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preparation of benzoic acid from benzene diazonium chloride

Diazonium compound

diazonium compound

Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group R − N X where R can be any organic group , such as an alkyl or an aryl , and X is an inorganic or organic anion , such as a halogen . Diazonium salts , especially those where R is an aryl group , are important intermediates in the organic synthesis of azo dyes .

Contents 1 Preparation 2 Diazo coupling reactions 3 Displacement of the N group 3.1 Replacement by Halogens 3.1. 1 Sandmeyer reaction 3.1. 2 Gatterman reaction 3.1. 3 Replacement by iodide 3.1. 4 Replacement by fluoride 3.2 Miscellaneous Replacements 3.2. 1 Replacement by hydrogen 3.2. 2 Replacement by a hydroxyl group 3.2. 3 Replacement by a nitro group 3.2. 4 Replacement by a cyano group 3.2. 5 Replacement by a thiol group 3.2. 6 Replacement by an aryl group 3.2. 7 Replacement by a carboxyl group 4 Meerwein reaction 5 Metal complexes 6 Other methods for dediazotization 7 Grafting reactions 8 Reduction to a hydrazine group 9 Applications 9.1 Other uses 10 Safety 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Preparation ( edit ) The process of forming diazonium compounds is called `` diazotation '' , `` diazoniation '' , or `` diazotization '' . The reaction was first reported by Peter Griess in 1858 , who subsequently discovered several reactions of this new class of compounds . Most commonly , diazonium salts are prepared by treatment of aromatic amines with nitrous acid and additional acid . Usually the nitrous acid is generated in situ ( in the same flask ) from sodium nitrite and the excess mineral acid ( usually aqueous HCl , H SO , or HBF ) : ArNH + HNO + H → ArN + 2H O Sample of phenyldiazonium tetrafluoroborate . Aqueous solutions of diazonium chloride salts , traditionally prepared from the aniline , sodium nitrite , and hydrochloric acid , are unstable above 5 ° C. However , one can isolate diazonium compounds as tetrafluoroborate or tosylate salts , which are stable solids at room temperature . It is often preferred that the diazonium salt remain in solutions , but they do tend to supersaturate . Operators have been injured or even killed by an unexpected crystallization of the salt followed by its detonation . Due to these hazards , diazonium compounds are usually not isolated . Instead they are used in situ . This approach is illustrated in the preparation of an arylsulfonyl compound : Diazo coupling reactions ( edit ) The most widely practiced reaction of diazonium salts is azo coupling . In this process , the diazonium compound is attacked by , i.e. , coupled to , electron - rich substrates . When the coupling partners are arenes such as anilines and phenols , the process is an example of electrophilic aromatic substitution : ArN + Ar ′ H → ArN Ar ′ + H Another commercially important class of coupling partners are acetoacetic amides , as illustrated by the preparation of Pigment Yellow 12 , a diarylide pigment . The resulting azo compounds are often useful dyes and in fact are called azo dyes . The deep colors of the dyes reflects their extended conjugation . For example , the dye called aniline yellow is produced by mixing aniline and cold solution of diazonium salt and then shaking it vigorously . Aniline yellow is obtained as an yellow solid . Similarly , a cold basic solution of Naphthalen - 2 - ol ( Β - naphthol ) give the intensely orange - red precipitate . Methyl orange is an example of an azo dye that is used in the laboratory as a pH indicator . Displacement of the N group ( edit ) Arenediazonium cations undergo several reactions in which the N group is replaced by another group or ion . Some of the major ones are the following . Replacement by halogens ( edit ) Sandmeyer reaction ( edit ) Main article : Sandmeyer reaction Benzenediazonium chloride heated with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide respectively dissolved in HCl or HBr yield chlorobenzene or bromobenzene , respectively . + CuCl → C H Cl + N + Cu Gatterman reaction ( edit ) In the Gatterman reaction , benzenediazonium chloride is warmed with copper powder and HCl or HBr to produce chlorobenzene and bromobenzene respectively . It is named after the German chemist Ludwig Gattermann . + CuX → C H X + N + Cu Replacement by iodide ( edit ) Iodine is not easily introduced into the benzene ring directly . However it can be introduced by treating aryldiazonium cations with potassium iodide : C + KI → C H I + K + N Replacement by fluoride ( edit ) Main article : Schiemann reaction Fluorobenzene is produced by thermal decomposition of benzenediazonium fluoroborate . The conversion is called the Balz - Schiemann reaction . ) BF → C H F + BF + N Miscellaneous replacements ( edit ) Replacement by hydrogen ( edit ) Arenediazonium cations are reduced by hypophosphorous acid or sodium stannite gives benzene : ( C ) Cl + H PO + H O → C H + N + H PO + HCl Replacement by a hydroxyl group ( edit ) Phenols are produced by heating aqueous solutions of aryldiazonium salts to 100 ° C . + H O → C H OH + N + H This reaction goes by the German name Phenolverkochung ( `` cooking down to yield phenols '' ) . The phenol formed may react with the diazonium salt and hence the reaction is carried in the presence of an acid which helps in suppressing this further reaction . Replacement by a nitro group ( edit ) Nitrobenzene can be obtained by treating benzenediazonium fluoroborate with sodium nitrite in presence of copper . Alternatively , the diazotisation of the aniline can be conducted in presence of cuprous oxide , which generates cuprous nitrite in situ : C + CuNO → C H NO + N + Cu Replacement by a cyano group ( edit ) The cyano group usually can not be introduced by nucleophilic substitution of haloarenes , but such compounds can be easily prepared from diazonium salts . Illustrative is the preparation of benzonitrile using the reagent cuprous cyanide : C + CuCN → C H CN + Cu + N This reaction is a special type of Sandmeyer reaction . Replacement by a thiol group ( edit ) Further information : Leuckart thiophenol reaction Diazonium salts can be converted to thiols in a two - step procedure . Treatment of benzenediazonium chloride with potassium ethylxanthate followed by hydrolysis of the intermediate xanthate ester gives thiophenol : C + C OCS → C H SC ( S ) OC H C H SC ( S ) OC H + H O → C H SH + HOC ( S ) OC H Replacement by an aryl group ( edit ) The aryl group can be coupled to another using aryldiazonium salts . For example , treatment of benzenediazonium chloride with benzene ( an aromatic compound ) in the presence of sodium hydroxide gives diphenyl : ( C ) Cl + C H → C H − C H + N + HCl This reaction is known as the Gomberg -- Bachmann reaction . A similar conversion is also achieved by treating benzenediazonium chloride with ethanol and copper powder . Replacement by a carboxyl group ( edit ) Diazonium fluoroborates react with an aliphatic carboxylic acid yield the corresponding benzoic acid . This reaction provides a method to prepare aromatic carboxylic acids from aliphatic carboxylic acids : ( C ) BF + RCO H → C H CO H + BF + N + RF Meerwein reaction ( edit ) Benzenediazonium chloride reacts with compounds containing activated double bonds to produces phenylated products . The reaction is called the Meerwein arylation : ( C ) Cl + ArCH = CHCO H → ArC = C − C H + N + CO + HCl Metal complexes ( edit ) In their reactions with metal complexes , diazonium cations behave similarly to NO . For example , low - valent metal complexes add with diazonium salts . Illustrative complexes are ( Fe ( CO ) ( PPh ) ( N Ph ) ) and the chiral - at - metal complex Fe ( CO ) ( NO ) ( PPh ) ( N Ph ) . Other methods for dediazotization ( edit ) by organic reduction at an electrode by mild reducing agents such as ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) by gamma radiation from solvated electrons generated in water photoinduced electron transfer reduction by metal cations , most commonly a cuprous salt . anion - induced dediazoniation : a counterion such as iodine gives electron transfer to the diazonium cation forming the aryl radical and an iodine radical solvent - induced dediazoniation with solvent serving as electron donor Grafting reactions ( edit ) In a potential application in nanotechnology , the diazonium salts 4 - chlorobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate very efficiently functionalizes single wall nanotubes . In order to exfoliate the nanotubes , they are mixed with an ionic liquid in a mortar and pestle . The diazonium salt is added together with potassium carbonate , and after grinding the mixture at room temperature the surface of the nanotubes are covered with chlorophenyl groups with an efficiency of 1 in 44 carbon atoms . These added subsituents prevent the tubes from forming intimate bundles due to large cohesive forces between them , which is a recurring problem in nanotube technology . It is also possible to functionalize silicon wafers with diazonium salts forming an aryl monolayer . In one study , the silicon surface is washed with ammonium hydrogen fluoride leaving it covered with silicon -- hydrogen bonds ( hydride passivation ) . The reaction of the surface with a solution of diazonium salt in acetonitrile for 2 hours in the dark is a spontaneous process through a free radical mechanism : So far grafting of diazonium salts on metals has been accomplished on iron , cobalt , nickel , platinum , palladium , zinc , copper and gold surfaces . Also grafting to diamond surfaces has been reported . One interesting question raised is the actual positioning on the aryl group on the surface . An in silico study demonstrates that in the period 4 elements from titanium to copper the binding energy decreases from left to right because the number of d - electrons increases . The metals to the left of iron are positioned tilted towards or flat on the surface favoring metal to carbon pi bond formation and those on the right of iron are positioned in an upright position , favoring metal to carbon sigma bond formation . This also explains why diazonium salt grafting thus far has been possible with those metals to right of iron in the periodic table . Reduction to a hydrazine group ( edit ) Diazonium salts can be reduced with stannous chloride ( SnCl ) to the corresponding hydrazine derivatives . This reaction is particularly useful in the Fischer indole synthesis of triptan compounds and indometacin . The use of sodium dithionite is an improvement over stannous chloride since it is a cheaper reducing agent with fewer environmental problems . Applications ( edit ) The first use of diazonium salts was to produce water - fast dyed fabrics by immersing the fabric in an aqueous solution of the diazonium compound , followed by immersion in a solution of the coupler ( the electron - rich ring that undergoes electrophilic substitution ) . The major applications of diazonium compounds remains in the dye and pigment industry . Other uses ( edit ) Diazonium compounds are standard reagents used in synthesis of organic compounds , especially aryl derivatives . Diazonium salts are light sensitive and break down under near UV or violet light . This property has led to their use in document reproduction . In this process , paper or film is coated with a diazonium salt . After contact exposure under light , the residual diazo is converted to a stable azo dye with an aqueous solution of coupler . A more common process uses a paper coated with diazo , coupler and an acid to inhibit coupling ; after exposure the image is developed by a vapor mixture of ammonia and water which forces coupling . Safety ( edit ) Solid diazonium halides are often dangerously explosive , and fatalities and injuries have been reported . The nature of the anions affects stability of the salt . Aryl diazonium perchlorates , such as nitrobenzenediazonium perchlorate , have been used to initiate explosives . See also ( edit ) Diazo Benzenediazonium chloride Triazene cleavage Dinitrogen complex References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chemistry of the Diazonium and Diazo Groups : Part 1 . S. Patai , Ed . 1978 Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 471 - 99492 - 8 . Chemistry of the Diazonium and Diazo Groups : Part 2 . S. Patai , Ed . 1978 Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 471 - 99493 - 6 . Jump up ^ Filimonov , Victor D. ; Trusova , Marina ; Postnikov , Pavel ; Krasnokutskaya , Elena A. ; Lee , Young Min ; Hwang , Ho Yun ; Kim , Hyunuk ; Chi , Ki - Whan ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Unusually Stable , Versatile , and Pure Arenediazonium Tosylates : Their Preparation , Structures , and Synthetic Applicability '' . Organic Letters. 10 ( 18 ) : 3961 -- 3964 . doi : 10.1021 / ol8013528 . ISSN 1523 - 7060 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK CRHF Incident Report - Supersaturated Diazonium salt causes Fatality '' . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ R.V. Hoffman ( 1981 ) . `` m - Trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyl Chloride '' . Org . Synth. 60 : 121 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 060.0121 . Jump up ^ K. Hunger . W. Herbst `` Pigments , Organic '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim , 2012 . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a20_371 ^ Jump up to : Klaus Hunger , Peter Mischke , Wolfgang Rieper , et al. `` Azo Dyes '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , 2005 , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a03_245 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Jim . `` chemguide '' . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ March , J. `` Advanced Organic Chemistry '' 4th Ed . J. Wiley and Sons , 1992 : New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 60180 - 7 . Jump up ^ Marye Anne Fox ; James K. Whitesell ( 2004 ) . Organic Chemistry ( 3 , illustrated ed . ) . Jones & Bartlett Learning . pp. 535 -- 538 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 2197 - 8 . Jump up ^ L. Gattermann ( 1894 ) . `` Untersuchungen über Diazoverbindungen '' . Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 23 ( 1 ) : 1218 -- 1228 . doi : 10.1002 / cber. 189002301199 . Jump up ^ Flood , D.T. ( 1933 ) . `` Fluorobenzene '' . Org . Synth. 13 : 46 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 013.0046 ... Jump up ^ Sutton , D ( 1993 ) . `` Organometallic Diazo Compounds '' . Chem. Rev. 93 : 905 -- 1022 . doi : 10.1021 / cr00019a008 . Jump up ^ Pinacho Crisóstomo Fernando ( 2014 ) . `` Ascorbic Acid as an Initiator for the Direct C-H Arylation of ( Hetero ) arenes with Anilines Nitrosated In Situ '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 53 : 2181 -- 2185 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 201309761 . Jump up ^ Green Chemical Functionalization of Single - Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Ionic Liquids B. Katherine Price , Jared L. Hudson , and James M. Tour J. Am. Chem. Soc. ; 2005 ; 127 ( 42 ) pp. 14867 -- 14870 . doi : 10.1021 / ja053998c Jump up ^ Michael P. Stewart ; Francisco Maya ; Dmitry V. Kosynkin ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Direct Covalent Grafting of Conjugated Molecules onto Si , GaAs , and Pd Surfaces from Aryldiazonium Salts '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 ( 1 ) : 370 -- 8 . doi : 10.1021 / ja0383120 . PMID 14709104 . Jump up ^ Reaction sequence : silicon surface reaction with ammonium hydrogen fluoride creates hydride layer . An electron is transferred from the silicon surface to the diazonium salt in an open circuit potential reduction leaving a silicon radical cation and a diazonium radical . In the next step a proton and a nitrogen molecule are expelled and the two radical residues recombine creating a surface silicon to carbon bond . Jump up ^ S.Q. Lud ; M. Steenackers ; P. Bruno ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Chemical Grafting of Biphenyl Self - Assembled Monolayers on Ultrananocrystalline Diamond '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 ( 51 ) : 16884 -- 91 . doi : 10.1021 / ja0657049 . PMID 17177439 . Jump up ^ De-en Jiang ; Bobby G. Sumpter ; Sheng Dai ( 2006 ) . `` Structure and Bonding between an Aryl Group and Metal Surfaces '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 ( 18 ) : 6030 -- 1 . doi : 10.1021 / ja061439f . PMID 16669660 . External links ( edit ) W. Reusch . `` Reactions of Amines '' . VirtualText of Organic Chemistry . Michigan State University . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diazonium_compound&oldid=854709917 '' Categories : Organic compounds Carbon - heteroatom bond forming reactions Functional groups Organonitrogen compounds Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi தமிழ் Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 07 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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where is argentina located on the world map

Argentina ( Spanish : ( aɾxenˈtina ) ) , officially the Argentine Republic ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a federal republic located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , Argentina is the eighth - largest country in the world , the second largest in Latin America , and the largest Spanish - speaking nation . It is subdivided into twenty - three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands .

Argentina

argentina

Coordinates : 34 ° S 64 ° W  /  34 ° S 64 ° W  / - 34 ; - 64

Argentine Republic República Argentina ( Spanish ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` En unión y libertad '' ( `` In Unity and Freedom '' ) Anthem : Himno Nacional Argentino ( `` Argentine National Anthem '' ) Sol de Mayo ( Sun of May ) Location of Argentina ( dark green ) in South America ( grey ) Capital and largest city Buenos Aires 34 ° 36 ′ S 58 ° 23 ′ W  /  34.600 ° S 58.383 ° W  / - 34.600 ; - 58.383 Official languages None National language Spanish Regional languages Guarani in Corrientes ; Qom , Mocoví and Wichí in Chaco Ethnic groups 96.7 % European and Mestizo 2.4 % Amerindian 0.5 % Asian 0.4 % African Religion 77.1 % Roman Catholicism 10.8 % Protestant 10.1 % Non-religious 2.6 % Other Demonym Argentine Argentinian Argentinean ( uncommon ) Government Federal presidential constitutional republic President Mauricio Macri Vice President Gabriela Michetti Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house Chamber of Deputies Independence from Spain May Revolution May 25 , 1810 Declared July 9 , 1816 Constitution May 1 , 1853 Area Total 2,780,400 km ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) ( 8th ) Water ( % ) 1.57 Population 2016 estimate 43,847,430 2010 census 40,117,096 ( 32nd ) Density 14.4 / km ( 37.3 / sq mi ) ( 214th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $959.528 billion ( 25th ) Per capita $21,528 ( 56th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $625.921 billion ( 21st ) Per capita $14,043 ( 53rd ) Gini ( 2014 ) 42.7 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.827 very high 45th Currency Peso ( $ ) ( ARS ) Time zone ART ( UTC − 3 ) Date format dd. mm. yyyy ( CE ) Drives on the right Calling code + 54 ISO 3166 code AR Internet TLD . ar ^ Though not declared official de jure , the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws , decrees , resolutions , official documents and public acts . ^ Trains driven on left . Argentina ( Spanish : ( aɾxenˈtina ) ) , officially the Argentine Republic ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a federal republic located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , Argentina is the eighth - largest country in the world , the second largest in Latin America , and the largest Spanish - speaking nation . It is subdivided into twenty - three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in the area of modern - day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810 -- 1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with massive waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook . The almost - unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century . After 1930 , Argentina descended into political instability and periodic economic crises that pushed it back into underdevelopment , though it nevertheless remained among the fifteen richest countries until the mid-20th century . Following the death of President Juan Perón in 1974 , his wife Isabel Martínez de Perón ascended to the presidency . She was overthrown in a coup in 1976 led by the military , which elevated Jorge Rafael Videla to the presidency and named the government the National Reorganization Process . With the help of the United States , in Operation Condor , Videla persecuted leftists , socialists , political dissidents , and normal Argentine citizens believed to be associated with leftist groups in the Dirty War ; tens of thousands were interned in secret detention camps , where thousands were tortured and secretly executed . The military government stepped down in 1983 , and many senior military leaders involved in the persecution of dissidents were subsequently convicted and imprisoned for their roles in the Dirty War during later presidencies . Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs , and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America . Argentina has the second largest economy in South America , the third - largest in Latin America and is a member of the G - 15 and G - 20 major economies . It is also a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , World Trade Organization , Mercosur , Union of South American Nations , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and the Organization of Ibero - American States . It is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of `` very high '' . Because of its stability , market size and growing high - tech sector , Argentina is classified as a high - income economy in the 2019 fiscal year . Contents 1 Name and etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Columbian era 2.2 Colonial era 2.3 Independence and civil wars 2.4 Rise of the modern nation 2.5 Infamous Decade 2.6 Peronist years 2.7 Military dictatorship and the Dirty War 2.8 20th -- 21st centuries , Kirchner era 3 Geography 3.1 Regions 3.2 Biodiversity 3.3 Climate 4 Politics 4.1 Government 4.2 Provinces 4.3 Foreign relations 4.4 Armed forces 5 Economy 5.1 Industry 5.2 Transport 5.3 Media and communications 5.4 Science and technology 5.5 Tourism 6 Demographics 6.1 Ethnography 6.2 Languages 6.3 Religion 6.4 Urbanization 6.5 Education 6.6 Health care 7 Culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Music 7.3 Theatre 7.4 Cinema 7.5 Visual arts 7.6 Architecture 7.7 Sport 7.8 Cuisine 7.9 National symbols 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Name and etymology The description of the country by the word Argentina has been found on a Venetian map in 1536 . In English the name `` Argentina '' comes from the Spanish language , however the naming itself is not Spanish , but Italian . Argentina ( masculine argentino ) means in Italian `` ( made ) of silver , silver coloured '' , probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine `` ( made ) of silver '' > `` silver coloured '' already mentioned in the 12th century . The French word argentine is the feminine form of argentin and derives from argent `` silver '' with the suffix - in ( same construction as Old French acerin `` ( made ) of steel '' , from acier `` steel '' + - in or sapin `` ( made ) of fir wood '' , from OF sap `` fir '' + - in ) . The Italian naming `` Argentina '' for the country implies Terra Argentina `` land of silver '' or Costa Argentina `` coast of silver '' . In Italian , the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said l'Argentina . The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venetian and Genoese navigators , such as Giovanni Caboto . In Spanish and Portuguese , the words for `` silver '' are respectively plata and prata and `` ( made ) of silver '' is said plateado and prateado . Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend , widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin . The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina , a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region . Although `` Argentina '' was already in common usage by the 18th century , the country was formally named `` Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata '' by the Spanish Empire , and `` United Provinces of the Río de la Plata '' after independence . The 1826 constitution included the first use of the name `` Argentine Republic '' in legal documents . The name `` Argentine Confederation '' was also commonly used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853 . In 1860 a presidential decree settled the country 's name as `` Argentine Republic '' , and that year 's constitutional amendment ruled all the names since 1810 as legally valid . In the English language the country was traditionally called `` the Argentine '' , mimicking the typical Spanish usage la Argentina and perhaps resulting from a mistaken shortening of the fuller name ' Argentine Republic ' . ' The Argentine ' fell out of fashion during the mid-to - late 20th century , and now the country is simply referred to as `` Argentina '' . In the Spanish language `` Argentina '' is feminine ( `` La ( República ) Argentina '' ) , taking the feminine article `` La '' as the initial syllable of `` Argentina '' is unstressed . History Main article : History of Argentina Pre-columbian Era Main article : Indigenous peoples in Argentina The Cave of the Hands in Santa Cruz province , with indigenous artwork dating from 13,000 -- 9,000 years ago The earliest traces of human life in the area now known as Argentina are dated from the Paleolithic period , with further traces in the Mesolithic and Neolithic . Until the period of European colonization , Argentina was relatively sparsely populated by a wide number of diverse cultures with different social organizations , which can be divided into three main groups . The first group are basic hunters and food gatherers without development of pottery , such as the Selknam and Yaghan in the extreme south . The second group are advanced hunters and food gatherers which include the Puelche , Querandí and Serranos in the center - east ; and the Tehuelche in the south -- all of them conquered by the Mapuche spreading from Chile -- and the Kom and Wichi in the north . The last group are farmers with pottery , like the Charrúa , Minuane and Guaraní in the northeast , with slash and burn semisedentary existence ; the advanced Diaguita sedentary trading culture in the northwest , which was conquered by the Inca Empire around 1480 ; the Toconoté and Hênîa and Kâmîare in the country 's center , and the Huarpe in the center - west , a culture that raised llama cattle and was strongly influenced by the Incas . Colonial Era Main article : Colonial Argentina See also : Spanish colonization of the Americas The surrender of Beresford to Santiago de Liniers during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata Europeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of Amerigo Vespucci . The Spanish navigators Juan Díaz de Solís and Sebastian Cabot visited the territory that is now Argentina in 1516 and 1526 , respectively . In 1536 Pedro de Mendoza founded the small settlement of Buenos Aires , which was abandoned in 1541 . Further colonization efforts came from Paraguay -- establishing the Governorate of the Río de la Plata -- Peru and Chile . Francisco de Aguirre founded Santiago del Estero in 1553 . Londres was founded in 1558 ; Mendoza , in 1561 ; San Juan , in 1562 ; San Miguel de Tucumán , in 1565 . Juan de Garay founded Santa Fe in 1573 and the same year Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera set up Córdoba . Garay went further south to re-found Buenos Aires in 1580 . San Luis was established in 1596 . The Spanish Empire subordinated the economic potential of the Argentine territory to the immediate wealth of the silver and gold mines in Bolivia and Peru , and as such it became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 with Buenos Aires as its capital . Buenos Aires repelled two ill - fated British invasions in 1806 and 1807 . The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the example of the first Atlantic Revolutions generated criticism of the absolutist monarchy that ruled the country . As in the rest of Spanish America , the overthrow of Ferdinand VII during the Peninsular War created great concern . Independence and civil wars Main articles : Argentine War of Independence and Argentine Civil Wars Portrait of General José de San Martin , Libertador of Argentina , Chile and Peru Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty , the 1810 May Revolution replaced the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the First Junta , a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals . In the first clashes of the Independence War the Junta crushed a royalist counter-revolution in Córdoba , but failed to overcome those of the Banda Oriental , Upper Peru and Paraguay , which later became independent states . Revolutionaries split into two antagonist groups : the Centralists and the Federalists -- a move that would define Argentina 's first decades of independence . The Assembly of the Year XIII appointed Gervasio Antonio de Posadas as Argentina 's first Supreme Director . On 9 July 1816 , the Congress of Tucumán formalized the Declaration of Independence , which is now celebrated as Independence Day , a national holiday . One year later General Martín Miguel de Güemes stopped royalists on the north , and General José de San Martín took an army across the Andes and secured the independence of Chile ; then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of Lima and proclaimed the independence of Peru . In 1819 Buenos Aires enacted a centralist constitution that was soon abrogated by federalists . The 1820 Battle of Cepeda , fought between the Centralists and the Federalists , resulted in the end of the Supreme Director rule . In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another centralist constitution , with Bernardino Rivadavia being appointed as the first president of the country . However , the interior provinces soon rose against him , forced his resignation and discarded the constitution . Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war ; the latter prevailed and formed the Argentine Confederation in 1831 , led by Juan Manuel de Rosas . During his regime he faced a French blockade ( 1838 -- 1840 ) , the War of the Confederation ( 1836 -- 1839 ) , and a combined Anglo - French blockade ( 1845 -- 1850 ) , but remained undefeated and prevented further loss of national territory . His trade restriction policies , however , angered the interior provinces and in 1852 Justo José de Urquiza , another powerful caudillo , beat him out of power . As new president of the Confederation , Urquiza enacted the liberal and federal 1853 Constitution . Buenos Aires seceded but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 Battle of Cepeda . Rise of the modern nation Main articles : List of Presidents of Argentina and Generation of ' 80 See also : Argentine -- Chilean naval arms race and South American dreadnought race People gathered in front of the Buenos Aires Cabildo during the May Revolution Overpowering Urquiza in the 1861 Battle of Pavón , Bartolomé Mitre secured Buenos Aires predominance and was elected as the first president of the reunified country . He was followed by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and Nicolás Avellaneda ; these three presidencies set up the bases of the modern Argentine State . The Argentina Centennial was celebrated on 25 May 1910 . Starting with Julio Argentino Roca in 1880 , ten consecutive federal governments emphasized liberal economic policies . The massive wave of European immigration they promoted -- second only to the United States ' -- led to a near - reinvention of Argentine society and economy that by 1908 had placed the country as the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world . Driven by this immigration wave and decreasing mortality , the Argentine population grew fivefold and the economy 15-fold : from 1870 to 1910 Argentina 's wheat exports went from 100,000 to 2,500,000 t ( 110,000 to 2,760,000 short tons ) per year , while frozen beef exports increased from 25,000 to 365,000 t ( 28,000 to 402,000 short tons ) per year , placing Argentina as one of the world 's top five exporters . Its railway mileage rose from 503 to 31,104 km ( 313 to 19,327 mi ) . Fostered by a new public , compulsory , free and secular education system , literacy skyrocketed from 22 % to 65 % , a level higher than most Latin American nations would reach even fifty years later . Furthermore , real GDP grew so fast that despite the huge immigration influx , per capita income between 1862 and 1920 went from 67 % of developed country levels to 100 % : In 1865 , Argentina was already one of the top 25 nations by per capita income . By 1908 , it had surpassed Denmark , Canada and The Netherlands to reach 7th place -- behind Switzerland , New Zealand , Australia , the United States , the United Kingdom and Belgium . Argentina 's per capita income was 70 % higher than Italy 's , 90 % higher than Spain 's , 180 % higher than Japan 's and 400 % higher than Brazil 's . Despite these unique achievements , the country was slow to meet its original goals of industrialization : after steep development of capital - intensive local industries in the 1920s , a significant part of the manufacture sector remained labor - intensive in the 1930s . In 1912 , President Roque Sáenz Peña enacted universal and secret male suffrage , which allowed Hipólito Yrigoyen , leader of the Radical Civic Union ( or UCR ) , to win the 1916 election . He enacted social and economic reforms and extended assistance to small farms and businesses . Argentina stayed neutral during World War I . The second administration of Yrigoyen faced an economic crisis , precipitated by the Great Depression . Infamous decade Main article : Infamous Decade In 1930 , Yrigoyen was ousted from power by the military led by José Félix Uriburu . Although Argentina remained among the fifteen richest countries until mid-century , this coup d'état marks the start of the steady economic and social decline that pushed the country back into underdevelopment . Official presidential portrait of Juan Domingo Perón and his wife Eva Perón , 1948 Uriburu ruled for two years ; then Agustín Pedro Justo was elected in a fraudulent election , and signed a controversial treaty with the United Kingdom . Argentina stayed neutral during World War II , a decision that had full British support but was rejected by the United States after the attack on Pearl Harbor . A new military coup toppled the government , and Argentina declared war on the Axis Powers a month before the end of World War II in Europe . The minister of welfare , Juan Domingo Perón , was fired and jailed because of his high popularity among workers . His liberation was forced by a massive popular demonstration , and he went on to win the 1946 election . Peronist years Main article : Peronism Perón created a political movement known as Peronism . He nationalized strategic industries and services , improved wages and working conditions , paid the full external debt and achieved nearly full employment . The economy , however , began to decline in 1950 because of over-expenditure . His highly popular wife , Eva Perón , played a central political role . She pushed Congress to enact women 's suffrage in 1947 , and developed an unprecedented social assistance to the most vulnerable sectors of society . However , her declining health did not allow her to run for the vice-presidency in 1951 , and she died of cancer the following year . Perón was reelected in 1951 , surpassing even his 1946 performance . In 1955 the Navy bombed the Plaza de Mayo in an ill - fated attempt to kill the President . A few months later , during the self - called Liberating Revolution coup , he resigned and went into exile in Spain . The new head of State , Pedro Eugenio Aramburu , proscribed Peronism and banned all of its manifestations ; nevertheless , Peronists kept an organized underground . Arturo Frondizi from the UCR won the following elections . He encouraged investment to achieve energetic and industrial self - sufficiency , reversed a chronic trade deficit and lifted Peronism proscription ; yet his efforts to stay on good terms with Peronists and the military earned him the rejection of both and a new coup forced him out . But Senate Chief José María Guido reacted swiftly and applied the anti-power vacuum legislation , becoming president instead ; elections were repealed and Peronism proscribed again . Arturo Illia was elected in 1963 and led to an overall increase in prosperity ; however his attempts to legalize Peronism resulted in his overthrow in 1966 by the Juan Carlos Onganía - led coup d'état called the Argentine Revolution , creating a new military government that sought to rule indefinitely . Military dictatorship and the Dirty War Main article : Dirty War The `` Dirty War '' ( Spanish : Guerra Sucia ) was part of Operation Condor , originally planned by the CIA , and for which the United States government provided technical support and supplied military aid to during the Johnson , Nixon , Ford , Carter , and Reagan administrations . The Dirty War involved state terrorism in Argentina and elsewhere in the Southern Cone against political dissidents , with military and security forces employing urban and rural violence against left - wing guerrillas , political dissidents , and anyone believed to be associated with socialism or somehow contrary to the neoliberal economic policies of the regime . Victims of the state terrorism included an estimated 15,000 to 30,000 victims , included left - wing activists and militants , trade unionists , students , journalists , Marxists , Peronist guerrillas and alleged sympathizers . The guerrillas , whose number of victims are nearly 500 -- 540 between military and police officials and up to 230 civilians were already inactive in 1976 , so instead of a war the actual situation was a genocide practiced by the Junta over the civilian population . Raúl Alfonsín , first democratically elected president following the military government Declassified documents of the Chilean secret police cite an official estimate by the Batallón de Inteligencia 601 of 22,000 killed or `` disappeared '' between 1975 and mid-1978 . During this period , in which it was later revealed 8,625 `` disappeared '' in the form of PEN ( Poder Ejecutivo Nacional , anglicized as `` National Executive Power '' ) detainees who were held in clandestine detention camps throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure . The number of people believed to have been killed or `` disappeared '' , depending on the source , range from 9,089 to 30,000 in the period from 1976 to 1983 , when the military was forced from power following Argentina 's defeat in the Falklands War . The National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons estimates that around 13,000 were disappeared . After democratic government was restored , Congress passed legislation to provide compensation to victims ' families . Some 11,000 Argentines have applied to the relevant authorities and received up to US $200,000 each as monetary compensation for the murder of loved ones during the military dictatorship . The exact chronology of the repression is still debated , however , as in some senses the long political war started in 1969 . Trade unionists were targeted for assassination by the Peronist and Marxist paramilitaries as early as 1969 , and individual cases of state - sponsored terrorism against Peronism and the left can be traced back to the Bombing of Plaza de Mayo in 1955 . The Trelew massacre of 1972 , the actions of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance since 1973 , and Isabel Martínez de Perón 's `` annihilation decrees '' against left - wing guerrillas during Operativo Independencia ( translates to Operation of Independence ) in 1975 , have also been suggested as dates for the beginning of the Dirty War . Onganía shut down Congress , banned all political parties and dismantled student and worker unions . In 1969 , popular discontent led to two massive protests : the Cordobazo and the Rosariazo . The terrorist guerrilla organization Montoneros kidnapped and executed Aramburu . The newly chosen head of government , Alejandro Agustín Lanusse , seeking to ease the growing political pressure , let Héctor José Cámpora be the Peronist candidate instead of Perón . Cámpora won the March 1973 election , issued a pardon for condemned guerrilla members and then secured Perón 's return from his exile in Spain . On the day Perón returned to Argentina , the clash between Peronist internal factions -- right - wing union leaders and left - wing youth from Montoneros -- resulted in the Ezeiza Massacre . Cámpora resigned , overwhelmed by political violence , and Perón won the September 1973 election with his third wife Isabel as vice-president . He expelled Montoneros from the party and they became once again a clandestine organization . José López Rega organized the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( AAA ) to fight against them and the People 's Revolutionary Army ( ERP ) . Perón died in July 1974 and was succeeded by his wife , who signed a secret decree empowering the military and the police to `` annihilate '' the left - wing subversion , stopping ERP 's attempt to start a rural insurgence in Tucumán province . Isabel Perón was ousted one year later by a junta of the three armed forces , led by army general Jorge Rafael Videla . They initiated the National Reorganization Process , often shortened to Proceso . The Proceso shut down Congress , removed the judges of the Supreme Court , banned political parties and unions , and resorted to the forced disappearance of suspected guerrilla members and of anyone believed to be associated with the left - wing . By the end of 1976 Montoneros had lost near 2,000 members ; by 1977 , the ERP was completely defeated . A severely weakened Montoneros launched a counterattack in 1979 , which was quickly annihilated , ending the guerrilla threat . Nevertheless , the junta stayed in power . Then head of state General Leopoldo Galtieri launched Operation Rosario , which escalated into the Falklands War ( Spanish : Guerra de Malvinas ) ; within two months Argentina was defeated by the United Kingdom . Reynaldo Bignone replaced Galtieri and began to organize the transition to democratic rule . 20th -- 21st centuries , Kirchner Era Main articles : Argentine economic crisis ( 1999 -- 2002 ) and Kirchnerism Cristina Fernández and Néstor Kirchner occupied the presidency of Argentina for 12 years , him from 2003 to 2007 and her from 2007 to 2015 . Raúl Alfonsín won the 1983 elections campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible for human rights violations during the Proceso : the Trial of the Juntas and other martial courts sentenced all the coup 's leaders but , under military pressure , he also enacted the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws , which halted prosecutions further down the chain of command . The worsening economic crisis and hyperinflation reduced his popular support and the Peronist Carlos Menem won the 1989 election . Soon after , riots forced Alfonsín to an early resignation . Menem embraced neo-liberal policies : a fixed exchange rate , business deregulation , privatizations and dismantling of protectionist barriers normalized the economy for a while . He pardoned the officers who had been sentenced during Alfonsín 's government . The 1994 Constitutional Amendment allowed Menem to be elected for a second term . The economy began to decline in 1995 , with increasing unemployment and recession ; led by Fernando de la Rúa , the UCR returned to the presidency in the 1999 elections . Mauricio Macri , incumbent President of Argentina De la Rúa kept Menem 's economic plan despite the worsening crisis , which led to growing social discontent . A massive capital flight was responded to with a freezing of bank accounts , generating further turmoil . The December 2001 riots forced him to resign . Congress appointed Eduardo Duhalde as acting president , who abrogated the fixed exchange rate established by Menem , causing many Argentinians to lose a significant portion of their savings . By the late 2002 the economic crisis began to recede , but the assassination of two piqueteros by the police caused political commotion , prompting Duhalde to move elections forward . Néstor Kirchner was elected as the new president . Boosting the neo-Keynesian economic policies laid by Duhalde , Kirchner ended the economic crisis attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses , and steep GDP growth . Under his administration Argentina restructured its defaulted debt with an unprecedented discount of about 70 % on most bonds , paid off debts with the International Monetary Fund , purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records , nullified and voided the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws , ruled them as unconstitutional , and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas ' crimes . He did not run for reelection , promoting instead the candidacy of his wife , senator Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , who was elected in 2007 and reelected in 2011 . Fernández de Kirchner 's administration oversaw a positive foreign policy with good relations with other South American nations ; however , relations between the United States and United Kingdom remained heavily strained . Jorge Rafael Videla , who had led the repression during the Dirty War , was sentenced to life in a civilian prison in 2010 under de Kirchner 's administration ; he later died in prison in 2013 . On 22 November 2015 , after a tie in the first round of presidential elections on 25 October , Mauricio Macri won the first ballotage in Argentina 's history , beating Front for Victory candidate Daniel Scioli and becoming president - elect . Macri is the first democratically elected non-radical or peronist president since 1916 . He took office on 10 December 2015 . In April 2016 , the Macri Government introduced austerity measures intended to tackle inflation and public deficits . Geography Main article : Geography of Argentina Aconcagua is the highest mountain outside of Asia , at 6,960.8 metres ( 22,837 ft ) , and the highest point in the Southern Hemisphere . With a mainland surface area of 2,780,400 km ( 1,073,518 sq mi ) , Argentina is located in southern South America , sharing land borders with Chile across the Andes to the west ; Bolivia and Paraguay to the north ; Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east ; and the Drake Passage to the south ; for an overall land border length of 9,376 km ( 5,826 mi ) . Its coastal border over the Río de la Plata and South Atlantic Ocean is 5,117 km ( 3,180 mi ) long . Argentina 's highest point is Aconcagua in the Mendoza province ( 6,959 m ( 22,831 ft ) above sea level ) , also the highest point in the Southern and Western Hemispheres . The lowest point is Laguna del Carbón in the San Julián Great Depression Santa Cruz province ( − 105 m ( − 344 ft ) below sea level , also the lowest point in the Southern and Western Hemispheres , and the seventh lowest point on Earth ) The northernmost point is at the confluence of the Grande de San Juan and Río Mojinete rivers in Jujuy province ; the southernmost is Cape San Pío in Tierra del Fuego province ; the easternmost is northeast of Bernardo de Irigoyen , Misiones and the westernmost is within Los Glaciares National Park in Santa Cruz province . The maximum north -- south distance is 3,694 km ( 2,295 mi ) , while the maximum east -- west one is 1,423 km ( 884 mi ) . Some of the major rivers are the Paraná , Uruguay -- which join to form the Río de la Plata , Paraguay , Salado , Negro , Santa Cruz , Pilcomayo , Bermejo and Colorado . These rivers are discharged into the Argentine Sea , the shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean over the Argentine Shelf , an unusually wide continental platform . Its waters are influenced by two major ocean currents : the warm Brazil Current and the cold Falklands Current . Regions Main article : Regions of Argentina Argentina is divided into seven geographical regions : Northwest , a continuation of the high Puna with even higher , more rugged topography to the far - west ; the arid precordillera , filled with narrow valleys or quebradas to the mid-west ; and an extension of the mountainous Yungas jungles to the east . Mesopotamia , a subtropical wedge covering the western Paraná Plateau and neighboring lowlands enclosed by the Paraná and Uruguay rivers . Gran Chaco , a large , subtropical and tropical low - lying , gently sloping alluvial plain between Mesopotamia and the Andes . Sierras Pampeanas , a series of medium - height mountain chains located in the center . Cuyo , a basin and range area in the central Andes piedmont , to the west . Pampas , a massive and hugely fertile alluvial plain located in the center east . Patagonia , a large southern plateau consisting mostly of arid , rocky steppes to the east ; with moister cold grasslands to the south and dense subantarctic forests to the west . Biodiversity Main article : Environment of Argentina Puna Flamenco , typical of the Northwest region of Puna High precipitation along with cold temperatures in the west form permanent snowfields such as the Perito Moreno Glacier Argentina is a megadiverse country hosting one of the greatest ecosystem varieties in the world : 15 continental zones , 3 oceanic zones , and the Antarctic region are all represented in its territory . This huge ecosystem variety has led to a biological diversity that is among the world 's largest : 9,372 cataloged vascular plant species ( ranked 24th ) 1,038 cataloged bird species ( ranked 14th ) 375 cataloged mammal species ( ranked 12th ) 338 cataloged reptilian species ( ranked 16th ) 162 cataloged amphibian species ( ranked 19th ) Climate Main articles : Climate of Argentina and Climatic regions of Argentina Although the most populated areas are generally temperate , Argentina has an exceptional amount of climate diversity , ranging from subtropical in the north to polar in the far south . The average annual precipitation ranges from 150 millimetres ( 6 in ) in the driest parts of Patagonia to over 2,000 millimetres ( 79 in ) in the westernmost parts of Patagonia and the northeastern parts of the country . Mean annual temperatures range from 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) in the far south to 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) in the north . Major wind currents include the cool Pampero Winds blowing on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas ; following the cold front , warm currents blow from the north in middle and late winter , creating mild conditions . The Sudestada usually moderates cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains , rough seas and coastal flooding . It is most common in late autumn and winter along the central coast and in the Río de la Plata estuary . The Zonda , a hot dry wind , affects Cuyo and the central Pampas . Squeezed of all moisture during the 6,000 m ( 19,685 ft ) descent from the Andes , Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , fueling wildfires and causing damage ; between June and November , when the Zonda blows , snowstorms and blizzard ( viento blanco ) conditions usually affect higher elevations . Politics Main article : Politics of Argentina Government Main articles : Government of Argentina and Ministries of the Argentine Republic Casa Rosada , workplace of the President Argentina is a federal constitutional republic and representative democracy . The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Constitution of Argentina , the country 's supreme legal document . The seat of government is the city of Buenos Aires , as designated by Congress . Suffrage is universal , equal , secret and mandatory . The federal government is composed of three branches : The Legislative branch consists of the bicameral Congress , made up of the Senate and Deputy chambers , which makes federal law , declares war , approves treaties and has the power of the purse and of impeachment , by which it can remove sitting members of the government . The Chamber of Deputies represents the people and has 257 voting members elected to a four - year term . Seats are apportioned among the provinces by population every tenth year . As of 2014 ten provinces have just five deputies while the Buenos Aires Province , being the most populous one , has 70 . The Chamber of Senators represents the provinces , has 72 members elected at - large to six - year terms , with each province having three seats ; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year . At least one - third of the candidates presented by the parties must be women . In the Executive branch , the President is the commander - in - chief of the military , can veto legislative bills before they become law -- subject to Congressional override -- and appoints the members of the Cabinet and other officers , who administer and enforce federal laws and policies . The President is elected directly by the vote of the people , serves a four - year term and may be elected to office no more than twice in a row . The Judicial branch includes the Supreme Court and lower federal courts interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional . The Judicial is independent of the Executive and the Legislative . The Supreme Court has seven members appointed by the President -- subject to Senate approval -- who serve for life . The lower courts ' judges are proposed by the Council of Magistrates ( a secretariat composed of representatives of judges , lawyers , researchers , the Executive and the Legislative ) , and appointed by the President on Senate approval . The Palace of the Argentine National Congress , seat of the National Congress composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies . Provinces Main article : Provinces of Argentina See also : List of Argentine provinces by population Argentina is a federation of twenty - three provinces and one autonomous city , Buenos Aires . Provinces are divided for administration purposes into departments and municipalities , except for Buenos Aires Province , which is divided into partidos . The City of Buenos Aires is divided into communes . Provinces hold all the power that they chose not to delegate to the federal government ; they must be representative republics and must not contradict the Constitution . Beyond this they are fully autonomous : they enact their own constitutions , freely organize their local governments , and own and manage their natural and financial resources . Some provinces have bicameral legislatures , while others have unicameral ones . During the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides became provinces though the intervention of their cabildos . The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process , shaping the original thirteen provinces . Jujuy seceded from Salta in 1834 , and the thirteen provinces became fourteen . After seceding for a decade , Buenos Aires accepted the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861 , and was made a federal territory in 1880 . An 1862 law designated as national territories those under federal control but outside the frontiers of the provinces . In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment of the governorates of Misiones , Formosa , Chaco , La Pampa , Neuquén , Río Negro , Chubut , Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego . The agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the National Territory of Los Andes ; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy , Salta and Catamarca in 1943 . La Pampa and Chaco became provinces in 1951 . Misiones did so in 1953 , and Formosa , Neuquén , Río Negro , Chubut and Santa Cruz , in 1955 . The last national territory , Tierra del Fuego , became the Tierra del Fuego , Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province in 1990 . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Argentina Argentina is one of G - 20 major economies . Foreign policy is officially handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , International Trade and Worship , which answers to the President . An historical and current middle power , Argentina bases its foreign policies on the guiding principles of non-intervention , human rights , self - determination , international cooperation , disarmament and peaceful settlement of conflicts . The country is one of the G - 15 and G - 20 major economies of the world , and a founding member of the UN , WBG , WTO and OAS . In 2012 Argentina was elected again to a two - year non-permanent position on the United Nations Security Council and is participating in major peacekeeping operations in Haiti , Cyprus , Western Sahara and the Middle East . A prominent Latin American and Southern Cone regional power , Argentina co-founded OEI , CELAC and UNASUR , of which the former president Néstor Kirchner was first Secretary General . It is also a founding member of the Mercosur block , having Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay and Venezuela as partners . Since 2002 the country has emphasized its key role in Latin American integration , and the block -- which has some supranational legislative functions -- is its first international priority . Argentina claims 965,597 km ( 372,819 sq mi ) in Antarctica , where it has the world 's oldest continuous state presence , since 1904 . This overlaps claims by Chile and the United Kingdom , though all such claims fall under the provisions of the 1961 Antarctic Treaty , of which Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member , with the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat being based in Buenos Aires . Argentina disputes sovereignty over the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , which are administered by the United Kingdom as Overseas Territories . Armed Forces Main article : Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic Argentine Army The President holds the title of commander - in - chief of the Argentine Armed Forces , as part of a legal framework that imposes a strict separation between national defense and internal security systems : The National Defense System , an exclusive responsibility of the federal government , coordinated by the Ministry of Defense , and comprising the Army , the Navy and the Air Force . Ruled and monitored by Congress through the Houses ' Defense Committees , it is organized on the essential principle of legitimate self - defense : the repelling of any external military aggression in order to guarantee freedom of the people , national sovereignty , and territorial integrity . Its secondary missions include committing to multinational operations within the framework of the United Nations , participating in internal support missions , assisting friendly countries , and establishing a sub-regional defense system . Argentine destroyer ARA Almirante Brown ( D - 10 ) Military service is voluntary , with enlistment age between 18 and 24 years old and no conscription . Argentina 's defense has historically been one of the best equipped in the region , even managing its own weapon research facilities , shipyards , ordnance , tank and plane factories . However , real military expenditures declined steadily after 1981 and the defense budget in 2011 was about 0.74 % of GDP , a historical minimum , below the Latin American average . The Interior Security System , jointly administered by the federal and subscribing provincial governments . At the federal level it is coordinated by the Interior , Security and Justice ministries , and monitored by Congress . It is enforced by the Federal Police ; the Prefecture , which fulfills coast guard duties ; the Gendarmerie , which serves border guard tasks ; and the Airport Security Police . At the provincial level it is coordinated by the respective internal security ministries and enforced by local police agencies . Argentina was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991 to the Gulf War under UN mandate and has remained involved in peacekeeping efforts in multiple locations like UNPROFOR in Croatia / Bosnia , Gulf of Fonseca , UNFICYP in Cyprus ( where among Army and Marines troops the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994 ) and MINUSTAH in Haiti . Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops in Kosovo during SFOR ( and later EUFOR ) operations where combat engineers of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded in an Italian brigade . In 2007 , an Argentine contingent including helicopters , boats and water purification plants was sent to help Bolivia against their worst floods in decades . In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved in Haiti and Chile humanitarian responses after their respective earthquakes . Economy Main article : Economy of Argentina See also : Argentine foreign trade Buenos Aires is the second largest city in South America . It is one of the only three `` Alpha - '' cities in South America . and it 's the 3rd most visited city in South America . It is also the 13th richest city in the world . It has the highest per capita income in the Southern Cone . Argentine agriculture is relatively capital intensive , today providing about 7 % of all employment . Benefiting from rich natural resources , a highly literate population , a diversified industrial base , and an export - oriented agricultural sector , the economy of Argentina is Latin America 's third - largest , and the second largest in South America . It has a `` very high '' rating on the Human Development Index and a relatively high GDP per capita , with a considerable internal market size and a growing share of the high - tech sector . YPF petroleum perforation in General Roca , Rio Negro Province A middle emerging economy and one of the world 's top developing nations , Argentina is a member of the G - 20 major economies . Historically , however , its economic performance has been very uneven , with high economic growth alternating with severe recessions , income maldistribution and -- in the recent decades -- increasing poverty . Early in the 20th century Argentina achieved development , and became the world 's seventh richest country . Although managing to keep a place among the top fifteen economies until mid-century , it suffered a long and steady decline and now it 's just an upper middle - income country . High inflation -- a weakness of the Argentine economy for decades -- has become a trouble once again , with an annual rate of 24.8 % in 2017 . Income distribution , having improved since 2002 , is classified as `` medium '' , still considerably unequal . Argentina ranks 85th out of 180 countries in the Transparency International 's 2017 Corruption Perceptions Index , an improvement of 22 positions over its 2014 rankings . Argentina settled its long - standing debt default crisis in 2016 with the so - called Vulture funds after the election of Mauricio Macri , allowing Argentina to enter capital markets for the first time in a decade . Industry Main article : Industry in Argentina Atucha Nuclear Power Plant was the first nuclear power plant in Latin America . The electricity comes from 3 operational nuclear reactors : The Embalse Nuclear Power Station , the Atucha I and II . In 2012 manufacturing accounted for 20.3 % of GDP -- the largest goods - producing sector in the nation 's economy . Well - integrated into Argentine agriculture , half of the industrial exports have rural origin . With a 6.5 % production growth rate in 2011 , the diversified manufacturing sector rests on a steadily growing network of industrial parks ( 314 as of 2013 ) In 2012 the leading sectors by volume were : food processing , beverages and tobacco products ; motor vehicles and auto parts ; textiles and leather ; refinery products and biodiesel ; chemicals and pharmaceuticals ; steel , aluminum and iron ; industrial and farm machinery ; home appliances and furniture ; plastics and tires ; glass and cement ; and recording and print media . In addition , Argentina has since long been one of the top five wine - producing countries in the world . However , it has also been classified as one of the 74 countries where instances of child labor and forced labor have been observed and mentioned in a 2014 report published by the Bureau of International Labor Affairs . The ILAB 's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor shows that many of the goods produced by child labor or forced labor comes from the agricultural sector . Córdoba is Argentina 's major industrial center , hosting metalworking , motor vehicle and auto parts manufactures . Next in importance are the Greater Buenos Aires area ( food processing , metallurgy , motor vehicles and auto parts , chemicals and petrochemicals , consumer durables , textiles and printing ) ; Rosario ( food processing , metallurgy , farm machinery , oil refining , chemicals , and tanning ) ; San Miguel de Tucumán ( sugar refining ) ; San Lorenzo ( chemicals and pharmaceuticals ) ; San Nicolás de los Arroyos ( steel milling and metallurgy ) ; and Ushuaia and Bahía Blanca ( oil refining ) . Other manufacturing enterprises are located in the provinces of Santa Fe ( zinc and copper smelting , and flour milling ) ; Mendoza and Neuquén ( wineries and fruit processing ) ; Chaco ( textiles and sawmills ) ; and Santa Cruz , Salta and Chubut ( oil refining ) . The electric output of Argentina in 2009 totaled over 122 TWh ( 440 PJ ) , of which about 37 % was consumed by industrial activities . Transport Main article : Transport in Argentina Ministro Pistarini International Airport opened in 1949 . It was at the time of its inauguration , the largest airbase in the world . Argentina has the largest railway system in Latin America , with 36,966 km ( 22,970 mi ) of operating lines in 2008 , out of a full network of almost 48,000 km ( 29,826 mi ) . This system links all 23 provinces plus Buenos Aires City , and connects with all neighboring countries . There are four incompatible gauges in use ; this forces virtually all interregional freight traffic to pass through Buenos Aires . The system has been in decline since the 1940s : regularly running up large budgetary deficits , by 1991 it was transporting 1,400 times less goods than it did in 1973 . However , in recent years the system has experienced a greater degree of investment from the state , in both commuter rail lines and long distance lines , renewing rolling stock and infrastructure . In April 2015 , by overwhelming majority the Argentine Senate passed a law which re-created Ferrocarriles Argentinos ( 2015 ) , effectively re-nationalising the country 's railways , a move which saw support from all major political parties on both sides of the political spectrum . Argentina rail passenger services ( interactive map ) Buenos Aires Underground , is the first underground railway in Latin America , the Southern Hemisphere and the Spanish speaking world . By 2004 Buenos Aires , all provincial capitals except Ushuaia , and all medium - sized towns were interconnected by 69,412 km ( 43,131 mi ) of paved roads , out of a total road network of 231,374 km ( 143,769 mi ) . Most important cities are linked by a growing number of expressways , including Buenos Aires -- La Plata , Rosario -- Córdoba , Córdoba -- Villa Carlos Paz , Villa Mercedes -- Mendoza , National Route 14 General José Gervasio Artigas and Provincial Route 2 Juan Manuel Fangio , among others . Nevertheless , this road infrastructure is still inadequate and can not handle the sharply growing demand caused by deterioration of the railway system . In 2012 there were about 11,000 km ( 6,835 mi ) of waterways , mostly comprising the La Plata , Paraná , Paraguay and Uruguay rivers , with Buenos Aires , Zárate , Campana , Rosario , San Lorenzo , Santa Fe , Barranqueras and San Nicolas de los Arroyos as the main fluvial ports . Some of the largest sea ports are La Plata -- Ensenada , Bahía Blanca , Mar del Plata , Quequén -- Necochea , Comodoro Rivadavia , Puerto Deseado , Puerto Madryn , Ushuaia and San Antonio Oeste . Buenos Aires has historically been the most important port ; however since the 1990s the Up - River port region has become dominant : stretching along 67 km ( 42 mi ) of the Paraná river shore in Santa Fe province , it includes 17 ports and in 2013 accounted for 50 % of all exports . In 2013 there were 161 airports with paved runways out of more than a thousand . The Ezeiza International Airport , about 35 km ( 22 mi ) from downtown Buenos Aires , is the largest in the country , followed by Cataratas del Iguazú in Misiones , and El Plumerillo in Mendoza . Aeroparque , in the city of Buenos Aires , is the most important domestic airport . Media and Communications Main article : Communications in Argentina `` Estudio Pais 24 , the Program of the Argentines '' in Channel 7 , the first television station in the country Print media industry is highly developed in Argentina , with more than two hundred newspapers . The major national ones include Clarín ( centrist , Latin America 's best - seller and the second most widely circulated in the Spanish - speaking world ) , La Nación ( center - right , published since 1870 ) , Página / 12 ( leftist , founded in 1987 ) , the Buenos Aires Herald ( Latin America 's most prestigious English language daily , liberal , dating back to 1876 ) , La Voz del Interior ( center , founded in 1904 ) , and the Argentinisches Tageblatt ( German weekly , liberal , published since 1878 ) Argentina began the world 's first regular radio broadcasting on 27 August 1920 , when Richard Wagner 's Parsifal was aired by a team of medical students led by Enrique Telémaco Susini in Buenos Aires ' Teatro Coliseo . By 2002 there were 260 AM and 1150 FM registered radio stations in the country . The Argentine television industry is large , diverse and popular across Latin America , with many productions and TV formats having been exported abroad . Since 1999 Argentines enjoy the highest availability of cable and satellite television in Latin America , as of 2014 totaling 87.4 % of the country 's households , a rate similar to those in the United States , Canada and Europe . By 2011 Argentina also had the highest coverage of networked telecommunications among Latin American powers : about 67 % of its population had internet access and 137.2 % , mobile phone subscriptions . Science and technology Main article : Science and technology in Argentina SAC - D is an Argentine earth science satellite built by INVAP and launched in 2011 . Argentinians have received three Nobel Prizes in the Sciences . Bernardo Houssay , the first Latin American recipient , discovered the role of pituitary hormones in regulating glucose in animals , and shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947 . Luis Leloir discovered how organisms store energy converting glucose into glycogen and the compounds which are fundamental in metabolizing carbohydrates , receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1970 . César Milstein did extensive research in antibodies , sharing the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 . Argentine research has led to treatments for heart diseases and several forms of cancer . Domingo Liotta designed and developed the first artificial heart that was successfully implanted in a human being in 1969 . René Favaloro developed the techniques and performed the world 's first coronary bypass surgery . Argentina 's nuclear programme has been highly successful . In 1957 Argentina was the first country in Latin America to design and build a research reactor with homegrown technology , the RA - 1 Enrico Fermi . This reliance in the development of own nuclear related technologies , instead of simply buying them abroad , was a constant of Argentina 's nuclear programme conducted by the civilian National Atomic Energy Commission ( CNEA ) . Nuclear facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru , Algeria , Australia and Egypt . In 1983 , the country admitted having the capability of producing weapon - grade uranium , a major step needed to assemble nuclear weapons ; since then , however , Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful purposes . As a member of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency , Argentina has been a strong voice in support of nuclear non-proliferation efforts and is highly committed to global nuclear security . In 1974 it was the first country in Latin America to put in - line a commercial nuclear power plant , Atucha I . Although the Argentine built parts for that station amounted to 10 % of the total , the nuclear fuel it uses are since entirely built in the country . Later nuclear power stations employed a higher percentage of Argentine built components ; Embalse , finished in 1983 , a 30 % and the 2011 Atucha II reactor a 40 % . President Macri in the INVAP with the SAOCOM A and B , two planned Earth observation satellite constellation of Argentine Space Agency CONAE . the scheduled launch dates for 1A and 1B were further pushed back to October 2017 and October 2018 . Despite its modest budget and numerous setbacks , academics and the sciences in Argentina have enjoyed an international respect since the turn of the 1900s , when Dr. Luis Agote devised the first safe and effective means of blood transfusion as well as René Favaloro , who was a pioneer in the improvement of the coronary artery bypass surgery . Argentine scientists are still on the cutting edge in fields such as nanotechnology , physics , computer sciences , molecular biology , oncology , ecology , and cardiology . Juan Maldacena , an Argentine - American scientist , is a leading figure in string theory . Space research has also become increasingly active in Argentina . Argentine built satellites include LUSAT - 1 ( 1990 ) , Víctor - 1 ( 1996 ) , PEHUENSAT - 1 ( 2007 ) , and those developed by CONAE , the Argentine space agency , of the SAC series . Argentina has its own satellite programme , nuclear power station designs ( 4th generation ) and public nuclear energy company INVAP , which provides several countries with nuclear reactors . Established in 1991 , the CONAE has since launched two satellites successfully and , in June 2009 , secured an agreement with the European Space Agency for the installation of a 35 - m diameter antenna and other mission support facilities at the Pierre Auger Observatory , the world 's foremost cosmic ray observatory . The facility will contribute to numerous ESA space probes , as well as CONAE 's own , domestic research projects . Chosen from 20 potential sites and one of only three such ESA installations in the world , the new antenna will create a triangulation which will allow the ESA to ensure mission coverage around the clock Tourism Main article : Tourism in Argentina Tourism in Argentina is characterized by its cultural offerings and its ample and varied natural assets . The country had 5.57 million visitors in 2013 , ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the top destination in South America , and second in Latin America after Mexico . Revenues from international tourists reached US $4.41 billion in 2013 , down from US $4.89 billion in 2012 . The country 's capital city , Buenos Aires , is the most visited city in South America . There are 30 National Parks of Argentina including many World Heritage Sites . The Iguazu Falls , in the Misiones Province , it is one of the New7Wonders of Nature . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Argentina See also : Argentines Balvanera , Buenos Aires , filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements . In the 2001 census ( INDEC ) , Argentina had a population of 36,260,130 , and preliminary results from the 2010 census were of 40,091,359 inhabitants . Argentina ranks third in South America in total population and 33rd globally . Population density is of 15 persons per square kilometer of land area , well below the world average of 50 persons . The population growth rate in 2010 was an estimated 1.03 % annually , with a birth rate of 17.7 live births per 1,000 inhabitants and a mortality rate of 7.4 deaths per 1,000 inhabitants . The net migration rate has ranged from zero to four immigrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year . The proportion of people under 15 is 25.6 % , a little below the world average of 28 % , and the proportion of people 65 and older is relatively high at 10.8 % . In Latin America this is second only to Uruguay and well above the world average , which is currently 7 % . Argentina has one of Latin America 's lowest population growth rates , recently about 1 % a year , as well as a comparatively low infant mortality rate . Its birth rate of 2.3 children per woman is still nearly twice as high as that in Spain or Italy , compared here as they have similar religious practices and proportions . The median age is approximately 30 years and life expectancy at birth is 77.14 years . Argentina became in 2010 the first country in Latin America and the second in the Americas to allow same - sex marriage nationwide . It was the tenth country to allow same - sex marriage . Ethnography Main articles : Ethnography of Argentina and Immigration to Argentina Queen Maxima was born and raised in Argentina of Spanish and Italian descent . Luis Guaile , `` Copacho '' , lonco tehuelche o aónikenk ( native of the Patagonian region Argentina ) . As with other areas of new settlement such as the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Brazil and Uruguay , Argentina is considered a country of immigrants . Argentines usually refer to the country as a crisol de razas ( crucible of races , or melting pot ) . Between 1857 and 1950 Argentina was the country with the second biggest immigration wave in the world , with 6.6 million , second only to the United States in the numbers of immigrants received ( 27 million ) and ahead of such other areas of new settlement like Canada , Brazil and Australia . Strikingly , at those times , the national population doubled every two decades . This belief is endured in the popular saying `` los argentinos descienden de los barcos '' ( Argentines descend from the ships ) . Therefore , most Argentines are descended from the 19th - and 20th - century immigrants of the great immigration wave to Argentina ( 1850 -- 1955 ) , with a great majority of these immigrants coming from diverse European countries . The majority of these European immigrants came from Italy and Spain . The majority of Argentines descend from multiple European ethnic groups , primarily of Italian and Spanish descent ( over 25 million individuals in Argentina , almost 60 % of the population have some partial Italian origins ) , while 17 % of the population also have partial French origins . There is also a sizeable number of Argentines of German descent . Argentina is home to a significant population of Arab and partial Arab background , mostly of Syrian and Lebanese origin ( in Argentina they are considered among the white people , just like in the United States Census ) . The majority of Arab Argentines are Christians who belong to the Maronite Church , Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches . A scant number are Muslims of Middle Eastern origins . The Asian population in the country numbers at around 180,000 individuals , most of whom are of Chinese and Korean descent , although an older Japanese community that traces back to the early 20th century still exists . A study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticist Daniel Corach , has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed by 79 % from different European ethnicities ( mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities ) , 18 % of different indigenous ethnicities , and 4.3 % of African ethnic groups , in which 63.6 % of the tested group had at least one ancestor who was Indigenous . From the 1970s , immigration has mostly been coming from Bolivia , Paraguay and Peru , with smaller numbers from Dominican Republic , Ecuador and Romania . The Argentine government estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched a program to encourage illegal immigrants to declare their status in return for two - year residence visas -- so far over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program . Languages Main article : Languages of Argentina Dialectal variants of the Spanish language in Argentina The de facto official language is Spanish , spoken by almost all Argentines . The country is the largest Spanish - speaking society that universally employs voseo , the use of the pronoun vos instead of tú ( `` you '' ) , which imposes the use of alternate verb forms as well . Due to the extensive Argentine geography , Spanish has a strong variation among regions , although the prevalent dialect is Rioplatense , primarily spoken in the La Plata Basin and accented similarly to the Neapolitan language . Italian and other European immigrants influenced Lunfardo -- the regional slang -- permeating the vernacular vocabulary of other Latin American countries as well . There are several second - languages in widespread use among the Argentine population : English , taught since elementary school . 42.3 % of Argentines claim to speak it , with 15.4 % of them claiming to have a high level of language comprehension . Italian , by 1.5 million people . Arabic , specially its Northern Levantine dialect , by one million people . Standard German , by 400,000 people . Yiddish , by 200,000 people , the largest Jewish population in Latin America and 7th in the world . Guarani , by 200,000 people , mostly in Corrientes ( where it is official de jure ) and Misiones . Catalan , by 174,000 people . French , including the rare Occitan language . Quechua , by 65,000 people , mostly in the Northwest . Wichí , by 53,700 people , mainly in Chaco where , along with Kom and Moqoit , it is official de jure . Vlax Romani , by 52,000 people . Albanian , by 40.000 people . Japanese , by 32,000 people . Aymara , by 30,000 people , mostly in the Northwest . Ukrainian , by 27,000 people . Welsh , including its Patagonian dialect , in which 25,000 people are fluent . Some districts have recently incorporated it as an educational language . Religion Main article : Religion in Argentina Francis , the first pope from the New World , was born and raised in Argentina . The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion . Although it enforces neither an official nor a state faith , it gives Roman Catholicism a preferential status . According to a CONICET poll , Argentines are 76.5 % Catholic , 11.3 % Agnostics and Atheists , 9 % Evangelical Protestants , 1.2 % Jehovah 's Witnesses , 0.9 % Mormons ; while 1.2 % follow other religions , including Islam , Judaism and Buddhism . The country is home to both the largest Muslim and largest Jewish communities in Latin America , the latter being the 7th most populous in the world . Argentina is a member of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance . Argentines show high individualization and de-institutionalization of religious beliefs ; 23.8 % of them claim to always attend religious services ; 49.1 % , to seldom do and 26.8 % , to never do . On 13 March 2013 , Argentine Jorge Mario Bergoglio , the Cardinal Archbishop of Buenos Aires , was elected Bishop of Rome and Supreme Pontiff of the Catholic Church . He took the name `` Francis '' , and he became the first Pope from either the Americas or from the Southern Hemisphere ; he is the first Pope born outside of Europe since the election of Pope Gregory III ( who was Syrian ) in 741 . Urbanization See also : List of cities in Argentina by population Argentina is highly urbanized , with 92 % of its population living in cities : the ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population . About 3 million people live in the city of Buenos Aires , and including the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area it totals around 13 million , making it one of the largest urban areas in the world . The metropolitan areas of Córdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each . Mendoza , San Miguel de Tucumán , La Plata , Mar del Plata , Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each . The population is unequally distributed : about 60 % live in the Pampas region ( 21 % of the total area ) , including 15 million people in Buenos Aires province . The provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe , and the city of Buenos Aires have 3 million each . Seven other provinces have over one million people each : Mendoza , Tucumán , Entre Ríos , Salta , Chaco , Corrientes and Misiones . With 64.3 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 167 / sq mi ) , Tucumán is the only Argentine province more densely populated than the world average ; by contrast , the southern province of Santa Cruz has around 1.1 / km ( 2.8 / sq mi ) . Largest cities or towns in Argentina ( 2015 INDEC metro area estimate ) Rank Name Province Pop . Rank Name Province Pop . Buenos Aires Córdoba Buenos Aires ( Autonomous city ) 13,834,000 11 Resistencia Chaco 409,000 Rosario Mendoza Córdoba Córdoba 1,519,000 12 Santiago del Estero Santiago del Estero 406,000 Rosario Santa Fe 1,429,000 13 Corrientes Corrientes 383,000 Mendoza Mendoza 1,082,000 14 Posadas Misiones 355,000 5 Tucumán Tucumán 868,000 15 San Salvador de Jujuy Jujuy 338,000 6 La Plata Buenos Aires 836,000 16 Neuquén Neuquén 309,000 7 Mar del Plata Buenos Aires 633,000 17 Bahía Blanca Buenos Aires 307,000 8 Salta Salta 625,000 18 Paraná Entre Ríos 274,000 9 Santa Fe Santa Fe 530,000 19 Formosa Formosa 258,000 10 San Juan San Juan 513,000 20 San Luis San Luis 218,000 Education Main article : Education in Argentina Argentina has historically been placed high in the global rankings of literacy , with rates similar to those of developed countries . The Argentine education system consists of four levels : An initial level for children between 45 days to 5 years old , with the last two years being compulsory . An elementary or lower school mandatory level lasting 6 or 7 years . In 2010 the literacy rate was 98.07 % . A secondary or high school mandatory level lasting 5 or 6 years . In 2010 38.5 % of people over age 20 had completed secondary school . A higher level , divided in tertiary , university and post-graduate sub-levels. in 2013 there were 47 national public universities across the country , as well as 46 private ones . In 2010 7.1 % of people over age 20 had graduated from university . The public universities of Buenos Aires , Córdoba , La Plata , Rosario , and the National Technological University are some of the most important . The Argentine state guarantees universal , secular and free - of - charge public education for all levels . Responsibility for educational supervision is organized at the federal and individual provincial states . In the last decades the role of the private sector has grown across all educational stages . Health care Main article : Health care in Argentina The University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine , alma mater to many of the country 's 3,000 medical graduates , annually Health care is provided through a combination of employer and labor union - sponsored plans ( Obras Sociales ) , government insurance plans , public hospitals and clinics and through private health insurance plans . Health care cooperatives number over 300 ( of which 200 are related to labor unions ) and provide health care for half the population ; the national INSSJP ( popularly known as PAMI ) covers nearly all of the five million senior citizens . There are more than 153,000 hospital beds , 121,000 physicians and 37,000 dentists ( ratios comparable to developed nations ) . The relatively high access to medical care has historically resulted in mortality patterns and trends similar to developed nations ' : from 1953 to 2005 , deaths from cardiovascular disease increased from 20 % to 23 % of the total , those from tumors from 14 % to 20 % , respiratory problems from 7 % to 14 % , digestive maladies ( non-infectious ) from 7 % to 11 % , strokes a steady 7 % , injuries , 6 % , and infectious diseases , 4 % . Causes related to senility led to many of the rest . Infant deaths have fallen from 19 % of all deaths in 1953 to 3 % in 2005 . The availability of health care has also reduced infant mortality from 70 per 1000 live births in 1948 to 12.1 in 2009 and raised life expectancy at birth from 60 years to 76 . Though these figures compare favorably with global averages , they fall short of levels in developed nations and in 2006 , Argentina ranked fourth in Latin America . Culture Main article : Culture of Argentina See also : List of Argentines El Ateneo Grand Splendid was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world by The Guardian . Argentina is a multicultural country with significant European influences . Modern Argentine culture has been largely influenced by Italian , Spanish and other European immigration from France , United Kingdom , and Germany among others . Its cities are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent , and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion , architecture and design . Museums , cinemas , and galleries are abundant in all the large urban centers , as well as traditional establishments such as literary bars , or bars offering live music of a variety of genres although there are lesser elements of Amerindian and African influences , particularly in the fields of music and art . The other big influence is the gauchos and their traditional country lifestyle of self - reliance . Finally , indigenous American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu . Argentine writer Ernesto Sabato has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina as follows : With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured in La Plata Basin due to immigration , its inhabitants have come to be somewhat dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition : because of our European roots , we deeply link the nation with the enduring values of the Old World ; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves to the rest of the continent , through the folklore of the interior and the old Castilian that unifies us , feeling somehow the vocation of the Patria Grande San Martín and Bolívar once imagined . -- Ernesto Sabato , La cultura en la encrucijada nacional ( 1976 ) Literature Main article : Argentine literature Four of the most influential Argentine writers . Top - left to bottom - right : Julio Cortázar , Victoria Ocampo , Jorge Luis Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares Although Argentina 's rich literary history began around 1550 , it reached full independence with Esteban Echeverría 's El Matadero , a romantic landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century 's Argentine narrative , split by the ideological divide between the popular , federalist epic of José Hernández ' Martín Fierro and the elitist and cultured discourse of Sarmiento 's masterpiece , Facundo . The Modernist movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as Leopoldo Lugones and poet Alfonsina Storni ; it was followed by Vanguardism , with Ricardo Güiraldes 's Don Segundo Sombra as an important reference . Jorge Luis Borges , Argentina 's most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the history of literature , found new ways of looking at the modern world in metaphor and philosophical debate and his influence has extended to authors all over the globe . Short stories such as Ficciones and The Aleph are among his most famous works . He was a friend and collaborator of Adolfo Bioy Casares , who wrote one of the most praised science fiction novels , The Invention of Morel . Julio Cortázar , one of the leading members of the Latin American Boom and a major name in 20th century literature , influenced an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe . Other highly regarded Argentine writers , poets and essayists include Estanislao del Campo , Eugenio Cambaceres , Pedro Bonifacio Palacios , Hugo Wast , Benito Lynch , Enrique Banchs , Oliverio Girondo , Ezequiel Martínez Estrada , Victoria Ocampo , Leopoldo Marechal , Silvina Ocampo , Roberto Arlt , Eduardo Mallea , Manuel Mujica Láinez , Ernesto Sábato , Silvina Bullrich , Rodolfo Walsh , María Elena Walsh , Tomás Eloy Martínez , Manuel Puig , Alejandra Pizarnik , and Osvaldo Soriano . Music Main article : Music of Argentina Daniel Barenboim , Music Director of the Berlin State Opera ; he previously served as Music Director of the Orchestre de Paris and La Scala in Milan . Tango , a Rioplatense musical genre with European and African influences , is one of Argentina 's international cultural symbols . The golden age of tango ( 1930 to mid-1950s ) mirrored that of jazz and swing in the United States , featuring large orchestras like those of Osvaldo Pugliese , Aníbal Troilo , Francisco Canaro , Julio de Caro and Juan d'Arienzo . After 1955 , virtuoso Astor Piazzolla popularized Nuevo tango , a subtler and more intellectual trend for the genre . Tango enjoys worldwide popularity nowadays with groups like Gotan Project , Bajofondo and Tanghetto . Argentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes that gave rise to renowned artists such as Alberto Ginastera , composer ; Alberto Lysy , violinist ; Martha Argerich and Eduardo Delgado , pianists ; Daniel Barenboim , pianist and symphonic orchestra director ; José Cura and Marcelo Álvarez , tenors ; and to ballet dancers Jorge Donn , José Neglia , Norma Fontenla , Maximiliano Guerra , Paloma Herrera , Marianela Núñez , Iñaki Urlezaga and Julio Bocca . Martha Argerich , widely regarded as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century A national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of Latin American music . Some of its interpreters , like Atahualpa Yupanqui and Mercedes Sosa , achieved worldwide acclaim . The romantic ballad genre included singers of international fame such as Sandro de América . Argentine rock developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s , when Buenos Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians . Founding bands like Los Gatos , Sui Generis , Almendra and Manal were followed by Seru Giran , Los Abuelos de la Nada , Soda Stereo and Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota , with prominent artists including Gustavo Cerati , Litto Nebbia , Andrés Calamaro , Luis Alberto Spinetta , Charly García , Fito Páez and León Gieco . Tenor saxophonist Leandro `` Gato '' Barbieri and composer and big band conductor Lalo Schifrin are among the most internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians . Theatre Main article : Theatre in Argentina Teatro Colón , it is ranked the third best opera house in the world . Buenos Aires is one of the great theatre capitals of the world , with a scene of international caliber centered on Corrientes Avenue , `` the street that never sleeps '' , sometimes referred to as an intellectual Broadway in Buenos Aires . Teatro Colón is a global landmark for opera and classical performances ; its acoustics are considered among the world 's top five . Other important theatrical venues include Teatro General San Martín , Cervantes , both in Buenos Aires City ; Argentino in La Plata , El Círculo in Rosario , Independencia in Mendoza , and Libertador in Córdoba . Griselda Gambaro , Copi , Roberto Cossa , Marco Denevi , Carlos Gorostiza , and Alberto Vaccarezza are a few of the most prominent Argentine playwrights . Argentine theatre traces its origins to Viceroy Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo 's creation of the colony 's first theatre , La Ranchería , in 1783 . In this stage , in 1786 , a tragedy entitled Siripo had its premiere . Siripo is now a lost work ( only the second act is conserved ) , and can be considered the first Argentine stage play , because it was written by Buenos Aires poet Manuel José de Lavardén , it was premiered in Buenos Aires , and its plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the Río de la Plata Basin : the destruction of Sancti Spiritu colony by aboriginals in 1529 . La Ranchería theatre operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792 . The second theatre stage in Buenos Aires was Teatro Coliseo , opened in 1804 during the term of Viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte . It was the nation 's longest - continuously operating stage . The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem , Blas Parera , earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century . The genre suffered during the regime of Juan Manuel de Rosas , though it flourished alongside the economy later in the century . The national government gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the Colón Theatre , in 1857 , which hosted classical and operatic , as well as stage performances . Antonio Petalardo 's successful 1871 gambit on the opening of the Teatro Opera , inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina . Cinema Main article : Cinema of Argentina The Argentine film industry has historically been one of the three most developed in Latin American cinema , along with those produced in Mexico and Brazil . Started in 1896 ; by the early 1930s it had already become Latin America 's leading film producer , a place it kept until the early 1950s . The world 's first animated feature films were made and released in Argentina , by cartoonist Quirino Cristiani , in 1917 and 1918 . Andy Muschietti , director of It , the highest - grossing horror film of all - time . The art director of The Secret in Their Eyes won the Academy Award for that film . Argentine films have achieved worldwide recognition : the country has won two Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , with The Official Story ( 1985 ) and The Secret in Their Eyes ( 2009 ) with seven nominations : The Truce ( La tregua ) in 1974 Camila ( Camila ) in 1984 The Official Story ( La historia oficial ) in 1985 Tango ( Tango ) in 1998 Son of the Bride ( El hijo de la novia ) in 2001 The Secret in Their Eyes ( El secreto de sus ojos ) in 2009 Wild Tales ( Relatos salvajes ) in 2015 In addition , Argentine composers Luis Enrique Bacalov and Gustavo Santaolalla have been honored with Academy Award for Best Original Score in 2006 and 2007 nods and Armando Bo and Nicolás Giacobone have been honored with Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 2015 . Also , the Argentine French actress Bérénice Bejo received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2011 and won the César Award for Best Actress and won the Best Actress award in the Cannes Film Festival for her role in the film The Past . Argentina also has won seventeen Goya Awards for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film with A King and His Movie ( 1986 ) , A Place in the World ( 1992 ) , Gatica , el mono ( 1993 ) , Autumn Sun ( 1996 ) , Ashes of Paradise ( 1997 ) , The Lighthouse ( 1998 ) , Burnt Money ( 2000 ) , The Escape ( 2001 ) , Intimate Stories ( 2003 ) , Blessed by Fire ( 2005 ) , The Hands ( 2006 ) , XXY ( 2007 ) , The Secret in Their Eyes ( 2009 ) , Chinese Take - Away ( 2011 ) , Wild Tales ( 2014 ) , The Clan ( 2015 ) and The Distinguished Citizen ( 2016 ) being by far the most awarded in Latin America with twenty four nominations . Many other Argentine films have been acclaimed by the international critique : Camila ( 1984 ) , Man Facing Southeast ( 1986 ) , A Place in the World ( 1992 ) , Pizza , Beer , and Cigarettes ( 1997 ) , Nine Queens ( 2000 ) , A Red Bear ( 2002 ) , The Motorcycle Diaries ( 2004 ) , The Aura ( 2005 ) , Chinese Take - Away ( 2011 ) and Wild Tales ( 2014 ) being some of them . In 2013 about 100 full - length motion pictures were being created annually . Visual arts See also : Argentine painting Las Nereidas Font by Lola Mora Some of the best - known Argentine painters are Cándido López and Florencio Molina Campos ( Naïve style ) ; Ernesto de la Cárcova and Eduardo Sívori ( Realism ) ; Fernando Fader ( Impressionism ) ; Pío Collivadino , Atilio Malinverno and Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós ( Postimpressionism ) ; Emilio Pettoruti ( Cubism ) ; Julio Barragán ( Concretism and Cubism ) Antonio Berni ( Neofigurativism ) ; Roberto Aizenberg and Xul Solar ( Surrealism ) ; Gyula Košice ( Constructivism ) ; Eduardo Mac Entyre ( Generative art ) ; Luis Seoane , Carlos Torrallardona , Luis Aquino , and Alfredo Gramajo Gutiérrez ( Modernism ) ; Lucio Fontana ( Spatialism ) ; Tomás Maldonado and Guillermo Kuitca ( Abstract art ) ; León Ferrari and Marta Minujín ( Conceptual art ) ; and Gustavo Cabral ( Fantasy art ) . In 1946 Gyula Košice and others created The Madí Movement in Argentina , which then spread to Europe and United States , where it had a significant impact . Tomás Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the Ulm Model of design education , still highly influential globally . Other Argentine artists of worldwide fame include Adolfo Bellocq , whose lithographs have been influential since the 1920s , and Benito Quinquela Martín , the quintessential port painter , inspired by the immigrant - bound La Boca neighborhood . Internationally laureate sculptors Erminio Blotta , Lola Mora and Rogelio Yrurtia authored many of the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape . Architecture Main article : Architecture of Argentina View of Bolívar Street facing the Cabildo and Diagonal Norte , on Buenos Aires ' historical center . The city 's characteristic convergence of diverse architectural styles can be seen , including Spanish Colonial , Beaux - Arts , and modernist architecture . The colonization brought the Spanish Baroque architecture , which can still be appreciated in its simpler Rioplatense style in the reduction of San Ignacio Miní , the Cathedral of Córdoba , and the Cabildo of Luján . Italian and French influences increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong eclectic overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling . Numerous Argentine architects have enriched their own country 's cityscape and those around the world : Juan Antonio Buschiazzo helped popularize Beaux - Arts architecture and Francisco Gianotti combined Art Nouveau with Italianate styles , each adding flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century . Francisco Salamone and Viktor Sulčič left an Art Deco legacy , and Alejandro Bustillo created a prolific body of Neoclassical and Rationalist architecture . Alberto Prebisch and Amancio Williams were highly influenced by Le Corbusier , while Clorindo Testa introduced Brutalist architecture locally . César Pelli 's and Patricio Pouchulu 's Futurist creations have graced cities worldwide : Pelli 's 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made him one of the world 's most prestigious architects , with the Norwest Center and the Petronas Towers among his most celebrated creations . Sport Main article : Sport in Argentina Diego Maradona , one of the FIFA Player of the 20th Century Pato is the national sport , an ancient horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of horseball . The most popular sport is football . Along with Brazil and France , the men 's national team is the only one to have won the most important international triplet : World Cup , Confederations Cup , and Olympic Gold Medal . It has also won 14 Copas América , 6 Pan American Gold Medals and many other trophies . Alfredo Di Stéfano , Diego Maradona and Lionel Messi are among the best players in the game 's history . The country 's women 's field hockey team Las Leonas , is one of the world 's most successful with four Olympic medals , two World Cups , a World League and seven Champions Trophy . Luciana Aymar is recognized as the best female player in the history of the sport , being the only player to have received the FIH Player of the Year Award eight times . Basketball is a very popular sport . The men 's national team is the only one in the FIBA Americas zone that has won the quintuplet crown : World Championship , Olympic Gold Medal , Diamond Ball , Americas Championship , and Pan American Gold Medal . It has also conquered 13 South American Championships , and many other tournaments . Emanuel Ginóbili , Luis Scola , Andrés Nocioni , Fabricio Oberto , Pablo Prigioni , Carlos Delfino and Juan Ignacio Sánchez are a few of the country 's most acclaimed players , all of them part of the NBA . Argentina hosted the Basketball World Cup in 1950 and 1990 . Lionel Messi , five times FIFA Ballon d'Or winner , is the current captain of the Argentina national football team . Rugby is another popular sport in Argentina . As of 2017 the men 's national team , known as ' Los Pumas ' has competed at the Rugby World Cup each time it has been held , achieving their highest ever result in 2007 when they came third . Since 2012 the Los Pumas have competed against Australia , New Zealand & South Africa in The Rugby Championship , the premier international Rugby competition in the Southern Hemisphere . Since 2009 the secondary men 's national team known as the ' Jaguares ' has competed against the USA , Canada , and Uruguay first teams in the Americas Rugby Championship , which Los Jaguares have won six out of eight times it has taken place . Argentina has produced some of the most formidable champions for Boxing , including Carlos Monzón , the best middleweight in history ; Pascual Pérez , one of the most decorated flyweight boxers of all times ; Víctor Galíndez , as of 2009 record holder for consecutive world light heavyweight title defenses and Nicolino Locche , nicknamed `` The Untouchable '' for his masterful defense ; they are all inductees into the International Boxing Hall of Fame . Tennis has been quite popular among people of all ages . Guillermo Vilas is the greatest Latin American player of the Open Era , while Gabriela Sabatini is the most accomplished Argentine female player of all time -- having reached # 3 in the WTA Ranking , are both inductees into the International Tennis Hall of Fame . Argentina reigns undisputed in Polo , having won more international championships than any other country and been seldom beaten since the 1930s . The Argentine Polo Championship is the sport 's most important international team trophy . The country is home to most of the world 's top players , among them Adolfo Cambiaso , the best in Polo history . Historically , Argentina has had a strong showing within Auto racing . Juan Manuel Fangio was five times Formula One world champion under four different teams , winning 102 of his 184 international races , and is widely ranked as the greatest driver of all time . Other distinguished racers were Oscar Alfredo Gálvez , Juan Gálvez , José Froilán González and Carlos Reutemann . Cuisine Main article : Argentine cuisine Argentine beef as asado , a traditional dish Besides many of the pasta , sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe , Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and Criollo creations , including empanadas ( a small stuffed pastry ) , locro ( a mixture of corn , beans , meat , bacon , onion , and gourd ) , humita and mate . The country has the highest consumption of red meat in the world , traditionally prepared as asado , the Argentine barbecue . It is made with various types of meats , often including chorizo , sweetbread , chitterlings , and blood sausage . Common desserts include facturas ( Viennese - style pastry ) , cakes and pancakes filled with dulce de leche ( a sort of milk caramel jam ) , alfajores ( shortbread cookies sandwiched together with chocolate , dulce de leche or a fruit paste ) , and tortas fritas ( fried cakes ) Argentine wine , one of the world 's finest , is an integral part of the local menu . Malbec , Torrontés , Cabernet Sauvignon , Syrah and Chardonnay are some of the most sought - after varieties . National symbols Main article : National symbols of Argentina Some of Argentina 's national symbols are defined by law , while others are traditions lacking formal designation . The Flag of Argentina consists of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue , white and light blue , with the Sun of May in the center of the middle white stripe . The flag was designed by Manuel Belgrano in 1812 ; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816 . The Coat of Arms , which represents the union of the provinces , came into use in 1813 as the seal for official documents . The Argentine National Anthem was written by Vicente López y Planes with music by Blas Parera , and was adopted in 1813 . The National Cockade was first used during the May Revolution of 1810 and was made official two years later . The Virgin of Luján is Argentina 's patron saint . The hornero , living across most of the national territory , was chosen as the national bird in 1928 after a lower school survey . The ceibo is the national floral emblem and national tree , while the quebracho colorado is the national forest tree . Rhodochrosite is known as the national gemstone . The national sport is pato , an equestrian game that was popular among gauchos . Argentine wine is the national liquor , and mate , the national infusion . Asado and locro are considered the national dishes . See also Argentina portal Latin America portal Index of Argentina - related articles Outline of Argentina Notes ^ Jump up to : Article 35 of the Argentine Constitution gives equal recognition to the names `` United Provinces of the River Plate '' , `` Argentine Republic '' and `` Argentine Confederation '' and using `` Argentine Nation '' in the making and enactment of laws . ^ Jump up to : Area does not include territorial claims in Antarctica ( 965,597 km , including the South Orkney Islands ) , the Falkland Islands ( 11,410 km ) , the South Georgia ( 3,560 km ) and the South Sandwich Islands ( 307 km ) . Jump up ^ The poem 's full name is La Argentina y conquista del Río de la Plata , con otros acaecimientos de los reinos del Perú , Tucumán y estado del Brasil . Jump up ^ Also stated in article 35 of all subsequent amendments : 1866 , 1898 , 1949 , 1957 , 1972 and 1994 ( current ) Jump up ^ San Martín 's military campaigns , together with those of Simón Bolívar in Gran Colombia are collectively known as the Spanish American wars of independence . Jump up ^ The Full Stop and Due Obedience laws had been abrogated by Congress in 1998 . Jump up ^ This regional subdivision does not include Argentine Antarctica claims . Jump up ^ Includes higher plants only : ferns and fern allies , conifers and cycads , and flowering plants . Jump up ^ Includes only birds that breed in Argentina , not those that migrate or winter there . Jump up ^ Excludes marine mammals . Jump up ^ Since 2012 suffrage is optional for ages 16 and 17 . Jump up ^ Although not a province , the City of Buenos Aires is a federally autonomous city , and as such its local organization has similarities with provinces : it has its own constitution , an elected mayor and representatives to the Senate and Deputy chambers . As federal capital of the nation it holds the status of federal district . Jump up ^ The other top developing nations being Brazil , China , India , Indonesia , Mexico , South Africa and Turkey . Jump up ^ Though not declared official de jure , the Spanish language is the only one used in the wording of laws , decrees , resolutions , official documents and public acts . Jump up ^ English is also the primary language of the disputed Falkland Islands . Jump up ^ Many elder people also speak a macaronic language of Italian and Spanish called cocoliche , which was originated by the Italian immigrants in the late 19th century . Jump up ^ It gave origin to a mixture of Spanish and German called Belgranodeutsch . Jump up ^ In practice this privileged status amounts to tax - exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting frequencies . ^ Jump up to : Level duration depends on jurisdiction . Jump up ^ The post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid . Jump up ^ The other top venues being Berlin 's Konzerthaus , Vienna 's Musikverein , Amsterdam 's Concertgebouw and Boston 's Symphony Hall . References Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , art . 35 . Jump up ^ Crow 1992 , p. 457 : `` In the meantime , while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo , the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light . The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause . This was the origin of the `` sun of May '' which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since. `` ; Kopka 2011 , p. 5 : `` The sun 's features are those of Inti , the Incan sun god . The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810 , during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence . '' ^ Jump up to : Ley No. 5598 de la Provincia de Corrientes , 22 October 2004 ^ Jump up to : Ley No. 6604 de la Provincia de Chaco , 28 July 2010 , B.O. , ( 9092 ) Jump up ^ http://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201611/171079-japon-visita-oficial-primer-ministro-nipon-shinzo-abe-casa-de-gobierno.html Jump up ^ https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_Syfgy52TDQe.html Jump up ^ http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1682 Jump up ^ https://www.indec.gov.ar/nivel4_default.asp?id_tema_1=2&id_tema_2=41&id_tema_3=135 Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html Jump up ^ `` Latinobarómetro Database '' . www.latinobarometro.org . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Población por sexo e índice de masculinidad . Superficie censada y densidad , según provincia . Total del país . Año 2010 '' . Censo Nacional de Población , Hogares y Viviendas 2010 ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : INDEC -- Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina '' . World Economic Outlook Database . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` GINI index ( World Bank estimate ) '' . World Bank . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Constitution of Argentina , art . 3 . ^ Jump up to : Abad de Santillán 1971 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Crow 1992 , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Levene 1948 , p. 11 : `` ( After the Viceroyalty became ) a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810 , whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation , thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and , in addition , organizing the democratic republic . '' ; Sánchez Viamonte 1948 , pp. 196 -- 197 : `` The Argentine nation was a unity in colonial times , during the Viceroyalty , and remained so after the revolution of May 1810 . ( ... ) The provinces never acted as independent sovereign states , but as entities created within the nation and as integral parts of it , incidentally affected by internal conflicts . '' ; Vanossi 1964 , p. 11 : `` ( The Argentine nationality is a ) unique national entity , successor to the Viceroyalty , which , after undergoing a long period of anarchy and disorganization , adopted a decentralized form in 1853 -- 1860 under the Constitution . '' ^ Jump up to : Bolt & Van Zanden 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Díaz Alejandro 1970 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Becoming a serious country '' . The Economist . London . 3 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2014 . Argentina is thus not a `` developing country '' . Uniquely , it achieved development and then lost it again . ^ Jump up to : Wood 1988 , p. 18 ; Solomon 1997 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Huntington 2000 , p. 6 ; Nierop 2001 , p. 61 : `` Secondary regional powers in Huntington 's view ( Huntington , 2000 , p. 6 ) include Great Britain , Ukraine , Japan , South Korea , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia and Argentina . '' ; Lake 2009 , p. 55 : `` The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers , especially Argentina and Brazil , can develop their own rules for further managing regional relations . '' ; Papadopoulos 2010 , p. 283 : `` The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU : the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers , Brazil and Argentina . '' ; Malamud 2011 , p. 9 : `` Though not a surprise , the position of Argentina , Brazil 's main regional partner , as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition ( to win a permanent seat on the UN Security Council ) dealt a heavy blow to Brazil 's image as a regional leader . '' ; Boughton 2012 , p. 101 : `` When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings , it included several non-APEC members , including all the European members of the G7 , the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil , and such other emerging markets as India , Poland , and South Africa . '' ^ Jump up to : Morris 1988 , p. 63 : `` Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century . '' ; Adler & Greve 2009 , p. 78 : `` The southern cone of South America , including Argentina and Brazil , the two regional powers , has recently become a pluralistic security community . '' ; Ruiz - Dana et al. 2009 , p. 18 : `` ( ... ) notably by linking the Southern Cone 's rival regional powers , Brazil and Argentina . '' Jump up ^ Human Development Report 2016 , Statistical Annex , Table 1 , UNDP ^ Jump up to : `` The 2010 Legatum Prosperity Index '' . London : Legatum Institute . 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 . ( The country has a ) foundation for future growth due to its market size , levels of foreign direct investment , and percentage of high - tech exports as share of total manufactured goods ... Argentina 's economy appears stable , but confidence in financial institutions remains low . Jump up ^ `` World Bank Country and Lending Groups -- World Bank Data Help Desk '' . Data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ The name Argentine ( Spanish ) El nombre de Argentina Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Etymology of argentin / - e ( French ) Jump up ^ Rock 1987 , pp. 6 , 8 ; Edwards 2008 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Traba 1985 , pp. 15 , 71 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , 1826 , art . 1 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , 1853 , Preamble . Jump up ^ Rosenblat 1964 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , 1860 amd. , art . 35 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Argentina in Oxford Dictionaries ( British & World English ) '' . Oxford , UK : Oxford Dictionaries. 6 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Definite Article : Part II '' , Study Spanish ^ Jump up to : Edwards 2008 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Abad de Santillán 1971 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2008 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Crow 1992 , pp. 129 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Abad de Santillán 1971 , pp. 96 -- 140 . ^ Jump up to : Crow 1992 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Crow 1992 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Crow 1992 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Crow 1992 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Crow 1992 , p. 421 . ^ Jump up to : Abad de Santillán 1971 , pp. 194ff . Jump up ^ Rock 1987 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Rock 1987 , pp. 82 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis 2003 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Rock 1987 , p. 92 ; Lewis 2003 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ `` Feriados nacionales 2018 '' ( National Holidays 2018 ) ( in Spanish ) . Argentina Ministry of the Interior . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 349 -- 353 , vol . I . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 185 -- 252 , vol . I . Jump up ^ Lewis 2003 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2003 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2003 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2003 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2003 , pp. 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 363 -- 541 , vol . I . Jump up ^ Lewis 1990 , pp. 18 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Mosk 1990 , pp. 88 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Cruz 1990 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Díaz Alejandro 1970 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 567 -- 625 , vol . I . Jump up ^ Lewis 1990 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 7 -- 178 , vol. II . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 181 -- 302 , vol. II . Jump up ^ Barnes 1978 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Barnes 1978 , pp. 113ff . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 303 -- 351 , vol. II . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 353 -- 379 , vol. II . Jump up ^ Robben 2011 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 381 -- 422 , vol. II . Jump up ^ McSherry , Patrice ( 2005 ) . Predatory States : Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 78 . ISBN 0742536874 . Jump up ^ As can be seen from the archives declassified by the United States , the number of trials opened in the Southern Cone , the discovery of the Archives of the horror of Paraguay ( 1992 ) , the appearance of the book The Trial of Henry Kissinger by British journalist and researcher Christopher Hitchens , as revealing as other books and documents accumulated in recent times on the role of the former Secretary of State of two governments of his country , those of the Republicans Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford : `` Kissinger and his team devised the project to assassinate Chilean General René Schneider , who was not only a leader of the Chilean Armed Forces but who had not accepted the coup d'état '' , Hitchens says in an interview with the correspondent from newspaper Página 12 in Paris . He adds : `` It is an absolute atrocity and we have all the details of the attack planned by Kissinger and that cost Schneider his life '' . It must be said that it is an atrocity against Chilean democracy . that the Chileans chose their president `` . Jump up ^ Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina , Antonius C.G.M. Robben , p. 145 , University of Pennsylvania Press , 2007 Jump up ^ Revolutionizing Motherhood : The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo , Marguerite Guzmán Bouvard , p. 22 , Rowman & Littlefield , 1994 Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's Guerrillas Still Intent On Socialism '' , Sarasota Herald - Tribune , 7 March 1976 Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's Dirty War '' . Jump up ^ `` Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia '' . Jump up ^ Gambini , Hugo ( 2008 ) . Historia del peronismo . La violencia ( 1956 -- 1983 ) . Buenos Aires : Javier Vergara Editor . pp. 198 / 208 . Jump up ^ Political Injustice : Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil , Chile , and Argentina , Anthony W. Pereira , p. 134 , University of Pittsburgh Press , 2005 Jump up ^ Obituary The Guardian , Thursday 2 April 2009 Jump up ^ Estimate of Deaths and Disappearances by 601st Intelligence Battalion ( PDF ) . DINA Headquarters , Buenos Aires , Argentina . July 1978 . pp. A8 . Jump up ^ `` Una duda histórica : no se sabe cuántos son los desaparecidos '' , Clarin , 10 June 2003 Jump up ^ Wright , Thomas C. State terrorism in Latin America , p. 158 , Rowman & Littlefield , 2007 Jump up ^ Robben 2011 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 423 -- 465 , vol. II . Jump up ^ Robben 2011 , pp. 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Robben 2011 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Robben 2011 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 467 -- 504 , vol. II . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 505 -- 532 , vol. II . Jump up ^ Ley No. 23492 , 29 December 1986 , B.O. , ( 26058 ) ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Ley No. 23521 , 9 June 1987 , B.O. , ( 26155 ) ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 533 -- 549 , vol. II . Jump up ^ Epstein & Pion - Berlin 2006 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein & Pion - Berlin 2006 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 551 -- 573 , vol. II . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 575 -- 587 , vol. II . Jump up ^ Epstein & Pion - Berlin 2006 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein & Pion - Berlin 2006 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 587 -- 595 , vol. II . Jump up ^ Epstein & Pion - Berlin 2006 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Epstein & Pion - Berlin 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Epstein & Pion - Berlin 2006 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Ley No. 25779 , 3 September 2003 , B.O. , ( 30226 ) , 1 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Ley No. 24952 , 17 April 1998 , B.O. , ( 28879 ) , 1 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , pp. 597 -- 626 , vol. II . Jump up ^ `` Mauricio Macri , el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical '' ( in Spanish ) . Los Andes. 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Carrelli Lynch , Guido . `` Macri anunció medidas para amortiguar la inflación '' . Clarín ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua , el Coloso de América mide 6960 , 8 metros '' ( Scientific Report on Aconcagua , the Colossus of America measures 6960 , 8m ) ( in Spanish ) . Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. 2012 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2012 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Young 2005 , p. 52 : `` The Andes Mountains form the `` backbone '' of Argentina along the western border with Chile . '' ^ Jump up to : Albanese , Rubén ( 2009 ) . `` Información geográfica de la República Argentina '' ( Geographic information of the Argentine Republic ) ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Instituto Geográfico Nacional . Archived from the original on 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ McKinney 1993 , p. 6 ; Fearns & Fearns 2005 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Albanese , Rubén ( 2009 ) . `` Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina '' ( Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic ) ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Instituto Geográfico Nacional . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Young 2005 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Lynch , David K. `` Land Below Sea Level '' . Geology -- Geoscience News and Information . Archived from the original on 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006 , pp. 5 , 7 -- 8 , 51 , 175 . Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Crooker 2009 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : McCloskey & Burford 2006 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Crooker 2009 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006 , pp. 5 , 157 . Jump up ^ Young 2005 , p. 52 ; McCloskey & Burford 2006 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Menutti & Menutti 1980 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina -- Main Details '' . Montreal , Canada : Convention on Biological Diversity. 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biodiversity 2005 '' . Cambridge , UK : UNEP -- WCMC -- World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme. 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina '' . Country Pasture / Forage Resource Profiles . Food and Agriculture Organization . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . Ministerio de Turismo . Archived from the original on 30 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Menutti & Menutti 1980 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Menutti & Menutti 1980 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , art . 1 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , art . 37 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina lowers its voting age to 16 '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C. 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , arts . 53 , 59 , 75 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , arts . 45 , 47 , 50 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , arts . 54 , 56 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , art . 99 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , art . 90 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , art . 116 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , arts . 99 , 114 . Jump up ^ Argentine Constitution , art . 63 Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , art . 121 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , arts . 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , art . 123 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , art . 122 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , arts . 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , art . 129 . ^ Jump up to : Rey Balmaceda 1995 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Rock 1987 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Margheritis 2010 , pp. 15 , 92 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina in Brief -- Foreign Policy '' . Canberra : Embassy of Argentina in Australia . 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary - General Says Joint Peacekeeping Training Centre in Campo de Mayo ' Symbol of Argentina 's Commitment to Peace ' '' . New York , NY , USA : United Nations -- Secretary General . 14 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Galasso 2011 , p. 600 , vol. II . Jump up ^ `` Destacamento Naval Orcadas '' ( Orcadas Naval Base ) ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Fundación Marambio. 1999 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ATS -- Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty '' . Buenos Aires : Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2013 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , T.P. 1 . Jump up ^ Ley No. 23554 -- Defensa Nacional , 5 May 1988 , B.O. , ( 26375 ) , 4 ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : Ley No. 24059 -- Seguridad Interior , 17 January 1992 , B.O. , ( 27307 ) , 1 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , arts . 125 -- 126 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- Military branches '' . Index Mundi -- CIA World Factbook. 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , arts . 21 , 75 , 99 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean -- Argentina '' ( PDF ) . Buenos Aires : RESDAL -- Red de Seguridad y Defensa de América Latina. 2012 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Maritime Archeology and History , Navy of the Argentine Republic , ARA Almirante Brown ( D - 10 ) . URL accessed on 15 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- Military service age and obligation '' . Index Mundi -- CIA World Factbook. 2001 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Maldifassi & Abetti 1994 , pp. 65 -- 86 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- Military expenditure '' . Index Mundi -- SIPRI -- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , Yearbook : Armaments , Disarmament and International Security . 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Decreto No. 18711 -- Fuerzas de Seguridad , 23 June 1970 , B.O. , ( 21955 ) ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Argentina , Armada . `` Gaceta Marinera - Portal Oficial de Noticias de la Armada Argentina '' . Gacetamarinera.com.ar . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2016 '' . Loughborough University . Archived from the original on 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/ST.INT.ARVL Jump up ^ `` México DF , Buenos Aires y San Pablo , los destinos turísticos favoritos '' . infobae . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buenos Aires , entre las ciudades más ricas del mundo '' . La Nación . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas Públicas - Hacienda , Finanzas , Política Económica , Comercio Interior , Comercio Exterior , Ingresos Públicos , Información Económica , Gobierno , Organismos '' . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York , NY , USA . 3 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Devereux , Charlie ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` Argentina 's Economy Expanded 2.3 % in Second Quarter '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina '' . World Economic Outlook Database , October 2014 . International Monetary Fund . 2 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Development Report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . New York , NY , USA : UNDP -- United Nations Development Program . 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Data -- Argentina '' . Washington , D.C. : World Bank . 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Inflation , an Old Scourge , Plagues Argentina Again '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Indice de precios al consumidor '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . INDEC . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption Perceptions Index 2017 '' . Transparency International . 2017 . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption Perceptions Index 2014 '' . Transparency International . 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Plans to Offer 100 - Year Bonds '' . Bloomberg.com. 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Brittle Power , p. 144 . ^ Jump up to : `` Información Económica al Día -- Nivel de Actividad '' ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica -- Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas. 2013 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- Industrial production growth rate '' . Index Mundi -- CIA World Factbook. 2011 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- Economy Overview '' . Index Mundi -- CIA World Factbook. 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina at TIC 2013 : Country pushing CNG , food processing '' . Digital Guardian . Port of Spain . 2013 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina -- Industry '' . Encyclopedia of the Nations . 2002 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Electricity / Heat in Argentina in 2009 '' . Paris : IEA -- International Energy Agency . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aerolíneas Argentinas , entre las compañías aéreas más seguras '' . Telam. 7 January 2015 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- Railways '' . Index Mundi -- CIA World Factbook. 2013 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina -- Transportation '' . Encyclopedia of the Nations . 2002 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Desde hoy , toda la línea Mitre tiene trenes 0 km - La Nacion , 09 , February 2015 Jump up ^ Exitosa prueba en la renovada vía a Rosario - EnElSubte , 09 , March 2015 Jump up ^ Otro salto en la recuperación de soberanía - Pagina / 12 , 16 April 2015 Jump up ^ Es ley la creación de Ferrocarriles Argentinos - EnElSubte , 15 April 2015 Jump up ^ Ferrocarriles Argentinos : Randazzo agradeció a la oposición parlamentaria por acompañar en su recuperación Archived 16 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina , 15 April 2015 Jump up ^ Se cumplieron 100 años del primer viaje en subte - Ambito , 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- Roadways '' . Index Mundi -- CIA World Factbook. 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- Waterways '' . Index Mundi -- CIA World Factbook. 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- Airports with paved runways '' . Index Mundi -- CIA World Factbook. 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Aeberhard , Benson & Phillips 2000 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Aeberhard , Benson & Phillips 2000 , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Aeberhard , Benson & Phillips 2000 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Akstinat 2013 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Moore , Don ( 1995 ) . `` Radio with a past in Argentina '' . Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- Infraestructura '' ( in Spanish ) . Mi Buenos Aires Querido. 2002 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Homes with Cable TV in Latin America '' . Austin , TX , USA : LANIC -- Latin American Network Information Center . 1999 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Penetración TV paga en hogares 2014 -- Argentina '' ( in Spanish ) . Coral Gables , FL , USA : LAMAC -- Latin American Multichannel Advertising Council . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South America '' . IWS -- ITU -- Internet World Stats. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Argüello , Irma ( 8 January 2009 ) . `` Brazil and Argentina 's Nuclear Cooperation '' . Carnegie Endowment for international peace . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Argentina '' . State.gov . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton : Argentina is on the forefront of the fight for nuclear security '' . State.gov. 13 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Reneau , Leandro ( 29 September 2012 ) . `` Atucha III se construirá con un 60 % de componentes nacionales '' ( in Spanish ) . Tiempo Argentino . Archived from the original on 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exitosa Revisión de la Misión SAOCOM '' ( in Spanish ) . CONAE. 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PEHUENSAT - 1 '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Argentina de Tecnología Espacial . Jump up ^ `` ' Argentine satellite SAC - D ' will be presented in Bariloche '' . Momento 24 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Science and Education in Argentina . argentina.ar Jump up ^ `` Satellite Missions '' . CONAE . Archived from the original on 4 February 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scientists celebrate inauguration of Pierre Auger Observatory '' . Pierre Auger Observatory . Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Interplanetary support station to be installed in Argentina . Buenos Aires Herald ( 23 June 2009 ) . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNWTO Tourism Highlights , 2014 Edition '' . World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO ) . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` México DF , Buenos Aires y San Pablo , los destinos turísticos favoritos '' ( in Spanish ) . Infobae América . June 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iguazu Falls chosen as one of the natural seven wonders of the world '' . Mercopress. 11 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001 -- 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Gustavo Pérez ( in Spanish ) . INDEC . p. 16 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Censo 2010 : Censo Nacional de Población , Hogares y Viviendas '' ( in Spanish ) . Censo2010.indec.gov.ar . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PRB '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ UN Demographic Yearbook , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nee , Patrick W. ( 2015 ) . Key Facts on Argentina : Essential Information on Argentina . The Internationalist . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Forero , Juan ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage '' . seattletimes.nwsource.com . Archived from the original on 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Fastenberg , Dan ( 22 July 2010 ) . `` International Gay Marriage '' . Time . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004 -- 2005 '' ( in Spanish ) . National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Cruz - Coke , R. ; Moreno , R.S. ( 1994 ) . `` Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile '' . Journal of Medical Genetics . 31 ( 9 ) : 702 -- 706 . doi : 10.1136 / jmg. 31.9. 702 . PMC 1050080 . PMID 7815439 . Jump up ^ `` About Argentina '' . Government of Argentina . Archived from the original on 19 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org. 10 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org. 14 August 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernández , Francisco Lizcano ( 2007 ) . Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 970 - 757 - 052 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cahoon , Ben . `` Argentina '' . World Statesmen.org . Jump up ^ Craughwell , Thomas J. ( 17 April 2013 ) . `` Pope Francis : The Pope from the End of the Earth '' . TAN Books . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61890 - 138 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Canal Académie : Les merveilleux francophiles argentins -- 1 '' . Il faut savoir qu'en 2006 , 17 % d'Argentins ont un ancêtre venu de France . Près de 6 millions d'Argentins ont donc des origines françaises . Jump up ^ Sánchez , Gonzalo ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años '' . Clarin.com . Jump up ^ Corach , Daniel ; Lao , Oscar ; Bobillo , Cecilia ; Van Der Gaag , Kristiaan ; Zuniga , Sofia ; Vermeulen , Mark ; Van Duijn , Kate ; Goedbloed , Miriam ; Vallone , Peter M ; Parson , Walther ; De Knijff , Peter ; Kayser , Manfred ( 2010 ) . `` Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal , Y - Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA '' . Annals of Human Genetics . 74 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 76 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 1809.2009. 00556. x . PMID 20059473 . Jump up ^ `` Medicina ( B. Aires ) vol. 66 número2 ; Resumen : S0025 - 76802006000200004 '' . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` El varieté de la calle Florida '' ( Editorial ) -- Clarín ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` Patria Grande '' . Patriagrande.gov.ar . Jump up ^ `` Alientan la mudanza de extranjeros hacia el interior -- Sociedad -- '' . Perfil.com . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Simons & Fennig 2014 . Jump up ^ Colantoni & Gurlekian 2004 , pp. 107 -- 119 . Jump up ^ DellaPergola 2013 , pp. 25 -- 26 , 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Aeberhard , Benson & Phillips 2000 , p. 602 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , arts . 14 , 20 . Jump up ^ Fayt 1985 , p. 347 ; Bidart Campos 2005 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Argentina , art . 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` International Religious Freedom Report 2012 -- Argentina '' . Washington , D.C. : US Department of State . 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Mallimaci , Esquivel & Irrazábal 2008 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ DellaPergola 2013 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Mallimaci , Esquivel & Irrazábal 2008 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Mallimaci , Esquivel & Irrazábal 2008 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Donadio , Rachel ( 13 March 2013 ) . `` Cardinals Pick Bergoglio , Who Will Be Pope Francis '' . The New York Times . New York , NY , USA . Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- Urbanization '' . Index Mundi -- CIA World Factbook. 26 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Argentina -- Major Cities '' . Buenos Aires : Government of Argentina . 19 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` República Argentina por provincia . Densidad de población . Año 2010 '' ( in Spanish ) . INDEC . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Encuesta Permanente de Hogares '' ( PDF ) . Indec. 23 August 2015 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` El Sistema Educativo -- Acerca del Sistema Educativo Argentino '' ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Ministerio de Educación -- Presidencia de la Nación. 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Desde hoy , es obligatorio que todos los niños de cuatro años ingresen al sistema educativo - educación , Escuelas , Sociedad , Docentes bonaerenses - Infobae '' . Infobae.com . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Población de 10 años y más por condición de alfabetismo y sexo , según provincia . Año 2010 '' ( XLS ) . Censo Nacional de Población , Hogares y Viviendas 2010 ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : INDEC -- Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total del país . Población de 5 años y más que asistió a un establecimiento educativo por nivel de educación alcanzado y completud del nivel , según sexo y grupo de edad . Año 2010 '' ( XLS ) . Censo Nacional de Población , Hogares y Viviendas 2010 ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : INDEC -- Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sistema Universitario '' ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Ministerio de Educación -- Presidencia de la Nación. 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AMA '' . Ama-med.org.ar . Archived from the original on 13 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IADB '' ( PDF ) . IADB . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ESTADISTICAS VITALES -- INFORMACION BASICA AÑO 2008 Archived 25 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Ministry of Health ( December 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : `` UNData '' . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ UN Demographic Yearbook. 1957 . ^ Jump up to : UN Demographic Yearbook . Historical Statistics . 1997 . Jump up ^ Dodson , Sean ( 11 January 2008 ) . `` Top shelves '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . 2 ) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires Jump up ^ Luongo , Michael . Frommer 's Argentina . Wiley Publishing , 2007 . Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ McCloskey & Burford 2006 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Sabato , Ernesto ( 1976 ) . La cultura en la encrucijada nacional , Buenos Aires : Sudamericana , p. 17 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rivas 1989 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Foster , Lockhart & Lockhart 1998 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Foster , Lockhart & Lockhart 1998 , pp. 13 , 101 ; Young & Cisneros 2010 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Young & Cisneros 2010 , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Foster , Lockhart & Lockhart 1998 , pp. 104 , 107 -- 109 ; Young & Cisneros 2010 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Bloom 1994 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Young & Cisneros 2010 , pp. 52 , 80 . Jump up ^ Young & Cisneros 2010 , pp. 79 , 144 . Jump up ^ Young & Cisneros 2010 , pp. 3 , 144 . Jump up ^ Foster , Lockhart & Lockhart 1998 , pp. 66 , 85 , 97 -- 121 ; McCloskey & Burford 2006 ; Díaz 2010 , p. 43 ; Young & Cisneros 2010 , pp. 51 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Miller 2004 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Foster , Lockhart & Lockhart 1998 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : McCloskey & Burford 2006 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Ross , Alex ( 12 November 2001 ) . `` Madame X '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 : Opera Houses '' on travel.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 14 April 2014 Jump up ^ `` Eclectic dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages '' . China Daily . 17 October 2005 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Buenos Aires -- A Passionate City '' . Radar Magazine . 10 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Foster , Lockhart & Lockhart 1998 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Long 2009 , pp. 21 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Carl J. Mora ( 1989 ) . Mexican Cinema : Reflections of a Society . University of California Press . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04304 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina - Cultura - Cine '' ( in Spanish ) . 16 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Jump up ^ King 2000 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Bendazzi , Giannalberto ( 1996 ) . `` Quirino Cristiani , The Untold Story of Argentina 's Pioneer Animator '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It scares off The Exorcist to become highest - grossing horror ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Launches With $50 M Overseas ; ' It ' Tops $600 M WW ; ' Despicable 3 ' Hops Past ' Zootopia ' -- Intl Box Office '' . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cannes Film Festival : Awards 2013 '' . Cannes. 26 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Market Study -- Argentina '' ( PDF ) . Munich , Germany : German Films . August 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Jennifer ( 16 July 2006 ) . `` Lively , playful geometric works of art for fun '' . St. Petersburg Times . St. Petersburg , FL . Jump up ^ Martínez - Carter , Karina ( 14 March 2013 ) . `` Preserving history in Buenos Aires '' . BBC Travel . Archived from the original on 23 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Decreto No. 17468 / 1953 , 25 September 1953 , B.O. , ( 17490 ) ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012 , pp. 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ `` Pato , Argentina 's national sport '' . Argentina -- Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina . Buenos Aires : Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación -- Presidencia de la Nación. 18 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . In 1610 , thirty years after Buenos Aires ' second foundation and two hundred years before the May Revolution , a document drafted by the military anthropologist Félix de Azara described a pato sport scene taking place in the city . Jump up ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012 , pp. 14 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Friedman 2007 , pp. 56 , 127 . ^ Jump up to : Nauright & Parrish 2012 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Luciana Aymar -- Las Leonas ( Argentina ) '' . Nieuwegein , The Netherlands : Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014 . 2014 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown '' . Lausanne , Switzerland : FIH -- Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon ( International Hockey Federation ) . 8 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- Profile '' . Mies , Switzerland : FIBA -- Fédération Internationale de Basket - ball ( International Basketball Federation ) . 2014 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Doug ( 30 September 2011 ) . `` 10 : Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years '' . Blue Bell , PA , USA : The Ring . Archived from the original on 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez 2009 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame Members '' . Newport , RI , USA : International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum . 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2014 . 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( 2000 ) . `` Culture , Power , and Democracy '' . In Plattner , Marc ; Smolar , Aleksander . Globalization , Power , and Democracy . Baltimore , MD , USA : The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 3 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 0801865688 . King , John ( 2000 ) . Magical Reels : A History of Cinema in Latin America . Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures . London : Verso . ISBN 978 - 1859842331 . Kopka , Deborah ( 2011 ) . Central & South America . Dayton , OH , USA : Lorenz Educational Press . ISBN 978 - 1429122511 . Lake , David ( 2009 ) . `` Regional Hierarchies : Authority and Local International Order '' . In Fawn , Rick . Globalising the Regional , Regionalising the Global . Review of International Studies . 35 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 35 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0521759885 . Levene , Ricardo ( 1948 ) . Desde la Revolución de Mayo a la Asamblea de 1813 -- 15 . Historia del Derecho Argentino ( in Spanish ) . IV . Buenos Aires : Editorial G. Kraf . Lewis , Daniel K. ( 2003 ) . The History of Argentina . Palgrave Essential Histories Series . New York . NY , USA : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1403962546 . Lewis , M. Paul ; Simons , Gary F. ; Fennig , Charles D. , eds. ( 2014 ) . Ethnologue : Languages of the World ( 17th ed . ) . Dallas , TX , USA : Summer Institute of Linguistics International . Lewis , Paul ( 1990 ) . The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism . Chapel Hill , NC , USA : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0807843567 . Maddison , Angus ( 1995 ) . Monitoring the World Economy 1820 -- 1992 . Paris : OECD Publishing . ISBN 978 - 9264145498 . Maddison , Angus ( 2001 ) . The World Economy : A Millennial Perspective . OECD Publishing . ISBN 978 - 9264186545 . Maldifassi , José O. ; Abetti , Pier A. ( 1994 ) . Defense industries in Latin American countries : Argentina , Brazil , and Chile . Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0275947293 . Margheritis , Ana ( 2010 ) . Argentina 's foreign policy : domestic politics and democracy promotion in the Americas . Boulder , CO , USA : FirstForumPress . ISBN 978 - 1935049197 . McCloskey , Erin ; Burford , Tim ( 2006 ) . Argentina . Guilford , CT , USA : Bradt Travel Guides . ISBN 978 - 1841621388 . McKinney , Kevin ( 1993 ) . Everyday geography . New York , NY , USA : GuildAmerica Books . ISBN 978 - 1568650326 . Menutti , Adela ; Menutti , María Mercedes ( 1980 ) . Geografía Argentina y Universal ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Edil . Morris , Michael ( 1988 ) . Mangone , Gerard , ed . The Strait of Magellan . International Straits of the World . 11 . Dordrecht , The Netherlands : Martinus Nijhoff Publishes . ISBN 978 - 0792301813 . Mosk , Sanford A. ( 1990 ) . `` Latin America and the World Economy , 1850 -- 1914 '' . In Hanke , Lewis ; Rausch , Jane M. People and Issues in Latin American History . II : From Independence to the Present . New York , NY , USA : Markus Wiener Publishing . pp. 86 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 1558760189 . Nauright , John ; Parrish , Charles , eds. ( 2012 ) . Sports around the World : History , Culture , and Practice. 3 . Santa Barbara , CA , USA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1598843019 . Nierop , Tom ( 2001 ) . `` The Clash of Civilisations '' . In Dijkink , Gertjan ; Knippenberg , Hans . The Territorial Factor . Amsterdam : Vossiuspers UvA -- Amsterdam University Press . pp. 51 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 9056291884 . Papadopoulos , Anestis ( 2010 ) . The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521196468 . Rey Balmaceda , Raúl ( 1995 ) . Mi país , la Argentina ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentino . ISBN 84 - 599 - 3442 - X . Rivas , José Andrés ( 1989 ) . Santiago en sus letras : antología criticotemática de las letras santiagueñas ( in Spanish ) . Santiago del Estero , SE , Argentina : Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero . Robben , Antonius C.G.M. ( 2011 ) . Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina . Philadelphia , PA , USA : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0812203318 . Rock , David ( 1987 ) . Argentina , 1516 -- 1987 : From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War . Berkeley , CA , USA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0520061781 . Rodríguez , Robert G. ( 2009 ) . The Regulation of Boxing : A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies Among American States . Jefferson , NC , USA : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786452842 . Rosenblat , Ángel ( 1964 ) . El nombre de la Argentina ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : EUDEBA -- Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires . Ruiz - Dana , Alejandra ; Goldschag , Peter ; Claro , Edmundo ; Blanco , Hernán ( 2009 ) . `` Regional Integration , Trade and Conflicts in Latin America '' . In Khan , Shaheen Rafi . Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution . New York , NY , USA : Routledge . pp. 15 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 0415476737 . Sánchez Viamonte , Carlos ( 1948 ) . Historia Institucional Argentina ( in Spanish ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Mexico D.F. : Fondo de Cultura Económica . Traba , Juan ( 1985 ) . Origen de la palabra `` ¿ ¡ Argentina ! ? '' ( in Spanish ) . Rosario , SF , Argentina : Escuela de Artes Gráficas del Colegio San José . Vanossi , Jorge R. ( 1964 ) . Situación actual del federalismo : aspectos institucionales y económicos , en particular sobre la realidad argentina . Cuadernos de ciencia política de la Asociación Argentina de Ciencia Política ( in Spanish ) . 2 . Buenos Aires : Ediciones Depalma . Wood , Bernard ( 1988 ) . The middle powers and the general interest . Ottawa : North -- South Institute . ISBN 978 - 0920494813 . Young , Richard ; Cisneros , Odile ( 2010 ) . Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater . Lanham , MD , USA : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0810874985 . Young , Ronald ( 2005 ) . `` Argentina '' . In McColl , Robert W. Encyclopedia of World Geography . I. 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where do you get national insurance number from

National Insurance number

national insurance number

The National Insurance number is a number used in the United Kingdom in the administration of the National Insurance or social security system . It is also used for some purposes in the UK tax system . The number is described by the United Kingdom government as a `` personal account number '' .

