda Arden , confesses the truth of the second solution , yet M. Bouc and Dr. Constantine choose to present the first of the two to the Yugoslav police . Reception ( edit ) The Times Literary Supplement of 11 January 1934 outlined the plot and concluded that `` The little grey cells solve once more the seemingly insoluble . Mrs. Christie makes an improbable tale very real , and keeps her readers enthralled and guessing to the end . '' In The New York Times Book Review of 4 March 1934 , Isaac Anderson wrote , `` The great Belgian detective 's guesses are more than shrewd ; they are positively miraculous . Although both the murder plot and the solution verge upon the impossible , Agatha Christie has contrived to make them appear quite convincing for the time being , and what more than that can a mystery addict desire ? '' The reviewer in The Guardian of 12 January 1934 noted that the murder would have been `` perfect '' ( i.e. , a perfect crime ) had Poirot not been on the train and also overheard a conversation between Miss Debenham and Colonel Arbuthnot before he boarded ; however , `` The ' little grey cells ' worked admirably , and the solution surprised their owner as much as it may well surprise the reader , for the secret is well kept and the manner of the telling is in Mrs. Christie 's usual admirable manner . '' Robert Barnard : `` The best of the railway stories . The Orient Express , snowed up in Yugoslavia , provides the ideal ' closed ' set - up for a classic - style exercise in detection , as well as an excuse for an international cast - list . Contains my favourite line in all Christie : ' Poor creature , she 's a Swede . ' Impeccably clued , with a clever use of the Cyrillic script ( cf . The Double Clue ) . The solution raised the ire of Raymond Chandler , but wo n't bother anyone who does n't insist his detective fiction mirror real - life crime . '' The reference is to Chandler 's criticism of Christie in his essay The Simple Art of Murder . In December 2014 , the novel was included in Entertainment Weekly 's list of the Nine Great Christie Novels . References and allusions ( edit ) Main article : Lindbergh kidnapping The kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh 's son in 1932 inspired that element in Christie 's novel two years later . An innocent , but perhaps loose - lipped , maid employed by Lindbergh 's parents was suspected of involvement in the crime . After being harshly interrogated by police , she committed suicide . Two less notable events helped inspire her novel : Agatha Christie 's first journey on the Orient Express in late 1928 , and a blizzard near Cherkeskoy , Turkey , that marooned an Orient Express for six days just a few months later , in February 1929 . Flooding from rainfall that washed sections of track away in December 1931 halted Christie 's return from her husband 's archaeological dig at Nineveh aboard an Orient Express for twenty four hours . Her authorised biography details that event in a complete quotation of a letter to her husband , which describes several passengers on her train who inspired both the plot and the characters in her novel , including an American Mrs. Hilton , who inspired Mrs. Hubbard . Adaptations ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) John Moffatt starred as Poirot in a five - part BBC Radio 4 adaptation by Michael Bakewell , directed by Enyd Williams , and originally broadcast from 28 December 1992 -- 1 January 1993 . André Maranne appeared as Bouc , Joss Ackland as Cassetti , Sylvia Syms as Mrs. Hubbard , Siân Phillips as Princess Dragomiroff , Francesca Annis as Mary Debenham , and Peter Polycarpou as Dr. Constantine . In 2017 , the streaming service Audible released another radio adaptation that featured Tom Conti as the voice of Poirot . The voice cast also featured Sophie Okonedo as Mary Debenham , Eddie Marsan as Cassetti , and narration from Art Malik . Film ( edit ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) ( edit ) Main article : Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 film ) The book was made into a 1974 movie directed by Sidney Lumet and produced by John Brabourne and Richard B. Goodwin ; it was a critical and commercial hit and is now considered one of the best cinematic adaptations of Christie 's work ever . The film starred Albert Finney as Poirot , Martin Balsam as M. Bianchi , George Coulouris as Dr. Constantine , and Richard Widmark as Ratchett / Cassetti , with the remaining cast suspects including Sean Connery ( Arbuthnot ) , Lauren Bacall ( Mrs. Hubbard ) , Anthony Perkins ( McQueen ) , John Gielgud ( Beddoes ) , Michael York ( Count Andrenyi ) , Jean - Pierre Cassel ( Pierre Michel ) , Jacqueline Bisset ( Countess Andrenyi ) , Wendy Hiller ( Princess Dragomiroff ) , Vanessa Redgrave ( Mary Debenham ) , Rachel Roberts ( Hildegard Schmidt ) , Colin Blakely ( Hardman ) , Denis Quilley ( Foscarelli ) , and Ingrid Bergman , who won the 1974 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Greta Ohlsson . Only minor changes were made for the film : Masterman was renamed Beddoes , the dead maid was named Paulette instead of Susanne , Helena Goldenberg became Helena Grünwald ( which is German for `` Greenwood '' ) , Antonio Foscarelli became Gino Foscarelli , Caroline Martha Hubbard became Harriet Belinda Hubbard , and the train line 's Belgian / Flemish director , Monsieur Bouc , became instead an Italian director , Signor Bianchi . Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 film ) On 16 June 2015 , 20th Century Fox hired Kenneth Branagh to direct and star as Poirot in another film adaptation of the story , which was released on 3 November 2017 . On 29 September 2016 , the studio issued a press release announcing much of the cast , including Johnny Depp as Mr. Ratchett , Michelle Pfeiffer as Mrs. Hubbard , Penélope Cruz as Pilar Estravados ( a Hispanic version of Greta Ohlsson , the name coming from a character in Hercule Poirot 's Christmas ) , Dame Judi Dench as Princess Dragomiroff , Sir Derek Jacobi as Masterman , Leslie Odom Jr. as Dr. Arbuthnot , Daisy Ridley as Mary Debenham , Lucy Boynton as Countess Andrenyi , Tom Bateman as M. Bouc , Manuel Garcia - Rulfo as Biniamino Marquez ( a Cuban version of Antonio Foscarelli ) , Josh Gad as Hector MacQueen , Marwan Kenzari as Pierre Michel , Sergei Polunin as Count Andrenyi , Willem Dafoe as Gerhard Hardman , and Olivia Colman as Hildegarde Schmidt . Greta Ohlsson is renamed to Pilar Estravados ; the character of Colonel Arbuthnot is combined with Dr. Constantine to create Dr. Arbuthnot , a sniper who served under Colonel Armstrong in the war and had his medical school paid for by Armstrong ; and M. Bouc is changed from the director of the line to the director 's nephew . Added was a direct link for Poirot to the Armstrong kidnapping -- before Sonia 's death , John Armstrong wrote to Poirot for help . Also unlike the book , the kidnapping did not take place on Long Island but in New Jersey , where the Lindbergh Kidnapping took place . Susanne Michel is switched from Pierre Michel 's daughter to his sister . Cyrus Hardman poses as an Austrian scientist for part of the film . The last scene also sets up the possibility of Death on the Nile as a sequel . Television ( edit ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Murder on the Orient Express ( 2001 film ) A thoroughly modernised and poorly received made - for - TV version starring Alfred Molina as Poirot was presented by CBS in 2001 . This version co-starred Meredith Baxter as Mrs. Hubbard and Leslie Caron as the Princess Dragomiroff ( renamed Señora Alvarado and portrayed as the widow of a South American dictator ) . Poirot is portrayed as significantly younger and less eccentric than Christie 's detective , and is given a subplot involving a romantic relationship with Vera Rosakoff , who is loosely based on an infrequently recurring character of the same name . The story is updated to a contemporary setting , and four of the suspects ( Hildegard Schmidt , Cyrus Hardman , Edward Masterman and Greta Ohlssohn ) are deleted , as is Dr. Constantine . Agatha Christie 's Poirot : `` Murder on the Orient Express '' ( 2010 ) ( edit ) David Suchet reprised the role of Hercule Poirot in `` Murder on the Orient Express '' ( 2010 ) , an 80 - minute movie - length episode of the television series Agatha Christie 's Poirot co-produced by ITV Studios and WGBH - TV , adapted for the screen by Stewart Harcourt . The original air date was 11 July 2010 in the United States , and it was aired on Christmas Day 2010 in the UK . The cast includes Dame Eileen Atkins as Princess Dragomiroff , Hugh Bonneville as Masterman , Jessica Chastain as Mary Debenham , Barbara Hershey as Mrs. Hubbard , Toby Jones as Cassetti , and David Morrissey as Colonel Arbuthnot . The character Cyrus Hardman ( the former American police officer turned private detective ) has been largely amalgamated with the chauffeur Foscarelli ( in as much as regards being the lover of the dead maid ) and Dr Constantine ( who in the novel is unrelated to the murders ) becomes a co-conspirator . The main difference from the novel is the additional element of Poirot 's Catholicism being brought to the forefront , and his personal and religious struggle with whether to expose the murderers or let them off the hook . The interior of the Orient Express was reproduced at Pinewood Studios in London , while other locations include the Freemason Hall , Nene Valley Railway , and a street in Malta ( shot to represent Istanbul ) . Japanese TV adaptation ( 2015 ) ( edit ) A Japanese adaptation was broadcast over two nights in January 2015 on Fuji Television . The title was Orient Kyuukou Satsujin Jiken ( オリエント 急行 殺人 事件 ) , and it featured