The number is sometimes referred to as a NI No or NINO . Contents ( hide ) 1 Allocation of number 2 Format 3 Temporary numbers 4 Administrative numbers 5 Numbercards 6 Crown dependencies 7 Use for tax purposes 8 Use for identification 9 References 10 External links Allocation of number ( edit ) People born and resident in the UK are assigned a Child Reference Number shortly after birth when a claim is made for Child Benefit . At age 15 years 9 months HM Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) notifies each child of their NI number . In 1993 , a one - off mass allocation of NI numbers was made to all children under the age of 16 whose parents were in receipt of Child Benefit . As a result of this , siblings who met the criteria above were allocated NI numbers sequentially . Persons from abroad who wish to work in the UK , or those to whom a number was not initially allocated as children , must apply for a number through the Department for Work and Pensions ( DWP ) . The prefixes used are typically different from those used in the normal run . Format ( edit ) The format of the number is two prefix letters , six digits , and one suffix letter . The example used is typically QQ123456C . Often , the number is printed with spaces to pair off the digits , like this : QQ 12 34 56 C . Neither of the first two letters can be D , F , I , Q , U or V . The second letter also can not be O . The prefixes BG , GB , NK , KN , TN , NT and ZZ are not allocated . Validation lists of issued two - letter prefixes are published from time to time . After the two prefix letters , the six digits are issued sequentially from 00 00 00 to 99 99 99 . The last two digits determine the day of the week on which various social security benefits are payable and when unemployed claimants need to attend their Jobcentre to sign on ( renew their claims ) : 00 to 19 for Monday , 20 to 39 for Tuesday , 40 to 59 for Wednesday , 60 to 79 for Thursday and 80 to 99 for Friday . The suffix letter is either A , B , C , or D. ( although F , M , and P have been used for temporary numbers in the past ) . The NI number is unique without the suffix letter , so , for example , if AB 12 34 56 C exists , then there will be no other numbers beginning with AB 12 34 56 ( although temporary numbers were not necessarily unique , because two people with the same date of birth would have had the same number ) . In official electronic submissions , the final letter may be represented by a space if not known . Until 1975 , the suffixes A , B , C and D at the end of the NI number signified the period of validity of the National Insurance cards originally used to collect National Insurance contributions ( NICs ) . Cards were exchanged every twelve months and because of the very large numbers of cards issued the exchange was staggered . Suffix A cards ran from March of one year until March of the next when they were exchanged for a new one . Stagger B suffix cards ran from June until the following June , stagger C from September until the following September and stagger D from December until the following December . For example , a B stagger card issued in 1955 might have run from the first Monday in June that year until the first Sunday in June the following year . This staggered system operated from 5 July 1948 until 1975 , at which time the A stagger cards were extended to run an extra five weeks , until 5 April 1975 , in line with the end of the tax year . The B , C and D stagger NI Cards had a shorter period of validity in their final year , and ran from June , September and December respectively in 1974 until 6 April 1975 . From 6 April 1975 onwards , a computerised National Insurance Recording System ( NIRS ) was used to allocate all NICs by tax years . In Great Britain , expired NI cards were sorted into one hundred separate groups corresponding to the final two numbers of the NI number and were posted to the individual insured person 's NI account ( the RF1 ) by the corresponding one hundred ledger sections at the Records Branch of the Central Office of the Ministry of Labour and its successors -- the Ministry of National Insurance ( from 1945 ) , Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance ( 1953 ) , the Department of Health and Social Security ( 1968 ) , Department of Social Security ( 1988 ) , and Department for Work and Pensions ( since 2001 ) . These 100 sections dealt not only with the recording of NI contributions but with requests for information about qualifying contributions necessary to pay sickness , unemployment , widows , and other benefits and also with any correspondence arising from those NI accounts and NI cards . Within each of the 100 sections , NI numbers were allocated among 16 splits with one clerk administering each split . To trace unknown NI numbers , a general index contained millions of small RF2 index slips , filed in order of surname and listing the name ( s ) , date of birth , and NI number for every person within the National Insurance scheme . The Northern Ireland National Insurance scheme is funded and administered separately from the scheme in Great Britain but operates identically so that , in practice , the same rules apply throughout the United Kingdom . Temporary numbers ( edit ) Until April 2001 , employers sometimes allocated their employees a temporary insurance number , which followed the format `` TN dd mm yy x '' , where ' TN ' stands for temporary number and is static and x is M for male , F for female , or P for pensioner and the numbers in the midsection were the employee 's date of birth . In the case of a woman born on 31 December 1958 , for example , the temporary NI number would have been TN 31 12 58 F. Temporary NI numbers could not be used to trace back any NI credits or personal details . Since 2001 the National Insurance number must be obtained -- the temporary code must not now be used . Another type of temporary NI number is the Revenue - issued `` temporary reference '' used when HMRC is unable to trace a taxpayer 's original NI number . It follows the format 63T12345 . Administrative numbers ( edit ) Reference numbers similar in format to NI numbers are sometimes allocated for tax or benefit purposes with special prefix letters . Special prefixes used in the past include the letters OO ( for Tax Credit claims ) , CR ( for investigations ) , FY ( formerly for Attendance Allowance claims , named after the Fylde social security office where claims were processed ) , MW ( used from 1980 to 1987 for migrant workers ) , NC ( formerly for Stakeholder Pensions , PP ( for use by pension schemes as PP999999P ) , and PY or PZ ( both used for tax - only accounts created prior to 2003 ) . Numbercards ( edit ) From 1984 until 2011 , when a person was allocated an NI number he or she also received a plastic ' numbercard ' of similar proportions to a credit card with the number raised on the front . Prior to 1984 , a manila notification card was issued instead . The card is only used as a reminder of the number and the card itself is not needed to start work , and is not considered a valid identity card . Numbercards were phased out from September 2010 , and the issue of numbercards ceased completely in October 2011 . NI numbers are now notified by letter . Crown dependencies ( edit ) National Insurance numbers issued in the Isle of Man hold the prefix MA . Similarly , those issued in Jersey start with JY , and those issued in Guernsey hold the prefix GY . Only Channel Island NINOs issued prior to 1975 are validated , and recognised for UK use by HMRC . Use for tax purposes ( edit ) The National Insurance number is used as a reference number in the Pay As You Earn system , and also by the self - employed . It is also used in applications for Individual Savings Accounts ( ISAs ) , to check that an individual has opened only one ISA in a tax year . However , the NI number is not used universally as a tax identification number . Taxpayers who need to file a tax return are given a different number , a Unique Taxpayer Reference ( UTR ) , which is used as a reference number in the self - assessment tax system . Use for identification ( edit ) NI numbers are sometimes used for identification purposes in other contexts which have nothing to do with their original National Insurance purpose -- such as forming part of evidence of right to work in the UK . The NI card , however , is not proof of identity . Since 2010 the National Insurance number has been required in order to register to vote in Northern Ireland , Wales , Scotland , and England . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is a National Insurance Number ? '' ( PDF ) . Royal Conservatoire of Scotland . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ for example , by HM Revenue & Customs in National Insurance Manual NIM39100 Jump up ^ `` 04281 National Insurance Numbers ( NINOs ) '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Briefing PaperLibrary . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NIM39305 - National Insurance Numbers ( NINOs ) : Registration of a new NINO : Juvenile Registration : the automatic process '' . HMRC Manuals . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What do the letters at the beginning and at the end of my NI number mean ? '' . payroll Help . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` HM Revenue & Customs : Applying for a National Insurance Number '' . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` NIM39110 - National Insurance Numbers ( NINOs ) : Format and Security : What a NINO looks like '' . HM Revenue and Customs . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Insurance Number Freedom of Information request '' ( PDF ) . DWP Central Freedom of Information Team . 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Message Implementation Guidelines for PAYE NINO Verification Request , Appendix B : Valid National Insurance Number Prefixes ( page 46 ) Jump up ^ List of valid National Insurance number prefixes , HM Revenue & Customs : Avoiding and correcting errors in your Employer Annual Return Jump up ^ `` Decision Makers ' Guide : Chapter 08 - Payment of benefit / Deductions from benefit '' ( PDF ) . Department for Work and Pensions . July 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Example regulations : `` The Social Security ( Claims and Payments ) Amendment Regulations 2009 '' . The Stationery Office . 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Insurance Number '' . Cabinetoffice.gov.uk . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HM Revenue and Customs : Taking on a new employee '' . Hmrc.gov.uk. 2010 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ HMRC website : Final phase to replace NI numbercards Jump up ^ `` NIM39620 : Isle of Man Cases '' . Hmrc.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` NIM39115 : NINO prefixes '' . Hmrc.gov.uk. 1975 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ HMRC : How to get a Self Assessment tax return Jump up ^ `` Full Guide for Employers on Preventing Illegal Working in the UK '' ( PDF ) . UK Border Agency . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.registertovote.service.gov.uk/register-to-vote/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Insurance . UK Government Data Standards Catalogue - National Insurance Number - The official UK government definition of the NI number format . Also includes links to the XML Schema data type definition in the CitizenIdentificationTypes schema published by the Office of the e-Envoy . Format and Security : What a NINO looks like HM Revenue & Customs official page ( hide ) National identification numbers by country Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil ( RG CPF CNPJ ) Bulgaria Canada China Croatia Denmark France Ghana Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Poland Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Slovenia South Korea Spain ( DNI NIE ) Sri Lanka Sweden Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Insurance_number&oldid=791921653 '' Categories : National identification numbers Taxation in the United Kingdom Pensions and benefits in the United Kingdom National Insurance Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2016 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 July 2017 , at 09 : 01 . 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who plays the little girl in miracle on 34th street 1994

All the children begin to believe that he is the real Santa , with the exception of Dorey 's six - year - old daughter , Susan ( Mara Wilson ) . Dorey 's boyfriend and neighbor , Bryan Bedford ( Dylan McDermott ) , does his best to convince Susan to believe . While being babysat one night by Kris , she shares her Christmas wish with him . She would like a dad , a house ( used every year for the Cole 's catalog photoshoot ) and a baby brother . He asks if she would begin to believe in Santa if she got all those things . She agrees that she would .

Mara Wilson

Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 film )

miracle on 34th street ( 1994 film )

Miracle on 34th Street is a 1994 American Christmas fantasy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Les Mayfield . It stars Richard Attenborough , Mara Wilson , Elizabeth Perkins , and Dylan McDermott , and is the fourth remake ( and the second theatrical version ) of the original 1947 film . Like the original , it was released by 20th Century Fox , to mixed to positive reception .

The New York City based Macy 's declined any involvement with the film , so the fictitious `` Cole 's '' was used as its replacement . Gimbels had gone out of business in 1987 , so it was replaced by the fictional `` Shopper 's Express '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens with an elderly man ( Richard Attenborough ) sporting a Homburg , glasses , and a brown coat with a cane , walking on the street as his morning routine . As he stops at a crosswalk , a young boy named Ryan pleads to his grandfather , Judge Henry Harper , to `` ask him '' . Henry , knowing that the man overheard Ryan , clears up the misunderstanding by saying that Ryan thinks he is Santa Claus . After an exchange of laughs , the elderly man surprises Ryan by saying , `` I am . '' After he leaves , a dismayed and contented Ryan states that he `` should have got his autograph '' . On the same day , Cole 's Department Store 's special events director Dorey Walker ( Elizabeth Perkins ) fires Tony Falacchi from being the store 's Santa after he gets drunk before taking part in the Thanksgiving parade . Immediately trying to find a replacement , she spots the elderly man from the film 's opening who was berating the inebriated Tony before the parade . When Dorey begs him to take over , he introduces himself as Kris Kringle . He does so well in the parade that he is immediately hired to be the store 's Santa for the holiday period . All the children begin to believe that he is the real Santa , with the exception of Dorey 's six - year - old daughter , Susan ( Mara Wilson ) . Dorey 's boyfriend and neighbor , Bryan Bedford ( Dylan McDermott ) , does his best to convince Susan to believe . While being babysat one night by Kris , she shares her Christmas wish with him . She would like a dad , a house ( used every year for the Cole 's catalog photoshoot ) and a baby brother . He asks if she would begin to believe in Santa if she got all those things . She agrees that she would . Kris is credited with bringing in increasingly more sales to Cole 's than previous years . One night , while walking home , a man tries to interrogate him , which angers and leads him to assault the former . These actions , however , lead him to be arrested . The man whom he assaulted is revealed to be Tony , who had apparently taken revenge by means of setting him up to be arrested with the help of staff and the administration of Shopper 's Express , Cole 's rival department store corporation . With the help of Bryan , Dorey takes Kris ' case to court , and drums up support for him from the public . In the courtroom where Judge Henry Harper presides , Bryan manages to bring witnesses to testify that Kris is Santa after meeting him at Cole 's , but the prosecution presents a compelling case that Santa does n't exist , leading Henry to confide in Bryan that he would be forced to rule against Kris . Just as Henry is about to make his decision , Susan walks up to him with a Christmas card containing a $1 bill . On the back , the words `` In God We Trust '' are circled . He realizes that , since the U.S. Department of Treasury can put its official faith in God with no hard evidence , then the people can believe in Santa in the same way . Left with no choice , an elated Henry dismisses the case and declares that Santa is real , existing in the person of Kris . Following the court case , Dorey and Bryan are maneuvered by Kris into realizing their true feelings for each other , and married in a very small ceremony right after the Christmas Eve Midnight Mass . On Christmas morning , Susan wakes to the news of the marriage and is elated to see that she has part one of her Christmas wish , Bryan as her new stepdad . Together , Susan , Dorey and Bryan drive out to the catalog house and upon arrival , find that Kris has arranged for them to purchase it , which they can now afford due to the size of the Christmas bonus Dorey has received as a result of Kris ' work at Cole 's . Susan , now having got two out of three of her wishes , excitedly runs in the house to look at her bedroom . Dorey and Bryan are about to kiss when Dorey asks her what the last part of her Christmas wish was , and she triumphantly announces that it was a baby brother . Dorey and Bryan both look at each other , shocked , before glancing down at Dorey 's stomach and sharing a kiss . The film ends with the belief that Susan has now received all she asked for in her wish . It is then mentioned that Kris has gone overseas . Cast ( edit ) Richard Attenborough as Kris Kringle , said to be the real Santa Claus . He reluctantly takes on the duty as Cole 's Santa after Tony Falacchi , the original drunk Santa , is terminated . Elizabeth Perkins as Dorey Walker , the director of special events for Cole 's , Susan 's mother , and Bryan Bedford 's girlfriend and neighbor . Dylan McDermott as Bryan Bedford , Dorey 's boyfriend and neighbor . Mara Wilson as Susan Walker , Dorey 's six - year - old daughter . J.T. Walsh as Ed Collins , a lawyer Simon Jones as Donald Shellhammer , the general manager of Coles , known for his departing phrase `` Chin - Chin '' . Joss Ackland as Victor Landberg , owner of Shopper 's Express who is eager to see Cole 's go out of business so he can buy it out and extend his market . Jack McGee as Tony Falacchi , the drunk man who was fired from being the Cole 's Santa . James Remar as Jack Duff , an associate of Victor Landberg . Jane Leeves as Alberta Leonard , another of Victor Landberg 's associates . William Windom as C.F. Cole , the chairman and owner of the Cole 's corporation . Robert Prosky as Judge Henry Harper , the city judge presiding over Kris ' case . He has a grandson named Ryan who is seen thinking Kris is Santa in the first scene of the film . Allison Janney as a brazen shopper at Cole 's . Release ( edit ) At the box office , the film opened at # 8 with $2,753,208 and eventually finished with $17,320,146 in North America and $46,264,384 worldwide . Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 56 % based on reviews from 25 critics . TV Guide called the film `` curiously depressing '' , while Desson Howe of The Washington Post claimed that , in contrast to the 1947 version , `` ( it ) will not be found on television ( or its computer equivalent ) half a century from now . '' Its supporters include Gene Siskel & Roger Ebert , who gave it `` two thumbs up '' on their show ( the quote is also on the front of its home video release ) . Michael Medved of Sneak Previews said : `` This is the new holiday classic America has been waiting for . '' See also ( edit ) United States portal Film portal 1990s portal Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1955 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1973 ) List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Miracle on 34th Street at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Galbraith , Jane , `` Reluctant Macy 's Rains on New ' Miracle on 34th Street 's ' Parade '' , The Los Angeles Times , April 17 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Welkos , Robert W. ( 1994 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : Appealing to All ' Generations ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ rottentomatoes.com , `` Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) '' , accessed December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle On 34Th Street '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( November 17 , 1994 ) . `` Miracle on 34th Street ( PG ) '' . The Washington Post . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 film ) Miracle on 34th Street on IMDb Miracle on 34th Street at Rotten Tomatoes Miracle on 34th Street at AllMovie Miracle on 34th Street at Box Office Mojo Miracle on 34th Street Films Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) Television productions `` The Miracle on 34th Street '' ( The 20th Century Fox Hour ) ( 1955 ) `` Miracle on 34th Street '' ( NBC Friday Night Special Presentation ) ( 1959 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1973 ) Other versions Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 novella ) Here 's Love ( 1963 musical ) Films directed by Les Mayfield Encino Man ( 1992 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) Flubber ( 1997 ) Blue Streak ( 1999 ) American Outlaws ( 2001 ) The Man ( 2005 ) Code Name : The Cleaner ( 2007 ) John Hughes Director and writer Sixteen Candles ( 1984 ) The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) Weird Science ( 1985 ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) Curly Sue ( 1991 ) Writer only National Lampoon 's Class Reunion ( 1982 ) Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) Nate and Hayes ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Career Opportunities ( 1991 ) Dutch ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Flubber ( 1997 ) Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Reach the Rock ( 1998 ) Just Visiting ( 2001 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 , story ) Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 , original character ) Related Do n't You Forget About Me ( 2009 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miracle_on_34th_Street_(1994_film)&oldid=818005094 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films 1990s drama films 1990s fantasy films 20th Century Fox films American children 's fantasy films American children 's films American Christmas films American drama films American film remakes American films American Sign Language films Films directed by Les Mayfield Films produced by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films set in department stores Films set in New York City Films shot in Chicago Films shot in Illinois Films shot in New York City Santa Claus in film Screenplays by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films scored by Bruce Broughton Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 23 : 16 . About Wikipedia

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which part of medicare is mandatory for all individuals who receive social security

Medicare ( United States )

medicare ( united states )

In the United States , Medicare is a single - payer , national social insurance program administered by the U.S. federal government since 1966 , currently using about 30 -- 50 private insurance companies across the United States under contract for administration . United States Medicare is funded by a payroll tax , premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries , and general revenue . It provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system through the payroll tax . It also provides health insurance to younger people with some disability status as determined by the Social Security Administration , as well as people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis .

In 2015 , Medicare provided health insurance for over 55 million -- 46 million people age 65 and older and 9 million younger people . On average , Medicare covers about half of the health care charges for those enrolled . The enrollees must then cover their remaining costs either with supplemental insurance , separate insurance , or out - of - pocket . Out - of - pocket costs can vary depending on the amount of health care a Medicare enrollee needs . They might include the costs of uncovered services -- such as for long - term , dental , hearing , and vision care -- and supplemental insurance premiums . Medicare and Medicaid are the two government sponsored medical insurance schemes in the United States . Medicare is further divided into parts A and B - Medicare Part A covers hospital and hospice services ; Part B covers outpatient services . Part D covers self - administered prescription drugs . Part C is an alternative to the other parts intended to allow experimentation with differently structured plans in an effort to reduce costs to the government and allow patients to choose plans with more benefits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Program history 2 Administration 3 Financing 4 Eligibility 5 Benefits and parts 5.1 Part A : Hospital / hospice insurance 5.2 Part B : Medical insurance 5.3 Part C : Medicare Advantage plans 5.4 Part D: Prescription drug plans 6 Out - of - pocket costs 6.1 Premiums 6.2 Deductible and coinsurance 6.3 Medicare supplement ( Medigap ) policies 7 Payment for services 7.1 Reimbursement for Part A services 7.2 Reimbursement for Part B services 7.2. 1 Provider participation 7.2. 2 Office medication reimbursement 7.2. 3 Medicare 10 percent incentive payments 8 Comparison with private insurance 9 Costs and funding challenges 9.1 Indicators 9.2 Total Medicare spending as a share of GDP 9.3 The solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund 9.4 Medicare per - capita spending growth relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth 9.5 General fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending 9.6 Unfunded obligation 9.7 Public opinion 9.8 Fraud and waste 10 Criticism 10.1 Unearned entitlement 10.2 Politicized payment 10.3 Quality of beneficiary services 10.4 Hospital accreditation 10.5 Graduate medical education 11 Legislation and reform 11.1 Effects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 11.2 Proposals for reforming Medicare 12 Legislative oversight 13 See also 14 References 15 External links 15.1 Governmental links -- current 15.2 Governmental links -- historical 15.3 Non-governmental links Program history ( edit ) President Johnson signing the Medicare amendment . Former President Harry S. Truman ( seated ) and his wife , Bess , are on the far right `` Medicare '' was the name originally given to a program providing medical care for families of individuals serving in the military as part of the Dependents ' Medical Care Act passed in 1956 . President Eisenhower held the first White House Conference on Aging in January 1961 , in which the creation of a program of health care for social security beneficiaries was proposed . In July 1965 , under the leadership of President Lyndon Johnson , Congress enacted Medicare under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance to people age 65 and older , regardless of income or medical history . Johnson signed the bill into law on July 30 , 1965 at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence , Missouri . Former President Truman and his wife , former First Lady Bess Truman became the first recipients of the program . Before Medicare 's creation , approximately 60 % of those over 65 had health insurance , with coverage often unavailable or unaffordable to many others , because older adults paid more than three times as much for health insurance as younger people . Many of this latter group ( about 20 % of the total in 2015 ) became `` dual eligible '' for both Medicare and Medicaid with the passage of the law . In 1966 , Medicare spurred the racial integration of thousands of waiting rooms , hospital floors , and physician practices by making payments to health care providers conditional on desegregation . Medicare has been in operation for a half century and , during that time , has undergone several changes . Since 1965 , the provisions of Medicare have expanded to include benefits for speech , physical , and chiropractic therapy in 1972 . Medicare added the option of payments to health maintenance organizations in the 1980s . Over the years , Congress expanded Medicare eligibility to younger people who have permanent disabilities and receive Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) payments and those who have end - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) . The association with HMOs begun in the 1980s was formalized under President Clinton in 1997 as Medicare Part C. In 2003 , under President George W. Bush , a Medicare program for covering almost all drugs was passed ( and went into effect in 2006 ) as Medicare Part D . The government added hospice benefits to aid the elderly on a temporary basis in 1982 , and made this permanent in 1984 . Congress further expanded Medicare in 2001 to cover younger people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS , or Lou Gehrig 's disease ) . Administration ( edit ) Health care in the United States Government Health Programs Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Indian Health Service Medicaid / State Health Insurance Assistance Program ( SHIP ) Medicare Prescription Assistance ( SPAP ) Military Health System / TRICARE State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) Program of All - Inclusive Care for the Elderly ( PACE ) Veterans Health Administration Private health coverage Consumer - driven health care Flexible spending account ( FSA ) Health Reimbursement Account Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA ) Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS ) Health insurance in the United States Managed care ( CCP ) Exclusive provider organization ( EPO ) Health maintenance organization ( HMO ) Preferred provider organization ( PPO ) Medical underwriting Health care reform law Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( 1986 ) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( 1996 ) Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act ( 2003 ) Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act ( 2005 ) Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( 2009 ) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( 2010 ) State level reform Dirigo Health ( Maine ) Massachusetts health care reform Oregon Health Plan SustiNet ( Connecticut ) Vermont health care reform Municipal health coverage Fair Share Health Care Act ( Maryland ) Healthy Howard ( Howard Co. , Maryland ) Healthy San Francisco Healthy Way LA My Health LA This box : view talk edit The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) , a component of the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , administers Medicare , Medicaid , the Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) , the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments ( CLIA ) and parts of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) . Along with the Departments of Labor and Treasury , CMS also implements the insurance reform provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ( HIPAA ) and most aspects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA ) of 2010 as amended . The Social Security Administration is responsible for determining Medicare eligibility , eligibility for and payment of Extra Help / Low Income Subsidy payments related to Part D Medicare , and collecting some premium payments for the Medicare program . The Chief Actuary of CMS is responsible for providing accounting information and cost - projections to the Medicare Board of Trustees to assist them in assessing the financial health of the program . The Board is required by law to issue annual reports on the financial status of the Medicare Trust Funds , and those reports are required to contain a statement of actuarial opinion by the Chief Actuary . Since the beginning of the Medicare program , CMS ( that was not always the name of the responsible bureaucracy ) has contracted with private insurance companies to operate as intermediaries between the government and medical providers to administer Part A and Part B benefits . Contracted processes include claims and payment processing , call center services , clinician enrollment , and fraud investigation . Beginning in 1997 and 2005 respectively , these and other insurance companies also began administering Part C and Part D plans . The Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee ( or Relative Value Update Committee ; RUC ) , composed of physicians associated with the American Medical Association , advises the government about pay standards for Medicare patient procedures performed by doctors and other professionals under Medicare Part B. A similar but different CMS system determines the rates paid acute care and other hospitals -- including skilled nursing facilities -- under Medicare Part A . Financing ( edit ) Medicare has several sources of financing . Part A 's inpatient admitted hospital and skilled nursing coverage is largely funded by revenue from a 2.9 % payroll tax levied on employers and workers ( each pay 1.45 % ) . Until December 31 , 1993 , the law provided a maximum amount of compensation on which the Medicare tax could be imposed each year , in the same way that the Social Security tax works in the United States . Beginning January 1 , 1994 , the compensation limit was removed . Self - employed individuals must pay the entire 2.9 % tax on self - employed net earnings ( because they are both employee and employer ) , but may deduct half of the tax from the income in calculating income tax . Beginning in 2013 , the rate of Part A tax on earned income exceeding US $200,000 for individuals ( US $250,000 for married couples filing jointly ) rose to 3.8 % , in order to pay part of the cost of the subsidies mandated by the PPACA . Parts B and D are partially funded by premiums paid by Medicare enrollees and general fund revenue . In 2006 a surtax was added to Part B premium for higher - income seniors to partially fund Part D. In the PPACA legislation of 2010 , a surtax was added to the Part D premium for higher income seniors to partially fund PPACA and the number of Part B beneficiaries subject to the 2006 surtax was doubled , also partially to fund PPACA . Parts A and B / D use separate trust funds to receive and disburse the funds mentioned above . Part C uses these two trust funds as well in a proportion determined by CMS that reflect the fact that Part C beneficiaries are fully on Parts A and B of Medicare but that their medical needs are paid for per capita rather than `` fee for service '' ( FFS ) . In 2015 , Medicare spending accounted for about 15 % of total United States Federal spending . This share is projected to exceed 17 % by 2020 . Retirement of the Baby Boom generation -- which by 2030 is projected to increase enrollment to more than 80 million as the number of workers per enrollee declines from 3.7 to 2.4 -- and rising overall health care costs pose substantial financial challenges to the program . Medicare spending is projected to increase from $523 billion in 2010 to just over $1 trillion by 2022 . Baby - boomers ' health is also an important factor : 20 % have five or more chronic conditions , which will add to the future cost of health care ( www.cms.gov , 2012 ) . In response to these financial challenges , Congress made substantial cuts to future payouts to providers as part of PPACA in 2010 and the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 ( MACRA ) and policymakers have offered a number of additional competing proposals to reduce Medicare costs further . Nearly one in three dollars spent on Medicare flows through one of several cost - reduction programs . Cost reduction is influenced by factors including reduction in inappropriate and unnecessary care by evaluating evidence - based practices as well as reducing the amount of unnecessary , duplicative , and inappropriate care . Cost reduction may also be effected by reducing medical errors , investment in healthcare information technology , improving transparency of cost and quality data , increasing administrative efficiency , and by developing both clinical and non-clinical guidelines and quality standards . Eligibility ( edit ) In general , all persons 65 years of age or older who have been legal residents of the United States for at least five years are eligible for Medicare . People with disabilities under 65 may also be eligible if they receive Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) benefits . Specific medical conditions may also help people become eligible to enroll in Medicare . People qualify for Medicare coverage , and Medicare Part A premiums are entirely waived , if the following circumstances apply : They are 65 years or older and US citizens or have been permanent legal residents for five continuous years , and they or their spouse ( or qualifying ex-spouse ) has paid Medicare taxes for at least 10 years . or They are under 65 , disabled , and have been receiving either Social Security SSDI benefits or Railroad Retirement Board disability benefits ; they must receive one of these benefits for at least 24 months from date of entitlement ( eligibility for first disability payment ) before becoming eligible to enroll in Medicare . or They get continuing dialysis for end stage renal disease or need a kidney transplant . Those who are 65 and older who choose to enroll in Part A Medicare must pay a monthly premium to remain enrolled in Medicare Part A if they or their spouse have not paid the qualifying Medicare payroll taxes . People with disabilities who receive SSDI are eligible for Medicare while they continue to receive SSDI payments ; they lose eligibility for Medicare based on disability if they stop receiving SSDI . The 24 - month exclusion means that people who become disabled must wait two years before receiving government medical insurance , unless they have one of the listed diseases . The 24 - month period is measured from the date that an individual is determined to be eligible for SSDI payments , not necessarily when the first payment is actually received . Many new SSDI recipients receive `` back '' disability pay , covering a period that usually begins six months from the start of disability and ending with the first monthly SSDI payment . Some beneficiaries are dual - eligible . This means they qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid . In some states for those making below a certain income , Medicaid will pay the beneficiaries ' Part B premium for them ( most beneficiaries have worked long enough and have no Part A premium ) , as well as some of their out of pocket medical and hospital expenses . Benefits and Parts ( edit ) US Medicare logo ( 2008 ) Medicare has four parts : Part A is Hospital Insurance . Part B is Medical Insurance . Medicare Part D covers many prescription drugs , though some are covered by Part B. In general , the distinction is based on whether or not the drugs are self - administered . Part C health plans , the most popular of which are branded Medicare Advantage , are another way for Original Medicare ( Part A and B) beneficiaries to receive their Part A , B and D benefits ( basically Part C is a public supplement option that can be compared with group private supplemental Medicare coverage from a former employer or individually purchased private so - called Medigap insurance ) . All Medicare benefits are subject to medical necessity . The original program included Parts A and B. Part - C - like plans have existed as demonstration projects in Medicare since the early 1980s but the Part was formalized by 1997 legislation . ( Simplistically , Part C is a voucher program similar to the insurance reform included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 as amended ) . Part D was introduced January 1 , 2006 . Part a : hospital / hospice insurance ( edit ) Part A covers inpatient hospital stays , including semi-private room , food , and tests . As of January 1 , 2016 , Medicare Part A has an inpatient hospital deductible of $1288 , coinsurance per day as $322 after 61 days confinement within one `` spell of illness '' , coinsurance for `` lifetime reserve days '' ( essentially , days 91 - 150 ) of $644 per day , and coinsurance in an Skilled Nursing Family ( following a medically necessary hospital confinement ) for days 21 - 100 of $161 per day . The maximum length of stay that Medicare Part A covers in a hospital inpatient stay or series of stays is typically 90 days . The first 60 days would be paid by Medicare in full , except one copay ( also and more commonly referred to as a `` deductible '' ) at the beginning of the 60 days of $1,288 as of 2016 . Days 61 -- 90 require a co-payment of $322 per day as of 2016 . The beneficiary is also allocated `` lifetime reserve days '' that can be used after 90 days . These lifetime reserve days require a copayment of $644 per day as of 2016 , and the beneficiary can only use a total of 60 of these days throughout their lifetime . A new pool of 90 hospital days , with new copays of $1288 in 2016 and $302 per day for days 61 -- 90 , starts only after the beneficiary has 60 days continuously with no payment from Medicare for hospital or nursing home confinement . Some `` hospital services '' can be done as inpatient services , which would be reimbursed under Part A ; or as outpatient services , which would be reimbursed , not under Part A , but under Part B instead . The `` Two - Midnight Rule '' decides which is which . In August 2013 , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced a final rule concerning eligibility for hospital inpatient services effective October 1 , 2013 . Under the new rule , if a physician admits a Medicare beneficiary as an inpatient with an expectation that the patient will require hospital care that `` crosses two midnights , '' Medicare Part A payment is `` generally appropriate . '' However , if it is anticipated that the patient will require hospital care for less than two midnights , Medicare Part A payment is generally not appropriate ; payment such as is approved will be paid under Part B . The time a patient spends in the hospital before an inpatient admission is formally ordered is considered outpatient time . But , hospitals and physicians can take into consideration the pre-inpatient admission time when determining if a patient 's care will reasonably be expected to cross two midnights to be covered under Part A . In addition to deciding which trust fund is used to pay for these various outpatient vs. inpatient charges , the number of days for which a person is formally considered an admitted patient affects eligibility for Part A skilled nursing services . Medicare penalizes hospitals for readmissions . After making initial payments for hospital stays , Medicare will take back from the hospital these payments , plus a penalty of 4 to 18 times the initial payment , if an above - average number of patients from the hospital are readmitted within 30 days . These readmission penalties apply after some of the most common treatments : pneumonia , heart failure , heart attack , COPD , knee replacement , hip replacement . A study of 18 states conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( AHRQ ) found that 1.8 million Medicare patients aged 65 and older were readmitted within 30 days of an initial hospital stay in 2011 ; the conditions with the highest readmission rates were congestive heart failure , septicemia , pneumonia , and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis . The highest penalties on hospitals are charged after knee or hip replacements , $265,000 per excess readmission . The goals are to encourage better post-hospital care and more referrals to hospice and end - of - life care in lieu of treatment , while the effect is also to reduce coverage in hospitals that treat poor and frail patients . The total penalties for above - average readmissions in 2013 are $280 million , for 7,000 excess readmissions , or $40,000 for each readmission above the US average rate . Part A fully covers brief stays for rehabilitation or convalescence in a skilled nursing facility and up to 100 days per medical necessity with a co-pay if certain criteria are met : A preceding hospital stay must be at least three days as an inpatient , three midnights , not counting the discharge date . The nursing home stay must be for something diagnosed during the hospital stay or for the main cause of hospital stay . If the patient is not receiving rehabilitation but has some other ailment that requires skilled nursing supervision then the nursing home stay would be covered . The care being rendered by the nursing home must be skilled . Medicare part A does not pay stays that only provide custodial , non-skilled , or long - term care activities , including activities of daily living ( ADL ) such as personal hygiene , cooking , cleaning , etc . The care must be medically necessary and progress against some set plan must be made on some schedule determined by a doctor . The first 20 days would be paid for in full by Medicare with the remaining 80 days requiring a co-payment of $161 per day as of 2016 . Many insurance group retiree , Medigap and Part C insurance plans have a provision for additional coverage of skilled nursing care in the policies they sell . If a beneficiary uses some portion of their Part A benefit and then goes at least 60 days without receiving facility - based skilled services , the 90 - day hospital clock and 100 - day nursing home clock are reset and the person qualifies for new benefit periods . Hospice benefits are also provided under Part A of Medicare for terminally ill persons with less than six months to live , as determined by the patient 's physician . The terminally ill person must sign a statement that hospice care has been chosen over other Medicare - covered benefits , ( e.g. assisted living or hospital care ) . Treatment provided includes pharmaceutical products for symptom control and pain relief as well as other services not otherwise covered by Medicare such as grief counseling . Hospice is covered 100 % with no co-pay or deductible by Medicare Part A except that patients are responsible for a copay for outpatient drugs and respite care , if needed . Part B : medical insurance ( edit ) Part B medical insurance helps pay for some services and products not covered by Part A , generally on an outpatient basis ( but also when on an unadmitted observation status in a hospital ) . Part B is optional and may be deferred if the beneficiary or his / her spouse is still working and has group health coverage through that employer . There is a lifetime penalty ( 10 % per year on the premium ) imposed for not enrolling in Part B unless actively working and receiving group health coverage from that employer , or covered by programs of the Veterans Health Administration . Part B coverage begins once a patient meets his or her deductible ( $183 for 2017 ) , then typically Medicare covers 80 % of the RUC - set rate for approved services , while the remaining 20 % is paid by the patient , either directly or indirectly by private group retiree or Medigap insurance . Part B coverage includes chiropractic care , out patient physician services , visiting nurse , and other services such as x-rays , laboratory and diagnostic tests , influenza and pneumonia vaccinations , blood transfusions , renal dialysis , outpatient hospital procedures , limited ambulance transportation , immunosuppressive drugs for organ transplant recipients , chemotherapy , hormonal treatments such as Lupron , and other outpatient medical treatments administered in a doctor 's office . Medication administration is covered under Part B if it is administered by the physician during an office visit . Part B also helps with durable medical equipment ( DME ) , including canes , walkers , lift chairs , wheelchairs , and mobility scooters for those with mobility impairments . Prosthetic devices such as artificial limbs and breast prosthesis following mastectomy , as well as one pair of eyeglasses following cataract surgery , and oxygen for home use is also covered . Complex rules control Part B benefits , and periodically issued advisories describe coverage criteria . On the national level these advisories are issued by CMS , and are known as National Coverage Determinations ( NCD ) . Local Coverage Determinations ( LCD ) apply within the multi-state area managed by a specific regional Medicare Part B contractor , and Local Medical Review Policies ( LMRP ) were superseded by LCDs in 2003 . Coverage information is also located in the CMS Internet - Only Manuals ( IOM ) , the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) , the Social Security Act , and the Federal Register . The Monthly Premium for Part B for 2016 is $121.80 per month but anyone on Social Security in 2015 is `` held harmless '' ( from the fact that Social Security did not rise in 2016 ) and pays only the $104.90 premium withheld monthly in 2015 , with income - weighted additional surtaxes for those with incomes more than $85,000 per annum . Part C : Medicare Advantage plans ( edit ) Main article : Medicare Advantage With the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 , Medicare beneficiaries were formally given the option to receive their Original Medicare benefits through capitated health insurance Part C plans , instead of through the Original fee for service Medicare payment system . Many had previously had that option via a series of demonstration projects that dated back to the early 1980s . These Part C plans were initially known as `` Medicare + Choice '' . As of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 , most `` Medicare + Choice '' plans were re-branded as `` Medicare Advantage '' ( MA ) plans ( though MA is a government term and might not be visible to the Part C health plan beneficiary ) . Other plan types , such as 1876 Cost plans , are also available in limited areas of the country . Cost plans are not Medicare Advantage plans and are not capitated . Instead , beneficiaries keep their Original Medicare benefits while their insurance company administers their Part A and Part B benefits . The insurance company is then reimbursed for Part B services by Medicare . Public Part C Medicare Advantage and other Part C health plans are required to offer coverage that meets or exceeds the standards set by Original Medicare but they do not have to cover every benefit in the same way . After approval by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services , if a Part C plan chooses to pay less than Original Medicare for some benefits , such as Skilled Nursing Facility care , the savings may be passed along to consumers by offering even lower co-payments for doctor visits . Original `` fee - for - service '' Medicare Parts A and B have a standard benefit package that covers medically necessary care as described in the sections above that members can receive from nearly any hospital or doctor in the country ( if that doctor or hospital accepts Medicare ) . Original Medicare beneficiaries who choose to enroll in a Part C Medicare Advantage health plan instead give up none of their rights as an Original Medicare beneficiary , receive the same standard benefits -- as a minimum -- as provided in Original Medicare , and get an annual out of pocket ( OOP ) upper spending limit not included in Original Medicare . However they must typically use only a select network of providers except in emergencies , typically restricted to the area surrounding their legal residence ( which can vary from tens to over 100 miles depending on county ) . Most Part C plans are traditional health maintenance organizations ( HMOs ) that require the patient to have a primary care physician , though a few are preferred provider organizations ( which typically means the provider restrictions are not as confining as with an HMO ) . Public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan members typically usually also pay a monthly premium in addition to the Medicare Part B premium to cover items not covered by traditional Medicare ( Parts A & B ) , such as the OOP limit , prescription drugs , dental care , vision care , annual physicals , coverage outside the United States , and even gym or health club memberships as well as -- and probably most importantly -- reduce the 20 % co-pays and high deductibles associated with Original Medicare . But in some situations the benefits are more limited ( but they can never be more limited than Original Medicare and must always include an OOP limit ) and there is no premium . In some cases , the insurer even rebates part or all of the Part B premium , though these types of Part C plans are becoming rare . The 2003 - law payment formulas purposely overcompensated some Part C plans by 12 percent or more on average compared to what Original Medicare beneficiaries received in the same county on average , in order to increase the availability of Part C plans in rural and inner - city geographies . Before 2003 Part C plans tended to be suburban HMOs tied to major nearby teaching hospitals that cost the government the same as or even 5 % less on average than it cost to cover the medical needs of a comparable beneficiary on Original Medicare . The 2003 payment formulas succeeded in increasing the percentage of rural and inner city poor that could take advantage of the OOP limit and lower co-pays and deductibles -- as well as the coordinated medical care -- associated with Part C plans . In practice however , one set of Medicare beneficiaries received more benefits than others . The differences caused by the 2003 - law payment formulas were almost completely eliminated by PPACA and have been almost totally phased out according to the 2013 MedPAC annual report , March 2013 . One remaining special - payment - formula program -- designed primarily for unions wishing to offer a Part C plan -- is being phased out beginning in 2017 . In 2015 , on average a Part C beneficiary cost the Medicare Trust Funds 5 % less than a beneficiary on traditional fee for service Medicare , completely reversing the situation in 2006 right after implementation of the 2003 law and restoring the capitated fee vs fee for service funding balance to its original intended level . Enrollment in public Part C health plans , including Medicare Advantage plans , grew from 5.4 million in 2005 to over 17 million in 2015 . This represents almost 32 % of Medicare beneficiaries . Almost all Medicare beneficiaries have access to at least two Medicare Advantage plans ; most have access to three or more . Part d: Prescription drug plans ( edit ) Main articles : Medicare Part D and Medicare Part D coverage gap Medicare Part D went into effect on January 1 , 2006 . Anyone with Part A or B is eligible for Part D , which covers mostly self - administered drugs . It was made possible by the passage of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 . To receive this benefit , a person with Medicare must enroll in a stand - alone Prescription Drug Plan ( PDP ) or Medicare Advantage plan with integrated prescription drug coverage ( MA - PD ) . These plans are approved and regulated by the Medicare program , but are actually designed and administered by private health insurance companies and pharmacy benefit managers . Unlike Original Medicare ( Part A and B ) , Part D coverage is not standardized ( though it is highly regulated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ) . Plans choose which drugs they wish to cover ( but must cover at least two drugs in 148 different categories and cover all or `` substantially all '' drugs in the following protected classes of drugs : anti-cancer ; anti-psychotic ; anti-convulsant , anti-depressants , immuno - suppressant , and HIV and AIDS drugs ) . The plans can also specify with CMS approval at what level ( or tier ) they wish to cover it , and are encouraged to use step therapy . Some drugs are excluded from coverage altogether and Part D plans that cover excluded drugs are not allowed to pass those costs on to Medicare , and plans are required to repay CMS if they are found to have billed Medicare in these cases . Under the 2003 law that created Medicare Part D , the Social Security Administration provides extensive extra help to lower - income seniors such that they have almost no drug costs ; in addition approximately 25 states offer additional assistance on top of Part D. It should be noted again for beneficiaries who are dual - eligible ( Medicare and Medicaid eligible ) Medicaid may pay for drugs not covered by Part D of Medicare . Most of this aid to lower - income seniors was available to them through other programs before Part D was implemented . Out - of - pocket costs ( edit ) No part of Medicare pays for all of a beneficiary 's covered medical costs and many costs and services are not covered at all . The program contains premiums , deductibles and coinsurance , which the covered individual must pay out - of - pocket . A study published by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2008 found the Fee - for - Service Medicare benefit package was less generous than either the typical large employer Preferred provider organization plan or the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Standard Option . Some people may qualify to have other governmental programs ( such as Medicaid ) pay premiums and some or all of the costs associated with Medicare . Premiums ( edit ) Most Medicare enrollees do not pay a monthly Part A premium , because they ( or a spouse ) have had 40 or more 3 - month quarters in which they paid Federal Insurance Contributions Act taxes. The benefit is the same no matter how much or how little the beneficiary paid as long as the minimum number of quarters is reached . Medicare - eligible persons who do not have 40 or more quarters of Medicare - covered employment may buy into Part A for an annual adjusted monthly premium of : $248.00 per month ( as of 2012 ) for those with 30 -- 39 quarters of Medicare - covered employment , or $451.00 per month ( as of 2012 ) for those with fewer than 30 quarters of Medicare - covered employment and who are not otherwise eligible for premium - free Part A coverage . Most Medicare Part B enrollees pay an insurance premium for this coverage ; the standard Part B premium for 2013 through 2015 was $104.90 -- $335.70 per month . The premium increased to over $120 a month in 2016 but only for those not on Social Security in 2015 . A new income - based premium surtax schema has been in effect since 2007 , wherein Part B premiums are higher for beneficiaries with incomes exceeding $85,000 for individuals or $170,000 for married couples . Depending on the extent to which beneficiary earnings exceed the base income , these higher Part B premiums are $139.90 , $199.80 , $259.70 , or $319.70 for 2012 , with the highest premium paid by individuals earning more than $214,000 , or married couples earning more than $428,000 . Medicare Part B premiums are commonly deducted automatically from beneficiaries ' monthly Social Security checks . They can also be paid quarterly via bill sent directly to beneficiaries . This alternative is becoming more common because whereas the eligibility age for Medicare has remained at 65 per the 1965 legislation , the so - called Full Retirement Age for Social Security has been increased to 66 and will go even higher over time . Therefore , many people delay collecting Social Security and have to pay their Part B premium directly . Part C plans may or may not charge premiums ( almost all do ) , depending on the plans ' designs as approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Part D premiums vary widely based on the benefit level . Deductible and coinsurance ( edit ) Part A -- For each benefit period , a beneficiary pays an annually adjusted : A Part A deductible of $1,288 in 2016 and $1,316 in 2017 for a hospital stay of 1 -- 60 days . A $322 per day co-pay in 2016 and $329 co-pay in 2017 for days 61 -- 90 of a hospital stay . A $644 per day co-pay in 2016 and $658 co-pay in 2017 for days 91 -- 150 of a hospital stay. , as part of their limited Lifetime Reserve Days . All costs for each day beyond 150 days Coinsurance for a Skilled Nursing Facility is $161 per day in 2016 and $164.50 in 2017 for days 21 through 100 for each benefit period ( no co-pay for the first 20 days ) . A blood deductible of the first 3 pints of blood needed in a calendar year , unless replaced . There is a 3 - pint blood deductible for both Part A and Part B , and these separate deductibles do not overlap . Part B -- After beneficiaries meet the yearly deductible of $183.00 for 2017 , they will be required to pay a co-insurance of 20 % of the Medicare - approved amount for all services covered by Part B with the exception of most lab services , which are covered at 100 % -- and outpatient mental health , which is currently ( 2010 -- 2011 ) covered at 55 % ( 45 % copay ) . The copay for outpatient mental health , which started at 50 % , is gradually decreasing over several years until it matches the 20 % required for other services . They are also required to pay an excess charge of 15 % for services rendered by physicians who do not accept assignment . The deductibles , co-pays , and coinsurance charges for Part C and D plans vary from plan to plan . All Part C plans include an annual out of pocket ( OOP ) upper spend limit . Original Medicare does not include an OOP limit . Medicare Supplement ( Medigap ) policies ( edit ) Main article : Medigap Of the Medicare beneficiaries who are not dual eligible for both Medicare ( around 20 % ) and Medicaid or that do not receive supplemental insurance via a former employer ( 40 % ) or a public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan ( about 30 % ) , almost all elect to purchase a type of private supplemental insurance coverage , called a Medigap plan ( 20 % ) , to help fill in the financial holes in Original Medicare ( Part A and B) . Note that the percentages add up to over 100 % because many beneficiaries have more than one type of supplement . These Medigap insurance policies are standardized by CMS , but are sold and administered by private companies . Some Medigap policies sold before 2006 may include coverage for prescription drugs . Medigap policies sold after the introduction of Medicare Part D on January 1 , 2006 are prohibited from covering drugs . Medicare regulations prohibit a Medicare beneficiary from being sold both a public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan and a private Medigap Policy . As with public Part C health plans , private Medigap policies are only available to beneficiaries who are already signed up for benefits from Original Medicare Part A and Part B. These policies are regulated by state insurance departments rather than the federal government though CMS outlines what the various Medigap plans must cover at a minimum . Therefore , the types and prices of Medigap policies vary widely from state to state and the degree of underwriting , open enrollment and guaranteed issue also varies widely from state to state . As of 2016 , 11 policies are currently sold -- though few are available in all states , and some are not available at all in Massachusetts , Minnesota and Wisconsin Medicare Supplement Plans are standardized with a base and a series of riders ... These are Plan A , Plan B , Plan C , Plan D , Plan F , High Deductible Plan F , Plan G , Plan K , Plan L , Plan M , and Plan N. Cost is usually the only difference between Medigap policies with the same letter sold by different insurance companies . Unlike Medicare Advantage Plans , Medicare Supplement Plans have no networks , and any provider who accepts Medicare must also accept the Medicare Supplement Plan . All insurance companies that sell Medigap policies are required to make Plan A available , and if they offer any other policies , they must also make either Plan C or Plan F available as well , though Plan F is scheduled to sunset in the year 2020 . Anyone who currently has a Plan F may keep it . Payment for services ( edit ) Medicare contracts with regional insurance companies to process over one billion fee - for - service claims per year . In 2008 , Medicare accounted for 13 % ( $386 billion ) of the federal budget . In 2016 it is projected to account for close to 15 % ( $683 billion ) of the total expenditures . For the decade 2010 -- 2019 Medicare is projected to cost 6.4 trillion dollars . Reimbursement for Part a services ( edit ) For institutional care , such as hospital and nursing home care , Medicare uses prospective payment systems . In a prospective payment system , the health care institution receives a set amount of money for each episode of care provided to a patient , regardless of the actual amount of care . The actual allotment of funds is based on a list of diagnosis - related groups ( DRG ) . The actual amount depends on the primary diagnosis that is actually made at the hospital . There are some issues surrounding Medicare 's use of DRGs because if the patient uses less care , the hospital gets to keep the remainder . This , in theory , should balance the costs for the hospital . However , if the patient uses more care , then the hospital has to cover its own losses . This results in the issue of `` upcoding , '' when a physician makes a more severe diagnosis to hedge against accidental costs . Reimbursement for Part B services ( edit ) Payment for physician services under Medicare has evolved since the program was created in 1965 . Initially , Medicare compensated physicians based on the physician 's charges , and allowed physicians to bill Medicare beneficiaries the amount in excess of Medicare 's reimbursement . In 1975 , annual increases in physician fees were limited by the Medicare Economic Index ( MEI ) . The MEI was designed to measure changes in costs of physician 's time and operating expenses , adjusted for changes in physician productivity . From 1984 to 1991 , the yearly change in fees was determined by legislation . This was done because physician fees were rising faster than projected . The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 made several changes to physician payments under Medicare . Firstly , it introduced the Medicare Fee Schedule , which took effect in 1992 . Secondly , it limited the amount Medicare non-providers could balance bill Medicare beneficiaries . Thirdly , it introduced the Medicare Volume Performance Standards ( MVPS ) as a way to control costs . On January 1 , 1992 , Medicare introduced the Medicare Fee Schedule ( MFS ) , a list of about 7,000 services that can be billed for . Each service is priced within the Resource - Based Relative Value Scale ( RBRVS ) with three Relative Value Units ( RVUs ) values largely determining the price . The three RVUs for a procedure are each geographically weighted and the weighted RVU value is multiplied by a global Conversion Factor ( CF ) , yielding a price in dollars . The RVUs themselves are largely decided by a private group of 29 ( mostly specialist ) physicians -- the American Medical Association 's Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee ( RUC ) . From 1992 to 1997 , adjustments to physician payments were adjusted using the MEI and the MVPS , which essentially tried to compensate for the increasing volume of services provided by physicians by decreasing their reimbursement per service . In 1998 , Congress replaced the VPS with the Sustainable Growth Rate ( SGR ) . This was done because of highly variable payment rates under the MVPS . The SGR attempts to control spending by setting yearly and cumulative spending targets . If actual spending for a given year exceeds the spending target for that year , reimbursement rates are adjusted downward by decreasing the Conversion Factor ( CF ) for RBRVS RVUs . In 2002 , payment rates were cut by 4.8 % . In 2003 , payment rates were scheduled to be reduced by 4.4 % . However , Congress boosted the cumulative SGR target in the Consolidated Appropriation Resolution of 2003 ( P.L. 108 - 7 ) , allowing payments for physician services to rise 1.6 % . In 2004 and 2005 , payment rates were again scheduled to be reduced . The Medicare Modernization Act ( P.L. 108 - 173 ) increased payments 1.5 % for those two years . In 2006 , the SGR mechanism was scheduled to decrease physician payments by 4.4 % . ( This number results from a 7 % decrease in physician payments times a 2.8 % inflation adjustment increase . ) Congress overrode this decrease in the Deficit Reduction Act ( P.L. 109 - 362 ) , and held physician payments in 2006 at their 2005 levels . Similarly , another congressional act held 2007 payments at their 2006 levels , and HR 6331 held 2008 physician payments to their 2007 levels , and provided for a 1.1 % increase in physician payments in 2009 . Without further continuing congressional intervention , the SGR is expected to decrease physician payments from 25 % to 35 % over the next several years . MFS has been criticized for not paying doctors enough because of the low conversion factor . By adjustments to the MFS conversion factor , it is possible to make global adjustments in payments to all doctors . The SGR was the subject of possible reform legislation again in 2014 . On March 14 , 2014 , the United States House of Representatives passed the SGR Repeal and Medicare Provider Payment Modernization Act of 2014 ( H.R. 4015 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would have replaced the ( SGR ) formula with new systems for establishing those payment rates . However , the bill would pay for these changes by delaying the Affordable Care Act 's individual mandate requirement , a proposal that was very unpopular with Democrats . The SGR was expected to cause Medicare reimbursement cuts of 24 percent on April 1 , 2014 , if a solution to reform or delay the SGR was not found . This led to another bill , the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 ( H.R. 4302 ; 113th Congress ) , which would delay those cuts until March 2015 . This bill was also controversial . The American Medical Association and other medical groups opposed it , asking Congress to provide a permanent solution instead of just another delay . The SGR process was replaced by new rules as of the passage of MACRA in 2015 . Provider participation ( edit ) There are two ways for providers to be reimbursed in Medicare . `` Participating '' providers accept `` assignment , '' which means that they accept Medicare 's approved rate for their services as payment ( typically 80 % from Medicare and 20 % from the beneficiary ) . Some non participating doctors do not take assignment , but they also treat Medicare enrollees and are authorized to balance bill no more than a small fixed amount above Medicare 's approved rate . A minority of doctors are `` private contractors , '' which means they opt out of Medicare and refuse to accept Medicare payments altogether . These doctors are required to inform patients that they will be liable for the full cost of their services out - of - pocket in advance of treatment . While the majority of providers accept Medicare assignments , ( 97 percent for some specialties ) , and most physicians still accept at least some new Medicare patients , that number is in decline . While 80 % of physicians in the Texas Medical Association accepted new Medicare patients in 2000 , only 60 % were doing so by 2012 . A study published in 2012 concluded that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) relies on the recommendations of an American Medical Association advisory panel . The study led by Dr. Miriam J. Laugesen , of Columbia Mailman School of Public Health , and colleagues at UCLA and the University of Illinois , shows that for services provided between 1994 and 2010 , CMS agreed with 87.4 % of the recommendations of the committee , known as RUC or the Relative Value Update Committee . Office medication reimbursement ( edit ) Chemotherapy and other medications dispensed in a physician 's office are reimbursed according to the Average Sales Price , a number computed by taking the total dollar sales of a drug as the numerator and the number of units sold nationwide as the denominator . The current reimbursement formula is known as `` ASP + 6 '' since it reimburses physicians at 106 % of the ASP of drugs . Pharmaceutical company discounts and rebates are included in the calculation of ASP , and tend to reduce it . In addition , Medicare pays 80 % of ASP + 6 , which is the equivalent of 84.8 % of the actual average cost of the drug . Some patients have supplemental insurance or can afford the co-pay . Large numbers do not . This leaves the payment to physicians for most of the drugs in an `` underwater '' state . ASP + 6 superseded Average Wholesale Price in 2005 , after a 2003 front - page New York Times article drew attention to the inaccuracies of Average Wholesale Price calculations . This procedure is scheduled to change dramatically in 2017 under a CMS proposal that will likely be finalized in October 2016 . Medicare 10 percent incentive payments ( edit ) `` Physicians in geographic Health Professional Shortage Areas ( HPSAs ) and Physician Scarcity Areas ( PSAs ) can receive incentive payments from Medicare . Payments are made on a quarterly basis , rather than claim - by - claim , and are handled by each area 's Medicare carrier . '' Enrollment Generally , if you already receive Social Security payments , at age 65 you are automatically enrolled in Medicare Part A ( Hospital Insurance ) . In addition , you are generally also automatically enrolled in Medicare Part B ( Medical Insurance ) . If you choose to accept Part B you must pay a monthly premium to keep it . However , you may delay enrollment with no penalty under some circumstances , or with penalty under other circumstances . Part A & B Part A Late Enrollment Penalty If you are not eligible for premium - free Part A , and you do n't buy a premium - based Part A when you 're first eligible , your monthly premium may go up 10 % . You must pay the higher premium for twice the number of years you could have had Part A , but did n't sign - up . For example , if you were eligible for Part A for 2 years but did n't sign - up , you must pay the higher premium for 4 years . Usually , you do n't have to pay a penalty if you meet certain conditions that allow you to sign up for Part A during a Special Enrollment Period . Part B Late Enrollment Penalty If you do n't sign up for Part B when you 're first eligible , you may have to pay a late enrollment penalty for as long as you have Medicare . Your monthly premium for Part B may go up 10 % for each full 12 - month period that you could have had Part B , but did n't sign up for it . Usually , you do n't pay a late enrollment penalty if you meet certain conditions that allow you to sign up for Part B during a special enrollment period . Comparison with private insurance ( edit ) Medicare differs from private insurance available to working Americans in that it is a social insurance program . Social insurance programs provide statutorily guaranteed benefits to the entire population ( under certain circumstances , such as old age or unemployment ) . These benefits are financed in significant part through universal taxes . In effect , Medicare is a mechanism by which the state takes a portion of its citizens ' resources to guarantee health and financial security to its citizens in old age or in case of disability , helping them cope with the enormous , unpredictable cost of health care . In its universality , Medicare differs substantially from private insurers , which must decide whom to cover and what benefits to offer to manage their risk pools and guarantee their costs do n't exceed premiums . Because the federal government is legally obligated to provide Medicare benefits to older and disabled Americans , it can not cut costs by restricting eligibility or benefits , except by going through a difficult legislative process , or by revising its interpretation of medical necessity . By statute , Medicare may only pay for items and services that are `` reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member '' , unless there is another statutory authorization for payment . Cutting costs by cutting benefits is difficult , but the program can also achieve substantial economies of scale in terms of the prices it pays for health care and administrative expenses -- and , as a result , private insurers ' costs have grown almost 60 % more than Medicare 's since 1970 . Medicare 's cost growth is now the same as GDP growth and expected to stay well below private insurance 's for the next decade . Because Medicare offers statutorily determined benefits , its coverage policies and payment rates are publicly known , and all enrollees are entitled to the same coverage . In the private insurance market , plans can be tailored to offer different benefits to different customers , enabling individuals to reduce coverage costs while assuming risks for care that is not covered . Insurers , however , have far fewer disclosure requirements than Medicare , and studies show that customers in the private sector can find it difficult to know what their policy covers . and at what cost . Moreover , since Medicare collects data about utilization and costs for its enrollees -- data that private insurers treat as trade secrets -- it gives researchers key information about health care system performance . Medicare also has an important role driving changes in the entire health care system . Because Medicare pays for a huge share of health care in every region of the country , it has a great deal of power to set delivery and payment policies . For example , Medicare promoted the adaptation of prospective payments based on DRG 's , which prevents unscrupulous providers from setting their own exorbitant prices . Meanwhile , the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has given Medicare the mandate to promote cost - containment throughout the health care system , for example , by promoting the creation of accountable care organizations or by replacing fee - for - service payments with bundled payments . Costs and funding challenges ( edit ) Medicare and Medicaid Spending as % GDP ( 2013 ) The Medicare Trustees reduced their forecast for Medicare costs as % GDP , mainly due to a lower rate of healthcare cost increases . Over the long - term , Medicare faces significant financial challenges because of rising overall health care costs , increasing enrollment as the population ages , and a decreasing ratio of workers to enrollees . Total Medicare spending is projected to increase from $523 billion in 2010 to around $900 billion by 2020 . From 2010 to 2030 , Medicare enrollment is projected to increase from 47 million to 79 million , and the ratio of workers to enrollees is expected to decrease from 3.7 to 2.4 . However , the ratio of workers to retirees has declined steadily for decades , and social insurance systems have remained sustainable due to rising worker productivity . There is some evidence that productivity gains will continue to offset demographic trends in the near future . The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) wrote in 2008 that `` future growth in spending per beneficiary for Medicare and Medicaid -- the federal government 's major health care programs -- will be the most important determinant of long - term trends in federal spending . Changing those programs in ways that reduce the growth of costs -- which will be difficult , in part because of the complexity of health policy choices -- is ultimately the nation 's central long - term challenge in setting federal fiscal policy . '' Overall health care costs were projected in 2011 to increase by 5.8 percent annually from 2010 to 2020 , in part because of increased utilization of medical services , higher prices for services , and new technologies . Health care costs are rising across the board , but the cost of insurance has risen dramatically for families and employers as well as the federal government . In fact , since 1970 the per - capita cost of private coverage has grown roughly one percentage point faster each year than the per - capita cost of Medicare . Since the late 1990s , Medicare has performed especially well relative to private insurers . Over the next decade , Medicare 's per capita spending is projected to grow at a rate of 2.5 percent each year , compared to private insurance 's 4.8 percent . Nonetheless , most experts and policymakers agree containing health care costs is essential to the nation 's fiscal outlook . Much of the debate over the future of Medicare revolves around whether per capita costs should be reduced by limiting payments to providers or by shifting more costs to Medicare enrollees . Indicators ( edit ) Several measures serve as indicators of the long - term financial status of Medicare . These include total Medicare spending as a share of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund , Medicare per - capita spending growth relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth ; general fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending ; and actuarial estimates of unfunded liability over the 75 - year timeframe and the infinite horizon ( netting expected premium / tax revenue against expected costs ) . The major issue in all these indicators is comparing any future projections against current law vs. what the actuaries expect to happen . For example , current law specifies that Part A payments to hospitals and skilled nursing facilities will be cut substantially after 2028 and that doctors will get no raises after 2025 . The actuaries expect that the law will change to keep these events from happening . Total Medicare spending as a share of GDP ( edit ) Medicare Cost and Non-Interest Income by Source as a Percentage of GDP This measure , which examines Medicare spending in the context of the US economy as a whole , is expected to increase from 3.6 percent in 2010 to 6.2 percent by 2090 under current law and over 9 percent under what the actuaries really expect will happen ( called an `` illustrative example '' in recent - year Trustees Reports ) . The solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund ( edit ) This measure involves only Part A . The trust fund is considered insolvent when available revenue plus any existing balances will not cover 100 percent of annual projected costs . According to the latest estimate by the Medicare trustees ( 2016 ) , the trust fund is expected to become insolvent in 11 years ( 2028 ) , at which time available revenue will cover 87 percent of annual projected costs . Since Medicare began , this solvency projection has ranged from two to 28 years , with an average of 11.3 years . Medicare per - capita spending growth Relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth ( edit ) The Independent Payment Advisory Board ( IPAB ) , which the Affordable Care Act or `` ACA '' created , will use this measure to determine whether it must recommend to Congress proposals to reduce Medicare costs . Under the ACA , Congress established maximum targets , or thresholds , for per - capita Medicare spending growth . For the five - year periods ending in 2015 through 2019 , these targets are based on the average of CPI - U and CPI - M. For the five - year periods ending in 2020 and subsequent years , these targets are based on per - capita GDP growth plus one percentage point . Each year , the CMS Office of the Actuary must compare those two values , and if the spending measure is larger than the economic measure , IPAB must propose cost - savings recommendations for consideration in Congress on an expedited basis . The Congressional Budget Office projects that Medicare per - capita spending growth will not exceed the economic target at any time between 2015 and 2021 . Through 2016 , these trigger points have never been reached and IPAB has not even been formed . However , in the 2016 Medicare Trustees Report , the actuaries estimate that the trigger points will be reached in 2016 or 2017 and that IPAB will affect Medicare spending for the first time in 2019 ( meaning it will need to be formed and recommend its cuts in 2017 ) . General fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending ( edit ) This measure , established under the Medicare Modernization Act ( MMA ) , examines Medicare spending in the context of the federal budget . Each year , MMA requires the Medicare trustees to make a determination about whether general fund revenue is projected to exceed 45 percent of total program spending within a seven - year period . If the Medicare trustees make this determination in two consecutive years , a `` funding warning '' is issued . In response , the president must submit cost - saving legislation to Congress , which must consider this legislation on an expedited basis . This threshold was reached and a warning issued every year between 2006 and 2013 but it has not been reached since that time and is not expected to be reached in the 2016 - 2022 `` window . '' This is a reflection of the reduced spending growth mandated by the ACA according to the Trustees . Unfunded obligation ( edit ) Medicare 's unfunded obligation is the total amount of money that would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the gap between projected revenues ( mostly Part B premiums and Part A payroll taxes to be paid over the timeframe under current law ) and spending over a given timeframe . By law the timeframe used is 75 years though the Medicare actuaries also give an infinite - horizon estimate because life expectancy consistently increases and other economic factors underlying the estimates change . As of January 1 , 2016 , Medicare 's unfunded obligation over the 75 year timeframe is $3.8 trillion for the Part A Trust Fund and $28.6 trillion for Part B. Over an infinite timeframe the combined unfunded liability for both programs combined is over $50 trillion , with the difference primarily in the Part B estimate . These estimates assume that CMS will pay full benefits as currently specified over those periods though that would be contrary to current United States law . In addition , as discussed throughout each annual Trustees ' report , `` the Medicare projections shown could be substantially understated as a result of other potentially unsustainable elements of current law . '' For example , current law effectively provides no raises for doctors after 2025 ; that is unlikely to happen . It is impossible for actuaries to estimate unfunded liability other than assuming current law is followed ( except relative to benefits as noted ) , the Trustees state `` that actual long - range present values for ( Part A ) expenditures and ( Part B / D ) expenditures and revenues could exceed the amounts estimated by a substantial margin . '' Public opinion ( edit ) Popular opinion surveys show that the public views Medicare 's problems as serious , but not as urgent as other concerns . In January 2006 , the Pew Research Center found 62 percent of the public said addressing Medicare 's financial problems should be a high priority for the government , but that still put it behind other priorities . Surveys suggest that there 's no public consensus behind any specific strategy to keep the program solvent . Fraud and waste ( edit ) Main article : Medicare fraud The Government Accountability Office lists Medicare as a `` high - risk '' government program in need of reform , in part because of its vulnerability to fraud and partly because of its long - term financial problems . Fewer than 5 % of Medicare claims are audited . Criticism ( edit ) Unearned entitlement ( edit ) Yaron Brook of the Ayn Rand Institute has argued that the birth of Medicare represented a shift away from personal responsibility and towards a view that health care is an unearned `` entitlement '' to be provided at others ' expense . Robert M. Ball , a former commissioner of Social Security under President Kennedy in 1961 ( and later under Johnson , and Nixon ) defined the major obstacle to financing health insurance for the elderly : the high cost of care for the aged combined with the generally low incomes of retired people . Because retired older people use much more medical care than younger employed people , an insurance premium related to the risk for older people needed to be high , but if the high premium had to be paid after retirement , when incomes are low , it was an almost impossible burden for the average person . The only feasible approach , he said , was to finance health insurance in the same way as cash benefits for retirement , by contributions paid while at work , when the payments are least burdensome , with the protection furnished in retirement without further payment . In the early 1960s relatively few of the elderly had health insurance , and what they had was usually inadequate . Insurers such as Blue Cross , which had originally applied the principle of community rating , faced competition from other commercial insurers that did not community rate , and so were forced to raise their rates for the elderly . Medicare is not generally an unearned entitlement . Entitlement is most commonly based on a record of contributions to the Medicare fund . As such it is a form of social insurance making it feasible for people to pay for insurance for sickness in old age when they are young and able to work and be assured of getting back benefits when they are older and no longer working . Some people will pay in more than they receive back and others will receive more benefits than they paid in . Unlike private insurance where some amount must be paid to attain coverage , all eligible persons can receive coverage regardless of how much or if they had ever paid in . Politicized payment ( edit ) Bruce Vladeck , director of the Health Care Financing Administration in the Clinton administration , has argued that lobbyists have changed the Medicare program `` from one that provides a legal entitlement to beneficiaries to one that provides a de facto political entitlement to providers . '' Quality of beneficiary services ( edit ) A 2001 study by the Government Accountability Office evaluated the quality of responses given by Medicare contractor customer service representatives to provider ( physician ) questions . The evaluators assembled a list of questions , which they asked during a random sampling of calls to Medicare contractors . The rate of complete , accurate information provided by Medicare customer service representatives was 15 % . Since then , steps have been taken to improve the quality of customer service given by Medicare contractors , specifically the 1 - 800 - MEDICARE contractor . As a result , 1 - 800 - MEDICARE customer service representatives ( CSR ) have seen an increase in training , quality assurance monitoring has significantly increased , and a customer satisfaction survey is offered to random callers . Hospital Accreditation ( edit ) In most states the Joint Commission , a private , non-profit organization for accrediting hospitals , decides whether or not a hospital is able to participate in Medicare , as currently there are no competitor organizations recognized by CMS . Other organizations can also accredit hospitals for Medicare . These include the Community Health Accreditation Program , the Accreditation Commission for Health Care , the Compliance Team and the Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation . Accreditation is voluntary and an organization may choose to be evaluated by their State Survey Agency or by CMS directly . Graduate medical Education ( edit ) Medicare funds the vast majority of residency training in the US . This tax - based financing covers resident salaries and benefits through payments called Direct Medical Education payments . Medicare also uses taxes for Indirect Medical Education , a subsidy paid to teaching hospitals in exchange for training resident physicians . For the 2008 fiscal year these payments were $2.7 and $5.7 billion respectively . Overall funding levels have remained at the same level over the last 10 years , so that the same number or fewer residents have been trained under this program . Meanwhile , the US population continues to grow older , which has led to greater demand for physicians . At the same time the cost of medical services continue rising rapidly and many geographic areas face physician shortages , both trends suggesting the supply of physicians remains too low . Medicare finds itself in the odd position of having assumed control of graduate medical education , currently facing major budget constraints , and as a result , freezing funding for graduate medical education , as well as for physician reimbursement rates . This halt in funding in turn exacerbates the exact problem Medicare sought to solve in the first place : improving the availability of medical care . However , some healthcare administration experts believe that the shortage of physicians may be an opportunity for providers to reorganize their delivery systems to become less costly and more efficient . Physicians ' assistants and Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners may begin assuming more responsibilities that traditionally fell to doctors , but do not necessarily require the advanced training and skill of a physician . Of the 35,476 total active applicants who participated in The National Resident Matching Program in 2016 , 75.6 % ( 26,836 ) were able to find PGY - 1 ( R - 1 ) matches . Out of the total active applicants , 51.27 % ( 18,187 ) were graduates of conventional US medical schools ; 93.8 % ( 17,057 ) were able to find a match . In comparison , match rates were 80.3 % of osteopathic graduates , 53.9 % of US citizen international medical school graduates , and 50.5 % of non-US citizen international medical schools graduates . Legislation and reform ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : with separate more detailed descriptions of legislation and reforms . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) 1960 -- PL 86 - 778 Social Security Amendments of 1960 ( Kerr - Mills aid ) 1965 -- PL 89 - 97 Social Security Act of 1965 , Establishing Medicare Benefits 1980 -- Medicare Secondary Payer Act of 1980 , prescription drugs coverage added 1988 -- PL 100 - 360 Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 1989 -- Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Repeal Act of 1989 1997 -- PL 105 - 33 Balanced Budget Act of 1997 2003 -- PL 108 - 173 Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act 2010 -- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 2013 -- Sequestration effects on Medicare due to Budget Control Act of 2011 2015 -- Extensive changes to Medicare , primarily to the SGR provisions of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 as part of the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act ( MACRA ) 2016 -- Changes to the Social Security `` hold harmless '' laws as they affect Part B premiums based on the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 In 1977 , the Health Care Financing Administration ( HCFA ) was established as a federal agency responsible for the administration of Medicare and Medicaid . This would be renamed to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) in 2001 . By 1983 , the diagnosis - related group ( DRG ) replaced pay for service reimbursements to hospitals for Medicare patients . President Bill Clinton attempted an overhaul of Medicare through his health care reform plan in 1993 -- 1994 but was unable to get the legislation passed by Congress . In 2003 Congress passed the Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act , which President George W. Bush signed into law on December 8 , 2003 . Part of this legislation included filling gaps in prescription - drug coverage left by the Medicare Secondary Payer Act that was enacted in 1980 . The 2003 bill strengthened the Workers ' Compensation Medicare Set - Aside Program ( WCMSA ) that is monitored and administered by CMS . On August 1 , 2007 , the US House United States Congress voted to reduce payments to Medicare Advantage providers in order to pay for expanded coverage of children 's health under the SCHIP program . As of 2008 , Medicare Advantage plans cost , on average , 13 percent more per person insured for like beneficiaries than direct payment plans . Many health economists have concluded that payments to Medicare Advantage providers have been excessive . The Senate , after heavy lobbying from the insurance industry , declined to agree to the cuts in Medicare Advantage proposed by the House . President Bush subsequently vetoed the SCHIP extension . Effects of the patient Protection and Affordable care Act ( edit ) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( `` PPACA '' ) of 2010 made a number of changes to the Medicare program . Several provisions of the law were designed to reduce the cost of Medicare . The most substantial provisions slowed the growth rate of payments to hospitals and skilled nursing facilities under Parts A of Medicare , through a variety of methods ( e.g. , arbitrary percentage cuts , penalties for readmissions ) . Congress also attempted to reduce payments to public Part C Medicare health plans by aligning the rules that establish Part C plans ' capitated fees more closely with the FFS paid for comparable care to `` similar beneficiaries '' under Parts A and B of Medicare . Primarily these reductions involved much discretion on the part of CMS and examples of what CMS did included effectively ending a Part C program Congress had previously initiated to increase the use of Part C in rural areas ( the so - called Part C PFFS plan ) and reducing over time a program that encouraged employers and unions to create their own Part C plans not available to the general Medicare beneficiary base ( so - called Part C EGWP plans ) by providing higher reimbursement . These two types of Part C plans had been identified by MedPAC as the programs that most negatively affected parity between the cost of Medicare beneficiaries on Parts A / B / C and the costs of beneficiaries not on Parts A / B / C. These efforts to reach parity have been more than successful . As of 2015 , all beneficiaries on A / B / C cost 4 % less per person than all beneficiaries not on A / B / C. But whether that is because the cost of the former decreased or the cost of the latter increased is not known . PPACA also slightly reduced annual increases in payments to physicians and to hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low - income patients . Along with other minor adjustments , these changes reduced Medicare 's projected cost over the next decade by $455 billion . Additionally , the PPACA created the Independent Payment Advisory Board ( `` IPAB '' ) , which is empowered to submit legislative proposals to reduce the cost of Medicare if the program 's per - capita spending grows faster than per - capita GDP plus one percent . While the IPAB would be barred from rationing care , raising revenue , changing benefits or eligibility , increasing cost sharing , or cutting payments to hospitals , its creation has been one of the more controversial aspects of health reform . In 2016 , the Medicare Trustees projected that the IPAB will have to convene in 2017 and make cuts effective in 2019 . The PPACA also made some changes to Medicare enrollee 's ' benefits . By 2020 , it will close the so - called `` donut hole '' between Part D plans ' coverage limits and the catastrophic cap on out - of - pocket spending , reducing a Part D enrollee 's ' exposure to the cost of prescription drugs by an average of $2,000 a year . This lowered costs for about 5 % of the people on Medicare . Limits were also placed on out - of - pocket costs for in - network care for public Part C health plan enrollees . Most of these plans had such a limit but ACA formalized the annual out of pocket spend limit . Beneficiaries on traditional Medicare do not get such a limit but can effectively arrange for one through private insurance . Meanwhile , Medicare Part B and D premiums were restructured in ways that reduced costs for most people while raising contributions from the wealthiest people with Medicare . The law also expanded coverage of or eliminated co-pays for some preventive services . The PPACA instituted a number of measures to control Medicare fraud and abuse , such as longer oversight periods , provider screenings , stronger standards for certain providers , the creation of databases to share data between federal and state agencies , and stiffer penalties for violators . The law also created mechanisms , such as the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation to fund experiments to identify new payment and delivery models that could conceivably be expanded to reduce the cost of health care while improving quality . Proposals for reforming Medicare ( edit ) As legislators continue to seek new ways to control the cost of Medicare , a number of new proposals to reform Medicare have been introduced in recent years . Premium support Since the mid-1990s , there have been a number of proposals to change Medicare from a publicly run social insurance program with a defined benefit , for which there is no limit to the government 's expenses , into a program that offers `` premium support '' for enrollees . The basic concept behind the proposals is that the government would make a defined contribution , that is a premium support , to the health plan of a Medicare enrollee 's choice . Insurers would compete to provide Medicare benefits and this competition would set the level of fixed contribution . Additionally , enrollees would be able to purchase greater coverage by paying more in addition to the fixed government contribution . Conversely , enrollees could choose lower cost coverage and keep the difference between their coverage costs and the fixed government contribution . The goal of premium Medicare plans is for greater cost - effectiveness ; if such a proposal worked as planned , the financial incentive would be greatest for Medicare plans that offer the best care at the lowest cost . There have been a number of criticisms of the premium support model . Some have raised concern about risk selection , where insurers find ways to avoid covering people expected to have high health care costs . Premium support proposals , such as the 2011 plan proposed by Rep. Paul Ryan ( R -- Wis . ) , have aimed to avoid risk selection by including protection language mandating that plans participating in such coverage must provide insurance to all beneficiaries and are not able to avoid covering higher risk beneficiaries . Some critics are concerned that the Medicare population , which has particularly high rates of cognitive impairment and dementia , would have a hard time choosing between competing health plans . Robert Moffit , a senior fellow of The Heritage Foundation responded to this concern , stating that while there may be research indicating that individuals have difficulty making the correct choice of health care plan , there is no evidence to show that government officials can make better choices . Henry Aaron , one of the original proponents of premium supports , has recently argued that the idea should not be implemented , given that Medicare Advantage plans have not successfully contained costs more effectively than traditional Medicare and because the political climate is hostile to the kinds of regulations that would be needed to make the idea workable . Two distinct premium support systems have recently been proposed in Congress to control the cost of Medicare . The House Republicans ' 2012 budget would have abolished traditional Medicare and required the eligible population to purchase private insurance with a newly created premium support program . This plan would have cut the cost of Medicare by capping the value of the voucher and tying its growth to inflation , which is expected to be lower than rising health costs , saving roughly $155 billion over 10 years . Paul Ryan , the plan 's author , claimed that competition would drive down costs , but the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) found that the plan would dramatically raise the cost of health care , with all of the additional costs falling on enrollees . The CBO found that under the plan , typical 65 - year - olds would go from paying 35 percent of their health care costs to paying 68 percent by 2030 . In December 2011 , Ryan and Sen. Ron Wyden ( D -- Oreg . ) jointly proposed a new premium support system . Unlike Ryan 's original plan , this new system would maintain traditional Medicare as an option , and the premium support would not be tied to inflation . The spending targets in the Ryan - Wyden plan are the same as the targets included in the Affordable Care Act ; it is unclear whether the plan would reduce Medicare expenditure relative to current law . Raising the age of eligibility A number of different plans have been introduced that would raise the age of Medicare eligibility . Some have argued that , as the population ages and the ratio of workers to retirees increases , programs for the elderly need to be reduced . Since the age at which Americans can retire with full Social Security benefits is rising to 67 , it is argued that the age of eligibility for Medicare should rise with it ( though people can begin receiving reduced Social Security benefits as early as age 62 ) . The CBO projected that raising the age of Medicare eligibility would save $113 billion over 10 years after accounting for the necessary expansion of Medicaid and state health insurance exchange subsidies under health care reform , which are needed to help those who could not afford insurance purchase it . The Kaiser Family Foundation found that raising the age of eligibility would save the federal government $5.7 billion a year , while raising costs for other payers . According to Kaiser , raising the age would cost $3.7 billion to 65 - and 66 - year - olds , $2.8 billion to other consumers whose premiums would rise as insurance pools absorbed more risk , $4.5 billion to employers offering insurance , and $0.7 billion to states expanding their Medicaid rolls . Ultimately Kaiser found that the plan would raise total social costs by more than twice the savings to the federal government . Negotiating the prices of prescription drugs Currently , people with Medicare can get prescription drug coverage through a Medicare Advantage plan or through the standalone private prescription drug plans ( PDPs ) established under Medicare Part D. Each plan established its own coverage policies and independently negotiates the prices it pays to drug manufacturers . But because each plan has a much smaller coverage pool than the entire Medicare program , many argue that this system of paying for prescription drugs undermines the government 's bargaining power and artificially raises the cost of drug coverage . Many look to the Veterans Health Administration as a model of lower cost prescription drug coverage . Since the VHA provides healthcare directly , it maintains its own formulary and negotiates prices with manufacturers . Studies show that the VHA pays dramatically less for drugs than the PDP plans Medicare Part D subsidizes . One analysis found that adopting a formulary similar to the VHA 's would save Medicare $14 billion a year ( over 10 years the savings would be around $140 billion ) . There are other proposals for savings on prescription drugs that do not require such fundamental changes to Medicare Part D 's payment and coverage policies . Manufacturers who supply drugs to Medicaid are required to offer a 15 percent rebate on the average manufacturer 's price . Low - income elderly individuals who qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid receive drug coverage through Medicare Part D , and no reimbursement is paid for the drugs the government purchases for them . Reinstating that rebate would yield savings of $112 billion , according to a recent CBO estimate . Some have questioned the ability of the federal government to achieve greater savings than the largest PDPs , since some of the larger plans have coverage pools comparable to Medicare 's , though the evidence from the VHA is promising . Some also worry that controlling the prices of prescription drugs would reduce incentives for manufacturers to invest in R&D , though the same could be said of anything that would reduce costs . Reforming care for the `` dual - eligibles '' Roughly nine million Americans -- mostly older adults with low incomes -- are eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid . These men and women tend to have particularly poor health -- more than half are being treated for five or more chronic conditions -- and high costs . Average annual per - capita spending for `` dual - eligibles '' is $20,000 , compared to $10,900 for the Medicare population as a whole all enrollees . The dual - eligible population comprises roughly 20 percent of Medicare 's enrollees but accounts for 36 percent of its costs . There is substantial evidence that these individuals receive highly inefficient care because responsibility for their care is split between the Medicare and Medicaid programs -- most see a number of different providers without any kind of mechanism to coordinate their care , and they face high rates of potentially preventable hospitalizations . Because Medicaid and Medicare cover different aspects of health care , both have a financial incentive to shunt patients into care the other program pays for . Many experts have suggested that establishing mechanisms to coordinate care for the dual - eligibles could yield substantial savings in the Medicare program , mostly by reducing hospitalizations . Such programs would connect patients with primary care , create an individualized health plan , assist enrollees in receiving social and human services as well as medical care , reconcile medications prescribed by different doctors to ensure they do not undermine one another , and oversee behavior to improve health . The general ethos of these proposals is to `` treat the patient , not the condition , '' and maintain health while avoiding costly treatments . There is some controversy over who exactly should take responsibility for coordinating the care of the dual eligibles . There have been some proposals to transfer dual eligibles into existing Medicaid managed care plans , which are controlled by individual states . But many states facing severe budget shortfalls might have some incentive to stint on necessary care or otherwise shift costs to enrollees and their families to capture some Medicaid savings . Medicare has more experience managing the care of older adults , and is already expanding coordinated care programs under the ACA , though there are some questions about private Medicare plans ' capacity to manage care and achieve meaningful cost savings . Estimated savings from more effective coordinated care for the dual eligibles range from $125 billion to over $200 billion , mostly by eliminating unnecessary , expensive hospital admissions . Income - relating Medicare premiums Both House Republicans and President Obama proposed increasing the additional premiums paid by the wealthiest people with Medicare , compounding several reforms in the ACA that would increase the number of wealthier individuals paying higher , income - related Part B and Part D premiums . Such proposals are projected to save $20 billion over the course of a decade , and would ultimately result in more than a quarter of Medicare enrollees paying between 35 and 90 percent of their Part B costs by 2035 , rather than the typical 25 percent . If the brackets mandated for 2035 were implemented today , it would mean that anyone earning more than $47,000 ( as an individual ) or $94,000 ( as a couple ) would be affected . Under the Republican proposals , affected individuals would pay 40 percent of the total Part B and Part D premiums , which would be equivalent of $2,500 today . More limited income - relation of premiums only raises limited revenue . Currently , only 5 percent of Medicare enrollees pay an income - related premium , and most only pay 35 percent of their total premium , compared to the 25 percent most people pay . Only a negligible number of enrollees fall into the higher income brackets required to bear a more substantial share of their costs -- roughly half a percent of individuals and less than three percent of married couples currently pay more than 35 percent of their total Part B costs . There is some concern that tying premiums to income would weaken Medicare politically over the long run , since people tend to be more supportive of universal social programs than of means - tested ones . Medigap restrictions Some Medicare supplemental insurance ( or `` Medigap '' ) plans cover all of an enrollee 's cost - sharing , insulating them from any out - of - pocket costs and guaranteeing financial security to individuals with significant health care needs . Many policymakers believe that such plans raise the cost of Medicare by creating a perverse incentive that leads patients to seek unnecessary , costly treatments . Many argue that unnecessary treatments are a major cause of rising costs and propose that people with Medicare should feel more of the cost of their care to create incentives to seek the most efficient alternatives . Various restrictions and surcharges on Medigap coverage have appeared in recent deficit reduction proposals . One of the furthest - reaching reforms proposed , which would prevent Medigap from covering any of the first $500 of coinsurance charges and limit it to covering 50 percent of all costs beyond that , could save $50 billion over 10 years . But it would also increase health care costs substantially for people with costly health care needs . There is some evidence that claims of Medigap 's tendency to cause over-treatment may be exaggerated and that potential savings from restricting it might be smaller than expected . Meanwhile , there are some concerns about the potential effects on enrollees . Individuals who face high charges with every episode of care have been shown to delay or forgo needed care , jeopardizing their health and possibly increasing their health care costs down the line . Given their lack of medical training , most patients tend to have difficulty distinguishing between necessary and unnecessary treatments . The problem could be exaggerated among the Medicare population , which has low levels of health literacy . Legislative oversight ( edit ) The following congressional committees provide oversight for Medicare programs : Senate Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies Senate Budget Committee Senate Committee on Finance Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management , the Federal Workforce , and the District of Columbia Senate Committee on Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management , Government Information , and International Security Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging Senate Special Committee on Aging House House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies House Budget Committee House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations House Small Business Committee House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Health Joint Joint Economic Committee See also ( edit ) Administration on Aging Federal Insurance Contributions Act Health care in the United States Health care politics Health care reform in the United States Health insurance in the United States Maurice Mazel Medicaid Medicare ( Australia ) Medicare ( Canada ) Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 Medicare Prompt Pay Correction Act Medicare Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Act Medicare Rights Center National Health Service ( United Kingdom ) National Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Project Act of 2009 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) Philosophy of healthcare Quality improvement organizations Single - payer health care Stark Law United States National Health Care Act ( Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Altman , Drew ; Frist , William H. ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Medicare and Medicaid at 50 Years : Perspectives of Beneficiaries , Health Care Professionals and Institutions , and Policy Makers '' . JAMA. 314 ( 4 ) : 384 -- 95 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2015.7811 . PMID 26219056 . Jump up ^ 2016 Annual Report of the Medicare Trustees ( for the year 2015 ) , June 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Kaiser Slides The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Facts.kff.org . Retrieved on July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Medicare '' . https://www.medicare.gov/ . U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services , Baltimore . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Robinson , P.I. ( 1957 ) . Medicare : Uniformed Services Program for Dependents . Social Security Bulletin , 20 ( 7 ) , 9 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Tibbits C. `` The 1961 White House Conference on Aging : it 's rationale , objectives , and procedures '' . J Am Geriatr Soc. 1960 May . 8 : 373 -- 77 Jump up ^ Mcnamara PAT , Dirksen EM , Church F , Muskie ES . The 1961 White House Conference on Aging : basic policy statements and recommendations / prepared for the Special Committee on Aging , United States Senate 87th Congress , 1st Session , Committee Print , May 15 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Folliard , Edward T. ( July 31 , 1965 ) . `` Medicare Bill Signed By Johnson : 33 Congressmen Attend Ceremony In Truman Library '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Drew ( July 29 , 1965 ) . `` What Medicare Means to Taxpayers : How to Get Voluntary Insurance '' . The Washington Post . p . C13 . Jump up ^ See Health Insurance for the Aged Act , Title I of the Social Security Amendments of 1965 , Pub . L. No. 89 - 97 , 79 Stat. 286 ( July 30 , 1965 ) , generally effective beginning with the month of July 1966 . Section 321 of the Act amended section 1401 of the Internal Revenue Code to impose the Medicare tax . Jump up ^ `` Truman Library - July 30 , 1965 : President Lyndon B. Johnson Signs Medicare Bill '' . www.trumanlibrary.org . 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Jump up ^ `` Knee and hip replacement readmissions may cost $265,000 '' . EHR Intelligence . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report to Congress , Medicare Payment Policy . March 2012 , pp. 195 -- 96 '' ( PDF ) . MedPAC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Five Years of Quality , p. 8 '' ( PDF ) . Florida Hospital Association . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joynt , Karen E. ; Jha , Ashish K. ( 2012 ) . `` Thirty - Day Readmissions -- Truth and Consequences '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 366 ( 15 ) : 1366 -- 69 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp1201598 . PMID 22455752 . Jump up ^ Joynt , KE ; Jha , AK ( 2012 ) . `` Thirty - day readmissions -- truth and consequences '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 366 ( 15 ) : 1366 -- 9 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp1201598 . PMID 22455752 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Costs and Benefits '' . Federalregister.gov . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . 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Governmental links -- current ( edit ) Medicare at cms.gov Medicare.gov -- the official website for people with Medicare Medicare Primer Congressional Research Service Finding Medicare Enrollment Statistics Congressional Research Service Governmental links -- historical ( edit ) Medicare Is Signed Into Law page from ssa.gov -- material about the bill - signing ceremony Historical Background and Development of Social Security from ssa.gov -- includes information about Medicare Detailed Chronology of SSA from ssa.gov -- includes information about Medicare Early Medicare poster from ssa.gov Non-governmental links ( edit ) Consumer Reports Managing Medicare Kaiser Family Foundation -- Substantial research and analysis related to the Medicare program and the population of seniors and people with disabilities it covers . State - level data on Medicare beneficiaries , such as enrollment , demographics ( such as age , gender , race / ethnicity ) , spending , other sources of health coverage , managed care participation , and use of services . History of Medicare in an interactive timeline of key developments . Lyndon B. 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kareem abdul jabbar most points in a single game

Stat High Opponent Date Points 55 vs. Boston Celtics 000000001971 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1971 Field goals made , no misses 11 -- 11 vs. Phoenix Suns 000000001985 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1985 Field goals made 24 ( 2 OT ) vs. Houston Rockets 000000001973 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1973 Field goal attempts 39 at Los Angeles Lakers 000000001972 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 1972 Free throws made 20 at Boston Celtics 000000001970 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1970 Free throw attempts 25 at Boston Celtics 000000001970 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1970 Rebounds 34 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001975 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1975 Defensive rebounds 29 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001975 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1975 Assists 14 at Seattle SuperSonics 000000001973 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1973 Minutes played 60 ( 4 OT ) at Cleveland Cavaliers 000000001980 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1980

55

List of career achievements by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar

list of career achievements by kareem abdul - jabbar

This is page of achievements of greatest basketball player of all time - Kareem Abdul - Jabbar .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 1.1 NBA achievements 1.2 College 2 NBA statistics 2.1 Averages 2.2 Totals 3 Career highs 3.1 Regular season 3.2 Playoffs 3.3 40 - point games 3.4 50 - point games 3.5 30 - rebound games 3.6 Top shot - blocking efforts 4 NBA records and former records 4.1 Regular season 4.1. 1 Service 4.1. 2 Scoring 4.1. 3 Field goals 4.1. 4 Rebounding 4.1. 5 Personal fouls 4.1. 6 Blocked shots 4.2 Playoffs 4.2. 1 Service 4.2. 2 Scoring 4.2. 3 Field goals 4.2. 4 Rebounding 4.2. 5 Blocked shots 4.2. 6 Personal fouls 4.3 Finals 4.3. 1 Service 4.3. 2 Scoring 4.3. 3 Field goals 4.3. 4 Blocked shots 4.4 All - Star 4.5 Other records 5 See also 5.1 NBA 5.2 College 6 References 7 External links Awards ( edit ) NBA achievements ( edit ) Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 1995 6 - time NBA champion : 1971 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 10 NBA Finals appearances : 1971 , 1974 , 1980 , 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 -- 1989 6 - time NBA Most Valuable Player : 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 2 - time scoring champion : 1971 , 1972 1 - time rebounding leader : 1976 4 - time blocks leader : 1975 -- 1976 , 1979 -- 1980 1 - time field goal percentage leader : 1977 19 - time NBA All - Star : 1970 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1989 Selected , but did not play due to personal reasons in 1973 . 2 - time NBA Finals Most Valuable Player : 1971 , 1985 15 - time All - NBA selection : First Team : 1971 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1980 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 Second Team : 1970 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1985 11 - time All - Defensive selection : First Team : 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 Second Team : 1970 , 1971 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1984 NBA All - Rookie selection : First Team : 1970 NBA Rookie of the Year : 1970 6 - time The Sporting News Most Valuable Player : 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year : 1985 Ranked # 7 by SLAM Magazine 's Top 50 Players of All - time Selected in 1996 as one of the `` 50 Greatest Players in NBA History '' Selected in 1996 as member of one of the `` Top 10 Teams in NBA History '' 1986 -- 87 Los Angeles Lakers ( 65 -- 17 ; . 793 ) A statue of Abdul - Jabbar was unveiled in front of Staples Center on Chick Hearn Court in Los Angeles on November 16 , 2012 . College ( edit ) National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame ( 2007 ) Three - time NCAA champion ( 1967 , 1968 , 1969 ) Most Outstanding Player in NCAA Tournament ( 1967 , 1968 , 1969 ) Player of the Year ( 1967 , 1969 ) Three - time First Team All - American ( 1967 , 1968 , 1969 ) Naismith College Player of the Year ( 1969 ) 3 × First - team All - Pac - 8 ( 1967 -- 1969 ) NBA statistics ( edit ) † Denotes seasons in which Abdul - Jabbar won an NBA Championship Led the league Bold Denotes career highs GP Games played GS Games started W-L Games won - Games lost MIN Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage OFF Offensive rebounds per game DEF Defensive rebounds per game REB Total rebounds per game AST Assists per game STL Steals per game BLK Blocks per game TOV Turnovers per game PF Fouls per game PTS Points per game Averages ( edit ) Season Age Team GP GS MIN FG % FT % OFF DEF REB AST STL BLK TOV PF PTS 1969 -- 70 22 - 23 Milwaukee 82 43.1 . 518 . 653 14.5 4.1 3.5 28.8 1970 -- 71 † 23 - 24 Milwaukee 82 82 40.1 . 577 . 690 16.0 3.3 3.2 31.7 1971 -- 72 24 - 25 Milwaukee 81 81 44.2 . 574 . 689 16.6 4.6 2.9 34.8 1972 -- 73 25 - 26 Milwaukee 76 76 42.8 . 554 . 713 16.1 5.0 2.7 30.2 1973 -- 74 26 - 27 Milwaukee 81 81 43.8 . 539 . 702 3.5 11.0 14.5 4.8 1.4 3.5 2.9 27.0 1974 -- 75 27 - 28 Milwaukee 65 64 42.3 . 513 . 763 3.0 11.0 14.0 4.1 1.0 3.3 3.2 30.0 1975 -- 76 28 - 29 Los Angeles 82 82 41.2 . 529 . 703 3.3 13.5 16.9 5.0 1.5 4.1 3.6 27.7 1976 -- 77 29 - 30 Los Angeles 82 82 36.8 . 579 . 701 3.2 10.0 13.3 3.9 1.2 3.2 3.2 26.2 1977 -- 78 30 - 31 Los Angeles 62 62 36.5 . 550 . 783 3.0 9.9 12.9 4.3 1.7 3.0 3.4 2.9 25.8 1978 -- 79 31 - 32 Los Angeles 80 80 39.5 . 577 . 736 2.6 10.2 12.8 5.4 1.0 4.0 3.5 2.9 23.8 1979 -- 80 † 32 - 33 Los Angeles 82 81 38.3 . 604 . 765 2.3 8.5 10.8 4.5 1.0 3.4 3.6 2.6 24.8 1980 -- 81 33 - 34 Los Angeles 80 80 37.2 . 574 . 766 2.5 7.8 10.3 3.4 . 7 2.9 3.1 3.1 26.2 1981 -- 82 † 34 - 35 Los Angeles 76 76 35.2 . 579 . 706 2.3 6.4 8.7 3.0 . 8 2.7 3.0 2.9 23.9 1982 -- 83 35 - 36 Los Angeles 79 79 32.3 . 588 . 749 2.1 5.4 7.5 2.5 . 8 2.2 2.5 2.8 21.8 1983 -- 84 36 - 37 Los Angeles 80 80 32.8 . 578 . 723 2.1 5.2 7.3 2.6 . 7 1.8 2.8 2.6 21.5 1984 -- 85 † 37 - 38 Los Angeles 79 79 33.3 . 599 . 732 2.1 5.8 7.9 3.2 . 8 2.1 2.5 3.0 22.0 1985 -- 86 38 - 39 Los Angeles 79 79 33.3 . 564 . 765 1.7 4.4 6.1 3.5 . 8 1.6 2.6 3.1 23.4 1986 -- 87 † 39 - 40 Los Angeles 78 78 31.3 . 564 . 714 1.9 4.8 6.7 2.6 . 6 1.2 2.4 3.1 17.5 1987 -- 88 † 40 - 41 Los Angeles 80 80 28.9 . 532 . 762 1.5 4.5 6.0 1.7 . 6 1.2 2.0 2.7 14.6 1988 -- 89 41 - 42 Los Angeles 74 74 22.9 . 475 . 739 1.4 3.1 4.5 1.0 . 5 1.1 1.3 2.6 10.1 Career 1,560 36.8 . 559 . 721 2.4 7.6 11.2 3.6 . 9 2.6 2.7 3.0 24.6 Playoffs 237 37.3 . 533 . 740 2.6 6.5 10.5 3.2 1.0 2.4 2.6 3.4 24.3 All - Star 18 13 24.9 . 493 . 820 2.2 7.8 8.3 2.8 . 4 2.1 2.5 3.2 13.9 Totals ( edit ) Season Age Team GP GS W-L MIN FGM FGA FTM FTA OFF DEF REB AST STL BLK TOV PF PTS 1969 -- 70 22 - 23 Milwaukee 82 56 - 26 3,534 938 1,810 485 743 1,190 337 283 2,361 1970 -- 71 † 23 - 24 Milwaukee 82 82 66 - 16 3,288 1,063 1,843 470 681 1,311 272 264 2,596 1971 -- 72 24 - 25 Milwaukee 81 81 62 - 19 3,583 1,159 2,019 504 732 1,346 370 235 2,822 1972 -- 73 25 - 26 Milwaukee 76 76 54 - 22 3,254 982 1,772 328 460 1,224 379 208 2,292 1973 -- 74 26 - 27 Milwaukee 81 81 58 - 23 3,548 948 1,759 295 420 287 891 1,178 386 112 283 238 2,191 1974 -- 75 27 - 28 Milwaukee 65 64 35 - 30 2,747 812 1,584 325 426 194 718 912 264 65 212 205 1,949 1975 -- 76 28 - 29 Los Angeles 82 82 40 - 42 3,379 914 1,728 447 636 272 1,111 1,383 413 119 338 292 2,275 1976 -- 77 29 - 30 Los Angeles 82 82 53 - 29 3,016 888 1,533 376 536 266 824 1,090 319 101 261 262 2,152 1977 -- 78 30 - 31 Los Angeles 62 62 37 - 25 2,265 663 1,205 274 350 186 615 801 269 103 185 208 182 1,600 1978 -- 79 31 - 32 Los Angeles 80 80 46 - 34 3,157 777 1,347 349 474 207 818 1,025 431 76 316 282 230 1,903 1979 -- 80 † 32 - 33 Los Angeles 82 81 60 - 22 3,143 835 1,383 364 476 190 696 886 371 81 280 297 216 2,034 1980 -- 81 33 - 34 Los Angeles 80 80 52 - 28 2,976 836 1,457 423 552 197 624 821 272 59 228 249 244 2,095 1981 -- 82 † 34 - 35 Los Angeles 76 76 51 - 25 2,677 753 1,301 312 442 172 487 659 225 63 207 230 224 1,818 1982 -- 83 35 - 36 Los Angeles 79 79 57 - 22 2,554 722 1,228 278 371 167 425 592 200 61 170 200 220 1,722 1983 -- 84 36 - 37 Los Angeles 80 80 53 - 27 2,622 716 1,238 285 394 169 418 587 211 55 143 221 211 1,717 1984 -- 85 † 37 - 38 Los Angeles 79 79 60 - 19 2,630 723 1,207 289 395 162 460 622 249 63 162 197 238 1,735 1985 -- 86 38 - 39 Los Angeles 79 79 61 - 18 2,629 755 1,338 336 439 133 345 478 280 67 130 203 248 1,846 1986 -- 87 † 39 - 40 Los Angeles 78 78 63 - 15 2,441 560 993 245 343 152 371 523 203 49 97 186 245 1,366 1987 -- 88 † 40 - 41 Los Angeles 80 80 60 - 20 2,308 480 903 205 269 118 360 478 135 48 92 159 216 1,165 1988 -- 89 41 - 42 Los Angeles 74 74 50 - 24 1,695 313 659 122 165 103 231 334 74 38 85 95 196 748 Career 1,560 1,074 - 486 57,446 15,837 28,307 6,712 9,304 2,975 9,394 17,440 5,660 1,160 3,189 2,527 4,657 38,387 Playoffs 237 154 - 83 8,851 2,356 4,422 1,050 1,419 505 1,273 2,481 767 189 476 447 797 5,762 All - Star 18 13 9 - 9 449 105 213 41 50 33 84 149 51 6 31 28 57 251 Career highs ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Stat High Opponent Date Points 55 vs. Boston Celtics 000000001971 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1971 Field goals made , no misses 11 -- 11 vs. Phoenix Suns 000000001985 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1985 Field goals made 24 ( 2 OT ) vs. Houston Rockets 000000001973 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1973 Field goal attempts 39 at Los Angeles Lakers 000000001972 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 1972 Free throws made 20 at Boston Celtics 000000001970 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1970 Free throw attempts 25 at Boston Celtics 000000001970 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1970 Rebounds 34 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001975 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1975 Defensive rebounds 29 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001975 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1975 Assists 14 at Seattle SuperSonics 000000001973 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1973 Minutes played 60 ( 4 OT ) at Cleveland Cavaliers 000000001980 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1980 Playoffs ( edit ) Stat High Opponent Date Points 46 vs. Philadelphia 76ers 000000001970 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1970 Field goals made 20 at Chicago Bulls 000000001974 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 1974 Field goal attempts 37 vs. Los Angeles Lakers 000000001972 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1972 Free throws made 13 vs. Golden State Warriors 000000001977 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1977 Free throw attempts 18 vs. Golden State Warriors 000000001977 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1977 Rebounds 31 vs. New York Knicks 000000001970 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1970 Defensive rebounds 18 vs. Golden State Warriors 000000001977 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1977 Assists 11 at New York Knicks 000000001970 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1970 Steals 6 at Portland Trail Blazers 000000001985 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1985 Blocked shots 9 vs. Golden State Warriors 000000001977 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1977 40 - point games ( edit ) 70 times in the regular season 55 with Milwaukee Bucks 15 with Los Angeles Lakers 50 - point games ( edit ) All of Abdul - Jabbar 's 50 - point efforts occurred while he played for the Milwaukee Bucks . His career high as a Laker was 48 points against the Portland Trail Blazers on 000000001975 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1975 . Points Opponent Home / Away Date Minutes played FGM FGA FTM FTA Rebounds Assists 55 Boston Celtics Home 000000001971 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1971 47 23 36 9 11 18 53 Cleveland Cavaliers Away 000000001970 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1970 45 20 32 13 14 11 53 Boston Celtics Away 000000001971 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1971 48 22 31 9 14 14 7 53 Cleveland Cavaliers Away 000000001972 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1972 48 23 31 7 9 14 8 53 Philadelphia 76ers Home 000000001972 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1972 48 18 28 17 22 13 9 52 Atlanta Hawks Home 000000001975 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1975 43 18 29 16 20 10 51 Seattle SuperSonics Neutral 000000001970 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1970 min 18 25 15 23 reb ast 51 Boston Celtics Away 000000001972 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1972 48 21 36 9 14 17 7 50 Los Angeles Lakers Away 000000001972 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 1972 46 22 39 6 8 8 50 Portland Trail Blazers Home 000000001975 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 1975 45 18 30 14 16 15 11 30 - rebound games ( edit ) 3 times in the regular season Offensive rebounds Defensive rebounds Rebounds Team Opponent Home / Away Date 5 29 34 Los Angeles Lakers Detroit Pistons Home 000000001975 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1975 -- -- 30 Milwaukee Bucks Boston Celtics Away 000000001971 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1971 7 23 30 Los Angeles Lakers New Jersey Nets Away 000000001978 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1978 Top shot - blocking efforts ( edit ) Occurred in playoff competition Blocks Opponent Home / Away Date Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists 11 Detroit Pistons Away 000000001975 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1975 46 29 21 11 Detroit Pistons Home 000000001978 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1978 43 27 16 11 Kansas City Kings Home 000000001979 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1979 41 25 15 10 ( OT ) Detroit Pistons Home 000000001973 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1973 53 19 16 5 10 ( OT ) Atlanta Hawks Home 000000001975 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1975 49 39 23 5 10 Atlanta Hawks Home 000000001980 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1980 39 28 15 10 Detroit Pistons Home 000000001982 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1982 35 19 10 0 9 Phoenix Suns Away 000000001973 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1973 39 18 17 9 Milwaukee Bucks Away 000000001975 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 1975 45 30 20 5 9 Portland Trail Blazers Home 000000001975 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1975 46 41 20 9 Phoenix Suns Home 000000001977 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1977 26 28 12 9 Golden State Warriors Home 000000001977 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1977 40 40 19 9 New Orleans Jazz Away 000000001978 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1978 48 34 16 6 9 Chicago Bulls Away 000000001978 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1978 44 18 10 8 9 Indiana Pacers Away 000000001978 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1978 40 25 13 8 NBA Records and former Records ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Service ( edit ) Seasons : 20 ( Milwaukee Bucks , 1969 -- 70 -- 1974 -- 75 ; Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 -- 1988 -- 89 ) Broken by Robert Parish in 1996 -- 97 Games , career : 1,560 Broken by Robert Parish on April 6 , 1996 Minutes , career : 57,446 Scoring ( edit ) Points , career : 38,387 Seasons scoring 2,000 or more points : 9 ( 1969 -- 70 -- 1973 -- 74 , 1975 -- 76 -- 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 -- 1980 -- 81 ) Broken by Michael Jordan and Karl Malone in 1997 -- 98 Seasons scoring 1,000 or more points : 19 ( 1969 -- 70 -- 1987 -- 88 ) Consecutive games scoring 10 or more points : 787 , December 4 , 1977 to December 2 , 1987 Broken by Michael Jordan on December 30 , 1997 Field goals ( edit ) Field goals made , career : 15,837 Field goal attempts , career : 28,307 Rebounding ( edit ) Defensive rebounds , career : 9,394 Broken by Robert Parish on January 26 , 1994 Defensive rebounds , season : 1,111 ( 1975 -- 76 ) Defensive rebounds , game : 29 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Detroit Pistons , December 14 , 1975 Personal fouls ( edit ) Personal fouls , career : 4,657 Blocked shots ( edit ) Seasons leading the league in blocked shots : 4 ( 1974 -- 75 -- 1975 -- 76 , 1978 -- 79 -- 1979 -- 80 ) Tied by Mark Eaton and Marcus Camby Consecutive seasons leading the league in blocked shots : 2 ( 1974 -- 75 -- 1975 -- 76 , 1978 -- 79 -- 1979 -- 80 ) Broken by Dikembe Mutombo in 1995 -- 96 Blocked shots , career : 3,189 Broken by Hakeem Olajuwon on April 21 , 1996 Playoffs ( edit ) Service ( edit ) Years played : 18 Games , career : 237 Broken by Robert Horry on May 13 , 2008 Minutes played , career : 8,851 Broken by Tim Duncan on June 12 , 2014 Minutes played , 7 - game series : 345 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Boston Celtics , 1974 NBA Finals Scoring ( edit ) Points , career : 5,762 Broken by Michael Jordan on May 31 , 1998 Consecutive games scoring 20 or more points : 57 , April 13 , 1973 to April 5 , 1981 Broken by Michael Jordan on May 2 , 1993 Consecutive games scoring 20 or more points , from start of playoff career : 27 Games scoring 10 or more points , career : 223 Broken by Tim Duncan on June 12 , 2014 Field goals ( edit ) Field goals made , career : 2,356 Field goals made , 4 - game series : 65 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Chicago Bulls , 1974 Western Conference Finals Field goal attempts , career : 4,422 Broken by Michael Jordan on June 10 , 1998 Rebounding ( edit ) Offensive rebounds , 5 - game series : 29 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Los Angeles Lakers , 1974 Western Conference Semifinals Broken by Hakeem Olajuwon in 1985 Defensive rebounds , 4 - game series : 62 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Chicago Bulls , 1974 Western Conference Finals Defensive rebounds , 5 - game series : 61 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Los Angeles Lakers , 1974 Western Conference Semifinals Broken by Jack Sikma in 1979 Defensive rebounds , 7 - game series : 95 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Golden State Warriors , 1977 Western Conference Semifinals Blocked shots ( edit ) Blocked shots , career : 476 Broken by Tim Duncan on May 31 , 2012 Blocked shots , 3 - game series : 15 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Denver Nuggets , 1979 Western Conference First Round Broken by Manute Bol in 1989 Blocked shots , 4 - game series : 15 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Portland Trail Blazers , 1977 Western Conference Finals Broken by Mark Eaton in 1986 Blocked shots , game : 9 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Golden State Warriors , April 22 , 1977 Broken by Mark Eaton on April 26 , 1985 Personal fouls ( edit ) Personal fouls , career : 797 Finals ( edit ) Service ( edit ) Highest average , minutes per game , any championship series : 49.3 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Boston Celtics , 1974 ( 345 / 7 ) Minutes , 7 - game series : 345 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Boston Celtics , 1974 Minutes , game : 58 , Milwaukee Bucks at Boston Celtics , May 10 , 1974 ( 2 OT ) Broken by Garfield Heard and Jo Jo White on June 4 , 1976 ( 3 OT ) Scoring ( edit ) Points , 4 - game series : 108 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Baltimore Bullets , 1971 Broken by Rick Barry in 1975 Scoring 20 or more points in all games , 7 - game series : Milwaukee Bucks vs. Boston Celtics , 1974 Also achieved by Bob Pettit ( 1960 ) , Elgin Baylor ( 1962 ) , Jerry West ( 1962 , 1969 , 1970 ) , Larry Bird ( 1984 ) , Hakeem Olajuwon ( 1994 ) and Kobe Bryant ( 2010 ) Field goals ( edit ) Highest field goal percentage , 4 - game series : . 605 ( 46 -- 76 ) , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Baltimore Bullets , 1971 Broken by Derrek Dickey in 1975 Field goals , 4 - game series : 46 , Milwaukee Bucks vs. Baltimore Bullets , 1971 Blocked shots ( edit ) Blocked shots , career : 116 Blocked shots , 6 - game series : 23 , Los Angeles Lakers vs. Philadelphia 76ers , 1980 Broken by Tim Duncan in 2003 All - Star ( edit ) Points , career : 251 Broken by Michael Jordan in 2003 Games , career : 18 Minutes , career : 449 Field goals made , career : 105 Broken by Michael Jordan in 2003 Field goal attempts , career : 213 Broken by Michael Jordan in 2003 Blocked shots , career : 31 Personal fouls , career : 57 Personal fouls , game : 6 ( 1970 ) Other Records ( edit ) All - NBA Team selections : 15 Tied by Kobe Bryant NBA Most Valuable Player Awards ( regular season ) : 6 One of five players in NBA history to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season ( 1975 -- 76 ) Averaged 4.1 blocks and 16.9 rebounds per game . The other four players are Bill Walton ( 1976 -- 77 ) , Hakeem Olajuwon ( 1989 -- 90 ) , Ben Wallace ( 2001 -- 02 ) , and Dwight Howard ( 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) . One of two players in NBA history to win the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award with two different franchises Abdul - Jabbar won the award with the Milwaukee Bucks in 1971 and with the Los Angeles Lakers in 1985 . Also won by LeBron James with the Miami Heat in 2012 and 2013 and the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016 . One of fourteen players in NBA history to win at least six NBA championships Also includes Scottie Pippen ( 6 ) , Michael Jordan ( 6 ) , Bob Cousy ( 6 ) , Steve Kerr ( 7 ) 2 as a coach . Robert Horry ( 7 ) , Frank Ramsey ( 7 ) , Jim Loscutoff ( 7 ) , John Havlicek ( 8 ) , Satch Sanders ( 8 ) , K.C. Jones ( 8 ) , Tom Heinsohn ( 8 ) , Sam Jones ( 10 ) , and Bill Russell ( 11 ) See also ( edit ) NBA ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association players with 1,000 games played List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association annual rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association annual blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association season field goal percentage leaders List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders College ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 2000 points and 1000 rebounds References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers '' . Basketball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points Per Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Finals Most Valuable Player Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - NBA Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - NBA and All - ABA Teams '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Defensive Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Defensive Teams '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - Rookie Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All - Rookie Teams '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Postseason Awards : Rookie of the Year '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The New Top 50 '' . SLAM . slamonline.com . June 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor Archived 2009 - 04 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutList of career achievements by Kareem Abdul - Jabbarat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official Kareem Abdul - Jabbar website Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 's Blog Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_career_achievements_by_Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar&oldid=824311198 '' Categories : Career achievements of basketball players Los Angeles Lakers Milwaukee Bucks Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 16 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20career%20achievements%20by%20Kareem%20Abdul-Jabbar

real name of mihir in yeh hai mohabbatein

Raj Singh Arora as Mihir Arora , Shagun 's brother , Mihika 's ex-fiancé , Rinky 's husband , ( 2013 -- 16 )

Raj Singh Arora

Ye Hai Mohabbatein

ye hai mohabbatein

Ye Hai Mohabbatein ( lit . This is love ) is an Indian soap opera which first aired on Star Plus on 3 December 2013 . It is created by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor and produced by their production company Balaji Telefilms . The show stars Divyanka Tripathi and Karan Patel in lead role .

The story is partially based on Manju Kapur 's novel , Custody . Set in Delhi , the show follows the love story of Tamil dentist Dr. Ishita Iyer and Punjabi CEO Raman Kumar Bhalla . Ishita is infertile and becomes emotionally attached to Raman 's daughter , Ruhi , who lives with her divorced father . Raman 's ex-wife , Shagun , lives with her boyfriend , Ashok Khanna . Due to circumstances , Raman and Ishita marry each other . Then fall in love with each other madly The show has won more than 50 awards . The show took a seven - year leap in April 2016 followed by a one - year leap in November 2016 and a two - year leap in November 2017 . On 9 December 2016 the show completed its 1,000 th episode . It has filmed at several foreign locations including Australia , Budapest and London . Its time slot has varied over the years first airing at 11 : 00 PM then at 7 : 30 PM and currently at 10 : 30 PM IST . In the UK however , it has remained at 7 : 30PM BST slot since its inception as it has topped the UK ratings over the years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Seven years later 1.2 One year later 1.3 Two years later 1.4 Eight months later 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Guests 4 Production 4.1 Development and premiere 4.2 Casting 5 Awards and nominations 6 Reception 6.1 Adaptations and international broadcast 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This section may require copy editing . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a romantic soap opera about two different people and how their lives are linked by their daughter . Tamil dentist Ishita Vishwanathan Iyer and Punjabi businessman Raman Kumar Bhalla live in Delhi with their parents . Ishita , who is infertile , forms a motherly bond with Raman 's troubled little daughter , Ruhi . To prevent Raman 's ill - intentioned ex-wife , Shagun , from taking custody of the girl , Ishita and Raman get married and develop a deep bond . Ashok , Raman 's former boss and the - then boyfriend of Shagun , orchestrates a plot to defame Ishita 's cousin , Mihika , and make her his wife . Cast aside , Shagun seeks refuge for herself and her son , Aditya ( Adi ) , at the Bhalla household , where she plots against Ishita to reclaim Raman . However , Ishita and Raman only grow closer and Shagun is thrown out of the house . She kidnaps Ruhi and Aditya , and Ishita risks her life to save the children . The act causes Shagun to re-examine herself and turn her life around . Raman 's brother Romi is told that his ex-girlfriend Sarika had his child and convinces her to marry him . Ashok is revealed to be a sex offender and his marriage with Mihika ends in divorce . Ishita is able to become pregnant with Raman 's child , but suffers a miscarriage when Ashok tries to kill the entire family . The couple decide to try again with a reformed Shagun acting as their surrogate . However , there are difficulties in the household as Ashok has a spy among them , which turns out to be Sarika ; the child she claimed to be Romi 's was adopted . Ishita finds the real parents of the `` orphan '' but accidentally kills the father and is convicted for murder . Raman is convinced to marry Nidhi , a defence lawyer , to save Ishita . When Raman and Ishita 's child Pihu was born , Nidhi kidnaps the newborn . As Ishita tries to rescue Pihu , Nidhi also kidnaps Ruhi and fakes their deaths . Incensed over the loss , Raman banishes Ishita from the house . Before he can correct his mistake , Ishita attempts suicide , leaving everyone to think she is dead , while she was actually saved by her friend Mani . Seven years later ( edit ) After living in Australia with Mani , Ishita returns to India and meets Raman , who feels betrayed that she lived away from him for so many years . Ishita and Raman learn that Ruhi is alive and living as pop star Ruhaan . In order to win her back , they mend their relationship . This disappoints Pihu , who believes that Raman and Shagun are her parents . Raman and Ishita get Shagun and Mani married , but afterward , Shagun turns Pihu rebellious . Adi and Mani 's niece , Aliya fall in love . Ishita and Raman get remarried . After Pihu learns that Ishita and Raman are her real parents , Mani and Shagun decide to leave the country with her . Raman desperately goes with them , in hopes of counteracting Shagun 's influence . One year later ( edit ) Shagun , Mani , Aliya and Pihu have been living in Bangkok , Thailand with Raman staying nearby to keep an eye on Pihu . Ruhi explains to Pihu the sacrifices that Ishita made for her , leading Pihu to accept Ishita as her mother . Dejected , Shagun returns to India . After a man tries to blackmail Ruhi , Ishita handles the situation while Raman goes berserk . Upset with Raman 's anger issues , Ishita leaves with Pihu and lives with Shagun , who is pregnant with Mani 's child . Nidhi kills Ishita 's sister , Vandita , and Raman is charged with the crime . Ishita proves his innocence and has Nidhi arrested . Afterward , Adi and Aliya get married . Mani is presumed dead in an accident and Raman is wrongfully charged again . His innocence is proven when it is revealed that Mani is alive . Ruhi becomes friends with Pihu 's friend , Riya , and develops feelings for Riya 's father , Nikhil . As Nikhil 's true colours are revealed , Ishita and Raman struggle as Ruhi falls in love with the wrong person . Pihu pushes her cousin Ananya down a staircase in a fatal accident . Ananya dies , Raman 's sister , Simmi , the mother of Ananya , is outraged and demands justice . To protect Pihu , Ishita makes a false confession and is sentenced to life imprisonment , while a disbelieving Raman is left heartbroken . Unknown to Raman , Ashok later reopens the case , proving Ishita 's innocence . Two years later ( edit ) A broken Bhalla family visits Budapest , Hungary for a business trip , where they fall into a trap set by Simmi and Param , Ananya 's parents . Adi is struggling to save his marriage as Aliya develops a gambling addiction . Pihu has been put in a boarding school . where Simmi torments her . Raman 's depression is exploited with drug abuse , to the point where he has forgotten his family and allowed Param to take over his company . Ishita arrives , aided by Ashok , who has reformed after being diagnosed with terminal cancer . Back in Delhi , Ishita tries to help Raman regain his memories . Pihu is kidnapped by Nikhil , who is working with Simmi and Param , and Ishita becomes paralysed in the ensuing conflict . The stress causes Raman to have a seizure and Simmi convinces the family that Ishita is the source of the stress . Ishita is warned to stay away or Raman could die . Simmi frames Aliya for the murder of a money lender , in order to force Ishita to sign divorce papers . With Mihika 's help , Ishita defeats Simmi and Param , who are ousted from the family . Ishita is welcomed back into the family . It is revealed that Ruhi was molested by Nikhil , but kept silent due to Simmi 's threats . Ishita gets Nikhil arrested and Raman remembers that Ruhi is his daughter . Simmi , still vengeful , shoots Ishita . Ishita is taken to the hospital , where Raman is convinced he shot her . Ishita becomes blind and Raman wants to be sent to an asylum , as he thinks he is a danger . Ashok dies by saving Ishita who heals . A happy Raman decides to take Ishita on a trip to London where Romi , Adi , Shagun and Aliya also arrived for their separate reasons and they all meet Roshni there . An anonymous woman named Sonakshi gupta in London who may be a spirit appears to possess Ishita . Meanwhile , Adi starts to feel for Roshni . But soon in India , the same anonymous lady follows Ishita and during an encounter with her , Ishita seeks the truth . All planning and plotting of that lady came to a tragic end when Ishita captures her . A shocking truth came into light when the woman told that she is not a spirit and not Sonakshi Gupta but she is , Aarushi , the twin sister of Sonakshi . She also reveals that Sonakshi committed Suicide because of Raman 's illegal recruitment business of which Sonakshi had fallen a prey to . Aarushi wanted to take the revenge of her sister 's death from Raman . Later , Ishita comes to know that the master mind behind this is Kiran . Through Kiran and they come to know that Suraj , brother of Ashok is behind this . Meanwhile , Adi is obsessed in the love of Roshni . Adi and Aliya 's relationship becomes worse . Later , Ruhi informs Ishita that Adi is the real mastermind who is doing fraud business with Suraj . Meanwhile , Simmi comes to know about death of Ananya mystery while Ishita were discussing . Adi forces Aliya to give divorce and Aliya goes to Ishita and tells about Adi . Raman throws Adi out of the house . Roshni agrees to marry Shantanu which is suggested by Shagun . Later , Adi kidnaps Roshni at the temple and takes her to a hill top . Meanwhile , Simmi tells the judge to arrest Pihu and Pihu is sentenced to live in juvenile home for 8 months . The seasons ends with Ishita being forced to shoot Adi as he was threatening her that he would throw acid on Roshni 's face . Eight months later ( edit ) Pihu is back from juvenile house . Ishita and Raman went to receive Pihu . There it was revealed that the whole Bhalla ( except for Ruhi and Romi ) and Iyer family ( except for Bala and Kiran ) rejected Ishita . It is then revealed that Roshni is pregnant with Adi 's child . Now starts Ishita and Raman 's hatred as Ishita is blamed by Raman for Adi 's death . Pihu is kept away from Ishita but Ruhi is on ishita side. Roshni is helped by ishita. Raman will now make Ishita 's life hell . How will ishita and Raman reunite. Aliya will find out about the baby and will try to kill it . Than there will be a battle between ishita and raman . Ishita will be harassed by goons which were sent by raman. this will be a huge twist in the love story of ishra . Find out how this track will affect the lives of ishra Cast ( edit ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Cast section is not per WP : TVPLOT . We do n't mark for the cast members describe such as `` main female lead '' , `` main male lead '' , `` parallel lead '' , `` protagonist turned antagonist '' , `` former lead '' etc. in the cast section . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main cast ( edit ) Divyanka Tripathi as Dr. Ishita Iyer / Ishita Raman Bhalla ( 2013 -- ) ( main female lead protagonist ) Karan Patel as Raman Kumar Omprakash Bhalla ( 2013 -- ) ( main male lead protagonist to main lead antagonist ) Krishna Mukherjee as Aliya Raghav / Aliya Aditya Bhalla , Mani 's neice , Ishita 's unofficial adopted daughter , Adi 's ex-wife ( 2016 -- ) ( 2nd Female Lead ) - Protagonist turned antagonist Ruhanika Dhawan as Pihu Bhalla ( previously played young Ruhi ) Raman and Ishita 's youngest daughter , Ishita 's biological child with Raman ( 2013 -- ) Aditi Bhatia as Ruhi Bhalla , Raman and Shagun 's daughter , Adi 's younger sister , Aliya 's sister - in - law and Pihu 's half - elder sister , parallel female lead ( 2016 -- ) Abhishek Verma as Aditya `` Adi '' Bhalla , Raman and Shagun 's son , Aliya 's husband , Ruhi 's elder brother and Pihu 's half - elder brother , Roshni 's ex-husband who is madly in love with her , protagonist turned antagonist ( 2016 -- 2018 ) ( dead ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Anita Hassanandani as Shagun Arora / Shagun Abhimanyu Raghav / Shagun Raman Bhalla , Mani 's wife , Mihir 's sister , Ashok 's ex-girlfriend , Raman 's ex-wife , Adi and Ruhi 's biological mother , Aliya 's step - aunt and adopted mother , former lead antagonist turned protagonist now Antagonist ( 2013 -- ) Vidisha Srivastava as Roshni , Chandan 's ex-fiancée , Adi 's ex wife and pregnant with adi 's child ( 2017 , 2018 -- ) - Protagonist Sumeet Sachdev as Abhimanyu Raghav `` Mani '' / Prakash , Shagun 's husband , Aliya 's uncle and adopted father , Ishita 's best friend ( 2014 , 2016 -- ) ; Prakash ( 2017 ) ( dead ) Kaushal Kapoor as Omprakash Bhalla `` Bhalla Ji '' , Adi , Ruhi and Pihu 's grandfather , Raman 's father , Santoshi 's husband and Ishita 's father - in - law ( 2013 -- ) . Shahnaz Rizwan ( 2013 -- 18 ) / Usha Rana as Santoshi Kaur / Santoshi Omprakash Bhalla `` Toshi '' , Adi , Ruhi , Pihu 's grandmother , Raman 's mother , Omprakash 's wife and Ishita 's mother - in - law ( 2018 -- ) Abhay Bhargava as Vishwanathan Iyer `` Vishwa '' , Adi , Ruhi , Pihu 's grandfather , Ishita 's father and Madhavi 's husband ( 2013 -- ) Neena Kulkarni as Madhavi Vishwanathan Iyer `` Madhu '' , Adi , Ruhi and Pihu 's grandmother , Ishita 's mother and Vishwanathan 's wife ( 2013 -- ) Shireen Mirza as Simran Omprakash Bhalla / Simran Parmeet Khurana `` Simmi '' , Parmeet 's wife , Ananya 's mother , Raman 's sister , protagonist turned current lead antagonist ( 2013 -- 16 ; 2017 -- ) Anurag Sharma as Parmeet Khurana `` Param '' , Simmi 's husband and Ananya 's father , current lead antagonist ( 2014 -- 15 ; 2017 -- ) Aly Goni as Romesh `` Romi '' Omprakash Bhalla , Mihika 's husband , Raman 's brother , Sarika 's ex-husband ( 2013 -- ) - Protagonist Avantika Hundal as Mihika Iyer / Mihika Romesh Bhalla / Mihika Ashok Khanna , Adi , Ruhi and Pihu 's aunt , Ishita 's cousin sister , Romi 's wife , Ashok 's ex-wife ( 2016 -- ) - Protagonist Pankaj Bhatia as Bala Chandran , Ruhi , Adi and Pihu 's uncle , Ishita 's brother - in - law , Vandita 's ex-husband , Shravan and Kshitija 's father and Kiran 's husband ( 2013 -- ) Amita Yadav as Kiran Bhalla / Kiran Bala Chandran , Raman 's business partner and Bala 's wife ( 2017 -- ) Mihir Arora as Shravan Bala Chandran `` Shravu '' , Ishita 's nephew , Bala and Vandita 's son and Kshitija 's brother ( 2016 -- ) Neeru Agarwal as Neelu , Bhalla 's maid ( 2013 -- ) Mihika Verma / Sonal Parihar as Mihika Iyer , Ishita and Vandita 's cousin sister , Madhavi 's niece , Mihir 's ex-fiancé , Ashok 's ex-wife , Romi 's 2nd wife ( replaced by Avantika ) ( 2013 -- 16 ) Shruti Bapna as Vandita lyer / Vandita Bala Chandran `` Vandu '' , Ishita and Mihika 's sister , Bala 's wife , Shravan - Kshitija 's mother ( 2013 -- 17 ) , dead ( car accident planned by Nidhi ) Raj Singh Arora as Mihir Arora , Shagun 's brother , Mihika 's ex-fiancé , Rinky 's husband , ( 2013 -- 16 ) Gautam Ahuja as Young Aditya Bhalla `` Adi '' , Raman and Shagun 's son ( 2013 -- 16 ) Sangram Singh ( actor ) as Ashok Khanna , Raman 's previous enemy , Mihika 's ex-husband , Shagun 's ex-boyfriend and Delhi MP , Ishita 's friend and Bhallas ' well - wisher ( 2013 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 ) , ( dead ; shot by a gun while saving Ishita ) a former antagonist turned protagonist Bhanujeet Sudan / Amit Tandon as Dr Subramaniam Chandran `` Subbhu '' , Devyani 's son , Ishita 's ex-fiancé , Simran 's ex-fiancé , Bala 's brother , Lakshmi 's husband ( 2013 ; 2015 ) ( left ) Anjali Ujwane as Devyani Chandran , Bala 's mother , Vandita 's mother - in - law , Shravan - Kshitija 's grandmother ( 2013 -- 16 ) ( left ) Bhavesh Bhinhani as Young Shravan Bala Chandran , Bala and Vandu 's son , Kshitija 's brother ( 2013 -- 16 ) ( replaced ) Vineet Kumar as Suraj Kumar Khanna , Ashok 's brother and Kiran 's blackmailer , Adi 's Business partner ( 2013 -- 16 ; 2018 ) Sweety Walia as Pammi Mehra , Santoshi 's friend ( 2013 -- 16 , 2018 ) Yukti Kapoor as Ishita 's colleague ( 2013 ) ( cameo appearance ) Shakti Arora ( Cameo appearance episode 1 as the boy who came to propose Ishita for marriage ) ( 2013 ) Alok Narula as Alok ( Cameo Performance Episode 1 ) ( 2013 ) Deep Jaitley as Pratik , Ishita 's ex-fiancé ( 2013 -- 14 ) Resha Konkar as Rinky Omprakash Bhalla / Rinky Mihir Arora , Santoshi and Omprakash 's daughter , Romi , Raman and Simran 's sister , Nikhi 's ex-fiancé , Mihir 's wife ( 2013 -- 15 ) ( dead ) Neel Motwani as Neel Pathak , Raman 's lawyer and friend ; Trisha 's husband ( 2014 -- 16 ) ( left ) Garima Jain as Trisha Neel Pathak , Neel 's wife ( 2014 ) Sareeka Dhillon as Sarika Singh / Sarika Romesh Bhalla , Romi 's ex-wife , Abhishek 's sister ( 2014 -- 16 ) ( left ) Gaurav Nanda as Rajeev Tandon , Raman 's friend ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( left ) Arshima Thapar as Sanjana Arora , fake sister of Mihir ( 2014 ) Karishma Sharma as Raina , Bala 's blackmailer ( 2014 ) Vivek Dahiya as Inspector Abhishek Singh ( 2015 -- 17 ) Abhilash Chaudhary as Mihika 's friend ( 2015 -- 16 ) Darshan Pandya as Prateek Sharma , Abhishek 's friend ( 2015 -- 16 ) Manoj Chandila as Dr. Manoj Paul , Shagun 's ex-fiancé ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( left ) Parveen Kaur as Dr Aditi ( psychiatrist ) ( 2015 ) Navina Bole as Dimple , Nikhil 's sister ( 2015 ) Hargun Grover as Nikhil Malhotra , Rinky 's ex-fiancé ( 2015 ) Kanisha Malhotra as ACP Shalini , a police officer , Abhishek 's friend ( 2015 ) ( left ) Shahina Surve as Lakshmi Kumar / Lakshmi Subramaniam Chandran , Subbhu 's wife ( 2015 ) ( dead ) Anju Mahendru as Sujata Kumar , Lakshmi 's mother , Subbhu 's mother - in - law ( 2015 ) ( left ) Ruchika Rajput as Vinnie 's Mother ( 2015 ) ( left ) Arishfa Khan as Vinnie ( 2015 ) ( left ) Unknown as Vinnie 's Father ( 2015 ) ( left ) Gopal Singh as Chand Mishra , bus driver who wanted to take revenge on Ashok ( 2015 ) ( left ) Priya Shinde as Dr. Anita , Ishita 's psychiatrist ( cameo ) ( 2015 ) Unknown as Kshitija Bala Chandran , Ishita 's niece and Bala - Vandita 's daughter ( 2016 -- 18 ) Kavya Ramnani as Ananya Parmeet Khurana , Adi , Ruhi & Pihu 's cousin sister , Raman 's niece , Simmi and Parmeet 's daughter , dead ( 2016 -- 17 ) Pavitra Punia as Niddhi Chhabra , Ishita 's lawyer who wanted to get revenge from Raman , an antagonist , during the seven years she was believed to be dead , Nidhi went under the alias known as `` Nimreet Chopra '' , ( jailed for killing Vandita ) ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gaurav Wadhwa as Sohail Behl , Ruhi 's ex-lover , Nidhi 's brother , antagonist ( jailed for faking Ruhi 's MMS video ) ( 2016 -- 17 ) Deepak Wadhwa as Gaurav Bajaj , Simmi 's lover ( 2016 -- 17 ) Sid Makkar as Vidyut , Ishita and Raman 's friend ( 2016 -- 17 ) Kiran Bhargava as Shobana Raghav / Shobana Venkatesh , Aliya 's grandmother , Mani 's mother , Shagun 's mother - in - law ( 2016 -- 17 ) Swati Kapoor as Sachi , Adi 's ex-fiancé ( 2016 ) ( left ) Avdeep Sidhu as Anil Nagpal , Raman 's lawyer ( dead ) ( 2016 ) Varun Khandelwal as Suyash Chadda , Amarnath 's brother , male antagonist ( 2016 ) Lalit Bisht as Amarnath Chadda , Pallavi 's husband ( dead ) ( 2016 ) Garima Kapoor as Pallavi Amarnath Chadda , Amarnath 's wife , Rohit 's mother ( 2016 ) Manish Khanna as Shyam Raichand , Shanaya 's father and Ishita 's fake father ( 2016 ) Zareena Roshan Khan as Ismail 's mother ( cameo ) ( 2016 ) Ribbhu Mehra as Nikhil , Ruhi 's ex-love interest , Aliya 's college friend , Riya 's father and Pooja 's ex-husband ( 2017 -- 18 ) Aashu Kohli as Malhotra ( 2017 ) Benazir Shaikh as Divya , Abhishek 's girlfriend ( 2017 ) Gagan Anand as Gagan , Chandan 's brother ( 2017 ) ( jailed ) Drishti Hemdev as Riya , Nikhil and Pooja 's daughter , Garewal 's granddaughter and Pihu 's friend ( 2017 ) Hritu Dudani as Pooja , Nikhil 's ex-wife , Riya 's mother ( 2017 ) Charu Mehra as Sonakshi Gupta / Aarushi Gupta , a `` fake '' spirit ( 2018 ) Guests ( edit ) Hina Khan for dance performance `` Akshara '' from Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ( 2014 ) Shraddha Kapoor and Sidharth Malhotra for promoting Ek Villain ( 2014 ) Deepika Padukone and Arjun Kapoor for promoting Finding Fanny ( 2014 ) Vidya Balan as Vasudha for promoting Hamari Adhuri Kahani ( 2015 ) Salman Khan for promoting Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2015 ) Tushar Kapoor and Aftab Shivdasani for promoting Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3 ( 2016 ) Emraan Hashmi for promoting Azhar ( 2016 ) Ranbir Kapoor and Anushka Sharma for promoting Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Devoleena Bhattacharjee for Dance Performance `` Gopi '' from Saath Nibhaana Saathiya ( 2016 ) Deepika Singh for Dance Performance `` Sandhya '' from Diya Aur Baati Hum ( 2016 ) Drashti Dhami and Alka Amin for promoting their new show Pardes Mein Hai Meraa Dil ( 2016 ) Arjun Kapoor and Shraddha Kapoor for promoting Half Girlfriend ( 2017 ) Barun Sobti for promoting his new show Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 Mahima Makwana for promoting her show Rishton Ka Chakravyuh ( 2017 ) Supriya Pathak for promoting her new show Khichdi Returns ( 2018 ) Production ( edit ) Development and premiere ( edit ) Divyanka Tripathi , Karan Patel and Ruhanika Dhawan as Raman , Ishita and Ruhi The series , produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor under the banner Balaji Telefilms is an family drama and also a love story . The show premiered at 11 : 00 pm ( IST ) on Monday on December 3 , 2013 and airs episodes from Monday to Friday . Talking about the show , Ekta said , `` My association with Star goes back a long way . We have together celebrated many successes and created iconic characters through generations . I look forward to working with them closely on this show and I am sure that the viewers will accept Ishita & Raman into their families '' . The show was initially called Mera Tera Rishta Purana but was changed to Ye Hai Mohabbatein . Casting ( edit ) Main cast of Ye Hai Mohabbatein Divyanka Tripathi Karan Patel Ruhanika Dhawan Anita Hassanandani Aditi Bhatia Television actress Divyanka Tripathi ( who is known for her role as Vidya in Banoo Main Teri Dulhann ) was selected by Kapoor to play the lead role of Ishita . Cezanne Khan ( of Kasautii Zindagii Kay fame ) was first approached to play Raman , the male lead opposite Tripathi , but was replaced by Karan Patel . Child artist Ruhanika Dhawan was chosen to play the important character of Ruhi . Actress and Bigg Boss 6 fame Sayantani Ghosh was first considered the role of the main antagonist of the show , but later Anita Hassanandani was selected to play the main negative role of the show of Shagun . The other cast included Aly Goni , Mihika Verma , Shruti Bapna , Neena Kulkarni , Shahnaz Rizwan , Kaushal Kapoor , Abhay Bhargava and Gautam Ahuja . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Ye Hai Mohabbatein awards and nominations ( hide ) Awards and nominations Award Wins Nominations Boroplus Gold Awards 15 16 Indian Telly Awards 6 6 Indian Television Academy Awards Big Star Entertainment Awards Lions Gold Awards Asian Viewers Television Awards Totals Awards won 28 Nominations 30 References As of January 2018 , the show has received 15 Boroplus Gold Awards , 6 Indian Telly Awards , 3 Indian Television Academy Awards , a Big Star Entertainment Award , 2 Lions Gold Awards and an Asian Viewers Television Award . The show has also received 22 Star Parivaar Awards from its originating network , though these can not be said to be impartial . Year Award Recipient Result 2014 7th Boroplus Gold Awards Boroplus Face Of The Year Divyanka Tripathi Won Best Actor In Lead Role ( Popular ) Karan Patel Best Actress In Negative Role ( Popular ) Anita Hassanandani 13th Indian Telly Awards Most Popular Child Artiste ( Female ) Ruhanika Dhawan Won Most Popular Actress In A Lead Role Divyanka Tripati Dahiya Most Popular Onscreen Couple Karan Patel & Divyanka Tripati Dahiya 14th Indian Television Academy Awards GR8 ! ON - Screen Couple Of The Year Karan Patel with Divyanka Tripati Dahiya Nominated Big Star Entertainment Awards Most Entertaining Actress In Lead Role ( Fiction ) Divyanka Tripati Dahiya Won 2015 21st Lions Gold Awards Best Actress / Actor In Lead Role Divyanka Tripati Dahiya Won 8th Boroplus Gold Awards Boroplus Face Of The Year Divyanka Tripati Dahiya Won Best Actor In Lead Role ( Popular ) Karan Patel Best Actress In Lead Role ( Popular ) Divyanka Tripati Dahiya Best Actress In Negative Role ( Popular ) Anita Hassanandani Best Actor In Negative Role ( Critics ) Sangram Singh Best Actor In Supporting Role ( Popular ) Raj Singh Arora 14th Indian Telly Awards Best Actor In A Lead Role Karan Patel Won Most Dynamic Personality Divyanka Tripathi Best Jodi On TV Karan Patel & Divyanka Tripati Dahiya 15th Indian Television Academy Awards Best Romantic Actor ( Male ) Karan Patel Won Best Negative Role ( Female ) Anita Hassanandani 2016 9th Boroplus Gold Awards Boroplus Face Of The Year Divyanka Tripathi Won Best Actor ( Popular ) Karan Patel Best Actress ( Popular ) Divyanka Tripati Dahiya Best Actor In A Supporting Role ( Male ) Raj Singh Arora Best Actress In A Negative Role Anita Hassanandani Best Actor In A Negative Role Sangram Singh Best Jodi Divyanka Tripati Dahiya with Karan Patel Nominated 16th Indian Television Academy Awards GR8 ! ON - Screen Couple Of The Year Karan Patel & Divyanka Tripathi Won 2017 10th Boroplus Gold Awards Best Actor In Lead Role ( Popular ) Karan Patel Won Best Actress In Lead Role ( Popular ) Divyanka Tripati Dahiya Best Actress In Negative Role ( Popular ) Anita Hassanandani Best Actor In A Supporting Role Raj Singh Arora Nominated Best Actress In A Supporting Role Aditi Bhatia Best Actor In A Negative Role Sangram Singh Reception ( edit ) Despite airing for nearly two years , Ye Hai Mohabbatein was still one of the highest - rated shows on Indian television in January 2016 when it was ranked third in TRP ratings chart . Starting in January 2017 , the show has begun to falter in the TRP ratings as the show 's focus shifted to the new generation . Nevertheless , the show is very popular in the UK , being the most - watched Indian show . The climax of Ruhi - Nikhil track leading to Ananya 's death brought a sudden spike in the ratings in the first week of November 2017 ( week 44 ) and the series secured a place amongst the Top 10 shows after almost a year off this ranking . With the Budapest track and the focus back on the main leads , the show reached the Top 5 in the second week of November 2017 ( week 45 ) . In week 46 the show further climbed to the 4th spot on the TRP chart , thus becoming the most - watched show on STAR Plus . In week 47 the show remained at No. 4 on the TRP charts and continued to be the most - watched show on STAR Plus . The show continued to do well maintaining its No. 1 position on STAR Plus in the following weeks . In week 51 , Ye Hai Mohabbatein emerged as the most - watched show across all Hindi GECs . Adaptations and international broadcast ( edit ) The show has been remade in several languages : in Tamil as Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai ( 2014 -- 2017 ) , aired on STAR Vijay . The show ended in January 2017 due to low TRP after the lead actress quit the show , deviating from the original . In Malayalam as Pranayam , aired on Asianet In Telugu as Manasupalike Mounageetham , aired 562 episodes on MAA TV In Bengali as Mon Niye Kachakachi , aired on STAR Jalsha In Sinhala as Me Adarayai , aired on Sirasa TV In Kannada as Avannu Matte Shravani , aired on Asianet Suvarna Dubbed into English In South Africa , aired on Glow TV DSTV 167 and OVHD 108 and in Star Plus South Africa / Mauritius , with episodes broadcast three and a half hours after premiering in India . It also aired on MBC Digital 4 ( Mauritius ) . In Vietnamese as Hạnh phúc muộn màng on ( ( interlanguage link Đài Phát thanh -- Truyền hình Vĩnh Long lt = THVL vi ) ) . In Thailand , it will began airing in 2018 on Bright TV ( Channel 20 ) In Cambodia , it began airing in 2016 on SEATV . In Indonesia it aired on RCTI from 19 October 2015 to 11 November 2015 under the title Ruhi Tersayang . It was rebroadcast from the first episode from 1 August 2016 on ANTV under the title Mohabbatein . In Marathi as Nakalat Saare Ghadle aired on Star Pravah . In Japan as `` これ は 愛 で あります '' aried on BS Nittele ( upcoming ) . In South Korea as `` 이것은 사랑 이다 '' aried on AsiaN ( upcoming ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury . For simplification and to avoid errors , each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Not happy with name , Ekta Kapoor changes show title thrice -- The Times of India '' . The Times of India . 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keshri , Shweta . Ekta 's latest show . The Telegraph . 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` After male lead , Ekta replaces dog in her show ! -- The Times of India '' . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 29 November 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ekta 's next based on popular novel ' Custody ' ? -- The Times of India '' . The Times of India . 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is Arvind Kejriwal upset with Yeh Hai Mohabbatein for showing Delhi Police in poor light ? '' . India.com. 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Parismita Goswami ( 14 March 2015 ) . `` ' Yeh Hai Mohabbatein ' : Will Ishita Successfully Escape with Ruhi ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Letty Mariam Abraham ( 22 November 2013 ) . `` Yeh Hai Mohabbatein : Why did Ekta Kapoor replace Cezanne Khan ? '' . Bollywoodlife.com . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Parismita Goswami ( 21 March 2016 ) . `` ' Yeh Hai Mohabbatein ' leap : Ruhi to turn into a rebellious teenager ? ( VIDEO ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Parmita Uniyal ( 30 March 2016 ) . `` Yeh Hai Mohabbatein spoiler : Nidhi to elope with Ruhi to Dubai , post leap : Soaps , News -- India Today '' . India Today . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Hai Mohabbatein team shoots in Budapest ; the show is set to take another time leap '' . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Divyanka , Anita -- Yeh Hai Mohabbatein team celebrates completion of 1000 episodes in true Bhalla style -- View HQ Pics - Bollywoodlife.com '' . Bollywoodlife.com. 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ye Hai Mohabbatein ' completes 1000 episodes ; team celebrates -- Times of India '' . Times of India . 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Hai Mohabbatein cast 's Australia shoot pics will force you to pack your bags '' . The Indian Express . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Divyanka Tripathi And Yeh Hai Mohabbatein 's Team All Set To Have A Gala Time In Budapest '' . The Indian Express . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Baddhan , Raj ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Star Plus to film ' Yeh Hai Mohabbatein ' in London '' . BizAsia . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Baddhan , Raj ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` Star Plus UK not shifting ' YHM ' from 19 : 30 slot for ' Mariam Khan ' launch '' . BizAsia . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ DNA WEB TEAM . Avantika Hundal to replace Mihika Verma in Yeh Hai Mohabbatein . Daily News and Analysis . 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Ye Hai Mohabbatein : This actor will play the new man in Ishita 's life . The Times of India . 9 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Salman Khan shakes a leg on ' Ye Hai Mohabbatein ' . Indo - Asian News Service . 8 Juli 2015 . Retrieved 18 Oktober 2016 . Jump up ^ Ankita Mehta ( 5 May 2016 ) . `` ' Yeh Hai Mohabbatein : ' Emraan Hashmi to promote ' Azhar ; ' actor shoots with the team '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` When Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 's Barun Sobti met Divyanka Tripathi and Karan Patel '' . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Plus launches romantic saga Ye Hai Mohabbatein '' . 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sayantani Ghosh approached for Balaji 's Custody '' . 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeh Hai Mohabbatein bags most awards at Star Parivaar Awards , 2014 Jump up ^ Star Parivaar Awards 2015 : Complete List Of Winners Jump up ^ Star Parivaar Awards 2015 winners list : Yeh Hai Mohabbatein and Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai walk away with maximum trophies ! Jump up ^ Ekta Kapoor 's Yeh Hai Mohabbatein wins a majority of honours at Star Parivaar Awards , 2016 Jump up ^ STAR Parivaar Awards 2016 winners list : Divyanka Tripathi bags maximum awards ! Jump up ^ Star Parivaar Awards 2017 winners list : Karan Patel , Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya , Nakuul Mehta wins the most prestigious award Jump up ^ Winners List : 7th Boroplus Gold Awards , 2017 Jump up ^ 13th Indian Telly Awards 2014 -- Winners List ; Harshad , Preetika , Karan , Divyanka Shine Bright ! Jump up ^ Yeh Hai Mohabbatein 's Divyanka Tripathi Wins Big Star Entertainment Award 2014 ! Jump up ^ `` Lions Gold Awards 2015 : Priyanka , Abhishek , Varun , Lisa shimmer at the event ( see pics ) '' . India TV News . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Prarthna . `` Zee Gold Awards 2015 Highlights , Complete Winners ' List : ' Yeh Hai Mohabbatein ' Bags Most Honours ; Karan - Divyanka 's Romance Steals the Show '' . International Business Times - India Edition . Retrieved 25 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Indian Telly Awards 2015 : Karan Patel , Kapil Sharma winners - '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Telly Awards 2015 : Karan Patel , Sriti Jha , Kapil Sharma winners '' . The Indian Express . 30 November 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ITA Awards 2015 : Karan Patel bags Best Romantic Actor trophy ; list of winners '' . India Today . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Gold Awards 2016 : Divyanka , Karan , Mouni and others walk away with trophies ; check out winners ' list '' . International Business Times - India Edition . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Goswami , Parismita ( 14 November 2016 ) . ITA Awards 2016 winners list : Rubina Dilaik , Mouni Roy , Shabir Ahluwalia and others win big . International Business Times . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Divyanka Karan win big at 10th Boroplus Gold Awards Jump up ^ Divyanka Tripathi and Karan Patel wins their third consecutive Gold Award for Ye Hai Mohabbatein Jump up ^ Parismita Goswami ( 8 January 2016 ) . `` TRP ratings : Naagin remains unbeatable ; Yeh Hai Mohabbatein beats Kumkum Bhagya '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Overnights : ' YHM ' keeps Star Plus high on Saturday '' . BizAsia Media , Entertainment , Showbiz , Events and Music . 3 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK Ratings : ' YHM ' remains top show in weekly chart '' . BizAsia Media , Entertainment , Showbiz , Events and Music . 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Urmimala . `` Divyanka Tripathi 's Yeh Hai Mohabbatein beats Naamkarann , Ishqbaaz to win back it 's spot in Top 10 shows -- here 's how ! '' . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Hai Mohabbateins ratings take a dramatic leap as Raman - Ishita fall in love again '' . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BARC TRP ratings week 45 : Kundali Bhagya continues to lead , Bigg Boss 11 out of top ten -- News Nation '' . www.newsnation.in. 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GEC Watch : Zee TV leads in U + R ; Colors continue its lead in urban '' . www.bestmediaifo.com . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Hain Mohabbatein tops the TRP charts thanks to lead actress Divyanka 's reel death drama -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New family drama on TV -- The Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 10 January 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New - age soap on cosmopolitan Kolkata Business Standard News '' . Business-standard.com . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avanu Matte Shravani New Kannada Serial On Suvarna TV '' . Indian Television News . Jump up ^ `` Cô dâu 8 tuổi và phim ngoại ồ ạt lên truyền hình Việt '' . Tuổi Trẻ Online . 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SEA Entertainment -- Timeline -- Facebook '' . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RCTI Segera Tayangkan Serial India `` Ruhi Tersayang '' , dari Produser Ekta Kapoor `` . Tabloid Bintang ( in Indonesian ) . Jump up ^ `` RCTI Hentikan Penayangan Ruhi Tersayang -- Yeh Hai Mohabbatein '' . Tabloid Bintang ( in Indonesian ) . Jump up ^ `` ANTV Ambil Alih Hak Tayang `` Ruhi Tersayang '' RCTI , Judulnya Diubah Jadi `` Mohabbatein '' `` . Tabloid Bintang ( in Indonesian ) . 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when did the death sentence end in england

Capital punishment in the United Kingdom was used from ancient times until the second half of the 20th century . The last executions in the United Kingdom were by hanging , and took place in 1964 , prior to capital punishment being abolished for murder ( in 1965 in Great Britain and in 1973 in Northern Ireland ) . Although unused , the death penalty remained a legally defined punishment for certain offences such as treason until it was completely abolished in 1998 . In 2004 the 13th Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights became binding on the United Kingdom , prohibiting the restoration of the death penalty for as long as the UK is a party to the Convention .

1998

Capital punishment in the United Kingdom

capital punishment in the united kingdom

Capital punishment in the United Kingdom was used from ancient times until the second half of the 20th century . The last executions in the United Kingdom were by hanging , and took place in 1964 , prior to capital punishment being abolished for murder ( in 1965 in Great Britain and in 1973 in Northern Ireland ) . Although unused , the death penalty remained a legally defined punishment for certain offences such as treason until it was completely abolished in 1998 . In 2004 the 13th Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights became binding on the United Kingdom , prohibiting the restoration of the death penalty for as long as the UK is a party to the Convention . Contents 1 Background 2 Reform 3 Abolition 3.1 Last executions 3.2 Last death sentences 3.3 Final abolition 3.4 Crown dependencies 3.5 Overseas territories 4 Policy regarding foreign capital punishment 5 Public support for reintroduction of capital punishment 5.1 Parliamentary debates on reintroduction 6 Parties ' stance on the issue 7 Notable executions in the United Kingdom 7.1 Before 1707 7.2 Kingdom of Great Britain , 1707 -- 1801 7.3 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , 1801 -- 1922 7.4 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , 1922 -- 1964 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Background ( edit ) Sir Samuel Romilly , speaking to the House of Commons on capital punishment in 1810 , declared that `` ( there is ) no country on the face of the earth in which there ( have ) been so many different offences according to law to be punished with death as in England '' . Known as the `` Bloody Code '' , at its height the criminal law included some 220 crimes punishable by death , including `` being in the company of Gypsies for one month '' , `` strong evidence of malice in a child aged 7 -- 14 years of age '' and `` blacking the face or using a disguise whilst committing a crime '' . Many of these offences had been introduced to protect the property of the wealthy classes that emerged during the first half of the 18th century , a notable example being the Black Act of 1723 , which created 50 capital offences for various acts of theft and poaching . Crimes eligible for the death penalty included shoplifting and stealing sheep , cattle , and horses , and before abolition of the death penalty for theft in 1832 , `` English law was notorious for prescribing the death penalty for a vast range of offenses as slight as the theft of goods valued at twelve pence . '' Whilst executions for murder , burglary and robbery were common , the death sentences for minor offenders were often not carried out . A sentence of death could be commuted or respited ( permanently postponed ) for reasons such as benefit of clergy , official pardons , pregnancy of the offender or performance of military or naval duty . Between 1770 and 1830 , an estimated 35,000 death sentences were handed down in England and Wales , of which 7,000 executions were carried out . Reform ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1808 Romilly had the death penalty removed for pickpockets and lesser offenders , starting a process of reform that continued over the next 50 years . The death penalty was mandatory ( although it was frequently commuted by the government ) until the Judgement of Death Act 1823 gave judges the power to commute the death penalty except for treason and murder . The Punishment of Death , etc . Act 1832 reduced the number of capital crimes by two - thirds . In 1832 , the death penalty was abolished for theft , counterfeiting , and forgery except for the forgery of wills and certain powers of attorney . Gibbeting was abolished in 1832 and hanging in chains was abolished in 1834 . In 1837 , the death penalty for forging wills and powers of attorney was abolished . The death penalty for rape was abolished in 1841 . In 1861 , several acts of Parliament ( 24 & 25 Vict ; c. 94 to c. 100 ) further reduced the number of civilian capital crimes to five : murder , treason , espionage , arson in royal dockyards , and piracy with violence ; there were other offences under military law . The death penalty remained mandatory for treason and murder unless commuted by the monarch . The Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1864 -- 66 concluded ( with dissenting Commissioners ) that there was not a case for abolition but recommended an end to public executions . This proposal was included in the Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1868 . From that date executions in Great Britain were carried out only in prisons . The punishment of beheading and quartering those executed for treason was abolished in 1870 . The last application of that punishment had been in 1820 and the last sentence to the punishment had been in 1839 . In 1908 , the Children Act 1908 banned the execution of juveniles under the age of 16 . In 1922 a new offence of Infanticide was introduced to replace the charge of murder for mothers killing their children in the first year of life . In 1930 a parliamentary Select Committee recommended that capital punishment be suspended for a trial period of five years , but no action was taken . From 1931 pregnant women could no longer be hanged ( following the birth of their child ) although in practice since the 18th century their sentences had always been commuted . In 1933 the minimum age for capital punishment was raised to 18 under the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 . The last known execution by the civilian courts of a person under 18 was that of Charles Dobel , 17 , hanged at Maidstone together with his accomplice William Gower , 18 , in January 1889 . Harold Wilkins , at 16 years old , was the last juvenile sentenced to the death penalty in the United Kingdom , in 1932 for a sexually related murder , but he was reprieved due to age . In 1938 the issue of the abolition of capital punishment was brought before parliament . A clause within the Criminal Justice Bill called for an experimental five - year suspension of the death penalty . When war broke out in 1939 the bill was postponed . It was revived after the war and to everyone 's surprise was adopted by a majority in the House of Commons ( 245 to 222 ) . In the House of Lords the abolition clause was defeated but the remainder of the bill was passed . Popular support for abolition was absent and the government decided that it would be inappropriate for it to assert its supremacy by invoking the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 over such an unpopular issue . Instead , then Home Secretary , James Chuter Ede , set up a new Royal Commission ( the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment , 1949 -- 1953 ) with instructions to determine `` whether the liability to suffer capital punishment should be limited or modified '' . The Commission 's report discussed a number of alternatives to execution by hanging ( including the electric chair , gas inhalation , lethal injection , shooting , and the guillotine ) , but rejected them . It had more difficulty with the principle of capital punishment . Popular opinion believed that the death penalty acted as a deterrent to criminals , but the statistics within the report were inconclusive . Whilst the report recommended abolition from an ethical standpoint , it made no mention of possible miscarriages of justice . The public had by then expressed great dissatisfaction with the verdict in the case of Timothy Evans , who was tried and hanged in 1950 for murdering his infant daughter . It later transpired in 1953 that John Christie had strangled at least six women in the same house ; he also confessed to killing Timothy 's wife . If the jury in Evans 's trial had known this , Evans may have been acquitted . There were other cases in the same period where doubts arose over convictions and subsequent hangings , such as the notorious case of Derek Bentley . The commission concluded that unless there was overwhelming public support in favour of abolition , the death penalty should be retained . Between 1900 and 1949 , 621 men and 11 women were executed in England and Wales . Ten German agents were executed during the First World War under the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 , and 16 spies were executed during the Second World War under the Treachery Act 1940 . By 1957 a number of controversial cases highlighted the issue of capital punishment again . Campaigners for abolition were partially rewarded with the Homicide Act 1957 . The Act brought in a distinction between capital and non-capital murder . Only six categories of murder were now punishable by execution : in the course or furtherance of theft by shooting or causing an explosion while resisting arrest or during an escape of a police officer of a prison officer by a prisoner the second of two murders committed on different occasions ( if both done in Great Britain ) . The police and the government were of the opinion that the death penalty deterred offenders from carrying firearms and it was for this reason that such offences remained punishable by death . Abolition ( edit ) The only known photograph of the death sentence being pronounced in England and Wales , for the poisoner Frederick Seddon in 1912 In 1965 the Labour MP Sydney Silverman , who had committed himself to the cause of abolition for longer than 20 years , introduced a Private Member 's Bill to suspend the death penalty for murder . It was passed on a free vote in the House of Commons by 200 votes to 98 . The bill was subsequently passed by the House of Lords by 204 votes to 104 . Silverman was opposed in the General Election 1966 in the Nelson and Colne constituency by Patrick Downey , the uncle of Lesley Anne Downey , a victim in the Moors murders case , who stood on an explicitly pro-hanging platform . Downey polled over 5,000 votes , 13.7 % , then the largest vote for a genuinely independent candidate since 1945 . The Murder ( Abolition of Death Penalty ) Act 1965 suspended the death penalty in Great Britain ( but not in Northern Ireland ) for murder for a period of five years , and substituted a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment ; it further provided that if , before the expiry of the five - year suspension , each House of Parliament passed a resolution to make the effect of the Act permanent , then it would become permanent . In 1969 the Home Secretary , James Callaghan , proposed a motion to make the Act permanent , which was carried in the Commons on 16 December 1969 , and a similar motion was carried in the Lords on 18 December . The death penalty for murder was abolished in Northern Ireland on 25 July 1973 under the Northern Ireland ( Emergency Provisions ) Act 1973 . Following the abolition of the death penalty for murder , the House of Commons held a vote during each subsequent parliament until 1997 to restore the death penalty . This motion was always defeated , but the death penalty remained for other crimes until the dates mentioned below : causing a fire or explosion in a naval dockyard , ship , magazine or warehouse ( until 1971 ) ; espionage ( until 1981 ) ; piracy with violence ( until 1998 ) ; treason ( until 1998 ) ; and certain purely military offences under the jurisdiction of the armed forces , such as mutiny ( until 1998 ) . Prior to its complete abolition in 1998 , it was available for six offences : serious misconduct in action ; assisting the enemy ; obstructing operations ; giving false air signals ; mutiny or incitement to mutiny ; and failure to suppress a mutiny with intent to assist the enemy . However , no executions were carried out in the United Kingdom for any of these offences after the abolition of the death penalty for murder . Nevertheless , there remained a working gallows at HMP Wandsworth , London , until 1994 , which was tested every six months until 1992 . This gallows is now housed in the Galleries of Justice in Nottingham . Last executions ( edit ) England and in the United Kingdom : on 13 August 1964 , Peter Anthony Allen , at Walton Prison in Liverpool , and Gwynne Owen Evans , at Strangeways Prison in Manchester , were executed for the murder of John Alan West on 7 April that year . Scotland : Henry John Burnett , 21 , on 15 August 1963 in Craiginches Prison , Aberdeen , for the murder of seaman Thomas Guyan . Northern Ireland : Robert McGladdery , 26 , on 20 December 1961 in Crumlin Road Gaol , Belfast , for the murder of Pearl Gamble . Wales : Vivian Teed , 24 , in Swansea on 6 May 1958 , for the murder of William Williams , sub-postmaster of Fforestfach Post Office . Last death sentences ( edit ) Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom : Liam Holden in 1973 in Northern Ireland , for the capital murder of a British soldier during the Troubles . Holden was removed from the death cell in May 1973 . In 2012 his conviction was quashed on appeal on the grounds that his confession was obtained by torture . England : David Chapman , who was sentenced to hang in November 1965 for the murder of a swimming pool nightwatchman in Scarborough . He was released from prison in 1979 and later died in a car accident . Scotland : Patrick McCarron in 1964 for shooting his wife . He committed suicide in prison in 1970 . Wales : Edgar Black , who was reprieved on 6 November 1963 . He had shot his wife 's lover in Cardiff . Final abolition ( edit ) The Criminal Damage Act 1971 abolished the offence of arson in royal dockyards . The Naval Discipline Act 1957 reduced the scope of capital espionage from `` all spies for the enemy '' to spies on naval ships or bases . Later , the Armed Forces Act 1981 abolished the death penalty for espionage . ( The Official Secrets Act 1911 had created another offence of espionage which carried a maximum sentence of fourteen years . ) Beheading was abolished as a method of execution for treason in 1973 . Hanging , however , remained available until 1998 when , under a House of Lords amendment to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 , proposed by Lord Archer of Sandwell , the death penalty was abolished for treason and piracy with violence , replacing it with a discretionary maximum sentence of life imprisonment . These were the last civilian offences punishable by death . On 20 May 1998 the House of Commons voted to ratify the 6th Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights prohibiting capital punishment except `` in time of war or imminent threat of war '' . The last remaining provisions for the death penalty under military jurisdiction ( including in wartime ) were removed when section 21 ( 5 ) of the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force on 9 November 1998 . On 10 October 2003 , effective from 1 February 2004 , the UK acceded to the 13th Protocol , which prohibits the death penalty in all circumstances . As a legacy from colonial times , several states in the West Indies still had the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the court of final appeal ; although the death penalty has been retained in these states , the Privy Council would sometimes delay or deny executions . Some of these states severed links with the British court system in 2001 by transferring the responsibilities of the Privy Council to the Caribbean Court of Justice , to speed up executions . Crown dependencies ( edit ) Further information : Capital punishment in the Isle of Man and Capital punishment in Jersey Although not part of the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man and the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey are British Crown dependencies . In the Channel Islands , the last death sentence was passed in 1984 ; the last execution in the Channel Islands was in Jersey on 9 October 1959 , when Francis Joseph Huchet was hanged for murder . The Human Rights ( Amendment ) ( Jersey ) Order 2006 amends the Human Rights ( Jersey ) Law 2000 to give effect to the 13th Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights providing for the total abolition of the death penalty . Both of these laws came into effect on 10 December 2006 . Capital punishment was abolished in Guernsey in 2003 , and the 13th Protocol was extended to Guernsey in April 2004 . Sark ( which is part of Guernsey but has its own laws ) formally retained it until January 2004 , when the Chief Pleas in a 14 -- 9 vote removed it from the statutes . The last execution on the Isle of Man took place in 1872 , when John Kewish was hanged for patricide . Capital punishment was not formally abolished by Tynwald ( the island 's parliament ) until 1993 . Five persons were sentenced to death ( for murder ) on the Isle of Man between 1973 and 1992 , although all sentences were commuted to life imprisonment . The last person to be sentenced to death in the UK or its dependencies was Anthony Teare , who was convicted at the Manx Court of General Gaol Delivery in Douglas for contract murder in 1992 ; he was subsequently retried and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1994 . In 2004 the 13th Protocol was adopted , with an effective date of 1 November 2006 . Overseas territories ( edit ) Like the Crown dependencies , the British overseas territories are constitutionally not part of the United Kingdom . However , the British government 's ultimate responsibility for good governance of the territories has led it over recent years to pursue a policy of revoking all statutory provision for the death penalty in those territories where it had up until recently been legal . The last executions in an overseas territory , and indeed the last on British soil , took place in Bermuda in 1977 , when two men , Larry Tacklyn and Erskine Burrows , were hanged for the 1973 murder of the territory 's then Governor Sir Richard Sharples . In 1991 , the British government extended an Order in Council to its Caribbean territories the effect of which was to abolish capital punishment for murder : Anguilla , the British Virgin Islands , the Cayman Islands , Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos Islands . The British government was unable to extend the abolition via Order in Council to Bermuda , the UK 's most autonomous overseas territory with powers of almost total self - governance -- but warned that if voluntary abolition was not forthcoming it would be forced to consider the unprecedented step of `` whether to impose abolition by means of an Act of Parliament '' . As a result , the Bermudian government introduced its own domestic legislation in 1999 to rectify the problem . Further measures were subsequently adopted to revoke technicalities in British overseas territories ' domestic legislation as regards use of the death penalty for crimes of treason and piracy . In October 2002 the British government abolished the death penalty for treason and piracy in the Turks and Caicos Islands . Since then , the death penalty has been outlawed under all circumstances in all the UK 's overseas territories . Policy regarding Foreign capital punishment ( edit ) Under section 94 of the Extradition Act 2003 , it is unlawful for an extradition of an individual to take place if the individual is accused of a capital crime , unless the Home Secretary has received assurances that the death penalty would not be applied in that case . Regardless of this , in July 2018 , the Government said it will not object to the United States seeking the death penalty for two suspected British members of ISIS captured by the Syrian Democratic Forces . Although not strictly an extradition case , in response to an urgent question in Parliament on the matter , the Government stated that they still held the policy `` to oppose the death penalty in all circumstances as a matter of principle '' . Public support for reintroduction of capital punishment ( edit ) Since the death penalty 's suspension in 1965 , there have been continued public and media calls for its reintroduction , particularly prompted by high - profile murder cases . At the same time , there have been a number of miscarriages of justice since 1965 where someone convicted of murder has later had their conviction quashed on appeal and been released from prison , strengthening the argument of those who oppose the death penalty 's reintroduction . These include the Birmingham Six ( cleared in 1991 of planting an IRA bomb which killed 21 people in 1974 ) , the Guildford Four ( cleared in 1989 of murdering five people in another 1974 IRA bombing ) , Stephen Downing ( a Derbyshire man who was freed in 2001 after serving 27 years for the murder of a woman in a churchyard ) and Barry George ( who was freed in 2007 when his conviction for the 1999 murder of TV presenter Jill Dando was quashed on appeal ) . Perhaps the first high - profile murder case which sparked widespread calls for a return of the death penalty was the Moors murders trial in 1966 , the year after the death penalty 's suspension , in which Ian Brady and Myra Hindley were sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders of two children and a teenager in the Manchester area ( they later confessed to a further two murders ) . Later in 1966 , the murder of three policemen in West London also attracted widespread public support for the death penalty 's return . Other subsequent high - profile cases to have sparked widespread media and public calls for the death penalty 's return include `` Yorkshire Ripper '' Peter Sutcliffe , convicted in 1981 of murdering 13 women and attacking seven others in the north of England , Roy Whiting , who murdered a seven - year - old girl in West Sussex in 2000 , and Ian Huntley , a Cambridgeshire school caretaker who killed two 10 - year - old girls in 2002 . A November 2009 television survey showed that 70 % favoured reinstating the death penalty for at least one of the following crimes : armed robbery , rape , crimes related to paedophilia , terrorism , adult murder , child murder , child rape , treason , child abuse or kidnapping . However , respondents only favoured capital punishment for adult murder , the polling question asked by other organisations such as Gallup , by small majorities or pluralities : overall , 51 % favoured the death penalty for adult murder , while 56 % in Wales did , 55 % in Scotland , and only 49 % in England . In August 2011 , the Internet blogger Paul Staines -- who writes a political blog as Guido Fawkes and heads the Restore Justice Campaign -- launched an e-petition on the Downing Street website calling for the restoration of the death penalty for those convicted of the murder of children and police officers . The petition was one of several in support or opposition of capital punishment to be published by the government with the launch of its e-petitions website . Petitions attracting 100,000 signatures would prompt a parliamentary debate on a particular topic , but not necessarily lead to any Parliamentary Bills being put forward . When the petition closed on 4 February 2012 it had received 26,351 signatures in support of restoring capital punishment , but a counter-petition calling to retain the ban on capital punishment received 33,455 signatures during the same time period . Also in August 2011 , a representative survey conducted by Angus Reid Public Opinion showed that 65 % of Britons support reinstating the death penalty for murder in Great Britain , while 28 % oppose this course of action . Men and respondents aged over 35 are more likely to endorse the change . In March 2015 a survey by the NatCen British Social Attitudes Report showed that public support for the death penalty had dropped to 48 per cent . Parliamentary Debates on reintroduction ( edit ) After Royal Assent for the Murder ( Abolition of Death Penalty ) Act 1965 , supporters in Parliament have made several attempts to reintroduce capital punishment . On 23 November 1966 , Duncan Sandys was refused leave to bring in a Bill to restore capital punishment for the murder of police or prison officers , by a vote of 170 to 292 . Motions to make the five - year suspension of capital punishment under the 1965 Act permanent were opposed , but agreed by 343 to 185 in the House of Commons ; in the House of Lords , an amendment to continue with a temporary suspension of capital punishment until 31 July 1973 was rejected by 174 to 220 . In April 1973 , the House of Commons voted against reintroduction . The deaths of civilians in several IRA bombings in 1974 prompted a renewed debate . On 11 December 1974 Brian Walden moved a motion declaring that `` the death penalty would neither deter terrorists nor increase the safety of the public '' ; Jill Knight moved an amendment calling instead for introduction of legislation providing for death to be the penalty for acts of terrorism causing death . Her amendment was rejected by 217 to 369 . A year later , Ivan Lawrence 's motion `` That this House demands capital punishment for terrorist offences causing death '' was rejected by 232 to 361 . After the Conservatives ' victory in the 1979 general election , Eldon Griffiths ( Parliamentary adviser to the Police Federation of England and Wales ) moved a motion `` that the sentence of capital punishment should again be available to the courts '' on 19 July 1979 . While the motion was not expected to pass , the margin of its defeat ( 243 to 362 ) was much wider than expected . Later in the same Parliament , the Criminal Justice Bill provided an opportunity on 11 May 1982 for several new clauses to be proposed which would have reinstated capital punishment . The first , which simply declared that `` A person convicted of murder shall be liable to capital punishment '' , was tabled by Edward Gardner , and rejected by 195 to 357 . It was followed by an alternative under which capital punishment would be available `` as the penalty for an act of terrorism involving the loss of human life '' ; this new clause was rejected by 176 to 332 . A further new clause proposing capital punishment `` as the penalty for murder by means of firearms or explosives '' was rejected by 176 to 343 . Then a new clause allowing for capital punishment `` as the penalty for murder of a police or prison officer '' was rejected by 208 to 332 . Finally a new clause allowing capital punishment `` as the penalty for murder in the course of robbery and burglary which involves the use of offensive weapons '' was rejected by 151 to 331 . The new Parliament in 1983 again prompted supporters of capital punishment to put their case . Sir Edward Gardner 's motion `` That this House favours the restoration of the death penalty for murder '' was debated on 13 July 1983 , with several amendments moved to restrict capital punishment to certain categories of murder . The amendments were voted on first : capital punishment for murder `` resulting from acts of terrorism '' was rejected by 245 to 361 , for murder `` of a police officer during the course of his duties '' by 263 to 344 , for murder `` of a prison officer during the course of his duties '' by 252 to 348 , for murder `` by shooting or causing an explosion '' by 204 to 374 , and for murder `` in the course or furtherance of theft '' by 194 to 369 . The main motion was then defeated by 223 to 368 . Towards the end of the Parliament , a new clause proposed to the Criminal Justice Bill proposed to return the death penalty for `` A person convicted by the unanimous verdict of a jury of the premeditated killing of another person or of knowingly and intentionally killing another person in a manner , or for a reason , or in circumstances which a reasonable person would consider to be evil '' was rejected by 230 to 342 on 1 April 1987 . The Criminal Justice Bill in 1988 provided a further opportunity for a debate ; the new clause proposed by Roger Gale allowed for the jury in a murder case to `` have the power , upon reaching a verdict of guilt of murder , to recommend ... death in the manner authorised by law '' . It was rejected by 218 to 341 . The aforementioned bills were rejected despite support from then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . On 17 December 1990 a new Criminal Justice Bill again saw amendments designed to reintroduce capital punishment . The first covered anyone over 18 `` convicted of the murder of a police officer acting in the execution of his duty '' and was rejected by 215 to 350 ; a general reintroduction of death as the penalty for murder ( with special provision for the Court of Appeal to decide whether to substitute a life sentence ) was then rejected by 182 to 367 . Capital punishment for `` murder committed by means of firearms , explosives or an offensive weapon , or for the murder of a police or prison officer '' was rejected by 186 to 349 . The most recent Parliamentary debate on a question proposing reintroduction of capital punishment came on 21 February 1994 when new clauses to the Criminal Justice and Public Order Bill were moved . The first , providing for death as the sentence for `` the murder of a police officer acting in the execution of his duty '' , was rejected by 186 to 383 ; A new clause providing for general reintroduction with power for the Court of Appeal to substitute life imprisonment was rejected by 159 to 403 . This would have been aimed at terrorists in the Northern Ireland conflict . In June 2013 a new bill for capital punishment in England and Wales was introduced . This Bill has been withdrawn and will not progress any further . Parties ' stance on the issue ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following parties support the reintroduction of capital punishment : National Front ( NF ) British National Party ( BNP ) British Democratic Party Britain First Notable executions in the United Kingdom ( edit ) Note : This list does not include the beheadings of nobility . Before 1707 ( edit ) 13 April 1546 : Alice Glaston , the youngest known girl legally executed in England , at age 11 for an unknown offence . 23 February 1629 : John Dean , the youngest known person legally executed in England , at age 8 or 9 for arson . 30 January 1649 : King Charles I , the only English or Scottish King to be executed , was found guilty of high treason by 59 commissioners and was beheaded . Kingdom of Great Britain , 1707 -- 1801 ( edit ) 16 November 1724 : Jack Sheppard , housebreaker , was hanged at Tyburn for burglary after four successful escape attempts from jail . His partner - in - crime , highwayman Joseph `` Blueskin '' Blake , was executed for the same burglary five days earlier . 24 May 1725 : Jonathan Wild , criminal overlord and fraudulent `` Thief Taker General '' , was hanged at Tyburn for receiving stolen goods and thus aiding criminals . 7 April 1739 : Dick Turpin , infamous highwayman , was hanged . 30 July 1746 : nine Catholic members of the Manchester Regiment , Jacobites , were hanged , drawn and quartered for treason at Kennington Common ( now Kennington Park ) . 9 April 1747 : Simon Fraser , 11th Lord Lovat , Jacobite leader and Scottish Clan chief , at Tower Hill , the last man to be publicly beheaded in Britain . 3 October 1750 : James MacLaine , ' The Gentleman Highwayman ' , was hanged at Tyburn , London 14 March 1757 : John Byng became the only British admiral executed , by firing squad by the Royal Navy . His crime was having failed to `` do his utmost '' at the Battle of Minorca during the Seven Years ' War . 5 May 1760 : Laurence Shirley , 4th Earl Ferrers was executed at Tyburn for the murder of a servant . He was the last peer to be hanged ( reputedly by a silken rope ) and is the only peer to have been hanged for murder . 18 March 1789 : Catherine Murphy , a counterfeiter , was the last woman in England to be burned at the stake ( though she was in fact strangled before the fire was lit , and thus not literally burned to death ) . The penalty of burning at the stake , which at the time applied to women and not to men , was abolished the next year . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , 1801 -- 1922 ( edit ) 13 November 1805 : Richard Harding was hanged for knowingly uttering playing cards with forged ace of spades . 18 May 1812 : John Bellingham was hanged for the murder of Prime Minister Spencer Perceval . 8 September 1820 : Andrew Hardie and John Baird were hanged and beheaded at Stirling after being tried for their part in the Radical War in Scotland . 11 August 1828 : William Corder was hanged at Bury St Edmunds for the murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn a year before . 9 August 1856 : Elizabeth Martha Brown was the last woman to be hanged in public in the English county of Dorset ; her hanging is notable in part because it influenced Thomas Hardy , an eyewitness , in his portrayal of the execution of the fictional heroine of Tess of the D'Urbervilles . 27 August 1861 : Martin Doyle was the last person to be hanged for attempted murder , at Chester . 29 April 1862 : Mary Timney 's hanging was the last public execution of a woman in Scotland . 14 November 1864 : Franz Muller was hanged for the murder of Thomas Briggs , the first murder committed on a British train . 2 April 1868 : Frances Kidder was the last woman to be hanged in public in Britain . 26 May 1868 : Fenian Michael Barrett was executed at Newgate Prison for mass murder . He had participated in the Clerkenwell explosion , which had killed 12 people . His execution was the last public hanging in the UK . 19 July 1899 : Mary Ansell was hanged at St Albans , for poisoning her sister . At 22 , she was the youngest woman to be hanged in the post-1868 ' modern era ' ( non-public , and by the ' long drop ' method ) . 23 November 1910 : Hawley Harvey Crippen was hanged in London 's Pentonville Prison for poisoning his wife . 8 September 1914 : Private Thomas Highgate was executed by firing squad , the first British soldier to be executed for desertion during World War I . 13 August 1915 : George Joseph Smith was hanged in Maidstone Prison for the pattern of serial killings known as the `` Brides in the Bath Murders '' . 3 August 1916 : Roger Casement was hanged at Pentonville for treason , he was convicted of conspiring with Germany , then at war with the United Kingdom , to incite insurrection in Ireland and to incite Irish soldiers serving in the British Army to mutiny . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , 1922 -- 1964 ( edit ) 9 January 1923 : Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters , in London 's Holloway and Pentonville Prisons respectively , for the murder of Thompson 's husband . The case was controversial because , although in letters Thompson had fantasised about the possible elimination of her husband , there was no firm evidence that she was in any way connected with the murder for which she was hanged . 3 January 1931 : Victor Betts for murder committed during the course of a robbery . The case had established that a person need not be present when a crime is committed to be regarded as an accessory after the fact . 31 July 1940 : Udham Singh , an Indian independence activist , at Pentonville Prison . He had assassinated the Indian administrator Sir Michael O'Dwyer . 15 August 1941 : Josef Jakobs , a German spy , was executed by firing squad , the last execution in the Tower of London . 19 December 1945 ; John Amery , a British fascist and Nazi collaborator , pleaded guilty of eight charges of treason . Hanged at Wandsworth Prison in London . 3 January 1946 : William Joyce , better known as `` Lord Haw - Haw '' , for treason in London 's Wandsworth Prison . He was an American citizen , but was convicted of treason because , as the holder of a British passport ( albeit fraudulently obtained ) , he was held to have owed allegiance to the British sovereign . Theodore Schurch , hanged for treachery the next day , was the last person to be executed for an offence other than murder ; he was executed at Pentonville . As a member of the armed forces he had been tried by court - martial . 27 February 1947 : Walter Rowland in Manchester for the murder of Olive Balchin despite maintaining his innocence . While he had been awaiting execution , another man confessed to the crime . A Home Office report dismissed the latter 's confession as a fake , but in 1951 he attacked another woman and was found guilty but insane . 12 January 1949 : Margaret Allen , aged 43 , for killing a 70 - year - old woman in the course of a robbery , the first woman to be hanged in Britain for 12 years . 10 August 1949 : John George Haigh , the `` acid - bath murderer '' , at Wandsworth . 9 March 1950 : Timothy Evans at Pentonville for the murder of his baby daughter Geraldine at 10 Rillington Place , North West London . He initially claimed to have killed his wife , but later withdrew the claim . A fellow inhabitant at the same address , John Christie , later found to be a sexual serial killer , gave key evidence against Evans . Christie was executed in 1953 for the murder of his own wife . Evans received a posthumous pardon in 1966 . In 2004 the Court of Appeal refused to consider overturning the conviction due to the costs and resources that would be involved . See John Christie ( murderer ) . 28 March 1950 : George Kelly at Liverpool for murder , but had his conviction quashed posthumously by the Court of Appeal in June 2003 . 25 April 1952 : Edward Devlin and Alfred Burns , for killing a woman during a robbery in Liverpool . They claimed that they had been doing a different burglary in Manchester , and others involved in the crime supported this . A Home Office report rejected this evidence . Huge crowds gathered outside Liverpool 's Walton Prison as they were executed . 3 September 1952 : Mahmood Hussein Mattan , a Somali seaman , in Cardiff for murder . The Court of Appeal quashed his conviction posthumously in 1998 after hearing that crucial evidence implicating another Somali was withheld at his trial . 28 January 1953 : Derek Bentley at Wandsworth Prison as an accomplice to the murder of a police officer by his 16 - year - old friend Christopher Craig . Craig , a minor , was not executed and instead served 10 years . Bentley was granted a partial posthumous pardon on 29 July 1993 , and the Court of Appeal fully overturned his conviction on 30 July 1998 . 15 July 1953 : John Christie at Pentonville for the murder of his wife Ethel . Christie was a serial killer and had murdered at least six other women ( see also entry on Timothy Evans above ) . 13 December 1954 : Styllou Christofi , aged 53 , penultimate woman executed in Britain . 13 July 1955 : Ruth Ellis , aged 28 , the last woman to be hanged in Britain . She was the 15th and youngest woman hanged in the 20th century . 6 May 1958 : Vivian Teed , 24 , in Swansea , the last person to be executed in Wales . 11 July 1958 : Peter Manuel , aged 31 , second to last person to be hanged in HM Prison Barlinnie and the third to last to be hanged in Scotland . 5 November 1959 : Guenther Podola , the last person to be hanged for the murder of a policeman . 10 November 1960 : Francis Forsyth , the last 18 - year - old to be executed in Britain . 22 December 1960 : Anthony Miller , 19 , in Glasgow 's Barlinnie Prison , the last teenager to be executed in Britain . 20 December 1961 : Robert McGladdery , 25 , in Crumlin Road Gaol in Belfast , the last person to be executed in Northern Ireland , for the murder of Pearl Gamble in Newry . 4 April 1962 : James Hanratty at Bedford after a controversial rape - murder trial . In 2002 Hanratty 's body was exhumed and the Court of Appeal upheld his conviction after Hanratty 's DNA was linked to crime scene samples . 15 August 1963 : Henry Burnett , aged 21 , at Craiginches Prison in Aberdeen for the murder of seaman Thomas Guyan , the last hanging in Scotland . 13 August 1964 : Peter Anthony Allen , at Walton Prison in Liverpool , and Gwynne Owen Evans , at Strangeways Prison in Manchester for the murder of John Alan West , the last people executed in Britain . See also ( edit ) English criminal law Black cap Christopher Simcox Courts of the United Kingdom Execution by firing squad in the United Kingdom List of executioners Shot at Dawn Memorial Use of capital punishment by country Wrongful execution Capital punishment in Hong Kong Capital punishment in Singapore References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hoffman & Rowe 2010 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . House of Commons . 9 February 1810 . col. 366 -- 374 . ^ Jump up to : Manta , Irina D. ( 2011 ) . `` The Puzzle of Criminal Sanctions for Intellectual Property Infringement '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Journal of Law & Technology . 24 ( 2 ) : 474 . Jump up ^ `` Punishments at the Old Bailey -- Late 17th Century to Early 19th Century '' . The Old Bailey Proceedings Online . 2003 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Gatrell , V.A.C. , The Hanging Tree , OUP , Oxford , 1994 Jump up ^ Coinage Offences Act 1832 and Forgery , Abolition of Punishment of Death Act 1832 Jump up ^ `` Hanging in the Balance : A History of the Abolition of Capital Punishment in Britain -- by Brian P Block and John Hostettler '' . watersidepress.co.uk . Jump up ^ Great Britain . Royal Commission on Capital Punishment ( 1864 -- 66 ) Royal Commission on Capital Punishment together with the minutes of evidence and appendix . London , 1866 . ( Parliamentary Papers . Session 1866 . vol. 21 ) Jump up ^ Forfeiture Act 1870 ( repealing part of section 1 of Treason Act 1814 ) . Jump up ^ Chase , Malcolm ( 2007 ) , Chartism : A New History , Manchester : Manchester University Press , ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6087 - 7 , pp. 137 - 140 Jump up ^ Abbott , Geoffrey ( 2005 ) ( 1994 ) , Execution , a Guide to the Ultimate Penalty , Chichester , West Sussex : Summersdale Publishers , ISBN 1 - 84024 - 433 - X , pp. 161 - 162 Jump up ^ Lorraine Radford ( 5 April 2012 ) . Rethinking Children , Violence and Safeguarding . A&C Black . pp. 19 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 558 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` TREACHERY BILL '' . millbanksystems.com . Jump up ^ `` Executions '' . millbanksystems.com . Jump up ^ Photography in and near law courts was criminalised by the Criminal Justice Act 1925 Jump up ^ `` Murder ( Abolition of Death Penalty ) Act 1965 '' . UK Statute Law Database . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 : MPs vote to abolish hanging '' . `` On This Day '' . BBC . 2005 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Twitchell , Neville ( 2012 ) . The Politics of the Rope . Bury Saint Edmunds : Arena Books . p. 287 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906791 - 98 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` MURDER ( ABOLITION OF DEATH PENALTY ) '' . Hansard , 16 December 1969 . Jump up ^ `` MURDER ( ABOLITION OF DEATH PENALTY ) ACT 1965 '' . Hansard , 18 December 1969 . Jump up ^ The Naval Discipline Act 1957 , section 93 ; previously the Naval Discipline Act ( 1866 ) , section 6 . Jump up ^ `` Statutelaw.gov.uk '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Notts treasures : Britain 's last working gallows '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Last executions in the UK '' . Stephen-stratford.com . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Capitalpunishmentuk.org '' . Capitalpunishmentuk.org . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executions in Northern Ireland '' . capitalpunishmentuk.org . Jump up ^ Ian Cobain ( 21 June 2012 ) . `` Army ' waterboarding victim ' who spent 17 years in jail is cleared of murder '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Naval Discipline Act 1957 , section 93 '' . statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Armed Forces Act 1981 ( c. 55 ) , section 17 -- Statute Law Database '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Treason Act 1814 section 2 , repealed in England by Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1973 ( c. 39 ) , Sch. 1 Pt . V . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Act 1998 ( Amendment ) Order 2004 '' . opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Protocol '' . conventions.coe.int . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ( 15 February 2001 ) . `` Caribbean severs link to privy council '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/islands.html Archived 8 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights ( Amendment ) ( Jersey ) Order 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights ( Jersey ) Law 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Report by the Bailiwick of Guernsey Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ( page 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Sark abolishes death penalty '' . BBC News . 21 January 2004 . Jump up ^ UN Human Rights report para. 46 Jump up ^ `` firedrake.org/drpete/manx2.htm '' . Firedrake.org . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Act 2001 ( 13th Protocol ) Order 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 2001 ( APPOINTED DAY ) ( No. 2 ) ORDER 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taking Liberties : Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . British Library . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Caribbean Territories ( Abolition of Death Penalty for Murder ) Order 1991 '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership for Progress and Prosperity : Britain and the Overseas Territories , ( 1999 ) page 21 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty International : Bermuda shows the way forward '' . Amnesty International . 7 January 2000 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Death penalty abolished on all British territory -- Times Online , 23 October 2002 . ( Retrieved 5 June 2016 . ) Jump up ^ `` Amber Rudd ' perplexed ' by decision to give US option to potentially execute British - born jihadists '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Section 94 at legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-23/britain-will-not-block-death-penalty-for-is-suspects:-reports/10027240 Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/22/uk-drops-death-penalty-guantanamo-opposition-opens-door-execution/ Jump up ^ `` Foreign Fighters and the Death Penalty - Hansard '' . hansard.parliament.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Death penalty ' proper punishment ' for some crimes -- MP '' . BBC News . 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Welch , Francis ( 5 April 2011 ) . `` Our dedication to the death penalty '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Police Killer Could Be Freed '' . nnet-server.com . Jump up ^ Faith Eckersall . `` Faith Eckersall looks at the capital punishment debate '' . Bournemouth Echo . Jump up ^ `` Police ovation for mother of Sarah '' . thefreelibrary.com . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Will & Testament : Who cares about Ian Huntley ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Survey for Channel 4 on attitudes towards the death penalty '' . Ipsos MORI. 28 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Cafe , Rebecca ( 4 August 2011 ) . `` Does the public want the death penalty brought back ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` E-petitions urge MPs to debate return of death penalty '' . BBC News . 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Restore Capital Punishment , epetitions.direct.gov.uk Jump up ^ Petition to retain the ban on Capital Punishment , epetitions.direct.gov.uk Jump up ^ Canseco , Mario ( 23 August 2011 ) . `` Most Britons Support Reinstating the Death Penalty for Murder '' ( PDF ) . ARPO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Support for death penalty below 50 % , Metro , 27 March 2015 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 736 cols 1409 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 793 cols 1148 -- 1297 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HL 5ser vol 306 cols 1264 -- 1321 . Jump up ^ `` Restoration of Capital Punishment Bill '' . Hansard 1803 -- 2005 . 11 April 1973 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 883 cols 518 -- 640 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 902 cols 663 -- 728 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 970 cols 2019 -- 2125 . Jump up ^ Hoggart , Simon ( 20 July 1979 ) . `` Death penalty rejected by 119 in Commons '' . The Guardian . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 608 -- 686 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 686 -- 690 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 691 -- 694 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 694 -- 698 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 23 cols 698 -- 701 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 45 cols 882 -- 986 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 113 cols 1115 -- 1191 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 134 cols 743 -- 807 , 807 -- 818 . Jump up ^ `` TV Interview for Channel 4 A plus 4 ( Brighton Bomb ) '' . margaretthatcher.org . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 183 cols 22 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 183 cols 116 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 183 cols 124 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 238 cols 24 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 6ser vol 238 cols 70 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Katie Engelhart ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Thatcher Wanted to Reinstate Death Penalty for Northern Irish ' Terrorists , ' Show Newly Released Files '' . Vice News . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Page not found '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ Butler , Sir Thomas ( 1861 ) . The Cambrian Journal , 49 . London . p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Glaston '' . wordpress.com. 19 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Children & juvenile executions '' . www.capitalpunishmentuk.org . Jump up ^ Samantha Lyon ( 2013 ) . A Grim Almanac of Shropshire . The History Press . Jump up ^ deVire , David ( 2016 ) . Tail of the Tigress : Views on the Road to Gender Equality . Backdaw Publishing . p. 211 . ISBN 9780995457614 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ BUTLER , Sir Thomas ( 1861 ) . Extracts from the Register of Sir Thomas Butler , Vicar of Much Wenlock , in Shropshire ( 1538 - 1562 ) ... By the Rev. Charles Henry Hartshorne . Reprinted from the `` Cambrian Journal , '' etc . R. Mason . p. 11 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hale , Matthew ( 1800 ) . Historia Placitorum Coronæ : The History of the Pleas of the Crown , by Sir Matthew Hale. 1 . London : Printed by E. Rider , for T. Payne , H.L. Gardner , W. Otridge , E. and R. Brooke and J. Rider ( and seven others in London ) . p. 24 . OCLC 645127647 . Jump up ^ Cust , Richard ( 2005 ) , Charles I : A Political Life , Harlow : Pearson Education , ISBN 0 - 582 - 07034 - 1 Jump up ^ Timothy Vance Kaufman - Osborn ( 2002 ) . From noose to needle : capital punishment and the late liberal state . Law , meaning , and violence . University of Michigan Press . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08890 - 4 . Jump up ^ James Holbert Wilson ( 1853 ) . Temple bar , the city Golgotha , by a member of the Inner Temple . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Rinaldi , Giancarlo ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` Mary Timney : the last woman publicly hanged in Scotland '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Patrick Wilson ( 1971 ) . Murderess : a study of the women executed in Britain since 1843 . Joseph . pp. 151 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Slapper , Gary ( 23 June 2008 ) . `` The cases that changed Britain : 1917 -- 1954 '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry Cecil , `` Trial of Walter Graham Rowland '' , David & Charles , 1975 , passim but in particular p. 19 . Jump up ^ Moles , Dr Robert N. ; Bibi Sangha . `` R v Mahmoud Hussein Mattan ( Hanged ) Court of Appeal 24 February 1998 '' . Networked Knowledge . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Block & Hostettler ( 1997 ) pp. 11 -- 17 Bibliography ( edit ) Hoffman , David ; Rowe , John ( 2010 ) , Human Rights in the UK : An Introduction to the Human Rights Act of 1998 ( 3 ed . ) , Pearson Longman , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 7403 - 8 Brian P. Block ; John Hostettler ( 1997 ) , Hanging in the balance : a history of the abolition of capital punishment in Britain , Waterside Press , ISBN 1 - 872870 - 47 - 3 Harry Potter ( 1993 ) , Hanging in Judgment : Religion and the Death Penalty in England from the Bloody Code to Abolition , London , SCM Press ISBN 0 - 334 - 02533 - 8 External links ( edit ) A comprehensive site about capital punishment in the UK ' Hanging With Frank ' ( video showing UK execution protocol at the old gallows in Barlinnie Prison ) Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Guatemala Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Stoning Crucifixion Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged , drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=856853486 '' Categories : Legal history of the United Kingdom Capital punishment in the United Kingdom English criminal law Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from October 2015 Use dmy dates from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Svenska ไทย Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 23 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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football teams that play in green and red

List of football club nicknames in the United Kingdom

list of football club nicknames in the united kingdom

This is a list of nicknames for United Kingdom football clubs . Nicknames are usually preceded by ' The ' . The origins of some nicknames are unclear with various stories being put forward .

The usual basis for nicknames are : Local industry Colour ( s ) of home strip Name of club Name of area or ground Logo Contents ( hide ) 1 England 1.1 Defunct clubs 2 Northern Ireland 3 Scotland 4 Wales 5 See also 6 References England ( edit ) Main article : Football in England Nickname Club ( s ) Reason Addicks Charlton Athletic A corruption of the word ' haddocks ' , named after a local fish and chip shop Ash Trees Ashford Town The emblem of the town , derived both from the name of the town and from the large tree that stood in the centre of the town for many years Atom Men AFC Aldermaston Named after the local Atomic Weapons Research Establishment Avenue Bradford Park Avenue The club has always been known colloquially as `` Avenue '' Badgers Stalybridge Celtic Baggies West Bromwich Albion Acquired when the players played in long shorts Bantams Bradford City A reference to the claret and amber colours of the club 's strip Beavers Hampton & Richmond Borough From the name of the ground , Beveree , itself named after a mansion in whose former grounds it is situated . Bees Basildon Based on colour of home strip Barnet Based on colour of home strip Brentford Misinterpretation of an 1890s chant `` Buck up Bs '' Biscuitmen Reading Referred to former Huntley and Palmers biscuit factory in the town ( not used since the 1980s ) Black Cats Sunderland Named after the Black Cat gun battery which stood on the river Wear . Also references the lucky black cat which led to the team winning the FA Cup Blades Sheffield United Local links with steel and cutlery . Blues Birmingham City Colour of home football kit Chelsea Colour of home football kit Everton Colour of home football kit Grays Athletic Colour of home football kit Ipswich Town Colour of home football kit Shrewsbury Town Colour of home football kit Southend United Colour of home football kit Worcester City Wycombe Wanderers Colour of home football kit Boro Harrow Borough Based on club 's name Middlesbrough Short version of name Stevenage Short version of original name , Stevenage Borough Brewers Burton Albion Local links to the brewing industry Bucks AFC Telford United Derived from stadium name New Bucks Head ( previously The Bucks Head ) which was named after a pub that was formerly situated in one corner of the ground Bury St Margaretsbury Short version of name Canaries Norwich City Due to popularity of canary breeding in Norfolk in the early days of the club . The home strip became coloured to match the colour of the bird . Since 1922 , is ( part of ) the club 's badge . ( See Norwich_City_F. C. # Colours_and_crest ) . Castle Newcastle Town F.C. Short version of name Cards / Cardinals Woking From the Cardinal red of the red and white shirt halves , cards being a shortening of the nickname Carpetmen Kidderminster Harriers The modern carpet industry was founded in the area Chairboys Wycombe Wanderers Local links to the furniture making industry Cherries Bournemouth Stadium built on a cherry tree orchard Citizens Manchester City Derived from ' City ' Citizens Norwich City Derived from ' City ' . Original nickname for Norwich , now superseded by Canaries ( see above ) Clarets Burnley Colour of home strip Cobblers Northampton Town Local links to the shoe making industry Cod Army Fleetwood Town Local links to the fishing industry Cottagers Fulham From club 's ground , Craven Cottage , which has a cottage in the corner Cumbrians Carlisle United From Cumbria , the county the club are from Daggers Dagenham & Redbridge Based on club name Dale Rochdale Short version of name Diamonds Rushden & Diamonds Short version of name , used by its predecessor club Dolly Blues Lancaster City Derived from the fact that team originally played in the same colour as the ' Dolly Blue ' washing tablets Donny Doncaster Rovers The regional nickname of the town Dons AFC Wimbledon See Wimbledon F.C. Hendon F.C. Taken from latter part of ' Hendon ' MK Dons See Wimbledon F.C. Eagles Bedford Town The emblem of Bedford features an eagle Crystal Palace Introduced during the managership of Malcolm Allison in 1973 . Origin unknown . FCUM FC United of Manchester Abbreviation of the club 's name Filberts Leicester City Seldom used , derives from previous ground being located on Filbert Street Fleet Gravesend and Northfleet Short version of name Fosse Leicester City Original name was Leicester Fosse , which derived from The Fosse Way . Name still in use by commentator Stuart Hall Foxes Leicester City Outline of Leicestershire on a map resembles a fox 's head , Hunting tradition of the county Gas Bristol Rovers Old ground next door to a Gasworks Gills Gillingham Short version of name Glassboys Stourbridge F.C. Stourbridge was a centre of glass making Glaziers Crystal Palace Reference to The Crystal Palace . No longer used Glovers Yeovil Town Local links to the glove making industry Grecians Exeter City Grecians was , for centuries , the nickname for people from the St Sidwells parish of Exeter where the ground is situated Greens Hendon F.C. The club 's home colours Gulls Torquay United Seaside link Gunners Arsenal Local links to military arsenal / due to the founders was in fact workers on a local arms factory Hammers West Ham United Although this may initially appear to be based on a simple shortening of the name , observation of the club 's crest will reveal crossed metalworking / rivetting hammers , indicating the club 's origins as the football team of Thames Ironworks Harriers Kidderminster Harriers Short version of name Hatters Luton Town Local links to hat making industry Stockport County One of Cheshire 's and Britain 's main hatting industry towns Heed Gateshead Based on shortening of Gateshead , and the local pronunciation of Head Hoops Queens Park Rangers Design of home strip Hornets Watford Colour of strip Imps Lincoln City Legend of the imp statue in Lincoln Cathedral ( also `` Red Imps '' ) Ingfielders Ossett Town So nicknamed after the name of the ground , Ingfield ) Iron Scunthorpe United Local links to the iron industry Braintree Town The club was formed as Manor Works , the works team of the Crittall Window Company , from which they gained their nickname Iron . Irons West Ham United The club 's origins as the football team of Thames Ironworks Knitters Hinckley United Local links to the Knitwear and Hosiery industry Lambs Tamworth Team plays at The Lamb Ground , named after a local pub Latics Oldham Athletic Short version of name Wigan Athletic Short version of name Lilywhites Preston North End Colour of home strip Fulham Colour of home strip Cambridge City Colour of home strip Tottenham Hotspur Colour of home strip Linnets Burscough Name of a bird sometimes known as the ' green linnet ' ; nickname used for teams that play in green King 's Lynn Town F.C. Also formerly used by its predecessor club King 's Lynn F.C. Runcorn Linnets Name of a bird sometimes known as the ' green linnet ' ; nickname used for teams that play in green . Also used by related now dissolved Runcorn F.C. Halton Lions Aston Villa Featured on badge Guiseley A.F.C. Millwall Featured on badge Magpies Newcastle United Based on black and white colour of home strip Notts County Based on black and white colour of home strip Maidenhead United Based on black and white colour of home strip . Chorley Based on black and white colour of home strip . Mariners Grimsby Town The club is based on the coast Millers Rotherham United Based on ground name ( Millmoor ) Minstermen York City York Minster is a famous landmark in the city Monkey hangers Hartlepool United During the Napoleonic wars the citizens of Hartlepool allegedly hanged a monkey believing it to be a French spy . Mushrooms Hayes & Yeading United Due to the fact that the club 's Board keep the club 's supporters in the dark . Nailers Belper Town The manufacture of nails was formerly a widespread cottage industry locally O 's Leyton Orient Before squad numbers on shirts , Orient players wore large letter Os on their shirt backs Owls Sheffield Wednesday Based on name of local area ( Owlerton ) , after a visitor to the city drew a cartoon depicting Sheffield Wednesday as an owl Peacocks Leeds United ( Virtually obsolete ) . Stems from the former name of the Elland Road stadium , The Old Peacock Ground , which was in turn named after the nearby The Old Peacock pub Pilgrims Boston United Local links to the pilgrims who went to the New World Plymouth Argyle Local links to the pilgrims who went to the New World Pirates Bristol Rovers Local links to shipping Pompey Portsmouth The nickname for the city of Portsmouth , originating from the nautical abbreviation of `` Portsmouth Point '' to `` Po 'm . P . '' Pool Blackpool Short version of name Liverpool Short version of name Pools Hartlepool United Short version of name when known as Hartlepools United Poppies Kettering Town Stadium built on a former poppy field Posh Peterborough United Believed to derive from former manager Pat Tirrel proclaiming that he was looking for : `` Posh players for a posh team '' Potters Stoke City Local links to the pottery industry Puritans Banbury United Traditionally in the town 's history , many inhabitants were strongly involved in the Puritan movement QPR Queens Park Rangers Abbreviation of club name Quakers Darlington Local links to religious movement R 's Queens Park Rangers Final initial of club abbreviation , QPR Railwaymen Crewe Alexandra Local links to railways Rams Derby County Folk song `` The Derby Ram '' , and by extension an emblem of the city Red Rebels FC United of Manchester The club having been formed by disaffected fans after the takeover of Manchester United by Malcolm Glazer . None of the fans refer to the club by this , it is purely a media name , primarily used by the Manchester Evening News . Red Devils Crawley Town Manchester United Nickname originally belonged to nearby rugby league team Salford Red Imps Lincoln City Colour of home kit and legend of the imp statue in Lincoln Cathedral Reds Liverpool Colour of home kit Nottingham Forest Colour of home kit Manchester United Colour of home kit Riversiders Blackburn Rovers After a side of the ground adjacent to a river Robins Altrincham Colour of home kit same as a robin 's chest Bracknell Town Bristol City Colour of home kit same as a robin 's chest Charlton Athletic Colour of home kit same as a robin 's chest Cheltenham Town Colour of home kit same as a robin 's chest Evesham United Ilkeston Swindon Town Colour of home kit same as a robin 's chest Royals Reading The town is in the Royal County of Berkshire Saddlers Walsall Links to the saddle making industry Saints Brackley Town Southampton St. Mary 's Young Men 's Association St Albans City Salop Shrewsbury Town Traditional name for the town of Shrewsbury and also Shropshire as a county ( Latin name Salopia ) Sandgrounders Southport Town is on a stretch of coast known for its expansive sandy beaches School of Science Everton 1928 , comment of Everton 's attractive style of play with the team being called ' scientific ' or ' the school of science Seagulls Brighton & Hove Albion Based on coast , also a response to the similar - sounding nickname ' Eagles ' of their rivals Crystal Palace Seals Chester City Old ground named Sealand Road Seasiders Blackpool Based on coast Shakers Bury Club 's first chairman , JT Ingham , said before a Lancashire Cup game with Blackburn , `` We will shake them . In fact , we are the Shakers . '' Shaymen Halifax Town Originates from the club 's ground , same nickname as its predecessor club Shots Aldershot Town Short version of name Shrews Shrewsbury Town Short version of name Shrimps Morecambe Related to the fishing / shrimping industry in the region and Morecambe Bay 's famous `` potted shrimps '' Shrimpers Southend United A historic local industry ; alliterative Silkmen Macclesfield Town Local links to the silk industry Sky Blues Coventry City Colour of home strip Manchester City Colour of home strip Smoggies Middlesbrough From the industrial pollution , or smog , from the steel and chemical plants surrounding the town Spireites Chesterfield Reference to famous crooked spire in the town Spitfires Eastleigh The first test flight of the Supermarine Spitfire was at the airport in Eastleigh Sports Eastbourne Borough Due to team 's previous name of Langney Sports F.C. Spurs Tottenham Hotspur Based on the spurs that the fighting cockerel wears on its leg , of which comes from Harry Hotspur 's fighting cockerels in Shakespeare 's Henry IV Part1 Spartans Blyth Spartans Stags Mansfield Town Stag head on their crest Stones Maidstone United Based on the club 's name Wealdstone F.C. Based on the club 's name Stripes Stevenage Borough Based on the pattern of the home strip Super Hoops Queens Park Rangers Based on the pattern of the home strip Tangerines Blackpool Colour of their home kit Tarn Barnsley F.C. ' Town ' spoken in the local accent . Terras Weymouth Club plays in a terracota coloured kit Terriers Huddersfield Town Named after the Yorkshire Terrier breed of dog - based on a vote of their supporters to create a nickname Teyn Northampton Town Town said in a Northampton accent Tics Wigan Athletic Shorterned version of ' Latics ' ( Which is a nickname in itself ) Tigers Gloucester City Colours of home strip Hull City Colours of home strip Toffees / Toffeemen Everton Back in the 1950s , and 1960s a woman in a blue and white dress used to walk around before the game and throw toffees to people in the crowd , a tradition since revived . The other league teams then referred to them as the `` Toffees '' Toon Newcastle United Local pronunciation of ' Town ' , meaning City Centre where the ground is situated Tractor Boys Ipswich Town Local links to agriculture Tricky Trees Nottingham Forest Crest is a tree Trotters Bolton Wanderers In the 19th century , one of their pitches was adjacent to a piggery and clearances often end up in there . Players had to ' trot ' through the pig - pens to retrieve the balls . Two Blues Bishop Auckland The kit features two shades of blue , originating from the colours of Oxford University and Cambridge University . Tykes Barnsley F.C. Colloquial name for a Yorkshireman . Tynesiders Gateshead Gateshead is located on Tyneside U 's Cambridge United Initial of name Colchester United Initial of name Oxford United Initial of name Sutton United Initial of name Valiants Port Vale Based on official name Vics Northwich Victoria Based on shortening of official name Vikings Doncaster Rovers Based on the club badge , as well as Rovers being a term for Vikings Goole AFC Based on the town 's Viking history . Villans Aston Villa Based on official name and for being traditional rivals of Birmingham City Wednesday Sheffield Wednesday Original name of the club Whites Dover Athletic Fulham Colour of their home strip . Sometimes referred to as the Lillywhites Leeds United Main colour of home strip Preston North End Salisbury F.C. Same nickname as its predecessor club Wolves Wolverhampton Wanderers Based on shortening of name Wombles AFC Wimbledon Reference to the Wombles Yellows Cambridge United Colour of home kit Mansfield Town Colour of home kit Sutton United Colour of home kit Yeltz Halesowen Town Origin of the name has been lost track of Yids Tottenham Hotspur Based on the high concentration of Jewish fans Defunct clubs ( edit ) Nickname Club ( s ) Reason Current use A 's Walthamstow Avenue F.C. No longer in use Bulls Hereford United After the local breed of cattle Diamonds Rushden & Diamonds Short version of name Used by its successor club Dons Wimbledon F.C. The two clubs that emerged from the surrounding controversy of its relocation , AFC Wimbledon and MK Dons , both retained the nickname . Linnets Runcorn F.C. Name of a bird sometimes known as the ' green linnet ' ; nickname used for teams that play in green Currently used by phoenix club Runcorn Linnets F.C. King 's Lynn F.C. Also formerly used by its successor club King 's Lynn Town F.C. ' Owd Reds Accrington F.C. No longer in use , not associated with current Accrington Stanley Shaymen Halifax Town Originates from the club 's ground Used by its successor club Squirrels Formby Formby 's nature reserve is home to one of England 's largest remaining populations of red squirrels Wombles Wimbledon F.C. Reference to the Wombles Adopted by AFC Wimbledon Whites Salisbury City Nickname retained by successor club Salisbury F.C. Northern Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Association football in Northern Ireland Nickname Club ( s ) Reason Bannsiders Coleraine River Bann is close by Bhoys Lurgan Celtic Named after Celtic F.C. Blues Linfield Original kits were blue in colour Candy Stripes Derry City Kit colour is red and white stripes Eagles Armagh City Gers Carrick Rangers Abbreviation of team name Glens Glentoran Abbreviation of team name Hatchetmen Crusaders Lurgan Blues Glenavon Reference to the club 's hometown and kit colour Mourneview Aces Glenavon Named after Mourneview Park and the nearby estate which shares its name Ports Portadown F.C. Abbreviation of team name Red and Blues Ards Kit colour is blue and red Reds Cliftonville Kit colour is red Seasiders Bangor Bangor , County Down , is a sea - fronted town Sky Blues Ballymena United Colour of team shirt Stute Institute Abbreviation of Institute Wee Hoops Donegal Celtic A reference to the Celtic F.C. - style kit Whites Lisburn Distillery Kit colour is white Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Football in Scotland Nickname Club ( s ) Reason Accies Hamilton Academical Short for Academical Arabs Dundee United The nickname ' the Arabs ' , refers to the fans only and NOT the team ( coined after a Scottish Cup game at Tannadice in 1963 when copious amounts of sand were put on the frozen pitch ) . Bairns Falkirk From the ancient motto of the town parish - `` Better meddle wi the deil than the Bairns o Falkirk '' Bears Rangers Shortening of the rhyming slang Teddy Bears . Fans are also known as Bluenoses and The People Bhoys Celtic From early promotional material . The ' h ' was used to capture the Irish accent of the team 's original fanbase . Binos Stirling Albion Contraction of Albion Black and Whites Elgin City Club colours . Blue Brazil Cowdenbeath An ironic nickname invented by the clubs own supporters in the early 1990s during a particularly bad run of form which has endured since Blues Stranraer Club colours . Blue Toon Peterhead The town of Peterhead is nicknamed the Blue Toon . Borderers Berwick Rangers The town of Berwick lies on the English - Scottish border Buddies St Mirren The club play in Paisley and a person from Paisley is called a Buddie . Bully Wee Clyde Small team who would bully bigger teams - wee bullies Cabbage and Ribs Hibernian Rhyming slang for Hibs Caley / Caley Thistle Inverness Caledonian Thistle Short version of the name City Brechin City Edinburgh City Elgin City Dees Dundee Diamonds Airdrieonians After the distinctive red ' V ' , or diamond , on the home kit which was first worn in 1912 Dons Aberdeen Stadium lies next to the River Don . Doonhamers Queen of the South A term used for people from Dumfries Fifers East Fife Gable Endies Montrose Wealthy merchants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries dominated the town and built their houses in a Dutch style , gable to gable . Hence the town and the football have inherited the sobriquet , `` gable - enders '' Galabankies Annan Athletic Home stadium is called Galabank . Gers Rangers Abbreviation of the club name ' Rangers ' . Harry Wraggs Partick Thistle Rhyming slang for Jags . Harry Wragg was a famous jockey in the 1930s Hedgemen Brechin City A hedge runs along one side of Glebe Park . Hibees Hibernian Short version of the name Honest Men Ayr United From a line in Robert Burns ' poem ' Tam O ' Shanter : ' Auld Ayr , wham ne'er a toun surpasses , for honest men an ' bonnie lasses . ' Hoops Celtic From famous hooped home shirt Jags Partick Thistle In colloquial Scottish a ' jag ' is the sting of a nettle or thistle . Jam Tarts Heart of Midlothian Rhyming slang for Hearts Killie Kilmarnock Short for Kilmarnock . Light Blues Rangers Comes from a newspaper description of a ' light and speedy ' Rangers team of the 1870s . Lions Livingston Club badge has a lion on it . Loons Forfar Athletic Local name for ' lads ' which were given to Angus Athletic 's 2nd XI , composed largely of younger players who broke off to form Forfar Athletic . Morton Greenock Morton Part of the full name Pars Dunfermline Athletic ( rumoured ) It was founded by dockyard workers in Rosyth , which originated from Plymouth Argyle supporters , hence the abbreviation which stands for : Plymouth Argyle Rosyth Supporters . Red Lichties Arbroath Owing to the red light that used to guide fishing boats back from the North Sea to the harbour ( Lichtie being a Scots word for light ) Rovers Raith Rovers Saints St Johnstone St Mirren Shire East Stirlingshire Sons Dumbarton Shortened form of `` Sons of the Rock '' a term used for a person from Dumbarton . Their stadium was for many years , directly under Dumbarton Rock Spiders Queen 's Park The narrow black and white stripes of their kit supposedly resembles a spider 's web Staggies Ross County The stag seen on the club 's crest . * This name refers mainly to supporters . Steelmen Motherwell A reference to the ( former ) steelworks at nearby Ravenscraig Super Js St Johnstone A reference to St Johnstone being the only league club in Scottish ( or English ) football with a J in its name Tangerines Dundee United Colour of their home kit Teddy Bears Rangers Rhyming slang ( when spoken with a Glaswegian accent , ' Bears ' rhymes with ' Gers ' . Terrors Dundee United Coined in the early 1960s as a tribute to their fighting spirit especially at Tannadice ( Before this they were known as the Black and Whites ) . Tic Celtic Short version of the name Tims Celtic Allegedly originates with the `` Tim Malloys '' , a 1900s Irish Catholic street gang from Calton , Glasgow . Used to refer to both the club itself and to its supporters . Ton Greenock Morton Short version of the name Warriors Stenhousemuir Wasps Alloa Athletic Their traditional home strip is black and yellow Waysiders Airdrieonians The Town of Airdries name may be taken from the Gaelic word `` Airdidh '' meaning a sheiling or wayside town . `` The Waysiders '' was the club nickname until the 1950s when the `` Diamonds '' became more popular Wee Gers Berwick Rangers To differentiate between their Rangers and other bigger clubs called Rangers in Scotland . Wee Rovers Albion Rovers A self acknowledgement of the clubs status as one of the smaller clubs in the Scottish league . In use since the 1920s Well Motherwell Short version of the name Wales ( edit ) Main article : Football in Wales Nickname Club ( s ) Reason Ancients Cefn Druids A reference to the druids who were prevalent around 2000 years ago Bluebirds Cardiff City Colour of home football kit and possibly named after 1909 children 's play ' Blue Bird ' Blues Cardiff City Colour of home football kit Canaries Caernarfon Town F.C. Due its yellow and green strip , a nickname that dates from 1895 . Citizens Bangor City The name of the club and Bangor 's city status Exiles Newport County Club were forced to play several seasons in Gloucestershire by the FAW Ironsides Newport County Association with steelworks and other heavy industries Jacks Swansea City Seamen from the town formerly referred to as ' Swansea Jacks ' , also after the dog Swansea Jack Lakesiders Bala Town The town , and the team 's home ground Maes Tegid , are located on the banks of a lake , Llyn Tegid Lilywhites Rhyl F.C. The colour of their home football kit Linnets Barry Town Named after the bird , based on the club 's initial green and red coloured strips Magpies Barmouth & Dyffryn United The colour of their home football kit Martyrs Merthyr Town F.C. Merthyr means `` martyr '' in Welsh , the town 's full name is derived from Tydfil , a martyred Welsh Princess Musselmen Conwy United F.C. From the local mussel ( shellfish ) industry Red Dragons Wrexham Featured on logo Robins Wrexham Colour of home kit same as a robin 's chest Seasiders Prestatyn Town F.C. The location of the town in the coast Steelmen Port Talbot Town Port Talbot is home to one of the largest steelworks on the continent Swans Swansea City Short version of the name Wingmakers Airbus UK Broughton Refers to being the works team of the Airbus UK factory See also ( edit ) Lists portal Lists of nicknames -- nickname list articles on Wikipedia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History , Bradford City FC '' . theBRADFORDCITYsite . Archived from the original on 26 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Black Cat Nickname '' . Sunderland A.F.C. Jump up ^ http://www.wokingfc.co.uk/history/ Jump up ^ `` Remembering former Palace manager Malcolm Allison '' . www.croydonguardian.co.uk. 19 October 2010 . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leicester City Club Profile '' . ratetheref.co.uk . Jump up ^ https://thebeautifulhistory.wordpress.com/clubs/notts-county/ Jump up ^ `` Monkey Legend '' . Hartlepool United . Jump up ^ `` WAFLL - Elland Road History '' . WAFLL . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Peterborough United , History '' . Peterborough United . Jump up ^ `` Derby County '' . Extra Football . Jump up ^ Juson , Dave ; Bull , David ( 2001 ) . Full - Time at The Dell . Hagiology Publishing . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 9534474 - 2 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bury , History '' . Bury Football Club . Jump up ^ `` Everton History '' . ToffeeWeb . Jump up ^ `` Tractor boys making noise '' . BBC Sport. 19 December 2000 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative History : Bolton Wanderers '' . My Eyes Have Seen The Glory . ( hide ) Association football terminology Terms Formations Laws Media Positions Tactics and skills Total Football Catenaccio Tiki - taka Variants Differences between the rules of futsal and association football Advanced skills Behind the leg flip flap Bicycle kick Cruyff Turn Curl Flip flap Keepie uppie Marseille turn Nutmeg Panenka Pelé runaround move Rabona Rainbow kick Scorpion kick Seal dribble Step over Volley Nicknames Clubs Americas Mainland Europe UK National teams People Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_football_club_nicknames_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=802057976 '' Categories : Nicknames in sports Association football in the United Kingdom lists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references Incomplete lists from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 18 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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how did the united states react to the north korean invasion of south korea

United States in the Korean War

united states in the korean war

At the conclusion of World War II the Allied nations began the process of disarmament of Axis controlled regions . Japan occupied Korea at this time and had been in control since 1910 . In 1945 , the decision was made to have American Marines forces oversee Japanese surrender and disarmament south of the 38th parallel and the Soviet Union would facilitate the change of power to the north . At the time there was no political motivation and seemed to be a logical and convenient plan of action . The original agreement and intent was to create a unified and independent Korea out of the post Japanese occupation era . Instead each side of the 38th parallel established its own government under the influence of the occupational country ; the United States in South Korea and the Soviet Union in North Korea . Both new Korean governments discredited the other and claimed to be the only legitimate political system . Tensions between the North and South escalated and each side began to petition foreign powers for resources and support . South Korea wanted weapons and supplies from Truman and the United States government while North Korea sought help from Stalin and the Soviet Union . The United States was still war weary from the disruptive World War II campaign and refused South Korea 's request for weapons and troops . North Korea convinced the Soviet Union to supply them with the weapons and support they requested . This decision coincided with the United States withdrawing the last remaining combat troops from South Korea . North Korea saw its opportunity and attacked South Korean forces at the 38th parallel on June 25 , 1950 and thus initiating the Korean War .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Initial response 2 Battle of Osan 3 Incheon 4 Japan 5 References Initial response ( edit ) In response to North Korea 's invasion into South Korea the United Nations convened to formulate a response . The U.N. demanded North Korea 's immediate withdrawal and , when this was not met , United States Army General Douglas MacArthur was appointed supreme commander of U.N. forces . To halt the rapid progress of North Korean forces into the south Task Force Smith was deployed to the Korean front from Japan . Task Force Smith consisted of U.S. Army officers and regiments of the Army 's 24th Infantry Division that were stationed in Japan as occupational forces . The 24th were under trained , poorly supplied , and outnumbered . The 24th offered very little resistance against the North Korean advance . American and South Korean troops were pushed south and in late July 1950 Task Force Smith was overrun in the city of Taejon . Troops from the Army 's 25th Infantry Division were deployed to Taejon to establish a new line and pullout the decimated 24th I.D. This addition of combat troops did not stop the North Korean advance and both American and South Korean troops were pushed further south . Battle of Osan ( edit ) Map of the Battle of Osan The first battle the Americans entered in the Korean War was the Battle of Osan , where about four hundred U.S. soldiers landed in Pusan airport on the first of July . The American troops were sent off to Taejon the next morning where Major General John H. Church the head of U.S. field headquarters was confident in the US troop 's strengths to push back the North Koreans . On July fifth the troops were finally put to the test when North Korean tanks crept towards Osan . The four hundred infantryman of the U.S. also called Task Force Smith opened fire on the North Koreans at 8 : 16 am . Only four of the North Korean tanks were destroyed and twenty - nine kept moving forward breaking the US line . At the end of the battle only two more North Korean Tanks and two regiments of North Korean infantry were destroyed . The US had lost the battle , revealing that the mere sight of US troops would not reverse the military balance in Korea . By early August , the North Korean troops had pushed back the US and South Korean troops all the way to Naktong River , which is located about thirty miles from Pusan . The two weeks of fighting following this resulted in the most casualties of US troops than any other equivalent period of this war . However , during this time the US pushed supplies and personnel to Korea and by the end of July South Koreans and US troops outnumbered the North Koreans , although the North had pushed back the US and South by an amazing amount the North had suffered over fifty thousand casualties . Also because North Koreas supply lines were so lengthy and with the US in control of the water and air replenishing their losses were slow . Incheon ( edit ) Although MacArthur clearly stated that the Battle of Inchon was a 5000 to 1 gamble , it was an important military move to make . Incheon is 25 miles from Seoul on the coast and only once during September is the water even deep enough to allow the 29 foot draft of American LSTs . It was a defenders ' best place to allow troops into Korea , and to push the invaders back . On September 15 the 1st Marine Division landed at the port city , taking the defending North Koreans completely by surprise , and by the end of the night over a third of Incheon was taken back . Japan ( edit ) During the mid-1950s , Germany and Japan were both at a desperate state caused by World War II . Germany received a sort of benefit from the U.S. as a compensation of war and reconstruction . The Japanese on the other end were devastated by the aftermath . People were suffering , eating out of garbage , and many people starved . Meanwhile , the U.S. troops in the Korean War were in great demand of uniforms and other equipment . The American government turned to Japan for the favor , which eventually stimulated the manufacturing factories that were in jeopardy due to damage caused by World War II . Japan accepted the offer and mainly supplied U.S. troops in Korea with uniforms and other sorts of clothing . Bases were also erected in Japan for U.S. Air Force planes , such as B - 29 Superfortress bombers . References ( edit ) United States in the Korean War . ^ Jump up to : Korea : The Forgotten War 1950 - 1953 . Timeless Media Group , 2010 . DVD . Jump up ^ Stueck , W.W. ( 2002 ) . Rethinking the Korean war : A new diplomatic and strategic history . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Stueck , W.W. ( 1995 ) . The Korean War : An international history . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Korean War Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( Korean People 's Army ) Republic of Korea ( Republic of Korea Armed Forces ) Participants Australia Belgium and Luxembourg Canada China Colombia Ethiopia France Greece Netherlands New Zealand Philippines Thailand Turkey South Africa Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Arkansas Army National Guard 65th Infantry Regiment ( Puerto Rico ) Medical ( non-combat ) participants Denmark India Italy Norway Sweden Hungary Popular culture Documentary films Films Books Reenactment M * A * S * H Television series Order of battle Australia China United Nations contingents United States Eighth Army United States Seventh Fleet Aftermath Armistice DMZ Korean DMZ Conflict Northern Limit Line ' 2017 -- 18 North Korea crisis Other Korean conflict Allegations of biological warfare American and British defectors Flying aces Impact on the economy of the United States MiG Alley Operation Blacklist Forty Operation Glory United Nations Memorial Cemetery Weapons Films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_in_the_Korean_War&oldid=842200229 '' Categories : United States in the Korean War Korean War Military history of the United States during the Korean War 1950s in the United States Cold War history of the United States Korea -- United States relations 1950 in the United States 1951 in the United States 1952 in the United States 1953 in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 22 : 27 . About Wikipedia

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when do you have to announce presidential candidacy