several famous actors , including Ninomiya Kazunari ( 二宮 和 也 ) , Matsushima Nanako ( 松嶋 菜々子 ) , Tamaki Hiroshi ( 玉木 宏 ) , Kichise Michiko ( 吉瀬 美智子 ) , Nishida Toshiyuki ( 西田 敏行 ) , and Sawamura Ikki ( 沢村 一樹 ) . The main character , Suguro Takeru ( 勝呂 武 尊 ) , modeled on Hercule Poirot , was played by actor Nomura Mansai ( 野村 萬 斎 ) . The first night featured a storyline true to the original text , but set in Japan in 1933 . In this version , the train was called Orient Kyuukou ( オリエント 急行 ) , and ran from the western city of Shimonoseki ( 下関 ) to Tokyo ( 東京 ) , with the train stopped by a small avalanche near Sekigahara ( 関ヶ原 ) in Gifu Prefecture ( 岐阜 県 ) . The second night was an original story . Computer game ( edit ) Main article : Agatha Christie : Murder on the Orient Express The point and click computer game Agatha Christie : Murder on the Orient Express was released in November 2006 for Windows and expanded on Agatha Christie 's original story with a new playable central character as Hercule Poirot ( voiced by David Suchet ) is ill and recovering in his train compartment . Publication history ( edit ) 1934 , Collins Crime Club ( London ) , 1 January 1934 , Hardcover , 256 pp . 1934 , Dodd Mead and Company ( New York ) , 1934 , Hardcover , 302 pp . c. 1934 , Lawrence E. Spivak , Abridged edition , 126 pp . 1940 , Pocket Books ( New York ) , Paperback , ( Pocket number 79 ) , 246 pp . 1948 , Penguin Books , Paperback , ( Penguin number 689 ) , 222 pp . 1959 , Fontana Books ( Imprint of HarperCollins ) , Paperback , 192 pp . 1965 , Ulverscroft Large - print Edition , Hardcover , 253 pp. ISBN 0 - 7089 - 0188 - 3 1968 , Greenway edition of collected works ( William Collins ) , Hardcover , 254 pp . 1968 , Greenway edition of collected works ( Dodd Mead ) , Hardcover , 254 pp . 1978 , Pocket Books ( New York ) , Paperback 2006 , Poirot Facsimile Edition ( Facsimile of 1934 UK first edition ) , 4 September 2006 , Hardcover , 256 pp. ISBN 0 - 00 - 723440 - 6 2011 , William Morrow ( HarperCollins ) , Paperback , 265 pp . The story 's first true publication was the US serialisation in six instalments in the Saturday Evening Post from 30 September to 4 November 1933 ( Volume 206 , Numbers 14 to 19 ) . The title was Murder in the Calais Coach , and it was illustrated by William C. Hoople . The UK serialisation appeared after book publication , appearing in three instalments in the Grand Magazine , in March , April , and May 1934 ( Issues 349 to 351 ) . This version was abridged from the book version ( losing some 25 % of the text ) , was without chapter divisions , and named the Russian princess as Dragiloff instead of Dragomiroff . Advertisements in the back pages of the UK first editions of The Listerdale Mystery , Why Did n't They Ask Evans , and Parker Pyne Investigates claimed that Murder on the Orient Express had proven to be Christie 's best - selling book to date and the best - selling book published in the Collins Crime Club series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Observer , 31 December 1933 ( p . Jump up ^ United States , Dept. of the Treasury ( 1935 ) . Catalog of Copyright Entries . New Series : 1934 , Part 1 , Volume 31 . New Series . Washington D.C. : Copyright Office . p. 213 . Retrieved 23 Mar 2015 . Jump up ^ Coignard , Jerome ( 28 February 1934 ) . `` Books -- and Their Makers '' . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Brooklyn , NY . p. 20 . Retrieved 23 Mar 2015 . Jump up ^ John Cooper and B.A. Pyke . Detective Fiction -- the collector 's guide : Second Edition ( pp. 82 , 86 ) Scholar Press . 1994 . ISBN 0 - 85967 - 991 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Steve Marcum . `` American Tribute to Agatha Christie '' . Home.insightbb.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Chris Peers , Ralph Spurrier and Jamie Sturgeon . Collins Crime Club -- A checklist of First Editions . Dragonby Press ( Second Edition ) March 1999 ( p. 14 ) Jump up ^ Vanessa Wagstaff and Stephen Poole , Agatha Christie : A Readers Companion ( p. 88 ) . Aurum Press Ltd , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 015 - 4 Jump up ^ The Times Literary Supplement , 11 January 1934 ( p. 29 ) Jump up ^ The New York Times Book Review , 4 March 1934 ( p. 11 ) Jump up ^ The Guardian , 12 January 1934 ( p. 5 ) Jump up ^ Barnard , Robert . A Talent to Deceive -- an appreciation of Agatha Christie -- Revised edition ( pp. 199 -- 200 ) . Fontana Books , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 637474 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Binge ! Agatha Christie : Nine Great Christie Novels '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1343 -- 44 ) : 32 -- 33 . 26 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders , Dennis & Lovallo , Len ( 1984 ) . The Agatha Christie Companion . Delacorte Press . pp. 105 -- 08 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Morgan , Janet . Agatha Christie , A Biography. 