United States presidential election , 2020

united states presidential election, 2020

For related races , see United States elections , 2020 . United States presidential election , 2020 ← 2016 November 3 , 2020 2024 → 538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win The electoral map for the 2020 election , based on populations from the 2010 Census . Incumbent President Donald Trump Republican The United States presidential election of 2020 , scheduled for Tuesday , November 3 , 2020 , will be the 59th quadrennial U.S. presidential election . Voters will select presidential electors who in turn will either elect a new president and vice president through the electoral college or reelect the incumbents . The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses are likely to be held during the first six months of 2020 . This nominating process is also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots selecting a slate of delegates to a political party 's nominating convention , who then in turn elect their party 's presidential nominee . President Donald Trump of the Republican Party , who was elected in 2016 , is seeking reelection to a second term . The winner of the 2020 presidential election is scheduled to be inaugurated on January 20 , 2021 . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Procedure 1.2 Demographic trends 1.3 Simultaneous elections 1.4 Advantage of incumbency 2 General election polling 3 Nominations 3.1 Republican Party 3.1. 1 Declared major candidates 3.1. 2 Other declared candidates 3.1. 2.1 Withdrawn candidates 3.1. 3 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 3.1. 4 Potential candidates 3.1. 5 Declined to run 3.1. 6 Convention site 3.1. 7 Endorsements 3.1. 8 Primary election polling 3.2 Democratic Party 3.2. 1 Declared major candidates 3.2. 2 Other declared candidates 3.2. 3 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 3.2. 4 Potential candidates 3.2. 5 Declined to run 3.2. 6 Potential convention sites 3.2. 7 Endorsements 3.2. 8 Primary election polling 3.3 Third - party , independent , and unaffiliated candidates 3.3. 1 Libertarian Party 3.3. 1.1 Declared candidates 3.3. 1.2 Potential candidates 3.3. 1.3 Declined to run 3.3. 1.4 Convention Site 3.3. 2 Green Party 3.3. 2.1 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 3.3. 2.2 Potential candidates 3.3. 2.3 Declined to run 3.3. 3 Constitution Party 3.3. 3.1 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 3.3. 4 Independent or unaffiliated 3.3. 4.1 Declared candidates 3.3. 4.2 Withdrawn candidates 3.3. 4.3 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 3.3. 4.4 Potential candidates 3.3. 4.5 Declined to run 4 Maps 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Background Procedure Further information : United States presidential election Article Two of the United States Constitution states that for a person to serve as President of the United States the individual must be a natural - born citizen of the United States , at least 35 years old and a United States resident for at least 14 years . Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the various political parties of the United States , in which case each party develops a method ( such as a primary election ) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position . The primary elections are usually indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate . The party 's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party 's behalf . The nominee then personally chooses a vice presidential running mate to form that party 's presidential ticket ( with the exception of the Libertarian Party , which nominates its vice presidential candidate by delegate vote regardless of the nominee 's preference ) . The general election in November is also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College ; these electors then directly elect the President and Vice President . The Twenty - second Amendment to the Constitution states that an individual can not be elected to the presidency more than twice . This prohibits former Presidents Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama from being elected president again . However , former presidents Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush ( both nonagenarians ) , having each served a single term as president , are not constitutionally prohibited from being elected to another term in the 2020 election . Demographic trends Further information : Demography of the United States The age group of what will then be people in the 18 to 45 - year - old bracket is expected to represent just under 40 percent of the United States ' eligible voters in 2020 . It is expected that more than 30 percent of eligible American voters will be nonwhite . A bipartisan report indicates that changes in voter demographics since the 2016 election could impact the results of the 2020 election . African Americans , Hispanics , Asians / others , and `` whites with a college degree '' are expected to all increase their percentage of national eligible voters by 2020 , while `` whites without a college degree '' will decrease . This shift is potentially an advantage for the Democratic nominee , however due to geographical differences , this could still lead to President Trump ( or a different Republican nominee ) winning the Electoral College while still losing the popular vote , possibly by an even larger margin than in 2016 . Additionally , Washington , D.C. may lower its voting age from 18 to 16 . Legislation was introduced by City Councilman Charles Allen in April 2018 , with a public hearing expected for June , and a vote by the end of the year . Unlike other cities with a voting age of 16 such as Berkeley , California , this would allow 16 and 17 - year - olds to vote for President of the United States for the first time in 2020 . Allen said that he was inspired by the high school students that participated in the March for Our Lives , which occurred at the capital in March . Simultaneous elections Further information : United States Senate elections , 2020 and United States House of Representatives elections , 2020 The presidential election will occur at the same time as elections to the Senate and the House of Representatives . Several states will also hold state gubernatorial and state legislative elections . Following the election , the United States House will redistribute the seats among the 50 states based on the results of the 2020 United States Census , and the states will conduct a redistricting of Congressional and state legislative districts . In most states , the governor and the state legislature conduct the redistricting ( although some states have redistricting commissions ) , and often a party that wins a presidential election experiences a coattail effect that also helps other candidates of that party win election . Therefore , the party that wins the 2020 presidential election could also win a significant advantage in the drawing of new Congressional and state legislative districts that would stay in effect until the 2032 elections . Advantage of incumbency An incumbent president seeking reelection usually faces no significant opposition during their respective party 's primaries , especially if they are still popular . For Presidents Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush and Barack Obama , for example , their respective paths to nomination became uneventful and the races become merely pro forma ; all four then went on to win a second presidential term . Serious challenges are rare , but then generally presage failure to win the general election in the fall . During the 1976 Republican Party primaries , then - former California Governor Reagan carried 23 states while running against incumbent President Gerald Ford ; Ford then went on to lose the presidential election to Jimmy Carter , albeit carrying more states . Senator Ted Kennedy then carried 12 states while running against President Carter during the 1980 Democratic Party primaries ; Reagan then defeated Carter in the fall of 1980 . Pat Buchanan captured a decent percentage of a protest vote against President George H.W. Bush during the 1992 Republican primaries , but only received a handful of delegates ; Bush too subsequently went on to lose in the general election to Clinton . General election polling National polling Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Other Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 July 26 -- 30 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 37 % 44 % -- 19 % Public Policy Polling 679 June 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 39 % 53 % -- 8 % Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 38 % 48 % -- 14 % Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 56 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 42 % 51 % -- 7 % CNN / SSRS 1,005 January 14 -- 18 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 37 % 59 % 2 % 1 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 38 % 53 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 54 % -- 6 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 November 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 35 % 46 % -- 20 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 38 % 56 % -- 6 % Zogby Analytics 1,514 October 19 -- 25 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 41 % 50 % -- 9 % Emerson College 820 October 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 42 % 51 % -- 7 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 53 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 51 % -- 11 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 54 % -- 7 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 41 % 54 % -- 5 % Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 40 % 54 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 40 % 54 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 40 % 54 % -- 6 % Trump vs. Blumenthal Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Richard Blumenthal Undecided Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 42 % 19 % Trump vs. Booker Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Cory Booker Undecided Public Policy Polling 679 June 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 39 % 47 % 15 % Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 38 % 38 % 24 % Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 49 % 12 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 42 % 46 % 11 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 50 % 10 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 38 % 49 % 13 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 47 % 13 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 42 % 19 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 40 % 45 % 15 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 41 % 43 % 17 % Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 46 % 15 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 42 % 42 % 17 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 42 % 45 % 13 % Trump vs. Clinton Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Undecided Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 42 % 47 % 11 % Trump vs. Cuban Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Cuban Undecided Emerson College 820 October 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 43 % 36 % 22 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 38 % 42 % 20 % Public Policy Polling 941 February 21 -- 22 , 2017 ± 3.2 % 41 % 40 % 19 % Trump vs. Delaney Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump John Delaney Undecided Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 38 % 38 % 24 % Trump vs. Franken Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Al Franken Undecided Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 38 % 46 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 43 % 43 % 14 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 41 % 46 % 13 % Trump vs. Gillibrand Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kirsten Gillibrand Undecided Public Policy Polling 679 June 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 39 % 45 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 40 % 42 % 18 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 43 % 42 % 15 % YouGov 865 January 9 , 2018 -- 43 % 41 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 47 % 14 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 38 % 48 % 14 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 42 % 18 % Trump vs. Harris Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kamala Harris Undecided Public Policy Polling 679 June 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 40 % 45 % 15 % Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 39 % 35 % 26 % Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 43 % 18 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 43 % 43 % 15 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 41 % 42 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 46 % 13 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 39 % 45 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 41 % 19 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 39 % 22 % Zogby Analytics 1,300 August 4 -- 7 , 2017 -- 38 % 41 % 21 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 40 % 41 % 19 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 41 % 42 % 18 % Trump vs. Johnson Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Dwayne Johnson Undecided Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 37 % 42 % 21 % Trump vs. Kennedy Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Kennedy III Undecided Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 43 % 46 % 12 % Trump vs. Obama Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Michelle Obama Undecided Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 39 % 48 % 13 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 42 % 49 % 9 % Zogby Analytics 1,514 October 19 -- 25 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 44 % 47 % 9 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 41 % 51 % 9 % Trump vs. Sanders Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Bernie Sanders Other Undecided Public Policy Polling 679 June 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 40 % 49 % -- 11 % Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 37 % 48 % -- 14 % Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 55 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 44 % 48 % -- 8 % CNN / SSRS 1,005 January 14 -- 18 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 39 % 58 % 3 % 1 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 52 % -- 10 % YouGov 856 January 9 , 2018 -- 43 % 48 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 53 % -- 6 % Politico / Morning Consult 2,586 November 16 -- 19 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 36 % 42 % -- 22 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 38 % 53 % -- 9 % Zogby Analytics 1,514 October 19 -- 25 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 40 % 51 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 51 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 38 % 51 % -- 11 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 52 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 41 % 51 % -- 8 % Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 52 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 41 % 50 % -- 8 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 41 % 52 % -- 7 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Public Policy Polling 679 June 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 40 % 48 % 12 % Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 37 % 43 % 20 % Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 40 % 51 % 9 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 44 % 44 % 12 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 40 % 50 % 10 % Public Policy Polling ( for a Warren - aligned PAC ) 620 January 9 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.9 % 43 % 49 % 8 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 42 % 51 % 7 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 40 % 50 % 9 % Zogby Analytics 1,514 October 19 -- 25 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 43 % 45 % 13 % Emerson College 820 October 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 44 % 44 % 12 % Democracy Corps / Greenberg Research 1,000 September 30 -- October 6 , 2017 -- 42 % 54 % 4 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 41 % 47 % 12 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 45 % 15 % Zogby Analytics 1,300 August 4 -- 7 , 2017 -- 37 % 46 % 17 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 42 % 49 % 9 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 43 % 46 % 11 % Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 49 % 12 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 42 % 46 % 13 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 43 % 48 % 9 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,791 February 9 -- 10 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 42 % 36 % 22 % Trump vs. Wilson Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Frederica Wilson Undecided Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 39 % 42 % 19 % Trump vs. Winfrey Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Oprah Winfrey Other Undecided Zogby Analytics 881 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 3.2 % 47 % 53 % -- -- CNN / SSRS 1,005 January 14 -- 18 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 39 % 54 % 6 % 2 % Quinnipiac University 1,212 January 12 -- 16 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 52 % -- 9 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 46 % 54 % -- -- Public Policy Polling ( for a Warren - aligned PAC ) 620 January 9 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.9 % 43 % 44 % -- 13 % NPR / PBS NewsHour / Marist 1,092 January 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 39 % 50 % -- 11 % YouGov 856 January 9 , 2018 -- 43 % 47 % -- 10 % Rasmussen Reports 1,000 January 8 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 38 % 48 % -- 14 % Zogby Analytics 1,531 March 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 36 % 46 % -- 18 % Public Policy Polling 808 March 10 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 40 % 47 % -- 12 % Trump vs. Zuckerberg Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Zuckerberg Undecided Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 40 % 41 % 19 % Zogby Analytics 1,300 August 4 -- 7 , 2017 -- 40 % 43 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 836 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 40 % 40 % 20 % Trump vs. Zuckerberg vs. Scarborough Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Zuckerberg Joe Scarborough Undecided Zogby Analytics 1,300 August 4 -- 7 , 2017 -- 36 % 34 % 18 % 12 % Trump vs. generic Democrat Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Democratic candidate Other Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 July 26 -- 30 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 35 % 48 % -- 17 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,990 May 17 -- 19 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 36 % 44 % -- 20 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 March 1 -- 5 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 36 % 44 % -- 19 % NBC News / Wall Street Journal 900 December 13 -- 15 , 2017 ± 3.6 % 36 % 52 % 3 % 9 % Politico / Morning Consult 2,586 November 16 -- 19 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 35 % 44 % -- 21 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 November 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 34 % 48 % -- 18 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,990 October 26 -- 30 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 36 % 46 % -- 18 % Opinion Savvy 763 August 16 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.5 % 41 % 52 % -- 8 % Gravis Marketing 1,917 July 21 -- 31 , 2017 ± 2.2 % 39 % 48 % -- 13 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,791 February 9 -- 10 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 35 % 43 % -- 23 % Pence vs. generic Democrat Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Mike Pence Democratic candidate Undecided Opinion Savvy 762 August 16 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.5 % 40 % 52 % 8 % Generic Republican vs. generic Democrat Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Republican candidate Democratic candidate Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,990 May 17 -- 19 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 27 % 40 % 33 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 March 1 -- 5 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 28 % 42 % 31 % Statewide polling California Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 33 % 56 % 11 % Trump vs. Booker Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Cory Booker Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 39 % 26 % Trump vs. J. Brown Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Jerry Brown Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 54 % 11 % Trump vs. S. Brown Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Sherrod Brown Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 36 % 29 % Trump vs. Garcetti Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Eric Garcetti Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 34 % 49 % 17 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 32 % 46 % 21 % Trump vs. Gillibrand Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kirsten Gillibrand Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 33 % 47 % 19 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 32 % 46 % 22 % Trump vs. Hanks Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Tom Hanks Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 34 % 51 % 15 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 31 % 56 % 14 % Trump vs. Harris Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kamala Harris Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 54 % 12 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 33 % 53 % 13 % Trump vs. Holder Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Eric Holder Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 38 % 26 % Trump vs. Landrieu Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mitch Landrieu Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 36 % 29 % Trump vs. Obama Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Michelle Obama Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 36 % 57 % 8 % Trump vs. Patrick Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Deval Patrick Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 34 % 34 % 32 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 32 % 53 % 14 % Trump vs. Winfrey Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Oprah Winfrey Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 52 % 13 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 32 % 56 % 12 % Trump vs. Zuckerberg Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Zuckerberg Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 36 % 42 % 22 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 31 % 50 % 19 % Florida Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 828 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 39 % 48 % 14 % Indiana Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 603 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.0 % 45 % 39 % 17 % Kentucky Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 402 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.9 % 47 % 41 % 13 % Michigan Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Undecided Epic - MRA 600 April 28 -- 30 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 39 % 52 % 9 % Zogby Analytics -- September 2017 -- 35 % 52 % 13 % Trump vs. Sanders Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Bernie Sanders Undecided Zogby Analytics -- September 2017 -- 36 % 54 % 10 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics -- September 2017 -- 37 % 46 % 17 % Zogby Analytics 803 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 3.5 % 35 % 51 % 14 % Missouri Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 604 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.0 % 40 % 46 % 14 % Montana Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 403 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.9 % 45 % 39 % 17 % New Hampshire Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 39 % 53 % 8 % Trump vs. Sanders Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Bernie Sanders Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 49 % 45 % 5 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 50 % 42 % 9 % Kasich vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error John Kasich Joe Biden Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 45 % 46 % 8 % Kasich vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error John Kasich Elizabeth Warren Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 52 % 37 % 11 % North Carolina Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 45 % 46 % 8 % 1 % Trump vs. Cooper Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Roy Cooper Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 45 % 43 % 11 % 1 % Trump vs. Gillibrand Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kirsten Gillibrand Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 46 % 36 % 18 % 1 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 48 % 40 % 12 % 1 % Trump vs. Winfrey Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Oprah Winfrey Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 48 % 38 % 12 % 2 % North Dakota Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 403 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.9 % 47 % 36 % 17 % Ohio Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 805 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 3.5 % 40 % 44 % 16 % Pennsylvania Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 813 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 38 % 46 % 16 % Texas Trump vs. Cuban Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Cuban Undecided Public Policy Polling -- December 28 , 2017 -- 44 % 47 % 9 % West Virginia Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 401 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.9 % 43 % 40 % 17 % Wisconsin Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 603 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.0 % 37 % 48 % 15 % Nominations Republican party Further information : Republican Party presidential primaries , 2020 Donald Trump is eligible to run for reelection and intends to do so . His reelection campaign has been ongoing since his victory in 2016 , leading pundits to describe his tactic of holding rallies continuously throughout his presidency as a `` never - ending campaign '' . On January 20 , 2017 , at 5 : 11 PM , he submitted a letter as a substitute of FEC Form 2 , for which he had reached the legal threshold for filing , in compliance with the Federal Election Campaign Act . Beginning in August 2017 , reports arose that members of the Republican Party were preparing a `` shadow campaign '' against Trump , particularly from the moderate or establishment wings of the party . A poor showing for the GOP in the 2018 midterm elections may lead to an influx of ambitious politicians vying to reclaim the nomination from Trump , as Arizona Senator John McCain has said that `` ( Republicans ) see weakness in this president . '' Maine Senator Susan Collins , Kentucky Senator Rand Paul , and former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie have all expressed doubts that Trump will be the 2020 nominee , with Collins stating `` it 's too difficult to say . '' Meanwhile , Senator Jeff Flake has claimed that Trump is `` inviting '' a primary challenger by the way he is governing . Longtime political strategist Roger Stone , however , predicts that Trump may not seek a second term if he succeeds in keeping all of his campaign promises and `` ( makes ) America great again '' , à la James K. Polk . Declared major candidates The candidates in this section have held public office or been included in a minimum of five independent national polls . Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Donald Trump June 14 , 1946 ( age 7004263570000000000 ♠ 72 ) New York City , New York President of the United States since 2017 Candidate for President in 2000 New York August 19 , 2016 ( Campaign Website ) FEC Filing Other declared candidates Notable persons who have announced that they are running for the Republican presidential nomination in 2020 but have not established campaign websites are : Jack Fellure , a retired engineer from West Virginia Jonathon Sharkey , a professional wrestler from New Jersey Withdrawn candidates Brad Thor , thriller novelist from Tennessee ( withdrew on July 5 , 2018 ) Individuals who have publicly expressed interest Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for President within the last six months . Don Blankenship , former business executive and convicted criminal ; Constitution nominee for U.S. Senate from West Virginia in 2018 Jeff Flake , U.S. Senator from Arizona since 2013 ; U.S. Representative 2001 -- 2013 Larry Hogan , Governor of Maryland since 2015 ; candidate for U.S. Representative in 1981 and Republican nominee in 1992 John Kasich , Governor of Ohio since 2011 ; U.S. Representative 1983 -- 2001 ; candidate for President in 2000 and in 2016 Bill Kristol , Chief of Staff to the Vice President 1989 -- 1993 Don Blankenship from West Virginia U.S. Senator Jeff Flake from Arizona Governor Larry Hogan of Maryland Governor John Kasich of Ohio Former Chief of Staff to the Vice President Bill Kristol from Virginia Potential candidates Charlie Baker , Governor of Massachusetts since 2015 Steve Bannon , Senior Counselor to the President in 2017 Jeb Bush , Governor of Florida 1999 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2016 Bob Corker , U.S. Senator from Tennessee since 2007 Ann Coulter , conservative social and political commentator , writer , syndicated columnist , and lawyer from Florida Carly Fiorina , President and CEO of Hewlett - Packard 1999 -- 2005 ; candidate for President in 2016 ; candidate for Vice President in 2016 ; Republican nominee for U.S. Senate from California in 2010 Trey Gowdy , U.S. Representative from South Carolina since 2011 Eric Greitens , Governor of Missouri 2017 -- 2018 Colin Powell , U.S. Secretary of State 2001 -- 2005 Ben Sasse , U.S. Senator from Nebraska since 2015 Governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts Former Senior Counselor to the President Steve Bannon from Virginia Former Governor Jeb Bush of Florida U.S. Senator Bob Corker from Tennessee Ann Coulter from Florida Former President and CEO of Hewlett - Packard Carly Fiorina from Virginia U.S. Representative Trey Gowdy from South Carolina Former Governor Eric Greitens of Missouri Former U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell from New York U.S. Senator Ben Sasse from Nebraska Declined to run The individuals in this section have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy , but have publicly denied interest in running . Chris Christie , Governor of New Jersey 2010 -- 2018 ; candidate for President in 2016 ( endorsed Donald Trump ) Tom Cotton , U.S. Senator from Arkansas since 2015 ; U.S. Representative 2013 -- 2015 Ted Cruz , U.S. Senator from Texas since 2013 ; candidate for President in 2016 ( endorsed Donald Trump ) Mark Cuban , businessman and investor from Texas Nikki Haley , U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations since 2017 ; Governor of South Carolina 2011 -- 2017 Jim Mattis , U.S. Secretary of Defense since 2017 ( endorsed Donald Trump ) Rand Paul , U.S. Senator from Kentucky since 2011 ; candidate for President in 2016 ( endorsed Donald Trump ) Mike Pence , Vice President of the United States since 2017 ; Governor of Indiana 2013 -- 2017 ; U.S. Representative 2001 -- 2013 ( endorsed Donald Trump ) Austin Petersen , producer , writer , political activist , and commentator from Missouri ; candidate for U.S. Senate in 2018 ; candidate for President in 2016 Mitt Romney , Governor of Massachusetts 2003 -- 2007 ; Republican nominee for U.S. Senate from Massachusetts in 1994 and from Utah in 2018 ; candidate for President in 2008 and Republican nominee in 2012 Marco Rubio , U.S. Senator from Florida since 2011 ; candidate for President in 2016 Paul Ryan , Speaker of the House since 2015 ; U.S. Representative from Wisconsin since 1999 ; Republican nominee for Vice President in 2012 ( endorsed Donald Trump ) Mark Sanford , U.S. Representative from South Carolina since 2013 and 1995 -- 2001 ; Governor 2003 -- 2011 Scott Walker , Governor of Wisconsin since 2011 ; candidate for President in 2016 ( endorsed Donald Trump ) Meg Whitman , President and CEO of Hewlett - Packard 2011 -- 2015 ; Republican nominee for Governor of California in 2010 Oprah Winfrey , media proprietor , talk show host , actress , producer , and philanthropist from California Convention site Further information : 2020 Republican National Convention On July 20 , 2018 , the Republican National Convention chose Charlotte , North Carolina as the site for their 2020 national convention . The convention will likely be held sometime in July or August 2020 . Endorsements Donald Trump Main article : List of Donald Trump presidential campaign endorsements , 2020 show Declined to endorse U.S. Executive Branch officials Bill Kristol , Chief of Staff to the Vice President 1989 -- 1993 U.S. Senators John Kennedy , U.S. Senator from Louisiana 2017 -- present Susan Collins , U.S. Senator from Maine 1997 -- present Rob Portman , U.S. Senator from Ohio 2011 -- present ; OMB Director 2006 -- 2007 ; U.S. Trade Representative 2005 -- 2006 ; U.S. Representative from OH - 2 1993 -- 2005 John Thune , U.S. Senator from South Dakota 2005 -- present ; U.S. Representative from SD - At large 1997 -- 2003 Bob Corker , U.S. Senator from Tennessee 2007 -- present Lamar Alexander , U.S. Senator from Tennessee 2003 -- present ; U.S. Secretary of Education 1991 -- 1993 ; Governor 1979 -- 1987 ; candidate for President in 1996 and 2000 John Cornyn , U.S. Senator from Texas 2002 -- present Ron Johnson , U.S. Senator from Wisconsin 2011 -- present U.S. Representatives Mario Díaz - Balart , U.S. Representative from FL - 25 2003 -- present Adam Kinzinger , U.S. Representative from IL - 16 2011 -- present Bill Huizenga , U.S. Representative from MI - 2 2011 -- present Charlie Dent , U.S. Representative from PA - 15 2005 -- 2018 Mark Sanford , U.S. Representative from SC - 1 1995 -- 2001 and 2013 -- present ; Governor 2003 -- 2011 Governors Mitt Romney , Governor of Massachusetts 2003 -- 2007 ; Republican nominee for U.S. Senate from Massachusetts in 1994 and from Utah in 2018 ; candidate for President in 2008 and Republican nominee in 2012 show Brad Thor ( withdrawn ) Local officials Erick Erickson , Macon , Georgia City Council member 2007 -- 2011 Primary election polling National polling Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Bob Corker Tom Cotton Ted Cruz Jeff Flake Trey Gowdy Nikki Haley John Kasich Mike Pence Colin Powell Mitt Romney Marco Rubio Paul Ryan Ben Sasse Donald Trump Oprah Winfrey Other Undecided Harvard - Harris 460 June 24 -- 25 , 2018 -- 15 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 85 % -- -- -- CNN / SRSS 458 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 5.4 % -- -- 1 % -- 1 % -- 0 % 1 % 0 % 1 % -- 1 % -- 75 % 1 % 7 % 11 % USC Dornsife / Los Angeles Times 1,313 December 15 , 2017 -- January 15 , 2018 ± 2.0 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 75 % -- 25 % -- Emerson College 198 January 8 -- 11 , 2018 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 68 % -- 18 % 14 % Greenberg Quinlan Rosner / Democracy Corps 370 January 8 -- 11 , 2018 -- -- -- 4 % 1 % -- 4 % 3 % 11 % -- 5 % 5 % -- -- 62 % -- 0 % 5 % Public Policy Polling 284 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 70 % -- 24 % 6 % -- -- 21 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 64 % -- -- 15 % -- -- -- 16 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 74 % -- -- 10 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 22 % -- -- -- -- -- 62 % -- -- 15 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 19 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 70 % -- -- 11 % Public Religion Research Institute 846 October 18 -- 30 , 2017 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 59 % -- 34 % 7 % Public Policy Polling 183 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 57 % -- 36 % 8 % -- -- 27 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 57 % -- -- 16 % -- -- -- 14 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 70 % -- -- 16 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 28 % -- -- -- -- -- 53 % -- -- 19 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 24 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 66 % -- -- 11 % Public Policy Polling 268 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 61 % -- 27 % 12 % -- -- 15 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 68 % -- -- 17 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 21 % -- -- -- -- -- 59 % -- -- 21 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 18 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 68 % -- -- 13 % Fabrizio , Lee & Associates ( Trump - aligned ) 1,500 August 2017 ± 2.5 % -- 1 % 14 % -- -- -- 10 % -- -- -- -- -- 1 % 50 % -- -- 24 % Public Policy Polling 275 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 57 % -- 29 % 13 % -- -- 22 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 62 % -- -- 17 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 24 % -- -- -- -- -- 52 % -- -- 23 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 21 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 68 % -- -- 11 % Opinion Savvy 221 August 16 -- 17 , 2017 ± 6.6 % -- -- 12 % -- -- -- 15 % 65 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 % 220 -- -- -- 8 % -- -- 17 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 68 % -- -- 7 % Marist Poll 361 August 8 -- 12 , 2017 ± 5.2 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 23 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 64 % -- 3 % 10 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 33 % -- -- -- -- -- 56 % -- 3 % 8 % Statewide polling Delaware Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error John Kasich Donald Trump Undecided Gravis Marketing 288 July 24 -- 29 , 2018 ± 5.8 % 9 % 67 % 25 % New Hampshire Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Tom Cotton Ted Cruz Jeff Flake John Kasich Mike Pence Mitt Romney Marco Rubio Donald Trump Other Undecided Suffolk University 315 April 26 -- 30 , 2018 -- -- -- -- 23 % -- -- -- 68 % -- 8 % -- -- 15 % -- -- -- -- 72 % -- 13 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 23 % 66 % -- 11 % -- -- -- -- -- 28 % -- 63 % -- 9 % University of New Hampshire 208 April 13 -- 22 , 2018 ± 6.8 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 55 % 19 % 27 % -- -- -- 19 % -- -- -- 67 % 0 % 14 % American Research Group 420 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 5.0 % -- -- 33 % -- -- -- -- 49 % -- 18 % -- -- -- 42 % -- -- -- 48 % -- 9 % -- -- 4 % 34 % -- -- -- 51 % -- 11 % 5 % 7 % 11 % 36 % -- -- -- -- -- 41 % University of New Hampshire 157 January 28 -- February 10 , 2018 ± 7.8 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 60 % 18 % 23 % University of New Hampshire 191 October 3 -- 15 , 2017 ± 7.1 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 47 % 23 % 30 % American Research Group 600 August 4 -- 6 , 2017 ± 4.0 % -- -- -- 52 % -- -- -- 40 % -- 8 % -- -- -- 41 % 27 % -- -- -- -- 32 % Ohio Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error John Kasich Donald Trump Undecided Baldwin Wallace University 261 February 28 -- March 9 , 2018 ± 6.0 % 27 % 62 % 11 % Democratic party Further information : Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2020 After Hillary Clinton 's loss in the previous election , the Democratic Party was seen largely as leaderless and fractured between the centrist Clinton wing and the more progressive Sanders wing of the party , echoing the rift brought up in the 2016 primary election . This establishment / progressive divide was reflected in several elections leading up to the 2020 primaries . Most notably in 2017 with the election for DNC Chair between Tom Perez and Sanders - backed progressive Keith Ellison . Perez was elected Chairman , but Ellison was appointed as the Deputy Chair , a largely ceremonial role . In 2018 , several U.S. House districts that Democrats are hoping to gain from the Republican majority had contentious primary elections . These clashes were described by Politico 's Elena Schneider as a `` Democratic civil war . '' Meanwhile there has been a general shift to the left in regards to college tuition , healthcare , and immigration among Democrats in the Senate , likely to build up credentials for the upcoming primary election . Perez has commented that the 2020 primary field will likely go into double - digits , rivaling the size of the 2016 GOP primary , which consisted of 17 major candidates . In the wake of the Me Too movement , several female candidates are expected to enter the race , increasing the likelihood of the Democrats nominating a woman for the second time in a row . Speculation also mounted that Democrats ' best bet to defeat President Trump would be to nominate their own celebrity or businessperson with no government experience , most notably Oprah Winfrey after her memorable speech at the 75th Golden Globe Awards . The topic of age has been brought up among the most likely front - runners : former Vice President Joe Biden , Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren , and senator Sanders ; who will be 78 , 71 , and 79 respectively on inauguration day . Former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid described the trio as `` an old folks ' home '' , expressing a need for fresh faces to step up and lead the party . Declared major candidates The candidates in this section have held public office or been included in a minimum of five independent national polls . Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref John Delaney April 16 , 1963 ( age 7004202070000000000 ♠ 55 ) Wood - Ridge , New Jersey U.S. Representative from Maryland since 2013 Maryland July 28 , 2017 ( Campaign Website ) FEC Filing Other declared candidates Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Jeff Boss May 20 , 1963 ( age 7004201730000000000 ♠ 55 ) New Jersey Conspiracy theorist Candidate for U.S. Representative from New York in 2018 Candidate for Mayor of New York City in 2013 and 2017 Candidate for Governor of New Jersey in 2009 , 2013 , and 2017 Candidate for President in 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 Candidate for U.S. Representative in 2010 and 2016 Candidate for U.S. Senate in 2008 and 2014 New York August 5 , 2017 ( Website ) Ken E. Nwadike Jr . December 29 , 1981 ( age 7004133750000000000 ♠ 36 ) San Diego , California Peace activist , inspirational speaker , and video journalist California October 18 , 2017 ( Website ) FEC Filing Robby Wells April 10 , 1968 ( age 7004183860000000000 ♠ 50 ) Bartow , Georgia Former college football coach Natural Law nominee for U.S. Representative from California in 1996 Candidate for President in 2012 and 2016 Georgia May 24 , 2017 ( Website ) FEC Filing Andrew Yang January 13 , 1975 ( age 7004159170000000000 ♠ 43 ) Schenectady , New York Entrepreneur New York November 6 , 2017 ( Website ) FEC Filing Notable persons who have announced that they are running for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2020 but have not established campaign websites are : Harry Braun , a renewable energy consultant and researcher from Georgia Rocky De La Fuente , a businessman from Delaware Geoffrey Fieger , an attorney from Michigan Individuals who have publicly expressed interest Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for President within the last six months . Michael Avenatti , attorney and entrepreneur from California Alec Baldwin , actor , writer , producer , and comedian from New York Joe Biden , Vice President of the United States 2009 -- 2017 ; U.S. Senator from Delaware 1973 -- 2009 ; candidate for President in 1988 and in 2008 Cory Booker , U.S. Senator from New Jersey since 2013 ; Mayor of Newark 2006 -- 2013 Pete Buttigieg , Mayor of South Bend , Indiana since 2012 Julian Castro , U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 2014 -- 2017 ; Mayor of San Antonio , Texas 2009 -- 2014 Eric Garcetti , Mayor of Los Angeles , California since 2013 Kamala Harris , U.S. Senator from California since 2017 John Hickenlooper , Governor of Colorado since 2011 ; Mayor of Denver 2003 -- 2011 Eric Holder , U.S. Attorney General 2009 -- 2015 ; Acting U.S. Attorney General in 2001 Terry McAuliffe , Governor of Virginia 2014 -- 2018 Jeff Merkley , U.S. Senator from Oregon since 2009 Martin O'Malley , Governor of Maryland 2007 -- 2015 ; Mayor of Baltimore 1999 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2016 Deval Patrick , Governor of Massachusetts 2007 -- 2015 Cecile Richards , President of Planned Parenthood 2006 -- 2018 Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator from Vermont since 2007 ; U.S. Representative 1991 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2016 Howard Schultz , businessman from New York Al Sharpton , civil rights activist , Baptist minister , and television / radio talk show host from New York ; candidate for President in 2004 Michael Avenatti from California Alec Baldwin from New York Former Vice President Joe Biden from Delaware U.S. Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey Mayor Pete Buttigieg from Indiana Former U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Julian Castro from Texas Mayor Eric Garcetti from California U.S. Senator Kamala Harris from California Governor John Hickenlooper of Colorado Former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder from New York Former Governor Terry McAuliffe of Virginia U.S. Senator Jeff Merkley from Oregon Former Governor Martin O'Malley of Maryland Former Governor Deval Patrick of Massachusetts Former President of Planned Parenthood Cecile Richards from Texas U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders from Vermont Howard Schultz from New York Al Sharpton from New York Potential candidates Richard Blumenthal , U.S. Senator from Connecticut since 2011 Steve Bullock , Governor of Montana since 2013 Lincoln Chafee , Governor of Rhode Island 2011 -- 2015 ; U.S. Senator 1999 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2016 Tammy Duckworth , U.S. Senator from Illinois since 2017 ; U.S. Representative 2013 -- 2017 John Bel Edwards , Governor of Louisiana since 2016 Tulsi Gabbard , U.S. Representative from Hawaii since 2013 Caroline Kennedy , U.S. Ambassador to Japan 2013 -- 2017 John Kerry , U.S. Secretary of State 2013 -- 2017 ; U.S. Senator from Massachusetts 1985 -- 2013 ; Democratic nominee for President in 2004 Amy Klobuchar , U.S. Senator from Minnesota since 2007 Tim Ryan , U.S. Representative from Ohio since 2003 Adam Schiff , U.S. Representative from California since 2001 Tom Steyer , billionaire hedge fund manager , philanthropist , environmentalist , liberal activist , and fundraiser from California Eric Swalwell , U.S. Representative from California since 2013 Nina Turner , Ohio State Senator 2008 -- 2014 Antonio Villaraigosa , Mayor of Los Angeles , California 2005 -- 2013 ; candidate for Governor in 2018 Mark Warner , U.S. Senator from Virginia since 2009 ; Governor 2002 -- 2006 Marianne Williamson , spiritual teacher , author , and lecturer from California ; candidate for U.S. Representative in 2014 Frederica Wilson , U.S. Representative from Florida since 2011 U.S. Senator Richard Blumenthal from Connecticut Governor Steve Bullock of Montana Former Governor Lincoln Chafee of Rhode Island U.S. Senator Tammy Duckworth from Illinois Governor John Bel Edwards of Louisiana U.S. Representative Tulsi Gabbard from Hawaii Former U.S. Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy from New York Former U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry from Massachusetts U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar from Minnesota U.S. Representative Tim Ryan from Ohio U.S. Representative Adam Schiff from California Tom Steyer from California Former State Senator Nina Turner from Ohio Former Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa from California U.S. Senator Mark Warner from Virginia Marianne Williamson from California U.S. Representative Frederica Wilson from Florida Declined to run The individuals in this section have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy , but have publicly denied interest in running . Michael Bloomberg , Mayor of New York City , New York 2002 -- 2013 Jerry Brown , Governor of California since 2011 and 1975 -- 1983 ; Mayor of Oakland 1999 -- 2007 ; Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in 1982 ; candidate for President in 1976 , 1980 , and 1992 Sherrod Brown , U.S. Senator from Ohio since 2007 ; U.S. Representative 1993 -- 2007 Chelsea Clinton , First Daughter of the United States 1993 -- 2001 Hillary Clinton , U.S. Secretary of State 2009 -- 2013 ; U.S. Senator from New York 2001 -- 2009 ; candidate for President in 2008 and Democratic nominee in 2016 George Clooney , actor , director , producer , screenwriter , activist , businessman , and philanthropist from Kentucky Roy Cooper , Governor of North Carolina since 2017 Mark Cuban , businessman and investor from Texas Andrew Cuomo , Governor of New York since 2011 ; U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 1997 -- 2001 Bill de Blasio , Mayor of New York City , New York since 2014 Jamie Dimon , President of JPMorgan Chase since 2004 Al Franken , U.S. Senator from Minnesota 2009 -- 2018 Kirsten Gillibrand , U.S. Senator from New York since 2009 ; U.S. Representative 2007 -- 2009 Al Gore , Vice President of the United States 1993 -- 2001 ; U.S. Senator from Tennessee 1985 -- 1993 ; U.S. Representative 1977 -- 1985 ; candidate for President in 1988 and Democratic nominee in 2000 Luis Gutiérrez , U.S. Representative from Illinois since 1993 Tom Hanks , actor and filmmaker from California Bob Iger , CEO of The Walt Disney Company since 2005 Jay Inslee , Governor of Washington since 2013 ; U.S. Representative 1993 -- 1995 and 1999 -- 2012 Dwayne Johnson , actor , producer , and semi-retired professional wrestler from Florida Tim Kaine , U.S. Senator from Virginia since 2013 ; Governor 2006 -- 2010 ; Mayor of Richmond 1998 -- 2001 ; Democratic nominee for Vice President in 2016 Jason Kander , Secretary of State of Missouri 2013 -- 2017 ; Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in 2016 , candidate for Mayor of Kansas City , Missouri in 2019 Joe Kennedy III , U.S. Representative from Massachusetts since 2013 Mitch Landrieu , Mayor of New Orleans , Louisiana 2010 -- 2018 Seth Moulton , U.S. Representative from Massachusetts since 2015 Chris Murphy , U.S. Senator from Connecticut since 2013 ; U.S. Representative 2007 -- 2013 Phil Murphy , Governor of New Jersey since 2018 Gavin Newsom , Lieutenant Governor of California since 2011 ; Mayor of San Francisco 2004 -- 2011 ; Democratic nominee for Governor in 2018 Michelle Obama , First Lady of the United States 2009 -- 2017 Sheryl Sandberg , COO of Facebook since 2008 Joe Scarborough , U.S. Representative from Florida 1995 -- 2001 Elizabeth Warren , U.S. Senator from Massachusetts since 2013 Maxine Waters , U.S. Representative from California since 1991 Meg Whitman , President and CEO of Hewlett - Packard 2011 -- 2015 ; Republican nominee for Governor of California in 2010 Oprah Winfrey , media proprietor , talk show host , actress , producer , and philanthropist from California Mark Zuckerberg , computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur from California Potential convention sites Further information : 2020 Democratic National Convention Bids for the National Convention were solicited in the fall of 2017 , with finalists being announced in May 2018 . The winning bid will be revealed in the summer of 2018 . Atlanta , Georgia Birmingham , Alabama Denver , Colorado Houston , Texas Miami Beach , Florida Milwaukee , Wisconsin Los Angeles , California New York City , New York San Francisco , California Endorsements show John Delaney U.S. Executive Branch officials Jeffrey Zients , Acting Director of the OMB in 2010 and 2012 -- 2013 Victoria Clarke , Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs 2001 -- 2003 ( Republican ) U.S. Representatives Richard L. Hanna , U.S. Representative from NY - 22 2011 -- 2017 ( Republican ) Tom McMillen , U.S. Representative from MD - 4 1987 -- 1993 Individuals Jean Case , philanthropist , investor , and technology industry pioneer Steve Case , entrepreneur , investor , and businessman ( Independent ) John J. Fisher , businessman ( Republican ) Stephen Mandel , investor , hedge fund manager , and philanthropist Donald Sussman , financier and philanthropist Paul Tagliabue , Commissioner of the NFL 1989 -- 2006 David Trone , businessman , candidate for MD - 8 in 2016 and MD - 6 in 2018 show Andrew Yang Individuals Antonio García Martínez , New York Times Best Selling author , tech entrepreneur Tony Hsieh , internet entrepreneur and venture capitalist Daniel Porter , internet entrepreneur David S. Rose , serial entrepreneur and angel investor Brian Yang , actor and producer Primary election polling National polling Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Joe Biden Michael Bloomberg Cory Booker Sherrod Brown Julian Castro Hillary Clinton Mark Cuban Andrew Cuomo Al Franken Kirsten Gillibrand Kamala Harris Eric Holder Jason Kander Joe Kennedy III Amy Klobuchar Terry McAuliffe Michelle Obama Deval Patrick Tim Ryan Bernie Sanders Elizabeth Warren Oprah Winfrey Mark Zuckerberg Other Undecided Harvard - Harris 537 June 24 -- 25 , 2018 -- 32 % 3 % 6 % -- -- 18 % -- 1 % -- 1 % 2 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 16 % 10 % -- -- 12 % -- Zogby Analytics 495 June 4 -- 6 , 2018 ± 4.4 % 21 % -- 4 % 0 % -- -- -- 4 % -- 1 % 5 % 1 % -- -- -- 1 % -- 0 % -- 19 % 6 % 10 % -- -- 29 % Google Surveys 482 May 16 -- 19 , 2018 -- 25 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 37 % -- -- -- -- 38 % Google Surveys 518 May 10 -- 19 , 2018 -- 20 % -- 4 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 26 % 9 % -- -- -- 37 % Zogby Analytics 533 May 10 -- 12 , 2018 ± 4.2 % 26 % -- 3 % 1 % -- -- -- 2 % -- 1 % 4 % 1 % -- -- -- 0 % -- 1 % -- 18 % 8 % 14 % -- -- 22 % Rasmussen Reports 1,000 February 27 -- 28 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 25 % -- 4 % -- -- 9 % -- -- -- -- 4 % -- -- -- -- 2 % -- -- -- 12 % 4 % -- -- 25 % 17 % Civis Analytics -- January 19 , 2018 -- 29 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 27 % -- 17 % -- 27 % -- Harvard - Harris 441 January 13 -- 16 , 2018 -- 27 % -- 4 % -- -- 13 % -- 2 % -- 1 % 4 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 16 % 10 % 13 % -- -- 10 % USC Dornsife / Los Angeles Times 1,699 December 15 , 2017 -- January 15 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 28 % -- 3 % -- -- 19 % -- -- -- 2 % 5 % -- -- 4 % 1 % -- -- -- 1 % 22 % 11 % -- -- 4 % -- RABA Research 345 January 10 -- 11 , 2018 ± 5.0 % 26 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 21 % 18 % 20 % -- -- 15 % Emerson College 216 January 8 -- 11 , 2018 -- 27 % -- 3 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 % 2 % -- 4 % -- 2 % -- -- -- -- 23 % 9 % -- -- 9 % 19 % Greenberg Quinlan Rosner / Democracy Corps 440 January 6 -- 11 , 2018 -- 26 % -- 6 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 29 % 14 % 8 % -- 12 % 6 % Google Surveys 310 December 20 -- 22 , 2017 -- 22 % -- 3 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 31 % 11 % -- -- -- 32 % Zogby Analytics 682 October 30 , 2017 -- 19 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 % -- 1 % 3 % -- -- -- 1 % 2 % 22 % -- -- 18 % 8 % -- 4 % -- 20 % Zogby Analytics 356 September 12 , 2017 -- 17 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 % -- 3 % 6 % -- -- -- 1 % 1 % -- -- -- 28 % 12 % -- 7 % -- 23 % Harvard - Harris 2,092 March 14 -- 16 , 2017 -- -- -- 3 % -- -- 8 % 3 % 4 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 11 % -- -- 14 % 9 % 3 % -- 45 % -- Rasmussen Reports 1,000 February 8 -- 9 , 2017 ± 3.0 % 15 % -- 8 % -- -- 17 % -- -- 6 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 20 % 16 % -- -- 20 % -- Public Policy Polling 400 December 6 -- 7 , 2016 ± 4.9 % 31 % -- 4 % 2 % 0 % -- -- 2 % 3 % 3 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 24 % 16 % -- -- -- 14 % Statewide polling California Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Joe Biden Cory Booker Kamala Harris Bernie Sanders Undecided Google Surveys 261 November 8 -- 10 , 2017 -- 17 % 4 % 14 % 38 % 28 % Delaware Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Joe Biden Cory Booker Julian Castro Andrew Cuomo John Delaney Kamala Harris Bernie Sanders Elizabeth Warren Undecided Gravis Marketing 354 July 24 -- 29 , 2018 ± 5.2 % 47 % 5 % 1 % 1 % 0 % 3 % 5 % 9 % 29 % Iowa Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Cory Booker Julian Castro Andrew Cuomo Kirsten Gillibrand Kamala Harris Amy Klobuchar Martin O'Malley Sheryl Sandberg Howard Schultz Undecided Public Policy Polling ( for an O'Malley - aligned PAC ) 1,062 March 3 -- 6 , 2017 -- 17 % 4 % 8 % 3 % 3 % 11 % 18 % 4 % 1 % 32 % New Hampshire Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Joe Biden Cory Booker John Delaney Kirsten Gillibrand Kamala Harris John Hickenlooper Joe Kennedy III Amy Klobuchar Terry McAuliffe Martin O'Malley Deval Patrick Tim Ryan Bernie Sanders Elizabeth Warren Mark Zuckerberg Other Undecided Suffolk University 295 April 26 -- 30 , 2018 -- 30 % 10 % -- 3 % 6 % -- -- -- 2 % -- 8 % -- 25 % -- -- 1 % 15 % 20 % 8 % -- 2 % 4 % -- -- -- 2 % -- 4 % -- 13 % 26 % -- -- 21 % University of New Hampshire 188 April 13 -- 22 , 2018 ± 7.1 % 26 % 5 % -- 1 % 6 % 1 % 3 % 1 % -- 2 % -- 0 % 28 % 11 % -- 2 % 13 % American Research Group 400 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 5.0 % 58 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 33 % -- -- 8 % 47 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 45 % -- -- -- 7 % University of New Hampshire 219 January 28 -- February 10 , 2018 ± 6.6 % 35 % 3 % 0 % 2 % 1 % -- -- 0 % -- 1 % -- -- 24 % 15 % -- 4 % 15 % University of New Hampshire 212 October 3 -- 15 , 2017 ± 6.7 % 24 % 6 % 0 % 1 % 1 % 2 % -- 1 % -- 3 % -- 1 % 31 % 13 % 2 % 5 % 11 % Third - party , independent , and unaffiliated candidates Libertarian party Further information : Libertarian Party presidential primaries , 2020 Declared candidates Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Adam Kokesh February 1 , 1982 ( age 7004133410000000000 ♠ 36 ) San Francisco , California Libertarian and anti-war political activist Candidate for U.S. Representative from New Mexico in 2010 Arizona July 18 , 2013 ( Campaign Website ) FEC Filing Vermin Supreme June 1961 ( age 57 ) Rockport , Massachusetts Performance artist and activist Candidate for President in 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 Candidate for Mayor of Detroit , Michigan in 1989 Candidate for Mayor of Baltimore , Maryland in 1987 Maryland May 28 , 2018 ( Website ) Arvin Vohra May 9 , 1979 ( age 7004143400000000000 ♠ 39 ) Silver Spring , Maryland Vice Chair of the LNC 2014 -- 2018 Libertarian nominee for U.S. Senate from Maryland in 2018 Libertarian nominee for U.S. Representative in 2012 and 2014 Candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016 Maryland July 3 , 2018 ( Website ) A notable person who have announced that he is running for the Libertarian presidential nomination in 2020 but has not established a campaign website is : Zoltan Istvan , a transhumanist , journalist , entrepreneur , and Libertarian futurist from California Potential candidates Bill Weld , Governor of Massachusetts 1991 -- 1997 ; Republican nominee for U.S. Senate in 1996 ; Libertarian nominee for Vice President in 2016 Former Governor Bill Weld of Massachusetts Declined to run The individuals in this section have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy , but have publicly denied interest in running . Gary Johnson , Governor of New Mexico 1995 -- 2003 ; Libertarian nominee for President in 2012 and in 2016 Rand Paul , U.S. Senator from Kentucky since 2011 ; candidate for President in 2016 ( endorsed Donald Trump ) Austin Petersen , producer , writer , political activist , and commentator from Missouri ; candidate for U.S. Senate from in 2018 ; candidate for President in 2016 Convention site On December 10 , 2017 , the Libertarian National Committee chose Austin , Texas as the site of their 2020 national convention . The convention will be held between May 22 -- 25 , 2020 . Green party Further information : Green Party of the United States Individuals who have publicly expressed interest Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for President within the last six months . Jesse Ventura , Governor of Minnesota 1999 -- 2003 Former Governor Jesse Ventura of Minnesota Potential candidates Jill Stein , Green nominee for President in 2012 and 2016 ; Green - Rainbow nominee for Governor of Massachusetts in 2002 and 2010 Jill Stein from Massachusetts Declined to run The individuals in this section have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy , but have publicly denied interest in running . Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator from Vermont since 2007 ; U.S. Representative 1991 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2016 Constitution party Further information : Constitution Party ( United States ) Individuals who have publicly expressed interest Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for President within the last six months . Don Blankenship , former business executive and convicted criminal ; Constitution nominee for U.S. Senate from West Virginia in 2018 Don Blankenship from West Virginia Independent or unaffiliated Beginning in August 2017 , rumors emerged about a possible independent `` unity ticket '' between governors John Kasich ( Republican of Ohio ) , and John Hickenlooper ( Democrat of Colorado ) based on their cooperation on healthcare . Playfully given the nicknames `` Kasichlooper '' and `` The Johns , '' the idea of a joint ticket was shot down by both governors . Hickenlooper commenting `` it 's fun to talk about , but it 's not in the cards . '' With Kasich quipping `` Look , Kasich - Hickenlooper , first of all , you could n't pronounce it and second of all , you could n't fit it on a bumper sticker ( ... ) the answer is no . '' Declared candidates Notable persons who have announced that they are running for the president in 2020 as independent candidates but have not established campaign websites are : Lawrence Jackson , a former football player from California Dan Rattiner , a journalist and newspaper publisher from New York Kanye West , a rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , fashion designer , and entrepreneur from California Withdrawn candidates Jeremy Gable , playwright from Pennsylvania . Withdrew candidacy on September 5 , 2017 . Individuals who have publicly expressed interest Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for President within the last six months . Akon , singer , songwriter , businessman , record producer , and actor from New Jersey Roseanne Barr , actress , comedian , writer , and television producer ; Peace and Freedom nominee for President in 2012 Mark Cuban , businessman and investor from Texas LeBron James , professional basketball player from California Akon from New Jersey Roseanne Barr from Georgia Mark Cuban from Texas LeBron James from California Potential candidates Marianne Williamson , spiritual teacher , author , and lecturer from California ; candidate for U.S. Representative in 2014 Marianne Williamson from California Declined to run The individuals in this section have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy , but have publicly denied interest in running . Michael Bloomberg , Mayor of New York City , New York 2002 -- 2013 Tim Cook , business executive , industrial engineer , and developer from California Jeff Flake , U.S. Senator from Arizona since 2013 ; U.S. Representative 2001 -- 2013 John Hickenlooper , Governor of Colorado since 2011 ; Mayor of Denver 2003 -- 2011 Bob Iger , CEO of The Walt Disney Company since 2005 Dwayne Johnson , actor , producer , and semi-retired professional wrestler from Florida John Kasich , Governor of Ohio since 2011 ; U.S. Representative 1983 -- 2001 ; candidate for President in 2000 and in 2016 Steve Kerr , professional basketball coach and former player from California Gregg Popovich , professional basketball coach from Indiana Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator from Vermont since 2007 ; U.S. Representative 1991 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2016 Joe Scarborough , U.S. Representative from Florida 1995 -- 2001 Mark Zuckerberg , computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur from California Maps The 50 states plus DC , scaled according to the number of electors in each state . See also United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 United States gubernatorial elections , 2020 United States Senate elections , 2018 United States Senate elections , 2020 Notes Jump up ^ `` Generic Republican '' specifically excludes Donald Trump . Jump up ^ In this poll , Kirsten Gillibrand 's name was misspelled as `` Kristen Gillebrand '' . ^ Jump up to : This individual is not registered to the political party of this section , but has been the subject of speculation or expressed interest in running under this party . Jump up ^ In this poll , Kamala Harris ' name was misspelled as `` Kamela Harris '' . References Jump up ^ `` US Election guide : how does the election work ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Linton ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Forget 2016 . The Pivotal Year In Politics May Be 2020 '' . NPR . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chinni , Dante ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Demographic shifts show 2020 presidential race could be close '' . NBC News . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fox , Peggy ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Washington , D.C. , may allow 16 - year - olds to vote for president in the 2020 election '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Campbell , James E. ( March 1986 ) . `` Presidential Coattails and Midterm Losses in State Legislative Elections '' . The American Political Science Review . 80 ( 1 ) : 45 . JSTOR 1957083 . Jump up ^ Sarlin , Benjy ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Forget 2016 : Democrats already have a plan for 2020 '' . MSNBC . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll # 180746 '' . Politico . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Tax Reform Still Not Helping GOP ; Dems Lead House Ballot By 6 '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll ® : Biden , Sanders , Warren , Oprah and Obama beat Trump head to head in 2020 presidential election ! ; Trump making gains with base , especially NASCAR fans and Walmart shoppers '' . Zogby Analytics . May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Voters Like High School Gun Protesters ; Do n't Like NRA '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Democrats Lead by 8 Points On Generic House Ballot Nationally '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` CNN January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . CNN . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll ® Oprah , Biden , Sanders and Warren easily defeat Trump in 2020 ; Trump in closer races with Harris , Zuckerberg , and Obama '' . Zogby Analytics . January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Voters Think Trump Should Resign Over Harassment Allegations '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Support For Impeachment At Record High '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll SM : Sanders and Biden dominate Trump ; Obama and Warren in tight races with the president '' . Zogby Analytics . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Peter ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Emerson College Poll : Trump Job Approval 44 % . Voters Split on Trusting Media / Trump . North Korea - Biggest Threat , Support for DACA , Canada as Good Neighbor , Views on Catalonia Independence , Men better suited for politics , and 2020 Pres . Race '' ( PDF ) . Emerson College . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 Shaping Up Big For Democrats '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Holds Steady After Charlottesville ; Supporters Think Whites , Christians Face Discrimination '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Health Care a Mine Field for Republicans ; Many Trump Voters in Denial on Russia '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Plurality of Voters Think Trump Obstructed Justice '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Health Care Puts House in Play '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Democrats Have Big Enthusiasm Edge for 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trump , Ryan Both Hit Record Low Approval '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Badly Losing His Fights With Media '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivers , Douglas ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Oprah 2020 '' . YouGov . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll : 2020 Presidential Election Potential Match - ups '' . Zogby Analytics . August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll # 171109 '' ( PDF ) . Morning Consult . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Debenedetti , Gabriel ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Polls split : Would Oprah win ? '' . Politico . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Stan ; Carville , James ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` The country hates the GOP Congress : Why do n't Democrats have a knock - out lead ? '' ( PDF ) . Democracy Corps . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malloy , Tim ; Smith , Pat ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` U.S. Voters Split On Whether Trump Is Stable , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; President Is Dividing The Nation , Voters Say 2 - 1 '' . Quinnipiac University . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miringoff , Lee M. ; Carvalho , Barbara L. ; Griffith , Mary E. ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Oprah Would Defeat Trump in 2020 , But Americans Do n't Want `` O '' to Run '' ( PDF ) . Marist Poll . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah vs. The Donald , and The Winner Is ... '' . Rasmussen Reports . January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American workers still support repeal of Obamacare ; Oprah trumps the Donald ! '' . Zogby Analytics . March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Only 24 % of Voters Support GOP Health Care Plan '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Study # 17505 '' ( PDF ) . NBC News . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Issues Poll '' ( PDF ) . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Doug ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` New National Poll Donald Trump Twice As Popular As Mitch McConnell '' . Orlando Political Observer . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results of SurveyUSA Election Poll # 23844 '' . SurveyUSA. April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results of SurveyUSA Election Poll # 23742 '' . SurveyUSA . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll : Trump approval / Trump Vs. Warren in 11 states '' . Zogby Analytics . August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EPIC - MRA STATEWIDE POLL OF ACTIVE AND LIKELY NOVEMBER 2018 VOTERS '' ( PDF ) . Epic - MRA . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zogby Analytics in the News - September 19 , 2017 '' . Zogby Analytics . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Poll : New Hampshire Republicans Are n't Totally Sold On Trump 2020 '' . American Research Group . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` An in - depth examination of North Carolina voter attitudes in important current issues '' ( PDF ) . Meredith College . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` POLL : Mark Cuban could beat Trump in 2020 -- in Texas '' . Jump up ^ Westwood , Sarah ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Trump hints at re-election bid , vowing ' eight years ' of ' great things ' '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bixby , Scott ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Road to 2020 : Donald Trump 's Never - Ending Campaign '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morehouse , Lee ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trump breaks precedent , files as candidate for re-election on first day '' . KTVK . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan ; Burns , Alexander ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Shadow Campaign for 2020 Takes Shape as Trump Doubts Grow '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Susan Collins not sure Trump will be 2020 GOP nominee '' . CBS News . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goodkind , Nicole ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` TRUMP MAY NOT SEEK RE-ELECTION : RAND PAUL , CHRIS CHRISTIE '' . Newsweek . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaczynski , Andrew ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Jeff Flake : Trump ' inviting ' 2020 primary challenge by how he 's governing '' . CNN . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaitin , Daniel ( May 19 , 2018 ) . `` Roger Stone says Trump may not run in 2020 , pledges to line up challenger to Pence - Haley ticket '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Louis ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Trump predicts he can win 95 percent of the black vote '' . Politico . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Fellure '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Jonathon The Impaler ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` JONATHON THE IMPALER SHARKEY , Ph. D. , L.D.D.D. '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Larry ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Conservative author Brad Thor announces 2020 challenge to Trump '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglas ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Outcast Republicans still pining for 2020 challenger as Donald Trump 's GOP popularity soars '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kormann , Carolyn ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` The Hazard of Don Blankenship 's Senate Campaign in West Virginia '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thomsen , Jacqueline ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Flake does n't rule out challenging Trump in 2020 '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeff Flake considers 2020 primary bid to challenge Trump '' . CBS News . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cox , Erin ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Larry Hogan for president ? He did n't rule it out '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland Republican Gov. Hogan does n't rule out 2020 presidential run '' . Politico . August 3 , 2018 . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Devaney , Jason ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan on White House Run : ' Never Say Never ' '' . Newsmax . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steinhauser , Paul ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` John Kasich , in New Hampshire , hints at Trump 2020 challenge : ' All my options are on the table ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hasson , Peter ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` BILL KRISTOL CONSIDERING RUN FOR PRESIDENT IN 2020 '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chabot , Hillary ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Trump critic suggests Charlie Baker run in 2020 '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keller , Jon ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Keller @ Large : Charlie Baker For President Is A Bad Idea '' . WBZ - TV . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Gabriel ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` '' I HAVE POWER `` : IS STEVE BANNON RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT ? '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Budowsky , Brent ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Bannon may run for president '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Belvedere , Matthew J. ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Jeb Bush : ' I do n't know ' if I 'd ever run again , but I 'd never do what Trump did to get elected '' . CNBC . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Curl , Joseph ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Is Jeb Bush ( Jeb ! ) Already Running For President in 2020 ? '' . The Daily Wire . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whetstone , Tyler ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Bob Corker on a 2020 presidential bid : ' Way , way too early ' to begin making any decision '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , Lloyd ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Does Bob Corker challenge Trump in 2020 ? '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Brittany ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Voters speculate Sen. Bob Corker will run for president in 2020 '' . WTVC . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bedard , Paul ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` It starts : Ann Coulter for president 2020 '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allahpundit ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Head Of Border - Hawk Group : We Need Ann Coulter To Run Against Trump In 2020 '' . Hot Air . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Davis ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Carly Fiorina Hates Going To Strip Clubs ( And She 's Running For Office Again ) '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giaritelli , Anna ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Carly Fiorina ' certainly would consider ' another run for president '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` REL4D - 2020 '' ( PDF ) . CNN . March 29 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Jason ; Wise , Lindsay ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Is he running ? Missouri governor 's Iowa trip stirs 2024 speculation '' . The McClatchy Company . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Greitens , let 's focus on Missouri . The White House can wait '' . The Kansas City Star . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glueck , Katie ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` How not to primary Donald Trump '' . The McClatchy Company . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shelbourne , Mallory ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Sasse dodges question on 2020 '' . The Hill . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Brent ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Christie hints at radio gig , says he ' ca n't imagine ' running for office again '' . NJ.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Millar , Lindsey ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Cotton figures in New York Times roundup on 2020 presidential race '' . Arkansas Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beaumont , Thomas ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` GOP 's Cotton in Iowa : `` I 'm ready for that new beginning . '' `` . The Seattle Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kraychik , Robert ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Ted Cruz Endorses Donald Trump in 2020 '' . Breitbart News . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shen , Lucinda ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Why Mark Cuban Could Run for President -- As a Republican '' . Fortune . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Allan ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Cuban says if he runs for president he 'd probably run as a Republican '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will Mark Cuban run for president in 2020 ? '' . CTV Television Network . April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scarborough : Nikki Haley would beat Donald Trump if she ran in 2020 GOP primary '' . The Post and Courier. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Peter ; Davis , Julie Hirschfeld ; Haberman , Maggie ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Sanctions Flap Erupts Into Open Conflict Between Haley and White House '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schleifer , Theodore ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Haley says Trump does n't limit her foreign policy bullhorn '' . CNN . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frumentarius ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Will ' Mad Dog ' Mattis challenge Trump in 2020 GOP presidential primary ? '' . SOFREP.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LIVE Stream : President - Elect Donald Trump Rally in Fayetteville , NC 12 / 6 / 16 '' . Right Side Broadcasting Network . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tate , Curtis ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rand Paul in 2020 ? He 's showing that independent streak again '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hashmi , Siraj ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Libertarians want Rand Paul to lead them in 2020 against Trump '' . Red Alert Politics . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feldscher , Kyle ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rand Paul dodges on if a 2020 primary would be good for GOP : ' I ca n't see myself supporting anyone but ' Trump '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frank , T.A. ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` CAN MIKE PENCE KEEP HIS 2020 FANTASIES TO HIMSELF ? '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Laura ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Vice president vehemently denies laying groundwork for potential 2020 White House bid '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seleh , Pardes ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Austin Petersen `` optimistic '' about Trump , may run for Senate as a Republican `` . Red Alert Politics . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austin Petersen on Taxation , Marijuana , Guns , Abortion , and 2020 ( Pt. 3 ) '' . The Rubin Report . April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heilbrunn , Jacob ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Biggest Fear : A Romney 2020 Primary Challenge '' . The National Interest . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burr , Thomas ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Mitt Romney : On school shootings , immigration and when he 'll challenge Trump . A Q&A with Utah 's new Senate candidate '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peek , Liz ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Rubio 's push for child tax credit is all about 2020 '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam C. ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Florida Insider Poll : Marco Rubio for prez again ? And will Trump be on the 2020 ballot ? '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is Rubio planning a 2020 presidential run ? '' . Politico . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Larry ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Will Paul Ryan challenge Trump in 2020 ? '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tognotti , Chris ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` Will Paul Ryan Run For President In 2020 ? Primary Challenges To Incumbent Presidents Are Rare , But Not Unprecedented '' . Bustle . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` LIVE Stream : President - Elect Donald Trump Rally in West Allis , WI 12 / 13 / 16 '' . Right Side Broadcasting Network . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Byrd , Caitlin ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Mark Sanford returns to Congress , warning Republicans his loss is ' a wake - up call ' '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sanford on prospect of 2020 White House run '' . CNN . April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fox , Michelle ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Scott Walker dismisses 2020 presidential bid : ' Not running for anything but re-election ' '' . CNBC . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wieczner , Jen ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` HPE 's Meg Whitman Wo n't Be Uber 's CEO . But She Could Be the First Female President '' . Fortune . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ray , Tiernan ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Hewlett 's Whitman : ' I Will Not Run for Office in 2020 ′ '' . Barron 's . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Marie Segarra , Lisa ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Sorry , Oprah Fans . She 's Not Running for President in 2020 '' . Time . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krawchenko , Katiana ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` RNC picks Charlotte as 2020 GOP convention site '' . CBS News . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kristol , Bill ( @ BillKristol ) ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm no fan of the Obama Administration , and intend to vote for a non-Trump Republican in 2020 . But ... even I 'll admit , in light of this tweet , that it would be kind of great if Michelle Obama ran in 2020 and crushed Trump '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Raju , Manu ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Trump declared he 's running again . Many Republicans are n't ready to back him '' . CNN . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Raymond , Adam K. ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` GOP Lawmakers : It 's ' Too Early ' to Back Trump in 2020 '' . New York . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowden , John ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Romney wo n't commit yet to supporting Trump in 2020 '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Erick ( @ EWErickson ) ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` I 'd vote for @ BradThor for President '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Monthly Harvard - Harris Poll : June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Harvard University . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` USC Dornsife / Los Angeles Times National Poll '' . University of Southern California . January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Peter ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Emerson College ePoll : Trump Approval Drops as Voters are split among Policies and Mental Stability . Race Relations Worsen under Trump '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequency Questionnaire '' ( PDF ) . Greenberg Quinlan Rosner . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PRRI 2017 American Values Survey '' ( PDF ) . Public Religion Research Institute . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` TRUMP WOULD ONLY GET 50 PERCENT OF VOTES IN 2020 PRIMARY '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miringoff , Lee M. ; Carvalho , Barbara L. ; Griffith , Mary E. ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Trump at Lowest Point With 35 % Job Approval Rating ... Crack at the Base '' ( PDF ) . Marist Poll . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delaware Polling '' ( PDF ) . Gravis Marketing . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Hampshire Marginals '' ( PDF ) . Suffolk University . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Andrew E. ; Azem , Zachary S. ; McKinley , Sean P. ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Sanders & Biden Remain Frontrunners ; GOP Primary Voters Prefer Trump Over Kasich Three to One '' ( PDF ) . University of New Hampshire . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Andrew E. ; Azem , Zachary S. ; McKinley , Sean P. ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Biden & Sanders Lead Democratic Field ; GOP Primary Voters Rally Around Trump '' ( PDF ) . University of New Hampshire . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Andrew E. ; Azem , Zachary S. ; McKinley , Sean P. ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sanders , Biden & Warren Early Democratic Frontrunners ; Trump Not Consensus Choice in GOP Primary '' ( PDF ) . University of New Hampshire . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2020 New Hampshire Republican Presidential Primary Ballots '' . American Research Group . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wartman , Scott ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Trump would demolish John Kasich head - to - head in Ohio , according to a new poll '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Easley , Jonathan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` For Democrats , no clear leader '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vyse , Graham ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` The 2020 Democratic primary is going to be the all - out brawl the party needs '' . The New Republic . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Struggle Between Clinton and Sanders Is Not Over '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After the divisive Democratic National Committee chair election , what 's next ? '' . The Guardian . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Elena ( May 19 , 2018 ) . `` Democrats clash over party 's direction in key Texas race '' . Politico . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schor , Elana ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` Dem senators fight to out - liberal one another ahead of 2020 '' . Politico . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ryan W. ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) . `` New York 's Kirsten Gillibrand , Bill de Blasio echo progressive calls to ' abolish ICE ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Janssen , Kim ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` DNC chair Tom Perez : Expect a ' double - digit ' field in 2020 presidential primary '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scher , Bill ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` Why 2020 Will Be the Year of the Woman '' . Politico . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Huey - Burns , Caitlin ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Oprah Run in 2020 Entices Leaderless Democrats '' . RealClearPolitics . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zengerle , Jason ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Who Will Do What Harry Reid Did Now That Harry Reid Is Gone ? '' . New York . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Delaney , John ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` John Delaney : Why I 'm running for president '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIALLY A CANDIDATE FOR PRESIDENT 2020 4TH TIME ON THE BALLOT DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY '' . August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nwadike , Kenneth E. ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` FEC FORM 2 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jain body holds oath - taking event '' . Daily News and Analysis . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yang , Andrew . `` FEC FORM 2 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Braun , Dorothy L. ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` BraunforPresident.US 2020 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Rocky De La Fuente Tells Court that He Plans to Seek Democratic Party Nomination for President in 2020 '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell , Kim ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ad for attorney Geoffrey Fieger sends message he wants to run for president in 2020 '' . WXYZ - TV . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kwong , Jessica ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` MICHAEL AVENATTI SAYS HE 'D ' ABSOLUTELY ' BEAT DONALD TRUMP IN 2020 ELECTION AND ' BE HIS WORST NIGHTMARE ' '' . Newsweek . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pfannenstiel , Brianne ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Michael Avenatti in Iowa : ' I 'm exploring a run for the presidency of the United States ' '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Alec Baldwin Thinks He Could ' Absolutely ' Beat Trump in 2020 '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sampathkumar , Mythili ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Joe Biden reveals deadline for decision over his 2020 presidential bid '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stromquist , Kat ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` At Joe Biden 's New Orleans appearance , further hints of a 2020 run '' . Gambit . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Biden confirms he may run for president in 2020 '' . MSNBC. April 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( June 16 , 2018 ) . `` Cory Booker eyes 2020 while crisscrossing the country for the midterms '' . CNN . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . 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Adam Schiff 's growing fan base hopes his next act is taking on Trump in 2020 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogan , Tom ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's hope Tom Steyer wins the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Rory ( July 14 , 2018 ) . `` Is Tom Steyer the progressive answer to the Koch brothers ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DiStaso , John ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` NH Primary Source : Steyer in NH organizing young voters , pushing for Trump impeachment '' . WMUR - TV . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tolan , Casey ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) . `` Eric Swalwell has visited Iowa 10 times in last year and a half . Is he running for president ? '' . The Mercury News . San Jose , Calif . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Obradovich , Kathie ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Congressman Eric Swalwell 's Iowa memory : Algona fired his dad '' . 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Axios . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Korecki , Natasha ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Gutiérrez eyes 2020 presidential run '' . Politico . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Preston , Mark ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Rep. Gutierrez passes on presidential bid , will focus on mobilizing Latino voters '' . CNN . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hanks responds to growing calls for him to run for President in 2020 '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James , Meg ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Bob Iger criticizes gun violence in wake of Las Vegas shooting '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bilton , Nick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` IGER 2020 ? '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chuba , Kirsten ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Disney CEO Bob Iger Was Considering Presidential Run Before Fox Deal '' . Variety . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cole , Gina ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Inslee 2020 ? CNN thinks Washington governor has shot at Democratic nod for president '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Jim ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Inslee for president ? Governor 's profile is on the rise '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goddard , Taegan ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Inslee for President ? '' . Political Wire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Southern , Keiran ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson says he may run for US president in 2024 as he rules out 2020 '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rozsa , Matthew ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Tim Kaine wants to eliminate superdelegates '' . Salon . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Lisa ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Kaine rules out run for president in 2020 '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article213769864.html Jump up ^ http://www.wmur.com/article/jason-kander-out-of-2020-presidential-mix-decides-to-run-for-mayor-of-kc/21932588 Jump up ^ Taylor , Jason ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Former Missouri office holder calls for Greitens to leave , and his supporters to follow '' . Missourinet . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dovere , Edward - Isaac ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Kennedy Could Be the Democrats ' Best Hope ( But May Not Want to Be ) '' . Politico . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US Rep. Joe Kennedy III dismisses idea of 2020 White House run , says Elizabeth Warren ' would be a great president ' '' . MassLive.com . February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dube Dwilson , Stephanie ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Joe Kennedy 2020 : Is He Running for President in the Next Election ? '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dovere , Edward - Isaac ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` The Southern Democrat who could shake up the 2020 field '' . Politico . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stein , Michael ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Democrats Deserve Better Than Mitch Landrieu '' . The New Republic . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Litten , Kevin ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Mitch Landrieu sound off on gun violence : ' They were created to kill ' '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Albert R. ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` A Democrat Fights His Own Party as Well as Trump '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kruse , Michael ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Generals Love Him . Top Democrats Despise Him . Can He Be President Anyway ? '' . Politico . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Jim ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Speculation is stirring about a Seth Moulton presidential bid '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shabad , Rebecca ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Democratic Sen. Chris Murphy rules out 2020 presidential bid '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Neil ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Murphy Exerts Power Over The Democratic Ticket '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Neil ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` CT Politics : Draft Murphy group eyes 2020 Trump challenge '' . Connecticut Post . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` Is Phil Murphy already running for president ? Experts say take a look at the signs '' . NJ.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Malloy , Daniel ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` COULD JERSEY 'S LIKELY NEXT GOVERNOR BE THE DEMS ' GREAT LAST HOPE ? '' . Ozy . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boggioni , Tom ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' I got a guy ' : Bill Maher predicts 2020 Democratic presidential candidate if they do n't ' f * ck it up ' '' . The Raw Story . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Kurt ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Gavin Newsom : ' Being president sounds like the most miserable job in the world ' '' . Recode . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Mike ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Why the Democrats Will Run Michelle Obama in 2020 '' . CounterPunch . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Earl , Jennifer ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Obama responds to someone asking her to run for president in 2020 '' . CBS News . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bedard , Paul ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` 2020 poll : Run Michelle Obama Run ! '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marinucci , Carla ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sheryl Sandberg denies 2020 ambitions , remains ' hopeful ' on Trump '' . Politico . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McPike , Erin ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sheryl Sandberg for President ? '' . RealClearPolitics . 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Jump up ^ Martosko , David ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` She 's not persisting : Elizabeth Warren says she WON 'T challenge Trump in 2020 '' . ( ( ) ) . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Estepa , Jessica ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Rep. Maxine Waters says she is n't running for president '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Jennifer ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Maxine Waters ' New Hampshire cameo spurs 2020 questions '' . Fox News . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Picket , Kerry ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Maxine Waters : I 'll Run For President If Millennials Want Me To '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Michelle ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin O'Leary thinks Meg Whitman could run for president , but Whitman says she has no plans to run '' . CNBC . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oppenheim , Maya ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey considers 2020 Presidential run in wake of Donald Trump 's win '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Link , Taylor ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` WATCH : President Trump 's worst nightmare ? Oprah plots 2020 presidential run '' . Salon . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kantrowitz , Alex ; Tiku , Nitasha ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Zuckerberg says he 's not running for president '' . CNBC . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sands , Darren ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Atlanta Will Bid To Host The 2020 Democratic National Convention '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Poe , Kelly ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Mayor Bell : Birmingham will seek the DNC again in 2020 '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seitz - Wald , Alex ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Eager Democrats 2020 prep : DNC eyes convention cities , debates , rule changes '' . NBC News . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glauber , Bill ; Nelson , James B. ; Daykin , Tom ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Milwaukee leaders announce bid for 2020 Democratic National Convention '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whalen , Bill ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Why L.A. Could Host Dems in 2020 ( and Why It Should n't ) '' . RealClearPolitics . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zients , Jeff ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Victoria ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Richard ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McMillen , C. Thomas Thomas ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Case , Jean ; Case , Steve ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fisher , John J. ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mandel Jr. , Stephen ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sussman , S. Donald ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tagliabue , Paul ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trone , David ( @ davidjtrone ) ( July 28 , 2017 ) . ``. @ JohnKDelaney has done a great job bringing people together to solve problems . He would be a fantastic President , and I 'm behind him 100 % ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ García Martínez , Antonio ( @ antoniogm ) ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' In just a few years , he said , `` we 're going to have a million truck drivers out of work ... '' `` That one innovation , '' he continued , `` will be enough to create riots in the street . '' Finally , someone in politics realizes what 's up . Go @ AndrewYangVFA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hsieh , Anthony ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Dan ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rose , David S. ( @ davidsrose ) ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` I 've got my candidate for President in 2020 . He 's brilliant , entrepreneurial , accomplished , far - sighted , and -- most important -- of impeccable integrity . @ andrewyang2020 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Yang , Brian ( @ briflys ) ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Hoopin ' with the @ andrewyang2020 crew . # yang2020 🇺 🇸 🏀 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Zogby Poll ® : Biden and Sanders are neck and neck for 2020 ! Oprah ahead of Warren , Harris and Booker ! '' . Zogby Analytics . July 3 , 2018 . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 17 / 05 / 18 - 2020 BernievBiden '' . Google Surveys . May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 5 / 10 / 18 - Dem primary '' . Google Surveys . May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Zogby Poll ® : Joe Biden 's lead widens over Bernie Sanders in potential Dem Primary ! Oprah polling well with Millennials , women and independents ; McAuliffe finishes last for second time since Sept ; Warren , Harris and Booker are currently non-factor '' . Zogby Analytics . May 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trump in 2020 ? - Rasmussen Reports ® '' . Rasmussen Reports . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Enten , Harry ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` How Trump Ranks In Popularity vs. Past Presidents '' . Civis Analytics . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Biden holds double - digit lead over field of 2020 Dem presidential contenders '' . Harvard University . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey of Democratic Primary Voters - January 11 , 2018 '' . RABA Research . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 12 / 2 / 17 - 2020 Dem Primary '' . Google Surveys . December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Zogby Poll SM : Michelle Obama tops all 2020 democratic hopefuls ! Sanders still winning younger voters '' . Zogby Analytics . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Zogby Poll : Feel the Bern ! Sanders early favorite among 2020 Democratic presidential hopefuls '' . Zogby Analytics . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Easley , Jonathan ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` For Democrats , no clear leader '' . The Hill . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders Still Democrats ' Choice for 2020 , But It 's Close '' . Rasmussen Reports . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Democrats Have Mixed Feelings on 2020 Field '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 11 / 08 / 17 - CA 2020 Primary '' . Google Surveys . November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debenedetti , Gabriel ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` O'Malley tests 2020 waters with Iowa poll '' . Politico . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Kokesh , jailed gun rights activist , to run for president '' . RT . July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Kokesh vs Vermin Supreme 2020 '' . Adam Kokesh . May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian presidential hopefuls : Now there are 2 ... or 3 ? '' . Libertarian Party . July 3 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kellogg , Spencer ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Interview With Libertarian Party Transhumanist , Running for California Governor , Zoltan Istvan '' . 71 Republic . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Matt ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Bill Weld Lays Groundwork for 2020 Libertarian Presidential Run '' . Reason . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Jim ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` The return of Bill Weld in 2020 ? ' Who knows ? ' he says '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beavers , Olivia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Gary Johnson ruling out 2020 bid : ' It does boil down to two political parties ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Michael ( March 5 , 2017 ) . `` Journal Washington correspondent catches up with ' a beast of a skier ' '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Libertarian Party Sets Location and Date of 2020 Presidential Convention '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Ventura Talks Running For President In 2020 - w / Jess Ventura pt. 3 '' . The Jimmy Dore Show . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gill , Lauren ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` BERNIE SANDERS WON 'T BE 2020 DEMOCRATIC NOMINEE , JILL STEIN SAYS '' . Newsweek . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chaitin , Daniel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Jill Stein open to a 2020 presidential bid '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horseman , Jeff ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` A Q&A with 2016 presidential candidate Jill Stein -- will she seek nomination in 2020 ? '' . The Press - Enterprise . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sweet , Lynn ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Bernie Sanders on Chuy Garcia , Marie Newman and 2020 '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ventura , Charles ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Bernie Sanders on 2020 presidential run : ' I am not taking it off the table ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will We Be Feeling the Bern in 2020 ? : Sanders on Whether He 'd Ever Run for President Again '' . Democracy Now ! . November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , Josh ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` CNN 's Brianna Keilar Presents Kasich and Hickenlooper With Potential 2020 Campaign Mock - Ups '' . Mediaite . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul , Jesse ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Kasichlooper 2020 ? Colorado governor says `` it 's fun to talk about , but it 's not in the cards '' `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ FEC Filing Jump up ^ Gable , Jeremy Joseph ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` FEC FORM 2 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gable , Jeremy ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` FEC FORM 3P '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegler , Mara ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Akon set to launch cryptocurrency called Akoin '' . Page Six . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Akon Envisions 2020 Presidential Run with Mark Zuckerberg as VP '' . TMZ . March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dugan , Christina ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne Barr Has ' No Regrets ' About Voting for Trump -- but May Run for President Again Herself '' . People . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James explains why he called Trump a ' bum ' '' . CNN . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scher , Brent ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` New Website Launched to ' Draft ' Apple CEO Tim Cook for 2020 '' . The Washington Free Beacon . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hardy , Kevin ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Apple CEO Tim Cook for president ? Here 's what he says '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Menegus , Bryan ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` So Uh , Is Tim Cook Running for President , Too ? '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roubein , Rachel ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Hickenlooper sees victory for centrists and model for Dems in Virginia '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moreno , Britt ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` What Gov. Hickenlooper Is Saying About 2020 Presidential Run '' . KCNC - TV . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tillett , Emily ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Is Bob Iger considering a presidential run ? '' . CBS News . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Scott ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne ' The Rock ' Johnson Is ' Seriously Considering ' Running for President '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson talks running for president at L.A. Comic Con '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Caroline ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Kasich on unity ticket : ' The answer is no ' '' . CNN . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hansler , Jennifer ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` John Kasich on a 2020 run : Never say never '' . CNN . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feldscher , Kyle ( October 15 , 2017 ) . `` John Kasich leaves the door open to challenging Trump for president in 2020 '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio 's Kasich says unlikely to challenge Trump as independent in 2020 : CNN '' . Reuters. April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kay , Stanley ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Steve Kerr Would Vote Gregg Popovich for President '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Curtis , Charles ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Gregg Popovich on running for president with Steve Kerr : We 're not ' qualified ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wiedeman , Reeves ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Popovich - Kerr 2020 : The Stump Speeches '' . New York . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Herbert , James ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Popovich 2020 ? Political experts analyze Spurs coach as presidential candidate '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carberry , Maegan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` We picked the wrong billionaire : The case for Mark Zuckerberg 2020 '' . Salon . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lafrance , Adrienne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Zuckerberg 2020 ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ( 2016 ← ) United States presidential election , 2020 ( → 2024 ) United States elections , 2020 Republican candidates Primaries Convention Candidates Declared incumbent Donald Trump campaign endorsements positions Declared Jack Fellure Jonathon Sharkey Brad Thor Expressed interest Don Blankenship Jeff Flake Larry Hogan John Kasich Bill Kristol Ben Shapiro Speculative Justin Amash Charlie Baker Steve Bannon Jeb Bush Bob Corker Ann Coulter Carly Fiorina Trey Gowdy Eric Greitens Colin Powell Ben Sasse Democratic candidates Primaries Convention Candidates Declared Jeff Boss Harry Braun Rocky De La Fuente John Delaney campaign positions Geoffrey Fieger Ken E. Nwadike Jr . Robby Wells Andrew Yang Expressed interest Michael Avenatti Alec Baldwin Joe Biden positions Cory Booker Pete Buttigieg Julian Castro Eric Garcetti Kamala Harris John Hickenlooper Eric Holder Terry McAuliffe Jeff Merkley Martin O'Malley Deval Patrick Bernie Sanders positions Howard Schultz Al Sharpton Speculative Richard Blumenthal Steve Bullock Lincoln Chafee Tammy Duckworth John Bel Edwards Tulsi Gabbard Caroline Kennedy John Kerry Amy Klobuchar Tim Ryan Adam Schiff Tom Steyer Nina Turner Antonio Villaraigosa Mark Warner Marianne Williamson Frederica Wilson Libertarian candidates Primaries Candidates Declared Zoltan Istvan Adam Kokesh ( campaign ) Joseph `` Exotic '' Maldonado Vermin Supreme Arvin Vohra Speculative Justin Amash Patrick Byrne Tom Campbell Kmele Foster Steve Kerbel John McAfee Jeffrey Miron Mary Ruwart Mark Sanford Nicholas Sarwark Peter Schiff Jesse Ventura Joe Walsh Bill Weld Green candidates Expressed interest Jesse Ventura Speculative Jill Stein Constitution candidates Expressed interest Don Blankenship Independent candidates Declared Lawrence Jackson Dan Rattiner Kanye West Expressed interest Akon Roseanne Barr Mark Cuban LeBron James Speculative Marianne Williamson ( 2019 ← ) 2020 United States elections ( → 2021 ) U.S. President Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands U.S. Senate Alabama Alaska Arkansas Colorado Delaware Georgia Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Delaware Indiana Missouri Montana New Hampshire North Carolina North Dakota Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia States / Territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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how many countries are the members of the un

The United Nations member states are the 193 sovereign states that are members of the United Nations ( UN ) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly . The UN is the world 's largest intergovernmental organization , ahead of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation .

193

Member states of the United Nations

member states of the united nations

The United Nations member states are the 193 sovereign states that are members of the United Nations ( UN ) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly . The UN is the world 's largest intergovernmental organization , ahead of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation .

The criteria for admission of new members to the UN are set out in Chapter II , Article 4 of the UN Charter : Membership in the United Nations is open to all peace - loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and , in the judgement of the Organization , are able and willing to carry out these obligations . The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . A recommendation for admission from the Security Council requires affirmative votes from at least nine of the council 's fifteen members , with none of the five permanent members using their veto power . The Security Council 's recommendation must then be approved in the General Assembly by a two - thirds majority vote . In principle , only sovereign states can become UN members , and currently all UN members are sovereign states . Although five members were not sovereign when they joined the UN , all subsequently became fully independent between 1946 and 1991 . Because a state can only be admitted to membership in the UN by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly , a number of states that are considered sovereign according to the Montevideo Convention are not members of the UN . This is because the UN does not consider them to possess sovereignty , mainly due to the lack of international recognition or due to opposition from one of the permanent members . In addition to the member states , the UN also invites non-member states to become observers at the UN General Assembly ( currently two : the Holy See and Palestine ) , allowing them to participate and speak in General Assembly meetings , but not vote . Observers are generally intergovernmental organizations and international organizations and entities whose statehood or sovereignty is not precisely defined . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original members 2 Current members 3 Former members 3.1 Republic of China 3.1. 1 Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan 3.2 Czechoslovakia 3.3 German Democratic Republic 3.4 Federation of Malaya 3.5 Tanganyika and Zanzibar 3.6 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 3.7 United Arab Republic 3.8 Yemen and Democratic Yemen 3.9 Yugoslavia 4 Suspension , expulsion , and withdrawal of members 4.1 Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 5 Observers and non-members 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Original members ( edit ) The United Nations in 1945 , after World War II . In light blue , the founding members . In dark blue , protectorates and territories of the founding members . Map of the current UN member states by their dates of admission . 1945 ( original members ) 1946 -- 1959 1960 -- 1989 1990 -- present non-member observer states Further information : History of the United Nations The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( the Republic of China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) and a majority of the other signatories . A total of 51 original members ( or founding members ) joined that year ; 50 of them signed the Charter at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco on 26 June 1945 , while Poland , which was not represented at the conference , signed it on 15 October 1945 . The original members of the United Nations were : France , the Republic of China , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States , Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , Brazil , Byelorussia , Canada , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Ethiopia , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , India , Iran , Iraq , Lebanon , Liberia , Luxembourg , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Syria , Turkey , Ukraine , Uruguay , Venezuela and Yugoslavia . Among the original members , 49 are either still UN members or had their memberships in the UN continued by a successor state ( see table below ) ; for example , the membership of the Soviet Union was continued by the Russian Federation after its dissolution ( see the section Former members : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ) . The other two original members , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ( i.e. , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ) , had been dissolved and their memberships in the UN not continued from 1992 by any one successor state ( see the sections Former members : Czechoslovakia and Former members : Yugoslavia ) . At the time of UN 's founding , the seat of China in the UN was held by the Republic of China , but as a result of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971 , it is now held by the People 's Republic of China ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ( Taiwan ) ) . A number of the original members were not sovereign when they joined the UN , and only gained full independence later : Belarus ( then the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ) and Ukraine ( then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) were both constituent republics of the Soviet Union , until gaining full independence in 1991 . India ( whose territory at that time , before the Partition of India , also included the present - day territories of Pakistan and Bangladesh ) was under British colonial rule , until gaining full independence in 1947 . The Philippines ( then the Philippine Commonwealth ) was a commonwealth with the United States , until gaining full independence in 1946 . New Zealand , while de facto sovereign at that time , `` only gained full capacity to enter into relations with other states in 1947 when it passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act . This occurred 16 years after the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Act in 1931 that recognised New Zealand 's autonomy . If judged by the Montevideo Convention criteria , New Zealand did not achieve full de jure statehood until 1947 . '' Current members ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : United Nations Member States Further information : List of sovereign states The current members and their dates of admission are listed below with their official designations used by the United Nations . The alphabetical order by the member states ' official designations is used to determine the seating arrangement of the General Assembly sessions , where a draw is held each year to select a member state as the starting point . Several members use their full official names in their official designations and thus are sorted out of order from their common names : the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of Korea , the Republic of Moldova , The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ( a provisional reference used for all purposes within the UN , and listed under T ) , and the United Republic of Tanzania . The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of admission by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns . See related sections on former members by clicking on the links in the column See also . Original members are listed with blue background . Flag Member state Date of admission See also Afghanistan 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan Albania 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Algeria 000000001962 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 1962 ~ ! Andorra 000000001993 - 07 - 28 - 0000 28 July 1993 ~ ! Angola 000000001976 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1976 ~ ! Antigua and Barbuda 000000001981 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1981 ~ ! Argentina 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Armenia 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Australia 000000001945 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 1945 Australia and the United Nations Austria 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Azerbaijan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Bahamas 000000001973 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1973 ~ ! Bahrain 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~ ! Bangladesh 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~ ! Barbados 000000001966 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1966 ~ ! Belarus 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Belgium 000000001945 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1945 ~ ! Belize 000000001981 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 1981 ~ ! Benin 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Bhutan 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~ ! Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) 000000001945 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1945 ~ ! Bosnia and Herzegovina 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Botswana 000000001966 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 1966 ~ ! Brazil 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Brazil and the United Nations Brunei Darussalam 000000001984 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1984 ~ ! Bulgaria 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Burkina Faso 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Burundi 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~ ! Cabo Verde 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~ ! Cambodia 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Cameroon 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Canada 000000001945 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 1945 Canada and the United Nations Central African Republic 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Chad 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Chile 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! China 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Republic of China and China and the United Nations Colombia 000000001945 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1945 ~ ! Comoros 000000001975 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1975 ~ ! Congo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Costa Rica 000000001945 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 1945 ~ ! Côte d'Ivoire 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Croatia 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Cuba 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Cyprus 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Czech Republic 000000001993 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1993 Former member : Czechoslovakia Democratic People 's Republic of Korea 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Korea and the United Nations Democratic Republic of the Congo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Denmark 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Djibouti 000000001977 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1977 ~ ! Dominica 000000001978 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1978 ~ ! Dominican Republic 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Ecuador 000000001945 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1945 ~ ! Egypt 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : United Arab Republic El Salvador 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Equatorial Guinea 000000001968 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1968 ~ ! Eritrea 000000001993 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1993 ~ ! Estonia 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Ethiopia 000000001945 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 1945 ~ ! Fiji 000000001970 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 October 1970 Fiji and the United Nations Finland 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! France 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 France and the United Nations Gabon 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Gambia 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 ~ ! Georgia 000000001992 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 July 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Germany 000000001973 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1973 Former member : German Democratic Republic and Germany and the United Nations Ghana 000000001957 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 1957 ~ ! Greece 000000001945 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1945 ~ ! Grenada 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~ ! Guatemala 000000001945 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1945 ~ ! Guinea 000000001958 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1958 ~ ! Guinea - Bissau 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 ~ ! Guyana 000000001966 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1966 ~ ! Haiti 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Honduras 000000001945 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1945 ~ ! Hungary 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Iceland 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 ~ ! India 000000001945 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 1945 India and the United Nations Indonesia 000000001950 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1950 Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) and Indonesia and the United Nations Iran ( Islamic Republic of ) 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Iraq 000000001945 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1945 ~ ! Ireland 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Israel 000000001949 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 1949 Israel , Palestine , and the United Nations Italy 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Jamaica 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~ ! Japan 000000001956 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1956 Japan and the United Nations Jordan 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Kazakhstan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Kenya 000000001963 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1963 ~ ! Kiribati 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~ ! Kuwait 000000001963 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1963 ~ ! Kyrgyzstan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Lao People 's Democratic Republic 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Latvia 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Lebanon 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Lesotho 000000001966 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 1966 ~ ! Liberia 000000001945 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 1945 ~ ! Libya 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Liechtenstein 000000001990 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1990 ~ ! Lithuania 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Luxembourg 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Luxembourg and the United Nations Madagascar 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Malawi 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~ ! Malaysia 000000001957 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1957 Former member : Federation of Malaya and Malaysia and the United Nations Maldives 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 ~ ! Mali 000000001960 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1960 ~ ! Malta 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~ ! Marshall Islands 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Marshall Islands and the United Nations Mauritania 000000001961 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1961 ~ ! Mauritius 000000001968 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 1968 ~ ! Mexico 000000001945 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1945 Mexico and the United Nations Micronesia ( Federated States of ) 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Federated States of Micronesia and the United Nations Monaco 000000001993 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1993 ~ ! Mongolia 000000001961 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1961 ~ ! Montenegro 000000002006 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 2006 Former member : Yugoslavia Morocco 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~ ! Mozambique 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~ ! Myanmar 000000001948 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 1948 ~ ! Namibia 000000001990 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 1990 ~ ! Nauru 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~ ! Nepal 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Netherlands 000000001945 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 1945 ~ ! New Zealand 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 New Zealand and the United Nations Nicaragua 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Niger 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Nigeria 000000001960 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 1960 ~ ! Norway 000000001945 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 1945 ~ ! Oman 000000001971 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 1971 ~ ! Pakistan 000000001947 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1947 Pakistan and the United Nations Palau 000000001994 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1994 ~ ! Panama 000000001945 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 1945 ~ ! Papua New Guinea 000000001975 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 1975 ~ ! Paraguay 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Peru 000000001945 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1945 ~ ! Philippines 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Philippines and the United Nations Poland 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Portugal 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Qatar 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 ~ ! Republic of Korea 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 Korea and the United Nations Republic of Moldova 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Romania 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Russian Federation 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Soviet Union and the United Nations and Russia and the United Nations Rwanda 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 ~ ! Saint Kitts and Nevis 000000001983 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1983 ~ ! Saint Lucia 000000001979 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1979 ~ ! Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 000000001980 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1980 ~ ! Samoa 000000001976 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1976 ~ ! San Marino 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 ~ ! Sao Tome and Principe 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 ~ ! Saudi Arabia 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Senegal 000000001960 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1960 ~ ! Serbia 000000002000 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2000 Former member : Yugoslavia and Serbia and the United Nations Seychelles 000000001976 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1976 ~ ! Sierra Leone 000000001961 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 1961 ~ ! Singapore 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 Former member : Malaysia and Singapore and the United Nations Slovakia 000000001993 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1993 Former member : Czechoslovakia Slovenia 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 Former member : Yugoslavia Solomon Islands 000000001978 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 1978 ~ ! Somalia 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! South Africa 000000001945 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1945 ~ ! South Sudan 000000002011 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 2011 ~ ! Spain 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Sri Lanka 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 ~ ! Sudan 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~ ! Suriname 000000001975 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1975 ~ ! Swaziland 000000001968 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 1968 ~ ! Sweden 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 ~ ! Switzerland 000000002002 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2002 ~ ! Syrian Arab Republic 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : United Arab Republic Tajikistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Thailand 000000001946 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1946 ~ ! The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 000000001993 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 1993 Former member : Yugoslavia Timor - Leste 000000002002 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2002 ~ ! Togo 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 ~ ! Tonga 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 ~ ! Trinidad and Tobago 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 Trinidad and Tobago and the United Nations Tunisia 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 ~ ! Turkey 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 ~ ! Turkmenistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Tuvalu 000000002000 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 2000 Tuvalu and the United Nations Uganda 000000001962 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1962 ~ ! Ukraine 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 Former member : Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic United Arab Emirates 000000001971 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1971 ~ ! United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 United Kingdom and the United Nations United Republic of Tanzania 000000001961 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1961 Former member : Tanganyika and Zanzibar United States of America 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 United States and the United Nations Uruguay 000000001945 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1945 ~ ! Uzbekistan 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Vanuatu 000000001981 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 1981 Vanuatu and the United Nations Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ) 000000001945 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 1945 ~ ! Viet Nam 000000001977 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1977 ~ ! Yemen 000000001947 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1947 Former member : Yemen and Democratic Yemen Zambia 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 ~ ! Zimbabwe 000000001980 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 August 1980 ~ ! Former members ( edit ) Republic of China ( edit ) Further information : China and the United Nations Areas controlled by the People 's Republic of China and the Republic of China The Republic of China ( ROC ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , and as set out by the United Nations Charter , Chapter V , Article 23 , became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . In 1949 , as a result of the Chinese Civil War , the Kuomintang - led ROC government lost effective control of mainland China and relocated to the island of Taiwan , and the Communist Party - led government of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , declared on 1 October 1949 , took control of mainland China . The UN was notified on 18 November 1949 of the formation of the Central People 's Government of the People 's Republic of China ; however , the Government of the Republic of China continued to represent China at the UN , despite the small size of the ROC 's jurisdiction of Taiwan and a number of smaller islands compared to the PRC 's jurisdiction of mainland China . As both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of China , proposals to effect a change in the representation of China in the UN were discussed but rejected for the next two decades , as the ROC was still recognized as the sole legitimate representative of China by a majority of UN members . Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN , based on the One - China policy . By the 1970s , a shift had occurred in international diplomatic circles and the PRC had gained the upper hand in international diplomatic relations and recognition count . On 25 October 1971 , the 21st time the United Nations General Assembly debated on the PRC 's admission into the UN , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted , by which it recognized that `` the representatives of the Government of the People 's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People 's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council , '' and decided `` to restore all its rights to the People 's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations , and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai - shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it . '' This effectively transferred the seat of China in the UN , including its permanent seat on the Security Council , from the ROC to the PRC , and expelled the ROC from the UN . From the United Nations ' perspective the `` Republic of China '' is not a former member . No UN member was expelled in 1971 . Rather , the credentials of one Chinese delegation ( from Taipei ) were rejected and the credentials of another Chinese delegation ( from Beijing ) were accepted . In addition to losing its seat in the UN , the UN Secretary - General concluded from the resolution that the General Assembly considered Taiwan to be a province of China . Consequently , the Secretary - General decided that it was not permitted for the ROC to become a party to treaties deposited with it . Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan ( edit ) Further information : Political status of Taiwan ; Four - Stage Theory of the Republic of China ; and Taiwanese United Nations membership referendums , 2008 The presidency of Ma Ying - jeou saw the first participation of the Republic of China on a United Nations body in almost 40 years . In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People 's Republic of China . A number of options were considered , including seeking membership in the specialized agencies , applying for observer status , applying for full membership , or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN . Every year from 1993 -- 2006 , UN member states submitted a memorandum to the UN Secretary - General requesting that the UN General Assembly consider allowing the ROC to resume participating in the United Nations . This approach was chosen , rather than a formal application for membership , because it could be enacted by the General Assembly , while a membership application would need Security Council approval , where the PRC held a veto . Early proposals recommended admitting the ROC with parallel representation over China , along with the People 's Republic of China , pending eventual reunification , citing examples of other divided countries which had become separate UN member states , such as East and West Germany and North and South Korea . Later proposals emphasized that the ROC was a separate state , over which the PRC had no effective sovereignty . These proposed resolutions referred to the ROC under a variety of names : `` Republic of China in Taiwan '' ( 1993 -- 94 ) , `` Republic of China on Taiwan '' ( 1995 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2002 ) , `` Republic of China '' ( 1998 ) , `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' ( 2003 ) and `` Taiwan '' ( 2004 -- 06 ) . However , all fourteen attempts were unsuccessful as the General Assembly 's General Committee declined to put the issue on the Assembly 's agenda for debate , under strong opposition from the PRC . While all these proposals were vague , requesting the ROC be allowed to participate in UN activities without specifying any legal mechanism , in 2007 the ROC submitted a formal application under the name `` Taiwan '' for full membership in the UN . However , the application was rejected by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs citing General Assembly Resolution 2758 , without being forwarded to the Security Council . Secretary - General of the United Nations Ban Ki - moon stated that : The position of the United Nations is that the People 's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China . The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis . The resolution ( General Assembly Resolution 2758 ) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China . Responding to the UN 's rejection of its application , the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC , and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan 's representation in the UN , it does not prevent Taiwan 's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation . The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly , contrary to UN 's standard procedure ( Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council , Chapter X , Rule 59 ) . On the other hand , the PRC government , which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer , praised that UN 's decision `` was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly , and showed the UN and its member states ' universal adherence to the one - China principle '' . A group of UN member states put forward a draft resolution for that fall 's UN General Assembly calling on the Security Council to consider the application . The following year two referendums in Taiwan on the government 's attempts to regain participation at the UN did not pass due to low turnout . That fall the ROC took a new approach , with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' be allowed to have `` meaningful participation '' in the UN specialized agencies . Again the issue was not put on the Assembly 's agenda . In 2009 , the ROC chose not to bring the issue of its participation in the UN up for debate at the General Assembly for the first time since it began the campaign in 1993 . In May 2009 , the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name `` Chinese Taipei '' . This was the ROC 's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971 , as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying - jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before . The Republic of China is officially recognized by 19 UN member states and the Holy See . It maintains unofficial diplomatic relations with around 100 nations , including the United States and Japan . Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Czechoslovakia joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , with its name changed to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 20 April 1990 . Upon the imminent dissolution of Czechoslovakia , in a letter dated 10 December 1992 , its Permanent Representative informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and Slovakia , as successor states , would apply for membership in the UN . Neither state sought sole successor state status . Both states were admitted to the UN on 19 January 1993 . German Democratic Republic ( edit ) Both the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) and the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) were admitted to the UN on 18 September 1973 . Through the accession of the East German federal states to the Federal Republic of Germany , effective from 3 October 1990 , the territory of the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany , today simply known as Germany . Consequently , the Federal Republic of Germany continued being a member of the UN while the German Democratic Republic ceased to exist . Federation of Malaya ( edit ) The Federation of Malaya joined the United Nations on 17 September 1957 . On 16 September 1963 , its name was changed to Malaysia , following the formation of Malaysia from Singapore , North Borneo ( now Sabah ) , Sarawak and the Federation of Malaya . Singapore became an independent State on 9 August 1965 and a Member of the United Nations on 21 September 1965 . Tanganyika and Zanzibar ( edit ) Tanganyika was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1961 , and Zanzibar was admitted to the UN on 16 December 1963 . Following the ratification on 26 April 1964 of the Articles of Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar , the two states merged to form the single member `` United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar '' , with its name changed to the United Republic of Tanzania on 1 November 1964 . Union of Soviet Socialist republics ( edit ) Further information : Soviet Union and the United Nations The USSR as its borders and republics were configured upon entry to the UN . Border changes and the dissolution of various republics happened over the course of its membership . The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , and as set out by the United Nations Charter , Chapter V , Article 23 , became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . Upon the imminent dissolution of the USSR , in a letter dated 24 December 1991 , Boris Yeltsin , the President of the Russian Federation , informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other UN organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States . The other fourteen independent states established from the former Soviet Republics were all admitted to the UN : The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic joined the UN on 24 October 1945 together with the USSR . After declaring independence , the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic changed its name to Ukraine on 24 August 1991 , and on 19 September 1991 , the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic informed the UN that it had changed its name to Belarus . Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania were admitted to the UN on 17 September 1991 , after regaining independence before the dissolution of the USSR . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , the Republic of Moldova , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan were admitted to the UN on 2 March 1992 . Georgia was admitted to the UN on 31 July 1992 . United Arab Republic ( edit ) Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser ( seated right ) and Syrian president Shukri al - Quwatli sign the accord to form the United Arab Republic in 1958 . The short - lived political union briefly represented both states and was used as the name of Egypt following Syria 's withdrawal in 1961 . Both Egypt and Syria joined the UN as original members on 24 October 1945 . Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958 , the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single member . On 13 October 1961 , Syria , having resumed its status as an independent state , resumed its separate membership in the UN . Egypt continued as a UN member under the name of the United Arab Republic , until it reverted to its original name on 2 September 1971 . Syria changed its name to the Syrian Arab Republic on 14 September 1971 . Yemen and Democratic Yemen ( edit ) Yemen ( i.e. , North Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 30 September 1947 ; Southern Yemen ( i.e. , South Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1967 , with its name changed to the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 30 November 1970 , and was later referred to as Democratic Yemen . On 22 May 1990 , the two states merged to form the Republic of Yemen , which continued as a single member under the name Yemen . Yugoslavia ( edit ) Main article : Yugoslavia and the United Nations The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia disintegrated into several states starting in the early 1990s . By 2006 , six UN member states existed in its former territory . Kosovo declared independence in 2008 . The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , referred to as Yugoslavia , joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 . By 1992 , it had been effectively dissolved into five independent states , which were all subsequently admitted to the UN : Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , and Slovenia were admitted to the UN on 22 May 1992 . Macedonia was admitted to the UN on 8 April 1993 , being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the UN as `` The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name . The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( name later changed to Serbia and Montenegro ) was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000 . Due to the dispute over its legal successor states , the member state `` Yugoslavia '' , referring to the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , remained on the official roster of UN members for many years after its effective dissolution . Following the admission of all five states as new UN members , `` Yugoslavia '' was removed from the official roster of UN members . The government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , established on 28 April 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics of Montenegro and Serbia , claimed itself as the legal successor state of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ; however , on 30 May 1992 , United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 was adopted , by which it imposed international sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia due to its role in the Yugoslav Wars , and noted that `` the claim by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) to continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations has not been generally accepted , '' and on 22 September 1992 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted , by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations , '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly '' . The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia refused to comply with the resolution for many years , but following the ousting of President Slobodan Milošević from office , it applied for membership , and was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000 . On 4 February 2003 , the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had its official name changed to Serbia and Montenegro , following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On the basis of a referendum held on 21 May 2006 , Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on 3 June 2006 . In a letter dated on the same day , the President of Serbia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro in the UN was being continued by Serbia , following Montenegro 's declaration of independence , in accordance with the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro . Montenegro was admitted to the UN on 28 June 2006 . In the aftermath of the Kosovo War , the territory of Kosovo , then an autonomous province of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , was put under the interim administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo on 10 June 1999 . On 17 February 2008 it declared independence , but this has not been recognised by Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo is not a member of the UN , but is a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group , both specialized agencies in the United Nations System . The Republic of Kosovo is recognised by 111 UN member states , including three of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( France , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) , while the other two -- China and Russia -- do not recognise Kosovo . On 22 July 2010 , the International Court of Justice , the primary judicial organ of the UN , issued an advisory opinion , ruling that Kosovo 's declaration of independence was not in violation of international law . Suspension , expulsion , and withdrawal of members ( edit ) See also : Withdrawal from the United Nations A member state may be suspended or expelled from the UN , according to the United Nations Charter . From Chapter II , Article 5 : A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council . From Article 6 : A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . Since its inception , no member state has been suspended or expelled from the UN under Articles 5 and 6 . However , in a few cases , states were suspended or expelled from participating in UN activities by means other than Articles 5 and 6 : On 25 October 1971 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted , which recognized the People 's Republic of China instead of the Republic of China ( since 1949 controlling only Taiwan ) as the legitimate representative of China in the UN and effectively expelled the Republic of China from the UN in 1971 ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ) . This act did not constitute as the expulsion of a member state under Article 6 , as this would have required Security Council approval and been subjected to vetoes by its permanent members , which included the Republic of China itself and the United States , which at that time still recognized the Republic of China . In October 1974 , the Security Council considered a draft resolution that would have recommended that the General Assembly immediately expel South Africa from the UN , in compliance with Article 6 of the United Nations Charter , due to its apartheid policies . However , the resolution was not adopted because of vetoes by three permanent members of the Security Council : France , the United Kingdom , and the United States . In response , the General Assembly decided to suspend South Africa from participation in the work of the Assembly 's 29th session on 12 November 1974 ; however , South Africa was not formally suspended under Article 5 . The suspension lasted until the General Assembly welcomed South Africa back to full participation in the UN on 23 June 1994 , following its successful democratic elections earlier that year . On 28 April 1992 , the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established , by the remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On 22 September 1992 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted , by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations , '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly '' . It did not apply for membership until Slobodan Milošević was ousted from the presidency and was admitted on 1 November 2000 ( see the section Former members : Yugoslavia ) . Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Main article : CONEFO Indonesian president Sukarno 's decision to withdraw from the United Nations in 1965 is the only instance of a withdrawal of membership in UN history . Indonesia rejoined the UN a year later . Since the inception of the UN , only one member state ( excluding those that dissolved or merged with other member states ) has unilaterally withdrawn from the UN . During the Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation , and in response to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , in a letter dated 20 January 1965 , Indonesia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that it had decided `` at this stage and under the present circumstances '' to withdraw from the UN . However , following the overthrow of President Sukarno , in a telegram dated 19 September 1966 , Indonesia notified the Secretary - General of its decision `` to resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities starting with the twenty - first session of the General Assembly '' . On 28 September 1966 , the United Nations General Assembly took note of the decision of the Government of Indonesia and the President invited the representatives of that country to take their seats in the Assembly . Unlike suspension and expulsion , no express provision is made in the United Nations Charter of whether or how a member can legally withdraw from the UN ( largely to prevent the threat of withdrawal from being used as a form of political blackmail , or to evade obligations under the Charter , similar to withdrawals that weakened the UN 's predecessor , the League of Nations ) , or on whether a request for readmission by a withdrawn member should be treated the same as an application for membership , i.e. , requiring Security Council as well as General Assembly approval . Indonesia 's return to the UN would suggest that this is not required ; however , scholars have argued that the course of action taken by the General Assembly was not in accordance with the Charter from a legal point of view . Observers and non-members ( edit ) Main article : United Nations General Assembly observers See also : Holy See and the United Nations , Palestine 194 , and European Union and the United Nations Switzerland has been neutral in international conflicts since the early 19th century and joined the UN as a full member only in 2002 . Despite this , the Palace of Nations in Geneva has hosted the United Nations Office at Geneva since 1946 and also previously served as the headquarters of the League of Nations . In addition to the member states , there are two non-member permanent observer states : the Holy See and the State of Palestine . The Holy See holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City and maintains diplomatic relations with 180 other states . It has been an observer state since 6 April 1964 , and gained all the rights of full membership except voting on 1 July 2004 . The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status as a `` non-member entity '' on 22 November 1974 . Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine by the Palestine National Council on 15 November 1988 , the United Nations General Assembly decided that , effective as of 15 December 1988 , the designation `` Palestine '' should be used in place of the designation `` Palestine Liberation Organization '' in the United Nations System . On 23 September 2011 , Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas submitted the application for UN membership for the State of Palestine to United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ; the application has not been voted on by the UN Security Council . On 31 October 2011 , the General Assembly of UNESCO voted to admit Palestine as a member , becoming the first UN agency to admit Palestine as a full member . The State of Palestine was recognized as a `` non-member state '' on 29 November 2012 , when the UN General Assembly passed United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 by a vote of 138 to 9 , with 41 abstentions . The change in status was described by The Independent as `` de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine '' . On 17 December 2012 , UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that `` the designation of ' State of Palestine ' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents '' . A number of states were also granted observer status before being admitted to the UN as full members ( see United Nations General Assembly observers for the full list ) . The most recent case of an observer state becoming a member state was Switzerland , which was admitted in 2002 . A European Union institution , the European Commission , was granted observer status at the UNGA through Resolution 3208 in 1974 . The Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 resulted in the delegates being accredited directly to the EU . It was accorded full rights in the General Assembly , bar the right to vote and put forward candidates , via UNGA Resolution A / RES / 65 / 276 on 10 May 2011 . It is the only non-state party to over 50 multilateral conventions , and has participated as a full member in every way except for having a vote in a number of UN conferences . The sovereignty status of Western Sahara is in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front . Most of the territory is controlled by Morocco , the remainder ( the Free Zone ) by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , proclaimed by the Polisario Front . Western Sahara is listed by the UN as a `` non-self - governing territory '' . The Cook Islands and Niue , which are both associated states of New Zealand , are not members of the UN , but are members of specialized agencies of the UN such as WHO and UNESCO , and have had their `` full treaty - making capacity '' recognized by United Nations Secretariat in 1992 and 1994 respectively . They have since become parties to a number of international treaties which the UN Secretariat acts as a depositary for , such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , and are treated as non-member states . Both the Cook Islands and Niue has expressed a desire to become a UN member state , but New Zealand has said that they would not support the application without a change in their constitutional relationship , in particular their right to New Zealand citizenship . See also ( edit ) Book : Member states of the United Nations United Nations portal Enlargement of the United Nations Member states of the League of Nations List of Permanent Representatives to the United Nations United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benin : Name was changed from Dahomey on 1 December 1975 . Jump up ^ Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) : Previously referred to as Bolivia . Jump up ^ Burkina Faso : Name was changed from Upper Volta on 6 August 1984 . Jump up ^ Cabo Verde : Previously referred to as Cape Verde . On 24 October 2013 , Cabo Verde requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages . Jump up ^ Cambodia : Name was changed to the Khmer Republic on 7 October 1970 , and back to Cambodia on 30 April 1975 . Name was changed again to Democratic Kampuchea on 6 April 1976 , and back to Cambodia on 3 February 1990 . Jump up ^ Cameroon : Previously referred to as Cameroun ( before merging with Southern Cameroons in 1961 ) . By a letter of 4 January 1974 , the Secretary - General was informed that Cameroon had changed its name to the United Republic of Cameroon . Name was changed back to Cameroon on 4 February 1984 . Jump up ^ Central African Republic : By a letter of 20 December 1976 , the Central African Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Central African Empire . Name was changed back to the Central African Republic on 20 September 1979 . Jump up ^ Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Brazzaville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Leopoldville ) ) and the People 's Republic of the Congo . Name was changed to Congo on 15 November 1971 ( after the Democratic Republic of the Congo changed its name to Zaire ) . Also referred to as Congo ( Republic of the ) . Jump up ^ Côte d'Ivoire : Previously referred to as Ivory Coast . On 6 November 1985 , Côte d'Ivoire requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages ; this became fully effective on 1 January 1986 . Jump up ^ Democratic Republic of the Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Leopoldville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Brazzaville ) ) . Name was changed from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Zaire on 27 October 1971 , and back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 17 May 1997 . Jump up ^ Gambia : Previously referred to as The Gambia . Jump up ^ Withdrew from the UN on 20 January 1965 . It rejoined on 28 September 1966 . Jump up ^ Iran ( Islamic Republic of ) : Previously referred to as Iran . By a communication of 5 March 1981 , Iran informed the Secretary - General that it should be referred to by its complete name of the Islamic Republic of Iran . Jump up ^ Kazakhstan : Spelling was changed from Kazakstan on 20 June 1997 . Jump up ^ Lao People 's Democratic Republic : Name was changed from Laos on 2 December 1975 . Jump up ^ Libya : Formerly recognised as the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 after originally being admitted as Libya . By notes verbales of 1 and 21 April 1977 , the Libyan Arab Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya . On 16 September 2011 , the UN General Assembly awarded the UN seat to the National Transitional Council , thereby restoring the original name of Libya . Jump up ^ Madagascar : Previously referred to as the Malagasy Republic . Jump up ^ Maldives : Previously referred to as the Maldive Islands . Jump up ^ Myanmar : Name was changed from Burma on 18 June 1989 . Jump up ^ Philippines : Previously referred to as the Philippine Commonwealth ( before becoming a republic in 1946 ) and as the Philippine Republic . Jump up ^ Republic of Moldova : Previously referred to as Moldova . Jump up ^ Saint Kitts and Nevis : Name was changed officially from Saint Christopher and Nevis on 26 November 1986 ; the UN , however , continued to use the former name throughout the year . Jump up ^ Sao Tome and Principe : The official UN designation lacks diacritics ; however , the name is constitutionally defined as São Tomé and Príncipe , with diacritics . Jump up ^ South Africa : Previously referred to as the Union of South Africa ( before becoming a republic in 1961 ) . Jump up ^ Sri Lanka : Name was changed from Ceylon on 22 May 1972 . Jump up ^ Suriname : Name was changed from Surinam on 23 January 1978 . Jump up ^ Thailand : Previously referred to as Siam . Jump up ^ Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ) : Previously referred to as Venezuela . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . The following territories are excluded as the UN does not consider them as part of any member state : Vatican City ( the Holy See is a UN non-member observer state ) , the Palestinian territories ( Palestine is a UN non-member observer state ) , Western Sahara ( status in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front ) , and Antarctica ( regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System ) . Territories of states not recognized by the UN are not excluded due to the UN 's position that they are part of some UN member state , including , for example , the territories governed by the Republic of China ( Taiwan and other smaller islands ) , as the UN members voted to consider the People 's Republic of China as the only lawful representative of China at the UN and the UN chooses not to question its claim that Taiwan is part of China . Jump up ^ `` What are Member States ? '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ Toeplar , Stefan ( 2009 ) . International Encyclopedia of Civil Society . p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charter of the United Nations , Chapter II : Membership '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` About UN Membership '' . United Nations . ^ Jump up to : `` Growth in United Nations membership , 1945 -- present '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` History of the United Nations '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Founding Member States '' . United Nations . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER I -- CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The World in 1945 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Jump up ^ John Wilson ( August 2007 ) . `` New Zealand Sovereignty : 1857 , 1907 , 1947 , or 1987 ? '' . New Zealand Parliament . Jump up ^ `` Current Member States '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Blue Book `` Permanent Missions to the United Nations No. 306 '' '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's name picked to set seating arrangement for General Assembly session '' . United Nations . 2 August 2005 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER I -- CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Change of name -- Cape Verde '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 29 October 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lederer , Edith M. ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` UN approves Libya seat for former rebels '' . Google News . Associated Press . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charter of the United Nations , Chapter V : The Security Council '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ Winkler , Sigrid ( June 2012 ) . `` Taiwan 's UN Dilemma : To Be or Not To Be '' . Brookings Institution . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Year in Review : Red China Admitted to UN '' . United Press International . 1971 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 26 Resolution 2758 . Restoration of the lawful rights of the People 's Republic of China in the United Nations A / RES / 2758 ( XXVI ) page 1 . 25 October 1971 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` FINAL CLAUSES OF MULTILATERAL TREATIES '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2003 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Hence , instruments received from the Taiwan Province of China will not be accepted by the Secretary - General in his capacity as depositary . ^ Jump up to : Lindemann , Björn Alexander ( 2014 ) . Cross-Strait Relations and International Organizations : Taiwan 's Participation in IGOs in the Context of Its Relationship with China . Springer Science + Business Media . p. 258 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 48 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF A SUPPLEMENTARY ITEM IN THE AGENDA OF THE FORTY - EIGHTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 48 / 191 1993 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 49 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FORTY - NINTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 49 / 144 1994 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 50 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTIETH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 50 / 145 1995 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 51 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - FIRST SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE INABILITY , RESULTING FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) , OF THE 21.3 MILLION PEOPLE ON TAIWAN , REPUBLIC OF CHINA , TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS A / 51 / 142 1996 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - SECOND SESSION NEED TO REVIEW GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) OF 25 OCTOBER 1971 OWING TO THE FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND TO THE COEXISTENCE OF TWO GOVERNMENTS ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIT A / 52 / 143 1997 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 53 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of an item in the provisional agenda of the fifty - third session Need to review General Assembly resolution 2758 ( XXVI ) of 25 October 1971 owing to the fundamental change in the international situation and to the coexistence of two Governments across the Taiwan Strait A / 53 / 145 1998 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 54 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fourth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - two million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 54 / 194 1999 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fifth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 55 / 227 2000 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 56 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - sixth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 56 / 193 2001 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 57 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - seventh session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 57 / 191 2002 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - eighth session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 58 / 197 2003 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 59 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - ninth session Question of the representation of the twenty - three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 59 / 194 2004 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixtieth session Question of the representation of the twenty - three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 60 / 192 2005 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - first session Question of the representation and participation of the 23 million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 61 / 194 2006 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Damm , Jens ; Lim , Paul ( 2012 ) . European Perspectives on Taiwan . Springer Science + Business Media . pp. 160 -- 63 . By mid 2009 , 16 applications for membership on behalf of Taiwan had been sent to the UN , but , in each of these cases , the General Assembly 's General Committee , which sets the Assembly 's agenda , decided against even raising the question during the Assembly 's session . ^ Jump up to : United Nations General Assembly Session 62 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - second session Urging the Security Council to process Taiwan 's membership application pursuant to rules 59 and 60 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations A / 62 / 193 2007 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary - General '' . United Nations . 23 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ban Ki - moon Convenes Largest - Ever Meeting of Global Leaders on Climate Change '' . United Nations . 24 September 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Talking points for Taiwan 's UN Membership Application '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China . Jump up ^ `` President Chen Shui - bian 's Letters to UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon and UN Security Council President Wang Guangya on July 31 ( Office of the President ) '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China . Jump up ^ `` Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` China praises UN 's rejection of Taiwan 's application for membership '' . Xinhua News Agency . 24 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 63 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - third session Need to examine the fundamental rights of the 23 million people of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) to participate meaningfully in the activities of the United Nations specialized agencies A / 63 / 194 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Not even asking '' . The Economist. 2009 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan attends WHA as observer '' . United Press International . 18 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearbook of the United Nations '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ Paul L. Montgomery ( 23 May 1992 ) . `` 3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted into U.N. '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Paul ( 8 April 1993 ) . `` U.N. Compromise Lets Macedonia Be a Member '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` A Different Yugoslavia , 8 Years Later , Takes Its Seat at the U.N. '' . The New York Times . 2 November 2000 . Jump up ^ Burns , John F. ( 28 April 1992 ) . `` Confirming Split , Last 2 Republics Proclaim a Small New Yugoslavia '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` History of Serbia : The Break - up of SFR Yugoslavia ( 1991 -- 1995 ) '' . Serbia Info . Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Sudetic , Chuck ( 24 September 1992 ) . `` U.N. Expulsion of Yugoslavia Breeds Defiance and Finger - Pointing '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Yugoslavia consigned to history '' . BBC News . 4 February 2003 . Jump up ^ `` World Briefing -- Europe : Serbia : Going Solo '' . The New York Times . 6 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Daniel B. ( 29 June 2006 ) . `` World Briefing -- Europe : Montenegro : U.N. Makes It Official '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` IMF Members ' Quotas and Voting Power , and IMF Board of Governors '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` World Bank Group Members '' . World Bank . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Kosovo independence not illegal , says UN court '' . BBC News . 22 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : John R. Bolton ( 1 July 2000 ) . `` New Directions for the Chen Administration on Taiwanese Representation in the United Nations '' . China Affairs Quarterly . American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research . 1 : 29 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 48 / 258 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Blum , Yehuda Zvi ( 1993 ) . Eroding the United Nations Charter . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 2069 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gharib , Ali ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` U.N. Adds New Name : `` State of Palestine '' `` . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican City ( Holy See ) '' . World Statesmen.org . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Resolution 314 . Participation of the Holy See in the work of the United Nations A / RES / 58 / 314 2004 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 29 Resolution 3237 . Observer status for the Palestine Liberation Organization A / RES / 3237 ( XXIX ) 1974 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 43 Resolution 177 . Question of Palestine A / RES / 43 / 177 1988 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 66 Agenda item 116 . Application of Palestine for admission to membership in the United Nations A / 66 / 371 2011 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ban sends Palestinian application for UN membership to Security Council '' . United Nations . 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member State '' . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 67 Resolution 19 . Status of Palestine in the United Nations A / RES / 67 / 19 2012 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state '' . Reuters. 29 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UN makes Palestine nonmember state '' . 3 News NZ. 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Israel defies UN after vote on Palestine with plans for 3,000 new homes in the West Bank '' . The Independent . 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Permanent Observer ? '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ Osmańczyk , Jan ( 2003 ) . Mango , Anthony , ed . Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements ( 3rd ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93920 - 8 . Jump up ^ McNeely , Connie L. ( 1995 ) . Constructing the Nation - State : International Organization and Prescriptive Action . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29398 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Security Council Recommends Admission of Switzerland as Member of United Nations '' . United Nations . 24 July 2002 . Jump up ^ `` About the EU at the UN -- European Union Delegations '' . Europa . Archived from the original on 4 September 2006 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution adopted by the General Assembly : Participation of the European Union in the work of the United Nations '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the EU at the UN '' . Europa . Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Self - Governing Territories '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Countries '' . World Health Organization . Jump up ^ `` Member States '' . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Organs Supplement '' , Repertory of Practice ( PDF ) ( 8 ) , UN , p. 10 Jump up ^ The World today ( PDF ) , UN Jump up ^ `` Parties to the Convention and Observer States '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Chronological lists of ratifications of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` The World Today '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` NZ PM rules out discussion on Cooks UN membership '' . Radio New Zealand . 2015 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Niue to seek UN membership '' . Radio New Zealand . 2016 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Member states of the United Nations . Official website United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary - General Peter Thomson , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs General Assembly President Security Council Members Economic and Social Council Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General Under - Secretary - General International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Programmes and specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2006 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2012 2016 ) Security Council ( 2015 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact ICC International Years UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture Relations of the United Nations with its member states Americas Brazil Canada Mexico Trinidad and Tobago United States Asia Islamic Republic of Afghanistan People 's Republic of China India Indonesia Iraq Israel and Palestine Japan Korea Lebanon Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore Europe Albania France Germany Luxembourg Russia Serbia Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Fiji Marshall Islands Micronesia New Zealand Tuvalu Vanuatu Others Holy See European Union Former members Republic of China German Democratic Republic Soviet Union Ukrainian SSR Yugoslavia United Nations portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Member_states_of_the_United_Nations&oldid=806210737 '' Categories : History of the United Nations Countries by international organization Member states of the United Nations United Nations - related lists United Nations relations Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2015 Use British English Oxford spelling from November 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Bislama Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 13 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who plays ben in secret life of the american teenager

Kenneth Robert Tuff `` Ken '' Baumann ( born August 8 , 1989 ) is an American writer , publisher , and book designer . For ten years , he worked in theater , film , and television , becoming most known for playing Ben Boykewich on The Secret Life of the American Teenager . He is the author of the novels Solip and Say , Cut , Map , the nonfiction book EarthBound , as well as various essays , short stories , and poems . He owns and operates Sator Press , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit publishing company , is the series designer for Boss Fight Books , and co-published No Colony , a literary journal , with Blake Butler ( author ) . He is a co-founder of the iOS app Sweetspot , and an angel investor in the learning platform Memrise . He currently attends St. John 's College in Santa Fe , New Mexico .

Kenneth Robert Tuff `` Ken '' Baumann

Ken Baumann

ken baumann

Kenneth Robert Tuff `` Ken '' Baumann ( born August 8 , 1989 ) is an American writer , publisher , and book designer . For ten years , he worked in theater , film , and television , becoming most known for playing Ben Boykewich on The Secret Life of the American Teenager . He is the author of the novels Solip and Say , Cut , Map , the nonfiction book EarthBound , as well as various essays , short stories , and poems . He owns and operates Sator Press , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit publishing company , is the series designer for Boss Fight Books , and co-published No Colony , a literary journal , with Blake Butler ( author ) . He is a co-founder of the iOS app Sweetspot , and an angel investor in the learning platform Memrise . He currently attends St. John 's College in Santa Fe , New Mexico .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Book design 3 Published works 3.1 Novels 3.2 Nonfiction 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Personal Life ( edit ) Baumann was born in Urbana , Illinois , the son of Vicki and Robert Baumann . He grew up in Abilene , Texas , where his family owned and operated a miniature horse ranch and wildlife rescue . In 2012 , he was diagnosed with Crohn 's disease . He married actress Aviva Farber on June 16 , 2012 in Malibu , California . Book design ( edit ) Along with serving as the series designer for Boss Fight Books , Baumann designed the covers for fuckscapes by Sean Kilpatrick , each issue of No Colony ' ' , and each title published by Sator Press . Published works ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) Solip ( New York : Tyrant Books 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 0985023546 Say , Cut , Map ( 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 1497651913 Nonfiction ( edit ) EarthBound ( 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 1940535005 Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2003 Riding the 9 Scott Short film ; as Kenny Baumann Consideration Albert Short film ; as Kenny Baumann Birdie & Bogey Party Boy as Kenny Baumann 2005 Falling Little Jimmy Short film ; as Kenny Baumann 2006 Wolves in the Woods Peter as Kenny Baumann 2008 Whore Kenny as Kenny Baumann 2009 Here 's Herbie Mike Short film 2012 The Cottage Justin 2012 We Speak Ken Short film Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2005 Do n't Ask Calvin Collins Television film ; as Kenny Baumann 2006 Sixty Minute Man Michael Hendersen Television film ; as Kenny Baumann 2006 The Other Mall Trevor Television film ; as Kenny Baumann 2008 Eli Stone Peter Johnson 1 episode 2008 -- 2013 The Secret Life of the American Teenager Ben Boykewich Main role ; 121 episodes 2010 -- 2011 Castle Ashley 3 episodes 2013 Call Me Crazy : A Five Film Luke Television film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sweetspot - Team '' . Onsweetspot.com. 2014 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Memrise Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Gold Gave Me Crohn 's Disease Jump up ^ The Secret Life of the American Teenager Star Ken Baumann Weds Aviva Farber Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sean Kilpatrick Columbia Poetry Reviews '' . Blogs.colum.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Ken Baumann 's website Ken Baumann on IMDb Ken Baumann 's blog Sator Press VIAF : 145837007 LCCN : no2010153671 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Baumann&oldid=798516077 '' Categories : 1989 births 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Texas American male television actors Living people Writers from Urbana , Illinois Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 09 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who played the wicked witch on the wizard of oz

Margaret Brainard Hamilton ( December 9 , 1902 -- May 16 , 1985 ) was an American film character actress best known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 's classic film The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) .

Margaret Brainard Hamilton

Margaret Hamilton ( actress )

margaret hamilton ( actress )

Margaret Brainard Hamilton ( December 9 , 1902 -- May 16 , 1985 ) was an American film character actress best known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 's classic film The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) .