1984 . pp. 201 -- 04 ) Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 216330 - 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.seenit.co.uk/agatha-christies-poirot-tom-conti-sophie-okonedo-paterson-joseph-rula-lenska-art-malik-star-in-a-new-adaption-of-murder-on-the-orient-express-download-for-free/ Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Kenneth Branagh in Talks to Direct Agatha Christie 's ' Murder on the Orient Express ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Full ' Murder on the Orient Express ' Cast Includes Johnny Depp , Daisy Ridley , Michelle Pfeiffer , More ( UPDATE ) '' . Moviefone. 29 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; Fleming Jr , Mike ( 11 November 2016 ) . `` Penelope Cruz Joins ' Murder On The Orient Express ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( 3 May 2017 ) . `` All back on the Orient Express ! Remake of the classic has a stellar cast including Johnny Depp , Michelle Pfeiffer , Dame Judi Dench and Sir Kenneth Branagh '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 29 September 2016 ) . `` Johnny Depp To Star in ' Murder On The Orient Express ' At Fox ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` Manuel Garcia - Rulfo Boards ' Murder On The Orient Express ' ; Vivica A. Fox Joins ' The Mafia Aint Dead ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` Josh Gad Boards Fox 's ' Murder On The Orient Express ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 27 October 2016 ) . `` ' Mummy ' Actor Marwan Kenzari Joins Johnny Depp in ' Murder on the Orient Express ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` Ballet Star Sergei Polunin Lands Roles in ' Murder on the Orient Express , ' ' Red Sparrow ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Willem Dafoe is latest addition to ' Murder on the Orient Express ' all - star cast '' . AFP Relax. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 5 January 2017 ) . `` Willem Dafoe Joins Ensemble Cast Of Fox 's ' Murder On The Orient Express ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Colman ' gutted ' to miss Globes ceremony '' . BBC News . 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ IMDb profile , imdb.com ; accessed 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Murder on the Orient Express '' . AgathaChristie.com . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` オリエント 急行 殺人 事件 -- フジ テレビ '' . フジ テレビ . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Murder in the Calais Coach '' . EBSCOhost . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) Murder on the Orient Express at the official Agatha Christie website Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) on IMDb Murder on the Orient Express ( 2010 ) on IMDb British Museum webpage on the Mallowans ' work at Arpachiyah Venice - Simplon Orient Express The train using original carriages from the Orient Express that Christie based her novel on Pera Palace Hotel where Christie supposedly wrote the novel , although this is not stated in either her official biography or her own Autobiography Agatha Christie 's Hercule Poirot Characters Hercule Poirot Arthur Hastings James Harold Japp Ariadne Oliver Colonel Race Books Novels The Mysterious Affair at Styles ( 1920 ) The Murder on the Links ( 1923 ) The Murder of Roger Ackroyd ( 1926 ) The Big Four ( 1927 ) The Mystery of the Blue Train ( 1928 ) Peril at End House ( 1932 ) Lord Edgware Dies ( 1933 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1934 ) Three Act Tragedy ( 1934 ) Death in the Clouds ( 1935 ) The A.B.C. Murders ( 1936 ) Murder in Mesopotamia ( 1936 ) Cards on the Table ( 1936 ) Dumb Witness ( 1937 ) Death on the Nile ( 1937 ) Appointment with Death ( 1938 ) Hercule Poirot 's Christmas ( 1938 ) Sad Cypress ( 1940 ) One , Two , Buckle My Shoe ( 1940 ) Evil Under the Sun ( 1941 ) Five Little Pigs ( 1942 ) The Hollow ( 1946 ) Taken at the Flood ( 1948 ) Mrs McGinty 's Dead ( 1952 ) After the Funeral ( 1953 ) Hickory Dickory Dock ( 1955 ) Dead Man 's Folly ( 1956 ) Cat Among the Pigeons ( 1959 ) The Clocks ( 1963 ) Third Girl ( 1966 ) Hallowe'en Party ( 1969 ) Elephants Can Remember ( 1972 ) Curtain ( 1975 ) The Monogram Murders ( 2014 ) Closed Casket ( 2016 ) Short story collections Poirot Investigates ( 1924 ) Murder in the Mews ( 1937 ) The Regatta Mystery ( 1939 ) The Labours of Hercules ( 1947 ) The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories ( 1948 ) Three Blind Mice and Other Stories ( 1950 ) The Under Dog and Other Stories ( 1951 ) The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding ( 1960 ) Double Sin and Other Stories ( 1961 ) Poirot 's Early Cases ( 1974 ) Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories ( 1991 ) The Harlequin Tea Set ( 1997 ) While the Light Lasts and Other