A former schoolteacher , she worked as a character actress in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image . The Wicked Witch of the West was eventually ranked number four in the American Film Institute 's 2003 list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time , making her the top - ranking female villain . In later years , Hamilton made frequent cameo appearances on television sitcoms and commercials . She also gained recognition for her work as an advocate of causes designed to benefit children and animals , and retained a lifelong commitment to public education . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Film career 2.1 The Wizard of Oz 3 Radio , television , and stage career 4 Personal life 5 Final years and death 6 Filmography 7 Select television appearances 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Hamilton was born to Walter J. Hamilton , and his wife , Mary Jane ( née Adams ; known by her nickname , Jennie ) , in Cleveland , Ohio , and was the youngest of four children . She later attended Hathaway Brown School , while the school was located at 1945 East 93rd Street in Cleveland . Drawn to the theater at an early age , Hamilton made her stage debut in 1923 . Hamilton also practiced her craft doing children 's theater while she was a Junior League of Cleveland member . She later moved to Painesville , Ohio . Before she turned to acting exclusively , her parents insisted that she attend Wheelock College in Boston , which she did , later becoming a kindergarten teacher . Film career ( edit ) Hamilton 's career as a film actress was driven by the very qualities that placed her in stark contrast to the stereotypical Hollywood glamour girl . Her image was that of a New England spinster , extremely pragmatic and impatient with all manner of `` tomfoolery '' . Hamilton 's looks helped to bring steady work as a character actor . She made her screen debut in 1933 in Another Language . She went on to appear in These Three ( 1936 ) , Saratoga , You Only Live Once , When 's Your Birthday ? , Nothing Sacred ( all 1937 ) , The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) , My Little Chickadee ( with W.C. Fields ) ( 1940 ) , and The Sin of Harold Diddlebock ( 1947 film ) with Harold Lloyd . She strove to work as much as possible to support herself and her son ; she never put herself under contract to any one studio and priced her services at $1,000 ( $16,700 with inflation ) a week . Hamilton costarred opposite Buster Keaton and Richard Cromwell in a 1940s spoof of the long - running local melodrama The Drunkard , titled The Villain Still Pursued Her . Later in the decade , she was in a little - known film noir , titled Bungalow 13 ( 1948 ) , in which she again costarred opposite Cromwell . Her crisp voice with rapid but clear enunciation was another trademark . She appeared regularly in supporting roles in films until the early 1950s , and sporadically thereafter . Opposite Bud Abbott and Lou Costello , she played a heavily made - up witch in Comin ' Round the Mountain , where her character and Costello go toe - to - toe with voodoo dolls made of each other . She appeared , uncredited , in Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's People Will Talk ( 1951 ) as Sarah Pickett . In 1960 , producer / director William Castle cast Hamilton as a maid in his 13 Ghosts horror film , in which 12 - year - old lead Charles Herbert taunts her about being a witch , including one scene in which she is holding a broom in her hand . The Wizard of Oz ( edit ) Hamilton as the Wicked Witch of the West with Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) In 1939 , Hamilton played the role of the Wicked Witch , opposite Judy Garland 's Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz , creating not only her most famous role , but also one of the screen 's most memorable villains . Hamilton was cast after Gale Sondergaard , who was first considered for the role , albeit as a more glamorous witch with a musical scene , declined the role when the decision was made that the witch should appear ugly . She suffered a second - degree burn on her face and a third - degree burn on her hand during a second take of her fiery exit from Munchkinland , in which the trap door 's drop was delayed to eliminate the brief glimpse of it seen in the final edit . Hamilton had to recuperate in a hospital and at home for six weeks after the accident before returning to the set to complete her work on the film , and refused to have anything further to do with fire for the rest of the filming . After she recuperated , she said , `` I wo n't sue , because I know how this business works , and I would never work again . I will return to work on one condition -- no more fireworks ! '' Garland visited Hamilton while the latter recuperated at home looking after her son . Studio executives cut some of Hamilton 's more frightening scenes , worrying that they would frighten children too much . Later on in life , she would comment on the role of the witch in a light - hearted fashion . For an interview , she joked : `` I was in need of money at the time , I had done about six pictures for MGM at the time and my agent called . I said , ' Yes ? ' and he said ' Maggie , they want you to play a part on the Wizard . ' I said to myself , ' Oh , boy , The Wizard of Oz ! That has been my favorite book since I was four . ' And I asked him what part , and he said , ' The Witch , ' and I said , ' The Witch ? ! ' and he said , ' What else ? ' '' Hamilton 's stand - in and stunt double for the Witch , Betty Danko , also suffered an on - set accident on February 11 , 1939 . Danko made the fiery entrance to Munchkinland , not Hamilton . She was severely burned during the `` Surrender Dorothy ! '' skywriting sequence at the Emerald City . Danko sat on a smoking pipe configured to look like the Witch 's broomstick . The pipe exploded on the third take of the scene . She spent 11 days in the hospital and her legs were permanently scarred . A new stunt double , Aline Goodwin , was hired to finish the broomstick - riding scene for Danko . When asked about her experiences on the set of The Wizard of Oz , Hamilton said that her biggest fear was that her monstrous film role would give children the wrong idea of who she really was . In reality , she cared deeply about children , frequently giving to charitable organizations . She often remarked about children coming up to her and asking her why she had been so mean to Dorothy . She appeared on an episode of Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood in 1975 , where she explained to children that she was only playing a role and showed how putting on a costume `` transformed '' her into the witch . She also made personal appearances , and Hamilton described the children 's usual reaction to her portrayal of the Witch : `` Almost always they want me to laugh like the Witch . And sometimes when I go to schools , if we 're in an auditorium , I 'll do it . And there 's always a funny reaction , like ' Ye gods , they wish they had n't asked . ' They 're scared . They 're really scared for a second . Even adolescents . I guess for a minute they get the feeling they got when they watched the picture . They like to hear it but they ' do n't ' like to hear it . And then they go , ' Ohhhhhhhhhh ... ! ' The picture made a terrible impression of some kind on them , sometimes a ghastly impression , but most of them got over it , I guess ... because when I talk like the Witch , and when I laugh , there is a hesitation and then they clap . They 're clapping at hearing the sound again . '' Hamilton played two credited roles in the famous film : Almira Gulch and the Wicked Witch of the West . Hamilton also appears as an unidentified flying witch during the tornado scene . Some argue this is actually intended to be the Wicked Witch of the East rather than her sister , and Hamilton 's credited role , the Wicked Witch of the West ; if so , this would be a third , uncredited role . Only costar Frank Morgan played more roles in the film ( five roles ) . Hamilton and Morgan never share any scenes in Oz . However , in By Your Leave ( 1934 ) , she plays his housekeeper , and in Saratoga ( 1937 ) , she has a colloquy with Morgan regarding a cosmetic product he invented ( with side glances and eye rolls by Morgan as to its effect on her `` beauty '' ) . Hamilton 's line from The Wizard of Oz -- `` I 'll get you , my pretty , and your little dog , too ! '' -- was ranked 99th in the 2005 American Film Institute survey of the most memorable movie quotes . Her son , interviewed for the 2005 DVD edition of the film , commented that Hamilton enjoyed the line so much , she sometimes used it in her real life . A few months after filming Oz , she appeared in Babes in Arms as Jeff Steele 's mother , Martha , a society do - gooder who made it her goal to send the gang of child actors , led by Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland , to a work farm . In 1945 , she played the domineering sister of Oz costar Jack Haley in George White 's Scandals , comically trying to prevent him from marrying actress Joan Davis , even going so far as to throw a hatchet at her . Hamilton and Ray Bolger were cast members in the 1966 fantasy film The Daydreamer , a collection of stories by Hans Christian Andersen . A few years later , they were reunited on Broadway for the short - lived musical Come Summer . Radio , television , and stage career ( edit ) Margaret Hamilton , Ray Bolger , and Jack Haley reunited in 1970 , a year after the death of costar Judy Garland Hamilton with Oscar the Grouch on episode # 0847 of Sesame Street , 1976 In the 1940s and 1950s , Hamilton had a long - running role on the radio series Ethel and Albert ( or The Couple Next Door ) in which she played the lovable , scattered Aunt Eva ( name later changed to Aunt Effie ) . During the 1960s and 1970s , Hamilton appeared regularly on television . She did a stint as a What 's My Line ? mystery guest on the popular Sunday night CBS - TV program . She played Morticia Addams ' mother , Hester Frump , in three episodes of The Addams Family . ( 1965 -- 66 ; Hamilton had been offered the role of Grandmama , but turned it down . ) In 1962 , Hamilton played Leora Scofield , a suffragette who arrives in Laramie , Wyoming , to bolster feminist causes in a territory where women had already obtained the right to vote , in the episode `` Beyond Justice '' of NBC 's Laramie . In the story line , she is depicted as a long - lost friend of series character Daisy Cooper , played by Spring Byington . Series lead character Slim Sherman ( John Smith ) is skeptical of the suffragettes , and Sheriff Mort Corey and he concoct a tale that the women should head to Cheyenne , where their services are more needed than in Laramie . Having started on the stage in the early 1930s , she began to work extensively in the theater after leaving Los Angeles , and appeared on Broadway in the musical Goldilocks opposite Don Ameche and Elaine Stritch , gave a lighter touch to the domineering Parthy Anne Hawks in the 1966 revival of Show Boat ( dancing with David Wayne ) , and was the tender Aunt Eller in the 1968 Lincoln Center revival of Oklahoma ! . Hamilton also toured in many plays and musicals , even repeating her role of the Wicked Witch in specially written stage productions of The Wizard of Oz . For her last stage role , she was cast as Madame Armfeldt in the Stephen Sondheim musical A Little Night Music , singing the song `` Liaisons '' for the national tour costarring with Jean Simmons as her daughter Desiree . Even with her extensive film career , Hamilton took roles in whatever medium she could get if she was free , making her soap - opera debut as the nasty Mrs. Sayre on Valiant Lady , who schemed to prevent her daughter from marrying the heroine 's son . In the 1960s , Hamilton was a regular on another CBS soap opera , The Secret Storm , playing the role of Grace Tyrell 's housekeeper , Katie . In the early 1970s , she joined the cast of another CBS soap opera , As the World Turns , on which she played Miss Peterson , Simon Gilbey 's assistant . She had a small role in the made - for - TV film The Night Strangler ( 1973 ) , and appeared as a befuddled neighbor on Sigmund and the Sea Monsters , who is a friend of the very similar Mary Wickes . In The Paul Lynde Halloween Special ( 1976 ) , she portrayed Lynde 's housekeeper , reprising the Wicked Witch role , as well as introducing Lynde to the rock group Kiss . She reprised her role as the Wicked Witch in an episode of Sesame Street , but as a result of complaints from parents of terrified children , the episode has not been seen since 1976 . She appeared as herself in an episode of Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood and continued acting regularly until 1982 . Her last roles were two guest appearances as veteran journalist Thea Taft ( in 1979 and 1982 ) on Lou Grant . Throughout the 1970s , Hamilton lived in New York City 's Gramercy Park neighborhood and appeared on local ( and some national ) public - service announcements for organizations promoting the welfare of pets . Her most visible appearances during this period were as general store owner Cora , in a national series of television commercials for Maxwell House coffee . Hamilton as Madame Armfeldt in the national tour of A Little Night Music ( 1974 ) Hamilton produced the stage productions An Evening with the Bourgeoisie , The Three Sisters , and House Party . Personal life ( edit ) Hamilton remained a lifelong friend of The Wizard of Oz castmate Ray Bolger . She married Paul Boynton Meserve on June 13 , 1931 , and made her debut on the New York City stage the following year . While her acting career developed , her marriage began failing ; the couple divorced in 1938 . They had one son , Hamilton Wadsworth Meserve ( born 1936 ) , whom she raised on her own . She had three grandchildren , Christopher , Scott , and Margaret . Hamilton never remarried . Final years and death ( edit ) Hamilton 's early experience as a teacher fueled a lifelong interest in educational issues . Hamilton served on the Beverly Hills Board of Education from 1948 to 1951 , and was a Sunday school teacher during the 1950s . She lived in Manhattan for most of her adult life . In 1979 , she was a guest speaker at a UCONN Children 's Literature class . She later moved to Millbrook , New York . She subsequently developed Alzheimer 's disease , and died in her sleep following a heart attack on May 16 , 1985 , in Salisbury , Connecticut . She was 82 years old . She was cremated at Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery . Her ashes were scattered in Amenia , New York . Filmography ( edit ) Another Language ( 1933 ) Hat , Coat , and Glove ( 1934 ) There 's Always Tomorrow ( 1934 ) By Your Leave ( 1934 ) Broadway Bill ( 1934 ) The Farmer Takes a Wife ( 1935 ) Way Down East ( 1935 ) Chatterbox ( 1936 ) These Three ( 1936 ) The Moon 's Our Home ( 1936 ) The Witness Chair ( 1936 ) Laughing at Trouble ( 1936 ) You Only Live Once ( 1937 ) When 's Your Birthday ? ( 1937 ) The Good Old Soak ( 1937 ) Mountain Justice ( 1937 ) Saratoga ( 1937 ) I 'll Take Romance ( 1937 ) Nothing Sacred ( 1937 ) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) A Slight Case of Murder ( 1938 ) Mother Carey 's Chickens ( 1938 ) Four 's a Crowd ( 1938 ) Breaking the Ice ( 1938 ) Stablemates ( 1938 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) The Angels Wash Their Faces ( 1939 ) Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) Main Street Lawyer ( 1939 ) My Little Chickadee ( 1940 ) The Villain Still Pursued Her ( 1940 ) I 'm Nobody 's Sweetheart Now ( 1940 ) The Invisible Woman ( 1940 ) Play Girl ( 1941 ) The Gay Vagabond ( 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( 1941 ) Twin Beds ( 1942 ) Meet the Stewarts ( 1942 ) The Affairs of Martha ( 1942 ) Journey for Margaret ( 1942 ) City Without Men ( 1943 ) The Ox - Bow Incident ( 1943 ) Johnny Come Lately ( 1943 ) Guest in the House ( 1944 ) George White 's Scandals ( 1945 ) Janie Gets Married ( 1946 ) Faithful in My Fashion ( 1946 ) The Sin of Harold Diddlebock ( 1947 ) Dishonored Lady ( 1947 ) Pet peeve ( 1947 ) -- short subject Driftwood ( 1947 ) Reaching from Heaven ( 1948 ) State of the Union ( 1948 ) Texas , Brooklyn and Heaven ( 1948 ) Bungalow 13 ( 1948 ) The Sun Comes Up ( 1949 ) The Red Pony ( 1949 ) Lust for Gold ( 1949 ) Uncredited The Beautiful Blonde from Bashful Bend ( 1949 ) The Great Plane Robbery ( 1950 ) Wabash Avenue ( 1950 ) Riding High ( 1950 ) Comin ' Round the Mountain ( 1951 ) People Will Talk ( 1951 ) 13 Ghosts ( 1960 ) Paradise Alley ( 1962 ) The Daydreamer ( 1966 ) Rosie ! ( 1967 ) Angel in My Pocket ( 1969 ) Brewster McCloud ( 1970 ) The Anderson Tapes ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) -- voice recorded in 1962 Select television appearances ( edit ) The Paul Winchell and Jerry Mahoney Show ( cast member , 1953 -- 54 ) Valiant Lady ( cast member , 1955 ) Dow Hour of Great Mysteries ( 1960 ) as Lizzie Allen in The Bat by Mary Roberts Rinehart Car 54 , Where Are You ? ( 1963 ) , as Miss Pownthleroy The Patty Duke Show ( 1963 ) , as The Lane Family housekeeper The Addams Family ( 1965 -- 66 ) , as Hester Frump The Secret Storm ( cast member , 1964 -- 67 ) As the World Turns ( cast member , 1971 ) Sesame Street ( 1970s ) The Night Stalker ( 1973 ) Sigmund and the Sea Monsters ( 1973 ) The Partridge Family ( 1974 ) Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 4 episodes , 1975 -- 76 ) The Paul Lynde Halloween Special ( 1976 ) Lou Grant ( 2 guest appearances in 1979 and 1982 ) , as Thea Taft Laramie ( Beyond Justice , November 27 , 1962 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Margaret Hamilton , 82 , Dies ; Played Wicked Witch In ' Oz ' '' . New York Times . May 17 , 1985 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 21 . Margaret Hamilton , the actress whose role as the cackling Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz unnerved generations of children , died yesterday , apparently of a heart attack , at a nursing home in Salisbury , Connecticut . She was 82 years old . Miss Hamilton was a gentle , lively woman who taught kindergarten for years before she began a career of 50 years in the theater , movies , radio and television . But she seared a fearsome image on the public consciousness in 1939 when , at the age of 36 , she played the Wicked Witch , the terror of Judy Garland 's long dream in the classic film of L. Frank Baum 's story . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harmetz , A. ( 1998 ) . The Making of the Wizard of Oz : Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM , New York : Hyperion Books . p. 123 Jump up ^ How well do you know Oz ? Jacksonville.com ; retrieved October 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ Harmetz , A. ( 1998 ) . The Making of The Wizard of Oz : Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM . New York : Hyperion Books . Jump up ^ Wizard of Oz DVD commentary track Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ; The Making of the Wizard of Oz , p. 297 Jump up ^ `` Beyond Justice : Laramie ( TV series ) , November 27 , 1962 '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Maxwell House A.D.C. Coffee TV commercial w / Margaret Hamilton as Cora the Storekeeper '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Maxwell House ad w / Margaret Hamilton , 1978 '' . YouTube . 2010 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ watch ? v = 9lfS1_RpnFQ `` Maxwell House with Cora # 1 '' Check url = value ( help ) . YouTube . 2011 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Margaret Hamilton profile , FilmReference.com ; retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juran , Robert A. ( 1995 ) . Old Familiar Faces : The Great Character Actors and Actresses of Hollywood 's Golden Era . Movie Memories Publishing . p. 109 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Margaret Hamilton . Margaret Hamilton on IMDb Margaret Hamilton at the Internet Broadway Database Margaret Hamilton at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Margaret Hamilton at AllMovie Margaret Hamilton at the TCM Movie Database Margaret Hamilton correspondence and ephemera , 1944 - 1979 , held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division , New York Public Library for the Performing Arts VIAF : 19880442 LCCN : n82075851 ISNI : 0000 0000 2636 5885 SUDOC : 144807092 BNF : cb14033954g ( data ) IATH : w62j6p9j Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Hamilton_(actress)&oldid=800968758 '' Categories : 1902 births 1985 deaths Actresses from Cleveland American child activists American schoolteachers American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses California Republicans Disease - related deaths in Connecticut Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer contract players Ohio Republicans School board members in California Wheelock College alumni 20th - century American actresses 20th - century American politicians Activists from Ohio Activists from California Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from March 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Brezhoneg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Latina Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 21 : 20 . 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when was the first indian head penny made

The Indian Head cent , also known as an Indian Head penny , was a one - cent coin ( $0.01 ) produced by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1859 to 1909 . It was designed by James Barton Longacre , the Chief Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint .

1859

Indian Head cent

indian head cent

The Indian Head cent , also known as an Indian Head penny , was a one - cent coin ( $0.01 ) produced by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1859 to 1909 . It was designed by James Barton Longacre , the Chief Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint .

From 1793 to 1857 , the cent was a copper coin about the size of a half dollar . As rising copper prices made it impractical to keep striking them , in 1857 the Mint reduced the size of the cent , issuing a new design , the Flying Eagle cent . The new pieces were identical in diameter to modern cents , though somewhat thicker and made of copper - nickel . The design caused production difficulties , and the Mint soon looked to replace the coin . Mint Director James Ross Snowden selected the Indian Head design , and chose a laurel wreath for the reverse that was replaced in 1860 by an oak wreath with a shield . Cents were hoarded during the economic chaos of the American Civil War , when the metal nickel was in short supply . As Mint officials saw that privately issued bronze tokens were circulating , they induced Congress to pass the Coinage Act of 1864 , authorizing a slimmer cent of bronze alloy . In the postwar period , the cent became very popular and was struck in large numbers in most years . An exception was 1877 , when a poor economy and little demand for cents created one of the rarest dates in the series . With the advent of coin - operated machines in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , even more cents were produced , reaching 100 million for the first time in 1907 . In 1909 , the Indian Head cent was replaced by the Lincoln cent , designed by Victor D. Brenner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inception 2 Design 3 Production 3.1 Redesign and surplus ( 1859 -- 1861 ) 3.2 Shortage and redesign ( 1862 -- 1864 ) 3.3 Later years ( 1865 -- 1909 ) 4 Replacement 5 Collecting 6 References 7 External links Inception ( edit ) Main articles : Large cent ( United States coin ) and Flying Eagle cent The half - dollar - sized large cent was struck from 1793 to 1857 . That coin was intended to contain close to a cent 's worth of copper , as people then expected that coins contain close to their face values in metal . Nevertheless , because of the constitutional clause making only gold and silver legal tender , the government would not accept copper cents for taxes or other payments . By the early 1850s , fluctuations in the price of copper led the Mint of the United States ( hereafter Mint ) to seek alternatives , including reducing the size of the cent and experimenting with compositions other than pure copper . The result was the Flying Eagle cent , the same diameter as the later Lincoln cent but somewhat thicker and heavier , composed of 88 % copper and 12 % nickel . The Flying Eagle cent was struck in limited numbers as a pattern coin in 1856 , then for circulation in 1857 and 1858 . The Flying Eagle cent was issued in exchange for worn Spanish colonial silver coins , which until then had circulated widely in the United States . These `` small cents '' were also issued in exchange for the copper coins they had replaced . By 1858 , Mint authorities found the piece unsatisfactory in production . The high points on both sides of the coin ( the eagle 's head and the wreath ) opposed each other , and it was difficult to get the design to be brought out fully in the tough copper - nickel alloy . Mint Engraver James B. Longacre , designer of the Flying Eagle cent , was instructed to develop alternative designs . He produced one , showing a slimmer eagle , which would not clash as much with the reverse wreath . Although this would have cured the production problem , the design was not liked . Mint Director James Ross Snowden suggested a head of Columbus as an obverse design , but Longacre felt the public would not approve of a historic figure on an American coin . A Spanish colonial two - reales piece ( `` two bits '' ) from the Potosí Mint ( today in Bolivia ) In 1858 , the Mint tested new designs for the cent . Between 60 and 100 sets of twelve pattern coins were struck , consisting of the standard Flying Eagle obverse , a `` scrawny eagle '' pattern , and the Indian Head design , mated with four different wreaths for the reverse . Snowden would make his choice of what design would be struck in 1859 from these patterns ; the sets were also sold to collectors . The Indian Head design was apparently prepared by April , as on the twelfth of that month , a Mr. Howard wrote to Snowden that `` I have learned that a new pattern piece for the cent has been struck off at the Mint ( with ) a head resembling that of the three dollar piece and on the reverse a shield at the top of the olive and oak wreath '' , and asking to purchase a specimen . Other numismatists also sought pieces : R. Coulton Davis , a Philadelphia druggist with ties to the Mint , wrote to Snowden in June informing him of a favorable story in a Boston newspaper , and Augustus B. Sage wrote to the Mint Director the same month , asking for a specimen for himself , and one for the newly founded American Numismatic Society . According to Walter Breen , Snowden most likely chose the combination of the Indian Head and the laurel wreath as it was the lowest relief of any of the options , and could be expected to strike well . On November 4 , 1858 , Snowden wrote to Treasury Secretary Howell Cobb about the Indian Head design , and two days later wrote to Longacre , informing him that it was approved . Longacre was to prepare the necessary dies for production , which was to begin on January 1 , 1859 . Design ( edit ) Longacre advocated his Indian Head design in an August 21 , 1858 , letter to Snowden : From the copper shores of Lake Superior , to the silver mountains of Potosi from the Ojibwa to the Aramanian , the feathered tiara is as characteristic of the primitive races of our hemisphere , as the turban is of the Asiatic . Nor is there anything in its decorative character , repulsive to the association of Liberty ... It is more appropriate than the Phrygian cap , the emblem rather of the emancipated slave , than of the independent freeman , of those who are able to say `` we were never in bondage to any man '' . I regard then this emblem of America as a proper and well defined portion of our national inheritance ; and having now the opportunity of consecrating it as a memorial of Liberty , ' our Liberty ' , American Liberty ; why not use it ? One more graceful can scarcely be devised . We have only to determine that it shall be appropriate , and all the world outside of us can not wrest it from us . By numismatic legend , the facial features of the goddess Liberty on the obverse of the Indian Head cent were based on the features of Longacre 's daughter Sarah ; the tale runs that she was at the mint one day when she tried on the headdress of one of a number of Native Americans who were visiting , and her father sketched her . However , Sarah Longacre was 30 years old and married in 1858 , not 12 as in the tale , and Longacre himself stated that the face was based on a statue of Venus in Philadelphia on loan from the Vatican . He did often sketch his elder daughter , and there are resemblances between the depictions of Sarah and the various representations of Liberty on his coins of the 1850s . These tales were apparently extant at the time , as Snowden , writing to Treasury Secretary Howell Cobb in November 1858 , denied that the coin was based `` on any human features in the Longacre family '' . Lee F. McKenzie , in his 1991 article on Longacre , notes that any artist can be influenced by many things , but calls the story `` essentially false '' . Regardless of who posed for Longacre , the facial features of the `` Indian '' are essentially Caucasian , meaning that a White woman wears the headdress of a Native American man . Longacre had , in 1854 , designed the three - dollar piece with a female with similar features ( also supposedly based on the museum sculpture ) but a more fanciful headdress , and adapted that design for the gold dollar . Officials were aware of this artistic license at the time of issue ; Snowden , in his November 1858 letter to Cobb , characterizes the two earlier coins as `` the artists at the Mint evidently not realizing the absurd incongruity of placing this most masculine attribute of the warrior brave on the head of a woman '' . Longacre would not be the last to juxtapose the features of a White woman with an Indian headdress reserved for men ; Augustus Saint Gaudens , for the Indian Head eagle ( 1907 ) , produced a similar design . Later issues depict more accurate Indians , including Bela Lyon Pratt 's Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 ) , the Buffalo nickel ( 1913 ) by James Earle Fraser , who worked from Native American models , and the Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 ) , designed by Fraser and his wife Laura . Cornelius Vermeule thought the Indian Head cent was better than Longacre 's 1859 pattern half dollar . Art historian Cornelius Vermeule had mixed emotions about the Indian Head cent : `` Longacre enriched the mythology of American coinage in a pleasant if unpretentious fashion . Given his pattern half - dollar designs of 1859 as a yardstick , he could have done worse . '' In another comparison , Vermeule suggested , `` far from a major creation aesthetically or iconographically , and far less attractive to the eye than the ( flying eagle ) , the Indian head cent was at least to achieve the blessing of popular appeal . The coin became perhaps the most beloved and typically American of any piece great or small in the American series . Great art the coin was not , but it was one of the first products of the United States mints to achieve the common touch . '' Production ( edit ) Redesign and surplus ( 1859 -- 1861 ) ( edit ) Production of the Indian Head cent for commerce began at the start of 1859 . As issued for circulation , the pieces differ in some particulars from the pattern 1858 cent of similar design ; Longacre sharpened some details . The pattern coin had the laurel leaves in the reverse wreath in bunches of five leaves ; the issued 1859 cent has them in bunches of six . Cents dated 1858 with the adopted reverse ( with six - leaf bunches ) are known , were most likely struck in 1859 , and are extremely rare . In 1860 , the reverse of the cent was changed to feature an oak wreath and a narrow shield ; such reverses are also known on 1859 - dated pieces struck as patterns . According to Richard Snow in his guide book to Flying Eagle and Indian Head cents , this was not due to problems with the `` Laurel Wreath '' reverse design used in 1859 , as full details survive on many extant pieces . Walter Breen , however , suggested that the feathers and curls on the obverse did not strike as well as they would later , and that `` this may account for Snowden 's decision to change the design again '' . David Lange , in his history of the Mint , states that it was to give the coin , quoting Snowden , `` more National character '' . All 1859 cents and some from 1860 have the cutoff of Liberty 's bust on the obverse end with a point ; most 1860 cents and all later issues have it rounded . Tens of millions of Flying Eagle cents had been issued in exchange for the old American coppers and small Spanish silver . The Spanish silver was still flowing into the Mint in early 1859 and , at Snowden 's urging , Congress on March 3 of that year extended the redemption of these foreign coins , legal tender in the US until 1857 , for another two years . Neil Carothers , in his work on small - denomination currency , challenged this decision as unnecessary -- deprived of legal tender status , the remaining Spanish silver would have been eliminated through sales to banks for their bullion . Those who brought the old coins to the Mint received cents for them , at first Flying Eagle , and then Indian Head . In the year following the renewal , some forty million Indian Head cents were issued , meaning nearly a hundred million copper - nickel cents had entered commerce since 1857 . As the coin did not circulate in the South and West due to prejudice against base - metal money , they choked commerce . No one had to take them ; no law made them legal tender . At Snowden 's urging Congress in June 1860 ended the exchange . Nevertheless , as Snowden admitted in his annual report that year , there were too many cents in circulation . In October 1860 , The Bankers ' Magazine and Statistical Register reported that there were ten million cents in commerce in New York City above what was needed , and if anyone wished to order in bulk , they could be purchased at a discount . Shortage and redesign ( 1862 -- 1864 ) ( edit ) The surplus of cents was relieved by the economic chaos engendered by the American Civil War , which began in 1861 . At the end of that year , the banks stopped paying out gold , which thereafter commanded a premium over paper money . These greenbacks , beginning in the following year , were issued in large quantities by the federal government . Silver vanished from commerce in June 1862 , as the price of that metal rose , leaving the cent the sole federal coin that had not entirely vanished from commerce through hoarding . The glut of cents had by then abated , as merchants had stored them away in quantity -- one New York City floor collapsed beneath the load . There were other means of making change which passed in the emergency , from postage stamps to privately issued tokens , but the public demand was for the cent -- the Philadelphia Mint struck record numbers , and set aside part of the production to be transmitted to other cities . Nevertheless , by July 1862 , the cent , in quantity , could only be purchased at a premium of 4 % in paper money in major cities in the East . The copper - nickel pieces were nicknamed `` nickels '' , or `` nicks '' . Presentation of coins in payment carried with it no obligation to make change in the same . Accordingly , with a small quantity of `` nicks '' , a shopper could make purchases with exact change , without receiving such makeshifts as merchants ' credit slips , that others might not accept at the stated value . By 1863 , The Bankers ' Magazine reported that the premium for cents in Philadelphia had risen to 20 % . Thereafter , the premium decreased as there was a flood of metal tokens issued by merchants , which were widely accepted . Other war expedients , such as fractional currency , lessened the demand for the cent by taking the place of missing silver coinage . Small quantities of cents circulated among them , though many were still hoarded . Government officials saw that the public readily accepted the merchant tokens . Many of these tokens were made of bronze , and when , in 1863 , they attempted to restore coins to circulation , the use of bronze coins , which would not contain their face values in metal , was considered . In his annual report submitted October 1 , 1863 , Lincoln Administration Mint Director James Pollock noted that `` whilst people expect a full value in their gold and silver coins , they merely want the inferior ( base metal ) money for convenience in making exact payments '' . He observed that the private cent tokens had sometimes contained as little as a fifth of a cent in metal , yet had still circulated . He proposed that the copper - nickel cent be replaced with a bronze piece of the same size . Pollock also wanted to eliminate nickel as a coinage metal ; its hard alloys destroyed dies and machinery . On December 8 , Pollock wrote to Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase , proposing a bronze cent and two - cent piece . Cent - sized Civil War token , which was issued privately as federal coinage was hoarded . On March 2 , 1864 , Pollock wrote urgently to Chase , warning him that the Mint was running out of nickel and that demand for cents was at an all - time high . He also informed the Secretary that the United States Assay Commission , composed of citizens and officials who had met the previous month to test the nation 's silver and gold coinage , had recommended the use of French bronze ( 95 % copper with the remainder tin and zinc ) as a coinage metal for the cent and a new two - cent piece . Three days later , Chase sent Pollock 's December letter and draft legislation for bronze one - and two - cent pieces to Maine Senator William P. Fessenden , chairman of the Senate Finance Committee . Fessenden took no immediate action , and on March 16 , Pollock wrote again to Chase , warning that the Mint was going to run out of nickel , much of which was imported . Chase forwarded his letter to Fessenden . Legislation was finally introduced by New Hampshire Senator Daniel Clark on March 22 ; Pollock 's letters were read and apparently influenced proceedings as the Senate passed the bill without debate . The domestic supply of nickel was at that time produced by a mine at Gap , Pennsylvania , owned by industrialist Joseph Wharton . On March 19 , Pollock wrote to Chase that they had no more nickel , nor was any available from overseas ; `` we are thus shut up to the home supply ; from the works of Mr. Wharton '' . Opposed to the removal of nickel from the cent , Wharton published a pamphlet in April 1864 proposing coinage of one - , two - , three - , five - , and ten - cent pieces of an alloy of one part nickel to three of copper , doubling the percentage of nickel used in the cent . Despite Wharton 's efforts , on April 20 , a select committee of the House of Representatives endorsed the bill . It was opposed by Pennsylvania 's Thaddeus Stevens , who represented the mining area from which Wharton extracted his nickel . Wharton had spent $200,000 to develop his mine and ore refinement machinery , Stevens related , and it was unfair to deprive him of the major use of his metal . `` Shall we destroy all this property because by coining with another metal more money may be saved to the government ? '' Besides , he argued , the copper - nickel alloy for the cent had been approved by Congress , and the new metal , which he termed `` brass '' , would show rust . He was rebutted by Iowa Congressman John A. Kasson , chairman of the House Committee on Coinage , Weights , and Measures , who stated that the bronze alloy did not resemble brass , and he could not support the proposition that the government is bound to purchase from a supplier because he has spent money in anticipation of sales . The legislation passed the House , and the Coinage Act of 1864 was signed by President Abraham Lincoln on April 22 , 1864 . The legislation made base metal coins legal tender for the first time : both cents and two - cent pieces were acceptable in quantities of up to ten . The government would not , however , redeem them in bulk . The act also outlawed the private one - and two - cent tokens , and later that year Congress abolished all such issues . The legislation did not allow for the redemption of the old copper - nickel cents ; it had been drafted by Pollock , who was hoping that the seignorage income from issuing the new coins would help finance Mint operations , and he did not want it reduced by the recall of the old pieces . Wharton and his interests were appeased by the passage of a bill for a three - cent piece in 1865 and a five - cent piece in 1866 , both of his proposed alloy , out of which the `` nickel '' , as the latter coin has come to be known , is still struck . Despite this , Wharton and his nickel interests made repeated attempts to return nickel to the cent , each time failing , both as part of the deliberations over what became the Coinage Act of 1873 , and in the early 1880s . The copper - nickel cents from early in 1864 were generally bought up by speculators and did not circulate in large numbers . The Mint began producing bronze cents on May 13 , three weeks after the passage of the Coinage Act , and they were released into circulation on May 20 . Dies prepared for copper - nickel pieces were used to strike bronze . Sometime during 1864 , Longacre sharpened his design for use in striking the softer bronze pieces , and also added his initial `` L '' . It is not known when this was done ; it may have been as early as May , with the new dies used alongside the old . These bronze pieces are often referred to as `` 1864 - L '' and `` 1864 No L '' . The `` L '' is known on 1863 - dated pieces , in both metals , and on 1864 - dated copper - nickel pieces -- some of these issues , all extremely rare , were likely struck at a later date . The bronze cent was immediately accepted by the public , and heavy production of the issue soon alleviated the shortage of cents . Later years ( 1865 -- 1909 ) ( edit ) The rare 1877 Indian Head cent In the postwar years , the heavy production of cents was scaled back , as hoarding ceased and some of the slack was taken up by other base - metal coins . Nevertheless , the various issues of small coins , at that time not redeemed by the government , caused another glut in commerce , which was not completely broken until the Act of March 3 , 1871 , allowed redemption of cents and other minor coins in lots of $20 or more . Pursuant to this act , over thirty million copper - nickel cents , of both the Indian Head and Flying Eagle designs , were redeemed ; the Mint melted these for recoinage . Fifty - five million bronze cents were also sold to the government ; beginning in 1874 , the Mint re-issued these in response to commercial requests for cents , lowering the demand for new coins . Drops in the price of silver brought coins of that metal , hoarded for a decade or more , back into commerce , also decreasing demand . Between 1866 and 1878 , production only occasionally exceeded ten million ; the 1877 coin , with a circulation mintage of 852,500 , is a rare date for the series . After 1881 , there were few redemptions of bronze cents , due to high demand for the denomination , though copper - nickel cents continued to be redeemed and melted . With the discontinuance of the two - cent piece and three - cent silver in 1873 , the cent and the three - cent nickel were the sole survivors of the coins valued at less than five cents . The three - cent nickel , by this time , was unpopular because of its odd denomination and ( with the return of silver coinage ) its similarity in size to the dime . A three - cent postage rate had been one of the reasons why that denomination had begun , in the 1850s ; in the early 1880s the Post Office decreased the basic rate for letters to two cents . This change both increased demand for cents , and decreased the demand for the three - cent nickel , which was abolished in 1890 . In most years of the 1880s , there were large issues of Indian Head cents . The exception was in the mid-1880s , when poor economic times led to less demand for minor coins . No cents or five - cent nickels were minted after February 1885 until near the end of 1886 . Production of undated dies into which the year of issue could be punched did continue , and during the hiatus in coin production , Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber modified the design , removing light outlines between the lettering on the obverse and the rest of the design , and making other changes . This led to two types for the 1886 Indian Head cent , which may be distinguished : on the Type I , the lowest feather on the obverse points between the I and the C in `` AMERICA '' , while on the Type II it points between the C and the final A. Snow estimates that 14 million of the mintage of 17,654,290 were Type I , as were a majority of the 4,290 proof strikings . The economic Panic of 1893 again caused a decrease in the number of cents produced , as coins accumulated in private hands were spent , creating a surplus . Aside from that , the final years of the series before its termination in 1909 were marked by large mintages , with 1907 topping the hundred million mark . A healthy economy in most years fueled demand , as did the increasing popularity of coin - operated machines , some of which could be found at penny arcades . By the early 20th century , the cent was accepted across the nation , but by law production of the cent was limited to the Philadelphia Mint . Treasury officials sought removal of this restriction , and for an increase in the annual appropriation to purchase base metals for production of the cent and nickel -- the amount expended had remained the same since 1873 , although demand for cents had greatly increased . By the Act of April 24 , 1906 , the Mint received permission to strike base metal coins at any mint , and the appropriation was quadrupled to $200,000 . Small quantities of cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint in 1908 and 1909 . See also : Indian Head cent mintage figures Replacement ( edit ) Main article : Lincoln cent 1909 - S Lincoln cent Congress passed legislation in 1890 allowing the Mint to alter designs that had been in use for 25 years without the need for legislative authorization . In 1904 , President Theodore Roosevelt wrote to his Secretary of the Treasury , Leslie Mortier Shaw , complaining that U.S. coinage lacked artistic merit , and enquiring if it would be possible to engage a private artist , such as sculptor Augustus Saint - Gaudens , to prepare new coin designs . At Roosevelt 's instructions , the Mint hired Saint - Gaudens to redesign the cent and the four gold pieces : the double eagle ( $20 ) , eagle ( $10 ) , half eagle ( $5 ) , and quarter eagle ( $2.50 ) . As the designs of those pieces had remained the same for 25 years , they could be changed without an act of Congress , as could the Indian Head cent . Saint - Gaudens ' model for the cent obverse : Liberty with an Indian headdress added , the design was later developed for the $10 piece . Saint - Gaudens originally conceived a flying eagle design for the cent , but at Roosevelt 's request , developed it for the $20 piece after learning that under the 1873 act , an eagle could not appear on the cent . Writer and friend Witter Bynner recalled that in January 1907 , Saint - Gaudens was seriously ill with cancer , and was carried to his studio for ten minutes a day to critique the work of his assistants on current projects , including the cent . Saint - Gaudens died on August 3 , 1907 , without having submitted another design for the cent . With the redesign of the four gold denominations completed by 1908 , Roosevelt turned his attention to the cent . The centennial of the birth of assassinated president Abraham Lincoln would occur in February 1909 , and large numbers of privately manufactured souvenirs were already being issued . Many citizens had written to the Treasury Department , proposing a Lincoln coin , and Roosevelt was interested in honoring his fellow Republican . This was a break with previous American numismatic tradition ; before the Lincoln cent , no regularly circulating U.S. coin had featured an actual person ( as opposed to idealized personifications , as of `` liberty '' ) . In late 1908 , Roosevelt sat for sculptor Victor David Brenner , who was designing a medal for the Panama Canal Commission . It is uncertain how Brenner was selected to design the coin , but in January 1909 , Mint Director Frank A. Leach hired him to design a Lincoln cent . This went into circulation later in 1909 , putting an end to the Indian Head cent series . Collecting ( edit ) ' S ' mint mark ( designated with arrow ) on the reverse of a 1908 S Indian head penny Indian Head cents were popular among coin collectors even in the half - century when they were produced ; since then , with the growth of the hobby , interest has increased . The 1930s introduction of inexpensive coin albums to house the series and encourage collectors to seek a complete set came at a time when the bronze version of the Indian Head cent was still common in pocket change . They were not widely studied until the 1960s ; numismatic writer Tom DeLorey , in his introduction to Snow 's book , ascribes this to prejudice among numismatists who grew up with the Indian Head cent as a common circulation piece . He notes that the 1960 edition of R.S. Yeoman 's A Guide Book of United States Coins ( commonly , the Red Book ) listed only four dates for which there were varieties , one of which , the overdate 1869 / 68 was in error , as the final digit was actually over another 9 . The 2018 edition of the Red Book lists varieties for 12 dates . Like most other denominations of U.S. coins , the 1873 may be found in two varieties , depending on the appearance of the final digit of the date : the `` Close 3 '' or `` Closed 3 '' is from early dies ; but after Chief Coiner A. Loudon Snowden complained that the `` 3 '' looked too much like an `` 8 '' , Chief Engraver William Barber modified his work to create the `` Open 3 '' . Some 1875 pieces have a dot appearing on the letter `` N '' in `` ONE '' on the reverse . This may have been a secret mark , added to catch a thief within the Philadelphia Mint . The Indian Head cent was struck in large quantities and most dates remain inexpensive : Yeoman lists all dates from 1900 to 1908 from Philadelphia at $2 in Good - 4 condition . The record holder for the denomination is a proof specimen of the 1864 - L , of which there were an estimated 20 struck ; it sold for $161,000 in 2012 . References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ After 1873 , called the Bureau of the Mint . Jump up ^ Nevertheless , Columbus would be the first historic figure on an American coin , in 1892 with the commemorative Columbian half dollar . Jump up ^ This sale later caused Snowden difficulties . As word got around the small , scattered coin collecting community , Snowden received a small blizzard of requests for patterns ; an exasperated Mint Director wrote to one applicant , seeking a range of pieces for `` a friend '' , that he could send coins , but preferred to wait as the Mint arranged other methods of sale so that `` your friend , and all other collectors of Coins , AND THEIR NAME IS LEGION , can be supplied to their heart 's content '' . See Snow , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Snowden caused several of the patterns to be restruck . At the time , the Mint Director was seeking specimens of medals depicting George Washington to add to the Mint 's coin collection , and newly struck specimens of past coins and patterns were often exchanged for them . This caused disquiet among some collectors and dealers who saw rare pieces being devalued , but Snowden made no secret of what he was doing and was undeterred . See Snow , p. 224 . Citations Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Taxay , p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : Lange , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Breen , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Breen , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , p. 1980 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Breen , p. 256 . ^ Jump up to : Vermeule , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Breen , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Carothers , pp. 146 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Carothers , pp. 154 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Taxay , pp. 239 -- 240 . ^ Jump up to : Taxay , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Radeker , p. 1740 . Jump up ^ Carothers , pp. 196 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Taxay , pp. 241 -- 242 . ^ Jump up to : Taxay , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Taxay , pp. 243 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Taxay , pp. 253 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Bowers , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 85 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Breen , pp. 220 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Snow , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Carothers , pp. 272 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Bowers , pp. 148 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. 150 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Bowers , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Carothers , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Bureau of the Mint , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Burdette , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Burdette , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Moran , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Moran , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Moran , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Vinciguerra , Thomas ( February 7 , 2009 ) . `` Now if Only We Could Mint Lincoln Himself '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Burdette , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Snow , pp. vi , 1 . ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , pp. 116 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Breen , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 118 . Bibliography Bowers , Q. David ( 2006 ) . A Guide Book of Shield and Liberty Head Nickels . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 1921 - 7 . Breen , Walter ( 1988 ) . Walter Breen 's Complete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 14207 - 6 . Burdette , Roger W. ( 2007 ) . Renaissance of American Coinage , 1909 -- 1915 . Great Falls , VA : Seneca Mill Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9768986 - 2 - 7 . Bureau of the Mint ( 1904 ) . Laws of the United States Relating to the Coinage . Washington , DC : United States Government Printing Office . OCLC 8109299 . Carothers , Neil ( 1930 ) . Fractional Money : A History of Small Coins and Fractional Paper Currency of the United States . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. ( reprinted 1988 by Bowers and Merena Galleries , Inc. , Wolfeboro , NH ) . ISBN 0 - 943161 - 12 - 6 . Lange , David W. ( 2006 ) . History of the United States Mint and its Coinage . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 1972 - 9 . McKenzie , Lee F. ( December 1991 ) . `` Longacre 's Influence on Numismatic Art '' . The Numismatist . Colorado Springs , CO : American Numismatic Association : 1922 -- 1924 , 1979 -- 1980 . Moran , Michael F. ( 2008 ) . Striking Change : The Great Artistic Collaboration of Theodore Roosevelt and Augustus Saint - Gaudens . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 2356 - 6 . Radeker , William T. ( November 1991 ) . `` Those Collectable 2 - Cent Pieces '' . The Numismatist . Colorado Springs , CO : American Numismatic Association : 1739 -- 1741 , 1805 . ISSN 0029 - 6090 . Snow , Richard ( 2009 ) . A Guide Book of Flying Eagle and Indian Head Cents . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 2831 - 8 . Taxay , Don ( 1983 ) . The U.S. Mint and Coinage ( reprint of 1966 ed . ) . New York : Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 915262 - 68 - 7 . Vermeule , Cornelius ( 1971 ) . Numismatic Art in America . Cambridge , MA : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 62840 - 3 . Yeoman , R.S. ( 2017 ) . A Guide Book of United States Coins ( The Official Red Book ) ( 71st ed . ) . Atlanta , GA : Whitman Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 4506 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Indian Head Cent Pictures Preceded by Flying Eagle cent United States one - cent coin 1859 -- 1909 Succeeded by Wheat cent ( hide ) Coinage of the United States Cent ( 1 ¢ ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Chain ( 1793 ) Wreath ( 1793 ) Liberty Cap ( 1793 -- 96 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Classic Head ( 1808 -- 14 ) Matron Head ( 1816 -- 39 ) Large cent ( Braided Hair ) ( 1835 -- 57 ; 1868 ) Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 58 ) Indian Head ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled die cent 1974 aluminum cent Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Half dime Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 97 , 1800 -- 05 ) Capped Bust ( 1829 -- 37 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 73 ) Shield ( 1866 -- 83 ) Liberty Head ( 1883 -- 1913 ) Buffalo ( 1913 -- 38 ) Jefferson ( 1938 -- present ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Disme ( 1792 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1809 -- 37 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Mercury ( 1916 -- 45 ) Roosevelt ( 1946 -- present ) Quarter dollar ( 25 ¢ ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1815 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Standing Liberty ( 1916 -- 30 ) Washington ( 1932 -- 1998 ) 50 State Quarters ( 1999 -- 2008 ) District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters ( 2009 ) America the Beautiful Quarters ( 2010 -- present ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1807 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1915 ) Walking Liberty ( 1916 -- 47 ) Franklin ( 1948 -- 63 ) Kennedy ( 1964 -- present ) Dollar ( $1 ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1795 -- 1804 ) 1804 ( 1834 , c. 1858 -- 60 ) Gobrecht ( 1836 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1840 -- 73 ) Gold ( 1849 -- 89 ) Trade ( 1873 -- 85 ) Morgan ( 1878 -- 1904 ; 1921 ) Peace ( 1921 -- 35 ) Eisenhower ( 1971 -- 78 ) Susan B. Anthony ( 1979 -- 81 ; 1999 ) Silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Sacagawea ( 2000 -- present ) Presidential ( 2007 -- 16 ) Gold Turban Head eagle ( 1795 -- 1804 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 89 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 89 ) Liberty Head double eagle ( 1849 -- 1907 ) Double eagle ( 1849 -- 1933 ) Saint - Gaudens double eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) Indian Head eagle ( 1907 -- 33 ) Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 -- 29 ) Gold Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Gold Buffalo ( 2006 -- present ) First Spouse gold bullion coins ( 2007 -- 16 ) Commemorative Early ( 1892 -- 1954 ) Columbian half dollar ( 1892 -- 93 ) Isabella quarter ( 1893 ) Lafayette dollar ( 1900 ) Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar ( 1903 ) Lewis and Clark Exposition dollar ( 1904 -- 05 ) Panama -- Pacific commemorative coins ( 1915 ) McKinley Birthplace Memorial dollar ( 1916 -- 17 ) Illinois Centennial half dollar ( 1918 ) Maine Centennial half dollar ( 1920 ) Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar ( 1920 -- 21 ) Missouri Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Alabama Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar ( 1923 ) Huguenot - Walloon half dollar ( 1924 ) Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar ( 1925 ) Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1925 ) California Diamond Jubilee half dollar ( 1925 ) Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar ( 1925 ) United States Sesquicentennial coinage ( 1926 ) Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 -- 39 ) Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1927 ) Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1928 ) Texas Centennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 38 ) Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1935 ) Connecticut Tercentenary half dollar ( 1935 ) Rhode Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar ( 1936 ) Cleveland Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Bridgeport half dollar ( 1936 ) Elgin , Illinois , Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Modern ( 1982 -- present ) Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar ( 1984 ) Eisenhower commemorative dollar ( 1990 ) Library of Congress ten dollar coin ( 2000 ) John Marshall commemorative dollar ( 2005 ) Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar ( 2005 ) Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar ( 2010 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 80 ) Half - union ( 1877 ) Other Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Two - cent piece ( 1864 -- 73 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 73 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 89 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 78 ) United States Bicentennial coinage ( 1975 -- 76 ) Platinum Eagle ( 1997 -- present ) Palladium Eagle ( 2017 -- present ) America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins ( 2010 -- present ) Norse - American medal ( 1925 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Head_cent&oldid=780785374 '' Categories : 1859 introductions One - cent coins of the United States Historical currencies of the United States 1859 establishments in the United States Native Americans in art Liberty symbols Hidden categories : Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2017 , at 05 : 37 . 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what is the meaning of the hinduism symbol

Om

om

The `` Om '' or `` Aum '' symbol in Devanagari This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text . Om ( listen ( help info ) , IAST : Auṃ or Oṃ , Devanagari : ॐ ) is a sacred sound and a spiritual symbol in Hinduism , that signifies the essence of the ultimate reality , consciousness or Atman . It is a syllable that is chanted either independently or before a mantra in Hinduism , Buddhism , and Jainism . Om is part of the iconography found in ancient and medieval era manuscripts , temples , monasteries and spiritual retreats in Hinduism , Buddhism , and Jainism . The symbol has a spiritual meaning in all Indian dharmas , but the meaning and connotations of Om vary between the diverse schools within and across the various traditions . In Hinduism , Om is one of the most important spiritual symbols . It refers to Atman ( soul , self within ) and Brahman ( ultimate reality , entirety of the universe , truth , divine , supreme spirit , cosmic principles , knowledge ) . The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas , the Upanishads , and other Hindu texts . It is a sacred spiritual incantation made before and during the recitation of spiritual texts , during puja and private prayers , in ceremonies of rites of passages ( sanskara ) such as weddings , and sometimes during meditative and spiritual activities such as Yoga . The syllable Om is also referred to as onkara ( ओङ्कार , oṅkāra ) , omkara ( ओंकार , oṃkāra ) , aumkara ( औंकार , auṃkāra ) , and pranava ( प्रणव , praṇava ) . Contents 1 Origin and meaning 2 Written representation 3 Hinduism 3.1 Upanishads 3.1. 1 Chandogya Upanishad 3.1. 2 Katho Upanishad 3.1. 3 Maitri Upanishad 3.1. 4 Mundaka Upanishad 3.1. 5 Mandukya Upanishad 3.1. 6 Shvetashvatara Upanishad 3.1. 7 Aitareya Aranyaka 3.2 Bhagavad Gita 3.3 Yoga Sutra 3.4 Puranas 4 Jainism 5 Buddhism 5.1 Tibetan Buddhism ( Vajrayana ) 5.2 Niō guardian kings and Komainu lion - dogs 6 Sikhism 7 Modern reception 8 Notes 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Origin and meaning ( edit ) The syllable Om is referred to as praṇava . Other used terms are akṣara ( literally , letter of the alphabet , imperishable , immutable ) or ekākṣara ( one letter of the alphabet ) , and omkāra ( literally , beginning , female divine energy ) . Udgitha , a word found in Sama Veda and bhasya ( commentaries ) based on it , is also used as a name of the syllable . The word has three phonemes : `` a-u-m '' , though it is often described as trisyllabic despite this being either archaic or the result of translation . The syllable Om is first mentioned in the Upanishads , the mystical texts associated with the Vedanta philosophy . It has variously been associated with concepts of `` cosmic sound '' or `` mystical syllable '' or `` affirmation to something divine '' , or as symbolism for abstract spiritual concepts in the Upanishads . In the Aranyaka and the Brahmana layers of Vedic texts , the syllable is so widespread and linked to knowledge , that it stands for the `` whole of Veda '' . The etymological foundations of Om are repeatedly discussed in the oldest layers of the Vedantic texts ( the early Upanishads ) . The Aitareya Brahmana of Rig Veda , in section 5.32 , for example suggests that the three phonetic components of Om ( pronounced AUM ) correspond to the three stages of cosmic creation , and when it is read or said , it celebrates the creative powers of the universe . The Brahmana layer of Vedic texts equate Om with Bhur - bhuvah - Svah , the latter symbolizing `` the whole Veda '' . They offer various shades of meaning to Om , such as it being `` the universe beyond the sun '' , or that which is `` mysterious and inexhaustible '' , or `` the infinite language , the infinite knowledge '' , or `` essence of breath , life , everything that exists '' , or that `` with which one is liberated '' . The Sama Veda , the poetical Veda , orthographically maps Om to the audible , the musical truths in its numerous variations ( Oum , Aum , Ovā Ovā Ovā Um , etc . ) and then attempts to extract musical meters from it . The syllable Om evolves to mean many abstract ideas in the earliest Upanishads . Max Müller and other scholars state that these philosophical texts recommend Om as a `` tool for meditation '' , explain various meanings that the syllable may be in the mind of one meditating , ranging from `` artificial and senseless '' to `` highest concepts such as the cause of the Universe , essence of life , Brahman , Atman , and Self - knowledge '' . Written representation ( edit ) Phonologically , the syllable ओम् represents / aum / , which is regularly monophthongised to ( õː ) in Sanskrit phonology . When occurring within spoken Sanskrit , the syllable is subject to the normal rules of sandhi in Sanskrit grammar , however with the additional peculiarity that after preceding a or ā , the au of aum does not form vriddhi ( au ) but guna ( o ) per Pāṇini 6.1. 95 ( i.e. ' om ' ) . It is sometimes also written ओ३म् ( ō̄m ( õːːm ) ) , notably by Arya Samaj , where ३ ( i.e. , the digit `` 3 '' ) is pluta ( `` three times as long '' ) , indicating a length of three morae ( that is , the time it takes to say three syllables ) -- an overlong nasalised close - mid back rounded vowel . The Om symbol is a ligature in Devanagari , combining ओ ( au ) and chandrabindu ( ँ , ṃ ) . In Unicode , the symbol is encoded at U + 0950 ॐ Devanagari OM and at U + 1F549 🕉 OM Symbol ( `` generic symbol independent of Devanagari font '' ) . The Om or Aum symbol is found on ancient coins , in regional scripts . In Sri Lanka , Anuradhapura era coins ( dated from the 1st to 4th centuries ) are embossed with Aum along with other symbols . Nagari or Devanagari representations are found epigraphically on medieval sculpture , such as the dancing Shiva ( ca . 10th to 12th century ) ; Joseph Campbell ( 1949 ) even argued that the dance posture itself can be taken to represent AUM as a symbol of the entirety of `` consciousness , universe '' and `` the message that God is within a person and without '' . The Om symbol , with epigraphical variations , is also found in many southeast Asian countries . For example , it is called Unalom or Aum in Thailand and has been a part of various flags and official emblems such as in the Thong Chom Klao of King Rama IV ( r . 1851 -- 1868 ) . The Cambodian official seal has similarly incorporated the Aum symbol . In traditional Chinese characters , it is written as 唵 ( pinyin -- ǎn ) , and as 嗡 ( pinyin -- wēng ) in simplified Chinese characters . There have been proposals that the Om syllable may already have had written representations in Brahmi script , dating to before the Common Era . A proposal by Deb ( 1848 ) held that the swastika is `` a monogrammatic representation of the syllable Om , wherein two Brahmi / o / characters ( U + 11011 𑀑 Brahmi letter O ) were superposed crosswise and the ' m ' was represented by dot '' . A commentary in Nature considers this theory questionable and unproven . Roy ( 2011 ) proposed that Om was represented using the Brahmi symbols for `` A '' , `` U '' and `` M '' ( 𑀅 𑀉 𑀫 ) , and that this may have influenced the unusual epigraphical features of the symbol ॐ for Om . 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Maheshwarananda ( 2002 ) suggests that the Om reflects the cosmological beliefs in Hinduism , as the primordial sound associated with the creation of universe from nothing . Upanishads ( edit ) The syllable `` Om '' is described with various meanings in the Upanishads . Descriptions include `` the sacred sound , the Yes ! , the Vedas , the Udgitha ( song of the universe ) , the infinite , the all encompassing , the whole world , the truth , the ultimate reality , the finest essence , the cause of the Universe , the essence of life , the Brahman , the Atman , the vehicle of deepest knowledge , and Self - knowledge '' . Chandogya Upanishad ( edit ) Om is a common symbol found in the ancient texts of Hinduism , such as in the first line of Rig veda ( top ) , as well as an icon in temples and spiritual retreats . The Chandogya Upanishad is one of the oldest Upanishads of Hinduism . It opens with the recommendation that `` let a man meditate on Om '' . It calls the syllable Om as udgitha ( उद्गीथ , song , chant ) , and asserts that the significance of the syllable is thus : the essence of all beings is earth , the essence of earth is water , the essence of water are the plants , the essence of plants is man , the essence of man is speech , the essence of speech is the Rig Veda , the essence of the Rig Veda is the Sama Veda , and the essence of Sama Veda is the udgitha ( song , Om ) . Rik ( ऋच् , Ṛc ) is speech , states the text , and Sāman ( सामन् ) is breath ; they are pairs , and because they have love for each other , speech and breath find themselves together and mate to produce a song . The highest song is Om , asserts section 1.1 of Chandogya Upanishad . It is the symbol of awe , of reverence , of threefold knowledge because Adhvaryu invokes it , the Hotr recites it , and Udgatr sings it . The second volume of the first chapter continues its discussion of syllable Om , explaining its use as a struggle between Devas ( gods ) and Asuras ( demons ) . Max Muller states that this struggle between gods and demons is considered allegorical by ancient Indian scholars , as good and evil inclinations within man , respectively . The legend in section 1.2 of Chandogya Upanishad states that gods took the Udgitha ( song of Om ) unto themselves , thinking , `` with this song we shall overcome the demons '' . The syllable Om is thus implied as that which inspires the good inclinations within each person . Chandogya Upanishad 's exposition of syllable Om in its opening chapter combines etymological speculations , symbolism , metric structure and philosophical themes . In the second chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad , the meaning and significance of Om evolves into a philosophical discourse , such as in section 2.10 where Om is linked to the Highest Self , and section 2.23 where the text asserts Om is the essence of three forms of knowledge , Om is Brahman and `` Om is all this ( observed world ) '' . Katho Upanishad ( edit ) The Katho Upanishad is the legendary story of a little boy , Nachiketa -- the son of sage Vajasravasa -- who meets Yama , the Indian deity of death . Their conversation evolves to a discussion of the nature of man , knowledge , Atman ( Soul , Self ) and moksha ( liberation ) . In section 1.2 , Katho Upanishad characterizes Knowledge / Wisdom as the pursuit of good , and Ignorance / Delusion as the pursuit of pleasant , that the essence of Veda is to make man liberated and free , look past what has happened and what has not happened , free from the past and the future , beyond good and evil , and one word for this essence is the word Om . The word which all the Vedas proclaim , That which is expressed in every Tapas ( penance , austerity , meditation ) , That for which they live the life of a Brahmacharin , Understand that word in its essence : Om ! that is the word . Yes , this syllable is Brahman , This syllable is the highest . He who knows that syllable , Whatever he desires , is his . -- Katho Upanishad , 1.2. 15 - 1.2. 16 Maitri Upanishad ( edit ) The Maitrayaniya Upanishad in sixth Prapathakas ( lesson ) discusses the meaning and significance of Om . The text asserts that Om represents Brahman - Atman . The three roots of the syllable , states the Maitri Upanishad , are A + U + M. The sound is the body of Soul , and it repeatedly manifests in three : as gender - endowed body -- feminine , masculine , neuter ; as light - endowed body -- Agni , Vayu and Aditya ; as deity - endowed body -- Brahma , Rudra and Vishnu ; as mouth - endowed body -- Garhapatya , Dakshinagni and Ahavaniya ; as knowledge - endowed body -- Rig , Saman and Yajur ; as world - endowed body -- Bhūr , Bhuvaḥ and Svaḥ ; as time - endowed body -- Past , Present and Future ; as heat - endowed body -- Breath , Fire and Sun ; as growth - endowed body -- Food , Water and Moon ; as thought - endowed body -- intellect , mind and psyche . Brahman exists in two forms -- the material form , and the immaterial formless . The material form is changing , unreal . The immaterial formless is n't changing , real . The immortal formless is truth , the truth is the Brahman , the Brahman is the light , the light is the Sun which is the syllable Om as the Self . The world is Om , its light is Sun , and the Sun is also the light of the syllable Om , asserts the Upanishad . Meditating on Om , is acknowledging and meditating on the Brahman - Atman ( Soul , Self ) . Mundaka Upanishad ( edit ) The Mundaka Upanishad in the second Mundakam ( part ) , suggests the means to knowing the Self and the Brahman to be meditation , self - reflection and introspection , that can be aided by the symbol Om . That which is flaming , which is subtler than the subtle , on which the worlds are set , and their inhabitants -- That is the indestructible Brahman . It is life , it is speech , it is mind . That is the real . It is immortal . It is a mark to be penetrated . Penetrate It , my friend . Taking as a bow the great weapon of the Upanishad , one should put upon it an arrow sharpened by meditation , Stretching it with a thought directed to the essence of That , Penetrate that Imperishable as the mark , my friend . Om is the bow , the arrow is the Soul , Brahman the mark , By the undistracted man is It to be penetrated , One should come to be in It , as the arrow becomes one with the mark . -- Mundaka Upanishad , 2.2. 2 -- 2.2. 4 Adi Shankara , in his review of the Mundaka Upanishad , states Om as a symbolism for Atman ( soul , self ) . Mandukya Upanishad ( edit ) The Mandukya Upanishad opens by declaring , `` Om ! , this syllable is this whole world '' . Thereafter it presents various explanations and theories on what it means and signifies . This discussion is built on a structure of `` four fourths '' or `` fourfold '' , derived from A + U + M + `` silence '' ( or without an element ) . Aum as all states of time In verse 1 , the Upanishad states that time is threefold : the past , the present and the future , that these three are `` Aum '' . The four fourth of time is that which transcends time , that too is `` Aum '' expressed . Aum as all states of Atman In verse 2 , states the Upanishad , everything is Brahman , but Brahman is Atman ( the Soul , Self ) , and that the Atman is fourfold . Johnston summarizes these four states of Self , respectively , as seeking the physical , seeking inner thought , seeking the causes and spiritual consciousness , and the fourth state is realizing oneness with the Self , the Eternal . Aum as all states of consciousness In verses 3 to 6 , the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates four states of consciousness : wakeful , dream , deep sleep and the state of ekatma ( being one with Self , the oneness of Self ) . These four are A + U + M + `` without an element '' respectively . Aum as all of knowledge In verses 9 to 12 , the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates fourfold etymological roots of the syllable `` Aum '' . It states that the first element of `` Aum '' is A , which is from Apti ( obtaining , reaching ) or from Adimatva ( being first ) . The second element is U , which is from Utkarsa ( exaltation ) or from Ubhayatva ( intermediateness ) . The third element is M , from Miti ( erecting , constructing ) or from Mi Minati , or apīti ( annihilation ) . The fourth is without an element , without development , beyond the expanse of universe . In this way , states the Upanishad , the syllable Om is indeed the Atman ( the self ) . Shvetashvatara Upanishad ( edit ) The Shvetashvatara Upanishad , in verses 1.14 to 1.16 , suggests meditating with the help of syllable Om , where one 's perishable body is like one fuel - stick and the syllable Om is the second fuel - stick , which with discipline and diligent rubbing of the sticks unleashes the concealed fire of thought and awareness within . Such knowledge , asserts the Upanishad , is the goal of Upanishads . The text asserts that Om is a tool of meditation empowering one to know the God within oneself , to realize one 's Atman ( Soul , Self ) . Aitareya Aranyaka ( edit ) Aitareya Aranyaka in verse 23.6 , explains Om as `` an acknowledgment , melodic confirmation , something that gives momentum and energy to a hymn '' . Om ( ॐ ) is the pratigara ( agreement ) with a hymn . Likewise is tatha ( so be it ) with a song . But Om is something divine , and tatha is something human . -- Aitareya Aranyaka 23.6 , Bhagavad Gita ( edit ) The Bhagavad Gita , in the Epic Mahabharata , mentions the meaning and significance of Om in several verses . For example , Fowler notes that verse 9.17 of the Bhagavad Gita synthesizes the competing dualistic and monist streams of thought in Hinduism , by using `` Om which is the symbol for the indescribable , impersonal Brahman '' . I am the Father of this world , Mother , Ordainer , Grandfather , the Thing to be known , the Purifier , the syllable Om , Rik , Saman and also Yajus . -- Krishna to Arjuna , Bhagavad Gita 9.17 , The significance of the sacred syllable in the Hindu traditions , is similarly highlighted in various of its verses , such as verse 17.24 where the importance of Om during prayers , charity and meditative practices is explained as follows , Therefore , uttering Om , the acts of yagna ( fire ritual ) , dāna ( charity ) and tapas ( austerity ) as enjoined in the scriptures , are always begun by those who study the Brahman . -- Bhagavad Gita 17.24 , Yoga Sutra ( edit ) The aphoristic verse 1.27 of Pantanjali 's Yogasutra links Om to Yoga practice , as follows , तस्य वाचकः प्रणवः ॥ २७ ॥ His word is Om . -- Yogasutra 1.27 , Johnston states this verse highlights the importance of Om in the meditative practice of Yoga , where it symbolizes three worlds in the Soul ; the three times -- past , present and future eternity , the three divine powers -- creation , preservation and transformation in one Being ; and three essences in one Spirit -- immortality , omniscience and joy . It is , asserts Johnston , a symbol for the perfected Spiritual Man ( his emphasis ) . Puranas ( edit ) The Hindu deity Ganesha is sometimes linked to the symbol Om and as the symbol for Upanishadic concept of Brahman . The medieval era texts of Hinduism , such as the Puranas adopt and expand the concept of Om in their own ways , and to their own theistic sects . According to the Vayu Purana , Om is the representation of the Hindu Trimurti , and represents the union of the three gods , viz . A for Brahma , U for Vishnu and M for Shiva . The three sounds also symbolise the three Vedas , namely ( Rigveda , Samaveda , Yajurveda ) . The Shiva Purana highlights the relation between deity Shiva and the Pranava or Om . Shiva is declared to be Om , and that Om is Shiva . Jainism ( edit ) In Jainism , om is considered a condensed form of reference to the Pañca - Parameṣṭhi , by their initials A + A + A + U + M ( o 3 m ) . The Dravyasamgraha quotes a Prakrit line : ओम एकाक्षर पञ्चपरमेष्ठिनामादिपम् तत्कथमिति चेत `` अरिहंता असरीरा आयरिया तह उवज्झाया मुणियां '' Translation : Veneration to the Arhats , veneration to the perfect ones , veneration to the masters , veneration to the teachers , veneration to all the monks in the world . AAAUM ( or just `` Om '' ) is one syllable short form of the initials of the five parameshthis : `` Arihant , Ashiri , Acharya , Upajjhaya , Muni '' . ओं नमः ( Oṃ namaḥ ) Siddhanam ( 6 syllables ) , Om Nhi ( 2 syllables ) and just Om ( 1 syllable ) are the short forms of the Paramesthi - Mantra , also called Namokar Mantra or Navkar Mantra in Jainism . Buddhism ( edit ) Nio statues in Kyoto prefecture of Japan , believed to be saying the start and the end of syllable `` AUM '' Om is often used in some later schools of Buddhism , for example Tibetan Buddhism , which was influenced by Indian Hinduism and Tantra . In Chinese Buddhism , Om is often transliterated as the Chinese character 唵 ( pinyin ǎn ) or 嗡 ( pinyin wēng ) . Tibetan Buddhism ( Vajrayana ) ( edit ) In Tibetan Buddhism , Om is often placed at the beginning of mantras and dharanis . Probably the most well known mantra is `` Om mani padme hum '' , the six syllable mantra of the Bodhisattva of compassion , Avalokiteśvara . This mantra is particularly associated with the four - armed Shadakshari form of Avalokiteśvara . Moreover , as a seed syllable ( bija mantra ) , Aum is considered sacred and holy in Esoteric Buddhism . Some scholars interpret the first word of the mantra oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ to be auṃ , with a meaning similar to Hinduism -- the totality of sound , existence and consciousness . Oṃ has been described by the 14th Dalai Lama as `` composed of three pure letters , A , U , and M. These symbolize the impure body , speech , and mind of everyday unenlightened life of a practitioner ; they also symbolize the pure exalted body , speech and mind of an enlightened Buddha . '' According to Simpkins , Om is a part of many mantras in Tibetan Buddhism and is a symbolism for `` wholeness , perfection and the infinite '' . Niō guardian kings and komainu lion - dogs ( edit ) Aum is symbolically represented by Niō ( 仁王 ) statues in Japan , and their equivalent in East Asia . Niō appear in pairs in front of Buddhist temple gates and stupas , in the form of two fierce looking guardian kings ( Vajra ) . One has an open mouth , regarded by Buddhists as symbolically speaking the `` A '' syllable ; the other has a closed mouth , symbolically speaking the `` Um '' syllable . The two together are regarded as saying `` Aum '' , the vajra - breath , or the Absolute in Sanskrit . Komainu ( 狛犬 ) , also called lion - dogs , found in Japan , Korea and China , also occur in pairs before Buddhist temples and public spaces , and again , one has an open mouth ( Agyō ) , the other closed ( Ungyō ) . Like Nio statues , they are traditionally interpreted to be saying the start and end of `` Aun '' -- a transliteration of the Sanskrit sacred syllable Aum ( or Om ) , signifying the start and end of everything . Sikhism ( edit ) Main article : Ik Onkar Ik Onkar of Sikhism Ik Oankar , iconically represented as ੴ in Sikhism are the opening words of the Guru Granth Sahib , the Sikh scripture . It is the statement that ' there is one God ' , and that there is ' singularity despite seeming plurality ' . The Oankar of Sikhism is related to Om in Hinduism , states the Indologist Wendy Doniger . Some Sikhs disagree that Ik Oankar is same as Om . The phrase is a compound of the numeral one ( ik ) and onkar , states Doniger , canonically understood in Sikhism to refer to `` absolute monotheistic unity of God '' . Onkar is , states Wazir Singh , a `` variation of Om ( Aum ) of the ancient Indian scriptures ( with a slight change in its orthography ) , implying the seed - force that evolves as the universe '' . Ik Onkar is part of the `` Mul Mantra '' in Sikh teachings and represents `` One God '' , explains Gulati , where `` Ik '' means One , and Onkar is `` equivalent of the Hindu `` Om '' ( Aum ) `` . Guru Nanak wrote a poem entitled Oankar in which , states Doniger , he `` attributed the origin and sense of speech to the Divinity , who is thus the Om - maker '' . Oankar ( ' the Primal Sound ' ) created Brahma , Oankar fashioned the consciousness , From Oankar came mountains and ages , Oankar produced the Vedas , By the grace of Oankar , people were saved through the divine word , By the grace of Oankar , they were liberated through the teachings of the Guru . -- Ramakali Dakkhani , Adi Granth 929 - 930 , Translated by Pashaura Singh Ik Aumkara appears at the start of Mul Mantra , states Kohli , and it occurs as `` Aum '' in the Upanishads and in Gurbani . However , the meaning of Oankar in the Sikh tradition , states Pashaura Singh , is quite different in certain respects than those in other Indian philosophical traditions . Modern reception ( edit ) The Brahmic script om - ligature has become widely recognised in Western counterculture since the 1960s , mostly in its standard Devanagari form ( ॐ ) , but the Tibetan alphabet om ( ༀ ) has also gained limited currency in popular culture . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ଓଁ ( U + 0B13 & U + 0B01 ) , ওঁ ( U + 0993 & U + 0981 ) Jump up ^ ௐ ( U + 0BD0 ) ^ Jump up to : ಓಂ ( U + 0C93 & U + 0C82 ) Telugu ఓం ( U + 0C13 & U + 0C02 ) Jump up ^ ഓം ( U + 0D13 & U + 0D02 ) Jump up ^ `` oo m '' Jump up ^ 𑖍𑖼 ( U + 1158D & U + 115BC ) Jump up ^ 唵 ( U + 5535 ) Jump up ^ ༀ ( U + 0F00 ) Jump up ^ ᬒᬁ ( U + 1B12 & U + 1B01 ) Jump up ^ ꦎꦴꦀ ( U + A98E & U + A980 & U + A9B4 ) Jump up ^ later called as Shiva Jump up ^ oma ekākṣara pañca - parameṣṭhi - nāmā - dipam tatkathamiti cheta `` arihatā asarīrā āyariyā taha uvajjhāyā muṇiyā '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) , `` Om '' , The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Vol. 2 : N-Z , Rosen Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0823931804 , page 482 Jump up ^ Barbara A. Holdrege ( 1996 ) . Veda and Torah : Transcending the Textuality of Scripture . SUNY Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 1640 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Om '' . Merriam - Webster ( 2013 ) , Pronounced : \ ˈōm \ Jump up ^ Jan Gonda ( 1963 ) , The Indian Mantra , Oriens , Vol. 16 , pp. 244 -- 297 ^ Jump up to : Julius Lipner ( 2010 ) , Hindus : Their Religious Beliefs and Practices , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0415456760 , pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ T.A. Gopinatha Rao ( 1993 ) , Elements of Hindu Iconography , Volume 2 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120808775 , p. 248 Jump up ^ Sehdev Kumar ( 2001 ) , A Thousand Petalled Lotus : Jain Temples of Rajasthan , ISBN 978 - 8170173489 , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus ( 2011 ) , Sound and Communication : An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism , De Gruyter , ISBN 978 - 3110181593 , page 435 Jump up ^ Krishna Sivaraman ( 2008 ) , Hindu Spirituality Vedas Through Vedanta , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120812543 , page 433 Jump up ^ David Leeming ( 2005 ) , The Oxford Companion to World Mythology , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195156690 , page 54 Jump up ^ Hajime Nakamura , A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy , Part 2 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120819634 , page 318 ^ Jump up to : Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus ( 2011 ) , Sound and Communication : An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism , De Gruyter , ISBN 978 - 3110181593 , pages 435 -- 456 Jump up ^ David White ( 2011 ) , Yoga in Practice , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0691140865 , pp. 104 -- 111 Jump up ^ Alexander Studholme ( 2012 ) , The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum : A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791453902 , pages 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Nityanand Misra ( 25 July 2018 ) . The Om Mala : Meanings of the Mystic Sound . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 104 -- . ISBN 978 - 93 - 87471 - 85 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` OM '' . Sanskrit English Dictionary , University of Köln , Germany Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) , Pranava , The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Vol. 2 : N-Z , Rosen Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0823931804 , page 522 Jump up ^ Paul Deussen , Sixty Upanishads of the Veda , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120814684 , pages 74 - 75 , 347 , 364 , 667 Jump up ^ Diana Eck ( 2013 ) , India : A Sacred Geography , Random House , ISBN 978 - 0385531924 , page 245 Jump up ^ R Mehta ( 2007 ) , The Call of the Upanishads , Motilal Barnarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120807495 , page 67 Jump up ^ Omkara , Sanskrit - English Dictionary , University of Koeln , Germany Jump up ^ CK Chapple , W Sargeant ( 2009 ) , The Bhagavad Gita : Twenty - fifth -- Anniversary Edition , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 1438428420 , page 435 Jump up ^ Max Muller , Chandogya Upanishad , The Upanishads , Part I , Oxford University Press , page 12 with footnote 1 Jump up ^ Osho ( 2012 ) . The Book of Secrets , unpaginated . Osho International Foundation . ISBN 9780880507707 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Kiran K. ( 2008 ) . Milk , Honey and Grapes , p. 14 . Puja Publications , Atlanta . ISBN 9781438209159 . Jump up ^ Misra , Nityanand ( 2018 ) . The Om Mala ) , unpaginated . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 9789387471856 . Jump up ^ Vālmīki ; trans . Mitra , Vihārilāla ( 1891 ) . The Yoga - vásishtha - mahárámáyana of Válmiki , Volume 1 , p. 61 . Bonnerjee and Company . ( ISBN unspecified ) . Jump up ^ Paul Deussen , Sixty Upanishads of the Veda , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120814684 , page 207 Jump up ^ John Grimes ( 1995 ) , Ganapati : The Song of Self , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791424391 , pages 78 - 80 and 201 footnote 34 Jump up ^ Aitareya Brahmana 5.32 , Rig Veda , pages 139 - 140 ( Sanskrit ) ; for English translation : See Arthur Berriedale Keith ( 1920 ) . The Aitareya and Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇas of the Rigveda . Harvard University Press . p. 256 . Jump up ^ Max Muller , Chandogya Upanishad , Oxford University Press , pages 1 - 21 ^ Jump up to : Paul Deussen , Sixty Upanishads of the Veda , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120814684 , pages 67 - 85 , 227 , 284 , 308 , 318 , 361 - 366 , 468 , 600 - 601 , 667 , 772 Jump up ^ Henry Parker , Ancient Ceylon ( 1909 ) , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Joseph Campbell ( 1949 ) , The Hero with a Thousand Faces , 108f . Jump up ^ Deborah Wong ( 2001 ) , Sounding the Center : History and Aesthetics in Thai Buddhist Performance , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 978 - 0226905853 , page 292 Jump up ^ James Minahan ( 2009 ) , The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems , ISBN 978 - 0313344961 , pages 28 - 29 Jump up ^ HK Deb , Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal , Volume XVII , Number 3 , page 137 Jump up ^ The Swastika , p . PA365 , at Google Books , Nature , Vol. 110 , No. 2758 , page 365 Jump up ^ Ankita Roy ( 2011 ) , Rediscovering the Brahmi Script . Industrial Design Center , IIT Bombay . See the section , `` Ancient Symbols '' . Jump up ^ SC Kak ( 1990 ) , Indus and Brahmi : Further Connections . Cryptologia , 14 ( 2 ) , pages 169 - 183 Jump up ^ Monier Monier - Williams ( 1893 ) , Indian Wisdom , Luzac & Co. , London , page 17 Jump up ^ Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda , The hidden power in humans , Ibera Verlag ( 2002 ) , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Max Muller , Chandogya Upanishad , The Upanishads , Part I , Oxford University Press , pages 1 - 3 with footnotes ^ Jump up to : Paul Deussen , Sixty Upanishads of the Veda , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120814684 , pages 68 - 70 ^ Jump up to : Patrick Olivelle ( 2014 ) , The Early Upanishads , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195124354 , page 171 - 185 Jump up ^ Paul Deussen , Sixty Upanishads of the Veda , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120814684 , pages 70 - 71 with footnotes ^ Jump up to : Max Muller , Chandogya Upanishad , The Upanishads , Part I , Oxford University Press , pages 4 - 6 with footnotes ^ Jump up to : Robert Hume , Chandogya Upanishad , The Thirteen Principal Upanishads , Oxford University Press , pages 178 - 180 Jump up ^ Max Muller , Chandogya Upanishad , The Upanishads , Part I , Oxford University Press , pages 4 - 19 with footnotes Jump up ^ Max Muller , Chandogya Upanishad , The Upanishads , Part I , Oxford University Press , page 28 with footnote 1 Jump up ^ Max Muller , Chandogya Upanishad , The Upanishads , Part I , Oxford University Press , page 35 Jump up ^ Paul Deussen , Sixty Upanishads of the Veda , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120814684 , pages 269 - 273 Jump up ^ Max Muller ( 1962 ) , Katha Upanishad , in The Upanishads -- Part II , Dover Publications , ISBN 978 - 0486209937 , page 8 ^ Jump up to : Paul Deussen , Sixty Upanishads of the Veda , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120814684 , pages 284 - 286 ^ Jump up to : Max Muller , The Upanishads , Part 2 , Maitrayana - Brahmana Upanishad , Oxford University Press , pages 307 - 308 Jump up ^ this is a reference to the three major Vedic fire rituals Jump up ^ this is a reference to the three major Vedas Jump up ^ Maitri Upanishad -- Sanskrit Text with English Translation EB Cowell ( Translator ) , Cambridge University , Bibliotheca Indica , page 258 - 260 Jump up ^ Max Muller , The Upanishads , Part 2 , Maitrayana - Brahmana Upanishad , Oxford University Press , pages 306 - 307 verse 6.3 Jump up ^ Sanskrit Original : द्वे वाव ब्रह्मणो रूपे मूर्तं चामूर्तं च । अथ यन्मूर्तं तदसत्यम् यदमूर्तं तत्सत्यम् तद्ब्रह्म तज्ज्योतिः यज्ज्योतिः स आदित्यः स वा एष ओमित्येतदात्माभवत् Maitrayani Upanishad Wikisource ; English Translation : Paul Deussen , Sixty Upanishads of the Veda , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120814684 , page 347 Jump up ^ Maitri Upanishad -- Sanskrit Text with English Translation EB Cowell ( Translator ) , Cambridge University , Bibliotheca Indica , page 258 Jump up ^ Paul Deussen ( Translator ) , Sixty Upanisads of the Veda , Vol 2 , Motilal Banarsidass ( 2010 Reprint ) , ISBN 978 - 8120814691 , pages 580 - 581 Jump up ^ Eduard Roer , Mundaka Upanishad Bibliotheca Indica , Vol . XV , No. 41 and 50 , Asiatic Society of Bengal , page 144 Jump up ^ Hume translates this as `` imperishable Brahma '' , Max Muller translates it as `` indestructible Brahman '' ; see : Max Muller , The Upanishads , Part 2 , Mundaka Upanishad , Oxford University Press , page 36 Jump up ^ The Sanskrit word used is Vyadh , which means both `` penetrate '' and `` know '' ; Robert Hume uses penetrate , but mentions the second meaning ; see : Robert Hume , Mundaka Upanishad , Thirteen Principal Upanishads , Oxford University Press , page 372 with footnote 1 Jump up ^ Robert Hume , Mundaka Upanishad , Thirteen Principal Upanishads , Oxford University Press , pages 372 - 373 Jump up ^ Charles Johnston , The Mukhya Upanishads : Books of Hidden Wisdom , ( 1920 -- 1931 ) , The Mukhya Upanishads , Kshetra Books , ISBN 978 - 1495946530 ( Reprinted in 2014 ) , Archive of Mundaka Upanishad , pages 310 - 311 from Theosophical Quarterly journal Jump up ^ Mundaka Upanishad , in Upanishads and Sri Sankara 's commentary -- Volume 1 : The Isa Kena and Mundaka , SS Sastri ( Translator ) , University of Toronto Archives , page 144 with section in 138 - 152 ^ Jump up to : Paul Deussen , Sixty Upanishads of the Veda , Volume 2 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120814691 , pages 605 - 637 ^ Jump up to : Hume , Robert Ernest ( 1921 ) , The Thirteen Principal Upanishads , Oxford University Press , pp. 391 -- 393 Jump up ^ Charles Johnston , The Measures of the Eternal -- Mandukya Upanishad Theosophical Quarterly , October , 1923 , pages 158 - 162 Jump up ^ Paul Deussen , Sixty Upanishads of the Veda , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120814684 , pages 308 Jump up ^ Max Muller , Shvetashvatara Upanishad , The Upanishads , Part II , Oxford University Press , page 237 Jump up ^ Robert Hume ( 1921 ) , Shvetashvatara Upanishad 1.14 -- 1.16 , The Thirteen Principal Upanishads , Oxford University Press , pages 396 - 397 with footnotes ^ Jump up to : Jeaneane D. Fowler ( 2012 ) , The Bhagavad Gita : A Text and Commentary for Students , Sussex Academic Press , ISBN 978 - 1845193461 , page 164 ^ Jump up to : Jeaneane D. Fowler ( 2012 ) , The Bhagavad Gita : A Text and Commentary for Students , Sussex Academic Press , ISBN 978 - 1845193461 , page 271 Jump up ^ Translator : KT Telang , Editor : Max Muller , The Bhagavadgita with the Sanatsujatiya and the Anugita at Google Books , Routledge Print , ISBN 978 - 0700715473 , page 120 ^ Jump up to : The Yogasutras of Patanjali Charles Johnston ( Translator ) , page 15 Jump up ^ John A Grimes ( 1995 ) . Ganapati : Song of the Self . State University of New York Press . pp. 77 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2439 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stephen Alter ( 2004 ) , Elephas Maximus , Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0143031741 , page 95 Jump up ^ Guy Beck ( 1995 ) , Sonic Theology : Hinduism and Sacred Sound , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120812611 , page 154 ^ Jump up to : von Glasenapp 1999 , pp. 410 - 411 . Jump up ^ Om -- significance in Jainism , Languages and Scripts of India , Colorado State University ^ Jump up to : Snodgrass , Adrian ( 2007 ) . The Symbolism of the Stupa , Motilal Banarsidass . p. 303 . ISBN 978 - 8120807815 . ^ Jump up to : Baroni , Helen J. ( 2002 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism . Rosen Publishing . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 2240 - 6 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2005 ) . Tantric Revisionings : New Understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian Religion . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 9788120827523 . Jump up ^ `` Vajrayana Buddhism Origins , Vajrayana Buddhism History , Vajrayana Buddhism Beliefs '' . www.patheos.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` '' OM '' - THE SYMBOL OF THE ABSOLUTE `` . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Carl ( 2014 ) . The Different Paths of Buddhism : A Narrative - Historical Introduction . Rutgers University Press . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3778 - 8 . Jump up ^ Getty , Alice ( 1988 ) . The Gods of Northern Buddhism : Their History and Iconography . Dover Publications . pp. 29 , 191 -- 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 25575 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Om Mani Padme Hum by The Dalai Lama '' . www.sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ C. Alexander Simpkins ; Annellen M. Simpkins ( 2009 ) . Meditation for Therapists and Their Clients . W.W. Norton . pp. 159 -- 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 70565 - 2 . Jump up ^ C. Alexander Simpkins ; Annellen M. Simpkins ( 2009 ) . Meditation for Therapists and Their Clients . W.W. Norton . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 70565 - 2 . Jump up ^ Komainu and Niô Dentsdelion Antiques Tokyo Newsletter , Volume 11 , Part 3 ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Ball , Katherine ( 2004 ) . Animal Motifs in Asian Art . Dover Publishers . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 43338 - 7 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Chris ( 2009 ) . Irish Elegies . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61534 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Doniger , Wendy ( 1999 ) . Merriam - Webster 's encyclopedia of world religions . Merriam - Webster . p. 500 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 044 - 0 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Singh , Khushwant ( 2002 ) . `` The Sikhs '' . In Kitagawa , Joseph Mitsuo . The religious traditions of Asia : religion , history , and culture . London : RoutledgeCurzon . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1762 - 5 . Jump up ^ Singh , Wazir ( 1969 ) . Aspects of Guru Nanak 's philosophy . Lahore Book Shop . p. 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 . the ' a , ' ' u , ' and ' m ' of aum have also been explained as signifying the three principles of creation , sustenance and annihilation ... aumkār in relation to existence implies plurality , ... but its substitute Ik Oankar definitely implies singularity in spite of the seeming multiplicity of existence ... Jump up ^ Wazir Singh ( 1969 ) , Guru Nanak 's philosophy , Journal of Religious Studies , Vol. 1 , Issue 1 , page 56 Jump up ^ Mahinder Gulati ( 2008 ) , Comparative Religious And Philosophies : Anthropomorphlsm And Divinity , Atlantic , ISBN 978 - 8126909025 , pages 284 - 285 ; Quote : `` While Ek literally means One , Onkar is the equivalent of the Hindu `` Om '' ( Aum ) , the one syllable sound representing the holy trinity of Brahma , Vishnu and Shiva - the God in His entirety . '' ^ Jump up to : Pashaura Singh ( 2014 ) , in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies ( Editors : Pashaura Singh , Louis E. Fenech ) , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0199699308 , page 227 Jump up ^ SS Kohli ( 1993 ) , The Sikh and Sikhism , Atlantic , ISBN 81 - 71563368 , page 35 , Quote : `` Ik Aumkara is a significant name in Guru Granth Sahib and appears in the very beginning of Mul Mantra . It occurs as Aum in the Upanishads and in Gurbani , the Onam Akshara ( the letter Aum ) has been considered as the abstract of three worlds ( p. 930 ) . According to Brihadaranyaka Upanishad `` Aum '' connotes both the transcendent and immanent Brahman . Jump up ^ Messerle , Ulrich . `` Graphics of the Sacred Symbol OM '' . Sources ( edit ) von Glasenapp , Helmuth ( 1999 ) , Jainism : An Indian Religion of Salvation ( Der Jainismus : Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion ) , Shridhar B. Shrotri ( trans . ) , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 1376 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Om Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aum . Wiktionary entry : `` ॐ '' Just say Om Joel Stein , Time Magazine Archives Meditation on OM : Relevance from ancient texts and contemporary science , Kumar et al. ( 2010 ) , Int Journal of Yoga Autonomic changes during `` OM '' meditation Telles et al. ( 1995 ) The Meaning of the `` Om - mani - padme - hum '' Formula , A.H. Francke ( 1915 ) Analysis Of Acoustic of `` OM '' Chant To Study It 's Effect on Nervous System Gurjar et al. ( 2009 ) Neuro - cognitive aspects of `` OM '' sound / syllable perception : A functional neuroimaging study Kumar et al. ( 2015 ) , Cognition & Emotion , Vol 29 , Issue 3 The Mantra Om : Word and Wisdom Swami Vivekananda Hinduism topics Glossary Philosophy Concepts Brahman Om Ishvara Atman Maya Karma Samsara Purusharthas Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Niti Ahimsa Asteya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Dāna Damah Dayā Akrodha Schools Astika : Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mimamsa Vedanta Dvaita Advaita Vishishtadvaita Nastika : Charvaka Texts Classification Śruti Smriti Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishad Upanishads Aitareya Kaushitaki Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Maitri Shvetashvatara Chandogya Kena Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Natya Shastra Sthapatyaveda Vedanga Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Other Bhagavad Gita Agamas Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Puranas Minor Upanishads Artha Shastra Dharma Shastra Manusmriti Nāradasmṛti Yājñavalkya Smṛti Sutras Stotras Subhashita Tantras Yoga Vasistha Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Deities Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Ishvara Devi Deva Saraswati Lakshmi Parvati Shakti Durga Kali Ganesha Kartikeya Ayyappan Rama Krishna Hanuman Prajapati Rudra Indra Agni Dyaus Bhumi Varuna Vayu Practices Worship Temple Murti Puja Bhakti Japa Bhajana Naivedhya Yajna Homa Tapa Dhyana Tirthadana Sanskaras Garbhadhana Pumsavana Simantonayana Jatakarma Namakarana Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyarambha Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartana Vivaha Antyeshti Varnashrama Varna Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Ashrama Brahmacharya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sanyassa Festivals Diwali Holi Shivaratri Raksha Bandhan Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami ( Dasara ) Ganesh Chaturthi Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Pongal Makar Sankranti New Year Bihu Gudi Padwa Pahela Baishakh Puthandu Vaisakhi Vishu Ugadi Kumbha Mela Ratha Yatra Teej Vasant Panchami Others Other Svādhyāya Namaste Bindi Tilaka Related Hindu Denominations Law Calendar Criticism Gurus , saints , philosophers Hindu studies Iconography Mythology Nationalism Hindutva Persecution Pilgrimage sites Glossary Hinduism by country Category Portal Topics in Buddhism Glossary Index Outline Foundations Three Jewels Buddha Dharma Sangha Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Nirvana Middle Way The Buddha Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Physical characteristics Footprint Relics Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna ( father ) Māyā ( mother ) Mahapajapati Gotamī ( aunt , adoptive mother ) Yasodhara ( wife ) Rāhula ( son ) Ānanda ( cousin ) Devadatta ( cousin ) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions Key concepts Avidyā ( Ignorance ) Bardo Bodhicitta Bodhisattva Buddha - nature Dhamma theory Dharma Enlightenment Five hindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mind Stream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā ( Craving ) Tathātā Ten Fetters Three marks of existence Impermanence Dukkha Anatta Two truths doctrine Cosmology Ten spiritual realms Six realms Deva ( Buddhism ) Human realm Asura realm Hungry Ghost realm Animal realm Naraka Three planes of existence Branches Theravada Vajrayana Tibetan Shingon Dzogchen Mahayana Chan Buddhism Zen Seon Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Navayana Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna Practices Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiseka Dāna Devotion Dhyāna Faith Five Strengths Iddhipada Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassanā ( Vipassana movement ) Shikantaza Zazen Kōan Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma Merit Mindfulness Satipatthana Nekkhamma Pāramitā Paritta Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Refuge Satya Sacca Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Śīla Five Precepts Bodhisattva vow Prātimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Vīrya Four Right Exertions Nirvana Bodhi Bodhisattva Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Four stages of enlightenment Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat Monasticism Bhikkhu Bhikkhuni Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagarika Ajahn Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery Major figures Gautama Buddha Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Mulian Ānanda Mahākassapa Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhuti Punna Upali Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Buddhaghoṣa Nagasena Angulimala Bodhidharma Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Atiśa Padmasambhava Nichiren B.R. 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who is married to the lead singer of nickelback

Chad Kroeger

chad kroeger

This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chad Kroeger Chad Robert Turton ( 1974 - 11 - 15 ) November 15 , 1974 ( age 43 ) Hanna , Alberta , Canada Occupation Musician singer songwriter producer entrepreneur Years active 1995 -- present Spouse ( s ) Avril Lavigne ( m . 2013 ; separated 2015 ) Musical career Genres Post-grunge hard rock heavy metal pop rock alternative rock alternative metal Instruments Vocals guitar drums Labels 604 Associated acts Nickelback Website nickelback.com Chad Robert Turton ( born November 15 , 1974 ) , known professionally as Chad Kroeger ( / ˈkruːɡər / ) , is a Canadian musician and producer , best known as the lead vocalist and guitarist for the Canadian rock band Nickelback . In addition to his work with Nickelback , Kroeger has been involved with a variety of collaborations , appearing as a guest musician in several songs and has contributed in both production and songwriting . He has co-written several songs for other artists and films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Nickelback 2.2 The Suits XL 2.3 Collaborations 3 Personal life 4 Discography 4.1 Singles 4.1. 1 As featured artist 4.2 Other appearances 5 References 6 External links Early Life Kroeger was born Chad Robert Turton in Hanna , Alberta on November 15 , 1974 . His maternal grandfather was Alberta MLA Henry Kroeger , who was born in Moscow , Russia , to a Mennonite family of German descent . After his father left the family when he was two , he started going by his mother 's maiden name of Kroeger . He learned to play the guitar at age 13 . Career Nickelback Main article : Nickelback In the early 1990s , Kroeger was part of a grunge cover band , The Village Idiots , with his cousin Brandon Kroeger and future Nickelback members bassist Mike Kroeger ( his brother ) and singer Ryan Peake . In 1995 , Kroeger , Peake , Mike Kroeger , and then drummer Brandon Kroeger , formed the band Nickelback . Kroeger has continued to record and tour with this successful band for more than 20 years . The Suits XL In 2001 , Kroeger , with the help of lawyer Jonathan Simkin , founded the band The Suits XL . Band members included Sam Loubier - Demers and Yohann Gosselin on vocals and guitars , drummer Patrick Paquet , keyboardist Felix - Antoine Berube and singer Oliver Roy de Belleval . The next year , he co-founded the Vancouver , British Columbia - based 604 Records . Later , in 2006 , The Suits XL released an album through this label . The next year the band was nominated for a Canadian Indie Award . Collaborations Kroeger produced music for the bands Default , Theory of a Deadman , and Bo Bice . Kroeger , along with Saliva vocalist Josey Scott , Theory of a Deadman lead vocalist ( serving as guitarist for this track ) Tyler Connolly and Our Lady Peace drummer Jeremy Taggart , performed the theme song titled `` Hero '' for the hit movie Spider - Man in 2002 . Also in 2002 , Kroeger wrote and sang on `` Why Do n't You & I '' for Santana 's Shaman . However , when Arista decided to release the song as a single in Summer 2003 , Kroeger 's label , Roadrunner , refused permission , citing concerns that Kroeger appearing on a `` high - profile single '' would compromise the excitement over Nickelback 's fall 2003 release The Long Road . Kroeger recommended The Calling 's Alex Band , another Arista artist , as a replacement for re-recording the single . In 2003 , Kroeger won an International Achievement Award for the song `` Hero '' at the SOCAN Awards in Toronto . In 2007 , Chad Kroeger worked with Santana for a second time , when he co-wrote and recorded guitar and vocals parts for a new song meant to appear on the compilation album Ultimate Santana . The track is called `` Into the Night '' and was released as a single on October 2 , 2007 . The album Ultimate Santana was released in October . Besides working with Santana , Kroeger also recorded with Travis Tritt on his album The Storm , where Tritt did a cover of Nickelback 's `` Should 've Listened '' track from The Long Road . Kroeger also wrote and played guitar on Bo Bice 's You 're Everything . Chad Kroeger , Eric Dill , Rune Westberg and Chris Daughtry wrote the debut single of Daughtry 's new album . The single , titled `` No Surprise '' , was debuted on American Idol Wednesday , May 6 , 2009 . Kroeger also helped write another song from the album titled `` Life After You . '' He and Brett James co-wrote Tim McGraw 's 2009 single `` It 's a Business Doing Pleasure with You . '' Kroeger featured on the Timbaland album Shock Value 2 with the song `` Tomorrow in the Bottle '' , which also features Sebastian . In 2010 he provided guest vocals , along with Ludacris and guest lead guitarist Zakk Wylde , on the My Darkest Days single `` Porn Star Dancing . '' In 2011 , Kroeger was featured on the new Steel Panther album Balls Out with the song `` It Wo n't Suck Itself . '' In early 2012 , it was confirmed that Kroeger was working with French - Canadian pop rock singer Avril Lavigne on her upcoming fifth studio album . Personal Life In 2008 , Kroeger was convicted of drunk driving in a British Columbia court after he was stopped for speeding in Surrey . Kroeger started dating fellow Canadian rocker Avril Lavigne on July 1 , 2012 . The relationship blossomed after they began working together in March 2012 to write and record music for Lavigne 's fifth album . Kroeger and Lavigne became engaged in August 2012 . The couple married in the south of France on July 1 , 2013 , which is Canada Day . Lavigne and Kroeger honeymooned in Portofino , Italy . In September 2014 , the entertainment media began reporting that Lavigne and Kroeger were headed for separation after only one year of marriage . On September 2 , 2015 , Lavigne announced their separation via her official Instagram account . In 2015 , the second leg of the band 's North American tour had to be canceled so Kroeger could have surgery for a cyst on his larynx . The entire leg of the European tour was cancelled as well . Discography See also : Nickelback discography Singles List of singles , with selected chart positions , showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Album CAN AUS AUT DK FRA NZ SWE SWI UK US `` Hero '' ( featuring Josey Scott ) 2002 17 8 27 10 7 14 Music from and Inspired by Spider - Man As featured artist List of singles , with selected chart positions , showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Album CAN AUS AUT BEL ( FL ) BEL ( WA ) FIN GER NZ SWI US `` Into the Night '' ( Santana featuring Chad Kroeger ) 2007 24 24 50 9 19 24 49 26 Ultimate Santana `` Porn Star Dancing '' ( My Darkest Days featuring Chad Kroeger and Zakk Wylde ) 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 90 My Darkest Days `` Let Me Go '' ( Avril Lavigne featuring Chad Kroeger ) 2013 12 77 28 57 66 -- 63 -- -- 78 Avril Lavigne `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Other appearances List of guest appearances on other artists ' albums , compilation albums , etc . Title Year Other artist ( s ) Album Notes `` Why Do n't You & I '' 2002 Santana Shaman Featured artist on album version only . Replaced by Alex Band on single release . `` Tomorrow In The Bottle '' 2009 Timbaland Shock Value II Featuring Sebastian References ^ Jump up to : `` Chad Kroeger Biography '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` Nickelback Preps For ' Silver , ' 3 Doors Down Dates '' . Billboard. 25 July 2001 . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelback fans get their money 's worth - Gusto '' . The Buffalo News . 2010 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelback rides again with ' Dark Horse ' ... '' Jump up ^ `` Chad Kroeger on Mtv Cribs Smooth '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Chad Kroeger Biography '' . Starpulse.com . November 15 , 1974 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` Nickelback '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelback Singer Sentenced for DUI '' . DUI.com . May 2 , 2008 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Brian D. `` Nickelback 's Prairie Roots '' . Jump up ^ Kroeger , Arthur ( January 1 , 2007 ) . `` Hard Passage : A Mennonite Family 's Long Journey from Russia to Canada '' . University of Alberta -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Top40 - Charts '' . Top40 - Charts . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Suits XL Add Some Pop To 604 '' . Chart Attack , May 19 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` THE SUITS XL '' . NOW Toronto , by Bryan Borzykowski , August 17 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Indie Awards kick off Canadian Music Week '' . CBC Arts Mar 07 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Nickelback 's Record Company Explains Chad Kroeger ban on Santana Single Archived October 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' -- July 2 , 2003 @ RoadrunnerRecords.com Jump up ^ `` Carlos Santana Says Label Politics Forced Chad Kroeger / Alex Band Change On New Single '' Archived August 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . @ Music. Yahoo ! Jump up ^ `` 2003 SOCAN AWARDS - SOCAN '' . www.socan.ca . Jump up ^ `` Lyrics to No Surprise '' . Daughtryofficial.com . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / AvrilLavigne : Lots of singing today in the '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelback frontman Kroeger convicted of DUI '' . The Star . April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrich Dowd , Kathy ; Silverman , Stephen M. ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Avril Lavigne and Chad Kroeger Are Now Married ( Really ) '' . People . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Laudadio , Marisa ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Avril Lavigne Engaged to Nickelback 's Chad Kroeger '' . People . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne , Chad Kroeger Headed For a Split -- Us Weekly '' . usmagazine.com . September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It is with heavy heart that Chad and I announce our separation today . Through not only the marriage , but the music as well , we 've created many unforgettable moments . We are still , and forever will be , the best of friends , and will always care deeply for each other . To all our family , friends and fans , thank you sincerely for the support '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://classicrock.teamrock.com/news/2015-08-14/nickelback-cancel-euro-tour-on-doc-s-orders Jump up ^ `` Nickelback - official website '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Chad Kroeger -- Awards '' . AllMusic ( Rovi Corporation ) . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Chad Kroeger '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Chad Kroeger '' . austriancharts.at ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Chad Kroeger '' . danishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Discographie Chad Kroeger '' . lescharts.com ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Chad Kroeger '' . charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Chad Kroeger '' . swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Chad Kroeger '' . swisscharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chad Kroeger featuring Josey Scott -- Official Charts Company '' . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original ( select `` Singles '' tab ) on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions for singles as a featured artist in Canada : `` Into the Night '' : `` Santana -- Awards '' . AllMusic ( Rovi Corporation ) . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . `` Porn Star Dancing '' : `` My Darkest Days -- Awards '' . AllMusic ( Rovi Corporation ) . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Discografie Chad Kroeger '' . ultratop.be ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Discographie Chad Kroeger '' . ultratop.be ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Chad Kroeger '' . finnishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung / Carlos Santana / Longplay '' . musicline.de ( in German ) . PhonoNet . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Santana -- Awards '' . AllMusic ( Rovi Corporation ) . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne `` Let Me Go '' ( featuring Chad Kroeger ) ( Official Single Cover ) `` . josepvinaixa . Ultimate Music . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chad Kroeger . 604 Records official website Chad Kroeger on IMDb Chad Kroeger Singles `` Hero '' Featured singles `` Into the Night '' `` Porn Star Dancing '' `` Let Me Go '' Related articles Nickelback Avril Lavigne 604 Records `` Why Do n't You & I '' Nickelback Chad Kroeger Ryan Peake Mike Kroeger Daniel Adair Brandon Kroeger Mitch Guindon Ryan Vikedal Studio albums Curb ( 1996 ) The State ( 1998 ) Silver Side Up ( 2001 ) The Long Road ( 2003 ) All the Right Reasons ( 2005 ) Dark Horse ( 2008 ) Here and Now ( 2011 ) No Fixed Address ( 2014 ) Feed the Machine ( 2017 ) Compilations Three - Sided Coin ( 2002 ) The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 ( 2013 ) Extended plays Hesher ( 1996 ) Singles `` Fly '' `` Leader of Men '' `` Old Enough '' `` Breathe '' `` How You Remind Me '' `` Too Bad '' `` Never Again '' `` Someday '' `` Figured You Out '' `` Feelin ' Way Too Damn Good '' `` Because of You '' `` Photograph '' `` Animals '' `` Savin ' Me '' `` Far Away '' `` Rockstar '' `` If Everyone Cared '' `` Side of a Bullet '' `` Gotta Be Somebody '' `` Something in Your Mouth '' `` If Today Was Your Last Day '' `` I 'd Come for You '' `` Burn It to the Ground '' `` Never Gonna Be Alone '' `` Shakin ' Hands '' `` This Afternoon '' `` When We Stand Together '' `` Bottoms Up '' `` This Means War '' `` Lullaby '' `` Trying Not to Love You '' `` Edge of a Revolution '' `` What Are You Waiting For ? '' `` Million Miles an Hour '' `` She Keeps Me Up '' `` Satellite '' `` Get ' Em Up '' `` Dirty Laundry '' `` Feed the Machine '' `` Song on Fire '' Video albums Live at Home ( 2002 ) The Videos ( 2003 ) Live at Sturgis 2006 ( 2008 ) Concert tours The Long Road Tour All the Right Reasons Tour Dark Horse Tour Here and Now Tour No Fixed Address Tour Feed the Machine Tour Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Songs BNF : cb141948885 ( data ) GND : 135499429 ISNI : 0000 0000 7841 3367 LCCN : no2002040893 MusicBrainz : a59edb65 - fae2 - 4344 - b77a - 5232516d4d7a VIAF : 90617548 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad_Kroeger&oldid=847731369 '' Categories : 1974 births Living people 20th - century Canadian singers 21st - century Canadian singers Alternative rock guitarists Alternative rock singers Canadian heavy metal guitarists Canadian heavy metal singers Canadian male singers Canadian rock singers Canadian rock guitarists Musicians from Alberta Nickelback members Canadian people of German - Russian descent Canadian people of Scottish descent People from Hanna , Alberta Canadian people of English descent Canadian people of German descent Canadian people of Irish descent Canadian people of Norwegian descent Canadian people of Swiss descent Canadian people of Swiss - German descent Canadian people of Welsh descent Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2016 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people BLP articles lacking sources from January 2009 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 11 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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where is the land of the rising sun and why is it called that

Both Nippon and Nihon literally mean `` the sun 's origin '' , that is , where the sun originates , and are often translated as the Land of the Rising Sun . This nomenclature comes from Imperial correspondence with the Chinese Sui Dynasty and refers to Japan 's eastern position relative to China . Before Nihon came into official use , Japan was known as Wa ( 倭 ) or Wakoku ( 倭国 ) . Wa was a name early China used to refer to an ethnic group living in Japan around the time of the Three Kingdoms Period .

Names of Japan

names of japan

The word Japan is an exonym , and is used ( in one form or another ) by a large number of languages . The Japanese names for Japan are Nippon ( にっぽん listen ( help info ) ) and Nihon ( にほん listen ( help info ) ) . They are both written in Japanese using the kanji 日本 .

Contents 1 History 2 Historical 2.1 Nifon 2.2 Jippon 3 Nihon and Nippon 3.1 Meaning 3.2 History and evolution 3.3 Modern conventions 4 Jipangu 5 Other Names 5.1 Classical : 5.2 Non-CJK Names : 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References History ( edit ) Further information : Wa ( Japan ) Cipangu ( cited as ixola de cimpagu on the center - left ) on the 1453 Fra Mauro map , the first known Western depiction of the island . Both Nippon and Nihon literally mean `` the sun 's origin '' , that is , where the sun originates , and are often translated as the Land of the Rising Sun . This nomenclature comes from Imperial correspondence with the Chinese Sui Dynasty and refers to Japan 's eastern position relative to China . Before Nihon came into official use , Japan was known as Wa ( 倭 ) or Wakoku ( 倭国 ) . Wa was a name early China used to refer to an ethnic group living in Japan around the time of the Three Kingdoms Period . Although the etymological origins of `` Wa '' remain uncertain , Chinese historical texts recorded an ancient people residing in the Japanese archipelago ( perhaps Kyūshū ) , named something like * ˀWâ or * ˀWər 倭. Carr ( 1992 : 9 -- 10 ) surveys prevalent proposals for Wa 's etymology ranging from feasible ( transcribing Japanese first - person pronouns waga 我 が `` my ; our '' and ware 我 `` I ; oneself ; thou '' ) to shameful ( writing Japanese Wa as 倭 implying `` dwarf '' ) , and summarizes interpretations for * ˀWâ `` Japanese '' into variations on two etymologies : `` behaviorally ' submissive ' or physically ' short ' . '' The first `` submissive ; obedient '' explanation began with the ( 121 CE ) Shuowen Jiezi dictionary . It defines 倭 as shùnmào 順 皃 `` obedient / submissive / docile appearance '' , graphically explains the `` person ; human '' radical 亻 with a wěi 委 `` bent '' phonetic , and quotes the above Shijing poem . `` Conceivably , when Chinese first met Japanese , '' Carr ( 1992 : 9 ) suggests `` they transcribed Wa as * ˀWâ ' bent back ' signifying ' compliant ' bowing / obeisance . Bowing is noted in early historical references to Japan . '' Examples include `` Respect is shown by squatting '' ( Hou Han Shu , tr . Tsunoda 1951 : 2 ) , and `` they either squat or kneel , with both hands on the ground . This is the way they show respect . '' ( Wei Zhi , tr . Tsunoda 1951 : 13 ) . Koji Nakayama interprets wēi 逶 `` winding '' as `` very far away '' and euphemistically translates Wō 倭 as `` separated from the continent . '' The second etymology of wō 倭 meaning `` dwarf , pygmy '' has possible cognates in ǎi 矮 `` low , short ( of stature ) '' , wō 踒 `` strain ; sprain ; bent legs '' , and wò 臥 `` lie down ; crouch ; sit ( animals and birds ) '' . Early Chinese dynastic histories refer to a Zhūrúguó 侏儒 國 `` pygmy / dwarf country '' located south of Japan , associated with possibly Okinawa Island or the Ryukyu Islands . Carr cites the historical precedence of construing Wa as `` submissive people '' and the `` Country of Dwarfs '' legend as evidence that the `` little people '' etymology was a secondary development . Chinese , Korean , and Japanese scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato `` Japan '' with the Chinese character 倭 until the 8th century , when the Japanese found fault with it due to its offensive connotation , replacing it with 和 `` harmony , peace , balance '' . Retroactively , this character was adopted in Japan to refer to the country itself , often combined with the character 大 , literally meaning `` Great '' , so as to write the preexisting name Yamato ( 大和 ) ( in a manner similar to e.g. 大 清 帝國 Great Qing Empire , 大英 帝國 Greater British Empire ) . However , the pronunciation Yamato can not be formed from the sounds of its constituent characters ; it refers to a place in Japan and is speculated to originally mean `` Mountain Gate '' ( 山戸 ) . Such words which use certain kanji to name a certain Japanese word solely for the purpose of representing the word 's meaning regardless of the given kanji 's on'yomi or kun'yomi , a.k.a. jukujikun , is not uncommon in Japanese . Other original names in Chinese texts include Yamatai country ( 邪 馬 台 国 ) , where a Queen Himiko lived . When hi no moto , the indigenous Japanese way of saying `` sun 's origin '' , was written in kanji , it was given the characters 日本 . In time , these characters began to be read using Sino - Japanese readings , first Nippon and later Nihon , although the two names are interchangeable to this day . Nippon appeared in history only at the end of the 7th century . The Old Book of Tang ( 舊 唐 書 ) , one of the Twenty - Four Histories , stated that the Japanese envoy disliked his country 's name Woguo ( Chinese ) ( 倭 國 ) , and changed it to Nippon ( Japanese ; in Chinese , Riben ) ( 日本 ) , or `` Origin of the Sun '' . Another 8th - century chronicle , True Meaning of Shiji ( 史記 正義 ) , however , states that the Chinese Empress Wu Zetian ordered a Japanese envoy to change the country 's name to Nippon . The sun plays an important role in Japanese mythology and religion as the emperor is said to be the direct descendent of the sun goddess Amaterasu and the legitimacy of the ruling house rested on this divine appointment and descent from the chief deity of the predominant Shinto religion . The name of the country reflects this central importance of the sun . Cipangu described on the 1492 Martin Behaim globe . The English word for Japan came to the West from early trade routes . The early Mandarin Chinese or possibly Wu Chinese word for Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu . In modern Shanghainese ( a language of the Wu Chinese subgroup ) , the formal pronunciation of the characters 日本 ( Japan ) is still Zeppen ( zəʔpən ) . The colloquial pronunciation of the character 日 is ( ɲəʔ ) , which is closer to Nippon . The Malay and Indonesian words Jepang , Jipang , and Jepun were borrowed from non-Mandarin Chinese languages , and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Malacca in the 16th century . It is thought the Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to Europe . It was first recorded in English in 1577 spelled Giapan . In English , the modern official title of the country is simply `` Japan '' , one of the few nation - states to have no `` long form '' name . The official Japanese - language name is Nippon - koku or Nihon - koku ( 日本 国 ) , literally `` State of Japan '' . From the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II , the full title of Japan was the `` Empire of Greater Japan '' ( 大 日本 帝國 Dai Nippon Teikoku ) . A more poetic rendering of the name of Japan during this period was `` Empire of the Sun . '' The official name of the nation was changed after the adoption of the post-war constitution ; the title `` State of Japan '' is sometimes used as a colloquial modern - day equivalent . As an adjective , the term `` Dai - Nippon '' remains popular with Japanese governmental , commercial , or social organizations whose reach extend beyond Japan 's geographic borders ( e.g. , Dai Nippon Printing , Dai Nippon Butoku Kai , etc . ) . Though Nippon or Nihon are still by far the most popular names for Japan from within the country , recently the foreign words Japan and even Jipangu ( from Cipangu , see below ) have been used in Japanese mostly for the purpose of foreign branding . Historical ( edit ) Portuguese missionaries arrived in Japan at the end of the 16th century . In the course of learning Japanese , they created several grammars and dictionaries of Middle Japanese . The 1603 -- 1604 dictionary Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam contains two entries for Japan : nifon and iippon . The title of the dictionary ( Vocabulary of the Language of Japan ) illustrates that the Portuguese word for Japan was by that time Iapam . Nifon ( edit ) Historically , Japanese / h / has undergone a number of phonological changes . Originally * ( p ) , this weakened into ( ɸ ) and eventually became the modern ( h ) . Modern / h / is still pronounced ( ɸ ) when followed by / ɯ / . Middle Japanese nifon becomes Modern Japanese nihon via regular phonological changes . Jippon ( edit ) Before modern styles of romanization , the Portuguese devised their own . In it , / zi / is written as either ii or ji . In modern Hepburn style , iippon would be rendered as Jippon . There are no historical phonological changes to take into account here . Etymologically , Jippon is similar to Nippon in that it is an alternative reading of 日本 . The initial character 日 may also be read as / ziti / or / zitu / . Compounded with / hoɴ / ( 本 ) , this regularly becomes Jippon . Unlike the Nihon / Nippon doublet , there is no evidence for a * Jihon . Nihon and Nippon ( edit ) The Japanese name for Japan , 日本 , can be pronounced either Nihon or Nippon . Both readings come from the on'yomi . Meaning ( edit ) 日 ( nichi ) means `` sun '' or `` day '' ; 本 ( hon ) means `` base '' or `` origin '' . The compound means `` origin of the sun '' or `` where the sun rises '' ( from a Chinese point of view , the sun rises from Japan ) ; it is a source for the popular Western description of Japan as the `` Land of the Rising Sun '' . Nichi , in compounds , often loses the final chi and creates a slight pause between the first and second syllables of the compound . When romanised , this pause is represented by a doubling of the first consonant of the second syllable ; thus nichi 日 plus kō 光 ( light ) is written and pronounced nikkō , meaning sunlight . History and evolution ( edit ) Japanese 日 and 本 were historically pronounced niti ( or jitu , reflecting a Late Middle Chinese pronunciation ) and pon , respectively . In compounds , however , final voiceless stops ( i.e. p , t , k ) of the first word were unreleased in Middle Chinese , and the pronunciation of 日本 was thus Nippon or Jippon ( with the adjacent consonants assimilating ) . Historical sound change in Japanese has led to the modern pronunciations of the individual characters as nichi and hon . The pronunciation Nihon originated , possibly in the Kantō region , as a reintroduction of this independent pronunciation of 本 into the compound . This must have taken place during the Edo period , after another sound change occurred which would have resulted in this form becoming Niwon and later Nion . Several attempts to decidedly determine an official reading were rejected by the Japanese government , who declared both as being correct . Modern conventions ( edit ) While both pronunciations are correct , Nippon is frequently preferred for official purposes , including money , stamps , and international sporting events , as well as the Nippon - koku , literally the `` State of Japan '' ( 日本 国 ) . Other than this , there seem to be no fixed rules for choosing one pronunciation over the other ; in some cases one form is simply more common . For example , Japanese speakers generally call their language Nihongo ; Nippongo , while possible , is rare . In other cases , uses are variable . The name for the Bank of Japan ( 日本 銀行 ) , for example , is given as NIPPON GINKO on banknotes , but often referred to ( in the media , for example ) as Nihon Ginkō . Nippon is used always or most often in the following constructions : Nippon Yūbin , Nippon Yūsei ( Japan Post Group ) Ganbare Nippon ! ( A sporting cheer used at international sporting events , roughly , ' do your best , Japan ! ' ) Zen Nippon Kūyu Kabushiki - gaisha ( All Nippon Airways ) Nipponbashi ( 日本橋 ) ( a shopping district in Osaka ) Nippon Kōgaku Kōgyō Kabushikigaisha ( Japan Optical Industries Co. Ltd. , ( also called Nippon Kōgaku ) which is known since 1988 as the Nikon Corporation since the Nikon brand name was used on its camera product line ) Nihon is used always or most often in the following constructions : JR Higashi - Nihon ( East Japan Railway , JR Group ) Nihonbashi ( 日本橋 ) ( a bridge in Tokyo ) Nihon Daigaku ( Nihon University ) Nihon - go ( Japanese language ) Nihon - jin ( Japanese people ) Nihon - kai ( Sea of Japan ) Nihon Kōkū ( Japan Airlines ) Nihon - shoki ( an old history book , never Nippon shoki ) In 2016 , element 113 on the periodic table was named nihonium to honor its discovery in 2004 by Japanese scientists at RIKEN . This is unrelated to `` nipponium '' . Jipangu ( edit ) Another spelling , `` Zipangni '' ( upper left ) , was used on a 1561 map by Sebastian Münster . As mentioned above , the English word Japan has a circuitous derivation ; but linguists believe it derives in part from the Portuguese recording of the early Mandarin Chinese or Wu Chinese word for Japan : Cipan ( 日本 ) , which is rendered in pinyin as Rìběn ( IPA : ʐʅ ˥ ˩ pən ˨ ˩ ˦ ) , and literally translates to `` sun origin '' . Guó ( IPA : kuo ˨ ˦ ) is Chinese for `` realm '' or `` kingdom '' , so it could alternatively be rendered as Cipan - guo . The word was likely introduced to Portuguese through the Malay Jipang . Cipangu was first mentioned in Europe in the accounts of Marco Polo . It appears for the first time on a European map with the Fra Mauro map in 1457 , although it appears much earlier on Chinese and Korean maps such as the Gangnido . Following the accounts of Marco Polo , Cipangu was thought to be fabulously rich in silver and gold , which in Medieval times was largely correct , owing to the volcanism of the islands and the possibility to access precious ores without resorting to ( unavailable ) deep - mining technologies . The Dutch name , Japan , may be derived from the southern Chinese pronunciation of 日本 , Yatbun or Yatpun . The Dutch J is generally pronounced Y , hence Ja - Pan . The modern Shanghainese pronunciation of Japan is Zeppen ( zəʔpən ) . In modern Japanese , Cipangu is transliterated as ジパング which in turn can be transliterated into English as Jipangu , Zipangu , Jipang , or Zipang . Jipangu ( ジパング ( Zipangu ) ) as an obfuscated name for Japan has recently come into vogue for Japanese films , anime , video games , etc . Other names ( edit ) Classical : ( edit ) These names were invented after the introduction of Chinese into the language , and they show up in historical texts for prehistoric legendary dates and also in names of gods and Japanese emperors : Ōyashima ( 大 八 洲 ) meaning the Great Country of Eight ( or Many ) Islands , Awaji , Iyo ( later Shikoku ) , Oki , Tsukushi ( later Kyūshū ) , Iki , Tsushima , Sado , and Yamato ( later Honshū ) ; note that Hokkaidō , Chishima , and Okinawa were not part of Japan in ancient times , as they were not yet discovered or known by the ancient Japanese . The eight islands refers to the creation of the main eight islands of Japan by the gods Izanami and Izanagi in Japanese mythology as well as the fact that eight was a synonym for `` many '' . Yashima ( 八島 ) , `` Eight ( or Many ) Islands '' Fusō ( 扶桑 ) Mizuho ( 瑞穂 ) refers to ears of grain , e.g. 瑞穂 国 Mizuho - no - kuni `` Country of Lush Ears ( of Rice ) . '' From Old Japanese midu > Japanese mizu ( `` water ; lushness , freshness , juiciness '' ) + Old Japanese fo > Japanese ho ( `` ear ( of grain , especially rice ) '' ) . Shikishima ( 敷島 ) is written with Chinese characters that suggest a meaning `` islands that one has spread / laid out , '' but this name of Japan supposedly originates in the name of an area in Shiki District of Yamato Province in which some emperors of ancient Japan resided . The name of Shikishima ( i.e. Shiki District ) came to be used in Japanese poetry as an epithet for the province of Yamato ( i.e. the ancient predecessor of Nara Prefecture ) , and was metonymically extended to refer to the entire island of Yamato ( i.e. Honshū ) and , eventually , to the entire territory of Japan . Note that the word shima , though generally meaning only `` island '' in Japanese , also means `` area , zone , territory '' in many languages of the Ryūkyū Islands . Akitsukuni ( 秋津 国 ) , Akitsushima ( 秋 津島 ) , Toyo - akitsushima ( 豊秋 津島 ) . According to the literal meanings of the Chinese characters used to transcribe these names of Japan , toyo means `` abundant , '' aki means `` autumn , '' tsu means `` harbor , '' shima means `` island , '' and kuni means `` country , land . '' In this context , - tsu may be interpreted to be a fossilized genitive case suffix , as in matsuge `` eyelash '' ( < Japanese me `` eye '' + - tsu + Japanese ke `` hair '' ) or tokitsukaze `` a timely wind , a favorable wind '' ( < Japanese toki `` time '' + - tsu + Japanese kaze `` wind '' ) . However , akitu or akidu are also archaic or dialectal Japanese words for `` dragonfly , '' so `` Akitsushima '' may be interpreted to mean `` Dragonfly Island . '' Another possible interpretation would take akitsu - to be identical with the akitsu - of akitsukami or akitsumikami ( `` god incarnate , a manifest deity , '' often used as an honorific epithet for the Emperor of Japan ) , perhaps with the sense of `` the present land , the island ( s ) where we are at present . '' Toyoashihara no mizuho no kuni ( 豊 葦原 の 瑞穂 の 国 ) . `` Country of Lush Ears of Bountiful Reed Plain ( s ) , '' Ashihara no Nakatsukuni , `` Central Land of Reed Plains , '' `` Country Amidst Reed Plain ( s ) '' ( 葦原 中国 ) . Hinomoto ( 日 の 本 ) . Simple kun reading of 日本 . The katakana transcription ジャパン ( Japan ) of the English word Japan is sometimes encountered in Japanese , for example in the names of organizations seeking to project an international image . Examples include ジャパン ネット 銀行 ( Japan Netto Ginkō ) ( Japan Net Bank ) , ジャパン カップ ( Japan Kappu ) ( Japan Cup ) , ワイヤレス ジャパン ( Waiyaresu Japan ) ( Wireless Japan ) , etc . Dōngyáng ( 東洋 ) and Dōngyíng ( 東瀛 ) -- both literally , `` Eastern Ocean '' -- are Chinese terms sometimes used to refer to Japan exotically when contrasting it with other countries or regions in eastern Eurasia ; however , these same terms may also be used to refer to all of East Asia when contrasting `` the East '' with `` the West '' . The first term , Dōngyáng , has been considered to be a pejorative term when used to mean `` Japan '' , while the second , Dōngyíng , has remained a positive poetic name . They can be contrasted with Nányáng ( Southern Ocean ) , which refers to Southeast Asia , and Xīyáng ( Western Ocean ) , which refers to the Western world . In Japanese and Korean , the Chinese word for `` Eastern Ocean '' ( pronounced as tōyō in Japanese and as dongyang ( 동양 ) in Korean ) is used only to refer to the Far East ( including both East Asia and Southeast Asia ) in general , and it is not used in the more specific Chinese sense of `` Japan '' . In China , Japan is called Rìběn , which is the Mandarin pronunciation for the kanji 日本 . The Cantonese pronunciation is Yahtbún ( jɐt ˨ pun ˧ ˥ ) , the Shanghainese pronunciation is Zeppen ( zəʔpən ) , and the Hokkien pronunciation is Ji̍tpún . This has influenced the Malay name for Japan , Jepun , and the Thai word Yipun ( ญี่ปุ่น ) . The terms Jepang and Jipang , ultimately derived from Chinese , were previously used in both Malay and Indonesian , but are today confined primarily to the Indonesian language . The Japanese introduced Nippon and Dai Nippon into Indonesia during the Japanese Occupation ( 1942 -- 1945 ) but the native Jepang remains more common . In Korean , Japan is called Ilbon ( Hangeul : 일본 , Hanja : 日本 ) , which is the Korean pronunciation of the Sino - Korean name , and in Sino - Vietnamese , Japan is called Nhật Bản ( also rendered as Nhựt Bổn ) . In Mongolian , Japan is called Yapon ( Япон ) . Ue - kok ( 倭 國 ) is recorded for older Hokkien speakers . In the past , Korea also used 倭 國 , pronounced Waeguk ( 왜국 ) . Non-CJK Names : ( edit ) Language Contemporary name for Japan ( romanization ) Amharic ጃፓን ( japani ) Arabic اليابان ( al - yābān ) Armenian ճապոնիա ( Chaponia ) Azerbaijani Yaponiya Bangla জাপান ( Jāpān ) Basque Japonia Belarusian Японія ( Japonija ) Catalan Japó Croatian Japan Czech Japonsko Dutch Japan English Japan Filipino Hapón ( Japón ) Finnish Japani French Japon Galician O Xapón Georgian იაპონია ( iaponia ) German Japan Greek Ιαπωνία ( Iaponía ) Hawaiian Iapana Hebrew יפן ( Yapan ) Hindi जापान ( jāpān ) Hungarian Japán Icelandic Japan Indonesian Jepang Irish An tSeapáin Italian Giappone Kazakh Жапония ( Japoniya ) Khmer ជប៉ុន ( japon ) Kurdish Japonya Malay جڤون ‎ ( Jepun ) Maltese Ġappun Mongolia Япон Persian ژاپن ( žāpon ) Polish Japonia Portuguese Japão Romanian Japonia Russian Япония ( Yaponiya ) Scottish Gaelic Iapan Sinhala ජපානය ( Japanaya ) Slovak Japonsko Spanish Japón Swedish Japan Tamil ஜப்பான் ( Jappaan ) Thai ญี่ปุ่น ( yīpun ) Turkish Japonya Ukrainian Японія ( Yaponiya ) Urdu جاپان ( jāpān ) Welsh Siapan Xhosa Japhan See also ( edit ) Japanese name ( names of Japanese people ) Japanese place names List of country - name etymologies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Louis Frédéric et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Nihon '' in Japan encyclopedia , p. 707. , p. 707 , at Google Books ; n.b. , Louis - Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis - Frédéric Nussbaum , see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 2012 - 05 - 24 at Archive.is . Jump up ^ Joan , R. Piggott ( 1997 ) . The emergence of Japanese kingship . Stanford University Press . pp. 143 -- 144 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2832 - 1 . Jump up ^ . Inoues.net http://inoues.net/wal.html . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 26 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ In Japanese , countries whose `` long form '' does not contain a designation such as republic or kingdom are generally given a name appended by the character 国 ( `` country '' or `` nation '' ) : for example , ドミニカ 国 ( Dominica ) , バハマ 国 ( Bahamas ) , and クウェート 国 ( Kuwait ) . Jump up ^ Doi ( 1980 : 463 ) Jump up ^ Doi ( 1980 : 363 ) Jump up ^ Nippon or Nihon ? No consensus on Japanese pronunciation of Japan , Japan Today Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Nippon '' at p. 709. , p. 709 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Henshū Iin Kai , Shōgakukan Kokugo Daijiten Henshūbu ( 2002 ) ( 2000 ) . Nihon Kokugo Daijiten ( 2nd edition ) . Shōgakukan . ^ Jump up to : Nussbaum , `` Nihon Ginkō '' at p. 708. , p. 708 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Nippon '' passim at pp. 717. , p. 717 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Nihon '' passim at pp. 707 -- 711. , p. 707 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Nihon University ( Nihon Daigaku ) '' at pp. 710 -- 711. , p. 710 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Nihonjin '' at pp. 708 -- 709. , p. 708 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Nihon shoki '' at p. 710. , p. 710 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Richard Gonzales ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Hello , Nihonium . Scientists Name 4 New Elements on the Periodic Table '' . Ww2.kqed.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Forbes JD ( 2007 ) . The American Discovery of Europe . University of Illinois Press . p. 21 . ISBN 9780252091254 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Omnibus - General - Facts and Figures '' . Japan-zone.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Ō - ya - shima no Kuni '' at p. 768. , p. 768 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Akitsushima '' at p. 20. , p. 20 , at Google Books Jump up ^ `` www.chineselanguage.org message board '' . Chinalanguage.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 26 . References ( edit ) Doi , Tadao ( 1980 ) ( 1603 ) . Hōyaku Nippo Jisho ( in Japanese ) . Tōkyō : Iwanami Shoten . ISBN 4 - 00 - 080021 - 3 . Nussbaum , Louis Frédéric ; Käthe Roth ( 2005 ) . Japan Encyclopedia . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01753 - 5 ; OCLC 48943301 Name of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Names_of_Japan&oldid=854511229 '' Categories : Names of Japan History of Japan Japanese language Country name etymology Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Hausa - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Thai - language text Articles containing Amharic - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Khmer - language text Articles containing Malay - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 22 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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who does not take part in the election of president

President of India

president of india

The President of the Republic of India is the head of state of India and the commander - in - chief of the Indian Armed Forces .

The President is indirectly elected by an electoral college comprising the Parliament of India ( both houses ) and the Legislative Assemblies of each of India 's states and territories , who themselves are all directly elected . The office - holder serves for a term of five years ; there are no term limits . The oath of the President is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice of India , and in their absence , by the most senior judge of the Supreme Court of India . Although the Article 53 of the Constitution of India states that the President can exercise his powers directly or by subordinate authority , with few exceptions , all of the executive powers vested in the President are , in practice , exercised by the Prime Minister with the help of the Council of Ministers . The President is bound by convention to act on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . The President resides in an estate known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan ( which roughly translates as President 's House ) situated in Raisina Hill in New Delhi . The presidential retreats are The Retreat in Chharabra , Shimla and Rashtrapati Nilayam ( President 's Place ) in Hyderabad . Republic of India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Union Government ( show ) Constitution of India Fundamental rights Executive : President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary of India Civil Services of India Parliament : Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha The Chairman The Speaker Judiciary : Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner Political parties ( show ) National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) State Govt. and Local Govt. ( show ) Governor Chief Minister Chief Secretary State Level : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local Governments : Divisional Commissioner District Magistrate Sub-Divisional Magistrate Rural Bodies Zilla panchayats Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban Bodies Municipal Corporations Municipal councils Nagar Panchayats Other countries Atlas Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Powers and duties 2.1 Duty 2.2 Legislative powers 2.3 Executive powers 2.4 Judicial powers 2.5 Appointment powers 2.6 Financial powers 2.7 Diplomatic powers 2.8 Military powers 2.9 Pardoning powers 2.10 Emergency powers 2.10. 1 National emergency 2.10. 2 State emergency 2.10. 3 Financial emergency 3 Selection process 3.1 Eligibility 4 Time of election 4.1 Conditions for the Presidency 4.2 Election process 4.3 Oath or affirmation 5 Emoluments 6 Impeachment 7 Succession 8 President versus Chief Justice 9 President versus Prime minister 10 Important presidential interventions in the past 10.1 Proving majority in the parliament 10.2 Proof of Majority to form a Government 10.3 Vetoing of a Bill 10.4 Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués 10.5 Return of a Bill 10.6 Sacking state governors 10.7 Living former Presidents 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Origin ( edit ) Presidential Standard of India ( 1950 -- 1971 ) India achieved independence from the British on 15 August 1947 , initially as a Dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI as king , represented in the country by a governor - general . Still , following this , the Constituent Assembly of India , under the leadership of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , undertook the process of drafting a completely new constitution for the country . The Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950 , making India a republic . The offices of monarch and governor - general were replaced by the new office of President of India , with Rajendra Prasad as the first incumbent . The constitution of the Republic of India ( Articles 53 , 74 ( 2 ) , 79 & 111 ) gave the President the responsibility and authority to defend and protect the constitution of India and its rule of law . Invariably , any action taken by the executive or legislature entities of the constitution shall become law only after President 's assent . The president shall not accept any actions of the executive or legislature which are unconstitutional . The president is the foremost , most empowered and prompt defender of the constitution ( Article 60 ) , who has pre-emptive power for ensuring constitutionality in the actions of the executive or legislature . The role of the judiciary in upholding the constitution of India is the second line of defence in nullifying any unconstitutional actions of the executive and legislative entities of the Indian Union . Powers and duties ( edit ) Duty ( edit ) The primary duty of the President is to preserve , protect and defend the constitution and the law of India as made part of his oath ( Article 60 of Indian constitution ) . The President is the common head of all independent constitutional entities . All his actions , recommendations ( Article 3 , Article 111 , Article 274 , etc . ) and supervisory powers ( Article 74 ( 2 ) , Article 78 c , Article 108 , Article 111 , etc . ) over the executive and legislative entities of India shall be used in accordance to uphold the constitution . There is no bar on the actions of the President to contest in the court of law . Legislative powers ( edit ) Legislative power is constitutionally vested by the Parliament of India of which the President is the head , to facilitate the law making process per the constitution ( Article 78 , Article 86 , etc . ) . The President of the Republic summons both the Houses ( The House of the People and ' The Council of States ' ) of the Parliament and prorogues them . He can dissolve the Lok Sabha . The President inaugurates Parliament by addressing it after the general elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year per Article 87 ( 1 ) . The Presidential address on these occasions is generally meant to outline the new policies of the government . All bills passed by the Parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the President per Article 111 . After a bill is presented to him , the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill , or that he withholds his assent from it . As a third option , he can return a bill to Parliament , if it is not a money bill , for reconsideration . President may be of view that a particular bill passed under the legislative powers of parliament is violating the constitution , he can send back the bill with his recommendation to pass the bill under the constituent powers of parliament following the Article 368 procedure . When , after reconsideration , the bill is passed accordingly and presented to the President , with or without amendments , the President can not withhold his assent from it . The President can also withhold his assent to a bill when it is initially presented to him ( rather than return it to Parliament ) thereby exercising a pocket veto on the advice of prime minister or council of ministers per Article 74 if it is inconsistent to the constitution . Article 143 gave power to the president to consult the Supreme Court about the constitutional validity of any issue . President shall assent the constitutional amendment bills without power to withhold the bills per Article 368 ( 2 ) . When either of the two Houses of the Parliament of India is not in session , and if the government feels the need for an immediate procedure , the President can promulgate ordinances which have the same force and effect as an act passed by Parliament under its legislative powers . These are in the nature of interim or temporary legislation and their continuance is subject to parliamentary approval . Ordinances remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the Parliament is convened unless approved by it earlier . Under Article 123 , the President as the upholder of the constitution shall be satisfied that immediate action is mandatory as advised by the union cabinet and he is confident that the government commands majority support in the Parliament needed for the passing of the ordinance into an act and Parliament can be summoned to deliberate on the passing of the ordinance as soon as possible . The promulgated ordinance is treated as an act of Parliament when in force and it is the responsibility of the President to withdraw the ordinance as soon as the reasons for promulgation of the ordinance are no longer applicable . Bringing laws in the form of ordinances has become a routine matter by the government and President , but the provisions made in Article 123 are meant for mitigating unusual circumstances where immediate action is inevitable when the extant provisions of law are inadequate . Re-promulgation of ordinances after failing to get approval within the stipulated time of both houses of parliament is an unconstitutional act by the President . President should not incorporate any matter in an ordinance which is violating the constitution or needs amendment to the constitution . The President should take moral responsibility when an ordinance elapses automatically or is not approved by the Parliament or violating the constitution . Executive powers ( edit ) Per Article 53 , the executive power of the country is vested in the President and is exercised by President either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution . When parliament thinks fit it may accord additional executive powers to the president per Article 70 which may be further delegated by the president to the governors of states per Article 160 . Union cabinet with Prime Minister as its head , should aid and advice the President in performing his functions . Per Article 74 ( 2 ) , the council of ministers or Prime Minister are not accountable legally to the advice tendered to the President but it is the sole responsibility of the President to ensure compliance with the constitution in performing his duties . President or his subordinate officers is bound by the provisions of the constitution notwithstanding any advice by union cabinet . Per Article 142 , it is the duty of President to enforce the decrees of Supreme Court . Judicial powers ( edit ) The primary duty of the President is to preserve , protect and defend the constitution and the law of India per Article 60 . The President appoints the Chief Justice of the Union Judiciary and other judges on the advice of the Chief Justice . He dismisses the judges if and only if the two Houses of the Parliament pass resolutions to that effect by a two - thirds majority of the members present . Attorney General for India who is the Indian government 's chief legal advisor , is appointed by the President of India under Article 76 ( 1 ) and holds office during the pleasure of the President . If the President considers a question of law or a matter of public importance has arisen , he can also ask for the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court per Article 143 . Per Article 88 , President can ask the Attorney General to attend the parliamentary proceedings and report to him any unlawful functioning if any . Appointment powers ( edit ) The President appoints , as Prime Minister , the person most likely to command the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha ( usually the leader of the majority party or coalition ) . The President then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers , distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the Prime Minister . The Council of Ministers remains in power at the ' pleasure ' of the President . The President appoints 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature , science , art and social service . Governors of States are also appointed by the President who shall work at the pleasure of the President . Per Article 156 , President is empowered to dismiss a governor who has violated the constitution in his acts . The President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments . These include : The Chief Justice , other judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts of India The Chief Minister of the National capital territory of Delhi ( Article 239 AA 5 of the constitution ) The Attorney General The Comptroller and Auditor General The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners The Chairman and other Members of the Union Public Service Commission Vice-Chancellor of the central university and academic staff of the central university through his nominee Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other countries ( only through the list of names given by the Prime Minister ) Financial powers ( edit ) A money bill can be introduced in the Parliament only with the President 's recommendation . The President lays the Annual Financial Statement , i.e. the Union budget , before the Parliament . The President can take advances out of the Contingency Fund of India to meet unforeseen expenses . The President constitutes a Finance commission after every five years to recommend the distribution of the taxes between the centre and the States . Diplomatic powers ( edit ) All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded on behalf of the President . However , in practice , such negotiations are usually carried out by the Prime Minister along with his Cabinet ( especially the Foreign Minister ) . Also , such treaties are subject to the approval of the Parliament . The President represents India in international forums and affairs where such a function is chiefly ceremonial . The President may also send and receive diplomats , i.e. the officers from the Indian Foreign Service . The President is the first citizen of the country . Military powers ( edit ) The President is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces . The President can declare war or conclude peace , on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister . All important treaties and contracts are made in the President 's name . He also appoints the chiefs of the service branches of the armed forces . Pardoning powers ( edit ) See also : Presidential pardon As mentioned in Article 72 of the Indian Constitution , the President is empowered with the powers to grant pardons in the following situations : Punishment is for an offence against Union Law Punishment is by a Military Court Sentence is that of death The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the President are independent of the opinion of the Prime Minister or the Lok Sabha majority . In most cases , however , the President exercises his executive powers on the advice of the Prime Minister and the cabinet . Emergency powers ( edit ) The President can declare three types of emergencies : national , state and financial , under articles 352 , 356 & 360 in addition to promulgating ordinances under article 123 . National emergency ( edit ) See also : The Emergency ( India ) A national emergency can be declared in the whole of India or a part of its territory for causes of war or armed rebellion or an external aggression . Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 ( Indo - China war ) , 1971 ( Indo - Pakistan war ) , and 1975 to 1977 ( declared by Indira Gandhi ) . Under Article 352 of the India Constitution , the President can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the cabinet of ministers headed by the Prime Minister . Such a proclamation must be approved by the Parliament with two thirds majority within one month . Such an emergency can be imposed for six months . It can be extended by six months by repeated parliamentary approval - there is no maximum duration . In such an emergency , Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended . The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended . However , the Right to Life and Personal Liberty can not be suspended ( Article 21 ) . The President can make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List ( which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws ) . Also , all money bills are referred to the President for approval . The term of the Lok Sabha can be extended by a period of up to one year , but not so as to extend the term of Parliament beyond six months after the end of the declared emergency . National Emergency has been proclaimed 3 times in India till date . It was declared first in 1962 by President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , during the Sino - Indian War . This emergency lasted through the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 and up to 1968 . It was revoked in 1968 . The second emergency in India was proclaimed in 1971 by President V.V. Giri on the eve of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . The first two emergencies were in the face of external aggression and War . They were hence external emergencies . Even as the second emergency was in progress , another internal emergency was proclaimed by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , with Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister in 1975 . In 1977 , the second and the third emergencies were together revoked . State emergency ( edit ) See also : Federalism in India If the President is fully satisfied , on the basis of the report of the Governor of the concerned state or from other sources that the governance in a state can not be carried out according to the provisions in the Constitution , he can proclaim under Article 356 a state of emergency in the state . Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within a period of 2 months . Under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution , it can be imposed from six months to a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months . If the emergency needs to be extended for more than three years , this can be achieved by a constitutional amendment , as has happened in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir . During such an emergency , the President can take over the entire work of the executive , and the Governor administers the state in the name of the President . The Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation . The Parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list ( see National emergency for explanation ) . A State Emergency can be imposed via the following : By Article 356 -- If that state failed to run constitutionally , i.e. constitutional machinery has failed . When a state emergency is imposed under this provision , the state is said to be under `` President 's rule . By Article 365 -- If that state is not working according to the direction of the Union Government issued per the provisions of the constitution . This type of emergency needs the approval of the parliament within 2 months . It can last up to a maximum of three years via extensions after each 6 - month period . However , after one year it can be extended only if A state of National Emergency has been declared in the country or in the particular state . The Election Commission finds it difficult to organise an election in that state . The Sarkaria Commission held that presidents have unconstitutionally misused the provision of Article 356 many times for achieving political motives , by dismissing the state governments although there was no constitutional break down in the states . During 2005 , President 's rule was imposed in Bihar state , misusing Article 356 unconstitutionally to prevent the democratically elected state legislators to form a government after the state elections . There is no provision in the constitution to re-promulgate president 's rule in a state when the earlier promulgation ceased to operate for want of parliaments approval within two months duration . During 2014 in Andhra Pradesh , president 's rule was first imposed on 1 March 2014 and it ceased to operate on 30 April 2014 . President 's rule was promulgated after being fully aware that the earliest parliament session is feasible in the end of May 2014 after the general elections . It was reimposed again unconstitutionally on 28 April 2014 by the president . Financial emergency ( edit ) Article 282 accords financial autonomy in spending the financial resources available with the states for public purpose . Article 293 gives liberty to states to borrow without any limit to its ability for its requirements within the territory of India without any consent from the union government . However union government can insist for compliance of its loan terms when a state has outstanding loan charged to the consolidated fund of India or an outstanding loan in respect of which a guarantee has been given by the Government of India under the liability of consolidated fund of India . Under article 360 of the constitution , President can proclaim a financial emergency when the financial stability or credit of the nation or of any part of its territory is threatened . However , until now no guidelines defining the situation of financial emergency in the entire country or a state or a union territory or a panchayat or a municipality or a corporation have been framed either by the finance commission or by the central government . Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months by simple majority . It has never been declared . A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the President . The President can reduce the salaries of all government officials , including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts , in cases of a financial emergency . All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for approval . He can direct the state to observe certain principles ( economy measures ) relating to financial matters . Selection process ( edit ) Eligibility ( edit ) Article 58 of the Constitution sets the principle qualifications one must meet to be eligible to the office of the President . A President must be : a citizen of India of 35 years of age or above qualified to become a member of the Lok Sabha A person shall not be eligible for election as President if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments . Certain office - holders , however , are permitted to stand as Presidential candidates . These are : The current Vice-President The Governor of any state A Minister of the Union or of any state ( including Prime Minister and Chief Ministers ) In the event that the Vice-President , a State Governor or a Minister is elected President , they are considered to have vacated their previous office on the date they begin serving as President . A member of Parliament or of a State Legislature can seek election to the office of the President but if he is elected as President , he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in Parliament or State Legislature on the date on which he enters upon his office as President ( Article 59 ( 1 ) ) . Article 57 provides that a person who holds , or who has held , office as President shall , subject to the other provisions of this Constitution , be eligible for re-election to that office . Under The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act , 1952 , a candidate to be nominated for the office of president needs 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders for his name to appear on the ballot . Time of election ( edit ) Article 56 ( 1 ) of the Constitution provides that the President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office . According to Article 62 , an election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of President shall be completed before the expiration of the term . An election to fill a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of his death , resignation or removal , or otherwise shall be held as soon as possible after , and in no case later than six months from , the date of occurrence of the vacancy ; and the person elected to fill the vacancy shall , subject to the provisions of Article 56 , be entitled to hold office for the full term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office . To meet the contingency of an election to the office of President not being completed in time due to unforeseen circumstances like countermanding of election due to death of a candidate or on account of postponement of the poll for any valid reason , Article 56 ( 1 ) ( c ) provides that the President shall , notwithstanding the expiration of his term , continue to hold office until his successor enters upon his office . Conditions for the presidency ( edit ) Main article : Electoral College ( India ) Certain conditions , per Article 59 of the Constitution , debar an otherwise eligible citizen from contesting the presidential elections . The conditions are : The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State , and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State be elected President , he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date on which he enters upon his office as President . The President shall not hold any other office of profit . The President shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of his official residences and shall be also entitled to such emoluments , allowances and privileges as may be determined by Parliament by law and until provision in that behalf is so made , such emoluments , allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule . The emoluments and allowances of the President shall not be diminished during his term of office . Election process ( edit ) Whenever the office becomes vacant , the new President is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of Parliament ( M.P.s ) , the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies ( Vidhan Sabha ) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies ( M.L.A.s ) of two Union Territories ( i.e. , National Capital Territory ( NCT ) of Delhi and Union Territory of Puducherry ) . The election process of President is more extensive process than Prime Minister who is also elected indirectly ( not elected by people directly ) by the Lok Sabha members only . Whereas President being constitutional head with duties to protect , defend and preserve the constitution and rule of law in a constitutional democracy with constitutional supremacy , is elected in an extensive manner by the members of Lok Sabha , Rajya Sabha and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot procedure . The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders . Each candidate has to make a security deposit of ₹ 15,000 ( US $230 ) in the Reserve Bank of India . The security deposit is liable to be forfeited in case the candidate fails to secure one - sixth of the votes polled . The election is held in accordance to the system of Proportional representation by means of the Single transferable vote method . The voting takes place by secret ballot system . The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution . Each elector casts a different number of votes . The general principle is that the total number of votes cast by Members of Parliament equals the total number of votes cast by State Legislators . Also , legislators from larger states cast more votes than those from smaller states . Finally , the number of legislators in a state matters ; if a state has few legislators , then each legislator has more votes ; if a state has many legislators , then each legislator has fewer votes . The actual calculation for votes cast by a particular state is calculated by dividing the state 's population by 1000 , which is divided again by the number of legislators from the State voting in the electoral college . This number is the number of votes per legislator in a given state . Every elected member of the parliament enjoys the same number of votes , which may be obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the members of legislative assemblies by the total number of elected representatives of the parliament . Although Indian presidential elections involve actual voting by MPs and MLAs , they tend to vote for the candidate supported by their respective parties . Oath or affirmation ( edit ) The President is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of India ( or in his absence , the senior-most Judge of the Supreme Court ) , an oath or affirmation that he / she shall protect , preserve and defend the Constitution as follows : I , ( name ) , do swear in the name of God ( or solemnly affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the office of President ( or discharge the functions of the President ) of the Republic of India , and will to the best of my ability preserve , protect and defend the Constitution and the law , and that I will devote myself to the service and well - being of the people of the Republic of India . -- Article 60 , Constitution of India Emoluments ( edit ) President pay Date established Salary in 1998 Salary in 2008 30 December 2008 ₹ 50,000 ( US $780 ) ₹ 1.5 lakh ( US $2,300 ) Sources : The President of India used to receive ₹ 10,000 ( US $200 ) per month per the Second Schedule of the Constitution . This amount was increased to ₹ 50,000 ( US $800 ) in 1998 . On 11 September 2008 the Government of India increased the salary of the President to ₹ 1.5 lakh ( US $2,300 ) . However , almost everything that the President does or wants to do is taken care of by the annual ₹ 225 million ( US $3.5 million ) budget that the Government allots for his or her upkeep . Rashtrapati Bhavan , the President 's official residence , is the largest Presidential Palace in the world . The Rashtrapati Nilayam at Bolarum , Hyderabad and Retreat Building at Chharabra , Shimla are the official Retreat Residences of the President of India . The official state car of the President is a custom - built heavily armoured Mercedes Benz S600 ( W221 ) Pullman Guard . The former presidents and spouses of deceased Presidents are eligible for pension , furnished accommodation , security , various allowances , etc . Presidential amenities Rashtrapati Bhavan , official residence of the President , located at New Delhi Rashtrapati Nilayam is the official retreat of the President located in Hyderabad . The President 's Bodyguards is an elite household cavalry regiment of the Indian Army . Presidential state car Air India One is the call sign of any aircraft carrying the President . The aircraft are operated as VIP flights by the Indian Air Force . A chopper of IAF 's special VIP fleet , meant for carrying the President of India Impeachment ( edit ) Supreme Court shall inquire and decide regarding all doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with the election of a President per Article 71 ( 1 ) of the constitution . Supreme Court can remove the president for the electoral malpractices or upon being not eligible to be Lok Sabha member under the Representation of the People Act , 1951 . Subject to Article 71 ( 3 ) , Parliament made applicable rules / procedure to petition the Supreme Court for resolving the disputes only that arise during the election process of the president but not the doubts that arise from his unconstitutional actions / deeds or changing Indian citizenship during the tenure of president which may violate the requisite election qualifications . The President may also be removed before the expiry of the term through impeachment for violating the Constitution of India by the Parliament of India. The process may start in either of the two houses of the Parliament . The house initiates the process by levelling the charges against the President . The charges are contained in a notice that has to be signed by at least one quarter of the total members of that house . The notice is sent up to the President and 14 days later , it is taken up for consideration . A resolution to impeach the President has to be passed by a two - third majority of the total number of members of the originating house . It is then sent to the other house . The other house investigates the charges that have been made . During this process , the President has the right to defend oneself through an authorised counsel . If the second house also approves the charges made by special majority again , the President stands impeached and is deemed to have vacated their office from the date when such a resolution stands passed . No president has faced impeachment proceedings so the above provisions have never been used . Under Article 361 of the constitution , though president can not be summoned for questioning except on his voluntary willingness to testify in the court in support of his controversial deeds , the unconstitutional decisions taken by the president would be declared invalid by the courts . The case would be decided by the courts based on the facts furnished by the union government for the president 's role . As clarified by the Supreme Court in the case ' Rameshwar Prasad & Ors vs Union Of India & Anr on 24 January 2006 ' , though president can not be prosecuted and imprisoned during his term of office , he can be prosecuted after he / she steps down from the post for the guilty committed during the term of presidency as declared earlier by the courts . No president has resigned on impropriety to continue in office for declaring and nullifying his unconstitutional decisions by the courts till now . No criminal case at least on the grounds of disrespecting constitution is lodged till now against former presidents to punish them for their unconstitutional acts though many decisions taken during the term of presidency had been declared by Supreme Court as unconstitutional , mala fides , void , ultra vires , etc . Succession ( edit ) The Office of the President falls vacant in the following scenarios : On the expiry of their term By reason of death By reason of resignation Removal by Supreme Court Removal by impeachment Article 65 of the Indian Constitution says that the Vice-President of India will have to discharge the duties , if the Office falls vacant due to any reason other than expiry of the term . The Vice-President reverts to office when a new President is elected and enters office . When the President is unable to act because of absence , illness or any other cause , the Vice-President discharges the President 's functions until the President resumes the duties . A Vice-President who acts as or discharges the functions of the President has all the powers and immunities of the President and is entitled to the same emoluments as the President . It should be noted here that when the Vice-President discharges the duties of the President , he / she does not function as the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha . The Indian Parliament has enacted the law ( The President ( Discharge of Functions ) Act , 1969 ) for the discharge of the functions of the President when vacancies occur in the offices of the President and of the Vice-President simultaneously , owing to removal , death , resignation of the incumbent or otherwise . In such an eventuality , the Chief Justice , or in his absence , the senior most Judge of the Supreme Court of India available discharges the functions of the President until a newly elected President enters upon his office or a newly elected Vice-President begins to act as President under Article 65 of the Constitution , whichever is the earlier . For example , in 1969 , when President Zakir Husain died in Office , Vice-President V.V. Giri served as the acting President of India . However , later , V.V Giri resigned from both posts ( Acting President of India and Vice-President of India ) as he became a candidate in the 1969 Presidential election in India . In this event , the then Chief Justice of India , Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah served as the acting President of India until the next President was elected . President versus Chief Justice ( edit ) President versus Chief Justice of India President Chief Justice of India / Judiciary The duties of President under his oath is to protect , defend and preserve the constitution and the law Similar to President to uphold the Constitution and the laws ( Third Schedule of the constitution ) Oath is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice In the presence of the President Impeachment by Parliament with majority of not less than two - thirds of the total membership of each House of the Parliament for violation of the Constitution as per Article 61 . Impeachment by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two - thirds of the members of that House present and voting on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity as per Article 124 ( 4 ) President can be removed by the Supreme Court per Article 71 ( 1 ) for committing electoral malpractices and upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be president . President can not remove judges once appointed by him without impeachment process per Article 124 . An individual heads the autonomous institution of President . Judiciary / Supreme Court is also an autonomous institution represented by team of Supreme Court judges with Chief justice as its chief . President being head of Parliament , Executive and supreme commander of armed forces is fully empowered by the constitution to fulfil his judicial responsibility . He can also take the expert advise of Attorney General and also Chief Justice in performing his judicial role . It is President 's duty to ensure that every state 's governance is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution under Articles 355 and 356 . Chief Justice / Supreme Court is also empowered by the constitution to repeal the unconstitutional activities of parliament and executive only after a fair trial . President 's prime duty is to prevent unconstitutional decisions of union and state governments and Parliament or state assemblies by denying his compulsory assent for making them into applicable laws . He is the foremost defender of the constitution who can pre-empt the unconstitutional activities of executive and legislatures . The other duties of President are just ceremonial as head of the country which are attached to him for being protector , defender and preserver of the constitution . The institution of President becomes redundant if the president is confining to other ceremonial duties only . Can intervene or nullify the unlawful actions of union / state governments and unconstitutional laws enacted by the Parliament or a state legislative after presidential assent only . President has constitutional immunity for his unconstitutional , mala fides activities during their tenure but liable for judicial action / punishment for his unconstitutional activity after the term of presidency . However per Article 361 ( 1 ) , President is answerable to a court designated by either house of Parliament with two - thirds majority for the investigation of a charge against him under article 61 . Chief justice / Judges of Supreme Court are also immune from punishment for not delivering correct judgements or for their incompetence and mala fides . However , Judges verdict can be repealed by a higher level bench of other judges . President can not be recalled by the people of India for not fulfilling his constitutional duties in case Parliament is not impeaching the President or removed by the Supreme Court . Chief justice / Judge of Supreme Court also can not be recalled by the people of India in case Parliament is not impeaching the judges . President versus Prime Minister ( edit ) President versus Prime minister President Prime minister / Union cabinet The duties of President under his oath is to protect , defend and preserve the constitution and the law Swears allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established , swears to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India and swears to do right to all manner of people without fear or favour , affection or ill - will ( Third Schedule of the constitution ) Oath is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice In the presence of the President Elected in an extensive manner indirectly by the members of Lok Sabha , Rajya Sabha , and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot conducted by the Election Commission Elected indirectly by the Lok Sabha members and secret ballot is not mandatory . Impeachment by Parliament with majority of not less than two - thirds of the total membership of each House of the Parliament for violation of the Constitution as per Article 61 Steps down upon losing majority support in Lok Sabha . President can be removed by the Supreme Court per Article 71 ( 1 ) for committing electoral malpractices and upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be president Similar to Prime minister and ministers also . An individual heads the autonomous institution of President Union cabinet with Prime minister as its chief is collectively responsible . President being head of Parliament , Executive and supreme commander of armed forces is fully empowered by the constitution to fulfil his judicial responsibility . He can also take the expert advise of Attorney General and also Chief Justice in performing his judicial role . It is President 's duty to ensure that every state 's governance is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution under Articles 355 and 356 Rest of the governance of the union and reporting to the President on all important matters . Being leader of the majority / ruling party in the Parliament , union cabinet takes lead in law making by the parliament needed for policy finalisation on various aspects , annual budgets finalisation , planning and implementation , etc . President 's prime function is to prevent unconstitutional decisions of union and state governments and parliament or state assemblies by denying his compulsory assent / government orders ( GO ) for making them in to applicable laws . He is the foremost defender of the constitution who can pre-empt the unconstitutional activities of executive and legislatures . Prime minister / union cabinet shall aid and advise the President who shall , in the exercise of his functions , act in accordance with such advice as long as not unconstitutional . Prime minister shall communicate to the President all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation and on President 's desire submit related information . No minister shall decide on any matter without the council of ministers / union cabinet approval per Article 78 . President has constitutional immunity for his unconstitutional , mala fides activities during their tenure but liable for judicial action / punishment for his unconstitutional activity after the term of presidency The union cabinet has constitutional immunity from legal proceedings in any court for their mala fide and unconstitutional advice tendered by union ministers to the President per Article 74 ( 2 ) . President can not escape from his constitutional duty by citing constitutional amendment to Article 74 ( para 2 of 1 ) which makes him to abide by the union cabinet advice after sending for reconsideration . As clarified by the Supreme Court , the object of Article 74 ( 2 ) is only to make the question whether the President had followed the advice of the union cabinet or acted contrary thereto , non-justiciable . Refer page Article 74 # Court cases for more clarity The union cabinet may escape from the punishment or responsibility for implementing unconstitutional laws citing Article 74 ( 2 ) . President can not be recalled by the people of India for not fulfilling his constitutional duties in case parliament is not impeaching the President or removed by the Supreme Court or resigns on his own on moral grounds Prime minister / union cabinet can not be recalled by the people of India till the end of his term in case he is not losing majority support in Lok Shaba or resigns on his own on moral grounds . Important Presidential interventions in the past ( edit ) The President 's role as defender of the Constitution and the powers as Head of State , especially in relation to those exercised by the Prime Minister as leader of the government , have changed over time . In particular , Presidents have made a number of interventions into government and lawmaking , which have established and challenged some conventions concerning Presidential intervention . Proving majority in the Parliament ( edit ) Main article : Vote of confidence In 1979 , the Prime Minister , Charan Singh , did not enjoy a Parliamentary majority . He responded to this by simply not advising the President to summon Parliament . Since then , Presidents have been more diligent in directing incoming Prime Ministers to convene Parliament and prove their majority within reasonable deadlines ( 2 to 3 weeks ) . In the interim period , the Prime Ministers are generally restrained from making policy decisions . Proof of majority to form a government ( edit ) Since the 1990s , Parliamentary elections have generally not resulted in a single party or group of parties having a distinct majority , until the 2014 Lok Sabha elections when BJP received a clear majority . In such cases , Presidents have used their discretion and directed Prime Ministerial aspirants to establish their credentials before being invited to form the government . Typically , the aspirants have been asked to produce letters from various party leaders , with the signatures of all the MPs who are pledging support to their candidature . This is in addition to the requirement that a Prime Minister prove he has the support of the Lok Sabha ( by a vote on the floor of the House ) within weeks of being sworn into office . Vetoing of a bill ( edit ) See also : Pocket veto and Zail Singh Since the Indian Constitution does not provide any time limit within which the President is to declare his assent or refusal , the President could exercise a `` pocket veto '' by not taking any action for an indefinite time . The veto was used in 1986 by the then President Zail Singh over the Postal Bill . The President did not give assent to the bill , arguing that its scope was too sweeping and would give the government arbitrary powers to intercept postal communications indiscriminately . Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués ( edit ) In the late 1990s , President K.R. Narayanan introduced explaining to the nation ( by means of Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués ) , the thinking that led to the various decisions he took while exercising his discretionary powers ; this has led to openness and transparency in the functioning of the President . Return of a bill ( edit ) See also : Office of profit The constitution gives the President the power to return a bill unsigned but it circumscribes the power to send it back only once for reconsideration . If the Parliament sends back the bill with or without changes , the President is obliged to sign it . In mid-2006 , President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam sent back a controversial bill regarding the exclusion of certain offices from the scope of ' offices of profit ' , the holding of which would disqualify a person from being a member of parliament . The combined opposition , the NDA , hailed the move . The UPA chose to send the bill back to the president without any changes and , after 17 days , Kalam gave his assent on 18 August 2006 . Sacking state governors ( edit ) See also : Governors of states of India Arunachal Pradesh governor who was earlier appointed by the ruling party at the centre , has been sacked by the President after the Supreme Court has quashed his unconstitutional acts . Living former Presidents ( edit ) There are two living former Indian Presidents : Pratibha Patil ( 2007 -- 2012 ) ( 1934 - 12 - 19 ) December 19 , 1934 ( age 82 ) Pranab Mukherjee ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( 1935 - 12 - 11 ) December 11 , 1935 ( age 81 ) See also ( edit ) List of Presidents of India Vice-President of India Chief Justice of India Prime Minister of India Spouse of the President of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The President 's ( Emoluments and ) Pension Act , 1951 ( Act 30 of 1951 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . May 13 , 1951 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President okays her own salary hike by 300 per cent '' . The Indian Express . 3 January 2009 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Constitution of India ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice , Government of India . 1 December 2007 . p. 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Larson , Gerald James ( 1995 ) . India 's Agony Over Religion . SUNY Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2411 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` India and Pakistan Become Nations ; Clashes Continue '' - New York Times Retri2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma , Brij Kishore ( 2007 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India . PHI Learning . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3246 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Jai , Janak Raj ( 2003 ) . Presidents of India , 1950 -- 2003 . Regency Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87498 - 65 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of India '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatt , Sheela ( 9 June 2006 ) . `` How Kalam asserted presidential power '' . Rediff India . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Invalid Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 ( page 8 ) '' . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gupta , V.P. ( 26 August 2002 ) . `` The President 's role '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roy Chowdhury , Biswaroop ( 2006 ) . Memory Unlimited . Diamond Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8419 - 017 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bakshi , P.M. ( June 1956 ) . `` Comparative Law : Separation of Powers in India '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . 42 : 554 . ISSN 0747 - 0088 . Jump up ^ `` Repeated promulgation of ordinances because a bill is held up in the Rajya Sabha is a violation of constitutional principles '' . Jump up ^ `` Re-promulgation of ordinances fraud on Constitution : SC '' . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.N.R. Rao vs Smt . Indira Gandhi on 17 March , 1971 , SC verdict '' . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Woods , Patricia J. ( 2008 ) . Judicial Power and National Politics : Courts and Gender in the Religious - Secular Conflict in Israel . SUNY Press . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7400 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of India -- constitution '' . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kumar , Rajesh ( 2011 ) . Universal 's Guide to the Constitution of India . Universal Law Publishing . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5035 - 011 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pratiyogita Darpan ( March 2007 ) . `` Pratiyogita Darpan '' ( 9 ) . Pratiyogita Darpan : 60 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bakshi , P.M. ( 2010 ) . The Constitution Of India . Universal Law Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7534 - 840 - 0 . Jump up ^ Deogaonkar , S.G. ( 1997 ) . Parliamentary System in India . Concept Publishing . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 651 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : The Constitution of India : For all Academic and Competitive Examinations . Bright Publications . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7199 - 054 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Laxmikanth , M ( 2010 ) . Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 015316 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Thorpe , Vandana ( 2008 ) . The Pearson Guide To Bank Probationary Officer Recruitment Examinations . Pearson Education India . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1568 - 0 . Jump up ^ Barrington , Lowell W. ; Bosia , Michael J. ; Bruhn , Kathleen ( 2009 ) . Comparative Politics : Structures and Choices . Cengage Learning . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 49319 - 7 . Jump up ^ Omar , Imtiaz ( 2002 ) . Emergency Powers and the Courts in India and Pakistan . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 1775 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Arora , N.D. ( 2010 ) . Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 009094 - 1 . Jump up ^ History & Civics . Rachna Sagar . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8137 - 037 - 2 . Jump up ^ New ICSE History and Civics . Frank Brothers . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8409 - 587 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hardgrave , Robert L. ; Kochanek , Stanley A. ( 2008 ) . India : Government and Politics in a Developing Nation . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 00749 - 4 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , Meera ( 1980 ) . Constitutional Crisis in the States in India . Concept Publishing Company . p. 17 . GGKEY : 0BS5QYU7XF2 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Commission to Review the Working of the Article 356 of the constitution '' . 2001 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Re-proclamation of President rule in Andhra Pradesh '' ( PDF ) . 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andhra Pradesh mired in President rule imbroglio '' . The Times Of India . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Judgement : Bhim Singh vs U.O.I & Ors on 6 May , 2010 '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Article 293 and its application '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma , Kanhaiyalal ( 2002 ) . Reconstitution of Constitution of India . Deep and Deep Publications . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 405 - 5 . Jump up ^ general studies Indian polity . Upkar Prakashan . p. 106 . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act , 1952 '' ( PDF ) . lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The President and Vice-President Election rules , 1974 '' . Ministry of Law & Justice , Government of India . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Election to the president of India '' ( PDF ) . Election commission of India . p. 16 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Great Britain . Ministry of Overseas Development . Library ; Great Britain . Overseas Development Administration . Library . Public Administration . Upkar Prakashan . pp. 167 -- . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Balance of power in presidential race '' . NDTV. 22 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2007 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Pratiyogita Darpan ( October 2007 ) . Pratiyogita Darpan . Pratiyogita Darpan . p. 67 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The President ( Emoluments And ) Pension Act '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President gets richer , gets 300 pc salary hike '' . CNN - IBN. 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Gurcharan Singh ; Mukhopadhyay , Amitabha ( 1986 ) . Floriculture in India . Allied Publishers . p. 593 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7023 - 057 - 1 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Mohindar Singh ; Randhawa , Gurcharan Singh ; Chadha , K.L. ; Singh , Daljit ; Horticultural Society of India ( 1971 ) . The Famous gardens of India . Malhotra Publishing House . Jump up ^ India Foreign Policy and Government Guide . International Business Publications . 1 May 2001 . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7397 - 8298 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament approves salary pension hike for President , Vice-President and Governors '' . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sections 7 & 8k , The representation of the people act , 1951 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sections 13 to 20 , The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act , 1952 '' . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bhardwaj , A.P. Study Package For CLAT and LL. B Entrance Examinations . McGraw - Hill Education ( India ) . pp. 238 -- 239 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 107468 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Rameshwar Prasad And Ors vs Union Of India And Anr on 24 January , 2006 '' . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults to National Honour ( Amendment ) Act of 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/pres2012/4000rs.pdf Jump up ^ Subrahmaniam , Vidya ( 10 November 2005 ) . `` K.R. Narayanan -- President who defied stereotype '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` President appoints Manmohan Prime Minister '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 20 May 2004 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sundar Rajan , K.T. ( 4 December 1996 ) . `` Presidential Years '' . Outlook . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharjya , Satarupa ( 12 June 2006 ) . `` Show Of Dissent '' . India Today . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Interview Archived 3 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine . with K.R. Narayanan on Independence day , 15 August 1998 ; by N. Ram , Editor , Frontline ( `` K.R. Narayanan in conversation with N. Ram '' , The Hindu , 10 November 2005 . Retrieved 24 February 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Kalam returns Office of Profit Bill '' . CNN - IBN. 31 May 2006 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Signing office of profit bill was toughest decision : APJ Kalam '' . The Economic Times . PTI. 18 July 2010 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kalam erred on Office of Profit bill ' '' . The Times of India . PTI. 22 April 2008 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arunachal Pradesh Governor Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa Sacked '' . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) The President of India ( official site ) India portal ( official site ) Links to related articles Presidents of India ( List ) Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Hussain V.V. Giri ( acting ) Mohammad Hidayatullah ( acting ) V.V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed B.D. Jatti ( acting ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K.R. Narayanan A.P.J. 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when was the last time the colts went to the superbowl

Indianapolis Colts Current season Established January 23 , 1953 ; 64 years ago ( January 23 , 1953 ) First season : 1953 Play in Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana Headquartered in the Indianapolis Colts Football Training Center Indianapolis , Indiana Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1953 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Coastal Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC East ( 1970 -- 2001 ) AFC South ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Royal Blue , White Mascot Blue Personnel Owner ( s ) Jim Irsay CEO Jim Irsay General manager Chris Ballard Head coach Vacant Team history Baltimore Colts ( 1953 -- 1983 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 1984 -- present ) Championships League championships ( 4 † ) NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1958 , 1959 , 1968 Super Bowl championships ( 2 ) 1970 ( V ) , 2006 ( XLI ) Conference championships ( 7 ) NFL Western : 1958 , 1959 , 1964 , 1968 AFC : 1970 , 2006 , 2009 Division championships ( 16 ) NFL Coastal : 1968 AFC East : 1970 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1987 , 1999 AFC South : 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 † -- Does not include the AFL or NFL Championships won during the same seasons as the AFL -- NFL Super Bowl Championships prior to the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger Playoff appearances ( 27 ) NFL : 1958 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1968 , 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1987 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 Home fields Memorial Stadium ( 1953 -- 1983 ) RCA Dome ( 1984 -- 2007 ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( 2008 -- present )

2009

Indianapolis Colts

indianapolis colts

National Football League ( 1953 -- present )

Western Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Coastal Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC East ( 1970 -- 2001 ) AFC South ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Royal Blue , White Mascot Blue Personnel Owner ( s ) Jim Irsay CEO Jim Irsay General manager Chris Ballard Head coach Vacant Team history Baltimore Colts ( 1953 -- 1983 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 1984 -- present ) Championships League championships ( 4 † ) NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1958 , 1959 , 1968 Super Bowl championships ( 2 ) 1970 ( V ) , 2006 ( XLI ) Conference championships ( 7 ) NFL Western : 1958 , 1959 , 1964 , 1968 AFC : 1970 , 2006 , 2009 Division championships ( 16 ) NFL Coastal : 1968 AFC East : 1970 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1987 , 1999 AFC South : 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 † -- Does not include the AFL or NFL Championships won during the same seasons as the AFL -- NFL Super Bowl Championships prior to the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger Playoff appearances ( 27 ) NFL : 1958 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1968 , 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1987 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 Home fields Memorial Stadium ( 1953 -- 1983 ) RCA Dome ( 1984 -- 2007 ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( 2008 -- present ) The Indianapolis Colts are an American football team based in Indianapolis , Indiana . The Colts compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) South division . Since the 2008 season , the Colts have played their games in Lucas Oil Stadium . Previously , the team had played for over two decades ( 1984 -- 2007 ) at the RCA Dome . Since 1986 , the Colts have been the host team for the NFL Scouting Combine . The Colts have been a member club of the NFL since their founding in 1953 in Baltimore . The Colts were one of three NFL teams to join the teams of the American Football League ( AFL ) to form the AFC following the 1970 merger . While in Baltimore , the team advanced to the playoffs 10 times and won three NFL Championship games : in 1958 , 1959 , and 1968 . The Colts played in two Super Bowl games while it was based in Baltimore , losing to the New York Jets in Super Bowl III , and defeating the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl V . The Colts relocated to Indianapolis in 1984 and have since appeared in the playoffs 16 times , won two conference championships , and won one Super Bowl , defeating the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1953 -- 1983 : the Baltimore era 1.2 Relocation to Indianapolis 1.3 1984 -- 1997 1.4 1998 -- 2011 : the Peyton Manning era 1.5 2012 -- present : the Andrew Luck era 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Lucas Oil Stadium 4 Rivalries 4.1 New England Patriots 4.2 Earliest rivalries 4.3 New York Giants 4.4 New York Jets 4.5 Miami Dolphins 5 Players 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Retired numbers 5.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 6 Ring of Honor 6.1 First - round draft picks 7 Coaches 7.1 Head coaches 7.2 Current staff 8 Statistics and records 8.1 Season - by - season record 8.2 Records 9 Radio and television coverage 9.1 Radio station affiliates 10 U.S. national anthem protest 11 References 12 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Indianapolis Colts See also : History of the Baltimore Colts 1953 -- 1983 : the Baltimore era Memorial Stadium , home to the Baltimore Colts until 1983 . Following World War II , a competing professional football league was organized known as the All America Football Conference which began play in the 1946 season . In its second year the franchise assigned to the Miami Seahawks was relocated to Maryland 's major commercial and manufacturing city of Baltimore , which after a fan contest was renamed the Baltimore Colts and used the team colors of silver and green . These Colts played for the next three seasons in the old AAFC . until it agreed to merge with the old National Football League ( of 1920 -- 1922 to 1950 ) , bringing into the merger of the new reorganized NFL of three former AAFC powerhouse teams : the San Francisco 49ers , Cleveland Browns and the Baltimore Colts ( known by the designation of `` AAFC '' or `` 1947 -- 50 '' ) . This new Colts team , now in the `` big league '' of professional American football for the first time , although with shaky financing and ownership however , played only one season of 1950 in the new reorganized `` third '' NFL , and was later disbanded and moved . Two years later , in 1953 , a new Baltimore - based group , heavily supported by the City 's municipal government and with a large subscription - base of fan - purchased season tickets , led by local owner Carroll Rosenbloom won the rights to a new Baltimore NFL franchise . Rosenbloom was awarded the remains of the former Dallas Texans team , who themselves had a long and winding history starting as the Boston Yanks in 1944 , merging later with the Brooklyn Tigers , and who were previously known as the Dayton Triangles , one of the original old NFL teams established even before the League itself , in 1913 . With the organization in 1920 of the original `` American Professional Football Conference '' ( APFC ) , ( soon renamed the `` American Professional Football Association '' , ( APF . ) ) , then two years later in 1922 , renamed a second time , now permanently as the `` National Football League '' . That team later became the New York Yanks in 1950 , and many of the players from the New York Yankees of the former competing All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 49 ) , were added to the team to begin playing in the newly merged League for the 1950 season . The Yanks then moved to Dallas in Texas after the 1951 season having competed for two seasons , but played their final two `` home '' games of the 1952 season as a so - called `` road team '' at the Rubber Bowl football stadium in Akron , Ohio . The NFL considers the Texans and Colts to be separate teams , although many of the earlier teams shared the same colors of blue and white . Thus , the Indianapolis Colts are legally considered to be a 1953 expansion team . Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee Johnny Unitas ( 1933 -- 2002 ) , was the Baltimore Colts ' starting quarterback and famed `` Number 19 '' , from 1956 to 1972 . Unitas was raised in the Pittsburgh area and played earlier for the University of Louisville in Louisville , Kentucky The third ( and current ) version of the Colts football team played their first season in Baltimore in 1953 , where the team compiled a 3 -- 9 record under first year head coach Keith Molesworth . The franchise struggled during the first few years in Baltimore , with the team not achieving their first winning record until the 1957 season . However , under head coach Weeb Ewbank and the leadership of quarterback Johnny Unitas , the Colts went on to a 9 -- 3 record during the 1958 season and reached the NFL Championship Game for the first time in their history by winning the NFL Western Conference . The Colts faced the New York Giants in the 1958 NFL Championship Game in what is considered to be among the greatest contests in professional football history . The Colts defeated the Giants 23 -- 17 in the first game ever to utilize the overtime rule , a game seen by 45 million people . Following the Colts first NFL championship , the team once again posted a 9 -- 3 record during the 1959 season and once again defeated the Giants in the NFL Championship Game to claim their second title in back to back fashion . Following the two championships in 1958 and 1959 , the Colts did not return to the NFL Championship for four seasons and saw a transition from head coach Ewbank to a young Don Shula in 1963 . In Shula 's second season the Colts compiled a 12 -- 2 record , but lost to the Cleveland Browns in the NFL Championship . However , in 1968 the Colts returned with the continued leadership of Unitas and Shula and went on to win the Colts ' third NFL Championship and made an appearance in Super Bowl III . The Colts against Dallas in their first Super Bowl championship ( V ) . Leading up to the Super Bowl and following the 34 -- 0 trouncing of the Cleveland Browns in the NFL Championship , many were calling the 1968 Colts team one of the `` greatest pro football teams of all time '' and were favored by 18 points against their counterparts from the American Football League , the New York Jets . The Colts , however , were stunned by the Jets , who won the game 16 -- 7 in the first Super Bowl victory for the young AFL . The result of the game surprised many in the sports media as Joe Namath and Matt Snell led the Jets to the Super Bowl victory under head coach Weeb Ewbank , who had previously won two NFL Championships with the Colts . Rosenbloom of the Colts , Art Modell of the Browns , and Art Rooney of the Pittsburgh Steelers agreed to have their teams join the ten AFL teams in the American Football Conference as part of the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 . The Colts immediately went on a rampage in the new league , as new head coach Don McCafferty led the 1970 team to an 11 -- 2 -- 1 regular season record , winning the AFC East title . In the first round of the NFL Playoffs , the Colts beat the Cincinnati Bengals 17 -- 0 ; one week later in the first ever AFC Championship Game , they beat the Oakland Raiders 27 -- 17 . Baltimore went on to win the first post-merger Super Bowl ( Super Bowl V ) , defeating the National Football Conference 's Dallas Cowboys 16 -- 13 on a Jim O'Brien field goal with five seconds left to play . The victory gave the Colts their fourth NFL championship and first Super Bowl victory . Following the championship , the Colts returned to the playoffs in 1971 and defeated the Cleveland Browns in the first round , but lost to the Miami Dolphins in the AFC Championship . Citing friction with the City of Baltimore and the local press , Rosenbloom traded the Colts franchise to Robert Irsay on July 13 , 1972 and received the Los Angeles Rams in return . Under the new ownership , the Colts did not reach the postseason for three consecutive seasons after 1971 , and after the 1972 season , starting quarterback and legend Johnny Unitas was traded to the San Diego Chargers . Following Unitas ' departure , the Colts made the playoffs three consecutive seasons from 1975 to 1977 , losing in the divisional round each time . The Colts 1977 playoff loss in double overtime against the Oakland Raiders was famous for the fact that it was the last playoff game for the Colts in Baltimore and is also known for the Ghost to the Post play . These consecutive championship teams featured 1976 NFL Most Valuable Player Bert Jones at quarterback and an outstanding defensive line , nicknamed the `` Sack Pack . '' Following the 1970s success , the team endured nine consecutive losing seasons beginning in 1978 . In 1981 , the Colts defense allowed an NFL - record 533 points , set an all - time record for fewest sacks ( 13 ) , and also set a modern record for fewest punt returns ( 12 ) . The following year , the offense collapsed , including a game against the Buffalo Bills where the Colts ' offense did not cross mid-field the entire game . The Colts finished 0 -- 8 -- 1 in the strike - shortened 1982 season , thereby earning the right to select Stanford quarterback John Elway with the first overall pick . Elway , however , refused to play for Baltimore , and using leverage as a draftee of the New York Yankees baseball club , forced a trade to Denver . Behind an improved defense the team finished 7 -- 9 in 1983 , but that would be their last season in Baltimore . Relocation to Indianapolis Main article : Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis The Indianapolis Colts played in the RCA Dome from 1984 until 2007 . The Baltimore Colts played their final home game in Baltimore on December 18 , 1983 , against the then Houston Oilers . Irsay continued to request upgrades to Memorial Stadium or construction of a new stadium . As a result of the poor performance on the field and the stadium issues , fan attendance and team revenue continued to dwindle . City officials were precluded from using tax - payer funds for the building of a new stadium , and the modest proposals that were offered by the city were not acceptable to either the Colts or the city 's MLB franchise the Orioles . However , all sides continued to negotiate . Relations between Irsay and the city of Baltimore deteriorated . Although Irsay assured fans that his ultimate desire was to stay in Baltimore , he nevertheless began discussions with several other cities willing to build new football stadiums , eventually narrowing the list of cities to two : Phoenix and Indianapolis . Under the administration of mayors Richard Lugar and then William Hudnut , Indianapolis had undertaken an ambitious effort to reinvent itself into a ' Great American City ' . The Hoosier Dome , which was later renamed the RCA Dome , had been built specifically for , and was ready to host , an NFL expansion team . Meanwhile , in Baltimore , the situation worsened . The Maryland General Assembly intervened when a bill was introduced to give the city of Baltimore the right to seize ownership of the team by eminent domain . As a result , Irsay began serious negotiations with Indianapolis Mayor William Hudnut in order to move the team before the Maryland legislature could pass the law . Indianapolis offered loans as well as the Hoosier Dome and a training complex . After the deal was reached , moving vans from Indianapolis - based Mayflower Transit were dispatched overnight to the team 's Maryland training complex , arriving on the morning of March 29 , 1984 . Once in Maryland , workers loaded all of the team 's belongings , and by midday the trucks departed for Indianapolis , leaving nothing of the Colts organization that could be seized by Baltimore . The Baltimore Colts ' Marching Band had to scramble to retrieve their equipment and uniforms before they were shipped to Indianapolis as well . The move triggered a flurry of legal activity that ended when representatives of the city of Baltimore and the Colts organization reached a settlement in March 1986 . Under the agreement , all lawsuits regarding the relocation were dismissed , and the Colts agreed to endorse a new NFL team for Baltimore . 1984 -- 1997 Eric Dickerson led the team in rushing and earned three Pro Bowl invitations during his tenure with the Colts ( 87 ' - 91 ' ) . Upon the Colts ' arrival in Indianapolis over 143,000 requests for season tickets were received in just two weeks . The move to Indianapolis , however , did not change the recent fortune of the Colts , with the team appearing in the postseason only once in the first eleven seasons in Indianapolis . During the 1984 season , the first in Indianapolis , the team went 4 -- 12 and accounted for the lowest offensive yardage in the league that season . The 1985 and 1986 teams combined for only eight wins , including an 0 -- 13 start in 1986 which prompted the firing of head coach Rod Dowhower , who was replaced by Ron Meyer . The Colts , however , did receive eventual Hall of Fame running back Eric Dickerson as a result of a trade during the 1987 season , and went on to compile a 9 -- 6 record , thereby winning the AFC East and advancing to the postseason for the first time in Indianapolis ; they lost that game to the Cleveland Browns . Following 1987 , the Colts did not see any real success for quite some time , with the team missing the postseason for seven consecutive seasons . The struggles came to a climax in 1991 when the team went 1 -- 15 and was just one point away from the first `` imperfect '' season in the history of a 16 - game schedule . The season resulted in the firing of head coach Ron Meyer and the return of former head coach Ted Marchibroda to the organization in 1992 ; he had coached the team from 1975 to 1979 . The team continued to struggle under Marchibroda and Jim Irsay , son of Robert Irsay and general manager at the time . It was in 1994 that Robert Irsay brought in Bill Tobin to become the general manager of the Indianapolis Colts . Under Tobin , the Colts drafted running back Marshall Faulk with the second overall pick in the 1994 and acquired quarterback Jim Harbaugh as well . These moves along with others saw the Colts begin to turn their fortunes around with playoff appearances in 1995 and 1996 . The Colts won their first postseason game as the Indianapolis Colts in 1995 and advanced to the AFC Championship Game against the Pittsburgh Steelers , coming just a Hail Mary pass reception away from a trip to Super Bowl XXX . Marchibroda retired following the 1995 season and was replaced by Lindy Infante in 1996 . After two consecutive playoff appearances , the Colts regressed and went 3 -- 13 during the 1997 season . Along with the disappointing season , the principal owner and man who moved the team to Indianapolis , Robert Irsay , died in January 1997 after years of declining health . Jim Irsay , Robert Irsay 's son , entered the role of principal owner following his father 's death and quickly began to change the organization . Irsay replaced general manager Tobin with Bill Polian in 1997 as the team decided to build through their number one overall pick in the 1998 draft . 1998 -- 2011 : the Peyton Manning era Peyton Manning was the starting quarterback for the Colts from 1998 until 2010 . Jim Irsay began to shape the Colts one year after assuming control from his father by firing head coach Lindy Infante and hiring Bill Polian as the general manager of the organization . Polian in turn hired Jim Mora to become the next head coach of the team and drafted Tennessee Volunteer quarterback Peyton Manning , the son of New Orleans Saints legend Archie Manning , with the first overall pick in the 1998 NFL Draft . The team and Manning struggled during the 1998 season , winning only three games ; Manning threw a league high 28 interceptions . However , Manning did pass for 3,739 yards and threw 26 touchdown passes and was named to the NFL All - Rookie First Team . The Colts began to improve towards the end of the 1998 season and showed continued growth in 1999 . Indianapolis drafted Edgerrin James in 1999 and continued to improve their roster heading into the upcoming season . The Colts went 13 -- 3 in 1999 and finished first in the AFC East , their first division title since 1987 . Indianapolis lost to the eventual AFC champion Tennessee Titans in the divisional playoffs . The 2000 and 2001 Colts teams were considerably less successful compared to the 1999 team , and pressure began to mount on team administration and the coaching staff following a 6 -- 10 season in 2001 . Head coach Jim Mora was fired at the end of the season and was replaced by former Tampa Bay Buccaneers head coach Tony Dungy . Dungy and the team quickly changed the atmosphere of the organization and returned to the playoffs in 2002 with a 10 -- 6 record . The Colts also returned to the playoffs in 2003 and 2004 with 12 -- 4 records and AFC South championships . The Colts lost to the New England Patriots and Tom Brady in the 2003 AFC Championship Game and in the 2004 divisional playoffs , thereby beginning a rivalry between the two teams , and between Manning and Brady . Following two consecutive playoff losses to the Patriots , the Colts began the 2005 season with a 13 -- 0 record , including a regular season victory over the Patriots , the first in the Manning era . During the season Manning and Marvin Harrison broke the NFL record for touchdowns by a quarterback and receiver tandem . Indianapolis finished the 2005 season with a 14 -- 2 record , the best record in the league that year and the best in a 16 games season for the franchise , but lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round , a disappointing end to the season . Indianapolis entered the 2006 season with a veteran quarterback , receivers , and defenders , and chose running back Joseph Addai in the 2006 draft . As in the previous season , the Colts began the season undefeated and went 9 -- 0 before losing their first game against the Dallas Cowboys . Indianapolis finished the season with a 12 -- 4 record and entered the playoffs for the fifth consecutive year , this time as the number three seed in the AFC . The Colts won their first two playoff games against the Kansas City Chiefs and the Baltimore Ravens to return to the AFC Championship Game for the first time since the 2003 playoffs , where they faced their rivals , the New England Patriots . In a classic game , the Colts overcame a 21 -- 3 first half deficit to win the game 38 -- 34 and earned a trip to Super Bowl XLI , the franchise 's first Super Bowl appearance since 1970 and for the first as Indianapolis . The Colts faced the Chicago Bears in the Super Bowl , winning the game 29 -- 17 and giving Manning , Polian , Irsay , and Dungy , as well as the city of Indianapolis , their first Super Bowl title . The 2006 Indianapolis Colts honored at the White House for their Super Bowl victory . Following their Super Bowl championship , the Colts compiled a 13 -- 3 record during the 2007 season ; they lost to the San Diego Chargers in the divisional playoffs , in what was the final game the Colts played at the RCA Dome before moving into Lucas Oil Stadium in 2008 . The 2008 season began with Manning being sidelined for most of the pre-season due to surgery . Indianapolis began the season with a 3 -- 4 record , but then won nine consecutive games to end the season at 12 -- 4 and make in into the playoffs as a wild card team , eventually losing to the Chargers in the wild card round . Following the season , Tony Dungy announced his retirement after seven seasons as head coach , having compiled an overall record of 92 -- 33 with the team . Jim Caldwell was hired as head coach of the team following Dungy , and led the team during the 2009 season . The Colts went 14 -- 0 during the season to finish with an overall record of 14 -- 2 after controversially benching their starters during the last two games . The Colts for the second time in the Manning era entered the playoffs with the best record in the AFC . The Colts managed victories over the Baltimore Ravens and New York Jets to advance to Super Bowl XLIV against the New Orleans Saints , but lost to the Saints 31 -- 17 to end the season in disappointment . At the completion of the 2009 season , the Colts had finished the first decade of the 2000s ( 2000 -- 2009 ) with the most regular season wins ( 115 ) and highest winning percentage (. 719 ) of any team in the NFL during that span . The 2010 team compiled a 10 -- 6 record , the first time the Colts did not win 12 games since 2002 , and lost to the New York Jets in the wild card round of the playoffs . The loss to the Jets was the last game for Peyton Manning as a Colt . After missing the preseason , Manning was ruled out for the Colts ' opening game in Houston and eventually the entire 2011 season . Taking over as starter was veteran quarterback Kerry Collins , who had been signed to the team after dissatisfaction with backup quarterback Curtis Painter and Dan Orlovsky . However , even with a veteran quarterback , the Colts lost their first 13 games and finished the season with a 2 -- 14 record , enough to receive the first overall pick in the 2012 draft . Immediately following the season , team president Bill Polian was fired , ending his 14 - year tenure with the team . The change built the anticipation of the organization 's decision regarding Manning 's future with the team . The Peyton Manning era came to an end on March 8 , 2012 when Jim Irsay announced that Manning was being released from the roster after 13 seasons . 2012 -- present : the Andrew Luck era Luck during his first playoff game against the Baltimore Ravens During the 2012 off - season owner Jim Irsay hired Ryan Grigson to be the General Manager . Grigson decided to let Head Coach Jim Caldwell go and Chuck Pagano was hired as the new Head Coach shortly thereafter . The Colts also began to release some higher paid and oft - injured veteran players , including Joseph Addai , Dallas Clark , and Gary Brackett . The Colts used their number one overall draft pick in 2012 to draft Stanford Cardinal quarterback Andrew Luck and also drafted his teammate Coby Fleener in the second round . The team also switched to a 3 -- 4 defensive scheme . With productive seasons from both Luck and veteran receiver Reggie Wayne , the Colts rebounded from the 2 -- 14 season of 2011 with a 2012 season record of 11 -- 5 . The franchise , team , and fan base rallied behind Head Coach Chuck Pagano during his fight with leukemia . Clinching an unexpected playoff spot in the 2012 -- 13 NFL playoffs , the 14th playoff berth for the club since 1995 . The season ended in a 24 -- 9 playoff loss to the eventual Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens . Two weeks into the 2013 season , the Colts traded their first round selection in the 2014 NFL Draft to the Cleveland Browns for running back Trent Richardson . In week 7 , Luck led the Colts to a 39 -- 33 win over his predecessor , Peyton Manning , and the undefeated Broncos . Luck went on to lead the Colts to a 15th division championship later that season . In the first round of the 2013 NFL playoffs , Andrew Luck led the Colts to a 45 -- 44 victory over Kansas City , outscoring the Chiefs 35 -- 13 in the second half in the 2nd biggest comeback in NFL playoff history . During the 2014 season , Luck led the Colts to the AFC Championship game for the first time in his career after breaking the Colts ' single season passing yardage record previously held by Manning . After finishing 8 - 8 in both the 2015 and 2016 seasons and missing the playoffs in back - to - back seasons for the first time since 1997 - 98 , Grigson was fired as general manager . Just three of his previous 18 draft picks remained on the team at the time of his firing . On January 30 , 2017 the team hired Chris Ballard , who served as the Kansas City Chiefs Director of Football Operations , to replace Grigson . Logos and uniforms The Colts ' helmets in 1953 were white with a blue stripe . In 1954 -- 55 they were blue with a white stripe and a pair of horseshoes at the rear of the helmet . For 1956 , the colors were reversed . white helmet , blue stripe and horseshoes at the rear . In 1957 the horseshoes moved to their current location , one on each side of the helmet . The blue jerseys have white shoulder stripes and the white jerseys have blue stripes . The team also wears white pants with blue stripes down the sides . From 1982 through 1986 , the Colts wore gray pants with their blue jerseys . The gray pants featured a horseshoe on the top of the sides with the player 's number inside the horseshoe . The Colts continued to wear white pants with their white jerseys throughout this period , and in 1987 , the gray pants were retired . The Colts wore blue pants with their white jerseys for the first three games of the 1995 season , but then returned to white pants with both the blue and white jerseys . The team made some minor uniform adjustments before the start of the 2004 season , including reverting from blue to the traditional gray face masks , darkening their blue colors from a royal blue to speed blue , as well as adding two white stripes to the socks . In 2006 , the stripes were removed from the socks . In 2002 , the Colts made a minor striping pattern change on their jerseys , having the stripes only on top of the shoulders then stop completely . Previously , the stripes used to go around to underneath the jersey sleeves . This was done because the Colts , like many other football teams , were beginning to manufacture the jerseys to be tighter to reduce holding calls and reduce the size of the sleeves . Although the white jerseys of the Minnesota Vikings at the time also had a similar striping pattern and continued as such ( as well as the throwbacks the New England Patriots wore in the Thanksgiving game against the Detroit Lions in 2002 , though the Patriots later wore the same throwbacks in 2009 with truncated stripes and in 2010 became their official alternate uniform ) , the Colts and most college teams with this striping pattern did not make this adjustment . Lucas Oil stadium Main article : Lucas Oil Stadium Lucas Oil Stadium , home of the Indianapolis Colts . After 24 years of playing at the RCA Dome , the Colts moved to their new home Lucas Oil Stadium in the fall of 2008 . In December 2004 , the City of Indianapolis and Jim Irsay agreed to a new stadium deal at an estimated cost of $1 billion ( including the Indiana Convention Center upgrades ) . In a deal estimated at $122 million , Lucas Oil Products won the naming rights to the stadium for 20 years . Lucas Oil Stadium is a seven - level stadium which seats 63,000 for football . It can be reconfigured to seat 70,000 or more for NCAA basketball and football and concerts . It covers 1,800,000 square feet ( 170,000 m ) . The stadium features a retractable roof allowing the Colts to play home games outdoors for the first time since arriving in Indianapolis . Using FieldTurf , the playing surface is roughly 25 ft ( 7.6 m ) below ground level . In addition to being larger than the RCA Dome , the new stadium features : 58 permanent concession stands , 90 portable concession stands , 13 escalators , 11 passenger elevators , 800 restrooms , high definition video displays from Daktronics and replay monitors and 142 luxury suites . The stadium also features a retractable roof , with electrification technology developed by VAHLE , Inc . Other than being the home of the Colts , the stadium will host games in both the Men 's and Women 's NCAA Basketball Tournaments and will serve as the back up host for all NCAA Final Four Tournaments . The stadium hosted the Super Bowl for the 2011 season ( Super Bowl XLVI ) and has a potential economic impact estimated at $286 million . Lucas Oil Stadium will also host the Drum Corps International World Championships from 2009 until 2018 . Rivalries New England Patriots Main article : Colts -- Patriots rivalry The rivalry between the Indianapolis Colts and New England Patriots is one of the NFL 's newest rivalries . The rivalry is fueled by the quarterback comparison between Peyton Manning and Tom Brady . The Patriots owned the beginning of the series , defeating the Colts in six consecutive contests including the 2003 AFC Championship game and a 2004 AFC Divisional game . The Colts won the next three matches , notching two regular season victories and a win in the 2006 AFC Championship game on the way to their win in Super Bowl XLI . On November 4 , 2007 the Patriots defeated the Colts 24 -- 20 ; in the next matchup on November 2 , 2008 , the Colts won 18 -- 15 in a game that was one of the reasons the Patriots failed to make the playoffs ; in the 2009 meeting , the Colts staged a spirited comeback to beat the Patriots 35 -- 34 ; in 2010 the Colts almost staged another comeback , pulling within 31 -- 28 after trailing 31 -- 14 in the fourth quarter , but fell short due to a Patriots interception of a Manning pass late in the game ; it turned out to be Manning 's final meeting against the Patriots as a member of the Colts . After a dismal 2011 season that included a 31 -- 24 loss to the Patriots , the Colts drafted Andrew Luck and in November of 2012 the two teams met with identical 6 -- 3 records ; the Patriots erased a 14 -- 7 gap to win 59 -- 24 . The nature of this rivalry is ironic because the Colts and Patriots were division rivals from 1970 to 2001 , but it did not become prominent in league circles until after Indianapolis was relocated to the AFC South . On November 16 , 2014 , the New England Patriots traveled at 7 -- 2 to play the 6 -- 3 Colts at Lucas Oil Stadium . After a stellar four touchdown performance by New England running back Jonas Gray , the Patriots defeated the Colts 42 -- 20 . The Patriots followed up with a 45 -- 7 defeat of the Colts in the 2014 AFC Championship Game . Earliest rivalries In the years 1953 -- 66 , the Colts played in the NFL Western Conference ( also known as division ) , but did not have significant rivalries with other franchises in that alignment , as they were the eastern-most team and the rest of the division included the Great Lakes franchises Green Bay , Detroit Lions , Chicago Bears , and after 1961 , the Minnesota Vikings , along with the league 's two West Coast teams in San Francisco and Los Angeles . The closest team to Baltimore was the Washington Redskins , but they were not in the same division and not very competitive during most years at that time . New York Giants In 1958 , Baltimore played its first NFL Championship Game against the 10 -- 3 New York Giants . The Giants qualified for the championship after a tie - breaking playoff against the Cleveland Browns . Having already been defeated by the Giants in the regular season , Baltimore was not favored to win , yet proceeded to take the title in sudden death overtime . The Colts then repeated the feat by posting an identical record and routing the Giants in the 1959 final . Up until the Colts ' back - to - back titles , the Giants had been the premier club in the NFL , and continued to be post-season stalwarts the next decade , losing three straight finals . The situation was reversed by the end of the decade , with Baltimore winning the 1968 NFL title and New York compiling less impressive results . In recent years , the Colts and Giants featured brothers as their starting quarterbacks ( Peyton and Eli Manning respectively ) , leading to their occasional match - up being referred to as the `` Manning Bowl '' . New York Jets Super Bowl III became the most famous upset in professional sports history as the American Football League 's New York Jets won 16 -- 7 over the overwhelmingly favored Colts . With the merger of the AFL and NFL the Colts and Jets were placed in the new AFC East . The two teams met twice a year ( interrupted in 1982 by a player strike ) 1970 -- 2001 ; with the move of the Colts to the AFC South the two teams ' rivalry actually escalated , as they met three times in the playoffs in the South 's first nine seasons of existence ; the Jets crushed the Colts 41 -- 0 in the 2002 Wild Card playoff round ; the Colts then defeated the Jets 30 -- 17 in the 2009 AFC Championship Game ; but the next year in the Wild Card round the Jets pulled off another playoff upset of the Colts , winning 17 -- 16 ; it was Peyton Manning 's final game with the Colts . The Jets defeated the Colts 35 -- 9 in 2012 in Andrew Luck 's debut season ; after two straight losses Luck led a 45 -- 10 rout of the Jets in 2016 . Joe Namath and Johnny Unitas were the focal point of the rivalry at its beginning , but they did not meet for a full game until September 24 , 1972 . Namath erupted with six touchdowns and 496 passing yards despite only 28 throws and 15 completions . Unitas threw for 376 yards and two scores but was sacked six times as the Jets won 44 -- 34 ; the game was considered one of the top ten passing duels in NFL history . Miami Dolphins Baltimore 's post NFL - AFL merger passage to the AFC saw them thrust into a new environment with little in common with its fellow divisional teams : the Jets , Miami Dolphins , Buffalo Bills , and Boston Patriots . One angle where the two clubs did have something in common , however , lay in new Miami coach Don Shula . Shula had coached the Colts the previous seven pre-merger seasons ( 1963 -- 9 ) and was signed by Joe Robbie after the merger was consummated ; because the signing came after the merger the NFL 's rules on tampering came into play , and the Dolphins had to give up their first - round pick to the Colts . Powered by QB Earl Morrall Baltimore was the first non-AFL franchise to win a division title in the conference , outlasting the Miami Dolphins by one game , and leading the division since Week 3 of 1970 . The two franchises were denied a playoff confrontation by Miami 's first - round defeat to the Oakland Raiders , whereas Baltimore won its first Super Bowl title that year . Yet in 1971 , the teams were engaged in a heated race that went down to the final week of the season , where Miami won its first division title with a 10 -- 3 -- 1 title compared to the 10 -- 4 Baltimore record after the Colts won the Week 13 matchup between them at home , but proceeded to lose the last game of the season to Boston . In the playoffs Baltimore advanced to the AFC title game after a 20 -- 3 rout of the Cleveland Browns , whereas Miami survived a double - overtime nailbiter against the Kansas City Chiefs . This set up a title game that was favored for the defending league champion Colts . Yet Miami won the AFC championship with a 21 -- 0 shutout and advanced to lose Super Bowl VI to Dallas . In 1975 Baltimore and Miami tied with 10 -- 4 records , yet the Colts advanced to the playoffs based on a head - to - head sweep of their series . In 1977 Baltimore tied for first for the third straight year ( in 1976 they tied with the now - New England Patriots ) with Miami , and this time advanced to the playoffs on even slimmer pretenses , with a conference record of 9 -- 3 compared to Miami 's 8 -- 4 , as they had split the season series . The rivalry in the following years was virtually negated by very poor play of the Colts ; the Colts won just 117 games in the twenty - one seasons ( 1978 -- 98 ) that bracketed their 1977 playoff loss to the Oakland Raiders and the 1999 trade of star running back Marshall Faulk ; this included a 0 -- 8 -- 1 record during the NFL 's strike shortened 1982 season . In 1995 , now as Indianapolis , the two both posted borderline 9 -- 7 records to tie for second against Buffalo , yet the Colts once again reached the post-season having swept the season series . The following season they edged out Miami by posting a 9 -- 7 record and winning the ordinarily meaningless 3rd - place position , but qualifying for the wild card . The two clubs ' 1999 meetings were dramatic affairs between Hall Of Fame - bound Dan Marino and up - and - coming star Peyton Manning . Marino led a 25 - point fourth quarter comeback for a 34 -- 31 Dolphins win at the RCA Dome , and then in Miami Marino led another comeback to tie the game 34 -- 34 with 36 seconds remaining ; Manning , however , drove the Colts in range for a 53 - yard field goal as time expired ( 37 -- 34 Colts win ) . The last truly meaningful matchup between the two franchises was in the 2000 season , when Miami edged out Indianapolis with an 11 -- 5 record for the division championship . The two then met in the wild - card round where the Dolphins won 23 -- 17 before being blown out by Oakland 27 -- 0 ( the Colts themselves had suffered a bitter loss to the Raiders in Week 2 of the season when the Raiders erased a 24 -- 7 gap to win 38 -- 31 ) . In 2002 the Colts moved to the newly created AFC South division ; the two clubs met at the RCA Dome on September 15 where the Dolphins edged the Colts 21 -- 13 after stopping a late Colts drive . The rivalry was effectively retired after this ; the two clubs did meet in a memorable Monday Night Football matchup in 2009 where the Colts , despite having the ball for only 15 minutes , defeated the Dolphins 27 -- 23 . The rivalry saw a rekindling after the 2012 NFL Draft brought new quarterbacks to both teams in Ryan Tannehill and Luck . The two met during the 2012 season with Luck breaking the rookie record for passing yards in a game in a 23 -- 20 win over the Dolphins , but Tannehill and the Dolphins beat the Colts 24 -- 20 the next season . The Dolphins win began a slump for Luck and the Colts against AFC East teams ( eight straight losses by the Colts ) that ended in December 2016 against the Jets , when they defeated them by a score of 41 - 10 . Players Current roster Indianapolis Colts roster view talk Quarterbacks 7 Jacoby Brissett 9 Brad Kaaya 12 Andrew Luck 16 Scott Tolzien Running backs 39 Josh Ferguson 23 Frank Gore 34 Matt Jones 25 Marlon Mack 38 Christine Michael 33 Robert Turbin 37 George Winn Wide receivers 17 Kamar Aiken 15 K.J. Brent 13 T.Y. Hilton 81 Krishawn Hogan 10 Donte Moncrief 80 Chester Rogers Tight ends 47 Darrell Daniels 84 Jack Doyle 86 Erik Swoope 48 Ross Travis 45 Jason Vander Laan 85 Brandon Williams Offensive linemen 69 Deyshawn Bond C 65 Tyreek Burwell T 74 Anthony Castonzo T 62 Le'Raven Clark T 61 Anthony Fabiano C 64 Mark Glowinski G 71 Denzelle Good T 73 Joe Haeg G 78 Ryan Kelly C 75 Jack Mewhort G 72 Mike Person C 67 Jeremy Vujnovich G Defensive linemen 96 Henry Anderson DE 95 Johnathan Hankins DE 92 Margus Hunt DE 97 Anthony Johnson DE 94 Joey Mbu NT 68 Caraun Reid DE 91 Hassan Ridgeway DE 90 Grover Stewart NT 99 Al Woods NT Linebackers 58 Tarell Basham OLB 57 Jon Bostic ILB 59 Jeremiah George ILB 53 Edwin Jackson ILB 52 Barkevious Mingo OLB 44 Antonio Morrison ILB 56 Jermaine Grace ILB 93 Jabaal Sheard OLB 51 John Simon OLB 50 Anthony Walker Jr . ILB Defensive backs 20 Darius Butler FS 35 Pierre Desir CB 41 Matthias Farley SS 26 Clayton Geathers FS 32 T.J. Green SS 27 Nate Hairston CB 29 Malik Hooker FS 40 Ronald Martin SS 30 Rashaan Melvin CB 28 Christopher Milton CB 42 Kenny Moore CB 37 D.J. White CB 31 Quincy Wilson CB Special teams 46 Luke Rhodes LS 2 Rigoberto Sanchez P 4 Adam Vinatieri K Reserve lists 43 Mo Alie - Cox TE ( Future ) 83 Dres Anderson WR ( Future ) 56 Johnathan Calvin OLB ( Future ) 14 Kolby Listenbee WR ( Future ) 55 Arthur Miley OLB ( Future ) 49 Joshua Perry OLB ( Future ) 8 Phillip Walker QB ( Future ) 63 Isaiah Williams G ( Future ) Rookies in italics Roster updated January 1 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 70 Active , 8 Inactive , 2 Unsigned → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers Indianapolis Colts retired numbers No . Player Position Years played 18 Peyton Manning QB 1998 -- 2011 19 Johnny Unitas QB 1956 -- 1972 22 Buddy Young RB 1953 -- 1955 24 Lenny Moore HB 1956 -- 1967 70 Art Donovan DT 1953 -- 1961 77 Jim Parker OL 1957 -- 1967 82 Raymond Berry WR 1955 -- 1967 89 Gino Marchetti DE 1953 -- 1966 Pro Football Hall of Famers Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts Hall of Famers Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 82 Raymond Berry WR 1955 -- 1967 1973 96 Richard Dent DE 2011 29 Eric Dickerson RB 1987 -- 1991 1999 70 Art Donovan DT 1953 -- 1961 1968 28 Marshall Faulk RB 1994 -- 98 2011 88 Marvin Harrison WR 1996 -- 2008 2016 83 Ted Hendricks LB 1969 -- 1973 1990 88 John Mackey TE 1963 -- 1971 1992 89 Gino Marchetti DE 1953 -- 1964 1966 1972 24 Lenny Moore HB 1956 -- 1967 77 Jim Parker OL 1957 -- 1967 1973 34 Joe Perry FB 1961 -- 1962 1969 19 Johnny Unitas QB 1956 -- 1972 1979 Coaches and executives Name Positions Tenure Inducted Notes Weeb Ewbank Coach 1954 -- 1962 1978 Mike McCormack Coach 1980 -- 1981 1984 Inducted for playing Offensive tackle Don Shula Coach 1963 -- 1969 1997 Shula was also a defensive back for Baltimore ( 1953 -- 1956 ) Bill Polian President / GM 1998 -- 2011 2015 Tony Dungy Coach 2002 -- 2008 2016 Ring of Honor Main article : Indianapolis Colts Ring of Honor The Ring of Honor was established on September 23 , 1996 . There have been 13 inductees . Indianapolis Colts Ring of Honor N ° Name Position Years With Club Inducted -- Robert Irsay Owner 1972 -- 1997 80 Bill Brooks WR 1986 -- 1992 1998 -- Ted Marchibroda Head Coach 1975 -- 1979 , 1992 -- 1995 2000 75 Chris Hinton OT , OG 1983 -- 1989 2001 Jim Harbaugh QB 1994 -- 1997 2005 -- 12th Man Fans -- 2007 -- Tony Dungy Head Coach 2002 -- 2008 88 Marvin Harrison WR 1996 -- 2008 2011 32 Edgerrin James RB 1999 -- 2005 2012 29 Eric Dickerson RB 1987 -- 1991 2013 28 Marshall Faulk RB 1994 -- 1998 2013 63 Jeff Saturday 1999 -- 2011 2015 -- Bill Polian President / GM 1998 -- 2011 2017 18 Peyton Manning QB 1998 -- 2011 2017 First - round draft picks Main article : List of Indianapolis Colts first - round draft picks Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts first - round draft picks Vessels Davidson Shaw Ameche Moore Parker Lyles Burkett Mix Matte Harris Vogel Woodson Curtis Ball Smith Detwiler Williams Hinton Bulaich McCauley Dunlap Drougas Jones Ehrmann Dutton Carr Huff Novak Burke McCall Krauss Dickey Hatchett McMillan Thompson Cooks Schlichter Elway Coleman Solt Bickett Hand Bennett Rison George Emtman Coryatt Dawkins Faulk Alberts Ellis Johnson Harrison Glenn Manning James Morris Wayne Freeney Clark Jackson Addai Gonzalez Brown Hughes Castonzo Luck Werner Dorsett Kelly Hooker Coaches Head coaches Main article : List of Indianapolis Colts head coaches Current staff Indianapolis Colts staff Front Office Owner / CEO -- Jim Irsay General Manager -- Chris Ballard Co-Vice President of Player Personnel -- Rex Hogan Co-Vice President of Player Personnel -- Ed Dodds Senior Player Personnel Scout -- Todd Vasvari Director of Football Administration -- Mike Bluem Director of Pro Personnel -- Kevin Rogers Jr . Director of College Scouting -- Morocco Brown Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Matt Tarpening Player Personnel Strategist -- Brian Decker Head Coach Head Coach -- Vacant Assistant Head Coach / Offensive Line -- Joe Philbin Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Rob Chudzinski Quarterbacks -- Brian Schottenheimer Running Backs -- Jemal Singleton Wide Receivers -- Sanjay Lal Tight Ends -- Jim Hostler Assistant Offensive Line -- Joe Gilbert Offensive Assistant / Assistant Quarterbacks Coach -- Tim Berbenich Offensive Quality Control -- Frank Giufre Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Ted Monachino Defensive Line -- Gary Emanuel Linebackers -- Jim Herrmann Outside Linebackers -- Brad White Pass Rush Consultant -- Robert Mathis Secondary -- Greg Williams Defensive Assistant -- Shawn Terlecky Defensive Quality Control -- Jeff Popovich Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Tom McMahon Assistant Special Teams -- Maurice Drayton Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Darren Krein Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Richard Howell Conditioning & Performance Analyst -- Quadrian Banks → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Statistics and records Season - by - season record This is a partial list of the last nine seasons completed by the Colts . For the full season - by - season franchise results , see List of Indianapolis Colts seasons . Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular Season Postseason Results Awards Finish Won Lost Ties 2008 2008 NFL AFC South 2nd ¤ 12 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Chargers ) 23 -- 17 ( OT ) Peyton Manning ( MVP ) 2009 2009 NFL AFC * South § 1st § 14 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Ravens ) 20 -- 3 Won Conference Championship ( Jets ) 30 -- 17 Lost Super Bowl XLIV ( Saints ) 31 -- 17 Peyton Manning ( MVP ) NFL AFC South § 1st § 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Jets ) 17 -- 16 2011 2011 NFL AFC South 4th 14 0 2012 2012 NFL AFC South 2nd ¤ 11 5 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Ravens ) 24 -- 9 Bruce Arians ( COY ) 2013 2013 NFL AFC South § 1st § 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Chiefs ) 45 -- 44 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Patriots ) 43 -- 22 2014 2014 NFL AFC South § 1st § 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bengals ) 26 -- 10 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Broncos ) 24 -- 13 Lost Conference Championship ( Patriots ) 45 -- 7 2015 2015 NFL AFC South 2nd 8 8 0 2016 2016 NFL AFC South 3rd 8 8 0 Total 502 441 7 ( 1953 -- 2016 , includes only regular season ) 22 23 -- ( 1953 -- 2016 , includes only playoffs ) 524 464 7 ( 1953 -- 2016 , includes both regular season and playoffs ) Records All - time Colts leaders Leader Player Record Years with Colts Passing Peyton Manning 54,828 passing yards 1998 -- 2011 Rushing Edgerrin James 9,226 rushing yards 1999 -- 2005 Receiving Marvin Harrison 14,580 receiving yards 1996 -- 2008 Coaching wins Tony Dungy 85 wins 2002 -- 2008 Sacks Robert Mathis 118 sacks 2003 -- 2016 Interceptions Bobby Boyd 57 interceptions 1960 -- 1968 Radio and television coverage The Colts ' flagship radio station since relocating from Baltimore in 1984 to 1998 and again starting in the 2007 season is WIBC 1070 AM ( later renamed WFNI as of December 26 , 2007 ) ; under the new contract , games are also simulcast on WLHK at 97.1 FM . From 1998 through 2006 , the Colts ' flagship radio station was WFBQ at 94.7 FM ( with additional programming on station WNDE at 1260 AM ) . Bob Lamey is the team 's play - by - play announcer , holding that title from 1984 to 1991 and again since 1995 . Former Colts offensive lineman , Will Wolford serves as the `` color commentator '' . Ted Marchibroda , who had been the head coach of the Colts in both Baltimore and Indianapolis and who served as color commentator from 1999 to 2006 , is now an analyst on the Colts pre-game show . Mike Jansen serves as the public address announcer at all Colts home games . Jansen has been the public address announcer since the 1998 season . Until 2011 , WTTV ( channel 4 / 29 ) carried the team 's preseason games , when WNDY - TV ( channel 23 ) began to carry them as part of an agreement with sister station WISH - TV ( channel 8 ) to become the team 's official station ; WISH had carried most of the team 's games through the NFL on CBS since the 1998 season . Indiana University 's `` Hoosiers '' announcer Don Fischer provides play - by - play . Monday Night Football broadcasts are usually carried by ABC affiliate WRTV ( channel 6 ) . The team 's carriage rights were shaken up in mid-2014 when WTTV 's owner Tribune Media came to terms with CBS to become the network 's Indianapolis affiliate as of January 1 , 2015 , leaving WISH with the market 's affiliation with The CW . With the deal , both Tribune Media stations , including WXIN ( channel 59 ) will carry the bulk of the team 's regular season games starting with the 2015 NFL season ( WXIN will carry a minimum of two home games against NFC opponents under the NFL on Fox deal , along with flex - scheduled Sunday games no matter the division matchup ) , with the team 's Wild Card playoff game against the Cincinnati Bengals on January 4 , 2015 on WTTV rather than new CW affiliate WISH . Also as of the 2015 season , WTTV and WXIN became the official Colts stations and air the team 's preseason games , along with official team programming and coach 's shows , and have a signage presence along the fascia of Lucas Oil Stadium . Radio station affiliates Map of radio affiliates Indianapolis Colts Radio Affiliates City Call Sign Frenquency Lafayette , Indiana WASK - FM 98.7 FM Santa Claus , Indiana WAXL - FM 103.3 FM Bedford , Indiana WBIW - AM 1340 AM Bardstown , Kentucky WBRT - AM 1320 AM Effingham , Illinois WCRA - AM 1090 AM Danville , Illinois WDAN - AM 1490 AM Decatur , Illinois WDZQ - FM 95.1 FM Michigan City , Indiana WEFM - FM 95.9 FM Indianapolis , Indiana WFNI - AM 1070 AM Evansville , Indiana WGBF - AM 1280 AM Henderson , Kentucky WGBF - FM 103.1 FM Bloomington , Indiana WGCL - AM 1370 AM Oxford , Indiana WIBN - FM 98.1 FM Rushville , Indiana WIFE - FM 94.3 FM Crawfordsville , Indiana WIMC - FM 103.9 FM North Vernon , Indiana WJCP - AM 1460 AM Wabash , Indiana WJOT - FM 105.9 FM Richmond , Indiana WKBV - AM 1490 AM Warsaw , Indiana WAOR 102.7 FM Indianapolis , Indiana WLHK - FM 97.1 FM Angola , Indiana WLKI - FM 100.3 FM Eminence , Kentucky WKYI 1600 AM Alexandria , Indiana WMXQ - FM 96.7 FM Marion , Indiana WMRI - AM 860 AM Monticello , Indiana WMRS - FM 107.7 FM Louisville , Kentucky WLRS 1570 AM Sullivan , Indiana WNDI - FM 95.3 FM Madison , Indiana WORX - FM 96.7 FM Fort Wayne , Indiana WOWO - AM 1190 AM Fort Wayne , Indiana WFWI 92.3 FM Portland , Indiana WPGW - AM 1440 AM Greencastle , Indiana WREB - FM 94.3 FM Rochester , Indiana WROI - FM 92.1 FM Warsaw , Indiana WRSW - AM 1480 AM Columbus , Indiana WRZQ - FM 107.3 FM Loogootee , Indiana WRZR - FM 94.5 FM South Bend , Indiana WYET 102.3 FM Goshen , Indiana WYXX 97.7 FM Plymouth , Indiana WTCA - AM 1050 AM Tell City , Indiana WTCJ 1230 AM Owensboro , Kentucky WVJS - AM 1420 AM Olney , Illinois WVLN - AM 740 AM Washington , Indiana WWBL - FM 106.5 FM Terre Haute , Indiana WZJK 105.5 FM Muncie , Indiana WXFN - AM 1340 AM Mount Vernon , Indiana WYFX - FM 106.7 FM Mount Carmel , Illinois WYNG 94.9 FM Portland , Indiana WZBD - FM 92.7 FM Vincennes , Indiana WZDM - FM 92.1 FM U.S. National anthem protest Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Before the third regular season game of 2017 , against the Cleveland Browns , more than ten Indianapolis Colts players kneeled on one knee as opposed to the tradition of standing during the playing of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' while thousands of fans booed and others posted responses to social media . The following day , then Colt 's head coach Chuck Pagano commented , `` I 'm proud of our players and their commitment and their compassion toward the game and the ( horse ) shoe and each community . We are a unified group , '' and former head coach , Tony Dungy was quoted saying `` A group of our family got attacked , and called names ... and said they should be fired for what we feel is demonstrating our first amendment right '' . Before the fourth regular season game of 2017 , against the Seattle Seahawks , the Colts stood during `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , however the entire team , including quarterback Andrew Luck locked arms in protest , instead of the customary holding of the right hand over the heart . Ratings for this NBC Sunday Night Football game was down 5 % from the prior weeks game in the same time slot . Before the fifth regular season game of 2017 , against the San Francisco 49ers , the entire Colts team as in the week 4 game , stood during `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , however with locking of arms , instead of the customary holding of the right hand over the heart. . In addition to the Colts response , more than 20 members of the opposing team , the San Francisco 49ers , kneeled for `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . In attendance within the stadium , was then Vice President of the United States and former Governor of Indiana , Mike Pence who responded to these protests by leaving the stadium . This was a heavily attended home game for the halftime retirement of the # 18 jersey of former quarterback and 3 time Super Bowl winner , Peyton Manning . During warmups prior to the sixth regular game of the 2017 season , a Monday Night Football game between the Colts and the Tennessee Titans , the Colts wore black T - shirts with the words `` We will '' on the front and `` Stand for equality , justice , unity , respect , dialogue , opportunity '' on the back for the third straight week . The Colts plays stood with their arms locked during the playing of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' instead of the customary holding of the right hand over the heart . References Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Craig ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` NEW UNIFORM , SAME TRADITIONAL LOOK '' . Indianapolis Colts . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . The Colts maintain the blue and white color scheme and uniform design , with the only visible change being the Nike logo on the jersey and pants . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History Highlights '' . Indianapolis Colts . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baltimore Colts : Historical Moments '' . Sports Encyclopedia . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Weeb Ewbank '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Eddie . `` Greatest Teams : 1958 Baltimore Colts '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jeff ( December 8 , 2008 ) . `` Shaky Myhra made the kick that mattered most '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacCambridge , Michael . `` Legacy of ' the greatest game ' can be found in what followed '' . NFL.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cole , Jason ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` Ewbank overlooked figure of AFL glory '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 15 Team Not to Win the Super Bowl : 1968 Baltimore Colts ( 13 -- 1 ) '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( January 19 , 2010 ) . `` There 's plenty of history between AFC finalists Jets and Colts '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brady , Dave ( January 13 , 1969 ) . `` Jets Shock Colts in Super Bowl , 16 -- 7 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Milian , Jorge ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Remembering Super Bowl V : Baltimore Colts ' Jim O'Brien got a win and a future wife '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( August 14 , 1972 ) . `` Fed up with his Colts , Carroll Rosenbloom traded for the Rams '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Baltimore Colts Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blanchat , Jack . `` Football : A look back at Stanford 's other No. 1 picks '' . The Stanford Daily . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Justice , Richard ( January 4 , 1987 ) . `` Stadium Struggle in Baltimore : Push and Pull of Power '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Mayflower : A History of the Indianapolis Colts '' . Descendants of the Mayflower . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of The Indianapolis Colts '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RCA Dome '' . Stadiums of Pro Football . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In the end , Irsay rests quietly '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' documentary on ESPN , 2008 - 12 - 13 Jump up ^ The Band That Would n't Die . Directed by Barry Levinson , Severn River Productions Jump up ^ `` StarFiles : The Indianapolis Colts , 1984 -- 97 '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 NFL , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History : Eric Dickerson Trade -- Trick - or - Trade '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worst NFL teams of all time '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Fred ; Kaplan , David ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Bill Tobin , the GM behind the Hall of Famer '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 NFL Draft '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Don ( May 1 , 1994 ) . `` Pressure On Harbaugh After Tobin Rejects Quarterback In Draft '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg. `` 1995 AFC Championship game still haunts Harbaugh '' . Pro Football Talk . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Myers , Gary . `` Hired : Baltimore Ted , Indy Lindy '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Gerald ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` Robert Irsay , 73 , Executive In Shift of N.F.L. Colts , Dies '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colts Fire Tobin , Infante , Hire Panthers ' Polian '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 NFL Draft History -- Round 1 '' . MyNFLDraft.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peyton Manning : Career Stats '' . NFL.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 NFL Draft History -- Round 1 '' . MyNFLDraft.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( June 11 , 2002 ) . `` Dungy riding high with Colts '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary ( November 21 , 2010 ) . `` NFL 's biggest rivalry ? Tom Brady , Peyton Manning to duel '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Donaldson , Jim . `` Patriots vs. Colts , The Tide Turns : Nov. 7 , 2005 '' . Providence Journal . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manning , Harrison match Young , Rice '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pasquarelli , Len . `` Colts ready to put disappointing end behind them '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NFL Draft History -- Round 1 '' . MyNFLDraft.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Games of the Decade -- Getting rid of the monkey '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Larry ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` Colts reign supreme over Bears in Super Bowl XLI '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clayton , John . `` Colts unravel ; all signs point to Dungy 's departure '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manning has infected bursa sac removed from left knee '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dungy retires after 7 seasons with Colts '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 16 -- 0 did n't matter '' . SportsNet . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kirschner , Kris . `` Colts fans furious over decision to pull starters '' . WTHR . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corbett , Jim ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` Saints outlast Vikings in OT , will face Colts in Super Bowl '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Despite disappointment , Colts fans say they 're happy for Saints '' . NFL.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colts to return to Indianapolis Monday afternoon '' . WTHR . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg ( January 8 , 2011 ) . `` Jets Narrowly Escape Manning and the Colts '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning reportedly has new surgery , out 2 -- 3 months '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Collins joins Colts '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manning Era Over '' . ColtsMonkey.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colts hire Ryan Grigson as new GM '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colts name Chuck Pagano coach '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colts release five players '' . WTHR . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colts draft Andrew Luck at No. 1 '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colts draft Fleener in round 2 '' . WLFI . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Josh ( December 28 , 2014 ) . `` Andrew Luck Breaks Peyton Manning 's Colts Franchise Record for Single - Season Passing Yards '' . SB Nation . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Colts fire GM Ryan Grigson ; Chuck Pagano to remain coach '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holder , Stephen ( 29 January 2017 ) . `` Colts hire Chris Ballard as general manager '' . USA Today . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium Systems & Technology : Vahle Electrification '' . Vahleinc.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ NFL Top 10 Quarterback Duels # 4 , Namath vs. Unitas on YouTube Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Colts to construct Peyton Manning statue , retire No. 18 jersey -- The Denver Post '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - year highlights '' . Indianapolis Colts . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Craig ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` COLTS.COM FLASHBACK : BILL BROOKS '' . Indianapolis Colts . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Marchibroda Football Cards - Vintage Football Card Gallery '' . www.footballcardgallery.com . Jump up ^ Kelley , Craig ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` COLTS.COM FLASHBACK : CHRIS HINTON '' . Indianapolis Colts . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` usdtoreros.com Jim Harbaugh Bio - University of San Diego Official Athletic Site University of San Diego Official Athletic Site - Football '' . Jump up ^ Kelley , Craig ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` JAMES TO JOIN COLTS RING OF HONOR '' . Indianapolis Colts . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Craig ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Dickerson , Faulk To Join Colts Ring of Honor '' . Indianapolis Colts . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woods , David ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Colts to induct Jeff Saturday into Ring of Honor '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Kevin ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Colts To Induct Bill Polian Into Ring Of Honor '' . Indianapolis Colts . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Colts announce date Peyton Manning statue will be unveiled '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Manning claims fourth MVP in landslide '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Arians wins Coach of the Year for work with Colts '' . NFL.com . February 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff Report ( 29 December 2014 ) . `` WXIN - WTTV To Carry Indianapolis Colts '' . TVNewsCheck . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Colts kneel , lock arms in show of unity against Donald Trump 's comments '' . WRTV . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YOU REACT : COLTS KNEEL , LOCK ARMS DURING ANTHEM '' . WRTV . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doyel : Colts players explain why they are kneeling for the national anthem '' . The Indianapolis Star . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Social media reaction to Colts players kneeling , locking arms during anthem '' . The Indianapolis Star . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Indiana men burn Colts jerseys , season tickets after national anthem protest ' '' . WXIN . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fans react to Colts , other NFL players kneeling during anthem '' . WISH - TV . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Dungy defends protest during NFL anthem : ' A group of our family got attacked . ' '' . The Indianapolis Star . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Several Seahawks players sit , Colts players link arms during national anthem for ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . SBNation . October 1 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The NFL , American flag code , and National Anthem etiquette : What you need to know '' . USA Today . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seahawks ' Blowout Win Sees ' Sunday Night Football ' Ratings Down , Again '' . Deadline.com . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seahawks ' Blowout Win Sees ' Sunday Night Football ' Ratings Down , Again '' . Deadline.com . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Several Vice President Mike Pence leaves Colts game after 49ers players kneel during anthem '' . The Indianapolis Star . October 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The NFL , American flag code , and National Anthem etiquette : What you need to know '' . USA Today . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vice President Mike Pence leaves Colts - 49ers game after players kneel during anthem '' . Fox News . October 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning : ' I thank God every day I 'm an Indianapolis Colt ' '' . The Indianapolis Star . October 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL players who protested during the national anthem in Week 6 '' . ESPN . October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL players who protested during the national anthem in Week 6 '' . ESPN . October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The NFL , American flag code , and National Anthem etiquette : What you need to know '' . USA Today . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indianapolis Colts . 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where does the thoracic duct receives lymph from

In adults , the thoracic duct is typically 38 -- 45 cm in length and has an average diameter of about 5 mm . The vessel usually starts from the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebrae ( T12 ) and extends to the root of the neck . It drains into the systemic ( blood ) circulation at the angle of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins as a single trunk , at the commencement of the brachiocephalic vein . It also collects most of the lymph in the body other than from the right thorax , arm , head , and neck which are drained by the right lymphatic duct .

most of the lymph in the body other than from the right thorax , arm , head , and neck

Thoracic duct

thoracic duct

In human anatomy , the thoracic duct is the largest of the two lymph ducts of the lymphatic system . It is also known as the left lymphatic duct , alimentary duct , chyliferous duct , and Van Hoorne 's canal . The other duct is the right lymphatic duct . It carries chyle , a liquid containing both lymph and emulsified fats , rather than pure lymph . Thus when it ruptures , the resulting flood of liquid into the pleural cavity is known as chylothorax .

In adults , the thoracic duct is typically 38 -- 45 cm in length and has an average diameter of about 5 mm . The vessel usually starts from the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebrae ( T12 ) and extends to the root of the neck . It drains into the systemic ( blood ) circulation at the angle of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins as a single trunk , at the commencement of the brachiocephalic vein . It also collects most of the lymph in the body other than from the right thorax , arm , head , and neck which are drained by the right lymphatic duct . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The thoracic duct originates in the abdomen from the confluence of the right and left lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk , forming a significant pathway upward called the cisterna chyli . It traverses the diaphragm at the aortic aperture and ascends the superior and posterior mediastinum between the descending thoracic aorta ( to its left ) and the azygos vein ( to its right ) . The duct extends vertically in the chest and curves posteriorly to the left carotid artery and left internal jugular vein at the T5 vertebral level it drains into the systemic ( blood ) circulation at the venous angle of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins as a single trunk , at the commencement of the brachiocephalic vein , below the clavicle , near the shoulders . Function ( edit ) The lymph transport , in the thoracic duct , is mainly caused by the action of breathing , aided by the duct 's smooth muscle and by internal valves which prevent the lymph from flowing back down again . There are also two valves at the junction of the duct with the left subclavian vein , to prevent the flow of venous blood into the duct . In adults , the thoracic duct transports up to 4 L of lymph per day . Clinical significance ( edit ) The first sign of a malignancy , especially an intraabdominal one , may be an enlarged Virchow 's node , a lymph node in the left supraclavicular area , in the vicinity where the thoracic duct empties into the left brachiocephalic vein , right between where the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular join ( i.e. the left Pirogoff angle ) . When the thoracic duct is blocked or damaged a large amount of lymph can quickly accumulate in the pleural cavity , this situation is called chylothorax . Additional images ( edit ) Transverse section of thorax , showing relations of pulmonary artery . The arch of the aorta , and its branches . Deep lymph nodes and vessels of the thorax and abdomen ( diagrammatic ) . The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum . Seen from behind . Front photo of the Ductus Thoracicus in the Human mediastinum with the heart and part of the pericard removed . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Lymph duct Lymphatic system References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Knipe , Henry . `` Thoracic duct Radiology Reference Article Radiopaedia.org '' . radiopaedia.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Insull , Phillip ( 2007 - 10 - 01 ) . `` CLINICAL ANATOMY : APPLIED ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS AND JUNIOR DOCTORS . 11th EDITION - BY HAROLD ELLIS '' . ANZ Journal of Surgery . 77 ( 10 ) : 911 -- 912 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1445 - 2197.2007. 04191. x . ISSN 1445 - 2197 . Jump up ^ Michael Schuenke ; Erik Schulte ; Udo Schumacher ; Lawrence M. Ross ; Edward D. Lamperti ; Markus Voll ; Karl Wesker ( 24 May 2006 ) . Thieme atlas of anatomy : Neck and internal organs . Thieme . pp. 136 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 13 - 142111 - 1 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Tewfik , Ted L ; Mosenifar , Zab . `` Thoracic Duct Anatomy '' . Medscape . WebMD Health Professional Network . External links ( edit ) Anatomy figure : 21 : 05 - 02 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` The thoracic duct and azygos venous network '' Anatomy image : 8901 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center figures / chapter_24 / 24 - 5. HTM : Basic Human Anatomy at Dartmouth Medical School `` thoracic duct '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Diagram at anatomyatlases.org Ultrasound Imaging the thoracic duct Instruction video for Ultrasound examination of the thoracic duct ( hide ) Anatomy of the lymphatic system Head and neck Head Back Occipital Mastoid / retroauricular Parotid Superficial Deep preauricular infra - auricular intraglandular Front Facial buccinator nasolabial Mandibular Submandibular Submental Cervical Superficial anterior lateral Deep Deep anterior cervical pretracheal paratracheal prelaryngeal thyroid Deep lateral cervical superior deep cervical inferior deep cervical retropharyngeal jugulodigastric jugulo - omohyoid Other Anterior cervical Lateral cervical Supraclavicular Virchow 's Vessels Jugular trunk Arm and axilla Nodes Axillary Brachial Pectoral Subscapular Central Apical Arm Supratrochlear Deltopectoral Vessels Subclavian lymph trunk Chest Nodes Parasternal Intercostal Superior diaphragmatic Trachea and bronchi superior inferior bronchopulmonary paratracheal intrapulmonary Vessels Thoracic duct Right lymphatic duct Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk Abdomen Nodes Paraaortic Retroaortic Lateral aortic Preaortic ( Celiac gastric hepatic splenic Superior mesenteric mesenteric ileocolic mesocolic Inferior mesenteric pararectal ) Other Iliac Common external internal Sacral Retroperitoneal lymph nodes Vessels Lumbar lymph trunk Intestinal trunk Cisterna chyli Leg Inguinal deep Cloquet 's node superficial Popliteal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_duct&oldid=810860467 '' Categories : Lymphatics of the torso Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 22 : 37 . 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who won the south dakota v dole case

South Dakota v. Dole

south dakota v. dole

South Dakota v. Dole , 483 U.S. 203 ( 1987 ) , was a case in which the United States Supreme Court considered the limitations that the Constitution places on the authority of the United States Congress when it uses its authority to influence the individual states in areas of authority normally reserved to the states . It upheld the constitutionality of a federal statute that withheld federal funds from states whose legal drinking age did not conform to federal policy .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Decision 2.1 Dissent 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Background ( edit ) In 1984 , the United States Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act , which withheld 10 % of federal highway funding from states that did not maintain a minimum legal drinking age of 21 . South Dakota , which allowed 19 - year - olds to purchase ( raised from 18 years old as result of NMDAA ) beer containing up to 3.2 % alcohol , challenged the law , naming Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole as the defendant . Decision ( edit ) The Supreme Court held 7 -- 2 that the statute represented a valid use of Congressional authority under the Spending Clause and that the statute did not infringe upon the rights of the states . The Court established a five - point rule for considering the constitutionality of expenditure cuts of this type : The spending must promote `` the general welfare . '' The condition must be unambiguous . The condition should relate `` to the federal interest in particular national projects or programs . '' The condition imposed on the states must not , in itself , be unconstitutional . The condition must not be coercive . Writing for the majority , Chief Justice William Rehnquist noted that the National Minimum Drinking Age Act clearly met the first three restrictions , leaving only the latter two restrictions worthy of consideration . Rehnquist wrote that the Congress did not violate the Tenth Amendment because it merely exercised its right to control its spending . Rehnquist wrote that the Congress did not coerce the states because it cut only a small percentage of federal funding . It thus applied pressure but not irresistible pressure . Dissent ( edit ) Justices O'Connor and Brennan both filed dissents . O'Connor agreed that Congress may attach conditions on the receipt of federal funds and that the Twenty - First Amendment gives states authority over laws relating to the consumption of alcohol . However , she wrote that the attachment of condition on the states must be `` reasonably related to the expenditure of funds . '' She disagreed with the Court 's finding that withholding federal highway funds was reasonably related to deterring drunken driving and drinking by minors and young adults . She argued that the condition was both overinclusive and underinclusive : it prevented teenagers from drinking when they are not going to drive on federal and federally funded highways , and it did not attempt to remedy the overall problem of drunken driving on federal and federally funded highways . She held the relation between the condition and spending too attenuated : `` establishment of a minimum drinking age of 21 is not sufficiently related to interstate highway construction to justify so conditioning funds appropriated for that purpose . '' See also ( edit ) U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state List of United States Supreme Court cases Gonzales v. Raich ( 2005 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Title 23 of the United States Code , Highways . ( HTML text , see Section 158 ) External links ( edit ) Text of South Dakota v. Dole , 483 U.S. 203 ( 1987 ) is available from : CourtListener Findlaw Justia OpenJurist Google Scholar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Dakota_v._Dole&oldid=838044445 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court Taxing and Spending Clause case law United States Twenty - first Amendment case law 1987 in United States case law 1987 in South Dakota Legal history of South Dakota Transportation in South Dakota Health in South Dakota Economy of South Dakota Alcohol law in the United States Minimum ages Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 15 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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earth conductor provides a path to ground for

In a polyphase AC system , an artificial neutral grounding system may be used . Although no phase conductor is directly connected to ground , a specially constructed transformer ( a `` zig zag '' transformer ) blocks the power frequency current from flowing to earth , but allows any leakage or transient current to flow to ground .

leakage or transient current

Ground ( electricity )

ground ( electricity )

In electrical engineering , ground or earth is the reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured , a common return path for electric current , or a direct physical connection to the Earth .