Stories ( 1997 ) Film adaptations Alibi ( 1931 ) Black Coffee ( 1931 ) Lord Edgware Dies ( 1934 ) The Alphabet Murders ( 1965 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) Death on the Nile ( 1978 ) Evil Under the Sun ( 1982 ) Appointment with Death ( 1988 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 ) Plays Alibi ( 1928 ) Black Coffee ( 1930 ) Peril at End House ( 1932 ) Wasp 's Nest ( 1937 ) The Yellow Iris ( 1937 , radio ) Television adaptations Thirteen at Dinner ( 1985 ) Dead Man 's Folly ( 1986 ) Murder in Three Acts ( 1986 ) Murder by the Book ( 1986 ) Agatha Christie 's Poirot ( 1989 -- 2013 ) episodes Murder on the Orient Express ( 2001 ) Agatha Christie 's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Video games Agatha Christie : Murder on the Orient Express ( 2006 ) Agatha Christie : Death on the Nile ( 2007 ) Agatha Christie : Evil Under the Sun ( 2007 ) Agatha Christie : The ABC Murders ( 2009 ) See also Black Coffee Orient Express ( board game ) Miss Marple Agatha Christie 's fictional universe Category hide Works by Agatha Christie Universe Characters Hercule Poirot Miss Marple Tommy and Tuppence Ariadne Oliver Arthur Hastings Superintendent Battle Chief Inspector Japp Parker Pyne Mr. Harley Quin Colonel Race Lady Eileen `` Bundle '' Brent Sir Henry Clithering Raymond West Miss Felicity Lemon Countess Vera Rossakoff Locations St. Mary Mead Novels The Mysterious Affair at Styles The Secret Adversary The Murder on the Links The Man in the Brown Suit The Secret of Chimneys The Murder of Roger Ackroyd The Big Four The Mystery of the Blue Train The Seven Dials Mystery The Murder at the Vicarage The Sittaford Mystery Peril at End House Lord Edgware Dies Murder on the Orient Express Why Did n't They Ask Evans ? Three Act Tragedy Death in the Clouds The A.B.C. Murders Murder in Mesopotamia Cards on the Table Dumb Witness Death on the Nile Appointment with Death Hercule Poirot 's Christmas Murder Is Easy And Then There Were None Sad Cypress One , Two , Buckle My Shoe Evil Under the Sun N or M ? The Body in the Library Five Little Pigs The Moving Finger Towards Zero Death Comes as the End Sparkling Cyanide The Hollow Taken at the Flood Crooked House A Murder Is Announced They Came to Baghdad Mrs McGinty 's Dead They Do It with Mirrors After the Funeral A Pocket Full of Rye Destination Unknown Hickory Dickory Dock Dead Man 's Folly 4.50 from Paddington Ordeal by Innocence Cat Among the Pigeons The Pale Horse The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side The Clocks A Caribbean Mystery At Bertram 's Hotel Third Girl Endless Night By the Pricking of My Thumbs Hallowe'en Party Passenger to Frankfurt Nemesis Elephants Can Remember Postern of Fate Curtain Sleeping Murder As Mary Westmacott Giant 's Bread Unfinished Portrait Absent in the Spring The Rose and the Yew Tree A Daughter 's a Daughter The Burden Short story collections Poirot Investigates Partners in Crime The Mysterious Mr Quin The Thirteen Problems The Hound of Death The Listerdale Mystery Parker Pyne Investigates Murder in the Mews The Regatta Mystery The Labours of Hercules The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories Three Blind Mice and Other Stories The Under Dog and Other Stories The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding Double Sin and Other Stories The Golden Ball and Other Stories Poirot 's Early Cases Miss Marple 's Final Cases and Two Other Stories Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories The Harlequin Tea Set While the Light Lasts and Other Stories Plays Black Coffee And Then There Were None Appointment with Death Murder on the Nile The Hollow The Mousetrap Witness for the Prosecution Spider 's Web Verdict The Unexpected Guest Fiddlers Three Akhnaton Chimneys Radio and television plays Wasp 's Nest The Yellow Iris Three Blind Mice Butter in a Lordly Dish Personal Call Other books The Road of Dreams Come , Tell Me How You Live Star Over Bethlehem Poems An Autobiography Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murder_on_the_Orient_Express&oldid=845660500 '' Categories : 1934 British novels British novels adapted into films Hercule Poirot novels Novels set on the Orient Express Works originally published in The Saturday Evening Post Novels first published in serial form Collins Crime Club books Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 08 : 38 . 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when did georgia play in the rose bowl

1943 Rose Bowl

1943 rose bowl

The 1943 Rose Bowl game , played on January 1 , 1943 , was the 29th Rose Bowl game . The University of Georgia Bulldogs defeated the UCLA Bruins 9 - 0 . The game returned to the Rose Bowl stadium after being played at Duke Stadium the year before . Charley Trippi of Georgia was named the Rose Bowl Player of the Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively .

After the 1942 Allied victory in the Battle of Midway and the end of the Japanese offensives in the Pacific Theater during 1942 , it was deemed that the West Coast was no longer vulnerable to attack , and the Rose Bowl game continued on in the Rose Bowl Stadium . Few Georgia fans were able to make the trip because of travel restrictions . There were a large number of military servicemen in attendance . The Tournament of Roses parade itself still was not held due to the war . Due to the number of American servicemen stationed in Australia , the game was broadcast live on Australian radio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 1.1 UCLA Bruins 1.2 Georgia Bulldogs 2 Scoring summary 2.1 First quarter 2.2 Second quarter 2.3 Third quarter 2.4 Fourth quarter 2.5 Statistics 3 Aftermath 4 References 5 External links Teams ( edit ) See also : 1942 college football season UCLA Bruins ( edit ) UCLA won the Pacific Coast Conference title for the first time in school history . The Bruins also won their first victory in the UCLA -- USC rivalry . This Rose Bowl game was the first appearance for the Bruins in the post season since their Poi Bowl ( later the Pineapple Bowl ) victory in 1939 . The previous season saw UCLA and USC tie 7 - 7 in a matchup of lower tier teams . They had played that year on the eve of America 's entry into World War II , on December 6 , 1941 . In 1942 , the Bruins and Trojans met with the Rose Bowl on the line for both teams . On December 12 , 1942 , UCLA defeated USC for the first time 14 - 7 . Georgia Bulldogs ( edit ) The Tournament of Roses committee were responsible for selecting and inviting the opposing team . Georgia was the number two team in the nation behind number 1 Ohio State . The Western Conference , forerunner of the Big Ten Conference , did not permit their teams to play in bowl games until the 1946 agreement between the Big Ten and Pacific Coast Conference . The Bulldogs featured 1942 Heisman Trophy winner Frank Sinkwich , Maxwell Award winner Charley Trippi , and Jim Todd ( Laurens , SC ) backing up Trippi . The Bulldogs had been named national champions by the Berryman , DeVold , Houlgate , Litkenhous , Poling , and Williamson polls . Georgia had played their first bowl game the previous year , the 1942 Orange Bowl . Scoring summary ( edit ) The Temperature was 72 and sunny in Pasadena . UCLA wore gold helmets , white jerseys , and gold pants . Georgia had silver helmets , red jerseys , and gray pants . Both teams went scoreless until the fourth quarter . The Bulldogs had 25 first downs to the Bruins ' 5 . In the fourth quarter , the Bruins were backed up against the south goal line . Bob Waterfield attempted the punt 10 yards back from the line of scrimmage as was the custom at the time . The punt was blocked out of the end zone . First quarter ( edit ) No score Second quarter ( edit ) No score Third quarter ( edit ) No score Fourth quarter ( edit ) Georgia -- Willard `` Red '' Boyd blocks Bob Waterfield 's punt out of bounds for an automatic safety . Georgia -- Frank Sinkwich , one - yard run . Leo Costa converts . Statistics ( edit ) Team Stats Georgia UCLA First Downs 22 Net Yards Rushing 212 88 Net Yards Passing 167 69 Total Yards 379 157 PC -- PA -- Int . 12 -- 30 -- 2 4 -- 15 -- 4 Punts Avg . 34 34.6 Aftermath ( edit ) The UCLA Bruins had 5 first downs to Georgia 's 25 and were regarded as no match for the Bulldogs . The Bruins were considered lucky to have held Georgia to 9 points . Georgia coach Wally Butts was reportedly sweating over the Bruins ' defense during the game . A spectator in the stadium died of a heart attack during the game . The Georgia team remained in town a day to celebrate after the game . The team got a studio tour and met with Hollywood stars . The UCLA team also received star attention . UCLA fans Mickey Rooney and Ava Gardner rented the Cocoanut Grove Ballroom at the Ambassador Hotel for a party for the Bruins football team . Charley Trippi of Georgia was named the Rose Bowl Player of the Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively . Lynn `` Buck '' Compton , who played for UCLA , and started at guard in the game , later earned a Silver Star for his meritorious action at Brécourt Manor . The action was later dramatized in episode two of the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers . According to Lynn `` Buck '' Compton ( See `` Call of Duty '' by Lt. Lynn Buck Compton , Life , before , during , and after the `` Band of Brothers ) , shortly after the game , the entire Senior Class of those players , who were also in ROTC , were taken into the military , prior to graduation and sent to Officer Candidate School . Buck went on to Ft . Benning Georgia . Because of the agreement made in 1946 by what are now the Big Ten and the Pac - 12 Conferences ( and their respective predecessors ) , this was Georgia 's lone appearance in