Electrical circuits may be connected to ground ( earth ) for several reasons . In mains powered equipment , exposed metal parts are connected to ground to prevent user contact with dangerous voltage when electrical insulation fails . In electrical power distribution systems , a protective ground conductor is an essential part of the safety earthing system . Connection to ground also limits the build - up of static electricity when handling flammable products or electrostatic - sensitive devices . In some telegraph and power transmission circuits , the earth itself can be used as one conductor of the circuit , saving the cost of installing a separate return conductor ( see single - wire earth return ) . For measurement purposes , the Earth serves as a ( reasonably ) constant potential reference against which other potentials can be measured . An electrical ground system should have an appropriate current - carrying capability to serve as an adequate zero - voltage reference level . In electronic circuit theory , a `` ground '' is usually idealized as an infinite source or sink for charge , which can absorb an unlimited amount of current without changing its potential . Where a real ground connection has a significant resistance , the approximation of zero potential is no longer valid . Stray voltages or earth potential rise effects will occur , which may create noise in signals or if large enough will produce an electric shock hazard . The use of the term ground ( or earth ) is so common in electrical and electronics applications that circuits in portable electronic devices such as cell phones and media players as well as circuits in vehicles may be spoken of as having a `` ground '' connection without any actual connection to the Earth , despite `` common '' being a more appropriate term for such a connection . This is usually a large conductor attached to one side of the power supply ( such as the `` ground plane '' on a printed circuit board ) which serves as the common return path for current from many different components in the circuit . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Radio communications 3 Building wiring installations 3.1 Earthing systems 3.2 Impedance grounding 3.3 Ungrounded systems 4 Power transmission 5 Electronics 5.1 Circuit ground versus earth 5.2 Functional grounds 5.3 Separating low signal ground from a noisy ground 6 Lightning protection systems 7 Bonding 8 Ground ( earth ) mat 9 Isolation 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Long - distance electromagnetic telegraph systems from 1820 onwards used two or more wires to carry the signal and return currents . It was then discovered , probably by the German scientist Carl August Steinheil in 1836 -- 1837 , that the ground could be used as the return path to complete the circuit , making the return wire unnecessary . However , there were problems with this system , exemplified by the transcontinental telegraph line constructed in 1861 by the Western Union Company between St. Joseph , Missouri , and Sacramento , California . During dry weather , the ground connection often developed a high resistance , requiring water to be poured on the ground rod to enable the telegraph to work or phones to ring . Later , when telephony began to replace telegraphy , it was found that the currents in the earth induced by power systems , electrical railways , other telephone and telegraph circuits , and natural sources including lightning caused unacceptable interference to the audio signals , and the two - wire or ' metallic circuit ' system was reintroduced around 1883 . Radio communications ( edit ) An electrical connection to earth can be used as a reference potential for radio frequency signals for certain kinds of antennas . The part directly in contact with the earth - the `` earth electrode '' - can be as simple as a metal rod or stake driven into the earth , or a connection to buried metal water piping ( the pipe must be conductive ) . Because high frequency signals can flow to earth due to capacitative effects , capacitance to ground is an important factor in effectiveness of signal grounds . Because of this , a complex system of buried rods and wires can be effective . An ideal signal ground maintains a fixed potential ( zero ) regardless of how much electric current flows into ground or out of ground . Low impedance at the signal frequency of the electrode - to - earth connection determines its quality , and that quality is improved by increasing the surface area of the electrode in contact with the earth , increasing the depth to which it is driven , using several connected ground rods , increasing the moisture content of the soil , improving the conductive mineral content of the soil , and increasing the land area covered by the ground system . Some types of transmitting antenna systems in the VLF , LF , MF and lower SW range must have a good ground to operate efficiently . For example , a vertical monopole antenna requires a ground plane that often consists of an interconnected network of wires running radially away from the base of the antenna for a distance about equal to the height of the antenna . Sometimes a counterpoise is used as a ground plane , supported above the ground . Building wiring installations ( edit ) See also : Earthing system Electrical power distribution systems are often connected to ground to limit the voltage that can appear on distribution circuits . A distribution system insulated from ground may attain a high potential due to transient voltages caused by arcing , static electricity , or accidental contact with higher potential circuits . A ground connection of the system dissipates such potentials and limits the rise in voltage of the grounded system . In a mains electricity ( AC power ) wiring installation , the term ground conductor typically refers to three different conductors or conductor systems as listed below . Equipment earthing conductors provide an electrical connection between the physical ground ( earth ) and the grounding / bonding system , which connects ( bonds ) the normally non-current - carrying metallic parts of equipment . According to the U.S. National Electrical Code ( NEC ) , the reason for doing this is to limit the voltage imposed by lightning , line surges , and contact with higher voltage lines . Equipment bonding conductors provide a low impedance path between normally non-current - carrying metallic parts of equipment and one of the conductors of that electrical system 's source . If any exposed metal part should become energized ( fault ) , such as by a frayed or damaged conductor , it creates a short circuit , causing the overprotection device ( circuit breaker or fuse ) to open , clearing ( disconnecting ) the fault . It is important to note this action occurs regardless of whether there is a connection to the physical ground ( earth ) ; the earth itself has no role in this fault - clearing process since current must return to its source ; however , the sources are very frequently connected to the physical ground ( earth ) . ( see Kirchhoff 's circuit laws ) . By bonding ( interconnecting ) all exposed non-current carrying metal objects together and to other metallic objects such as pipes or structural steel , they should remain near the same voltage potential , thus reducing the chance of a shock . This is especially important in bathrooms where one may be in contact with several different metallic systems such as supply and drain pipes and appliance frames . When a system needs to be connected to the physical ground ( earth ) , the equipment bonding conductor also becomes the equipment earthing conductor ( see above ) . Metal water pipe used as grounding electrode A grounding electrode conductor ( GEC ) is used to connect the system grounded ( `` neutral '' ) conductor , or the equipment to a grounding electrode , or a point on the grounding electrode system . This is called `` system grounding '' and most electrical systems are required to be grounded . The U.S. NEC and the UK 's BS 7671 list systems that are required to be grounded . According to the NEC , the purpose of connecting an electrical system to the physical ground ( earth ) is to limit the voltage imposed by lightning events and contact with higher voltage lines , and also for voltage stabilizion . In the past , water supply pipes were used as grounding electrodes , but due to the increased use of plastic pipes , which are poor conductors , the use of an actual grounding electrode is required . This type of ground applies to radio antennas and to lightning protection systems . Permanently installed electrical equipment , unless not required to , have permanently connected grounding conductors . Portable electrical devices with metal cases may have them connected to earth ground by a pin on the attachment plug ( see Domestic AC power plugs and sockets ) . The size of power grounding conductors is usually regulated by local or national wiring regulations . Earthing systems ( edit ) Main article : Earthing system In electricity supply systems , an earthing ( grounding ) system defines the electrical potential of the conductors relative to that of the Earth 's conductive surface . The choice of earthing system has implications for the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply . Regulations for earthing systems vary considerably between different countries . A functional earth connection serves more than protecting against electrical shock , as such a connection may carry current during the normal operation of a device . Such devices include surge suppression , electromagnetic - compatibility filters , some types of antennas , and various measurement instruments . Generally the protective earth system is also used as a functional earth , though this requires care . Impedance grounding ( edit ) Distribution power systems may be solidly grounded , with one circuit conductor directly connected to an earth grounding electrode system . Alternatively , some amount of electrical impedance may be connected between the distribution system and ground , to limit the current that can flow to earth . The impedance may be a resistor , or an inductor ( coil ) . In a high - impedance grounded system , the fault current is limited to a few amperes ( exact values depend on the voltage class of the system ) ; a low - impedance grounded system will permit several hundred amperes to flow on a fault . A large solidly grounded distribution system may have thousands of amperes of ground fault current . In a polyphase AC system , an artificial neutral grounding system may be used . Although no phase conductor is directly connected to ground , a specially constructed transformer ( a `` zig zag '' transformer ) blocks the power frequency current from flowing to earth , but allows any leakage or transient current to flow to ground . Low - resistance grounding systems use a neutral grounding resistor ( NGR ) to limit the fault current to 25 A or greater . Low resistance grounding systems will have a time rating ( say , 10 seconds ) that indicates how long the resistor can carry the fault current before overheating . A ground fault protection relay must trip the breaker to protect the circuit before overheating of the resistor occurs . High - resistance grounding ( HRG ) systems use an NGR to limit the fault current to 25 A or less . They have a continuous rating , and are designed to operate with a single - ground fault . This means that the system will not immediately trip on the first ground fault . If a second ground fault occurs , a ground fault protection relay must trip the breaker to protect the circuit . On an HRG system , a sensing resistor is used to continuously monitor system continuity . If an open - circuit is detected ( e.g. , due to a broken weld on the NGR ) , the monitoring device will sense voltage through the sensing resistor and trip the breaker . Without a sensing resistor , the system could continue to operate without ground protection ( since an open circuit condition would mask the ground fault ) and transient overvoltages could occur . Ungrounded systems ( edit ) Where the danger of electric shock is high , special ungrounded power systems may be used to minimize possible leakage current to ground . Examples of such installations include patient care areas in hospitals , where medical equipment is directly connected to a patient and must not permit any power - line current to pass into the patient 's body . Medical systems include monitoring devices to warn of any increase of leakage current . On wet construction sites or in shipyards , isolation transformers may be provided so that a fault in a power tool or its cable does not expose users to shock hazard . Circuits used to feed sensitive audio / video production equipment or measurement instruments may be fed from an isolated ungrounded technical power system to limit the injection of noise from the power system . Power transmission ( edit ) In single - wire earth return ( SWER ) AC electrical distribution systems , costs are saved by using just a single high voltage conductor for the power grid , while routing the AC return current through the earth . This system is mostly used in rural areas where large earth currents will not otherwise cause hazards . Some high - voltage direct - current ( HVDC ) power transmission systems use the ground as second conductor . This is especially common in schemes with submarine cables , as sea water is a good conductor . Buried grounding electrodes are used to make the connection to the earth . The site of these electrodes must be chosen carefully to prevent electrochemical corrosion on underground structures . A particular concern in design of electrical substations is earth potential rise . When very large fault currents are injected into the earth , the area around the point of injection may rise to a high potential with respect to distant points . This is due to the limited finite conductivity of the layers of soil in the earth . The gradient of the voltage ( changing voltage within a distance ) may be so high that two points on the ground may be at significantly different potentials , creating a hazard to anyone standing on the ground in the area . Pipes , rails , or communication wires entering a substation may see different ground potentials inside and outside the substation , creating a dangerous touch voltage . Electronics ( edit ) Signal ground Chassis ground Earth ground Ground symbols Signal grounds serve as return paths for signals and power ( at extra low voltages , less than about 50 V ) within equipment , and on the signal interconnections between equipment . Many electronic designs feature a single return that acts as a reference for all signals . Power and signal grounds often get connected , usually through the metal case of the equipment . Designers of printed circuit boards must take care in the layout of electronic systems so that high - power or rapidly switching currents in one part of a system do not inject noise into low - level sensitive parts of a system due to some common impedance in the grounding traces of the layout . Circuit ground versus earth ( edit ) Voltage is measured on an interval scale , which means that only differences can be measured . To measure the voltage of a single point , a reference point must be selected to measure against . This common reference point is called `` ground '' and considered to have zero voltage . This signal ground may or may not be connected to a power ground . A system where the system ground is not connected to another circuit or to earth ( though there may still be AC coupling ) is often referred to as a floating ground or double - insulated . Functional grounds ( edit ) Some devices require a connection to the mass of earth to function correctly , as distinct from any purely protective role . Such a connection is known as a functional earth - for example some long wavelength antenna structures require a functional earth connection , which generally should not be indiscriminately connected to the supply protective earth , as the introduction of transmitted radio frequencies into the electrical distribution network is both illegal and potentially dangerous . Because of this separation , a purely functional ground should not normally be relied upon to perform a protective function . To avoid accidents , such functional grounds are normally wired in white or cream cable , and not green or green / yellow . Separating low signal ground from a noisy ground ( edit ) In television stations , recording studios , and other installations where signal quality is critical , a special signal ground known as a `` technical ground '' ( or `` technical earth '' , `` special earth '' , and `` audio earth '' ) is often installed , to prevent ground loops . This is basically the same thing as an AC power ground , but no general appliance ground wires are allowed any connection to it , as they may carry electrical interference . For example , only audio equipment is connected to the technical ground in a recording studio . In most cases , the studio 's metal equipment racks are all joined together with heavy copper cables ( or flattened copper tubing or busbars ) and similar connections are made to the technical ground . Great care is taken that no general chassis grounded appliances are placed on the racks , as a single AC ground connection to the technical ground will destroy its effectiveness . For particularly demanding applications , the main technical ground may consist of a heavy copper pipe , if necessary fitted by drilling through several concrete floors , such that all technical grounds may be connected by the shortest possible path to a grounding rod in the basement . Lightning protection systems ( edit ) Busbars are used for ground conductors in high - current circuits . Lightning protection systems are designed to mitigate the effects of lightning through connection to extensive grounding systems that provide a large surface area connection to earth . The large area is required to dissipate the high current of a lightning strike without damaging the system conductors by excess heat . Since lightning strikes are pulses of energy with very high frequency components , grounding systems for lightning protection tend to use short straight runs of conductors to reduce the self - inductance and skin effect . Bonding ( edit ) Main article : Electrical bonding Strictly speaking , the terms grounding or earthing are meant to refer to an electrical connection to ground / earth . Bonding is the practice of intentionally electrically connecting metallic items not designed to carry electricity . This brings all the bonded items to the same electrical potential as a protection from electrical shock . The bonded items can then be connected to ground to bring them to earth potential . Ground ( earth ) mat ( edit ) Main article : Ground mat In an electrical substation a ground ( earth ) mat is a mesh of conductive material installed at places where a person would stand to operate a switch or other apparatus ; it is bonded to the local supporting metal structure and to the handle of the switchgear , so that the operator will not be exposed to a high differential voltage due to a fault in the substation . In the vicinity of electrostatic sensitive devices , a ground ( earth ) mat or grounding ( earthing ) mat is used to ground static electricity generated by people and moving equipment . There are two types used in static control : Static Dissipative Mats , and Conductive Mats . A static dissipative mat that rests on a conductive surface ( commonly the case in military facilities ) are typically made of 3 layers ( 3 - ply ) with static dissipative vinyl layers surrounding a conductive substrate which is electrically attached to ground ( earth ) . For commercial uses , static dissipative rubber mats are traditionally used that are made of 2 layers ( 2 - ply ) with a tough solder resistant top static dissipative layer that makes them last longer than the vinyl mats , and a conductive rubber bottom . Conductive mats are made of carbon and used only on floors for the purpose of drawing static electricity to ground as quickly as possible . Normally conductive mats are made with cushioning for standing and are referred to as `` anti-fatigue '' mats . 3 ply static dissipative vinyl grounding mat shown at macro scale For a static dissipative mat to be reliably grounded it must be attached to a path to ground . Normally , both the mat and the wrist strap are connected to ground by using a common point ground system ( CPGS ) . In computer repair shops and electronics manufacturing workers must be grounded before working on devices sensitive to voltages capable of being generated by humans . For that reason static dissipative mats can be and are also used on production assembly floors as `` floor runner '' along the assembly line to draw static generated by people walking up and down . Isolation ( edit ) See also : Galvanic isolation Isolation is a mechanism that defeats grounding . It is frequently used with low - power consumer devices , and when electronics engineers , hobbyists , or repairmen are working on circuits that would normally be operated using the power line voltage . Isolation can be accomplished by simply placing a `` 1 : 1 wire ratio '' transformer with an equal number of turns between the device and the regular power service , but applies to any type of transformer using two or more coils electrically insulated from each other . For an isolated device , touching a single powered conductor does not cause a severe shock , because there is no path back to the other conductor through the ground . However , shocks and electrocution may still occur if both poles of the transformer are contacted by bare skin . Previously it was suggested that repairmen `` work with one hand behind their back '' to avoid touching two parts of the device under test at the same time , thereby preventing a circuit from crossing through the chest and interrupting cardiac rhythms / causing cardiac arrest . Generally every AC power line transformer acts as an isolation transformer , and every step up or down has the potential to form an isolated circuit . However , this isolation would prevent failed devices from blowing fuses when shorted to their ground conductor . The isolation that could be created by each transformer is defeated by always having one leg of the transformers grounded , on both sides of the input and output transformer coils. Power lines also typically ground one specific wire at every pole , to ensure current equalization from pole to pole if a short to ground is occurring . In the past , grounded appliances have been designed with internal isolation to a degree that allowed the simple disconnection of ground by cheater plugs without apparent problem ( a dangerous practice , since the safety of the resulting floating equipment relies on the insulation in its power transformer ) . Modern appliances however often include power entry modules which are designed with deliberate capacitive coupling between the AC power lines and chassis , to suppress electromagnetic interference . This results in a significant leakage current from the power lines to ground . If the ground is disconnected by a cheater plug or by accident , the resulting leakage current can cause mild shocks , even without any fault in the equipment . Even small leakage currents are a significant concern in medical settings , as the accidental disconnection of ground can introduce these currents into sensitive parts of the human body . As a result , medical power supplies are designed to have low capacitance . Class II appliances and power supplies ( such as cell phone chargers ) do not provide any ground connection , and are designed to isolate the output from input . Safety is ensured by double - insulation , so that two failures of insulation are required to cause a shock . See also ( edit ) Appliance classes Ground constants Ring ground Ground loop ( electricity ) Ground wire ( transmission line ) Isolated ground Phantom circuit Floating ground Soil resistivity Ufer Ground Virtual ground Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ An ' electrochemical telegraph ' created by physician , anatomist and inventor Samuel Thomas von Sömmering in 1809 , based on an earlier , less robust design of 1804 by Catalan polymath and scientist Francisco Salva Campillo , both employed multiple wires ( up to 35 ) to represent almost all Latin letters and numerals . Messages could be conveyed electrically up to a few kilometers ( in von Sömmering 's design ) , with each of the telegraph receiver 's wires immersed in a separate glass tube of acid . An electric current was sequentially applied by the sender through the various wires representing each digit of a message ; at the recipient 's end the currents electrolysed the acid in the tubes in sequence , releasing streams of hydrogen bubbles next to each associated letter or numeral . The telegraph receiver 's operator would watch the bubbles and could then record the transmitted message . -- Jones , R. Victor Samuel Thomas von Sömmering 's `` Space Multiplexed '' Electrochemical Telegraph ( 1808 - 10 ) , Harvard University website . Attributed to `` Semaphore to Satellite '' , International Telecommunication Union , Geneva 1965 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 Jump up ^ The Electromagnetic Telegraph Jump up ^ Casson , Herbert N. , The History of the Telephone , public domain copy at manybooks.net : ' `` At last '' , said the delighted manager ( J.J. Carty , Boston , Mass . ) , `` we have a perfectly quiet line . '' ' Jump up ^ Jensen Transformers . Bill Whitlock , 2005 . Understanding , Finding , & Eliminating Ground Loops In Audio & Video Systems . Archived 2010 - 02 - 21 at WebCite Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://infostore.saiglobal.com/store/details.aspx?ProductID=365692 Jump up ^ http://www.mikeholt.com/mojonewsarchive/GB-HTML/HTML/NECArticle250Sections250.20-250.34~20020124.htm Retrieved December 18 , 2014 Jump up ^ Beltz , R. ; Cutler - Hammer , Atlanta , Georgia ; Peacock , I. ; Vilcheck , W. ( 2000 ) . `` Application Considerations for High Resistance Ground Retrofits in Pulp and Paper Mills '' . Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference , 2000 . Jump up ^ Electrical and electronics diagrams , IEEE Std 315 - 1975 , Section 3.9 : Circuit return . Jump up ^ Swallow D 2011 , Live Audio , The Art of Mixing , Chap 4 . Power and Electricity , pp. 35 - 39 Jump up ^ IEEE Std 1100 - 1992 , IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Sensitive Electronic Equipment , Chapter 2 : Definitions Jump up ^ `` ESD Prevention Measures Part 2 : Using Anti Static Mats by Doug Wagner '' . Bennett & Bennett . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wrist Strap Shown with mat and Common Point Ground System ( CPGS ) '' . Bennett & Bennett . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-9852716-1.html Jump up ^ http://www.slpower.com/reference/An113%20Leakage%20Current.pdf References ( edit ) Federal Standard 1037C in support of MIL - STD - 188 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earthing . Circuit Grounds and Grounding Practices Electrical Safety chapter from Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC book and series . Grounding for Low - and High - Frequency Circuits ( PDF ) -- Analog Devices Application Note An IC Amplifier User 's Guide to Decoupling , Grounding , and Making Things Go Right for a Change ( PDF ) -- Analog Devices Application Note The Electromagnetic Telegraph , by J.B. Calvert GND : 4140443 - 9 NDL : 00570843 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ground_(electricity)&oldid=798601993 '' Categories : Electric power Electrical safety Electrical wiring Power engineering Electric power distribution Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 21 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who were the emperors during the pax romana

Pax Romana

pax romana

Pax Romana ( Latin for the `` ( Peace in Rome ) '' ) was the long period of relative peacefulness and minimal expansion by the Roman military force experienced by the Roman Empire after the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic and before the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century . During this time , the Roman empire reached its peak land mass area and its population grew up to 70 million people . Since it was established by Augustus , it is sometimes called Pax Augusta . Its span was approximately 206 years ( 27 BC to AD 180 ) , from the time of Augustus becoming emperor to the death of Emperor Marcus Aurelius .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Pax Romana Influence on Trade 3 Analogous peaces 3.1 In fiction 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) Fresco of a relaxed seated woman from Stabiae , 1st century AD The Pax Romana is said to have been a `` miracle '' because prior to it there had never been peace for so many centuries in a given period of history . However , Walter Goffart wrote : `` The volume of the Cambridge Ancient History for the years A.D. 70 -- 192 is called ' The Imperial Peace ' , but peace is not what one finds in its pages '' . Arthur M. Eckstein writes that the period must be seen in contrast to the much more frequent warfare in the Roman Republic in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC . Eckstein also notes that the incipient Pax Romana appeared during the Republic , and that its temporal span varied with geographical region as well : `` Although the standard textbook dates for the Pax Romana , the famous `` Roman Peace '' in the Mediterranean , are 31 BC to AD 250 , the fact is that the Roman Peace was emerging in large regions of the Mediterranean at a much earlier date : Sicily after 210 ( BC ) ; peninsular Italy after 200 ( BC ) ; the Po Valley after 190 ( BC ) ; most of Spain after 133 ( BC ) ; North Africa after 100 ( BC ) ; and for ever longer stretches of time in the Greek East . '' The first known record of the term Pax Romana appears in a writing by Seneca the Younger in 55 AD . The concept was highly influential , and the subject of theories and attempts to copy it in subsequent ages . Arnaldo Momigliano noted that `` Pax Romana is a simple formula for propaganda , but a difficult subject for research . '' In fact , the `` Pax Romana '' was broken by the First Jewish -- Roman War , the Kitos War ( also in Judea , 115 -- 117 ) , the Bar Kokhba Revolt ( also known as the Third Jewish -- Roman War ) , the Roman -- Parthian War of 58 -- 63 , Trajan 's Roman -- Parthian War of 113 , the Dacian Wars , various battles with Germanic tribes , including the Teutoburg Forest , and Boudica 's war in Britain in AD 60 or 61 . The Pax Romana began when Octavian ( Augustus ) defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium on 2 September 31 BC and became the Roman emperor . He became princeps , or first citizen . Lacking a good precedent of successful one - man rule , Augustus created a junta of the greatest military magnates and stood as the front man . By binding together these leading magnates in a coalition , he eliminated the prospect of civil war . The Pax Romana was not immediate , despite the end of the civil wars , because fighting continued in Hispania and in the Alps . Nevertheless , Augustus closed the Gates of Janus ( a ceremony indicating that Rome was at peace ) three times , first in 29 BC and again in 25 BC . The third closure is undocumented , but Inez Scott Ryberg ( 1949 ) and Gaius Stern ( 2006 ) have persuasively dated the third closure to 13 BC with the commissioning of the Ara Pacis . At the time of the Ludi Saeculares in 17 BC the concept of Peace was publicized , and in 13 BC was proclaimed when Augustus and Agrippa jointly returned from pacifying the provinces . The order to construct the Ara Pacis was no doubt part of this announcement . Augustus faced a problem making peace an acceptable mode of life for the Romans , who had been at war with one power or another continuously for 200 years . Romans regarded peace not as an absence of war , but the rare situation which existed when all opponents had been beaten down and lost the ability to resist . Augustus ' challenge was to persuade Romans that the prosperity they could achieve in the absence of warfare was better for the Empire than the potential wealth and honor acquired when fighting a risky war . Augustus succeeded by means of skillful propaganda . Subsequent emperors followed his lead , sometimes producing lavish ceremonies to close the Gates of Janus , issuing coins with Pax on the reverse , and patronizing literature extolling the benefits of the Pax Romana . After Augustus died in 14 AD many other Roman emperors ruled during this time . The last five emperors of the Pax Romana were considered the `` Five Good Emperors '' . Pax Romana influence on trade ( edit ) Roman trade in the Mediterranean increased during the Pax Romana . Romans sailed East to acquire silks , gems , onyx and spices . Romans benefited from large profits and incomes in the Roman empire were raised due to trade in the Mediterranean . Analogous peaces ( edit ) See also : List of periods of regional peace The prominence of the concept of the Pax Romana led to historians coining variants of the term to describe other systems of relative peace that have been established , attempted , or argued to have existed . Some variants include : Pax Americana Pax Britannica Pax Europaea Pax Hispanica Pax Mongolica Pax Ottomana Pax Sinica Pax Khazarica Pax Syriana Pax Islamica Pax Sovietica More generically , the concept has been referred to as pax imperia , ( sometimes spelled as pax imperium ) meaning imperial peace , or -- less literally -- hegemonic peace . Raymond Aron notes that imperial peace -- peace achieved through hegemony -- sometimes , but not always -- can become civil peace . As an example , the German Empire 's imperial peace of 1871 ( over its internal components like Saxony ) slowly evolved into the later German state . As a counter-example , the imperial peace of Alexander the Great 's empire dissolved because the Greek city states maintained their political identity and more importantly , embryos of their own armed forces . Aron notes that during the Pax Romana , the Jewish war was a reminder that the overlapping of the imperial institutions over the local ones did not erase them and the overlap was a source of tension and flare - ups . Aron summarizes that , `` In other words , imperial peace becomes civil peace insofar as the memory of the previously independent political units are effaced , insofar as individuals within a pacified zone feel themselves less united to the traditional or local community and more to the conquering state . '' The concept of Pax Romana was highly influential , and attempts to imitate it occurred in the Byzantine Empire , and in the Christian West , where it morphed into the Peace and Truce of God ( pax Dei and treuga Dei ) . A theoretician of the imperial peace during the Middle Ages was Dante Aligheri . Dante 's works on the topic were analyzed at the beginning of the 20th century by William Mitchell Ramsay in the book The Imperial Peace ; An Ideal in European History ( 1913 ) . In fiction ( edit ) Isaac Asimov 's fictional Galactic Empire and Foundation series refer to Pax Trantorica and Pax Imperium . Pax Soprana is the sixth episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos . In Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic , Reim 's Peace is the Reim Empire 's version of Pax Romana , established about 200 years prior to the series by Empress Scherazade . Reim is a nation based on the Roman Empire . In Fallout : New Vegas Caesar aims to use his Roman - style army to create a new Pax Romana across the wasteland . First episode of season 4 of Gotham is known as `` Pax Penguina '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Pax Romana '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pax Romana '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Walter Goffart ( 1989 ) . Rome 's Fall and After . Hambledon Press . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 001 - 2 . Jump up ^ Arthur M. Eckstein ( 2011 ) ( 2006 ) . `` Conceptualizing Roman Imperial Expansion under the Republic : An Introduction '' . In Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein - Marx . A Companion to the Roman Republic . John Wiley & Sons . p. 574 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5720 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ali Parchami ( 2009 ) . Hegemonic Peace and Empire : The Pax Romana , Britannica and Americana . Routledge . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 00704 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Momigliano , Arnaldo ( 1942 ) . `` The Peace of the Ara Pacis '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes . 5 : 228 -- 231 . doi : 10.2307 / 750454 . JSTOR 750454 . Jump up ^ Davis , Paul K. ( 1999 ) . 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present : The World 's Major Battles and How They Shaped History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 1 - 5760 - 7075 - 1 . Jump up ^ Augustus states in Res Gestae 13 that he closed the Gates three times , a fact documented by many other historians ( See Gates of Janus ) . Jump up ^ Scott Ryberg , Inez ( 1949 ) . `` The Procession of the Ara Pacis '' . Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome . 19 : 77 , 79 -- 101 . doi : 10.2307 / 4238621 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , Gaius ( 2010 ) ( 2006 ) . Women , children , and senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae : A study of Augustus ' vision of a new world order in 13 BCE . ProQuest . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 83411 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sir Ronald Syme had suggested a later date ( but Rome was then at war ) . Jump up ^ Temin , Peter . The Roman Market Economy , Princeton University Press , 2012 . ProQuest Ebook Central , https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/lib/asulib-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1042912 Page 13 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , Adrian . Pax Romana : War , Peace and Conquest in the Roman World . New Haven , Yale University Press , 2016 . http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/Open.aspx?id=951687 Page 392 . Jump up ^ Tatah Mentan ( 2010 ) . The State in Africa : An Analysis of Impacts of Historical Trajectories of Global Capitalist Expansion and Domination in the Continent . African Books Collective . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 9956 - 616 - 12 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hyo - Dong Lee ( 2013 ) . Spirit , Qi , and the Multitude : A Comparative Theology for the Democracy of Creation . Oxford University Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 5501 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stephen Ross ( 2004 ) . Conrad and Empire . University of Missouri Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1518 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Raymond Aron ( 2003 ) . Peace and War : A Theory of International Relations . Transaction Publishers . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0504 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : David Gress ( 1985 ) . Peace and Survival : West Germany , The Peace Movement & European Security . Hoover Press . pp. 96 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 8093 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ali Parchami ( 2009 ) . Hegemonic Peace and Empire : The Pax Romana , Britannica and Americana . Routledge . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 00704 - 2 . Jump up ^ James Brown Scott ( 2002 ) ( 1939 ) . Law , the State , and the International Community . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . pp. 223 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 178 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The imperial peace ; an ideal in European history '' . Internet Archive . External links ( edit ) United Nations of Roma Victrix History : Pax Romana Pax Romana Discussion group Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Apuleius Caesar Catullus Cicero Ennius Horace Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Martial Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca Statius Suetonius Tacitus Terence Tibullus Marcus Terentius Varro Virgil Vitruvius Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Wars and battles Generals Legions Emperors Geographers Cities and towns Institutions Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction Films Periods of regional and relative peace Contemporary Pax Americana Pax Europaea Pax Praetoriana Pax Sinica Historical Pax Assyriaca Pax Britannica Pax Dei Pax Hispanica Pax Islamica Pax Khazarica Pax Minoica Pax Mongolica Pax Ottomana Pax Praetoriana Pax Romana Pax Sinica Pax Sovietica Pax Sumerica Pax Syriana Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pax_Romana&oldid=816060600 '' Categories : Pax Foreign relations of Ancient Rome History of the Roman Empire 1st century BC in international relations 1st century in international relations 2nd century in international relations Augustus 1st century BC in the Roman Empire 1st century in the Roman Empire 2nd century in the Roman Empire Latin political phrases Ancient international relations Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 00 : 18 . 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what are the four levels of police services in the united states

Law enforcement in the United States

law enforcement in the united states

Law enforcement in the United States is one of three major components of the criminal justice system of the United States , along with courts and corrections . Although each component operates semi-independently , the three collectively form a chain leading from investigation of suspected criminal activity to administration of criminal punishment .

Law enforcement operates primarily through governmental police agencies . The law - enforcement purposes of these agencies are the investigation of suspected criminal activity , referral of the results of investigations to the courts , and the temporary detention of suspected criminals pending judicial action . Law enforcement agencies , to varying degrees at different levels of government and in different agencies , are also commonly charged with the responsibilities of deterring criminal activity and preventing the successful commission of crimes in progress . Other duties may include the service and enforcement of warrants , writs , and other orders of the courts . Law enforcement agencies are also involved in providing first response to emergencies and other threats to public safety ; the protection of certain public facilities and infrastructure ; the maintenance of public order ; the protection of public officials ; and the operation of some correctional facilities ( usually at the local level ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of police 1.1 Federal 1.2 State 1.3 County 1.3. 1 County police 1.3. 2 Sheriffs ' offices 1.4 Municipal 1.5 Other 2 Police functions 3 History 3.1 Police reform 3.2 Militarization of police 3.3 Styles of policing 4 Powers of officers 4.1 General powers 4.2 Civil asset forfeiture 4.3 Deadly force 4.4 Accountability 4.5 Misconduct 5 Entry qualifications 5.1 Requirements 5.2 Issues with recruitment 6 Police equipment 6.1 Firearms 6.2 Less lethal weapons 6.3 Specialized weapons 6.4 Body armor 6.5 Body - worn camera 7 Police communications 7.1 Radio 7.2 National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System 7.3 Dissemination 8 Number of police 8.1 Changes in personnel numbers 8.2 Salary 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References Types of police ( edit ) Policing in the United States is conducted by `` close to 18,000 federal , state , local and city departments '' . Every state has its own nomenclature for agencies , and their powers , responsibilities and funding vary from state to state . Federal ( edit ) Main article : Federal law enforcement in the United States See also : Law enforcement agency § Federal responsibilities U.S. Park Police officers standing by during the 2005 Inauguration Day At the federal level , there exists both federal police , who possess full federal authority as given to them under United States Code ( U.S.C. ) , and federal law enforcement agencies , who are authorized to enforce various laws at the federal level . Both police and law enforcement agencies operate at the highest level and are endowed with police roles ; each may maintain a small component of the other ( for example , the FBI Police ) . The agencies have nationwide jurisdiction for enforcement of federal law . All federal agencies are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating only matters that are explicitly within the power of the federal government . However , federal investigative powers have become very broad in practice , especially since the passage of the USA PATRIOT Act . The Department of Justice ( DOJ ) is responsible for most law enforcement duties at the federal level . It includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) , the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives ( ATF ) , the United States Marshals Service , the Federal Bureau of Prisons ( BOP ) and others . The Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) is another branch with numerous federal law enforcement agencies reporting to it . U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) , U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) , Federal Air Marshal Service ( FAMS ) , United States Secret Service ( USSS ) , United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) , Homeland Security Investigations ( HSI ) , and the Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) are some of the agencies that report to DHS . It should be noted that the United States Coast Guard is assigned to the United States Department of Defense in the event of war . At a crime or disaster scene affecting large numbers of people , multiple jurisdictions , or broad geographic areas , many police agencies may be involved by mutual aid agreements , for example the United States Federal Protective Service responded to the Hurricane Katrina natural disaster . Command in such situations remains a complex and flexible issue . In accordance with the federal , as opposed to unitary or confederal , structure of the United States government , the national ( federal ) government is not authorized to execute general police powers by the Constitution of the United States of America . Each of the United States ' 50 federated states ( referred to simply as ' states ' in the United States despite their lack of full sovereignty ) retain their own police , military and domestic law - making powers . The US Constitution gives the federal government the power to deal with foreign affairs and interstate affairs ( affairs between the states ) . For policing , this means that if a non-federal crime is committed in a US state and the fugitive does not flee the state , the federal government has no jurisdiction . However , once the fugitive crosses a state line he violates the federal law of interstate flight and is subject to federal jurisdiction , at which time federal law enforcement agencies may become involved . State ( edit ) Main article : State police Massachusetts State Police Troopers Most states operate statewide government agencies that provide law enforcement duties , including investigations and state patrols . They may be called state police or highway patrol , and are normally part of the state Department of Public Safety . In addition , the Attorney General 's office of each state has its own state bureau of investigation . In Texas , the Texas Ranger Division fulfill this role though they have their history in the period before Texas became a state . Various departments of state governments may have their own enforcement divisions , such as capitol police , campus police , state hospitals , Departments of Correction , water police , environmental ( fish and game / wildlife ) game wardens or conservation officers ( who have full police powers and statewide jurisdiction ) . In Colorado , for instance , the Department of Revenue has its own investigative branch , as do many of the state - funded universities . County ( edit ) Also known as parishes and boroughs , county law enforcement is provided by sheriffs ' departments or offices and county police . County police ( edit ) Main article : County police County police tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide jurisdiction . In some areas , there is a sheriff 's department which only handles minor issues such as service of papers and security for the local courthouse . In other areas , there are no county police and the local sheriff is the exclusive law enforcement agency and acts as both sheriff and county police , which is more common than there being a separate county police force . County police tend to fall into three broad categories : Full service - provide the full spectrum of police services to the entire county , irrespective of local communities , and may provide contractual security police services to special districts within the county . Limited service - provide services to unincorporated areas of the county ( and may provide services to some incorporated areas by contract ) , and usually provide contractual security police services to special districts within the county . Restricted service - provide security police to county owned and operated facilities and parks . Some may also perform some road patrol duties on county built and maintained roads , and provide support to municipal police departments in the county . Some northeastern states maintain county detectives in their county attorneys ' offices . For example , the Commonwealth of Virginia does not have overlapping County and City jurisdictions , whereas in the other 49 states most municipalities fall within ( and share jurisdiction and many other governmental responsibilities with ) a County . In Virginia , governmental power flows down from the State ( or in Virginia 's case , Commonwealth ) directly to either a County or an Independent City . Thus , policing in Virginia is more streamlined : the County Sheriff 's Office / Department or County Police Department does not overlap with an Independent City Police Department . Unincorporated Townships remain part of their parent County , but may have Town Police Departments to augment their County law enforcement . Town Police Departments are often small , and may deploy a combination of paid and nonpaid , full and part - time law enforcement officers , including auxiliary officers who typically serve as part - time , unpaid volunteers . If present , Independent City Sheriff 's Offices usually follow the Restrictive model shown below for Sheriff 's Departments , with limited law enforcement authority including warrant service , jail bailiff , etc . Mutual assistance compacts may exist where neighboring law enforcement agencies will assist each other , however , in addition to State ( Commonwealth ) law enforcement resources . Sheriffs ' offices ( edit ) Main article : Sheriffs in the United States Full service - The most common type , provide all traditional law - enforcement functions , including countywide patrol and investigations irrespective of municipal boundaries . Limited service - along with the above , perform some type of traditional law - enforcement function such as investigations and patrol . This may be limited to security police duties on county properties ( and others by contract ) to the performance of these duties in unincorporated areas of the county , and some incorporated areas by contract . Restricted service - provide basic court related services such as keeping the county jail , transporting prisoners , providing courthouse security and other duties with regard to service of process and summonses that are issued by county and state courts . The sheriff also often conducts auction sales of real property in foreclosure in many jurisdictions , and is often also empowered to conduct seizures of chattel property to satisfy a judgment . In other jurisdictions , these civil process duties are performed by other officers , such as a marshal or constable . In Texas , the sheriff 's office is normally the agency responsible for handling mental health calls . If the situation is dangerous , a sheriff 's deputy has the power to take a person to a hospital on a mental health commitment immediately . However , if the situation is not actively dangerous , a warrant must be sought . With the rise in mental health units across the state , the Texas CIT Association was formed . Municipal ( edit ) A Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor of the New York City Police Department See Municipal police departments of the United States for a list Municipal police range from one - officer agencies ( sometimes still called the town marshal ) to the 36,600 person - strong New York City Police Department . Most municipal agencies take the form ( Municipality Name ) Police Department . Most municipalities have their own police departments . Metropolitan departments , such as the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department , have jurisdiction covering multiple communities and municipalities , often over a wide area typically share geographical boundaries within one or more cities or counties . Metropolitan departments have usually been formed by a merger between local agencies , typically several local police departments and often the local sheriff 's department or office , in efforts to provide greater efficiency by centralizing command and resources and to resolve jurisdictional problems , often in communities experiencing rapid population growth and urban sprawl , or in neighboring communities too small to afford individual police departments . Some county sheriff 's departments , such as the Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department , are contracted to provide full police services to local cities within their counties . Other ( edit ) See Specialist police departments of the United States for a list There are other types of specialist police departments with varying jurisdictions . Most of these serve special - purpose districts and are known as special district police . In some states , they serve as little more than security police , but in states such as California , special district forces are composed of fully sworn peace officers with statewide authority . These agencies can be transit police , school district police , campus police , airport police , railroad police , park police or police departments responsible for protecting government property , such as the former Los Angeles General Services Police . Some agencies , such as the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department , have multi-state powers . There are also some private ( non-governmental ) agencies , such as the Co-op City Department of Public Safety . Puerto Rico Police Main article : Puerto Rico Police The Puerto Rico Police traces back to 1837 , when Spanish governor Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto created La Guardia Civil de Puerto Rico ( Puerto Rico Civil Guard ) to protect the lives and property of Puerto Ricans who at the time were Spanish subjects , and provide police services to the entire island , even though many municipalities maintain their own police force . The United States invaded and took possession of Puerto Rico in July 1898 as a result of the Spanish -- American War and has controlled the island as a US territory since then . The Insular Police of Puerto Rico was created on February 21 , 1899 , under the command of Col. Frank Thacher ( US Marine officer during the Spanish -- American War ) , with an authorized strength of 313 sworn officers . As of 2009 , the PRPD had over 17,292 officers . Police functions ( edit ) A Florida Highway Patrol state trooper at the scene of a motor vehicle accident FBI Evidence Response Team Textbooks and scholars have identified three primary police agency functions . The following is cited from The American System of Criminal Justice , by George F. Cole and Christopher E. Smith , 2004 , 10th edition , Wadsworth / Thomson Learning : Order maintenance . This is the broad mandate to keep the peace or otherwise prevent behaviors which might disturb others . This can deal with things ranging from a barking dog to a fist - fight . By way of description , Cole and Smith note that police are usually called - on to `` handle '' these situations with discretion , rather than deal with them as strict violations of law , though of course their authority to deal with these situations are based in violations of law . Law enforcement . Those powers are typically used only in cases where the law has been violated and a suspect must be identified and apprehended . Most obvious instances include robbery , murder , or burglary . This is the popular notion of the main police function , but the frequency of such activity is dependent on geography and season . Service . Services may include rendering first aid , providing tourist information , guiding the disoriented , or acting as educators ( on topics such as preventing drug use ) . Cole and Smith cited one study which showed 80 % of all calls for police assistance did not involve crimes , but this may not be the case in all parts of the country . Because police agencies are traditionally available year - round , 24 hours a day , citizens call upon police departments not only in times of trouble , but also when just inconvenienced . As a result , police services may include roadside auto assistance , providing referrals to other agencies , finding lost pets or property , or checking locks on vacationers ' homes . History ( edit ) Early policing in American history was based on the ancient English common law system which relied heavily on citizen volunteers , watch groups , and a conscription system known as posse comitatus similar to the militia system , which continued until the mid-Nineteenth century . Police reform ( edit ) Main article : Police reform in the United States There have been many initiatives to reform policing , notably since the 1960s , under President Lyndon Johnson , and several more recent efforts . Police departments across the country continue to be scandalized by instances of corruption and brutality . Reforms based on community dialogue , legal requirements and updating of police training is growing . Militarization of police ( edit ) Main article : Militarization of police § United States The militarization of both rural and urban law enforcement has been attributed to the United States ' involvement in wars during the 20th century , although some attribute the militarization to the more recent campaigns on drugs and terror . Historian Charles Beard argues that cultural change during the Great Depression encouraged the militarization of law enforcement , whereas Harwood argues that the creation of SWAT teams and tactical units within law enforcement during the 1960s began such trend . In recent years , the use of military equipment and tactics for community policing and for public order policing has become more widespread under the 1033 program . The program prompted discussion among lawmakers in 2014 after unrest in Ferguson , Missouri . President Obama introduced restrictions in 2015 on the transfer of surplus military equipment to police . In 2017 , the Trump administration announced it will reinstate the program . Styles of policing ( edit ) Given the broad mandates of police work , and yet having limited resources , police administrators must develop policies to prioritize and focus their activities . Some of the more controversial policies restrict , or even forbid , high - speed vehicular pursuits . Researchers Falcone , Wells , & Weisheit 's describe a historical separation of police models between small towns and larger cities . The distinction has also been defined between rural and urban policing models , which tended to function differently with separate hierarchical systems supporting each . Three styles of policing develop from a jurisdiction 's socioeconomic characteristics , government organization , and choice of police administrators . According to a study by James Q. Wilson ( `` Varieties of Police Behavior '' , 1968 , 1978 , Harvard University Press ) , there were three distinct types of policing developed in his study of eight communities . Each style emphasized different police functions , and were linked to specific characteristics of the community the department served . ( Wilson 's field of study was in the United States , and it is not clear if similar studies have been done for other countries with different governmental organization and laws . ) Watchman . Emphasizes maintaining order , usually found in communities with a declining industrial base , and a blue - collar , mixed ethnic / racial population . This form of policing is implicitly less pro-active than other styles , and certain offenses may be `` overlooked '' on a variety of social , legal , and cultural grounds , as long as the public order is maintained . Smith and Cole comment the broad discretion exercised in this style of policing can result in charges of discrimination , when it appears police treatment of different groups results in the perception that some groups get better treatment than others ; Legalistic . Emphasizes law enforcement and professionalism . This is usually found in reform - minded cities , with mixed socioeconomic composition . Officers are expected to generate a large number of arrests and citations , and act as if there were a single community standard for conduct , rather than different standards for different groups . However , the fact that certain groups are more likely to have law enforcement contact means this strict enforcement of laws may seem overly harsh on certain groups ; Service . Emphasizes the service functions of police work , usually found in suburban , middle - class communities where residents demand individual treatment . Police in homogeneous communities can view their work as protecting their citizens against `` outsiders '' , with frequent but often - informal interventions against community members . The uniform make - up of the community means crimes are usually more obvious , and therefore less frequent , leaving police free to deal with service functions , and traffic control . Wilson 's study applies to police behavior for the entire department , over time . At any given time , police officers may be acting in a watchman , service , or legalistic function by nature of what they 're doing at the time , or temperament , or mood . Individual officers may also be inclined to one style or another , regardless of supervisor or citizen demands . Community - oriented policing is a shift in policing practices in the U.S. that moved away from standardization and towards a more preventative model where police actively partner with the community it serves . Powers of officers ( edit ) General powers ( edit ) Law enforcement officers are granted certain powers to enable them to carry out their duties . When there exists probable cause to believe that a person has committed a serious crime , a law enforcement officer can handcuff and arrest a person , who will be held in a police station or jail pending a judicial bail determination or an arraignment . The procedural use of strip searches and cavity searches by law enforcement has raised civil liberties concerns . The practice of taking an arrested person on a perp walk , often handcuffed , through a public place at some point after the arrest , creating an opportunity for the media to take photographs and video of the event , has also raised concerns . In 2010 , the FBI estimated that law enforcement agencies made 13,120,947 arrests ( excluding traffic violations ) . Of those persons arrested , 74.5 % were male and 69.4 percent of all persons arrested were white , 28.0 percent were black , and the remaining 2.6 percent were of other races . A law enforcement officer may briefly detain a person upon reasonable suspicion of involvement in a crime but short of probable cause to arrest . Contrary to popular belief and Hollywood - style depictions in TV and movies , merely lawfully detaining a person -- in and of itself -- does not deprive a person of their Fourth Amendment right against unlawful searches . Federal , state , and local laws , and individual law enforcement departmental policies govern when , where , how , and upon whom a law enforcement officer may perform a `` pat down , '' `` protective search , '' or `` Terry frisk , '' based on several U.S. Supreme Court decisions ( including Terry v. Ohio ( 1968 ) , Michigan v. Long ( 1983 ) , and Maryland v. Buie ( 1990 ) ) : In Terry v. Ohio , the landmark decision introducing the term `` Terry frisk , '' or `` frisk , '' to the broader public : `` Our evaluation of the proper balance that has to be struck in this type of case leads us to conclude that there must be a narrowly drawn authority to permit a reasonable search for weapons for the protection of the police officer , where he has reason to believe that he is dealing with an armed and dangerous individual , regardless of whether he has probable cause to arrest the individual for a crime . The officer need not be absolutely certain that the individual is armed ; the issue is whether a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger ( italics added ) . '' The New York City Police Department came under scrutiny in 2012 for its use of a stop - and - frisk program . Civil asset forfeiture ( edit ) Main article : Civil forfeiture in the United States The Supreme Court ruled that law enforcement officers may enter a house without knocking if they have `` a reasonable suspicion '' that announcing their presence would be dangerous or allow a suspect to destroy evidence ( for example , by flushing drugs down the toilet ) . In addition , rules on civil asset forfeiture allow law enforcement officers to seize anything which they can plausibly claim was the proceeds of a crime . The property - owner need not be convicted of that crime ; if officers find drugs in a house , they can take cash from the house and possibly the house itself . Commentators have said these rules provide an incentive for law enforcement officers to focus on drug - related crimes rather than rape and murder investigations . They also provide an incentive to arrest suspected drug - dealers inside their houses , which can be seized , and to raid stash houses after most of their drugs have been sold , when officers can seize the cash . Deadly force ( edit ) Main articles : Police use of deadly force in the United States and List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States Use of deadly force is often granted to law enforcement officers when the person or persons in question are believed to be an immediate danger to people around them , or when a person poses a significant threat to a law enforcement officer , usually when the officer is at risk of serious bodily injury or death . Most law enforcement agencies establish a use of force continuum and list deadly force as a force of last resort . With this model , agencies try to control excessive use of force . Nonetheless , some question the number of killings by law enforcement officers , including killings of people who are unarmed , raising questions about widespread and ongoing excessive use of force . Other non-fatal incidents and arrests have raised similar concerns . Accountability ( edit ) Main article : Police accountability § Police reform in the United States Misconduct ( edit ) Main articles : Police misconduct § United States , Police brutality in the United States , Police perjury in the United States , and Police riots in the United States Several serious cases of police misconduct have raised questions surrounding abuse of powers by individual or groups of officers . Historical examples include the Chicago Police Department 's torture of felony suspects between 1972 - 1991 by and under Jon Burge , Los Angeles Police Department 's 1991 beating of Rodney King and late - 1990s LAPD Rampart Scandal , New York City Police Department 's 1970s fatal shootings of Clifford Glover ( 1973 ) and Randolph Evans ( 1976 ) , the 1980s chokehold of Michael Stewart ( 1983 ) , shootings of Eleanor Bumpers ( 1984 ) and Edmund Perry ( 1985 ) , the stun gun torture of Mark Davidson ( 1985 ) , the 1990s torture of Abner Louima and shooting of Amadou Diallo , the 2000s shootings and record - publicizing of Patrick Dorismond , and Sean Bell , Philadelphia Police Department 's torture of suspects in the 1970s to improve then - mayor Frank Rizzo 's reputation and Torrington , Connecticut 's Tracey Thurman . Entry qualifications ( edit ) Requirements ( edit ) Nearly all U.S. states and the federal government have by law adopted minimum - standard standardized training requirements for all officers with powers of arrest within the state . Many standards apply to in - service training as well as entry - level training , particularly in the use of firearms , with periodic re-certification required . These standards often comply with standards promoted by the US Department of Justice . These standards typically require a thorough background check that potential police recruits : Be a United States citizen ( waived in certain agencies if the applicant is a lawful resident ) . Must have a high school diploma or a GED and if necessary a college degree or served in the United States military without a dishonorable discharge ; Be in good medical , physical , and psychological condition ; Maintain a clean criminal record without either serious or repeated misdemeanor or any felony convictions ; Must have a valid driver 's license with a clean driving record and that is not currently or has a history of being suspended or revoked ; Be of high moral character ; Not have a history of prior narcotic or repeated marijuana use or alcoholism ; Not have a history of ethical , professional , prior employment , motor vehicle , educational , or financial improprieties ; Not have a history of domestic violence or mental illness ; Not to pose a safety and security risk ; Be legally eligible to own and carry a firearm . Repeated interviews , written tests , medical examinations , physical fitness tests , comprehensive background investigations , fingerprinting , drug testing , a police oral board interview , a polygraph examination and consultation with a psychologist are common practices used to review the suitability of candidates . Recruiting in most departments is competitive , with more suitable and desirable candidates accepted over lesser ones , and failure to meet some minimum standards disqualifying a candidate entirely . Police oral boards are the most subjective part of the process and often disqualifies the biggest portion of qualified candidates . Departments maintain records of past applicants under review , and refer to them in the case of either reapplication or requests between other agencies . Issues with recruitment ( edit ) Further information : Gypsy cop Despite these safeguards , some departments have at times relaxed hiring and staffing policies , sometimes in violation of the law , most often in the cases of local departments and federally funded drug task forces facing staffing shortages , attrition , and needs to quickly fill positions . This has included at times the fielding ( and sometimes the arming ) of uncertified officers ( who may be working temporarily in what is supposed to be a provisional limited - duty status prior to certification ) and the hiring of itinerant `` gypsy cops '' , who may have histories of poor performance or misconduct in other departments . Police equipment ( edit ) Firearms ( edit ) Police in the United States usually carry a handgun on duty . Many are required to be armed on - duty and often required to have a concealable off - duty handgun . Among the most common sidearms are models produced by Glock , Smith & Wesson , SIG Sauer , Beretta , and Heckler & Koch , usually in 9mm , . 40 S&W , . 357 SIG ( US Secret Service and other Federal Law Enforcement agencies ) or . 45 ACP . Until the late 1980s and early 1990s , most US police officers carried revolvers , typically in . 38 Special or . 357 Magnum calibers , as their primary duty weapons . At the time , Smith & Wesson , Colt , Ruger and some Taurus models were popular with police officers , most popular being the Smith & Wesson or Colt revolvers . Since then , most agencies have switched to semiautomatic pistols . Two key events influencing many US police forces to upgrade their primary duty weapons to weapons with greater stopping power and round capacity were the 1980 Norco shootout and the 1986 FBI Miami shootout . Some police departments allow qualified officers to carry shotguns and / or semiautomatic rifles in their vehicles for additional firepower , typically to be used if a suspect is involved in an active shooter situation , or a hostage / barricade incident . Less lethal weapons ( edit ) ASP 21 '' tactical baton in collapsed and expanded states . Police also often carry an impact weapon - a baton , also known as a nightstick . The common nightstick and the side handle baton have been replaced in many locations by expandable batons such as the Monadnock Auto - Lock Expandable Baton or ASP baton . One advantage of the collapsible baton is that the wearer can comfortably sit in a patrol vehicle while still wearing the baton on their duty belt . The side handle night stick usually has to be removed before entering the vehicle . Many departments also use less - lethal weapons like mace , pepper spray , electroshock guns , and beanbag shotgun rounds . Another less lethal weapon that police officers often carry is an electroshock gun , also known as a Taser . The handheld electroshock weapon was designed to incapacitate a single person from a distance by using electric current to disrupt voluntary control of muscles . Someone struck by a Taser experiences stimulation of his or her sensory nerves and motor nerves , resulting in strong involuntary muscle contractions . Tasers do not rely only on pain compliance , except when used in Drive Stun mode , and are thus preferred by some law enforcement over non-Taser stun guns and other electronic control weapons . Specialized weapons ( edit ) Further information : SWAT Most large police departments have elite SWAT units which are called in to handle situations , such as barricaded suspects , hostage situations and high - risk warrant service , that require greater force , specialized equipment , and special tactics . These units usually have submachine guns , automatic carbines or rifles , semiautomatic combat shotguns , sniper rifles , gas , smoke and flashbang grenades , and other specialized weapons and equipment at their disposal . Some departments are equipped with armored vehicles . Body armor ( edit ) Further information : Body armor Uniformed police officers are often issued body armor , typically in the form of a lightweight Level IIA , II or IIIA vest that can be worn under service shirts . SWAT teams typically wear heavier Level III or IV tactical armored vests , often with steel or ceramic trauma plates , comparable to those worn by U.S. military personnel engaged in ground operations . Officers trained in bomb disposal wear specialized heavy protective armor designed to protect them from the effects of an explosion when working around live ordnance . Local police foundations have initiated programs to provide law enforcement agencies with higher level vests that provide greater protection and vests for police K - 9s as well . Body - worn camera ( edit ) Further information : Body worn video ( police equipment ) Multiple states have pending body - worn camera legislation that require its law enforcement to be equipped with body - worn cameras when the officers are on duty . Some of these states include California , Washington , and Illinois , among others . Body - worn cameras are video recording devices around three inches long that cost between $129 - $900 . There are different body - worn camera models , but a standard body - worn camera includes an on and off switch that enables the image capturing technology to record and store data in the cloud . Body - worn cameras have become standard due to the rise of civilian complaints about police brutality across the nation . Supporters argue that the use of a body - worn camera allows evidence to be viewed from an unbiased perspective . Corporations are currently working on body - worn camera models that will resolve the technology 's limitations such as better audio capturing technology and battery life , to name a few . Surveillance items that can be used by law enforcement which have been scrutinized also include the automatic number plate recognition due to it 's similarities to mass surveillance . Police communications ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) Most American police departments are dispatched from a centralized communications center , using VHF , UHF or , more recently , digitally trunked radio transceivers mounted in their vehicles , with individual officers carrying portable handsets or ear - worn headsets for communication when away from their vehicles . American police cars are also increasingly equipped with mobile data terminals ( MDT 's ) or portable computers linked by radio to a network allowing them access to state department of motor vehicles information , criminal records , and other important information . Most police communications are now conducted within a regional pool of area telecommunicators or dispatchers using 9 - 1 - 1 and 9 - 1 - 1 telephone taxation . A large number of police agencies have pooled their 9 - 1 - 1 tax resources for Computer Aided Dispatching ( CAD ) to streamline dispatching and reporting . CAD systems are usually linked to MDT 's ( see above ) . National law enforcement Telecommunications system ( edit ) A variety of national , regional , state and local information systems are available to law enforcement agencies in the U.S. , with differing purposes and types of information . One example is the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System ( NLETS ) , an interstate justice and public safety network owned by the states supporting inquiry into state systems for criminal history , driver 's license and motor vehicle registration , as well as supporting inquiry into federal systems , such as the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) Law Enforcement Support Center , the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) National Drug Pointer Index ( NDPIX ) , and the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) Aircraft Registry , as well as the Government of Canada 's Canadian Police Information Centre ( CPIC ) . NLETS operates primarily through a secure private network through which each state has an interface to the network , and all agencies within the state operate through this portal . The federal and international components operate very similarly . Users include all United States and territories , Federal agencies with a justice mission , and certain international agencies . The primary operational site for the network is housed in Arizona , with a secure backup site located in the East Central U.S. Through the Nlets network , law enforcement and criminal justice agencies can access a wide range of information , from standard driver license and vehicle queries to criminal history and Interpol information . Operations consist of nearly 1.5 billion transactions a year to over 1 million PC , mobile and handheld devices in the U.S. and Canada at 45,000 user agencies and to 1.3 million individual users . Dissemination ( edit ) Police departments share arrest information with third - party news organizations that archive names of citizens and legal allegations in a `` police blotter '' . However , if the allegations are dismissed in court a citizen may not petition the third - party for removal . Number of police ( edit ) In 2008 , federal police employed approx . 120,000 full - time law enforcement officers , authorized to make arrests and carry firearms in the United States . The 2012 Bureau of Justice Statistics ' Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies ( CSLLEA ) , found there were 17,985 state and local law enforcement agencies employing at least one full - time officer or the equivalent in part - time officers . In 2008 , state and local law enforcement agencies employed more than 1.1 million people on a full - time basis , including about 765,000 sworn personnel ( defined as those with general arrest powers ) . Agencies also employed approximately 100,000 part - time employees , including 44,000 sworn officers . From 2004 to 2008 , overall full - time employment by state and local law enforcement agencies nationwide increased by about 57,000 ( or 5.3 % ) . Sworn personnel increased by about 33,000 ( 4.6 % ) , and nonsworn employees by about 24,000 ( 6.9 % ) . From 2004 to 2008 , the number of full - time sworn personnel per 100,000 U.S. residents increased from 250 to 251 . From 1992 to 2008 , the growth rate for civilian personnel was more than double that of sworn personnel . Local police departments were the largest employer of sworn personnel , accounting for 60 % of the total . Sheriffs ' offices were next , accounting for 24 % . About half ( 49 % ) of all agencies employed fewer than 10 full - time officers . Nearly two - thirds ( 64 % ) of sworn personnel worked for agencies that employed 100 or more officers . Changes in personnel numbers ( edit ) Fifteen of the 50 largest local police departments employed fewer full - time sworn personnel in 2008 than in 2004 . The largest declines were in Detroit ( 36 % ) , Memphis ( 23 % ) , New Orleans ( 13 % ) , and San Francisco ( 10 % ) . Ten of the 50 largest local police departments reported double - digit increases in sworn personnel from 2004 to 2008 . The largest increases were in Phoenix ( 19 % ) , Prince George 's County ( Maryland ) ( 17 % ) , Dallas ( 15 % ) , and Fort Worth ( 14 % ) . Salary ( edit ) Salary varies widely for police officers , with most being among the top third of wage - earners , age 25 or older , nationwide . In May 2012 , the overall median was $56,980 . The top 10 % earned more than $93,450 and bottom 10 % less than $33,060 . The median wages for police and detective occupations in May 2012 were as follows : $74,300 for detectives and criminal investigators $55,270 for police and sheriff 's patrol officers $55,210 for transit and railroad police $48,070 for fish and game wardens Gallery ( edit ) Grover Cleveland was Sheriff of Erie County New York 1871 - 1872 Theodore Roosevelt as Police Commissioner of New York City with Jacov Riis 1894 See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Police of the United States . List of U.S. state and local law enforcement agencies Police ranks in the US Police uniforms of the United States Police academies in the United States List of law enforcement agencies in the District of Columbia Related : Crime in the United States Incarceration in the United States Terrorism in the United States General : Police United States portal Law enforcement portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debusmann , Bernd ( October -- November 2016 ) . `` The race problem in black and white '' . The World Today . Chatham House . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Langeluttig , Albert ( 1927 ) . The Department of Justice of the United States . Johns Hopkins Press . pp. 9 -- 14 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia County vs. Town vs. City '' . Virginia Places.Org . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auxiliary Police and Part Time Law Enforcement Officer Training Standards '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services . DCJS VA . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Archbold , Carol A. ( 2013 ) . Policing ( PDF ) . Sage Publication . ISBN 9781412993692 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Anthony . `` Rise of the Warrior Cop : The Militarization of America 's Police Forces . '' The Independent Review 19.2 ( 2014 ) : 271 - 75 . ProQuest Research Library . Web . 25 Oct. 2014 . Jump up ^ Kraska , Peter B. `` Militarizing Criminal Justice : Exploring the Possibilities . '' The Journal of Political and Military Sociology 27.2 ( 1999 ) : 205 - 15. ProQuest Research Library . Web . 25 Oct. 2014 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Richard H. `` The Danger of Militarization in an Endless `` War '' on Terrorism . '' The Journal of Military History 73.1 ( 2008 ) : 177 - 208. ProQuest Research Library . Web . 25 Oct. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` War Gear Flows to Police Departments '' . New York Times . June 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Community Police Armed with the Weapons and Tactics of War '' . ACLU . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Flowed To Lawmakers Who Voted to ' Militarize ' Police '' . International Business Times . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amid Ferguson chaos , Rand Paul bemoans ' militarization ' of police '' . LA Times . August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trump to Fully Restore Military Surplus Transfers to Police '' . The New York Times . 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Falcone , David N. , Edward L. Wells , and Ralph A. Weisheit . `` The Small - Town Police Department . '' Policing 25.2 ( 2002 ) : 371 - 85 . ProQuest Criminal Justice Periodicals Index . Web . 25 Sept. 2014 . Jump up ^ Batten , Ed . Donna ( 2010 ) . `` Community - Oriented Policing . '' Gale Encyclopedia of American Law ( 3 ed . ) . Detroit : Gale . pp. 49 -- 51 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Strip Searching Americans Without Cause : A Blow to Personal Privacy '' . Huffington Post . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. justice system , the strip - search is common practice '' . Reuters . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Strip Searches '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study : DSK Fallout : Time for the Perp Walk to Take a Hike ? '' . Time . July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ FBI Uniform Crime Reports Jump up ^ `` Protective Searches - Building Upon Terry V. Ohio '' . Law Enforcement Today . 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Terry v. Ohio '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYPD Stop And Frisks : 15 Shocking Facts About A Controversial Program '' . Huffington Post . May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stop - and - Frisk Campaign : About the Issue '' . NYCLU . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NYPD Stop and Frisk '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cops or soldiers ? '' . The Economist . March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Asset Forfeiture '' . ACLU . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal police shootings in 2015 approaching 400 nationwide '' . The Washington Post . May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's police kill too many people . But some forces are showing how smarter , less aggressive policing gets results '' . The Economist . December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrest - Related Deaths '' . Bureau Of Justice Statistics . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Police Have Killed Over 5,000 Civilians Since 9 / 11 '' . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police Involved Shooting Statistics : A National One - Year Summary '' . December 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Larry ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of law enforcement . Sage . p. 702 . ISBN 0761926496 . Jump up ^ Suarez , Jonathan . Police Officer Exam . Lulu.com . p. 357 . ISBN 0557036372 . Jump up ^ The Law Enforcement Oral Board Interview - http://www.lawenforcementts.com Jump up ^ `` Cast - Out Police Officers Are Often Hired in Other Cities '' . The New York Times . September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fired / Rehired : Police chiefs are often forced to put officers fired for misconduct back on the streets '' . Washington Post . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Police Unions and Arbitrators Keep Abusive Cops on the Street '' . The Atlantic . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Barker , Tom ( 2011 ) . Police ethics : crisis in law enforcement ( 3rd ed . ) . Chares C. Thomas . p. 134 . ISBN 039808615X . Jump up ^ `` Push to keep `` gypsy cops '' with questionable pasts off the streets `` . CBS News . 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shielded from Justice : Police Brutality and Accountability in the United States '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Police Foundation - Houston Police Department Body Armor '' . www.houstonpolicefoundation.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Body Armor Recent News '' . www.alexandriapolicefoundation.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ CAPPS , KRISTON ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Police Body Cameras : Coming Everywhere in 3 to 5 Years '' . City Lab . Jump up ^ Wagstaff , Keith ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Digital Partner : Here 's How Police Body Cameras Work '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ Ariel , Barak ; Farrar , William ; Sutherland , Alex ( September 2015 ) . `` The Effect of Police Body - Worn Cameras on Use of Force and Citizens ' Complaints Against the Police : A Randomized Controlled Trial '' . Journal of Quantitative Criminology . ^ Jump up to : `` Who We Are - Nlets '' . www.nlets.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` National Crime Information Systems TRIBAL Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` What We Do - Nlets '' . www.nlets.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Justice , Bureau of Justice Statistics . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Justice , Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies , 2008 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Justice , Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies , 2008 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau . ( June 24 , 2005 ) . PINC - 03 . Educational Attainment -- People 25 Years Old and Over , by Total Money Earnings in 2008 , Work Experience in 2004 , Age , Race , Hispanic Origin , and Sex '' . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Police and Detectives : Occupational Outlook Handbook , 2014 -- 15 edition '' . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . 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what nqf level is a b tech degree

Levels Designation Grade 9 Grade 10 and National ( vocational ) Certificates level 2 Grade 11 and National ( vocational ) Certificates level 3 Grade 12 ( National Senior Certificate ) and National ( vocational ) Cert . level 4 5 Higher Certificates and Advanced National ( vocational ) Cert . 6 National Diploma and Advanced certificates 7 Bachelor 's degree , Advanced Diplomas , Post Graduate Certificate and B - tech 8 Honours degree , Post Graduate diploma and Professional Qualifications 9 Master 's degree 10 Doctor 's degree

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South African qualifications authority

south african qualifications authority

The South African Qualifications Authority ( SAQA ) is a statutory body , regulated in terms of the National Qualifications Framework Act No. 67 of 2008 . It is made up of 29 members appointed by the Minister of Education in consultation with the Minister of Labour . SAQA is mandated by legislation to oversee the development and implementation of the National Qualifications Framework ( NQF ) .

Contents ( hide ) 1 The National Qualifications Framework 2 History 3 Functions 4 Activities 5 References 6 External links The national qualifications framework ( edit ) The NQF is a framework , i.e. it sets the boundaries , principle and guidelines , which provide a vision , a philosophical base and an organisational structure , for the construction of a qualifications system . Detailed development and implementation is carried out within these boundaries . All education and training in South Africa fits within this framework . It is national because it is a national resource , representing a national effort at integrating education and training into unified structure of recognised qualifications . It is framework of qualifications i.e. records of learner achievements . The NQF is a set of principles and guidelines by which records of learner achievement are registered to enable national recognition of acquired skills and knowledge , thereby ensuring an integrated system that encourages lifelong learning . The NQF consist of 10 levels divided into three band ; Levels 1 to 4 equate to high school grades 9 to 12 or vocational training , 5 to 7 are college diplomas and technical qualifications , 7 to 10 are university degrees . Levels Designation Grade 9 Grade 10 and National ( vocational ) Certificates level 2 Grade 11 and National ( vocational ) Certificates level 3 Grade 12 ( National Senior Certificate ) and National ( vocational ) Cert . level 4 5 Higher Certificates and Advanced National ( vocational ) Cert . 6 National Diploma and Advanced certificates 7 Bachelor 's degree , Advanced Diplomas , Post Graduate Certificate and B - tech 8 Honours degree , Post Graduate diploma and Professional Qualifications 9 Master 's degree 10 Doctor 's degree A graph mapping out the National Qualification Frameworks ( NQF ) and how they relate to different educational options within the South African educational system in 2017 . History ( edit ) In October 1995 , the South African Qualifications Authority Act ( No. 58 of 1995 ) was promulgated to establish the authority , whose main task was to establish the National Qualifications Framework ( NQF ) . The authority started operations in May 1996 . By 2001 the NQF was under review , and after that the 1995 SAQA law was replaced by the National Qualifications Framework Act ( No. 67 of 2008 ) . The authority remained in place and so did the updated NQF . Functions ( edit ) The functions of SAQA are essentially twofold : to oversee the development of the NQF by formulating and publishing policies and criteria for registration of bodies responsible for establishing education and training standards or qualifications and for accreditation of bodies responsible for monitoring and auditing achievements in terms of such standards and qualifications to oversee the implementation of the NQF by ensuring the registration , accreditation and assignment of functions to bodies referred to above , as well as the registration of national standards and qualifications on the framework . It must also take steps to ensure that provisions for accreditations are complied with and where appropriate , that registered standards and qualifications are internationally comparable . Activities ( edit ) In order to realise this objective , SAQA has established and maintains the following : a system for setting nationally recognised and internationally comparable education and training standards and qualifications from NQF Level 1 ( Grade 9 or Adult Basic Education and Training Level 4 - the exit point from General Education and Training ) to NQF Level 8 ( post-graduate qualifications ) a national quality assurance system to ensure that education and training is delivered to the set standards an electronic management information system which records all relevant information on the achievements of South African learners ( the National Learners ' Records Database ) . SAQA also has the task of evaluating foreign educational qualifications to determine their South African equivalence . People with foreign qualifications who wish to attend South African education institutions or who wish to enter the South African labour market apply to SAQA to have their qualifications evaluated . SAQA 's contribution ensures that South Africans have access to quality education and skills development to improve their lives . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SAQA Retrieved 20 December 2011 Jump up ^ NQF History Retrieved 20 December 2011 Jump up ^ NQF History Retrieved 20 December 2011 Jump up ^ What is the OQF Retrieved 20 December 2011 External links ( edit ) Homepage : South African Qualifications Authority , saqa.org.za Homepage : National Qualifications Framework , nqf.org.za ( hide ) South African universities University alliances CHEC FOTIM HESA SERA Public Traditional universities Cape Town Fort Hare Free State KwaZulu - Natal Limpopo North - West Pretoria Rhodes SMU Stellenbosch Western Cape Witwatersrand Comprehensive universities Johannesburg Nelson Mandela Unisa Venda Walter Sisulu Zululand Universities of technology Cape Peninsula Central Durban Mangosuthu Mpumalanga Sol Plaatje Tshwane Vaal Private Design and Art Schools AFDA Inscape Design College The Open Window School of Visual Communication Theological seminaries College of the Transfiguration Auckland Park Theological Seminary Baptist Theological College of Southern Africa Doxa Deo School of Divinity George Whitefield College South African Theological Seminary Universities and colleges Akademia CIDA City Campus CTI Education Group Damelin IMM Graduate School of Marketing Institute for Heritage Science and Conservation Midrand Graduate Institute Monash Regenesys Business School St Augustine College of South Africa Stenden South Africa TSiBA Education Related DHEAT SAQA Chancellors and vice-chancellors Endowment Rankings South African Technology Network TENET List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Qualifications_Authority&oldid=821763345 '' Categories : 1995 establishments in South Africa Education in South Africa Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from October 2007 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 14 : 00 . 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who does kevin costner play in 13 days

Thirteen Days is a 2000 American historical political thriller film directed by Roger Donaldson , dramatizing the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 , seen from the perspective of the US political leadership . Kevin Costner stars as political consultant Kenneth P. O'Donnell , with Bruce Greenwood featured as President John F. Kennedy , Steven Culp as Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , and Dylan Baker as Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara .

Kenneth P. O'Donnell

Thirteen Days ( film )

thirteen days ( film )

Thirteen Days is a 2000 American historical political thriller film directed by Roger Donaldson , dramatizing the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 , seen from the perspective of the US political leadership . Kevin Costner stars as political consultant Kenneth P. O'Donnell , with Bruce Greenwood featured as President John F. Kennedy , Steven Culp as Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , and Dylan Baker as Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara .

While the film carries the same title as the book Thirteen Days by former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , it is in fact based on a different book , The Kennedy Tapes : Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis , by Ernest May and Philip Zelikow . It is the second docudrama made about the crisis , the first being 1974 's The Missiles of October , which was based on Kennedy 's book . The 2000 film contains some newly declassified information not available to the earlier production , but takes greater dramatic license , particularly in its choice of O'Donnell as protagonist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release and reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In October 1962 , U-2 aerial surveillance photos reveal that the Soviet Union is in the process of placing intermediate - range ballistic missiles carrying nuclear weapons in Cuba . President John F. Kennedy ( Bruce Greenwood ) and his advisers must come up with a plan of action to prevent their activation . Kennedy is determined to show that the United States will not allow a missile threat . The Joint Chiefs of Staff advise immediate U.S. military strikes against the missile sites followed by an invasion of Cuba . However , Kennedy is reluctant to attack and invade because it would very likely cause the Soviets to invade Berlin , which could lead to an all - out war . Citing The Guns of August , Kennedy sees an analogy to the events that started World War I , where the tactics of both sides ' commanders had not evolved since the previous war and were obsolete , only this time nuclear weapons are involved . War appears to be almost inevitable . The Kennedy administration tries to find a solution that will remove the missiles but avoid an act of war . They settle on a step less than a blockade , which is formally regarded as an act of war . They settle on what they publicly describe as a quarantine . They announce that the U.S. naval forces will stop all ships entering Cuban waters and inspect them to verify they are not carrying weapons destined for Cuba . The Soviet Union sends mixed messages in response . Off the shores of Cuba , the Soviet ships turn back from the quarantine lines . Secretary of State Dean Rusk ( Henry Strozier ) says , `` We 're eyeball to eyeball and I think the other fellow just blinked . '' The administration continues to order spy plane pictures , but one of Kennedy 's advisers , Kenny O'Donnell ( Kevin Costner ) , calls the pilots to ensure the pilots do not report that they were shot at or fired upon , because if they were , the country would be forced to retaliate under the rules of engagement . John A. Scali , a reporter with ABC News , is contacted by Soviet `` emissary '' Aleksandr Fomin ( Boris Lee Krutonog ) , and through this back - channel communication method the Soviets offer to remove the missiles in exchange for public assurances from the U.S. that it will never invade Cuba . A long message in the same tone as the informal communication from Fomin , apparently written personally by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev , is received . This is followed by a second , more hard line cable in which the Soviets offer a deal involving U.S removal of its Jupiter missiles from Turkey . The Kennedy administration interprets the second as a response from the Politburo , and in a risky act , decides to ignore it and respond to the first message , assumed to be from Khrushchev . There are several mis - steps during the crisis : the defense readiness level of Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) is raised to DEFCON 2 ( one step shy of maximum readiness for imminent war ) , without informing the President ; a nuclear weapon test proceeds ( Bluegill Triple Prime ) and a routine test launch of a U.S. offensive missile is also carried out without the President 's knowledge . In a bid for time while under intense pressure from the military for an immediate strike , President Kennedy authorizes attacks on the missile sites and an invasion of Cuba , to commence the following Monday . An Air Force U-2 reconnaissance plane is sent over Cuba to gather intelligence for the attack , but is shot down , killing the pilot . After much deliberation with the Executive Committee of the National Security Council , Kennedy makes a final attempt to avoid a war by sending his brother , Robert F. Kennedy ( Steven Culp ) , to meet with Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin on Friday night . Bobby reiterates the demand that the Soviets remove their missiles from Cuba , and in return promises not to invade or assist in the invasion of Cuba . Dobrynin insists that the U.S. must also remove all Jupiter missiles from Turkey , on the border of the Soviet Union . Bobby says that a quid pro quo is not possible , but in exchange for Khrushchev removing all the missiles from Cuba , there will be a secret understanding that the U.S. will remove all of its `` obsolete '' missiles from Turkey within six months as part of a pre-scheduled plan . The Soviets announce on Sunday that they will remove their missiles from Cuba , averting a war that could have escalated to the use of nuclear weapons . The film ends with President Kennedy dictating a letter of condolence to the family of the reconnaissance pilot , Rudolf Anderson , who was shot down over Cuba as part of the preparations for the invasion , and the Kennedy brothers and O'Donnell outside of the Oval Office as actual audio of President Kennedy 's commencement speech at American University played in the background . Cast ( edit ) Bruce Greenwood as President John F. Kennedy Steven Culp as Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy Stephanie Romanov as First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Kevin Costner as Special Assistant to the President Kenneth O'Donnell Dylan Baker as Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara Michael Fairman as United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson II Daniel Vergara as Secretary General of the Organization of American States José Antonio Mora Bill Smitrovich as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Maxwell Taylor , USA Jack Blessing as ABC News correspondent John A. Scali Frank Wood as National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy Ed Lauter as Deputy Director of the CIA Lieutenant General Marshall Carter , USA Madison Mason as Chief of Naval Operations Admiral George Whelan Anderson Jr . Kevin Conway as Chief of Staff of the USAF General Curtis LeMay , USAF Pramod Kumar as United Nations Secretary General U Thant Tim Kelleher as White House Counsel Ted Sorensen Len Cariou as Former Secretary of State Dean Acheson Chip Esten as U-2 pilot Major Rudolf Anderson , USAF Olek Krupa as Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko Lucinda Jenney as Helen O'Donnell , wife to Kenneth O'Donnell Jack McGee as Richard J. Daley , Mayor of Chicago Janet Coleman as Evelyn Lincoln President Kennedy 's Secretary Tom Everett as Walter Sheridan Special assistant to President Kennedy Oleg Vidov as Valerian Zorin , Soviet Ambassador to the United Nations . John Aylward as Orvil Dryfoos publisher of The New York Times Elya Baskin as Anatoly Dobrynin Ambassador of the Soviet Union to the United States Larry Strauss as Treasury Secretary Douglas Dillon Alex Veadov as Radio Room Operator # 3 Henry Strozier as Secretary of State Dean Rusk Walter Adrian as Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson Christopher Lawford as RF - 8 Crusader pilot , Commander William Ecker , USN . Lawford , son of Patricia Kennedy Lawford , is nephew to President and Robert Kennedy Kelly Connell as Press Secretary Pierre Salinger Peter White as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency John McCone Boris Lee Krutonog as Alexander Feklisov ( a.k.a Alexander Fomin ) , KGB spy Dakin Matthews as Arthur C. Lundahl James Karen as George Ball Dan Ziskie as General Commander of the Tactical Air Command Walter ' Cam ' Sweeney ( USAF ) Marya Kazakova as Soviet Woman Production ( edit ) The film was co-produced by several companies , including New Line Cinema , Costner 's Tig Productions and Armyan Bernstein 's Beacon Pictures . The Department of Defense cooperated to some extent , allowing the producers to film on several bases . In order to keep the film `` in period '' filming took place on ships from the time of the crisis that still existed in the active fleet ( USS Enterprise ) , and ships preserved as museums ( USS Joseph P. Kennedy , Jr . ) . Aircraft ( both a preserved F - 8 Crusader and Lockheed U-2 spyplane were featured ) that still exist from the period were refurbished to appear operational as well . The RF - 8 Crusader ( and an F - 5 ) plus the scenes of Cuba were shot in the Philippines . The air base scene was taken at Clark Air Base , Philippines a former American facility , which substituted for NAS Key West , Florida , where the actual RF - 8As of Light Photographic Squadron SIX TWO ( VFP - 62 ) launched from on their Cuban overflight missions . At the time of the shooting , the F - 8 was still in the inventory of the Philippine Air Force , but no longer operational . The F - 5s were retired in 2005 . Release and reception ( edit ) The film was given a limited theatrical release on Christmas Day 2000 , and a wide release on January 12 , 2001 , with a staggered release to various countries throughout most of the year . The film grossed $66,579,890 worldwide against an $80 million budget . Rotten Tomatoes reports that 83 % of 117 critics have given the film positive reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 , and the consensus : `` Thirteen Days offers a compelling look at the Cuban Missile Crisis , and its talented cast deftly portrays the real - life people who were involved . '' Metacritic , which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream film critics , gives Thirteen Days a score of 67 , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave Thirteen Days a rating of 3 stars out of 4 , and said `` The movie 's taut , flat style is appropriate for a story that is more about facts and speculation than about action . Kennedy and his advisers study high - altitude photos and intelligence reports , and wonder if Khrushchev 's word can be trusted . Everything depends on what they decide . The movie shows men in unknotted ties and shirt - sleeves , grasping coffee cups or whiskey glasses and trying to sound rational while they are at some level terrified ... ( T ) hings might not have happened exactly like this , but it sure did feel like they did . '' However , some former Kennedy administration officials and contemporary historians , including Arthur Schlesinger Jr. , Special Counsel Ted Sorensen , and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara , have criticized the film for the depiction of Special Assistant Kenneth O'Donnell as chief motivator of Kennedy and others during the crisis . Prior to seeing the movie , McNamara reacted to the premise in a PBS NewsHour interview : `` For God 's sakes , Kenny O'Donnell did n't have any role whatsoever in the missile crisis ; he was a political appointment secretary to the President ; that 's absurd . '' According to McNamara , the duties performed by O'Donnell in the film were closer to the role Sorensen played during the actual crisis : `` It was not Kenny O'Donnell who pulled us all together -- it was Ted Sorensen . '' However , after seeing the movie McNamara remarked that while he still thought the filmmakers took some creative liberties with certain characters , he ultimately thought that it was a reasonable historical portrayal of the crisis : `` I think it 's an absolutely fascinating portrayal and a very constructive and responsible portrayal of a very , very serious crisis not only in the history of this nation but in the history of the world . '' See also ( edit ) Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Thirteen Days ( 12 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 13 , 2001 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thirteen Days '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thirteen Days '' . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/thirteen-days Thirteen Days Reviews - Metacritic Jump up ^ http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/thirteen-days-2001 Thirteen Days Movie Review & Film Summary - Roger Ebert Jump up ^ Nelson , Michael ( February 2 , 2001 ) . `` ' Thirteen Days ' Does n't Add Up '' . The Chronicle Review . Chronicle of Higher Education : B15 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Robert ( March 2001 ) . https://web.archive.org/web/20010905114944/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/february01/thirteendays3.html `` Online NewsHour Forum : Thirteen Days '' . PBS NewsHour . PBS . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Thirteen Days ( film ) Thirteen Days on IMDb Thirteen Days at Rotten Tomatoes Thirteen Days at Box Office Mojo Thirteen Days in 145 minutes -- commentary by Ernest R. May , Harvard professor who wrote the book on which it was based , on the accuracy of the movie White House Museum - How accurate was the movie recreation of the architecture and floor plan of the actual White House ( review ) Films directed by Roger Donaldson Sleeping Dogs ( 1977 ) Nutcase ( 1980 ) Smash Palace ( 1981 ) The Bounty ( 1984 ) Marie ( 1985 ) No Way Out ( 1987 ) Cocktail ( 1988 ) Cadillac Man ( 1990 ) White Sands ( 1992 ) The Getaway ( 1994 ) Species ( 1995 ) Dante 's Peak ( 1997 ) Thirteen Days ( 2000 ) The Recruit ( 2003 ) The World 's Fastest Indian ( 2005 ) The Bank Job ( 2008 ) Seeking Justice ( 2011 ) The November Man ( 2014 ) Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - 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Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books authored Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. 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Kennedy November 20 , 1925 -- June 6 , 1968 United States Senator from New York , 1965 -- 1968 64th United States Attorney General , 1961 -- 1964 Life 1948 Palestine visit Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Civil rights Freedom Riders Voter Education Project Baldwin -- Kennedy meeting 1964 Democratic National Convention Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation Mississippi Delta tour Kennedy Compound Hickory Hill home Electoral 1964 U.S. Senate election 1968 presidential campaign primaries Boiler Room Girls Speeches Law Day Address ( 1961 ) Day of Affirmation Address ( 1966 ) Conflict in Vietnam and at Home ( 1968 ) University of Kansas ( 1968 ) Ball State ( 1968 ) On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1968 ) `` On the Mindless Menace of Violence '' ( 1968 ) Books The Enemy Within ( 1960 ) The Pursuit of Justice ( 1964 ) To Seek a Newer World ( 1967 ) Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1969 ) Assassination Sirhan Sirhan Ambassador Hotel Conspiracy theories Gravesite Legacy and memorials Robert F. 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Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirteen_Days_(film)&oldid=803205798 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films Cold War films American films Russian - language films Romanian - language films 2000s drama films American drama films Films about the Cuban Missile Crisis Films about Presidents of the United States Films based on actual events Docudramas Films based on non-fiction books Films directed by Roger Donaldson Films set in 1962 Films set in Connecticut Films set in Cuba Films set in Florida Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in Washington , D.C. American political thriller films Films about nuclear war and weapons Films about John F. Kennedy Films about Robert F. Kennedy Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy Cultural depictions of Lyndon B. Johnson Beacon Pictures films Films produced by Armyan Bernstein Foreign films shot in the Philippines Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 03 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who are the major prophets of the old testament

Book of Isaiah Book of Jeremiah Book of Lamentations ( in the Ketuvim ( Writings ) section of the Tanakh , ascribed to Jeremiah ) Book of Baruch ( not in Protestant Bibles , ascribed to Baruch ben Neriah , scribe of Jeremiah ) Letter of Jeremiah ( Chapter 6 of Baruch in most Catholic Bibles , its own book in Eastern Orthodox Bibles ) Book of Ezekiel Book of Daniel ( in the Ketuvim of the Hebrew Bible ) .

Isaiah|Jeremiah|Ezekiel|Daniel

Major prophet

major prophet

The Major Prophets is a grouping of books in the Christian Old Testament . These books are centred on a prophet , traditionally regarded as the author of the respective book . The term `` major '' refers to their length , in distinction to the Twelve Minor Prophets , whose books are much shorter and grouped together as a single book in the Hebrew Bible .

The books , in order of their occurrence in the Christian Old Testament , are : Book of Isaiah Book of Jeremiah Book of Lamentations ( in the Ketuvim ( Writings ) section of the Tanakh , ascribed to Jeremiah ) Book of Baruch ( not in Protestant Bibles , ascribed to Baruch ben Neriah , scribe of Jeremiah ) Letter of Jeremiah ( Chapter 6 of Baruch in most Catholic Bibles , its own book in Eastern Orthodox Bibles ) Book of Ezekiel Book of Daniel ( in the Ketuvim of the Hebrew Bible ) . The Hebrew Bible includes the Books of Isaiah , Jeremiah and Ezekiel among the Nevi'im ( Prophets ) but places Lamentations and Daniel among the Ketuvim ( Writings ) . Baruch ( including the Letter of Jeremiah ) is not part of the Hebrew Bible . See also ( edit ) Bible prophecy List of Biblical prophets References ( edit ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book This Bible - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_prophet&oldid=814102453 '' Categories : Christian terminology Prophets in Christianity Christian Bible content Bible stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2013 All articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Polski Português Slovenčina ไทย 粵語 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 22 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when does a cure for wellness come out

The film premiered on December 10 , 2016 , at the Butt - Numb - A-Thon Film Festival in Austin , Texas , and was theatrically released in the United States on February 17 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox , after initially being slated for September 23 , 2016 .

A Cure for Wellness

a cure for wellness

A Cure for Wellness is a 2016 science fiction psychological horror thriller film directed by Gore Verbinski and written by Justin Haythe . The film stars Dane DeHaan , Jason Isaacs , and Mia Goth , and follows a young American executive who is sent to a mysterious rehabilitation center in the Swiss Alps . The film was released on February 17 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb , grossing $26 million against its $40 million production budget .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) At a large financial services firm in New York City , a man named Morris is working late when he finds a letter on his desk from Roland Pembroke , the company 's CEO . Morris receives a market report before he can read the letter , but then suffers a fatal heart attack . Morris is replaced by an ambitious young executive named Lockhart , who is sent by the company board to retrieve Pembroke from an idyllic , but mysterious `` wellness center '' at a remote location in the Swiss Alps . The board needs Pembroke to sign off on a company merger . In addition , the company is being investigated for criminal misconduct and several partners hope to pin the crimes on Pembroke . Lockhart arrives at the spa , but he is met with resistance by the staff and Dr. Heinreich Volmer in attempting to speak with Pembroke . Lockhart leaves , but is involved in a car accident and awakens three days later at the center with his leg in a plaster cast . During his time at the spa , Lockhart meets a mysterious young girl named Hannah , who , among others , drinks a strange fluid kept in a cobalt bottle . A patient named Victoria Watkins , as well as residents of the nearby town , tell Lockhart the story of the spa , which was built on the ruins of a castle , once owned by a baron 200 years ago . The baron desired an heir of pure blood , and married his sister . When the baron learned she was infertile , he began performing hellish experiments on the peasants in order to find a way to cure her infertility . He succeeded , but after finding the bodies of his victims , the peasants stormed the castle and set it on fire . The baron 's pregnant sister was captured by the peasants and the baby was cut from her womb before she was burned . Although the peasants tossed the baby into the local aquifer , it somehow survived . Lockhart attempts to escape the center , but finds that no one is allowed to leave . After gifting Hannah a ballerina figurine , Lockhart bikes into town with her help . Lockhart leaves Hannah in a bar and investigates the spa 's patients . He finds out that the people of the spa suffer from dehydration , despite doing nothing but drink water from the aquifer . Meanwhile , Hannah , who has been kept at the spa her whole life , explores the bar and attracts the attention of the locals . Lockhart returns and gets into a fight with a man who was dancing with Hannah . He is rescued by Dr. Volmer , who has discovered that Lockhart had left the spa with Hannah . Lockhart investigates his suspicions and discovers the transfusion wing of the spa is a front for macabre medical experiments . The water from the local aquifer possesses unique properties . It is very toxic to humans , but has life restoring properties to the eels living in the water . The baron had devised a process to filter the water through the bodies of humans , and distill the water into life giving essence . Volmer uses the patients as filters for this process . This `` cure '' is ingested by Volmer , Hannah , and others in order to gain vastly lengthened lifespans . Lockhart also realizes that his leg is n't broken , and that he is being forcefully kept by Dr. Volmer . Volmer then subjects Lockhart to nightmarish treatments that warp his mind , until he believes he is insane . Hannah realizes this change and gives Lockhart back his ballerina . The ballerina was given to Lockhart by his mother and helps break him out of his delirium . Around this time , Hannah has her first menstrual cycle . Volmer attempts to continue his bloodline by marrying Hannah . During the reception , he leads Hannah to a secret room built in the ruins of the castle , and prepares to rape her . Lockhart confronts Volmer and realizes that Volmer is the baron and Hannah is his daughter , who was the baby thrown in the well . They both had aged very slowly due to the `` cure '' . In the ensuing fight , Volmer 's face is revealed to be a mask that hides his hideous burns . Lockhart sets Volmer and the castle on fire , but is overpowered by Volmer . Hannah saves Lockhart by killing Volmer , who then falls into the aquifer and is eaten by the eels . Lockhart and Hannah escape from the spa on a bicycle as fire engulfs the structure . On the road , Lockhart crashes into a car carrying his employers , who have arrived from New York to retrieve him and Pembroke . Lockhart is ordered into the car by the employers , who hope he will return to New York with them . Suspecting they plan to pin all the corporate wrongdoing on him , Lockhart instead chooses to ride away with Hannah . Cast ( edit ) Dane DeHaan as Lockhart Douglas Hamilton as 9 - year old Lockhart Jason Isaacs as Dr. Heinreich Volmer / Baron von Reichmerl Mia Goth as Hannah von Reichmerl Ivo Nandi as Enrico Adrian Schiller as Deputy Director Celia Imrie as Victoria Watkins Ashok Mandanna as Ron Nair Harry Groener as Roland Pembroke Godehard Giese as Prim Technician Tomas Norström as Frank Hill Magnus Krepper as Pieter The Vet Carl Lumbly as Wilson Lisa Banes as Hollis Tom Flynn as Humphrey Johannes Krisch as Caretaker Jason Babinsky as Carl Angelina Häntsch as Volmer Institute Staff Jeff Burrell as Funeral Director Annette Lober as Volmer Institute Staff Eric Todd as Josh Christian Brauer as Technician Thomas Richter as Water Trainer Chris Huszar as Wedding Guest Marko Buzin as Wedding Guest Production ( edit ) Beelitz - Heilstätten , pictured in 2005 , served as a primary filming location . The films two leads of Dane Dehaan and Mia Goth were announced in April 2015 , Jason Isaacs was added to the cast that June . Principal photography for the film began on June 22 , 2015 and took place mainly at Babelsberg Studio ( co-producer ) in Potsdam , Germany . Another great part of the film was shot at former royal Hohenzollern Castle , in the German municipality of Bisingen . The castle was closed to the public for filming from July 13 to July 24 , 2015 . Aside from Hohenzollern , parts of the film were also shot in Saxony - Anhalt and Zella - Mehlis , Germany . An abandoned hospital in Beelitz - Heilstätten , Germany , served as a location for many of the hospital interiors . The film received funds of € 8.1 million , from the German Federal Film Fund ( DFFF ) , as well as € 500,000 from Medienboard Berlin - Brandenburg . Benjamin Wallfisch composed the score for the film , with music conductor Gavin Greenaway and performed by Chamber Orchestra of London in Abbey Road Studio . The water tank scenes took two weeks to film . DeHaan and the director communicated through an intercom , and DeHaan wore a buoyancy and body - positioning waist harness connected with wires and an oxygen tank . The directors used a rubber drill in the scene where Dr. Brennan , the facility 's dentist , drills through Mr. Lockhart 's healthy tooth without anesthesia . According to DeHaan , he was genuinely nervous and his reaction was used in the filming . He stated that the scene had compositing but no outright CGI . DeHaan filmed the scene while wearing a dental gag and strapped to the chair . In the car crash scene , DeHaan was placed into a harness inside a device described by Bryan Alexander of USA Today as being similar to a rotisserie before being tossed around . DeHaan stated that he experienced his sole filming injury there , in which his arm was dislocated from and then relocated into the socket in its shoulder . The German actors used in the scene which Lockhart is assaulted by elderly people had no prior experience in film acting . Alexander wrote that this scene `` was n't as torturous as it appears . '' Release ( edit ) The film premiered on December 10 , 2016 , at the Butt - Numb - A-Thon Film Festival in Austin , Texas , and was theatrically released in the United States on February 17 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox , after initially being slated for September 23 , 2016 . The New York Times reported that 20th Century Fox created a group of fake news sites as part of a viral marketing campaign for A Cure for Wellness . The film trailer gained notoriety for showing a scene where Mia Goth was in a bathtub full of eels . Box Office ( edit ) A Cure for Wellness grossed $8.1 million in the United States and Canada and $18.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $26.5 million , against a production budget of $40 million . In the United States and Canada , the film opened alongside The Great Wall and Fist Fight , and was initially projected to gross $6 -- 8 million from about 2,700 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making just $300,000 from Thursday night previews and $1.5 million on its first day , weekend projections were lowered to $4 million . It ended up debuting to $4.2 million , finishing 10th at the box office . In its third week of release the film was pulled from 97.8 % of theaters ( 2,704 to 88 ) and grossed just $31,347 , marking the second largest third - week theater drop in history ( just ahead of the 2,659 theater decrease set by Live by Night two months prior ) . Critical response ( edit ) A Cure for Wellness received mixed reviews from critics , with praise for its visuals , performances and ambition , but criticism for its length , plot and structure . Critics have noted the film 's Lovecraftian elements . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 42 % based on 163 reviews , with an average rating of 5.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A Cure for Wellness boasts a surfeit of visual style , but it 's wasted on a derivative and predictable story whose twists , turns , and frights have all been more effectively dealt before . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a score of 47 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` C + '' on an A+ to F scale . Writing for TheWrap , Alonso Duralde praised the film 's production design but criticized its narrative , saying : `` While the movie is about people who are happy to remain removed from the world , not realizing that they are involved in something truly dreadful , many viewers will be all too willing to head for the exits . '' See also ( edit ) The Magic Mountain Ptolemaic dynasty -- a real - life series of rulers , many of whom were men who married their own sisters , or women who married their own brothers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Cure For Wellness ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Cure for Wellness ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Minton , Melissa ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` How A Cure for Wellness Marries Horror and Beauty in Set Design '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Dane DeHaan , Mia Goth Joining Gore Verbinski 's ' A Cure for Wellness ' ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Jason Isaacs to Play Villain in Gore Verbinski 's Supernatural Horror Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 6 / 22 / 15 : Spielberg 's ' The BFG ' Wraps Along with ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Sequel , Woody Harrelson Starts ' Wilson ' '' . Ssninsider.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Studio Babelsberg -- references : `` A Cure For Wellness `` www.studiobabelsberg.com , February 24 , 2017 Jump up ^ PNN : `` A Cure For Wellness `` -- Auftrag mit Gruselfaktor für Babelsberger Kulissenbauer www.pnn.de , February 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ Brenner , Julia . `` Regisseur Gore Verbinski dreht Horrorfilm auf Burg Hohenzollern '' ( in German ) . Schwarzwälder Bote . Jump up ^ `` DFFF Aktuell '' ( DFFF News ) ( in German ) . Deutscher Filmförderfonds . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ministerpräsident Woidke am Set des Films `` A Cure for Wellness '' '' ( Minister - president Woidke at the set of `` A Cure for Wellness '' ) ( in German ) . Medienboard Berlin - Brandenburg . August 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Why Dane DeHaan endured ' torture ' for ' Cure for Wellness ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) . `` The director of A Cure for Wellness on the unforgettable dental scene '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Stack , Liam ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` 20th Century Fox Used Fake News to Publicize ' A Cure for Wellness ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David O. Klein & Joshua R. Wueller , Fake News : A Legal Perspective , Journal of Internet Law , Apr. 2017 . Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/cure-for-wellness-interview-mia-goth/ Jump up ^ http://www.indiewire.com/2016/12/a-cure-for-wellness-trailer-mia-goth-dane-dehaan-gore-verbinski-1201757856/ Jump up ^ `` Matt Damon 's ' Great Wall ' poised for soft U.S. opening against ' Lego Batman ' and ' Fifty Shades ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Moviegoers Likely To Spend Less George Washingtons Over Presidents Day Weekend : Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Holdovers Reign Over Holiday Weekend , But Why Did The New Releases Tank ? : Presidents ' Day B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Theater Drops '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ Bumbray , Chris . `` Review : A Cure for Wellness '' . JoBlo . JoBlo Media Inc . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Duralde , Alonso . `` ' A Cure for Wellness ' Review : Sludgy Horror Film Mistakes Art Direction for Suspense '' . The Wrap . The Wrap News Inc . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sims , David . `` ' A Cure for Wellness ' Is a Malevolent Thrill Ride , With Eels '' . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ' A Cure For Wellness ' Trailer is a Lovecraftian Nightmare - Bloody Disgusting ! '' . 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Cure for Wellness ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Cure for Wellness reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Tasteless Intricacies of `` A Cure for Wellness '' `` . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Angie , Han ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Gore Verbinski on Returning to Horror With `` A Cure for Wellness '' `` . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Gore Verbinski : Well , there 's this book by Thomas Mann called The Magic Mountain that we 're both fans of , and that book deals with people in a sanitarium in the Alps , clutching on to their sickness like a badge before the outbreak of World War I . We wanted to explore this sense of denial and say , well , what if that was a genre ? External links ( edit ) Official website A Cure for Wellness on IMDb A Cure for Wellness at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Gore Verbinski MouseHunt ( 1997 ) The Mexican ( 2001 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) The Weather Man ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) Rango ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) A Cure for Wellness ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Cure_for_Wellness&oldid=801093390 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 horror films 2010s horror thriller films 2010s psychological horror films 2010s psychological thriller films 20th Century Fox films Babelsberg Studio films American films American horror thriller films American psychological horror films American psychological thriller films Dark fantasy films Films about death Films directed by Gore Verbinski Films set in the Alps Films set in hospitals Films set in psychiatric hospitals Films set in 2016 Films set in Manhattan Films set in Switzerland Films shot in Germany German films German horror films German psychological films German thriller films Incest in film Regency Enterprises films Supernatural horror films Supernatural thriller films Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Русский Slovenčina Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Cure%20for%20Wellness

where is the british open golf tournament played this year

2017 Open Championship Tournament information Dates 20 -- 23 July 2017 Location Southport , England Course ( s ) Royal Birkdale Golf Club Organized by The R&A Tour ( s ) European Tour PGA Tour Japan Golf Tour Statistics Par 70 Length 7,156 yards ( 6,543 m ) Field 156 players , 77 after cut Cut 145 ( + 5 ) Prize fund US $10,250,000 € 8,935,572 £ 7,890,000 ( est . ) Winner 's share $1,845,000 € 1,608,403 £ 1,420,000 ( est . ) Champion Jordan Spieth 268 ( − 12 ) `` 2016 2018 ''

Southport , England

2017 Open Championship

2017 open championship

The 2017 Open Championship was a men 's major golf championship and the 146th Open Championship , held from 20 -- 23 July at Royal Birkdale Golf Club in Southport , England . It was the tenth Open Championship at Royal Birkdale , which held its first in 1954 .

Jordan Spieth shot four rounds under 70 for a score of 268 , three strokes ahead of runner - up Matt Kuchar . It was Spieth 's second wire - to - wire win at a major , following his 2015 Masters win . In the third round , Branden Grace scored 62 , which set a new major championship record . This was the first year that the prize money was paid in U.S. dollars rather than British pounds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Media 2 Venue 3 Field 3.1 Nationalities in the field 3.2 Past champions in the field 3.2. 1 Made the cut 3.2. 2 Missed the cut 4 Round summaries 4.1 First round 4.2 Second round 4.3 Third round 4.3. 1 Branden Grace scorecard 4.4 Final round 4.4. 1 Scorecard 5 References 6 External links Media ( edit ) This was the second Open Championship televised domestically by Sky Sports . In the United States , it is the second Open Championship to be televised by NBC ( Golf Channel 's parent network ) . Venue ( edit ) Main article : Royal Birkdale Golf Club The 2017 event was the tenth Open Championship played at the Royal Birkdale Golf Club . Before 2017 the most recent was in 2008 , where Pádraig Harrington successfully defended his 2007 title from Carnoustie . The 2017 Open Championship at Royal Birkdale Golf Club Tee Rating / Slope 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Yardage n / a 448 422 451 199 346 499 177 458 416 3416 402 436 183 499 200 542 438 567 473 3740 7,156 Par 34 5 5 36 70 Lengths of the course for previous Opens : 2008 : 7,173 yards ( 6,559 m ) , par 70 1998 : 7,018 yards ( 6,417 m ) , par 70 1991 : 6,940 yards ( 6,350 m ) , par 70 1983 : 6,968 yards ( 6,372 m ) , par 71 1976 : 7,001 yards ( 6,402 m ) , par 72 1971 : 7,080 yards ( 6,470 m ) , par 73 1965 : 7,037 yards ( 6,435 m ) , par 73 1961 : 6,844 yards ( 6,258 m ) , par 72 1954 : 6,867 yards ( 6,279 m ) , par 73 Field ( edit ) Each player is classified according to the first category in which he qualified , but other categories are shown in parentheses . 1 . The Open Champions aged 60 or under on 23 July 2017 Stewart Cink ( 2 ) , Darren Clarke ( 2 ) , John Daly , David Duval , Ernie Els ( 2 ) , Todd Hamilton , Pádraig Harrington ( 2 ) , Zach Johnson ( 2 , 17 ) , Paul Lawrie , Tom Lehman , Sandy Lyle , Rory McIlroy ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 10 , 12 , 17 ) , Phil Mickelson ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 12 , 17 ) , Mark O'Meara , Louis Oosthuizen ( 2 , 4 , 5 ) , Henrik Stenson ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 17 ) Eligible but did not enter : Ian Baker - Finch , Mark Calcavecchia , Nick Faldo , Justin Leonard , Nick Price , Tiger Woods Ben Curtis withdrew before the tournament . 2 . The Open Champions for 2007 -- 2016 3 . Top 10 finishers and ties in the 2016 Open Championship Sergio García ( 4 , 5 , 9 , 17 ) , Bill Haas ( 4 ) , Tyrrell Hatton ( 4 , 5 ) , J.B. Holmes ( 4 , 12 , 17 ) , Dustin Johnson ( 4 , 8 , 12 , 17 ) , Andrew Johnston ( 5 ) , Søren Kjeldsen ( 5 ) , Steve Stricker 4 . Top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking ( OWGR ) for Week 21 , 2017 Daniel Berger ( 12 ) , Wesley Bryan , Rafael Cabrera - Bello ( 5 , 17 ) , Paul Casey ( 12 ) , Kevin Chappell ( 12 ) , Jason Day ( 10 , 11 , 12 ) , Ross Fisher ( 5 ) , Matthew Fitzpatrick ( 5 , 17 ) , Tommy Fleetwood , Rickie Fowler ( 11 , 17 ) , Branden Grace ( 5 ) , Emiliano Grillo ( 12 ) , Adam Hadwin , Billy Horschel , Kim Si - woo ( 11 , 12 ) , Kevin Kisner ( 12 ) , Russell Knox ( 12 ) , Brooks Koepka ( 8 , 17 ) , Matt Kuchar ( 12 , 17 ) , Marc Leishman , Hideki Matsuyama ( 12 , 21 ) , William McGirt ( 12 ) , Francesco Molinari ( 5 ) , Ryan Moore ( 12 , 17 ) , Alexander Norén ( 5 , 6 ) , Pat Perez , Thomas Pieters ( 5 , 17 ) , Jon Rahm , Patrick Reed ( 12 , 17 ) , Justin Rose ( 8 , 14 , 17 ) , Charl Schwartzel ( 5 , 12 ) , Adam Scott ( 9 , 12 ) , Jordan Spieth ( 8 , 9 , 12 , 17 ) , Hideto Tanihara ( 22 ) , Justin Thomas ( 12 ) , Jimmy Walker ( 10 , 12 , 17 ) , Bubba Watson ( 9 , 12 ) , Bernd Wiesberger ( 5 ) , Danny Willett ( 5 , 9 , 17 ) , Gary Woodland ( 12 ) Brandt Snedeker ( 12 , 17 ) did not play . 5 . Top 30 on the 2016 Race to Dubai Richard Bland , Scott Hend ( 18 ) , David Horsey , Thongchai Jaidee , Martin Kaymer ( 8 , 17 ) , Li Haotong , Shane Lowry , Joost Luiten , Thorbjørn Olesen , Andy Sullivan ( 17 ) , Wang Jeung - hun , Lee Westwood ( 17 ) , Chris Wood ( 6 , 17 ) 6 . Last three BMW PGA Championship winners An Byeong - hun 7 . Top 5 players , not already exempt , within the top 20 of the 2017 Race to Dubai through the BMW International Open Dylan Frittelli , Pablo Larrazábal , Alexander Lévy , David Lipsky , Fabrizio Zanotti 8 . Last five U.S. Open winners 9 . Last five Masters Tournament winners 10 . Last five PGA Championship winners Jason Dufner ( 12 ) 11 . Last three Players Championship winners 12 . The 30 qualifiers for the 2016 Tour Championship Roberto Castro , Kevin Na , Sean O'Hair , Jhonattan Vegas 13 . Top 5 players , not already exempt , within the top 20 of the 2017 FedEx Cup points list through the Travelers Championship Brian Harman , Russell Henley , Charley Hoffman , Brendan Steele 14 . Winner of the 2016 Olympic Golf Tournament 15 . Winner of the 2016 Open de Argentina Kent Bulle 16 . Winner and runner - up from the 2017 Korea Open Chang Yi - keun , Kim Gi - whan 17 . Playing members of the 2016 Ryder Cup teams 18 . Winner of the 2016 Asian Tour Order of Merit 19 . Winner of the 2016 PGA Tour of Australasia Order of Merit Matthew Griffin 20 . Winner of the 2016 -- 17 Sunshine Tour Order of Merit Brandon Stone 21 . Winner of the 2016 Japan Open 22 . Top 2 on the 2016 Japan Golf Tour Official Money List Yuta Ikeda 23 . Top 2 , not already exempt , on the 2017 Japan Golf Tour Official Money List through the Japan Golf Tour Championship Yūsaku Miyazato , Shaun Norris 24 . Winner of the 2016 Senior Open Championship Paul Broadhurst 25 . Winner of the 2017 Amateur Championship Harry Ellis ( a ) 26 . Winner of the 2016 U.S. Amateur Curtis Luck forfeited his exemption after turning professional in April 2017 . 27 . Winners of the 2016 and 2017 editions of the European Amateur Luca Cianchetti ( a ) , Alfie Plant ( a ) 28 . Recipient of the 2016 Mark H. McCormack Medal Maverick McNealy ( a ) Open Qualifying Series The Open Qualifying Series ( OQS ) consists of 10 events from the six major tours . Places are available to the leading players ( not otherwise exempt ) who finish in the top n and ties . In the event of ties , positions go to players ranked highest according to that week 's OWGR . Location Tournament Date Spots Top Qualifiers Australia Emirates Australian Open 20 Nov 10 Aaron Baddeley , Ashley Hall , Cameron Smith Singapore SMBC Singapore Open 22 Jan 12 Phachara Khongwatmai , Jbe ' Kruger , Prayad Marksaeng , Song Young - han South Africa Joburg Open 26 Feb 10 Darren Fichardt , Stuart Manley , Paul Waring Japan Mizuno Open 28 May 12 Adam Bland , Michael Hendry , Chan Kim , Kim Kyung - tae France HNA Open de France 2 Jul 10 Alexander Björk , Michael Lorenzo - Vera , Peter Uihlein United States Quicken Loans National 2 Jul 12 Charles Howell III , Kang Sung - hoon , Martin Laird , Kyle Stanley Ireland Dubai Duty Free Irish Open 9 Jul 10 David Drysdale , Ryan Fox , Richie Ramsay United States Greenbrier Classic 9 Jul 12 Jamie Lovemark , Sebastián Muñoz , Xander Schauffele , Robert Streb Scotland Aberdeen Asset Management Scottish Open 16 Jul 10 Andrew Dodt , Matthieu Pavon , Callum Shinkwin United States John Deere Classic 16 Jul 5 Bryson DeChambeau Final Qualifying The Final Qualifying events were played on 4 July at five courses covering Scotland and the North - West , Central and South - coast regions of England . Three qualifying places were available at each location . Gailes Links -- Ryan McCarthy , Julian Suri , Connor Syme ( a ) Hillside -- Adam Hodkinson , Nick McCarthy , Haydn McCullen Notts ( Hollinwell ) -- Laurie Canter , Joe Dean , Mark Foster Royal Cinque Ports -- Austin Connelly , Robert Dinwiddie , Matthew Southgate Woburn -- Shiv Kapur , Ian Poulter , Toby Tree Alternates To make up the full field of 156 , additional places are allocated in ranking order from the Official World Golf Ranking at the time that these places are made available by the Championship Committee . Webb Simpson ( ranked 61 , week 26 ) Scott Piercy ( 65 ; declined spot ) Anirban Lahiri ( 66 ; replaced Piercy ) Tony Finau ( ranked 64 , week 27 ; replaced Ben Curtis ) James Hahn ( 66 ; replaced Brandt Snedeker ) Nationalities in the field ( edit ) North America ( 54 ) South America ( 4 ) Europe ( 58 ) Oceania ( 13 ) Asia ( 18 ) Africa ( 9 ) Canada ( 2 ) Argentina ( 1 ) England ( 28 ) Australia ( 11 ) China ( 1 ) South Africa ( 9 ) United States ( 52 ) Colombia ( 1 ) Northern Ireland ( 2 ) New Zealand ( 2 ) India ( 2 ) Paraguay ( 1 ) Scotland ( 7 ) Japan ( 4 ) Venezuela ( 1 ) Wales ( 1 ) South Korea ( 8 ) Ireland ( 2 ) Thailand ( 3 ) Austria ( 1 ) Belgium ( 1 ) Denmark ( 2 ) France ( 3 ) Germany ( 1 ) Italy ( 2 ) Netherlands ( 1 ) Spain ( 4 ) Sweden ( 3 ) Past champions in the field ( edit ) Made the cut ( edit ) Player Country Year ( s ) won R1 R2 R3 R4 Total To par Finish Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 2014 71 68 69 67 275 − 5 T4 Henrik Stenson Sweden 2016 69 73 65 70 277 − 3 T11 Zach Johnson United States 2015 75 66 71 66 278 − 2 T14 Ernie Els South Africa 2002 , 2012 68 73 70 74 285 + 5 61 Missed the cut ( edit ) Player Country Year ( s ) won R1 R2 Total To par Pádraig Harrington Ireland 2007 , 2008 73 73 146 + 6 Darren Clarke Northern Ireland 2011 75 73 148 + 8 Tom Lehman United States 72 76 148 + 8 Paul Lawrie Scotland 1999 70 79 149 + 9 Phil Mickelson United States 2013 73 77 150 + 10 Stewart Cink United States 2009 77 73 150 + 10 David Duval United States 2001 79 72 151 + 11 Mark O'Meara United States 1998 81 70 151 + 11 Louis Oosthuizen South Africa 78 74 152 + 12 John Daly United States 1995 74 78 152 + 12 Sandy Lyle Scotland 1985 77 76 153 + 13 Todd Hamilton United States 79 79 158 + 18 Round summaries ( edit ) First round ( edit ) Thursday , 20 July 2017 Three Americans -- Brooks Koepka , Matt Kuchar , and Jordan Spieth -- shared the lead after the first round on five under par , a shot clear of England 's Paul Casey and Charl Schwartzel , with Ian Poulter a further shot back . Reigning champion Henrik Stenson was one under after a 69 . Rory McIlroy was five over par after six holes but recovered to finish with a one - over-par 71 . Place Player Country Score To par T1 Brooks Koepka United States 65 − 5 Matt Kuchar United States Jordan Spieth United States T4 Paul Casey England 66 − 4 Charl Schwartzel South Africa T6 Richard Bland England 67 − 3 Rafael Cabrera - Bello Spain Austin Connelly Canada Charley Hoffman United States Ian Poulter England Justin Thomas United States Second round ( edit ) Friday , 21 July 2017 In difficult conditions , Jordan Spieth followed his first round 65 with a 69 to lead by two strokes from Matt Kuchar . Only eight players scored under par for their second rounds , Zach Johnson 's 66 being the best round of the day . Alfie Plant was the only amateur to make the cut . He eagled the par - five 15th on his way to a 73 and a 36 - hole total of 144 . Place Player Country Score To par Jordan Spieth United States 65 - 69 = 134 − 6 Matt Kuchar United States 65 - 71 = 136 − 4 T3 Brooks Koepka United States 65 - 72 = 137 − 3 Ian Poulter England 67 - 70 = 137 5 Richie Ramsay Scotland 68 - 70 = 138 − 2 T6 Richard Bland England 67 - 72 = 139 − 1 Austin Connelly Canada 67 - 72 = 139 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 71 - 68 = 139 Gary Woodland United States 70 - 69 = 139 T10 Kent Bulle United States 68 - 72 = 140 Rafael Cabrera - Bello Spain 67 - 73 = 140 Charley Hoffman United States 67 - 73 = 140 Russell Henley United States 70 - 70 = 140 Chan Kim United States 72 - 68 = 140 Jamie Lovemark United States 71 - 69 = 140 Joost Luiten Netherlands 68 - 72 = 140 Hideki Matsuyama Japan 68 - 72 = 140 Alexander Norén Sweden 68 - 72 = 140 Bubba Watson United States 68 - 72 = 140 Amateurs : Plant ( + 4 ) , Syme ( + 9 ) , Cianchetti ( + 11 ) , Ellis ( + 12 ) , McNealy ( + 12 ) Third round ( edit ) Saturday , 22 July 2017 Jordan Spieth shot a 65 to take a three - stroke lead over Matt Kuchar , who shot a 66 . On an easier day of scoring , Branden Grace scored 62 , breaking the long - standing men 's major championship record of 63 . There were also low rounds from Dustin Johnson , with a 64 , and Henrik Stenson , with a 65 , both getting into a tie for 7th place . Place Player Country Score To par Jordan Spieth United States 65 - 69 - 65 = 199 − 11 Matt Kuchar United States 65 - 71 - 66 = 202 − 8 T3 Austin Connelly Canada 67 - 72 - 66 = 205 − 5 Brooks Koepka United States 65 - 72 - 68 = 205 T5 Branden Grace South Africa 70 - 74 - 62 = 206 − 4 Hideki Matsuyama Japan 68 - 72 - 66 = 206 T7 Rafael Cabrera - Bello Spain 67 - 73 - 67 = 207 − 3 Dustin Johnson United States 71 - 72 - 64 = 207 Chan Kim United States 72 - 68 - 67 = 207 Henrik Stenson Sweden 69 - 73 - 65 = 207 Branden Grace scorecard ( edit ) Hole 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Par 5 5 Grace − 1 − 1 − 1 − 2 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 4 − 5 − 5 − 5 − 5 − 5 − 6 − 6 − 7 − 8 − 8 Birdie Final round ( edit ) Sunday , 23 July 2017 Beginning the round with a three - shot lead , Jordan Spieth bogeyed three of his first four holes to fall into a tie with Matt Kuchar . A birdie at the 5th combined with a bogey by Kuchar at the 6th allowed Spieth to re-open a two - stroke advantage , but a bogey - birdie swing at the 9th evened the score heading to the back - nine . The score remained level until the 13th , when Spieth hit his tee shot well to the right of the fairway . Forced to take an unplayable lie and drop from the practice area , he managed to get up - and - down to save bogey while Kuchar parred the hole to take the lead . At the par - 3 14th , however , Spieth nearly holed his tee shot and converted the birdie attempt to tie Kuchar . Then at the par - 5 15th , Spieth made a 48 - foot ( 15 m ) eagle putt to take the lead once again . With birdies on the next two holes Spieth played 14 -- 17 in five - under to take a two - stroke lead heading to the last . When Kuchar found a greenside bunker and made bogey , Spieth was able to tap in for par and win the championship by three strokes . Li Haotong birdied his last four holes for 63 ( − 7 ) and jump into third place at 274 ( − 6 ) , the best finish for an Asian player at the Open Championship since Lu Liang - Huan in 1971 , also at Royal Birkdale . With the victory , Spieth joined Jack Nicklaus as the only golfers to win three legs of the career Grand Slam before the age of 24 . Place Player Country Score To par Money ( $ ) Jordan Spieth United States 65 - 69 - 65 - 69 = 268 − 12 1,845,000 Matt Kuchar United States 65 - 71 - 66 - 69 = 271 − 9 1,067,000 Li Haotong China 69 - 73 - 69 - 63 = 274 − 6 684,000 T4 Rafael Cabrera - Bello Spain 67 - 73 - 67 - 68 = 275 − 5 480,000 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 71 - 68 - 69 - 67 = 275 T6 Branden Grace South Africa 70 - 74 - 62 - 70 = 276 − 4 281,000 Brooks Koepka United States 65 - 72 - 68 - 71 = 276 Marc Leishman Australia 69 - 76 - 66 - 65 = 276 Alexander Norén Sweden 68 - 72 - 69 - 67 = 276 Matthew Southgate England 72 - 72 - 67 - 65 = 276 Source : Amateurs : Plant ( + 6 ) Scorecard ( edit ) Final round Hole 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Par 5 5 Spieth − 10 − 10 − 9 − 8 − 9 − 9 − 9 − 9 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 7 − 8 − 10 − 11 − 12 − 12 Kuchar − 8 − 9 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 7 − 7 − 7 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 8 − 9 − 9 − 10 − 9 Li + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 − 2 − 2 − 2 − 3 − 4 − 5 − 6 Cabrera - Bello − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 4 − 4 − 4 − 3 − 4 − 4 − 4 − 4 − 4 − 5 − 5 McIlroy − 2 − 2 − 2 − 2 − 2 − 2 − 2 − 2 − 3 − 3 − 4 − 4 − 4 − 4 − 3 − 3 − 5 − 5 Cumulative tournament scores , relative to par Eagle Birdie Bogey Source : References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Champion Golfer of the Year will win USD1 , 845,000 at The 146th Open at Royal Birkdale '' . The Open Championship. 5 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GBP / USD - Pound to Dollar '' . FX Empire . 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Thomson wins British Open with 283 '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . 10 July 1954 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Branden Grace shoots first - ever 62 in major championship history '' . Golf.com. 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Open Championship : Royal Birkdale prize money to be paid in US dollars , not sterling '' . BBC Sport. 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Ewan ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` R&A calls BBC golf coverage ' tired and outdated ' and defends Sky 's Open deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Takes Over British Open TV Rights From ESPN 1 Year Early '' . Golf.com . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Open 2017 -- Royal Birkdale golf course guide '' . Daily Mail . 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Media guide '' . The Open Championship. 2011 . pp. 21 , 203 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Palmer takes British crown '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon , U.S. ) . Associated Press . 16 July 1961 . p. 1B . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Will ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Former champ Curtis withdraws from Open ; Finau in '' . Golf Channel . ^ Jump up to : @ TheOpen ( 19 July 2017 ) . ``. @ BrandtSnedeker has withdrawn from The 146th Open at Royal Birkdale and is replaced by @ JamesHahnPGA # TheOpen '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Romine , Brentley ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Scott Piercy declines British Open spot , Anirban Lahiri added to field '' . Golfweek . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ; Burnton , Simon ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` The Open 2017 : first round , as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fordyce , Tom ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` The Open 2017 : Jordan Spieth , Brooks Koepka & Matt Kuchar tied for lead '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Ewan ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Jordan Spieth sets standard at Open to share lead after first round '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ; Miller , Nick ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` The Open 2017 : Jordan Spieth takes two - shot lead on day two -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Open 2017 : Jordan Spieth leads by two shots '' . BBC Sport. 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Ewan ( 22 July 2017 ) . `` Branden Grace shoots lowest - ever men 's major round of 62 at the Open '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ; McVeigh , Niall ( 22 July 2017 ) . `` The Open 2017 : Jordan Spieth leads the way after third round -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ; Ostlere ) , Lawrence ( 23 July 2017 ) . `` Jordan Spieth wins the Open 2017 : final round , as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Matt ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` The Open 2017 : Jordan Spieth holds off Matt Kuchar to win third major '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ DiMeglio , Steve ( 23 July 2017 ) . `` Jordan Spieth puts together incredible finish to win British Open '' . USA Today . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth wins Open for 3rd major title , finishes 3 shots ahead of Matt Kuchar '' . ESPN . 23 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Herrington , Ryan ( 23 July 2017 ) . `` British Open 2017 : With 63 at Birkdale , Li becomes famous for more than just mom 's viral video '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Zak , Sean ( 22 July 2017 ) . `` 9 ways Jordan Spieth made history Sunday at Royal Birkdale '' . Golf.com . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Open '' . ESPN . 23 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Coverage on the European Tour 's official site Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site Coverage on the PGA of America 's official site Preceded by 2017 U.S. Open Major Championships Succeeded by 2017 PGA Championship 2017 Men 's Major Golf Championships The Masters U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship The Open Championship 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Golf Channel ( NBC ) U.S. Open 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Ryder Cup 1959 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 Presidents Cup 2000 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Open Championship 2016 2017 2018 Other events Hyundai Tournament of Champions ( 2012 -- present ) Phoenix Open ( CBS Super Bowl years , 2013 and 2016 ) The Honda Classic ( 1987 -- present , except Winter Olympic year 2018 ) WGC - Mexico Championship ( 2017 -- present ) Valspar Championship ( 2007 -- present ) Arnold Palmer Invitational ( 1987 -- present ) Shell Houston Open ( 2007 -- present ) Valero Texas Open ( 2012 -- present ) WGC - Cadillac Match Play ( 2007 -- present , except Winter Olympic years 2010 and 2014 ) The Players Championship ( 1988 -- present ) Deutsche Bank Championship ( 2007 -- present ) BMW Championship ( 2007 -- present ) The Tour Championship ( 2007 -- present ) Majors and special events Senior PGA Championship ( 2007 - present ) Women 's PGA Championship ( 2015 - present ) Evian Championship ( 2014 - present ) Women 's British Open ( 2016 - future ) Senior Open Championship ( 2016 - future ) Former events Bob Hope Classic ( mid 1960s -- 1998 ) Northern Trust Open ( 2010 , CBS Super Bowl year ) BellSouth Classic ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Zurich Classic of New Orleans ( 2007 -- 2008 ) The Tradition ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Senior Players Championship ( 2007 -- 2009 ) U.S. Women 's Open ( 1995 -- 2014 ) U.S. Senior Open ( 1995 -- 2014 ) Skins Game ( 1983 -- 1990 ) Key figures Dan Hicks ( Host ) Johnny Miller ( Analyst ) Gary Koch ( Tower Announcer ) Peter Jacobsen ( Tower Announcer ) Roger Maltbie ( On - Course Reporter ) Mark Rolfing ( On - Course Reporter ) Notah Begay III ( On - Course Reporter ) Jimmy Roberts ( Host / Essayist ) By event Open Championship Presidents Cup Ryder Cup U.S. Open Music composers Bruce Rowland ( The Man from Snowy River `` Main Title '' ) Yanni ( `` In Celebration of Man '' ) Related articles Television contract history NBC Sports Real Golf Golf Channel Coordinates : 53 ° 37 ′ 19 '' N 3 ° 01 ′ 59 '' W  /  53.622 ° N 3.033 ° W  / 53.622 ; - 3.033 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Open_Championship&oldid=796977642 '' Categories : The Open Championship Golf tournaments in England 2017 in golf 2017 in English sport July 2017 sports events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2016 Use British English from July 2016 Official website not in Wikidata Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 06 : 25 . 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when did all of the provinces and territories join canada

Arms Province Postal abbreviation Capital Largest city Entered Confederation Population ( May 10 , 2016 ) Area : land ( km ) Area : water ( km ) Area : total ( km ) Official language ( s ) Commons seats Senate seats Ontario ON Toronto July 1 , 1867 13,448,494 917,741 158,654 1,076,395 English 121 24 Quebec QC Quebec City Montreal July 1 , 1867 8,164,361 1,356,128 185,928 1,542,056 French 78 24 Nova Scotia NS Halifax July 1 , 1867 923,598 53,338 1,946 55,284 English 11 10 New Brunswick NB Fredericton Moncton July 1 , 1867 747,101 71,450 1,458 72,908 English and French 10 10 Manitoba MB Winnipeg July 15 , 1870 1,278,365 553,556 94,241 647,797 English 14 6 British Columbia BC Victoria Vancouver July 20 , 1871 4,648,055 925,186 19,549 944,735 English 42 6 Prince Edward Island PE Charlottetown July 1 , 1873 142,907 5,660 0 5,660 English Saskatchewan SK Regina Saskatoon September 1 , 1905 1,098,352 591,670 59,366 651,036 English 14 6 Alberta AB Edmonton Calgary September 1 , 1905 4,067,175 642,317 19,531 661,848 English 34 6 Newfoundland and Labrador NL St. John 's March 31 , 1949 519,716 373,872 31,340 405,212 English 7 6 Total 7007350381240000000 ♠ 35,038,124 7006549091800000000 ♠ 5,490,918 7005572013000000000 ♠ 572,013 7006606293100000000 ♠ 6,062,931 -- 7002335000000000000 ♠ 335 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102