the Rose Bowl game until the agreements that starting in the 1998 season , the Rose Bowl would be part of any national championship format . That agreement meant Georgia would not appear until the 2018 game , when they were the third seed in the College Football Playoff in the year the game was a semifinal game . For the 2008 Rose Bowl , a hopeful matchup was examined that Georgia might play USC , but the Sugar Bowl would not give up the Bulldogs . During World War II , UCLA left end Milt `` Snuffy '' Smith was critically injured when his crew was struck by a missile . When he was about to be declared a hopeless case and to be abandoned , a medic saw his `` Rose Bowl , 1943 '' engraved wrist watch he was wearing and shouted , `` This is one guy we 've got to save . '' Smith recovered after 18 months of hospitalization . Georgia would not return to the Rose Bowl game until January 1 , 2018 -- an absence of 75 years . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official 2007 NCAA Division I football records book -- PDF copy available at NCAA.org ^ Jump up to : 2008 Rose Bowl Program , 2008 Rose Bowl . Accessed January 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : University of Georgia Living History -- Leo Costa Interview . University of Georgia , June 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ Rose Bowl Contest Thrills Crowd of 90,000 Rooters Rabid . During Game Servicemen Plentiful in Massive Throng at Colorful Display . Los Angeles Times , Pg A13 . January 2 , 1943 . Jump up ^ GENE SHERMAN -- Rose Parade Goes to War . Spirit of Bond Drive Insures Return of Great Floral Pageant . Los Angeles Times , January 2 , 1943 . Quote : Once again yesterday war 's ugly shadow stretched long across Colorado St. and there was no Tournament of Roses on New Year 's Day in Pasadena . Jump up ^ `` U.S.A. FOOTBALL BROADCAST . '' The Sydney Morning Herald . 1 January 1943 . p. 7 . Retrieved 21 March 2014 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Poi Bowl Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul -- Trojans Slight Favorites Over Bruin Eleven Today . Troy Eleven Doped to Win Bruins and S.C. to Clash Today Before 65,000 Fans in Coliseum Battle . Los Angeles Times , December 6 , 1941 . A couple of victory - starved teams named U.C.L.A. and Southern California rally their squads of unsung football heroes at Memorial Coliseum today for a last stand . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul -- Bruins Get Rose Bowl Bid With 14 - 7 Win Over Troy . Troy Bows to Bruins Westwood Boys Defeat Cross-town Foes for First Time in History . Los Angeles Times , December 13 , 1941 Those indomitable Bruins of U.C.L.A. finally broke the shackles of the Southern California Trojans yesterday and at the same time hammered down the fettered gates to the Rose Bowl . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center , Record of Climatogical Observations . Pasadena , California , for Jan 1 , 1943 Jump up ^ UCLA 's Bob Waterfield has his punt blocked by Georgia 's Willard Boyd on the first play of the fourth quarter of the 1943 Rose Bowl game ( photo ) . Los Angeles Times , January 2 , 1943 Photo by Charley Strite , Notes : `` The ball rolled out of the end zone for a safety . The Los Angeles Times reported that the game was a moral victory because the Bruins held the heavily favored Bulldogs to only nine points . '' In film of the game , photographer Strite can be seen moving to stand right next to the goalpost to take the photograph . Jump up ^ Troy , Jack -- Atlanta Scribe Lauds Bruins ' Game Fight . Los Angeles Times , pg A13 , January 2 , 1943 . Notes `` A Bruin is no match for a Bulldog . This was proved beyond the shadow of a doubt or the shadows that lengthened in the del arroyo sector yesterday afternoon as Georgia walloped U.C.L.A. , 9 to 0 . and in so doing roiled up 23 first downs to only 5 . '' Jack Troy was a journalist with the Atlanta Constitution Jump up ^ Braven , Dyer -- Georgia Team Called Great in Action Packed Tilt , Game Thrills 90,000 Fans , U.C.L.A. Considered Lucky to Hold Score Down to 9 Points . Los Angeles Times , January 2 , 1943 . Notes : `` The chap who wrote `` Georgia on My Mind '' must have been thinking about the great Dixie football team which defeated U.C.L.A. , 9 to 0 , yesterday in the famed Rose Bowl . '' Jump up ^ Wolf , Al -- Babe Horrell Lauds Victorious Bulldogs Trippi Praised as Best Back Bruins ' Coach Says Georgia Best Team His Boys Met All Season . Los Angeles Times , Pg A12 January 2 , 1943 Jump up ^ Lowry , Paul -- Wally Butts in Sweat Over Bruins ' Defense . Los Angeles Times , January 2 , 1943 . Notes : `` The Bruin rock - ribbed defensive play got Coach Wally Butts of Georgia in such a sweat that he was the first guy to reach the showers as the Bulldogs charged hilariously into their dressing quarters after the Rose Bowl game yesterday . '' Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul -- Sports Postscripts . Los Angeles Times , January 2 , 1943 . Notes : `` If you think directing a visiting Rose Bowl team is all beer and skittles , you should have worn the shoes of Coach Wallace Butts , the Georgia grid master '' Jump up ^ Spectator Dies in Grandstand , Excitement Brings Fatal Heart Attack to 52 - Year - Old Fan . Los Angeles Times , January 2 , 1943 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Braven -- Victorious Georgia Team Heads Home Tonight . Dixie Grids Take It Easy Coach Butts Gives Boys Run of the Town Prior to departure . Los Angeles Times , Pg A7 , January 3 , 1943 . Notes : `` While football fans of Southern California still were busy yesterday replaying the 1943 Rose Bowl thriller , Georgia 's pigskin squad had the `` run of the place '' through courtesy of Coach Wally Butts . '' Jump up ^ Foster , Chris -- UCLA Lost Big Fan When Mickey Rooney Died . Los Angeles Times , April 10 , 2014 . Quote : `` Mickey Rooney knew one of the guys and was really attached to the team '' , said Ed Tyler , who played on the 1942 team . `` He and Ava Gardner rented the Cocoanut Grove ballroom at the Ambassador Hotel and threw us a big party after the ( Rose Bowl ) . I got to light Ava Gardner 's cigarette . '' Jump up ^ Lynn Compton aka Buck ( 90 ) died from complications of a heart attack . April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis -- Lynn D. ' Buck ' Compton dies at 90 ; judge also known for World War II service Los Angeles Times , February 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ralph D. Russo -- Georgia , USC would make good championship matchup . Associated Press College Football , Appeared in Honolulu Advertiser , January 2 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) University of Georgia Library Film Archives Film of the football game , Reel 1 Film of the football game , Reel 2 Rose Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Rose Bowl Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters Big Ten Conference Pac - 12 Conference Games 1902 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Notes No games were held from 1903 to 1915 . The 1942 game was played at Duke Stadium in Durham , NC , due to the attack on Pearl Harbor . The game was also the national title game for the Bowl Championship Series in 2002 and 2006 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 and 2018 editions . Georgia Bulldogs bowl games 1942 Orange Bowl 1943 Rose Bowl 1946 Oil Bowl 1947 Sugar Bowl 1948 Gator Bowl 1949 Orange Bowl 1950 Presidential Cup 1960 Orange Bowl 1964 Sun Bowl 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic 1967 Liberty Bowl 1969 Sugar Bowl 1969 Sun Bowl 1971 Gator Bowl 1973 Peach Bowl 1974 Tangerine Bowl 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic 1977 Sugar Bowl 1978 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1981 Sugar Bowl 1982 Sugar Bowl 1983 Sugar Bowl 1984 Cotton Bowl Classic 1984 Florida Citrus Bowl 1985 Sun Bowl 1986 Hall of Fame Bowl 1987 Liberty Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Peach Bowl 1991 Independence Bowl 1993 Florida Citrus Bowl 1995 Peach Bowl 1998 Outback Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 2000 Outback Bowl 2000 Oahu Bowl 2001 Music City Bowl 2003 Sugar Bowl 2004 Capital One Bowl 2005 Outback Bowl 2006 Sugar Bowl 2006 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2008 Sugar Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2009 Independence Bowl 2010 Liberty Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2013 Capital One Bowl 2014 Gator Bowl 2014 Belk Bowl 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl 2016 Liberty Bowl 2018 Rose Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game UCLA Bruins bowl games 1943 Rose Bowl 1947 Rose Bowl 1954 Rose Bowl 1956 Rose Bowl 1962 Rose Bowl 1966 Rose Bowl 1976 Rose Bowl 1976 Liberty Bowl 1978 Fiesta Bowl 1981 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1983 Rose Bowl 1984 Rose Bowl 1985 Fiesta Bowl 1986 Rose Bowl 1986 Freedom Bowl 1987 Aloha Bowl 1989 Cotton Bowl Classic 1991 John Hancock Bowl 1994 Rose Bowl 1995 Aloha Bowl 1998 Cotton Bowl Classic 1999 Rose Bowl 2000 Sun Bowl 2002 Las Vegas Bowl 2003 Silicon Valley Football Classic 2004 Las Vegas Bowl 2005 Sun Bowl 2006 Emerald Bowl 2007 Las Vegas Bowl 2009 EagleBank Bowl 2011 Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl 2012 Holiday Bowl 2013 Sun Bowl 2015 Alamo Bowl 2015 Foster Farms Bowl 2017 Cactus Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1943_Rose_Bowl&oldid=823766023 '' Categories : 1942 -- 43 NCAA football bowl games Rose Bowl Georgia Bulldogs football bowl games UCLA Bruins football bowl games 1943 in California January 1943 sports events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 07 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943%20Rose%20Bowl