Provinces and territories of Canada

provinces and territories of canada

`` O Canada we stand on guard for thee '' Stained Glass , Yeo Hall , Royal Military College of Canada features arms of the Canadian provinces and territories ( 1965 ) The provinces and territories of Canada are the sub-national governments within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution . In the 1867 Canadian Confederation , three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick , Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada ( which , upon Confederation , was divided into Ontario and Quebec ) -- were united to form a federated colony , becoming a sovereign nation in the next century . Over its history , Canada 's international borders have changed several times , and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories . The ten provinces are Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Ontario , Prince Edward Island , Quebec , and Saskatchewan . Together , the provinces and territories make up the world 's second - largest country by area . Several of the provinces were former British colonies , and Quebec was originally a French colony , while others were added as Canada grew . The three territories are Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon , which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America . The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act , 1867 ( formerly called the British North America Act , 1867 ) , whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada . The powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the Government of Canada ( the federal government ) and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively . A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment , whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government . In modern Canadian constitutional theory , the provinces are considered to be sovereign within certain areas based on the divisions of responsibility between the provincial and federal government within the Constitution Act 1867 , and each province thus has its own representative of the Canadian `` Crown '' , the lieutenant governor . The territories are not sovereign , but instead their authorities and responsibilities come directly from the federal level , and as a result have a commissioner instead of a lieutenant governor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Map 2 Provinces 2.1 Provincial legislature buildings 3 Territories 3.1 Territorial legislature buildings 4 Territorial evolution 5 Government 6 Provincial political parties 7 Ceremonial territory 8 Proposed provinces and territories 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Map ( edit ) Clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories , and their capitals Provinces ( edit ) Arms Province Postal abbreviation Capital Largest city Entered Confederation Population ( May 10 , 2016 ) Area : land ( km ) Area : water ( km ) Area : total ( km ) Official language ( s ) Commons seats Senate seats Ontario ON Toronto July 1 , 1867 13,448,494 917,741 158,654 1,076,395 English 121 24 Quebec QC Quebec City Montreal July 1 , 1867 8,164,361 1,356,128 185,928 1,542,056 French 78 24 Nova Scotia NS Halifax July 1 , 1867 923,598 53,338 1,946 55,284 English 11 10 New Brunswick NB Fredericton Moncton July 1 , 1867 747,101 71,450 1,458 72,908 English and French 10 10 Manitoba MB Winnipeg July 15 , 1870 1,278,365 553,556 94,241 647,797 English 14 6 British Columbia BC Victoria Vancouver July 20 , 1871 4,648,055 925,186 19,549 944,735 English 42 6 Prince Edward Island PE Charlottetown July 1 , 1873 142,907 5,660 0 5,660 English Saskatchewan SK Regina Saskatoon September 1 , 1905 1,098,352 591,670 59,366 651,036 English 14 6 Alberta AB Edmonton Calgary September 1 , 1905 4,067,175 642,317 19,531 661,848 English 34 6 Newfoundland and Labrador NL St. John 's March 31 , 1949 519,716 373,872 31,340 405,212 English 7 6 Total 7007350381240000000 ♠ 35,038,124 7006549091800000000 ♠ 5,490,918 7005572013000000000 ♠ 572,013 7006606293100000000 ♠ 6,062,931 -- 7002335000000000000 ♠ 335 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 Notes : ^ Jump up to : De facto ; French has limited constitutional status . Jump up ^ Charter of the French Language ; English has limited constitutional status . Jump up ^ Nova Scotia dissolved cities in 1996 in favour of regional municipalities ; its largest regional municipality is therefore substituted . Jump up ^ Nova Scotia has very few bilingual statutes ( three in English and French ; one in English and Polish ) ; some Government bodies have legislated names in both English and French . Jump up ^ Section Sixteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Jump up ^ Manitoba Act . Provincial legislature buildings ( edit ) British Columbia Parliament Buildings Alberta Legislative Building Saskatchewan Legislative Building Manitoba Legislative Building Ontario Legislative Building Parliament Building ( Quebec ) Confederation Building ( Newfoundland and Labrador ) New Brunswick Legislative Building Province House ( Nova Scotia ) Province House ( Prince Edward Island ) Territories ( edit ) There are three territories in Canada . Unlike the provinces , the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government . They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60 ° north and west of Hudson Bay , as well as most islands north of the Canadian mainland ( from those in James Bay to the Canadian Arctic islands ) . The following table lists the territories in order of precedence ( each province has precedence over all the territories , regardless of the date each territory was created ) . Territories of Canada Arms Territory Postal abbreviation Capital and largest city Entered Confederation Population ( May 10 , 2016 ) Area : land ( km ) Area : water ( km ) Area : total ( km ) Official languages Commons seats Senate seats Northwest Territories NT Yellowknife July 15 , 1870 41,786 1,183,085 163,021 1,346,106 Chipewyan , Cree , English , French , Gwich'in , Inuinnaqtun , Inuktitut , Inuvialuktun , North Slavey , South Slavey , Tłįchǫ Yukon YT Whitehorse June 13 , 1898 35,874 474,391 8,052 482,443 English , French Nunavut NU Iqaluit April 1 , 1999 35,944 1,936,113 157,077 2,093,190 Inuinnaqtun , Inuktitut , English , French Total territories 7005119100000000000 ♠ 119,100 7006359358900000000 ♠ 3,593,589 7005328150000000000 ♠ 328,150 7006392173900000000 ♠ 3,921,739 -- 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Territorial legislature buildings ( edit ) Yukon Legislative Building Northwest Territories Legislative Building Legislative Building of Nunavut Territorial evolution ( edit ) Main article : Territorial evolution of Canada See also : Former colonies and territories in Canada Canada timeline : evolution of the borders and the names of Canada 's provinces and territories Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia were the original provinces , formed when several British North American colonies federated on July 1 , 1867 , into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing the indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom . Prior to this , Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada . Over the following years , Manitoba ( 1870 ) , British Columbia ( 1871 ) , and Prince Edward Island ( 1873 ) were added as provinces . The British Crown had claimed two large areas north - west of the Canadian colony , known as Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory and assigned them to the Hudson 's Bay Company . In 1870 , the company relinquished its claims for £ 300,000 ( $ 1.5 million ) , assigning the vast territory to the Government of Canada . Subsequently , the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories . The Northwest Territories were vast at first , encompassing all of current northern and western Canada , except for the British holdings in the Arctic islands and the Colony of British Columbia ; the Territories also included the northern two - thirds of Ontario and Quebec , and almost all of present Manitoba , with the 1870 province of Manitoba originally being confined to a small area in the south of today 's province . The British claims to the Arctic islands were transferred to Canada in 1880 , adding to the size of the Northwest Territories . The year of 1898 saw the Yukon Territory , later renamed simply as Yukon , carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields . On September 1 , 1905 , a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan . In 1912 , the boundaries of Quebec , Ontario , and Manitoba were expanded northward : Manitoba 's to the 60 ° parallel , Ontario 's to Hudson Bay and Quebec 's to encompass the District of Ungava . 1905 Provinces and territories of Canada coat of arms postcard In 1869 , the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a British colony over fears that taxes would increase with Confederation , and that the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries . In 1907 , Newfoundland acquired dominion status . In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a prolonged period of economic crisis , the legislature turned over political control to the Commission of Government in 1933 . Following Canada 's participation in World War II , in a 1948 referendum , a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to join the Confederation , and on March 31 , 1949 , Newfoundland became Canada 's tenth province . In 2001 , it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador . In 1903 , the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbia 's northwestern boundary . This was one of only two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced . The second reduction , in 1927 , occurred when a boundary dispute between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador increased at Quebec 's expense -- this land returned to Canada , as part of the province of Newfoundland , in 1949 . In 1999 , Nunavut was created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories . Yukon lies in the western portion of The North , while Nunavut is in the east . All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada , covering 3,921,739 km ( 1,514,192 sq mi ) in land area . They are often referred to as a single region , The North , for organisational and economic purposes . For much of the Northwest Territories ' early history it was divided into several districts for ease of administration . The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905 , after which , as the Keewatin Region , it became an administrative district of the Northwest Territories . In 1999 , it was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut . Government ( edit ) Main article : Canadian federalism See also : Monarchy in the Canadian provinces , Office - holders of Canada , and Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories Theoretically , provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government , with jurisdiction over many public goods such as health care , education , welfare , and intra-provincial transportation . They receive `` transfer payments '' from the federal government to pay for these , as well as exacting their own taxes . In practice , however , the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas . For instance , in order to receive healthcare funding under Medicare , provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates , such as universal access to required medical treatment . Provincial and territorial legislatures have no second chamber like the Canadian Senate . Originally , most provinces did have such bodies , known as legislative councils , with members titled councillors . These upper houses were abolished one by one , Quebec 's being the last in 1968 . In most provinces , the single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly ; the exceptions are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador , where the chamber is called the House of Assembly , and Quebec where it is called the National Assembly . Ontario has a Legislative Assembly but its members are called Members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs . The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the House of Commons of Canada . The head of government of each province , called the premier , is generally the head of the party with the most seats . This is also the case in Yukon , but the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at the territorial level . The Queen 's representative to each province is the Lieutenant Governor . In each of the territories there is an analogous Commissioner , but he or she represents the federal government rather than the monarch . Federal , Provincial , and Territorial terminology compared Jurisdiction Legislature Lower house Members of lower house Head of Government Viceroy Canada Parliament House of Commons Member of Parliament Prime Minister Governor General Ontario Legislative Assembly Member of the Provincial Parliament * Premier Lieutenant Governor Quebec Legislature National Assembly † Member of the National Assembly Nova Scotia General Assembly House of Assembly Member of the Legislative Assembly New Brunswick Legislature Legislative Assembly Manitoba British Columbia Parliament Prince Edward Island General Assembly Saskatchewan Legislature Alberta Newfoundland and Labrador General Assembly House of Assembly Member of the House of Assembly Northwest Territories Assembly Legislative Assembly Member of the Legislative Assembly Premier Commissioner Yukon Legislature Nunavut Assembly * Members were previously titled `` Member of the Legislative Assembly '' . Quebec 's lower house was previously called the `` Legislative Assembly '' with members titled `` Member of the Legislative Assembly '' . The name was changed at the same time Quebec 's upper house was abolished . Prince Edward Island 's lower house was previously called the `` House of Assembly '' and its members were titled `` Assemblyman '' . After abolition of its upper house , assemblymen and councillors both sat in the renamed `` Legislative Assembly '' . Later , this practice was abolished so that all members would be titled `` Member of the Legislative Assembly '' . In Northwest Territories and Yukon the head of government was previously titled `` Government Leader '' . Provincial political parties ( edit ) Most provinces have rough provincial counterparts to major federal parties . However , these provincial parties are not usually formally linked to the federal parties that share the same name . For example , no provincial Conservative or Progressive Conservative Party shares an organizational link to the federal Conservative Party of Canada , and neither do provincial Green Parties to the Green Party of Canada . Provincial New Democratic Parties , on the other hand , are fully integrated with the federal New Democratic Party -- meaning that provincial parties effectively operate as sections , with common membership , of the federal party . The Liberal Party of Canada shares such an organizational integration with the provincial Liberals in New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island . Other provincial Liberal Parties are unaffiliated with their federal counterpart . Some provinces have provincial political parties with no clear federal equivalent , such as the Alberta Party , Saskatchewan Party , and Wildrose Party . The provincial political climate of Quebec is quite different : the main split is between sovereignty , represented by the Parti Québécois and Québec solidaire , and federalism , represented primarily by the Quebec Liberal Party . The Coalition Avenir Québec , meanwhile , takes an abstentionist position on the question and does not support or oppose sovereignty . Currently , the only minority provincial / territorial government is held by the British Columbia New Democratic Party after receiving 41 out of 87 seats in the 2017 general election . Current provincial / territorial governments ( as of June 2018 ) Province / Territory Premier Party in government Party political position Majority / Minority Lieutenant Governor / Commissioner Alberta Rachel Notley New Democratic Centre - left ◕ Majority Lois Mitchell British Columbia John Horgan New Democratic Centre - left ◔ Minority Janet Austin Manitoba Brian Pallister Progressive Conservative Centre - right ◕ Majority Janice Filmon New Brunswick Brian Gallant Liberal Centre ◕ Majority Jocelyne Roy - Vienneau Newfoundland and Labrador Dwight Ball Liberal Centre ◕ Majority Judy Foote Nova Scotia Stephen McNeil Liberal Centre to centre - right ◕ Majority John James Grant Ontario Doug Ford Progressive Conservative Centre - right to right - wing ◕ Majority Elizabeth Dowdeswell Prince Edward Island Wade MacLauchlan Liberal Centre to centre - left ◕ Majority Frank Lewis Quebec Philippe Couillard Quebec Liberal Centre to centre - right ◕ Majority J. Michel Doyon Saskatchewan Scott Moe Saskatchewan Party Centre - right ◕ Majority W. Thomas Molloy Northwest Territories Bob McLeod Consensus government Nonpartisan Margaret Thom Nunavut Joe Savikataaq Consensus government Nonpartisan Nellie Kusugak Yukon Sandy Silver Liberal Centre ◕ Majority Angélique Bernard Jump up ^ Supported by a confidence and supply agreement with the Green Party of British Columbia . This box : view talk edit Ceremonial territory ( edit ) Canadian National Vimy Memorial -- For First World War Canadian dead and First World War Canadian missing , presumed dead in France . The Canadian National Vimy Memorial , near Vimy , Pas - de-Calais , and the Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial , near Beaumont - Hamel , France are ceremonially considered Canadian territory . In 1922 , the French government donated the land used for the Vimy Memorial `` freely , and for all time , to the Government of Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes '' . The site of the Somme battlefield near Beaumont - Hamel site was purchased in 1921 by the people of the Dominion of Newfoundland . These sites do not , however , enjoy extraterritorial status and are thus subject to French law . Proposed provinces and territories ( edit ) Main article : Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Since Confederation in 1867 , there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories . The Constitution of Canada requires an amendment for the creation of a new province but the creation of a new territory requires only an act of Parliament , a legislatively simpler process . In late 2004 , Prime Minister Paul Martin surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status `` eventually '' . He cited their importance to the country as a whole and the ongoing need to assert sovereignty in the Arctic , particularly as global warming could make that region more open to exploitation leading to more complex international waters disputes . See also ( edit ) Ontario portal Quebec portal Nova Scotia portal New Brunswick portal Manitoba portal British Columbia portal Prince Edward Island portal Saskatchewan portal Alberta portal Newfoundland and Labrador portal Northwest Territories portal Yukon portal Nunavut portal Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies Canadian adjectival and demonymic forms of place names Language policies of Canada 's provinces and territories List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States List of regions of Canada List of governments in Canada by annual expenditures Commonwealth Local Government Forum - Americas Provincial museums of Canada List of Canada - related topics by provinces and territories List of Canadian provinces and territories by area List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product List of Canadian provinces and territories by population List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate Canada -- Wikipedia book References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Provinces and Territories '' . Government of Canada . 2013 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Place name ( 2013 ) . `` Census Profile '' . Statistic Canada . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reader 's Digest Association ( Canada ) ; Canadian Geographic Enterprises ( 2004 ) . The Canadian Atlas : Our Nation , Environment and People . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 082 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2016 and 2011 censuses -- 100 % data '' . Statistics Canada . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land and freshwater area , by province and territory '' . Statistics Canada . 2005 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coche , Olivier ; Vaillancourt , François ; Cadieux , Marc - Antoine ; Ronson , Jamie Lee ( 2012 ) . `` Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces '' ( PDF ) . Fraser Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 28 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to the Canadian House of Commons '' . Parliament of Canada . 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Territories Act '' . Department of Justice Canada . 1986 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yukon Act '' . Department of Justice Canada . 2002 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Justice Canada ( 1993 ) . `` Nunavut Act '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Northwest Territories Official Languages Act , 1988 ( as amended 1988 , 1991 -- 1992 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` OCOL -- Statistics on Official Languages in Yukon '' . Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nunavut 's Official Languages '' . Language Commissioner of Nunavut. 2009 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ajzenstat , Janet ( 2003 ) . Canada 's Founding Debates . University of Toronto Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8607 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , James Stuart ; Shadle , Robert ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire : A-J . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 538 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29366 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gough , Barry M. ( 2010 ) . Historical Dictionary of Canada . Wilfrid Laurier University . pp. 141 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7504 - 3 . Jump up ^ Atlas of Canada . `` Territorial evolution '' . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2007 . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Confederation Rejected : Newfoundland and the Canadian Confederation , 1864 -- 1869 : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage . 2000 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Sandra ( 2010 ) . Newfoundland and Labrador English . Edinburgh University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 2617 - 5 . Jump up ^ Friesen , John W. ; Harrison , Trevor W. ( 2010 ) . Canadian Society in the Twenty - first Century : An Historical Sociological Approach . Canadian Scholars ' Press . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55130 - 371 - 0 . Jump up ^ Blake , Raymond Benjamin ( 1994 ) . Canadians at Last : Canada Integrates Newfoundland As a Province . University of Toronto Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6978 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Fred M. ( 2013 ) . Nation Shapes : The Story behind the World 's Borders . ABC - CLIO . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 106 - 2 . Jump up ^ Laxer , James ( 2010 ) . The Border : Canada , the US and Dispatches From the 49th Parallel . Doubleday Canada . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 67290 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cukwurah , A. Oye ( 1967 ) . The Settlement of Boundary Disputes in International Law . Manchester University Press . p. 186 . GGKEY : EXSJZ7S92QE . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Michael M. ; Marchildon , Gregory P. ; Phillips , Peter W.B. ; Béland , Daniel ; Rasmussen , Kenneth A. ; McNutt , Kathleen ( 2013 ) . Governance and Public Policy in Canada : A View from the Provinces . University of Toronto Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 0493 - 3 . Jump up ^ Nuttall , Mark ( 2012 ) . Encyclopedia of the Arctic . Routledge . p. 301 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 436 - 8 . Jump up ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( 2002 ) . Oecd Territorial Reviews : Canada . OECD Publishing . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 19832 - 6 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Carl ; Braun , Molly ( 2009 ) . Atlas of the North American Indian . Infobase Publishing . p. 234 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2671 - 5 . Jump up ^ McIlwraith , Thomas Forsyth ; Muller , Edward K. ( 2001 ) . North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0019 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mahler , Gregory S. ( 1987 ) . New Dimensions of Canadian Federalism : Canada in a Comparative Perspective . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3289 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Peach , Ian ( 2007 ) . Constructing Tomorrows Federalism : New Perspectives on Canadian Governance . Univ. of Manitoba Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88755 - 315 - 8 . Jump up ^ Maclure , Jocelyn ( 2003 ) . Quebec Identity : The Challenge of Pluralism . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7111 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tidridge , Nathan ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Constitutional Monarchy : An Introduction to Our Form of Government . Dundurn . p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0084 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Laura Elizabeth ( 2012 ) . Curriculum Reform in Ontario : ' Common - Sense ' Policy Processes and Democratic Possibilities . University of Toronto Press . p. 325 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 6158 - 5 . Jump up ^ Barnhart , Gordon ( 2004 ) . Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century . University of Regina Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88977 - 164 - 2 . Jump up ^ Zellen , Barry Scott ( 2009 ) . On Thin Ice : The Inuit , the State , and the Challenge of Arctic Sovereignty . Lexington Books . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 3280 - 7 . Jump up ^ Tidridge , Nathan ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Constitutional Monarchy . Dundurn . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 980 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pike , Corinna ; McCreery , Christopher ( 2011 ) . Canadian Symbols of Authority : Maces , Chains , and Rods of Office . Dundurn . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0016 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , William ( 2011 ) . Political Parties . UBC Press . pp. 17 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 4111 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gagnon , Alain - Gustave ( 2000 ) . The Canadian Social Union Without Quebec : 8 Critical Analyses . IRPP . pp. 209 -- 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88645 - 184 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premiers '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant Governors and Territorial Commissioners '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Britannica Book of the Year 2013 . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2013 . p. 402 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62513 - 103 - 4 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Magnusson , Warren ; Shaw , Karena ( 2003 ) . A Political Space : Reading the Global Through Clayoquot Sound . U of Minnesota Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4039 - 3 . Jump up ^ Susan Lee Kang ( 2008 ) . Contestation and Collectivies : Protecting Labor Organizing Rights in the Global Economy . ProQuest . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 63283 - 2 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Press ; The Chronicle Herald . Liberal Premier Stephen McNeil : Nova Scotia 's soft - spoken fiscal hawk . Jump up ^ Kay Lawson ; Thomas Poguntke ( 2 August 2004 ) . How Political Parties Respond : Interest Aggregation Revisited . Routledge . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 27668 - 4 . Jump up ^ Collectif ; Dominique Auzias ; Jean - Paul Labourdette ( 10 February 2012 ) . Québec 2012 - 2013 . Petit Futé . p. 39 . ISBN 2 - 7469 - 5170 - 3 . Jump up ^ Randy Boswell ; Saskatoon StarPhoenix and Regina Leader - Post ; Lynn McAuley ( 1 January 2005 ) . Province with a Heart : Celebrating 100 Years in Saskatchewan . CanWest Books . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9736719 - 0 - 2 . Jump up ^ Linda Trimble ; Jane Arscott ; Manon Tremblay ( 31 May 2013 ) . Stalled : The Representation of Women in Canadian Governments . UBC Press . p. 220 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 2522 - 1 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. ( 1 March 2012 ) . Britannica Book of the Year 2012 . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. p. 378 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61535 - 618 - 8 . Jump up ^ Charles S. Mack ( 2010 ) . When Political Parties Die : A Cross-national Analysis of Disalignment and Realignment . ABC - CLIO . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38546 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , John ( 2012 ) . Failed Hope : The Story of the Lost Peace . Dundurn . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0345 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Design and Construction of the Vimy Ridge Memorial '' . Veteran Affairs Canada . August 8 , 1998 . Retrieved July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38 ( 1 ) ... notwithstanding any other law or practice , the establishment of new provinces . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Norman L. ( 1979 ) . The boundaries of the Canadian Confederation . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . pp. 174 -- 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7705 - 1742 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Northern territories ' eventually ' to be given provincial status '' . CBC News . November 23 , 2004 . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Further Reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories Brownsey , Keith ; Howlett , Michael ( 2001 ) . The Provincial State in Canada : Politics in the Provinces and Territories . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 368 - 5 . Moore , Christopher ; Slavin , Bill ; Lunn , Janet ( 2002 ) . The Big Book of Canada : Exploring the Provinces and Territories . Random House Digital , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88776 - 457 - 8 . Pross , A. Paul ; Pross , Catherine A. ( 1972 ) . Government Publishing in the Canadian Provinces : a Prescriptive Study . Toronto , Ont. : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 1827 - 0 . Tomblin , Stephen ( 1995 ) . Ottawa and the Outer Provinces : The Challenge of Regional Integration in Canada . James Lorimer & Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 476 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Provinces and territories of Canada . 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what is the full name of nigerian president

Muhammadu Buhari GCFR is the President of Nigeria , in office since 2015 . He is a retired major general in the Nigerian Army and previously served as the nation 's head of state from 31 December 1983 to 27 August 1985 , after taking power in a military coup d'état . The term Buharism is ascribed to the Buhari military government .

Muhammadu Buhari

Muhammadu Buhari

muhammadu buhari

Muhammadu Buhari GCFR 15th President of Nigeria Incumbent Assumed office 29 May 2015 Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Preceded by Goodluck Jonathan Federal Minister of Petroleum Resources Incumbent Assumed office 11 November 2015 Preceded by Diezani Allison - Madueke 7th Head of State of Nigeria In office 31 December 1983 -- 27 August 1985 Vice President Tunde Idiagbon as Chief of Staff , Supreme Headquarters Preceded by Shehu Shagari Succeeded by Ibrahim Babangida Federal Commissioner of Petroleum and Natural Resources In office March 1976 -- June 1978 Governor of Borno State In office 3 February 1976 -- 15 March 1976 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Mustapha Amin Governor of the Northeastern State In office 1 August 1975 -- 3 February 1976 Preceded by Musa Usman Succeeded by Position abolished Personal details ( 1942 - 12 - 17 ) 17 December 1942 ( age 75 ) Daura , Northern Region , British Nigeria ( now Daura , Katsina State , Nigeria ) Nationality Nigerian Political party All Progressives Congress Spouse ( s ) Safinatu Yusuf ( m . 1971 ; div. 1988 ) Aisha Halilu ( m . 1989 ) Children 10 ( show ) Zulaihat ( deceased ) Fatima Musa ( deceased ) Hadiza Safinatu Aisha Halima Yusuf Zarah Amina Alma mater Nigerian Military Training College Mons Officer Cadet School U.S. Army War College Website www.mbuhari.ng Military service Service / branch Nigerian Army Years of service 1961 -- 1985 Rank Major general Muhammadu Buhari GCFR is the President of Nigeria , in office since 2015 . He is a retired major general in the Nigerian Army and previously served as the nation 's head of state from 31 December 1983 to 27 August 1985 , after taking power in a military coup d'état . The term Buharism is ascribed to the Buhari military government . He unsuccessfully ran for the office of president of Nigeria in the 2003 , 2007 , and 2011 general elections . In December 2014 , he emerged as the presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress for the March 2015 general elections . Buhari won the election , defeating the incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan . This marked the first time in the history of Nigeria that an incumbent president lost to an opposition candidate in a general election . He was sworn in on 29 May 2015 . Buhari has stated that he takes responsibility for anything over which he presided during his military rule , and that he can not change the past . He has described himself as a `` converted democrat '' . Contents 1 Early life 2 Early military career 2.1 Northern counter-coup of 28 July 1966 2.2 Civil war 3 After the war 3.1 Buhari 's participation in July 1975 coup 4 Governor of North Eastern State 5 Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources 6 Back in military service 6.1 Chadian military affair 7 December 1983 military coup 8 Head of state ( 1983 -- 85 ) 8.1 Policies and initiatives 8.1. 1 Economic policy 8.1. 2 Foreign policy 8.1. 3 War on corruption 8.1. 4 War Against Indiscipline 8.2 53 suitcases saga 8.3 Human rights 9 1985 coup and detention 10 In retirement 10.1 Civilian life 10.2 Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund 11 Presidential campaigns and elections 11.1 2003 presidential elections 11.2 2007 presidential elections 11.3 2011 presidential elections 11.4 2015 presidential elections 11.4. 1 Abolishing the office of the First Lady 11.4. 2 Freedom of religion 12 Presidency ( 2015 -- present ) 12.1 Economy 12.2 Anti-corruption 12.3 Foreign policy 12.4 Niger Delta 12.5 Plagiarism scandal 12.6 Boko Haram and Chibok girls 12.7 Health issues 12.8 2019 Re-election bid 13 Security challenges 14 Personal life 15 Awards 16 See also 17 References 18 Sources 19 External links Early life Muhammadu Buhari was born to a Fulani family on 17 December 1942 , in Daura , Katsina State , to his father Hardo Adamu , a Fulani chief , and mother Zulaihat . He is the twenty - third child of his father . Buhari was raised by his mother , after his father died when he was about four years old . Early military career Buhari enrolled at age 19 in the Nigerian Military Training College ( NMTC ) in 1961 . In February 1964 , the college was upgraded to an officer commissioning unit of the Nigerian Army and renamed the Nigerian Defence Academy ( NDA ) ( prior to 1964 , the Nigerian government sent cadets who had completed their NMTC preliminary training to mostly Commonwealth military academies for officer cadet training ) . From 1962 to 1963 , Buhari underwent officer cadet training at Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot in England . In January 1963 , at age 21 , Buhari was commissioned a second lieutenant and appointed Platoon Commander of the Second Infantry Battalion in Abeokuta , Nigeria . From November 1963 to January 1964 , Buhari attended the Platoon Commanders ' Course at the Nigerian Military Training College , Kaduna . In 1964 , he facilitated his military training by attending the Mechanical Transport Officer 's Course at the Army Mechanical Transport School in Borden , United Kingdom . From 1965 to 1967 , Buhari served as commander of the Second Infantry Battalion and appointed brigade major , Second Sector , First Infantry Division , April 1967 to July 1967 . Northern counter-coup of 28 July 1966 In July 1966 Lieutenant Muhammadu Buhari was one of the participants in the `` July Rematch '' or so called `` Counter-Coup '' , led by Lt - Col Murtala Muhammed , that overthrew and assassinated Nigeria 's first self - appointed military Head of State General Aguiyi Ironsi , who had assumed leadership of the Nigerian government after a failed coup attempt on 15 January 1966 , which overthrew the elected parliamentary government of Nigeria ( also known as first republic ) . Other participants in the coup on 28 July 1966 included 2nd Lieutenant Sani Abacha , Lieutenant Ibrahim Babangida , Major Theophilus Danjuma , Lieutenant Ibrahim Bako among others . The coup was a reaction to the January coup where a group of mostly Igbo officers led by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu overthrew the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa . Many Northern soldiers were aggrieved by the murder of senior politicians , Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa , northern regional premier , Ahmadu Bello , and four senior officers from northern Nigeria : Brigadier Zakariya Maimalari , Colonel Kur Mohammed , Lt - Cols Abogo Largema and James Pam . The counter-coup was very bloody leading to the murder of mostly Igbo officers . Among the casualties were the first military head of state General Aguiyi Ironsi and Lt Colonel Adekunle Fajuyi , the military governor of the Western Region . Civil War Buhari was assigned to the 1st Division under the command of Lt. Col Mohammed Shuwa , the division had temporarily moved from Kaduna to Makurdi at the onset of the Nigerian Civil War . The 1st division was divided into sectors and then battalions with Shuwa assisted by sector commanders Martin Adamu and Sule Apollo who was later replaced by Theophilus Danjuma . Buhari 's initial assignment was as Adjutant and Company Commander 2 battalion unit , Second Sector Infantry of the 1st Division . The 2 battalion was one of the units that participated in the first actions of the war , they started from Gakem near Afikpo and moved towards Ogoja with support from Gado Nasko 's artillery squad . They reached and captured Ogoja within a week with the intention of advancing through the flanks to Enugu , the rebel capital . Buhari was briefly the 2 battalion 's Commander and led the battalion to Afikpo to link with the 3rd Marine Commando and advance towards Enugu through Nkalagu and Abakaliki . However , before the move to Enugu , he was posted to Nsukka as Brigade Major of the 3rd Infantry Brigade under Joshua Gin who would later become battle fatigued and replaced by Isa Bukar . Buhari stayed with the infantry for a few months as the Nigerian army began to adjust tactics learnt from early battle experiences . Instead of swift advances , the new tactics involved securing and holding on to the lines of communications and using captured towns as training ground to train new recruits brought in from the army depots in Abeokuta and Zaria . In 1968 , he was posted to the 4 Sector also called the Awka sector which was charged to take over the capture of Onitsha from Division 2 . The sector 's operations was within the Awka - Abagana - Onitsha region which was important to Biafran forces because it was a major source of food supply . It was in the sector that Buhari 's group suffered a lot of casualties trying to protect food supplies route of the rebels along Oji River and Abagana . After the War From 1970 to 1971 , Buhari was Brigade Major / Commandant , Thirty - first Infantry Brigade . He then served as the Assistant Adjutant - General , First Infantry Division Headquarters , from 1971 to 1972 . He also attended the Defence Services Staff College , Wellington , India , in 1973 . From 1974 to 1975 Buhari was Acting Director of Transport and Supply at the Nigerian Army Corps of Supply and Transport Headquarters . Buhari 's participation in July 1975 coup Then Lieutenant Colonel Buhari was among a group of officers ( led by Colonels Ibrahim Taiwo , Joseph Garba , Abdulahi Mohammed , Anthony Ochefu , Lieutenant Colonels Shehu Musa Yar'Adua , Ibrahim Babangida and Alfred Aduloju ) who overthrew the Head of State , General Yakubu Gowon . Governor of North Eastern state This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) From 1 August 1975 to 3 February 1976 , General Murtala Mohammed , appointed Buhari as Governor of the North - Eastern State , to oversee social , economic and political improvements in the state . Buhari also briefly served as Governor of Borno state from 3 February 1976 to 15 March 1976 . On 3 February 1976 , the North Eastern state was divided by the Military Government into Bauchi , Borno and Gongola states . In August 1991 , Yobe state was created from Borno state , while Gongola state was split into two states , Taraba and Adamawa . In October 1996 , Gombe State was created from Bauchi State . Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural resources In March 1976 , the Head of State , General Olusegun Obasanjo , appointed Buhari as the Federal Commissioner ( position now called Minister ) for Petroleum and Natural Resources . When the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation was created in 1977 , Buhari was also appointed as its Chairman , a position he held until 1978 . During his tenure as Commissioner , 2.8 billion dollars allegedly went missing from the accounts of the NNPC in Midlands Bank in the United Kingdom . Former President Ibrahim Babangida allegedly accused Buhari of being responsible for this fraud . However , in the conclusion of the Crude Oil Sales Tribunal of Inquiry headed by Justice Ayo Irikefe to investigate allegations of 2.8 billion Dollars misappropriation from the NNPC account . The tribunal found no truth in the allegations even though it noticed some lapses in the NNPC accounts . During Buhari 's tenure as the Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources , the government invested in pipelines and petroleum storage infrastructures . The government built about 21 petroleum storage depots all over the country from Lagos to Maidugiuri and from Calabar to Gusau ; the administration constructed a pipeline network that connected Bonny terminal and the Port Harcourt refinery to the depots . Also , the administration signed the contract for the construction of a refinery in Kaduna and an oil pipeline that will connect the Escravos oil terminal to Warri Refinery and the proposed Kaduna refinery . Back in military Service From 1978 to 1979 , he was Military Secretary at the Army Headquarters and was a member of the Supreme Military Council from 1978 to 1979 . From 1979 to 1980 , at the rank of colonel , Buhari ( class of 1980 ) attended the US Army War College in Carlisle , Pennsylvania , in the United States , and gained a Masters Degree in Strategic Studies . Upon completion of the on - campus full - time resident program lasting ten months and the two - year - long , distance learning program , the United States Army War College ( USAWC ) college awards its graduate officers a master 's degree in Strategic Studies . Other roles include : General Officer Commanding , 4th Infantry Division , August 1980 -- January 1981 General Officer Commanding , 2nd Mechanised Infantry Division , January 1981 -- October 1981 General Officer Commanding , 3rd Armed Division Nigerian Army , October 1981 -- December 1983 Chadian military affair In 1983 , when Chadian forces invaded Nigeria in the Borno State , Buhari used the forces under his command to chase them out of the country , crossing into Chadian territory in spite of an order given by President Shagari to withdraw . This 1983 Chadian military affair led to more than 100 victims and `` prisoners of war '' . December 1983 military coup Main article : 1983 Nigerian coup d'état Major - General Buhari was one of the leaders of the military coup of December 1983 that overthrew the democratically elected government of President Shehu Shagari . At the time of the coup plot , Buhari was the General Officer Commanding ( GOC ) , Third Armored Division of Jos . With the successful execution of the coup by General Buhari , Tunde Idiagbon was appointed Chief of General Staff ( the de facto No. 2 in the administration ) . The coup ended Nigeria 's short - lived Second Republic , a period of multi-party democracy started in 1979 . According to The New York Times , the officers who took power argued that `` a flawed democracy was worse than no democracy at all '' . Buhari justified the military 's seizure of power by castigating the civilian government as hopelessly corrupt and promptly suspended Nigeria 's 1979 Constitution . Another rationale for the coup was to correct economic decline in Nigeria . Sani Abacha in the military 's first broadcast after the coup linked ' an inept and corrupt leadership ' with general economic decline . In Buhari 's New Year day speech , he too mentioned the corrupt class of the second republic but also as the cause of a general decline in morality in the society . Head of state ( 1983 -- 85 ) The structure of the new military leadership which was also the fifth in Nigeria since independence resembled the last military regime , the Obasanjo / Yaradua administration . The new regime established a Supreme Military Council , a Federal Executive Council and a Council of States . The number of ministries was trimmed to 18 while the administration carried out a retrenchment exercise among the senior ranks of the civil service and police . It retired 17 permanent secretaries and some senior police and naval officers . In addition , the new military administration promulgated new laws to achieve its aim . These laws included the Robbery and Firearms ( Special Provisions ) Decree for the prosecution of armed robbery cases , the State Security ( Detention of Person ) Decree which gave powers to the military to detain individuals suspected of jeopardizing state security or causing economic adversity . Other decrees included the Civil Service Commission and Public Offenders Decree which constituted the legal and administrative basis to conduct a purge in the civil service . Policies and initiatives Economic policy In order to reform the economy , as Head of State , Buhari started to rebuild the nation 's social - political and economic systems , along the realities of Nigeria 's austere economic conditions . The rebuilding included removing or cutting back the excesses in national expenditure , obliterating or removing completely , corruption from the nation 's social ethics , shifting from mainly public sector employment to self - employment . Buhari also encouraged import substitution industrialisation based to a great extent on the use of local materials . However , tightening of imports led to reduction in raw materials for industries causing many industries to operate below capacity . However , Buhari 's bid to re-balance public finances by curbing imports led to many job losses and the closure of businesses . Buhari broke ties with the International Monetary Fund , when the fund asked the government to devalue the naira by 60 % . However , the reforms that Buhari instigated on his own were as or more rigorous as those required by the IMF . On 7 May 1984 , Buhari announced the country 's 1984 National Budget . The budget came with a series of complementary measures : A temporary ban on recruiting federal public sector workers Raising of Interest rates Halting Capital Projects Prohibition of borrowing by State governments 15 percent cut from Shagari 's 1983 Budget Realignment of import duties Reducing the balance of payment deficit by cutting imports It also gave priority to the importation of raw materials and spare parts that were needed for agriculture and industry . Other economic measures by Buhari took the form of counter trade , currency change , price reduction of goods and services . Buhari 's economic policies did not earn him the legitimacy of the masses due to the rise in inflation and the use of military might to continue to push many policies blamed for the rise in food prices . Foreign policy Buhari 's military government continued largely with the foreign policy it inherited from Shehu Shagari . In January 1984 , in his new year broadcast speech , Buhari stated that he would maintain and enhance diplomatic relations with all countries and international organisations such as the OAU , UN , OPEC , ECOWAS and the Commonwealth of Nations . He also stated that he would honour all treaty obligations entered into by previous governments , which he did . Buhari 's foreign policy also focused on Africa , mostly Nigeria 's neighbours due to financial commitments . War on corruption Buhari mounted an offensive against entrenched interests . In 20 months as Head of State , about 500 politicians , officials and businessmen were jailed for corruption during his stewardship . Detainees were released after releasing sums to the government and agreeing to meet certain conditions . The Umaru Dikko Affair was another defining moment in Buhari 's military government . Umaru Dikko , a former Minister of Transportation under the previous civilian administration of President Shagari who fled the country shortly after the coup , was accused of embezzling $1 billion in oil profits . With the help of an alleged former Mossad agent , the NSO traced him to London , where operatives from Nigeria and Israel drugged and kidnapped him . They placed him in a plastic bag , which was subsequently hidden inside a crate labelled as `` Diplomatic Baggage '' . The purpose of this secret operation was to ship Dikko off to Nigeria on an empty Nigerian Airways Boeing 707 , to stand trial for embezzlement . The plot was foiled by British airport officers . Buhari 's administration enacted three decrees to investigate corruption and control foreign exchange . The Banking ( Freezing of Accounts ) Decree of 1984 , allotted to the Federal Military Government the power to freeze bank accounts of persons suspected to have committed fraud . The Recovery of Public Property ( Special Military Tribunals ) Decree permitted the government to investigate the assets of public officials linked with corruption and constitute a military tribunal to try such persons . The Exchange Control ( Anti-Sabotage ) Decree stated penalties for violators of foreign exchange laws . War against Indiscipline One of the most enduring legacies of the Buhari government has been the War Against Indiscipline ( WAI ) . Launched on 20 March 1984 , the policy tried to address the perceived lack of public morality and civic responsibility of Nigerian society . Unruly Nigerians were ordered to form neat queues at bus stops , under the eyes of whip - wielding soldiers . Civil servants who failed to show up on time at work were humiliated and forced to do `` frog jumps '' . Minor offences carried long sentences . Any student over the age of 17 caught cheating on an exam would get 21 years in prison . Counterfeiting and arson could lead to the death penalty . 53 suitcases SAGA Buhari 's administration was embroiled in a scandal concerning the fate of 53 suitcases with unknown contents . The suitcases were being transported by the Emir of Gwandu , whose son was Buhari 's aide - de-camp , and were cleared through customs on 10 June 1984 without inspection during his return flight from Saudi Arabia . Human rights According to Decree Number 2 of 1984 , the state security and the chief of staff were given the power to detain , without charges , individuals deemed to be a security risk to the state for up to three months . Strikes and popular demonstrations were banned and Nigeria 's security agency , the National Security Organization ( NSO ) was entrusted with unprecedented powers . The NSO played a wide role in the cracking down of public dissent by intimidating , harassing and jailing individuals who broke the interdiction on strikes . By October 1984 , about 200,000 civil servants were retrenched . The regime also jailed its critics , as in the case of Nigeria 's most popular artist and one time presidential contender , afro - beat singer Fela Kuti . He was arrested on 4 September 1984 at the airport as he was about to embark on an American tour . Amnesty International described the charges brought against him for illegally exporting foreign currency as `` spurious '' . Using the wide powers bestowed upon it by Decree Number 2 , the government sentenced Fela to five years in prison . He was released after 18 months , when the Buhari government was toppled in a coup d'état . In 1984 , Buhari passed Decree Number 4 , the Protection Against False Accusations Decree , considered by scholars as the most repressive press law ever enacted in Nigeria . Section 1 of the law provided that `` Any person who publishes in any form , whether written or otherwise , any message , rumour , report or statement ( ... ) which is false in any material particular or which brings or is calculated to bring the Federal Military Government or the Government of a state or public officer to ridicule or disrepute , shall be guilty of an offense under this Decree '' . The law further stated that offending journalists and publishers will be tried by an open military tribunal , whose ruling would be final and unappealable in any court and those found guilty would be eligible for a fine not less than 10,000 naira and a jail sentence of up to two years . Tunde Thompson and Nduka Irabor of The Guardian were among the journalists who were tried under the decree . Decree 20 on illegal ship bunkering and drug trafficking was another example of Buhari 's tough approach to crime . Section 3 ( 2 ) ( K ) provided that `` any person who , without lawful authority deals in , sells , smokes or inhales the drug known as cocaine or other similar drugs , shall be guilty under section 6 ( 3 ) ( K ) of an offence and liable on conviction to suffer death sentence by firing squad . '' In the case of Bernard Ogedengebe , the Decree was applied retroactively . He was executed even if at the time of his arrest the crime did not mandate the capital punishment , but had carried a sentence of six months imprisonment . In another prominent case of April 1985 , six Nigerians were condemned to death under the same decree : Sidikatu Tairi , Sola Oguntayo , Oladele Omosebi , Lasunkanmi Awolola , Jimi Adebayo and Gladys Iyamah . In 1985 , prompted by economic uncertainties and a rising crime rate , the government of Buhari opened the borders ( closed since April 1984 ) with Benin , Niger , Chad and Cameroon to speed up the expulsion of 700,000 illegal foreigners and illegal migrant workers . Buhari is today known for this crisis ; there even is a famine in the east of Niger that have been named `` El Buhari '' . His regime drew criticism from many , including Nigeria 's first Nobel Prize winner Wole Soyinka , who , in 2007 , wrote a piece called `` The Crimes of Buhari '' which outlined many of the abuses conducted under his military rule . Ahead of the 2015 general election , Buhari responded to his human rights criticism by saying that if elected , he would follow the rule of law , and that there would be access to justice for all Nigerians and respect for fundamental human rights of Nigerians . 1985 coup and detention In August 1985 , Major General Buhari was overthrown in a coup led by General Ibrahim Babangida and other members of the ruling Supreme Military Council ( SMC ) . Babangida brought many of Buhari 's most vocal critics into his administration , including Fela Kuti 's brother Olikoye Ransome - Kuti , a doctor who had led a strike against Buhari to protest declining health care services . Buhari was then detained in Benin City until 1988 . Buhari 's admirers believe that he was overthrown by corrupt elements in his government who were afraid of being brought to justice as his policies were beginning to yield tangible dividends in terms of public discipline , curbing corruption , lowering inflation , enhancing workforce and improving productivity . Ibrahim Babangida justified his coup d'état by saying that Buhari failed to deal with the country 's economic problems and promised `` to rejuvenate the economy ravaged by decades of government mismanagement and corruption '' . Buhari spent three years of detention in a small guarded bungalow in Benin . He had access to television that showed two channels and members of his family were allowed to visit him on the authorization of Babangida . In retirement Civilian life After his mother 's death , he was released in December 1988 and went into farming . While in detention , his farm was managed by his relatives . He divorced his first wife in 1988 and married Aisha Halilu . In Katsina , he became the pioneer chairman of Katsina Foundation that was founded to encourage social and economic development in Katsina State . Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund Buhari served as the Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund ( PTF ) , a body created by the government of General Sani Abacha , and funded from the revenue generated by the increase in price of petroleum products , to pursue developmental projects around the country . A 1998 report in New African praised the PTF under Buhari for its transparency , calling it a rare `` success story '' . However , the same report also noted that critics had questioned the PTF 's allocation of 20 % of its resources to the military , which the critics feared would not be accountable for the revenue . Presidential campaigns and elections Buhari ( left ) with Governor Abiola Ajimobi ( right ) Buhari with former Vice President Atiku Abubakar ( left ) 2003 Presidential elections In 2003 , Buhari ran for office in the presidential election as the candidate of the All Nigeria People 's Party ( ANPP ) . He was defeated by the People 's Democratic Party nominee , President Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ , by a margin of more than 11 million votes . 2007 Presidential elections On 18 December 2006 , Gen. Buhari was nominated as the consensus candidate of the All Nigeria People 's Party . His main challenger in the April 2007 polls was the ruling PDP candidate , Umaru Yar'Adua , who hailed from the same home state of Katsina . In the election , Buhari officially took 18 % of the vote against 70 % for Yar'Adua , but Buhari rejected these results . After Yar'Adua took office , the ANPP agreed to join his government , but Buhari denounced this agreement . 2011 Presidential elections In March 2010 , Buhari left the ANPP for the Congress for Progressive Change ( CPC ) , a party that he had helped to found . He said that he had supported foundation of the CPC `` as a solution to the debilitating , ethical and ideological conflicts in my former party the ANPP '' . Buhari was the CPC Presidential candidate in 16 April 2011 general election , running against incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan of the People 's Democratic Party ( PDP ) , Mallam Nuhu Ribadu of Action Congress of Nigeria ( ACN ) , and Ibrahim Shekarau of ANPP . They were the major contenders among 20 contestants . He was campaigning on an anti-corruption platform and pledged to remove immunity protections from government officials . He also gave support to enforcement of Sharia law in Nigeria 's northern states , which had previously caused him political difficulties among Christian voters in the country 's south . The elections were marred by widespread sectarian violence , which claimed the lives of 800 people across the country , as Buhari 's supporters attacked Christian settlements in the country 's centre regions . The three - day uprising was blamed in part on Buhari 's inflammatory comments . In spite of assurances from Human Rights Watch , who had judged the elections as `` among the fairest in Nigeria 's history '' , Buhari claimed that the poll was flawed and warned that `` If what happened in 2011 should again happen in 2015 , by the grace of God , the dog and the baboon would all be soaked in blood '' . However , he remains a `` folk hero '' to some for his vocal opposition to corruption . Buhari won 12,214,853 votes , coming in second to the incumbent president Goodluck Jonathan of the PDP , who polled 22,495,187 votes and was declared the winner . 2015 Presidential elections Main article : Nigerian general election , 2015 Incoming and outgoing Nigerian Presidents at the inauguration ceremony In the runup to the 2015 Presidential elections , the campaign team of incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan asked for the disqualification of General Buhari from the election , claiming that he is in breach of the Constitution . According to the fundamental document , in order to qualify for election to the office of the President , an individual must be `` educated up to at least School certificate level or its equivalent '' . Buhari has failed to submit any such evidence , claiming that he lost the original copies of his diplomas when his house was raided following his overthrow from power in 1985 . Buhari ran in the 2015 Presidential election as a candidate of the All Progressives Congress party . His platform was built around his image as a staunch anti-corruption fighter and his incorruptible and honest reputation . However , Buhari stated in an interview that he would not probe past corrupt leaders and that he would give officials who stole in the past amnesty , insofar as they repent . In January 2015 , the insurgent group `` The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta '' ( MEND ) endorsed Buhari in the Presidential race , saying he is the best candidate to lead the country . Muhammadu Buhari 's campaign was briefly advised by former Obama campaign manager , David Axelrod , and his AKPD consultancy . In February 2015 , former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo quit the ruling PDP party and threw his support behind the Buhari / Osinbajo ticket . On 31 March , incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan called Buhari to offer his concession and congratulations for his election as president . Buhari was sworn in on 29 May 2015 in a ceremony attended by at least 23 Heads of State and Government . Abolishing the office of the first Lady In December 2014 , Muhammadu Buhari went on the record to say he would abolish , scrap or ban the office of the First Lady if he was elected as President , saying that it was unconstitutional . The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta ( MEND ) , which endorsed Buhari for the 2015 general elections , commended Buhari for his plans , when elected as President , to scrap the so - called `` Office of the First Lady '' . MEND went on to say that the office of the first lady is obviously an irrelevant , fraudulent and unconstitutional office , whose only purpose is to further plunder the resources of the country . Since assuming the presidency on 29 May 2015 , Buhari has yet to officially abolish , scrap or ban the office of the First Lady . Aisha Buhari operates from the office of the First Lady as `` wife of the President '' . Freedom of religion Buhari with Iranian President Hassan Rouhani during the Third GECF summit Previously , Buhari gave his support for the total implementation of Sharia in the country . He was quoted in 2001 as saying , `` I will continue to show openly and inside me the total commitment to the Sharia movement that is sweeping all over Nigeria '' , he then added : `` God willing , we will not stop the agitation for the total implementation of the Sharia in the country . '' On 4 January 2015 , while campaigning for the 2015 general election , Buhari stated that he favoured freedom of religion , that every Nigerian should be free and secure to practice their different religions . Buhari said , `` Religion must never be used as an excuse to divide us , oppress others or gain unfair advantage . All my life I have expressed the belief that all Nigerians must worship God according to their wish '' . Buhari has denied all allegations that he has a radical Islamist agenda . On 6 January 2015 , Buhari said : `` Because they ca n't attack our record , they accuse me falsely of ethnic jingoism ; they accuse me falsely of religious fundamentalism . Because they can not attack our record , they accuse us falsely of calling for election violence -- when we have only insisted on peace . Even as Head of State , we never imposed Sha'riah . '' Presidency ( 2015 -- present ) Seal of the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Second presidency of Muhammadu Buhari . ( Discuss ) ( February 2018 ) Economy An attractive choice to many Nigerians because of a perceived incorruptible character . Once in power , Buhari who had earlier mobilized supporters in three previous elections was slow to manifest his intention to solve problems he mentioned during his campaign . Determination to initiate his domestic policy agenda like naming of cabinet officials took six months , while the passage of the 2016 and 2017 budgets were delayed by infighting In Buhari 's first year in office , Nigeria suffered a decline in commodity prices which triggered an economic recession . To source funds to close shortfall in revenue and fund an expansionary capital budget , Buhari traveled to 20 countries seeking loans . Thereby , expansionary budget allocation to finance infrastructure was pushed back to a further date . In the first year of the administration , Naira , the currency of Nigeria depreciated in the black market leading to a gulf between the official exchange rate and the black - market rate . A resulting shortage in foreign exchange hit various businesses including petroleum marketers . However , the gulf between the official rates and the black market rates opened up the opportunity for well connected individuals to engage in arbitrage making a mockery of the president 's anti-corruption image . In May , 2016 , the government announced a rise in the official pump price of petroleum to curtail shortfall in the commodity as a result of foreign exchange shortages . In 2016 , the country 's economy declined by 1.6 % and in 2017 per capital economic growth is projected to be negligible . Buhari 's first tenure as head of state coincided with a decline in oil prices similar to his second stint but his administration has not shown dedicated effort to diversify sources of government spending . The 2018 budget signaled an expansionary fiscal policy with funds dedicated to infrastructural projects such as strategic roads , bridges and power plants . Anti-corruption On 21 December 2016 , the government 's Federal Ministry of Finance announced a whistle - blowing policy with a 2.5 % - 5 % reward . The aim is to obtain relevant data or information regarding : the violation of financial regulations ; the mismanagement of public funds and assets ; financial malpractice ; fraud ; and theft . Foreign policy Third GECF summit in Tehran , 22 May 2015 Buhari with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry , 31 March 2016 Buhari described the military crackdown by the Myanmar Army and police on Rohingya Muslims as ethnic cleansing and warned of a disaster like the Rwandan genocide . Niger Delta In spite of roles played by the Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs and the Amnesty programme led by Usani Uguru Usani and Paul Boroh respectively , to ameliorate the conditions of the people 's lives and settle militant activities , they are still intermittent attacks on oil facilities by groups such as the Niger Delta Avengers . This has significantly affected oil production leading to cuts in exports and government revenue . The Avengers are waging conflict for greater economic and political autonomy . Plagiarism scandal In September 2016 President Buhari came under heavy criticism after a newspaper report found him using plagiarized speech during launching of a national re-orientation campaign tagged `` Change begins with me '' . The speech was later found to be lifted from the 2008 inaugural speech of former US President Barack Obama . The presidency later apologized and says the blunder was caused by `` overzealous staff '' and `` Those responsible '' will be sanctioned . However , week later a deputy director in the State House linked to the speech was redeployed and presidency assured Nigerian public that it has taken steps to avoid a repeat of such an embarrassing occurrence by providing digital tools in the State House that detect plagiarism , similar to those used by editors and academics around the world Boko Haram and Chibok girls See also : Boko Haram In October 2016 , the government negotiated a deal with the terrorist group , Boko Haram which secured the release of 21 Chibok girls . By December 2016 , the government had recovered much of the territories previously held by Boko Haram and after the capture of Sambisa Forest , Buhari announced that Boko Haram has been technically defeated . The insurgency displaced about 2 million people from their homes and the recapture of the towns now present humanitarian challenges in health , education and nutrition . On 6 May 2017 , Buhari 's government secured a further release of 82 out of 276 girls kidnapped in 2014 , in exchange of five Boko Haram leaders . On 7 May 2017 , President Buhari met with the 82 released Chibok girls , before departing to London , UK , for a follow up treatment for an undisclosed illness . Health issues In May 2016 , Buhari cancelled a two - day visit to Lagos to inaugurate projects in the state but he was represented by the Vice-President Yemi Osinbajo after citing an `` ear infection '' suspected to be Ménière 's disease . On 6 June , Buhari travelled to the United Kingdom to seek medical attention . This happened days after the Presidential Spokesman Femi Adesina was quoted as saying Buhari was `` as fit as fiddle '' and `` hale and hearty '' , to much discontent and criticism from political analysts and followers . In February 2017 , following what were described as `` routine medical check - ups '' in the UK , Buhari asked parliament to extend his medical leave to await test results . His office did not give any further details on his health condition nor the expected date of his return . On 8 February , President Buhari personally signed a letter addressed to the President of the Senate of Nigeria alerting him of a further extension to his annual leave , leaving his Vice President in charge . Following an absence of 51 days from office , President Buhari returned to Nigeria . He arrived at Kaduna Airport in the morning of March 10 . Although information was limited during his stay in London , he was pictured on March 9 meeting the most senior cleric of the world Anglican congregation , Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby . Vice President Yemi Osibanjo remained in charge as acting President , while the President continued to recover in Abuja . The President has missed major official and public appearances just two months following his return to office from England . Most recently he was absent from the Federal Executive Council ( FEC ) meeting , the worker 's day event held at the Eagle Square in Abuja on May Day 2017 . Speculations about the President 's health circulated in the public sphere in the days following President Buhari 's wishes to `` work from home '' . Some prominent Nigerian figures urged the President to take a long - term medical leave , citing his failure to make any public appearances over a two - week period . President Buhari again left Nigeria for a reported health check - up in London on 7 May 2017 . President Buhari returned to Nigeria from his medical leave in the United Kingdom 104 days after leaving , on August 19 , 2017 . On 8 May , Buhari left Nigeria to London for medical check up , upon arrival from USA ; and he returned back on Friday 11 May 2018 . 2019 re-election bid On 24th January , 2018 , former president Obasanjo wrote a letter to president Buhari accusing his government of nepotism , while commending his war against corruption and lauding his achievements on Boko Haram . Obasanjo 's letter also included an appeal to president Buhari not to contest re-election in 2019 but to instead `` join the stock of Nigerian leaders whose experience , influence , wisdom , and outreach can be deployed on the sideline for the good of the country '' . Shrugging off opposition from a previous president , during a national executive council meeting on the morning of April , 9th 2018 , President Buhari declared his intention to re-enter the presidential race in 2019 and seek a second term in office as a democratic leader . This came after much speculation by political players and members of the public about whether or not he was going to run , especially considering his rather late timing . Reactions to his announcement have been mixed , as many observers think this put a question to his integrity . Buhari said during the 2011 presidential campaigns under the CPC banner that he would never seek a re-election bid should he ever become president . Security challenges In 2012 , Buhari 's name was included on a list published by Boko Haram of individuals it would trust to mediate between the group and the Federal Government . However , Buhari strongly objected and declined to mediate between the government and Boko Haram . In 2013 , Muhammadu Buhari made a series of statements , when he asked the Federal Government to stop the killing of Boko Haram members and blamed the rise of the terrorist group on the prevalence of Niger Delta militants in the South . Buhari stated that `` what is responsible for the security situation in the country is caused by the activities of Niger Delta militants ( ... ) The Niger Delta militants started it all '' . He also questioned the special treatment including close to $500 million a year paid to 30,000 militants under the amnesty programme since 2013 by the Federal Government and deplored the fact that Boko Haram members were killed and their houses destroyed . In May 2014 , in the wake of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping , Buhari strongly denounced the Boko Haram insurgency . He `` urged Nigerians to put aside religion , politics and all other divisions to crush the insurgency he said is fanned by mindless bigots masquerading as Muslims '' . In July 2014 , Buhari escaped a bomb attack on his life by Boko Haram in Kaduna , 82 people were killed . In December 2014 , Buhari pledged to enhance security in Nigeria , if he wins the general elections on 14 February 2015 , which were later rescheduled for 28 March 2015 . Since this announcement , Buhari 's approval ratings reportedly have skyrocketed amongst the Nigerian people ( largely due to the incumbent Goodluck Jonathan 's apparent inability to fight Boko Haram 's brutal insurgency ) . Buhari made internal security and wiping out the militant group one of the key pillars of his campaigning . Personal life In 1971 , Buhari married his first wife , Safinatu ( née Yusuf ) Buhari ( First lady of Nigeria December 1983 -- August 1985 ) . They had five children together , four girls and one boy . Their first daughter , Zulaihat ( Zulai ) was named after Buhari 's mother . Their other children are Fatima , Musa ( deceased son ) , Hadiza , and Safinatu . In 1988 , Buhari and his first wife Safinatu divorced . In December 1989 , Buhari married his second and current wife Aisha Buhari ( née Halilu ) . They also had five children together , a boy and four girls : Aisha , Halima , Yusuf , Zahra and Amina . On 14 January 2006 , Safinatu Buhari , the former first lady , died from complications of diabetes . She was buried at Unguwar Rimi cemetery in accordance with Islamic rites . In November 2012 , Buhari 's first daughter , Zulaihat ( née Buhari ) Junaid died from sickle cell anaemia , two days after having a baby at a hospital in Kaduna . Awards Major - General Buhari ( Rtd . ) has received several awards and medals . In alphabetical order they include : Congo Medal ( CM ) Defence Service Medal ( DSM ) General Service Medal ( GSM ) Global Seal of Integrity ( GSOI ) Gran Collar De La Orden De La Independencia translated as Grand Collar of the Order of the Independence was conferred on Buhari by President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea at the Presidential Palace on 14 March 2016 Grand Commander of the Federal Republic of Nigeria ( GCFR ) Loyal Service and Good Conduct Medal ( LSGCM ) National Service Medal ( NSM ) See also Biography portal Nigeria portal Politics portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Muhammadu Buhari Presidential Candidate '' . thisisbuhari.com . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Muhammad Buhari '' . Enyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Muhammad Buhari '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Paden , John ( 2016 ) . Muhammadu Buhari : The Challenges of Leadership in Nigeria . Roaring Forties Press . ISBN 1 - 938901 - 64 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Military Regime of Buhari and Idiagbon , January 1984 -- August 1985 '' . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Max Siollun ( October 2003 ) . `` Buhari and Idiagbon : A Missed Opportunity for Nigeria '' . Dawodu.com . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sanusi Lamido Sanusi ( 22 July 2002 ) . `` Buharism : Economic Theory and Political Economy '' . Lagos . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Mohammed Nura ( 14 September 2010 ) . `` Nigeria : The Spontaneous ' Buharism ' Explosion in the Polity '' . Leadership ( Nigeria ) . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Buhari , Muhammadu ( 26 February 2015 ) . Prospects for Democratic Consolidation in Africa : Nigeria 's Transition ( Speech ) . Chatham House , London . Jump up ^ The Guardian : `` Muhammadu Buhari : reformed dictator returns to power in democratic Nigeria '' by David Smith 31 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview With GMB -- Buhari speaks to The Sun Newspaper '' . Jump up ^ Ogbebor , Paul Osakpamwan . `` The Nigerian Defence Academy -- A Pioneer Cadet 's Memoir '' . Vanguard ( Nigeria ) . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Agbese , Dan . Ibrahim Babangida : The Military , Power and Politics . Adonis & Abbey Publishers , 2012 . pp. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906704 - 96 - 4 . Jump up ^ Luckham , Robin . The Nigerian Military a Sociological Analysis of Authority & Revolt 1960 -- 1967 . CUP Archive , 1971 . p. 235 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Siollun , Max . Oil , Politics and Violence : Nigeria 's Military Coup Culture ( 1966 -- 1976 ) . Algora . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 709 - 0 . Jump up ^ Momoh 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Momoh 2000 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Momoh 2000 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Momoh 2000 , p. 339 . ^ Jump up to : Momoh 2000 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Momoh 2000 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Siddhartha Mitter ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` India can rival China in Nigeria , by being exactly what China is not : Open and free '' . Quartz . Jump up ^ Solomon Williams Obotetukudo ( 2010 ) . The Inaugural Addresses and Ascension Speeches of Nigerian Elected and Non-Elected Presidents and Prime Minister , 1960 -- 2010 . University Press of America . pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Clyde . `` Man in the news ; A nationalist for Nigerians '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Omoigui , Nowa . `` The Murtala Muhammed Coup Of 1975 Part 2 '' . Uhrhobo Historical Society . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Nigerian Petroleum Industry '' . Nigerian National Petroleum Company . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IBB Hits Buhari Harder : Over N2. 8Billion Was Stolen By Buhari and Seen In His UK Bank '' . brimtime.com. 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Uko , Ndaeyo ( December 2003 ) . Romancing the Gun : The Press as Promoter of Military Rule . Africa World Press . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59221 - 189 - 0 . Buhari 's Decree 4 , which led to his overthrow , was seen by Nigerians as an attempt to prevent the press from digging into a scandal which he was supposed to have known something about : the mysterious disappearance of the huge sum of N2. 8 billion from the NNPC while it was under his supervision . Jump up ^ Frynas , Jedrzej Georg ( 1 April 2000 ) . Oil in Nigeria ( Politics and Economics in Africa ) . Lit Verlag . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 3921 - 5 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . This followed evidence from an US accountancy firm that some 2.8 billion Naira ( roughly US $4 billion ) had not been accounted for by the bank records of the NNPC . The Irikife Tribunal , which investigated the matter , even failed to summon Generals Buhari and Obsanjo who were responsible for supervising the NNPC and controlled oil sales during the period in question . Jump up ^ Zabadi , Istifanus ; Sampson , Isaac ( 2009 ) . `` Modalities for Coordinating Nigeria 's Anti-Corruption Strategies '' . Constructive Engagement. 1 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's Oil Production on Increase . '' Afro - American ( 1893 -- 1988 ) : 16 . 16 December 1978 . Jump up ^ Muhammed Kabir Hassan ( 31 December 2014 ) . `` Nigeria : The Mess ' Full Literates ' Have Put Us All In ! '' . AllAfrica . Jump up ^ `` A Rejoinder To ' Semi-Illiterate ' PDP Secretary Prof. Wale Oladipo By Dr. M.K. Hassan '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Source Magazine Online . Thesourceng.com . Retrieved on 4 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Akinsanya , Adeoye A. ( 2013 ) . An Introduction to Political Science in Nigeria . John Adebunmi Ayoade . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 5743 - 3 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Martin P. Nigeria : current issues and historical background . p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Graf 1988 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Graf 1988 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Graf 1988 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Nwachuku , Levi Akalazu ; G.N. Uzoigwe ( 2004 ) . Troubled Journey : Nigeria Since the Civil War . University Press of America . p. 192 . Jump up ^ Graf 1988 , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nigeria 's Muhammadu Buhari in profile '' . BBC News . 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Vreeland , James Raymond ( 19 December 2006 ) . The International Monetary Fund : Politics of Conditional Lending . Routledge . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37463 - 7 . Buhari proved his independence by pushing through economic austerity so severe it went beyond what many advised -- all the while he refused IMF assistance . Jump up ^ Mathews , Martin P. ( 1 May 2002 ) . Nigeria : Current Issues and Historical Background . Nova Science Publishers , Inc. p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59033 - 316 - 7 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Graf 1988 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Nwachukwu ; Uzoigwe ( 2004 ) . Troubled Journey . p. 197 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria : Human Rights Watch Africa '' . africa.upenn.eu. 10 May 1996 . Jump up ^ Alex , Last ( 12 November 2012 ) . `` The foiled Nigerian kidnap plot '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Graf 1988 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's Muhammadu Buhari in profile '' . bbc.co.uk. 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Clifford D. May ( 10 August 1984 ) . `` Nigeria 's discipline campaign : Not sparing the rod '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` S-H-O-C-K-I-N-G ! ! ! 5 starnge things you never knew about Buhari -- By Nzeribe Enz '' . transparentnigeria.com . Nzeribe Enz. 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ 53 SUITCASES SAGA : Buhari blasts Atiku , Jonathan -- Vanguard News . Vanguardngr.com ( 21 March 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria : Repeal of Decree 2 '' . refworld.org. 1 October 1998 . Jump up ^ `` THE UNTOLD TALES OF GEN . BUHARI ... ( a must read ) '' . Naija Politica. 4 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fela Kuti , PoC , Nigeria '' ( PDF ) . amnesty.org. 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 April 2015 . On numerous occasions he was detained and harassed by the authorities Jump up ^ Ogbondah , Chris ( 1991 ) . `` Origins and Interpretation of Nigerian Press Laws '' ( PDF ) . Africa Media Review . ^ Jump up to : `` Military Degree 4 The Repressive Anti People 's Law Of Grandpa Buhari - Ifeduba -- Politics -- Nairaland '' . nairaland.com. 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Stance On ' Non Disclosure ' Remains Unshakable -- Tunde Thompson '' . nationalnetworkonline.com. 9 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Security and Anticrime Measures '' . country-data.com . June 1991 . ^ Jump up to : `` Buhari : History and the Wilfully Blind '' . thisdaylive.com. 10 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Muhammadu Buhari , Nigeria 's Strictest Leader '' . abiyamo.com. 2 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Expelled foreigners pouring out of Nigeria By The Associated Press '' . nytimes.com. 5 May 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Présidentielle nigériane : Muhammadu Buhari affrontera Goodluck Jonathan '' . jeuneafrique.com. 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The crimes of Buhari - Wole Soyinka '' . saharareporters.com. 14 January 2007 . Jump up ^ My contract with Nigeria -- Buhari . vanguardngr.com ( 17 March 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Muhammad Buhari ( head of state of Nigeria ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Toyin Falola ; Matthew M. Heaton ( 2008 ) . A History of Nigeria . Cambridge University Press . p. 271 . Jump up ^ Cyr , Ruth ( 2001 ) . Twentieth Century Africa . iUniverse . p. 401 . ^ Jump up to : `` Development : PTF -- shining in the gloom '' . June 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria : Facts and figures '' . BBC News . 17 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Huge win for Nigeria 's Yar'Adua '' , BBC News , 23 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Felix Onuah and Camillus Eboh , `` Nigerian president picks ministers '' , Reuters ( IOL ) , 4 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Emeka Mamah ( 18 March 2010 ) . `` Buhari Joins Congress for Progressive Change '' . Vanguard . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of the 2011 Presidential election results '' . Archived from the original on 29 May 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Nigerian Religious Leaders Advise Political Candidates '' . cfr.org. 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Soyombo , Fisayo ( 31 December 2014 ) . `` Opinion Will Muhammadu Buhari be Nigeria 's next president ? '' . aljazeera.com . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . In 2011 , Buhari was accused of inciting the violence that followed his loss to Jonathan . The following year , he said `` the dog and the baboon would all be soaked in blood '' should the 2015 election be rigged . Buhari has shed blood before for his presidential ambition , some people believe . And they think he would do it again . Such a man , they reason , should never taste power . Jump up ^ NDUJIHE , CLIFFORD ; IDONOR , DANIEL ( 11 October 2011 ) . `` Post-election violence : FG panel report indicts Buhari '' . vanguardngr.com . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari 's Presidential Attempts And 2015 Chances '' . naij.com . November 2014 . Jump up ^ Festus Owete ( 21 April 2011 ) . `` Congress for Progressive Change considers going to court and Buhari declared that he will make Nigeria ungovernable for Jonathan . Since then the Boko Haram Sect has been bombing Nigerians '' . Next . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` # Nigeria2015 : Jonathan wants Buhari disqualified '' . premiumtimesng.com. 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari : Certificate nuisance ! '' . vanguardngr.com. 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari will not probe past corrupt Nigerian leaders if they repent -- APC '' . premiumtimesng.com. 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MEND replies PDP , says Buhari best candidate '' . punchng.com. 9 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kredo , Adam ( 9 February 2015 ) . `` David Axelrod 's Political Consulting Firm Far More Involved in Nigeria Election than Previously Disclosed '' . freebeacon.com . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria : l'ex - président Olusegun Obasanjo lâche Goodluck Jonathan '' . RFI. 18 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Colin Freeman ( 31 March 2015 ) . `` Muhammadu Buhari claims victory in Nigeria 's presidential elections '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Buhari Says `` No First Lady '' If Elected ... Patience Jonathan Kinda Responds . What Do You Think ? . that1960chick.com ( 27 December 2014 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Buhari Comes Under Severe Attack Over Plans to Scrap First Lady 's Office -- Worldnews.com . Article.wn.com . Retrieved on 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ MEND endorses Buhari for president Peoples Daily Newspaper . Peoplesdailyng.com . Retrieved on 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Aisha Buhari Takes Over Patience Jonathan 's Office -- Entertainment Express . Expressng.com . Retrieved on 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Akhaine , Saxone ( 27 August 2001 ) Nigeria : Buhari Calls for Sharia in All States Archived 23 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... allafrica.com Jump up ^ `` Insurgency and Buhari 's call for full Sharia '' . vanguardngr.com . Viewpoint. 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Every Nigerian has right to freedom of religion -- Buhari . Dailytrust.com.ng ( 5 January 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nigeria 's Muhammadu Buhari in profile -- BBC News . Bbc.co.uk ( 31 March 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Iginla , Ademola ( 6 January 2015 ) A Great Message : Gen Buhari Tweets From His Heart This Morning . osundefender.org Jump up ^ Obadare , Ebenezer ( May 2017 ) . `` Current History '' . www.currenthistory.com. 116 ( 790 ) . Jump up ^ `` Economy Thwarts Buhari '' . Afr Res Bull Econ. 53 ( 4 ) . June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Political schisms hit recovery and reform '' . African Confidential. 57 ( 23 ) . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Verbatim : Why I attempted absconding from office after becoming President -- Buhari - OAK TV '' . oak.tv . Oak TV . Oak TV . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pilling , David ( July 12 , 2p17 ) . `` Nigeria has let a crisis go to waste '' . Financial Times . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` NIGERIA : A Turbulent Year '' . Afr Res Bull Econ. 53 ( 5 ) . July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari opens the war chest '' . Africa Confidential. 58 ( 23 ) . November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Ministry of Finance introduces new whistleblowing initiative '' . Archived from the original on 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigerian president likens Myanmar crisis to Bosnia , Rwanda genocides '' . 19 September 2017 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Danegeld in the Delta ; The Niger Delta Avengers '' . The Economist . June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari and other leaders caught in plagiarism scandal '' . Naij.com . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigerian president apologizes for plagiarizing Obama in speech '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's Buhari admits line plagiarised from Obama '' . Aljazeera . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria president blames aide for plagiarising Obama '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari sacks own official over plagiarism of Obama 's speech '' . Vanguard Newspaper . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Steven ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Schoolgirl hostage found almost three years after Boko Haram capture '' . Christian Science Monitor . Boston . Jump up ^ Fick , Maggie ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Boko Haram leaves traumatic legacy '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria exchanges 82 Chibok girls kidnapped by Boko Haram for prisoners '' . 7 May 2017 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Buhari Departs for London After Receiving Chibok Girls '' . Jump up ^ Adetayo , Olalekan ( 22 May 2016 ) . `` Buhari cancels two - day state visit to Lagos '' . The Punch . Abuja . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Nwabughuiogu , Levinus ( 6 June 2016 ) . `` Buhari heads to London for medical treatment '' . Vanguard News . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ifijeh , Martins ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Nigeria : Meniere 's Disease and Buhari 's Health '' . Thisday Live . All Africa . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari Travelled Abroad Over Poor Health -- Nigerians '' . Naij . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Tunde ( 11 June 2016 ) . `` On President Buhari 's Health '' . ThisDay Live . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kolawole , O'Femi ( 7 June 2016 ) . `` President Buhari 's health and Aso Rock lies '' . The Cable . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari not dead - Presidency - Premium Times Nigeria '' . Premium Times Nigeria. 2017 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Muhammadu Buhari extends medical leave in UK '' . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ismail Mudashir , `` I wo n't return until doctors are satisfied -- Buhari '' , Daily Trust , 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why I ca n't return home now , by Buhari '' , The Nation Jump up ^ `` XCLUSIVE : I wo n't return until doctors are satisfied -- Buhari '' , Premium Times , 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ by adekunle ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Ag . President , others receive Buhari in Presidential Villa - Vanguard News '' . Vanguardngr.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Comrade , Ameh ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Buhari returns to Nigeria - Daily Post Nigeria '' . Dailypost.ng . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : Buhari arrives Nigeria - Premium Times Nigeria '' . Premiumtimesng.com. 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria President Buhari : I 've never been so sick - BBC News '' . Bbc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Muhammadu Buhari returns home from London medical leave Nigeria News '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's Buhari returns but VP will stay in charge '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Osinbajo remains Acting President , says Buhari - Vanguard News '' . Vanguardngr.com. 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ siteadmin ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` # WhereIsBuhari : President Buhari Absent From May Day Rally '' . Sahara Reporters . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathaniel , Soonest ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` Panic over Buhari 's health : OBJ , IBB , Abdulsalami to meet secretly in Minna '' . naij.com . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/05/falana-civil-society-leaders-urge-president-buhari-to-take-medical-leave/ Jump up ^ `` Buhari To Work From Home Today Channels Television '' . channelstv.com. 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria 's President Buhari urged to take medical leave '' . 2 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ Staff , Daily Post ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Buhari 's health needs urgent medical attention -- Falana '' . dailypost.ng . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ AFP , Pulse News Agency International By . `` Muhammadu Buhari : Nigeria '' s President urged to take medical leave `` . pulse.ng . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bolashodun , Oluwatobi ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` BREAKING : President Buhari absent at Friday Juma'at prayer in Aso Villa '' . naij.com . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Again , Buhari travels to UK for check - up , hands over to Osinbajo '' . 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari returns after lengthy UK medical treatment '' . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Adeshida , Abayomi ; Agbakwuru , Johnbosco ; Nwabughiogu , Levinus ; Ajayi , Omeiza . `` After 104 days on medical vacation ... Finally , Buhari returns '' . Vanguard . Jump up ^ `` Buhari returns from UK medical trip '' . Punch Newspapers . punch . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full text : Obasanjo 's letter to Buhari '' . Punch Newspapers . Punch Newspaper. 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Boko Haram names Buhari , 5 others as mediators -- Vanguard News . Vanguardngr.com ( 1 November 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stop Killing Boko Haram Members -- Buhari Tells FG . pointblanknews.com ( 2 June 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Why we 're yet to crush Boko Haram -- Jonathan '' . vanguardngr.com. 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Has Nigeria 's Niger Delta managed to buy peace ? -- BBC News . Bbc.co.uk ( 1 May 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ajasa , Femi. ( 8 May 2014 ) BUHARI TO BOKO HARAM : You 're bigots masquerading as Muslims -- Vanguard News . Vanguardngr.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Muhammed , Garba. ( 24 July 2014 ) Suicide bombs in Nigeria 's Kaduna kill 82 , ex-leader Buhari targeted Reuters . Uk.reuters.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nigeria Opposition Leader Vows to Improve Security . Voanews.com ( 12 December 2014 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : General Muhammadu Buhari and his late wife , Safinatu . naijarchives.com ( 3 April 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` General Muhammad Buhari loses 40 year old daughter , Zulai Buhari - Junaid to sickle cell '' . FAB Magazine Online . 1 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Sources Graf , William ( 1988 ) . The Nigerian state : Political economy , state class , and political system in the post-colonial era . London : James Currey . ISBN 0 - 85255 - 313 - 7 . Momoh , H.B ( 2000 ) . The Nigerian Civil War , 1967 -- 1970 : history and reminiscences . Ibadan : Sam Bookman Publishers = . ISBN 978 - 2165 - 96 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammadu Buhari . Official website 2011 Presidential Election Campaign website Appearances on C - SPAN Muhammadu Buhari -- In a HARDtalk interview on 21 January 2004 Political offices Preceded by Shehu Shagari as President of Nigeria Chair of the Supreme Military Council of Nigeria 1983 -- 1985 Succeeded by Ibrahim Babangida as Chair of the Armed Forces Ruling Council of Nigeria Preceded by Goodluck Jonathan President of Nigeria 2015 -- present Incumbent Muhammadu Buhari President of Nigeria ( 2015 -- present ) Military Head of State of Nigeria ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Governor of the Northeastern State ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Born 17 December 1942 Leadership 1983 coup d'état Military Governors 2015 inauguration Cabinet International Trips Elections Nigerian presidential election , 2003 Nigerian general election , 2007 Nigerian presidential election , 2011 Nigerian general election , 2015 Family Aisha Buhari ( spouse ) Muhammadu Ribadu ( grandfather - in - law ) Eponyms Buharism Category : Muhammadu Buhari Articles related to Muhammadu Buhari Heads of State of Nigeria Queen ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Elizabeth II President of the First Republic ( 1963 -- 1966 ) Azikiwe Military regime ( 1966 -- 1979 ) Aguiyi - Ironsi Gowon Mohammed Obasanjo President of the Second Republic ( 1979 -- 1983 ) Shehu Shagari Military regime ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Buhari Babangida Shonekan ( interim ) * Abacha Abubakar President of the Fourth Republic ( from 1999 ) Obasanjo Yar'Adua Jonathan Buhari * civilian ; headed transition to abortive Third Republic Governors of North - Eastern and Borno State North - Eastern State Musa Usman Muhammadu Buhari Borno State Mustapha Amin Tunde Idiagbon Mohammed Goni Asheik Jarma Abubakar Waziri Abdulmumini Aminu Abdul One Mohammed Mohammed Maina Mohammed Buba Marwa Maina Maaji Lawan Ibrahim Dada Victor Ozodinobi Augustine Aniebo Lawal Haruna Mala Kachalla Ali Modu Sheriff Kashim Shettima Military Governors in Nigeria during the Olusegun Obasanjo regime ( 13 February 1976 -- 1 October 1979 ) Anambra John Kpera Datti Abubakar Bauchi Mohammed Kaliel Garba Duba Bendel Husaini Abdullahi Abubakar Waziri Benue Abdullahi Shelleng Adebayo Lawal Borno Muhammadu Buhari Mustapha Amin Tunde Idiagbon Cross River Paul Omu Babatunde Elegbede Gongola Mohammed Jega Abdul Rahman Mamudu Imo Ndubuisi Kanu Adekunle Lawal Sunday Ajibade Adenihun Kaduna Muktar Muhammed Ibrahim Mahmud Alfa Kano Ishaya Shekari Kwara George Agbazika Innih Sunday Ifere Lagos Adekunle Lawal Ndubuisi Kanu Ebitu Ukiwe Niger Murtala Nyako Ebitu Ukiwe Joseph Oni Ogun Saidu Ayodele Balogun Harris Eghagha Ondo Ita David Ikpeme Sunday Tuoyo Oyo David Jemibewon Paul Tarfa Plateau Dan Suleiman Joshua Anaja Rivers Suleiman Saidu Sokoto Umaru Mohammed Gado Nasko See also Military Governors in Nigeria during the Murtala Muhammed regime ( 1975 - 1976 ) and State governors in the Nigerian Second Republic ( 1979 - 1983 ) Military Governors of Nigerian States under General Murtala Muhammed ( July 1975 - February 1976 ) Benue - Plateau State Colonel Abdullahi Mohammed East - Central State Colonel Anthony Ochefu Kano State Lt - Colonel Sani Bello Kwara State Colonel Ibrahim Taiwo Lagos State Navy Captain Adekunle Lawal Mid-West State Colonel George Agbazika Innih North - Central State Lt - Colonel Usman Jibrin North - Eastern State Lt - Colonel Muhammadu Buhari North - Western State Lt - Colonel Umaru Mohammed Rivers State Lt - Colonel Zamani Lekwot South - Eastern State Lt - Colonel Paul Omu Western State Navy Captain Akintunde Aduwo Colonel David Jemibewon See also Military Governors in Nigeria during the Yakubu Gowon regime ( 1967 - 1975 ) and Military Governors in Nigeria during the Olusegun Obasanjo regime ( 1976 -- 1979 ) Candidates in the 2007 Nigerian presidential election Umaru Yar'Adua Muhammadu Buhari Atiku Abubakar Orji Uzor Kalu Attahiru Bafarawa Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu Pere Ajuwa Chris Okotie Patrick Utomi Ambrose Owuru Emmanuel Okereke Lawrence Adedoyin Habu Fari Maxi Okwu Bartholomew Nnaji Emmanuel Obayuwana Olapade Agoro Mojisola Obasanjo Heads of state of OPEC member states Bouteflika Lourenço Moreno Obiang Bongo Rouhani Masum Sabah Sarraj Buhari Tamim Nguesso Salman Khalifa Maduro Acting heads of state shown in italics . Leaders of the Next Eleven economies Hasina el - Sisi Jokowi Rouhani Peña Nieto Buhari Khan Duterte Moon Erdoğan Phúc GND : 1152234536 ISNI : 0000 0000 2148 6266 LCCN : n79094087 SELIBR : 406403 VIAF : 52967503 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammadu_Buhari&oldid=854341064 '' Categories : Muhammadu Buhari 1942 births All Nigeria Peoples Party politicians All Progressives Congress politicians Candidates in the Nigerian general election , 2003 Candidates in the Nigerian general election , 2007 Candidates in the Nigerian general election , 2011 Candidates in the Nigerian general election , 2015 Leaders ousted by a coup Leaders who took power by coup Living people Nigerian Defence Academy alumni Nigerian Fula people Nigerian generals Nigerian military governors Nigerian Muslims Nigerian revolutionaries Participants in the 1966 Nigerian counter-coup Participants in the 1975 Nigerian military coup Participants in the 1983 Nigerian military coup Participants of coups in Nigeria People from Katsina State Petroleum ministers of Nigeria Politicians from Katsina Presidents of Nigeria Ribadu family United States Army War College alumni Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia temporarily semi-protected biographies of living people EngvarB from May 2016 Use dmy dates from November 2016 Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles to be split from February 2018 All articles to be split Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hausa Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 16 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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when do i have to pay income tax in india

Income tax in India

income tax in india

Central Revenue collections in 2007 - 08 ( Source : Compiled from reports of Comptroller and Auditor General of India for relevant years )

Personal income tax ( direct ) ( 17.43 % ) Corporate tax ( direct ) ( 33.99 % ) Other Taxes ( direct ) ( 2.83 % ) Excise duty ( indirect ) ( 20.84 % ) Customs duty ( indirect ) ( 17.46 % ) Other taxes ( indirect ) ( 8.68 % ) The Constitution of India → Schedule VII → Union List → Entry 82 has given the power to the Central Government to levy a tax on any income other than agricultural income , which is defined in Section 10 ( 1 ) of the Income Tax Act , 1961 . The Income Tax Law consists of Income Tax Act 1961 , Income Tax Rules 1962 , Notifications and Circulars issued by Central Board of Direct Taxes ( CBDT ) , Annual Finance Acts and judicial pronouncements by the Supreme Court and High Courts . The government imposes a tax on taxable income of all persons who are individuals , Hindu Undivided Families ( HUF 's ) , companies , firms , LLP , association of persons , body of individuals , local authority and any other artificial juridical person . Levy of tax on a person depends upon his residential status . The CBDT administers the Income Tax Department , which is a part of the Department of Revenue under the Ministry of Finance , Govt. of India . Income tax is a key source of funds that the government uses to fund its activities and serve the public . The Income Tax Department is the biggest revenue mobilizer for the Government . The total tax revenues of the Central Government increased from ₹ 1,392.26 billion ( US $22 billion ) in 1997 - 98 to ₹ 5,889.09 billion ( US $92 billion ) in 2007 - 08 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Amnesty scheme 3 Charge to income - tax 4 Agricultural income 4.1 Income partly agricultural and partly business activities 5 Permissible deductions from Gross Total Income 6 Due date of submission of return 7 Advance tax 8 Tax deducted at source ( TDS ) 9 Corporate income tax 9.1 Surcharge 10 Tax returns 10.1 Categories 10.2 Statistics 11 Annual information return and statements 11.1 Annual information return 11.2 Statements By producers 11.3 Statements by non-resident having a liaison office in India 12 Income tax rates for individuals 12.1 Income Tax Rates for Financial Year 2017 - 2018 & Assessment Year 2018 - 2019 13 Assessments 14 Tax penalties 15 Appeals 16 IndianTaxCalc 17 See also 18 References 19 External links History ( edit ) The `` Direct Taxes Code Bill '' was tabled in the Parliament on 30 August 2010 by the then Finance Minister to replace the Income Tax Act , 1961 and Wealth Tax Act . The bill , however , could not go through and eventually lapsed after revocation of the Wealth Tax Act in 2015 . Amnesty Scheme ( edit ) Main article : Income declaration scheme , 2016 Government of India allowed the people to declare their undisclosed incomes in Income Declaration Scheme , 2016 and pay a total of 45 % tax for one time settlement . 64,275 disclosures were made amounting to ₹ 652.5 billion ( US $10 billion ) . Charge to income - tax ( edit ) For the assessment year 2016 - 17 , Individuals earning an income up to ₹ 2.5 lakh ( US $3,900 ) were exempt from Income Tax . About 1 % of the national population , called the upper class , fall under the 30 % slab . It grew 22 % annually on average during 2000 - 10 to 0.58 million income taxpayers . The middle class , who fall under the 10 % and 20 % slabs , grew 7 % annually on average to 2.78 million income taxpayers . Agricultural income ( edit ) Agricultural income is exempt from tax as per section 10 ( 1 ) of the Act . Section 2 ( 1A ) defines agricultural income as : Any rent or revenue derived from land , which is situated in India and is used for agricultural purposes . Any income derived from such land by agricultural operations including processing of agricultural produce , raised or received as rent - in - kind so as to render it fit for the market or sale of such produce . Income attributable to a farm house ( subject to some conditions ) . Income derived from saplings or seedlings grown in a nursery . Income partly agricultural and partly business activities ( edit ) Income in respect of the below mentioned activities is initially computed as if it is business income and after considering permissible deductions . Thereafter , 40 , 35 or 25 percent of the income as the case may be , is treated as business income , and the rest is treated as agricultural income . Income Business income Agricultural income Growing & manufacturing tea in India 40 % 60 % Sale of latex or cenex or latex based crepes or brown crepes manufactured from field latex or coalgum obtained from rubber plants grown by a seller in India 35 % 65 % Sale of coffee grown & cured by seller in India 25 % 75 % Sale of coffee grown , cured , roasted & grounded by seller in India 40 % 60 % ^ a For apportionment of a composite business - cum - agricultural income , other than the above - mentioned , the market value of any agricultural produce , raised by the assessee or received by him as rent - in - kind and utilized as raw material in his business , should be deducted . No further deduction is permissible in respect of any expenditure incurred by the assessee as a cultivator or receiver of rent - in - kind . Permissible deductions from gross total income ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2012 ) Ministry of Finance has notified certain deductions from Gross Total Income of an assessee . Below are deductions as updated by finance act , 2015 SECTION NATURE OF DEDUCTION REMARKS 80C This section has been introduced by the Finance Act , 2005 . Broadly speaking , this section provides deduction from total income in respect of various investments / expenditures / payments in respect of which tax rebate u / s 88 was earlier available . The total deduction under this section is limited to Rs. 1.50 lakh only . Deductions can be claimed for : Provident Fund ( PF ) & Voluntary Provident Fund ( VPF ) : PF is automatically deducted from your salary . Both you and your employer contribute to it . While employer 's contribution is exempt from tax , your contribution ( i.e. , employee 's contribution ) is counted towards section 80C investments . You also have the option to contribute additional amounts through voluntary contributions ( VPF ) . Current rate of interest is 8.5 % per annum ( p.a. ) and is tax - free . Public Provident Fund ( PPF ) : Among all the assured returns small saving schemes , Public Provident Fund ( PPF ) is one of the best . Current rate of interest is 8.70 % tax - free ( Compounded Yearly ) and the normal maturity period is 15 years . Minimum amount of contribution is Rs 500 and maximum is Rs 1 , 50,000 . A point worth noting is that interest rate is assured but not fixed . Life Insurance Premiums : Any amount that you pay towards life insurance premium for yourself , your spouse or your children can also be included in . Please note that life insurance premium paid by you for your parents ( father / mother / both ) or your in - laws is not eligible for deduction under section 80C . If you are paying premium for more than one insurance policy , all the premiums can be included . It is not necessary to have the insurance policy from Life Insurance Corporation ( LIC ) -- even insurance bought from private players can be considered here . Equity Linked Savings Scheme ( ELSS ) : There are some mutual fund ( MF ) schemes specially created for offering you tax savings , and these are called Equity Linked Savings Scheme , or ELSS . The investments that you make in ELSS are eligible for deduction under Sec 80C . Home Loan Principal Repayment : The Equated Monthly Installment ( EMI ) that you pay every month to repay your home loan consists of two components -- Principal and Interest. The principal component of the EMI qualifies for deduction under Sec 80C . Even the interest component can save you significant income tax -- but that would be under Section 24 of the Income Tax Act . Please read `` Income Tax ( IT ) Benefits of a Home Loan / Housing Loan / Mortgage '' , which presents a full analysis of how you can save income tax through a home loan . Stamp Duty and Registration Charges for a home : The amount you pay as stamp duty when you buy a house , and the amount you pay for the registration of the documents of the house can be claimed as deduction under section 80C in the year of purchase of the house . Sukanya Samriddhi Account : Sukanya Samriddhi Account meaning Girl Child Prosperity Scheme is a special deposit scheme launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 22 January 2015 for girl child . The scheme of Sukanya Samriddhi Account came into effect via notification of Ministry of Finance . The notification details are Notification No . G.S.R. 863 ( E ) Dated 02.12. 2014 . Scheme will be governed by ' Sukanya Samriddhi Account Rules , 2014 ' . Per girl child only single account is allowed . Parents can open this account for maximum two girl child . In case of twins this facility will be extended to third child Minimum deposit amount for this account is ₹ 1,000 / - and maximum is ₹ 1 , 50,000 / - per year Money to be deposited for 14 years in this account . Interest rate for this account is 9.1 % per annum , calculated on yearly basis , Yearly compounded . Passbook facility is available with Sukanya Samriddhi account . From FY 2014 - 14 the interest earned on account will be tax exempted . As per Finance Bill 2015 - 16 . National Savings Certificate ( NSC ) ( VIII Issue ) : NSC is a time - tested tax saving instrument with a maturity period of Five and Ten Years . Presently , the interest is paid @ 8.50 % p.a. on 5 year NSC and 8.80 % Per Annum on 10 year NSC . Interest is Compounded Half Yearly . While the minimum investment amount is Rs 100 , there is no maximum amount . Premature withdrawals are permitted only in specific circumstances such as death of the holder . Investments in NSC are eligible for a deduction of up to Rs 150,000 p.a. under Section 80C . Furthermore , the accrued interest which is deemed to be reinvested qualifies for deduction under Section 80C . However , the interest income is chargeable to tax in the year in which it accrues . Infrastructure Bonds : These are also popularly called Infra Bonds . These are issued by infrastructure companies , and not the government . The amount that you invest in these bonds can also be included in Sec 80C deductions . Pension Funds -- Section 80CCC : This section -- Sec 80CCC -- stipulates that an investment in pension funds is eligible for deduction from your income . Section 80CCC investment limit is clubbed with the limit of Section 80C -- it means that the total deduction available for 80CCC and 80C is Rs . 1.50 Lakh. This also means that your investment in pension funds up to Rs . 1.50 Lakh can be claimed as deduction u / s 80CCC . However , as mentioned earlier , the total deduction u / s 80C and 80CCC can not exceed Rs . 1.50 Lakh . 5 - Yr bank fixed deposits ( FDs ) : Tax - saving fixed deposits ( FDs ) of scheduled banks with tenure of 5 years are also entitled for section 80C deduction . Senior Citizen Savings Scheme 2004 ( SCSS ) : A recent addition to section 80C list , Senior Citizen Savings Scheme ( SCSS ) is the most lucrative scheme among all the small savings schemes but is meant only for senior citizens . Current rate of interest is 9.20 % per annum payable quarterly . Please note that the interest is payable quarterly instead of compounded quarterly . Thus , unclaimed interest on these deposits wo n't earn any further interest . Interest income is chargeable to tax . 80CCC Payment of premium for annuity plan of LIC or any other insurer Deduction is available up to a maximum of Rs. 1 , 00,000 / - The premium must be deposited to keep in force a contract for an annuity plan of the LIC or any other insurer for receiving pension from the fund . The Finance Act 2015 has enhanced the ceiling of deduction under Section 80CCC from Rs. 100,000 to Rs. 1 , 50,000 with effect from A.Y. 2016 - 17 80CCD Deposit made by an employee in his pension account to the extent of 10 % of his salary . Where the Central Government makes any contribution to the pension account , deduction of such contribution to the extent of 10 % of salary shall be allowed . Further , in any year where any amount is received from the pension account such amount shall be charged to tax as income of that previous year . The Finance Act , 2009 has extended benefit to any individual assesse , not being a Central Government employee . 80CCF Subscription to long term infrastructure bonds Subscription made by individual or HUF to the extent of Rs. 20,000 to notified long term infrastructure bonds is exempt from A.Y. 2011 - 12 onwards . This deduction is discontinued w.e.f. A.Y. 2013 - 14 . 80CCG Investment under Rajiv Gandhi Equity Savings Scheme , 2013 The deduction was 50 % of amount invested in such equity shares or ₹ 25,000 , whichever is lower . The maximum Investment permissible for claiming deduction under RGESS is Rs. 50,000 . The benefit is in addition to deduction available u / s Sec 80C . 80D Payment of medical insurance premium . Deduction is available up to Rs. 25,000 / for self / family and also up to Rs. 25,000 / - for insurance in respect of parent / parents of the assessee . In case of senior citizens , a deduction up to Rs. 25,000 / - shall be available under this Section . Insurance premiume of senior citizen parent / parents of the assessee also eligible for enhanced deduction of Rs. 30000 / - The premium is to be paid by any mode of payment other than cash and the insurance scheme should be framed by the General Insurance Corporation of India & approved by the Central Govt. or Scheme framed by any other insurer and approved by the Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority . The premium should be paid in respect of health insurance of the assessee or his family members . The Finance Act 2008 has also provided deduction up to Rs. 15,000 / - in respect of health insurance premium paid by the assessee towards his parent / parents . w.e.f. 01.04. 2011 , contributions made to the Central Government Health Scheme is also covered under this section . 80DD Deduction of Rs. 40,000 / -- In respect of ( a ) expenditure incurred on medical treatment , ( including nursing ) , training and rehabilitation of handicapped dependent relative . ( b ) Payment or deposit to specified scheme for maintenance of dependent handicapped relative . W.e.f. 01 . 04.2004 the deduction under this section has been enhanced to Rs. 50,000 / - Further , if the dependent is a person with severe disability a deduction of Rs. 1 , 00,000 / -- shall be available under this sectionBudget 2015 has Further Proposed to hike the limit from A.Y. 2016 - 17 to Rs. 75000 from existing Rs. 50,000 / - and for person with severe disability to Rs. 1.25 lakh from existing Rs. 1 Lakh . The handicapped dependent should be a dependent relative suffering from a permanent disability ( including blindness ) or mentally retarded , as certified by a specified physician or psychiatrist. Note : A person with severe disability means a person with 80 % or more of one or more disabilities as outlined in section 56 ( 4 ) of the `` Persons with Disabilities ( Equal opportunities , Protection of Rights and Full Participation ) Act. , '' 80DDB Deduction of Rs. 40,000 / - in respect of medical expenditure incurred . W.e.f. 01.04. 2004 , deduction under this section shall be available to the extent of Rs. 40,000 / - or the amount actually paid , whichever is less.In case of senior citizens , a deduction up to Rs. 60,000 / - shall be available under this Section. Budget 2015 has proposed deduction of Rs. 80000 / - for seniot citizen aged 80 year or More from A.Y. 2016 - 17 Expenditure must be actually incurred by resident assessee on himself or dependent relative for medical treatment of specified disease or ailment . The diseases have been specified in Rule 11DD . A certificate in form 10I is to be furnished by the assessee from a specialist working in a Government hospital. Budget 2015 has Proposed for the purpose of claiming deduction under the section assessee will be required to obtain a prescription from a specialist doctor instead of Certificate . 80E Deduction in respect of payment in the previous year of interest on loan taken from a financial institution or approved charitable institution for higher studies . This provision has been introduced to provide relief to students taking loans for higher studies . The payment of the interest thereon will be allowed as deduction over a period of up to 8 years . Further , by Finance Act , 2007 deduction under this section shall be available not only in respect of loan for pursuing higher education by self but also by spouse or children of the assessee . W.e.f. 01.04. 2010 higher education means any course of study pursued after passing the senior secondary examination or its equivalent from any recognized school , board or university . 80EE Deduction in respect of interest on loan taken for residential house property Vide Finance Act 2013 , an individual is allowed a deduction up to a limit of Rs 1 , 00,000 being paid as interest on a loan taken from a Financial Institution , sanctioned during the period 01 - 04 - 2013 to 31 - 03 - 2014 ( loan not to exceed Rs 25 lakhs ) for acquisition of a residential house whose value does not exceed Rs 40 lakhs . However the deduction is available if the assessee does not own any residential house property on the date of sanction of the loan . 80G Donation to certain funds , charitable institutions etc . The various donations specified in Sec . 80G are eligible for deduction up to either 100 % or 50 % with or without restriction as provided in Sec . 80G 80GG Deduction available is the least of ( i ) Rent paid less 10 % of total incomeii . Rs. 2000 per monthiii. 25 % of total income ( 1 ) Assessee or his spouse or minor child should not own residential accommodation at the place of employment. ( 2 ) He should not be in receipt of house rent allowance. ( 3 ) He should not have a self - occupied residential premises in any other place 80TTA Deduction in respect of interest on deposits in savings account Section 80TTA is introduced wef A.Y. 2013 - 14 to provide deduction to an individual or a Hindu undivided family in respect of interest received on deposits ( not being time deposits ) in a savings account held with banks , cooperative banks and post office . The deduction is restricted to Rs 10,000 or actual interest whichever is lower . 80U Deduction of Rs. 50,000 / - to an individual who suffers from a physical disability ( including blindness ) or mental retardation . Further , if the individual is a person with severe disability , deduction of Rs. 75,000 / - shall be available u / s 80U. W.e.f. 01.04. 2010 this limit has been raised to Rs. 1 lakh. Budget 2015 proposed to amend section 80U to raise limit of deduction in respect of a person with disability from Rs. 50,000 / - to Rs. 75,000 and for person with severe disability from one lakh rupees to one hundred and twenty five thousand rupees . Certificate should be obtained on prescribed format from a notified ' Medical authority ' . 87A Rebate Of Rs 5000 For Individuals Having Total Income up to Rs 5 Lakh Finance Act 2013 has provided relief in the form of rebate to individual taxpayers , resident in India , who are in lower income bracket , i.e. having total income not exceeding Rs 5 , 00,000 / - . The amount of rebate is Rs 2000 / - or the amount of tax payable , whichever is lower . WEF A.Y. 2014 - 15 . 80RRB Deduction in respect of any income by way of royalty in respect of a patent registered on or after 01.04. 2003 under the Patents Act 1970 shall be available as : - Rs. 3 lacs or the income received , whichever is less . The assessee who is a patentee must be an individual resident in India . The assessee must furnish a certificate in the prescribed form duly signed by the prescribed authority along with the return of income . 80QQB Deduction in respect of royalty or copyright income received in consideration for authoring any book of literary , artistic or scientific nature other than text book shall be available to the extent of Rs. 3 lacs or income received , whichever is less . The assessee must be an individual resident in India who receives such income in exercise of his profession . To avail of this deduction , the assessee must furnish a certificate in the prescribed form along with the return of income . Due date of submission of return ( edit ) The due date of submission of return shall be ascertained according to section 139 ( 1 ) of the Act as under : - 30 September of the Assessment Year ( AY ) - If the assessee is a company ( not having any inter-nation transaction ) , or - If the assessee is any person other than a company whose books of accounts are required to be audited under any law , or - If the assessee is a working partner in a firm whose books of accounts are required to be audited under any law . 30 November of the AY If the assessee is a company and it is required to furnish report under section 92E pertaining to international transactions . 31 July of the AY In any other case . If the Income of a Salaried Individual is less than ₹ 500,000 and he has earned income through salary or Interest or both , such Individuals are exempted from filing their Income Tax return provided that such payment has been received after the deduction of TDS and this person has not earned interest more than ₹ 10,000 from all source combined . Such a person should not have changed jobs in the financial year . CBDT has announced that all individual / HUF taxpayers with income more than ₹ 500,000 are required to file their income tax returns online . However , digital signatures wo n't be mandatory for such class of taxpayers . Advance tax ( edit ) Under this schemes , every assessee is required to pay tax in a particular financial year , preceding the assessment year , on an estimated basis . However , if such estimated tax liability for an individual who is not above 60 years of age at any point of time during the previous year and does not conduct any business in the previous year , and the estimated tax liability is below ₹ 10,000 , advance tax will not be payable . The due dates of payment of advance tax are : - In case of corporate assessee Otherwise On or before 15 June of the previous year Up to 15 % of advance tax payable Up to 15 % of advance tax payable On or before 15 September of the previous year Up to 45 % of balance of advance tax payable Up to 45 % of advance tax payable On or before 15 December of the previous year Up to 75 % of balance of advance tax payable Up to 75 % of advance tax payable On or before 15 March of the previous year Up to 100 % of balance of advance tax payable Up to 100 % of advance tax payable Any default in payment of advance tax attracts interest under section 234B and any deferment of advance tax attracts interest under section 234C . Tax deducted at source ( TDS ) ( edit ) The general rule is that the total income of an assessee for the previous year is taxable in the relevant assessment year . However , income - tax is recovered from the assessee in the previous year itself by way of TDS . The relevant provisions therein are listed below . ( To be used for reference only . The detailed provisions therein are not listed below . ) Section Nature of payment Threshold limit ( up to which no tax is deductible ) TDS to be deducted 192 Salary to any person Exemption limit As specified for individual in Part III of I Schedule 193 Interest on securities to any resident Subject to detailed provisions of given section 10 % 194A Interest ( other than interest on securities ) to any resident ₹ 10000 ( for Bank / cooperative bank ) & ₹ 5000 otherwise 10 % 194B Winning from lotteries etc. to any person ₹ 10000 30 % 194BB Winning from horse races to any person ₹ 10000 30 % 194C Payment to resident contractors ₹ 30000 ( for single contract ) & ₹ 75000 ( for aggregate consideration in a financial year ) 2 % ( for companies / firms ) & 1 % otherwise 194D Insurance commission to resident ₹ 20000 10 % 194E Payment to non-resident sportsmen or sports association Not applicable 10 % 194EE Payment of deposit under National Savings Scheme to any person ₹ 2500 20 % 194G Commission on sale of lottery tickets to any person ₹ 1000 10 % 194H Commission / brokerage to a resident ₹ 5000 10 % 194 - I Rents paid to any resident ₹ 180000 2 % ( for plant , machinery , equipment ) & 10 % ( for land , building , furniture ) 194IA Payment for Purchase of Immovable Property ₹ 5000000 1 % 194J Fees for professional / technical services ; Royalty ₹ 30000 10 % 194LB Interest paid by Infrastructure Development Fund under section 10 ( 47 ) to non-resident or foreign company - 5 % 195 Interest or other sums ( not being salary , which is covered under section 192 ) paid to non-residents or foreign company except under section 115O Amount as computed by the Assessing Officer on application made under section 195 ( 2 ) or 195 ( 3 ) As per double taxation avoidance treaty or regular provisions of Income Tax Act , which is beneficial to the recipient ^ 1 At what time tax has to be deducted at source and some other specifications are subject to the above sections . ^ 2 In most cases , these payments shall not to deducted by an individual or an HUF if books of accounts are not required to be audited under the provisions of the Income Tax Act , 1961 in the immediately preceding financial year . In most cases , the tax deducted should be deposited within 7 days from the end of the month in which tax was deducted . Corporate income tax ( edit ) Income-wise number of corporate assessee in India For companies , income is taxed at a flat rate of 30 % for Indian companies ( 24.99 % as per Budget 2015 - 16 ) . Foreign companies pay income tax at the rate of 40 % . An education cess of 3 % ( on both the tax and the surcharge ) are payable . From 2005 - 06 , electronic filing of company returns is mandatory . Surcharge ( edit ) Non Corporate Assessee : 10 % of Income Tax where taxable income exceeds 1 crore . Corporate Assessee : Particulars Taxable Income > 1 Crore Taxable Income > 10 Crore Domestic company 7 % of income tax payable 12 % of income tax payable Foreign company 2 % of income tax payable 5 % of income tax payable ^ 1 Applicable from assessment year 2015 - 16 onwards . Tax returns ( edit ) Categories ( edit ) There are five categories of Income Tax returns . Normal return u / s 139 ( 1 ) In business , `` normal '' is any gained revenue that exceeds the cost , expenses , and taxes needed to sustain the business or an activity . Belated return In case of failure to file the return on or before the due date , belated return can be filed before the expiry of one year from the end of the relevant assessment year . Revised return In case of any omission or any wrong statement mentioned in the normal return can be revised at any time before the expiry of one year from the end of the relevant assessment year . Defective return Assessing Officer considers that the return is defective , he may intimate the defect . One has to rectify the defect within a period of fifteen days from . Returns in response to notices Statistics ( edit ) As of January 2016 , a total of more than 3.27 crore returns were e-filed for the financial year 2014 - 15 . Annual information return and statements ( edit ) Annual information return ( edit ) Those who are responsible for registering , or , maintaining books of account or other documents containing a record of any specified financial transaction , shall furnish an annual information return in Form No. 61A . Statements by producers ( edit ) Producers of a cinematographic film during the financial year shall , prepare and deliver to the Assessing Officer a statement in the Form No. 52A , within 30 days from the end of such financial year or within 30 days from the date of the completion of the production of the film , whichever is earlier . Statements by Non-Resident having a liaison office in India ( edit ) With effect from 01 , June 2011 , Non-Resident having a liaison office in India shall prepare and deliver a statement in Form No. 49C to the Assessing Officer within sixty days from the end of such financial year . Income tax rates for Individuals ( edit ) Income tax rates for financial year 2017 - 2018 & assessment year 2018 - 2019 ( edit ) Income Tax Rates Slab for FY 2017 - 18 ( AY 2018 - 19 ) - The Finance Bill , 2017 RATES FOR CHARGING INCOME - TAX IN CERTAIN CASES , DEDUCTING INCOME - TAX FROM INCOME CHARGEABLE UNDER THE HEAD `` SALARIES '' AND COMPUTING `` ADVANCE TAX '' In cases in which income - tax has to be charged under sub-section ( 4 ) of section 172 of the Income - tax Act or sub-section ( 2 ) of section 174 or section 174A or section 175 or sub-section ( 2 ) of section 176 of the said Act or deducted from , or paid on , from income chargeable under the head `` Salaries '' under section 192 of the said Act or in which the `` advance tax '' payable under Chapter XVII - C of the said Act has to be computed at the rate or rates in force , such income - tax or , as the case may be , `` advance tax '' ( not being `` advance tax '' in respect of any income chargeable to tax under Chapter XII or Chapter XII - A or income chargeable to tax under section 115JB or section 115JC or Chapter XII - FA or Chapter XII - FB or sub-section ( 1A ) of section 161 or section 164 or section 164A or section 167B of the Income - tax Act at the rates as specified in that Chapter or section or surcharge , wherever applicable , on such `` advance tax '' in respect of any income chargeable to tax under section 115A or section 115AB or section 115AC or section 115ACA or section 115AD or section 115B or section 115BA or section 115BB or section 115BBA or section 115BBC or section 115BBD or section 115BBDA or section 115BBE or section 115BBF or section 115BBG or section 115E or section 115JB or section 115JC ) shall be charged , deducted or computed at the following rate or rates : -- ( I ) In the case of every individual other than the individual referred to in items ( II ) and ( III ) of this Paragraph or Hindu undivided family or association of persons or body of individuals , whether incorporated or not , or every artificial juridical person referred to in sub-clause ( vii ) of clause ( 31 ) of section 2 of the Income - tax Act , not being a case to which any other Paragraph of this Part applies , -- Part I : Income tax slab for individual tax payers & HUF ( less than 60 years old ) ( both men & women ) Rates of income - tax ( 1 ) where the total income does not exceed Rs. 2 , 50,000 No Tax ( 2 ) where the total income exceeds Rs. 2 , 50,000 but does not exceed Rs. 5 , 00,000 5 % ( 3 ) where the total income exceeds Rs. 5 , 00,000 but does not exceed Rs. 10 , 00,000 20 % ( 4 ) where the total income exceeds Rs. 10 , 00,000 30 % Surcharge : * * 10 % of income tax , where total income is between Rs. 50 lakhs and Rs. 1 crore. * * 15 % of income tax , where total income exceeds Rs. 1 crore . Cess : 3 % on total of income tax + surcharge . * * Income up to Rs. 2 , 50,000 is exempt from tax if you are less than 60 years old . ( II ) In the case of every individual , being a resident in India , who is of the age of sixty years or more but less than eighty years at any time during the previous year , - Part II : Income tax slab for individual tax payers & HUF ( 60 years old or more but less than 80 years old ) ( both men & women ) Rates of income - tax ( 1 ) where the total income does not exceed Rs. 3 , 00,000 No Tax ( 2 ) where the total income exceeds Rs. 3 , 00,000 but does not exceed Rs. 5 , 00,000 5 % ( 3 ) where the total income exceeds Rs. 5 , 00,000 but does not exceed Rs. 10 , 00,000 20 % ( 4 ) where the total income exceeds Rs. 10 , 00,000 30 % Surcharge : * * 10 % of income tax , where total income is between Rs. 50 lakhs and Rs. 1 crore. * * 15 % of income tax , where total income exceeds Rs. 1 crore . Cess : 3 % on total of income tax + surcharge . * * Income up to Rs. 3 , 00,000 is exempt from tax if you are more than 60 years but less than 80 years of age . ( III ) In the case of every individual , being a resident in India , who is of the age of eighty years or more at any time during the previous year , - Part III : Income tax slab for super senior citizens ( 80 years old or more ) ( both men & women ) Rates of income - tax ( 1 ) where the total income up to Rs. Rs. 2 , 50,000 No Tax ( 2 ) where the total income up to Rs. 5 , 00,000 No Tax ( 3 ) where the total income exceeds Rs. 5 , 00,000 but does not exceed Rs. 10 , 00,000 20 % ( 4 ) where the total income exceeds Rs. 10 , 00,000 30 % Surcharge : * * 10 % of income tax , where total income is between Rs. 50 lakhs and Rs. 1 crore. * * 15 % of income tax , where total income exceeds Rs. 1 crore . Cess : 3 % on total of income tax + surcharge . * * Income up to Rs. 3 , 00,000 is exempt from tax if you are more than 60 years but less than 80 years of age . In the case of every co-operative society , -- Rates of income - tax ( 1 ) where the total income does not exceed Rs. 10,000 10 per cent. of the total income ; ( 2 ) where the total income exceeds Rs. 10,000 but does not exceed Rs. 20,000 Rs. 1,000 plus 20 per cent. of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 10,000 ( 3 ) where the total income exceeds Rs. 20,000 Rs. 3,000 plus 30 per cent. of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 20,000 Surcharge on income - tax The amount of income - tax computed in accordance with the preceding provisions of this Paragraph , or the provisions of section 111A or section 112 of the Income - tax Act , shall , in the case of every co-operative society , having a total income exceeding one crore rupees , be increased by a surcharge for the purposes of the Union calculated at the rate of twelve per cent. of such incometax Provided that in the case of every co-operative society mentioned above having total income exceeding one crore rupees , the total amount payable as income - tax and surcharge on such income shall not exceed the total amount payable as income - tax on a total income of one crore rupees by more than the amount of income that exceeds one crore rupees . In the case of every firm , -- Rates of income - tax On the whole of the total income 30 per cent. of the total income ; Surcharge on income - tax The amount of income - tax computed in accordance with the preceding provisions of this Paragraph , or the provisions of section 111A or section 112 of the Income - tax Act , shall , in the case of every firm , having a total income exceeding one crore rupees , be increased by a surcharge for the purposes of the Union calculated at the rate of twelve per cent. of such income - tax . Provided that in the case of every firm mentioned above having total income exceeding one crore rupees , the total amount payable as income - tax and surcharge on such income shall not exceed the total amount payable as income - tax on a total income of one crore rupees by more than the amount of income that exceeds one crore rupees . In the case of every local authority , -- Rates of income - tax On the whole of the total income 30 per cent. of the total income ; Surcharge on income - tax The amount of income - tax computed in accordance with the preceding provisions of this Paragraph , or the provisions of section 111A or section 112 of the Income - tax Act , shall , in the case of every local authority , having a total income exceeding one crore rupees , be increased by a surcharge for the purposes of the Union calculated at the rate of twelve per cent. of such income - tax . Provided that in the case of every local authority mentioned above having total income exceeding one crore rupees , the total amount payable as income - tax and surcharge on such income shall not exceed the total amount payable as income - tax on a total income of one crore rupees by more than the amount of income that exceeds one crore rupees . In the case of a domestic company Rates of income - tax ( i ) where its total turnover or the gross receipt in the previous year 2015 - 16 does not exceed fifty crore rupees ; 25 per cent. of the total income ; ( ii ) other than that referred to in item ( i ) 30 per cent. of the total income ; Surcharge on income - tax ( a ) having a total income exceeding one crore rupees but not exceeding ten crore rupees , at the rate of seven per cent. of such income - tax ; and ( b ) having a total income exceeding ten crore rupees , at the rate of twelve per cent. of such income - tax ; In the case of a company other than a domestic company - Rates of income - tax ( i ) on so much of the total income as consists of , -- ( a ) royalties received from Government or an Indian concern in pursuance of an agreement made by it with the Government or the Indian concern after the 31st day of March , 1961 but before the 1st day of April , 1976 ; or ( b ) fees for rendering technical services received from Government or an Indian concern in pursuance of an agreement made by it with the Government or the Indian concern after the 29th day of February , 1964 but before the 1st day of April , 1976 , and where such agreement has , in either case , been approved by the Central Government 50 per cent. of the total income ; ( ii ) on the balance , if any , of the total income 40 per cent. of the total income Surcharge on income - tax The amount of income - tax computed in accordance with the preceding provisions of this Paragraph , or the provisions of section 111A or section 112 of the Income - tax Act , shall , be increased by a surcharge for the purposes of the Union , calculated , - ( a ) having a total income exceeding one crore rupees but not exceeding ten crore rupees , at the rate of two per cent. of such income - tax ; and ( b ) having a total income exceeding ten crore rupees , at the rate of five per cent. of such income - tax : Provided that in the case of every company having a total income exceeding one crore rupees but not exceeding ten crore rupees , the total amount payable as income - tax and surcharge on such income shall not exceed the total amount payable as income - tax on a total income of one crore rupees by more than the amount of income that exceeds one crore rupees : Provided further that in the case of every company having a total income exceeding ten crore rupees , the total amount payable as income - tax and surcharge on such income shall not exceed the total amount payable as income - tax and surcharge on a total income of ten crore rupees by more than the amount of income that exceeds ten crore rupees . Assessments ( edit ) Self - assessment is done by the assessee himself in his Return of Income . The department assess the tax of an assessee under section 143 ( 3 ) ( scrutiny ) , 144 ( best judgement ) , 147 and 153A ( search and seizure ) . The notices for such assessments are issued under section 143 ( 2 ) , 148 and 153A respectively . The time limits are prescribed under section 153 . Tax penalties ( edit ) The major number of penalties initiated every year as a ritual by I-T Authorities is under section 271 ( 1 ) ( c ) which is for either concealment of income or for furnishing inaccurate particulars of income . `` If the Assessing Officer or the Commissioner ( Appeals ) or the Commissioner in the course of any proceedings under this Act , is satisfied that any person - ( b ) has failed to comply with a notice under sub-section ( 1 ) of section 142 or sub-section ( 2 ) of section 143 or fails to comply with a direction issued under sub-section ( 2A ) of section 142 , or ( c ) has concealed the particulars of his income or furnished inaccurate particulars of such income , he may direct that such person shall pay by way of penalty , - ( ii ) in the cases referred to in clause ( b ) , in addition to any tax payable by him , a sum of ten thousand rupees for each such failure ; ( iii ) in the cases referred to in clause ( c ) , in addition to any tax payable by him , a sum which shall not be less than , but which shall not exceed three times , the amount of tax sought to be evaded by reason of the concealment of particulars of his income or the furnishing of inaccurate particulars of such income . Appeals ( edit ) When taxpayers dispute the income tax demands raised on them , a structured appeal process has to be followed . The first level of appeals lies with the CIT ( A ) . The next level of appeal lies with the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal - an independent body , which is the final fact finding authority . Courts can subsequently be approached by the aggrieved party only if a question of law is involved . IndianTaxCalc ( edit ) IndianTaxCalc is a R package that is used to calculate Income Tax liability for Financial years of Individual resident aged below 60 years , Senior Citizen , Super Senior Citizen , Firm , Local Authority , Any Non-Resident Individual / Hindu Undivided Family / Association of Persons / Body of Individuals / Artificial Judicial Person , Co-operative Society . See also ( edit ) Service tax in India Central Excise ( India ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ( 2011 ) . Taxation . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8441 - 290 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Growth of Income Tax revenue in India '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Pages/default.aspx Jump up ^ `` Impact of DTC on India Inc '' , The Hindu Business Line , 6 September 2010 Jump up ^ `` Black money haul : Rs 65,250 crore collected through Income Declaration Scheme '' , The Economic Times , 1 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about Income Tax Returns for AY 2016 - 17 '' , Daily News and Analysis , 16 April 2016 Jump up ^ Santosh Tiwari . `` Evasion of personal tax dips to 59 % of mop - up '' . The Financial Express . ^ Jump up to : `` E-Filing is mandatory Income is more than 5 lacs '' . CA club india . Jump up ^ `` Income Tax rates for Companies '' . businesssetup.in . Jump up ^ Finance Act 2010 Jump up ^ Surcharge has been revised from 10 % to 7.5 % w.e.f AY 2010 - 11. Corporate taxpayers must file electronically , point 4 of IT circular . Jump up ^ `` e-Filing Statistics '' , incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in Jump up ^ `` Annual Information return '' . Jump up ^ Kumar , Pawan . `` Income Tax Rates Slab for FY 2017 - 18 ( AY 2018 - 19 ) - Param News : Latest India News , Breaking News , Sports , Bollywood , Politics , Jobs '' . www.paramnews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Readers ' Corner : Taxation '' , Business Standard ( newspaper ) , 27 March 2016 Jump up ^ Section 271 of India IT Act Jump up ^ `` CIT ( Appeals ) to pass orders within a fortnight '' , The Times of India , 23 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` CRAN - Package IndianTaxCalc '' . cran.r-project.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Indian Income Tax Department Electronic Filing of Income Tax returns Union budget and Economic Survey Income Tax Settlement Commission Website ( hide ) Taxation in India Taxes Central Excise Duty Goods and Services Tax Income tax in India Securities Transaction Tax Service Tax Value - added taxation Bodies CBDT Chairperson , Central Board of Direct Taxes Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes Central Board of Excise and Customs Chairperson Central Board of Excise & Customs Income Tax Department Central Economic Intelligence Bureau Directorate of Revenue Intelligence Tax Administration Reform Commission Legislations Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act , 1988 Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 Finance Act ( India ) The Finance Act , 2016 Gift Tax Act , 1958 Interest Tax Act , 1974 The Income - tax Act , 1961 Wealth Tax Act , 1957 Schemes Income declaration scheme , 2016 Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme Compliance Income Tax Returns ITR - 2 SUGAM ITR - 4S Indian tax forms Tax Collected at Source Tax Deducted at Source Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Income_tax_in_India&oldid=815978702 '' Categories : Income tax in India Income taxes Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from April 2017 All articles to be merged Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles that are too technical from February 2016 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from February 2016 All articles needing expert attention Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Copied and pasted articles and sections from April 2016 All copied and pasted articles and sections Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use Indian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles to be expanded from November 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia ગુજરાતી हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 13 : 01 . 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top 10 most popular name in the world

List of most popular given names

list of most popular given names

The most popular given names vary nationally , regionally , and culturally . Lists of widely used given names can consist of those most often bestowed upon infants born within the last year , thus reflecting the current naming trends , or else be composed of the personal names occurring most within the total population .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Popularity by region 1.1 Africa 1.1. 1 Male names 1.1. 2 Female names 1.2 Americas 1.2. 1 Male names 1.2. 2 Female names 1.3 Asia 1.3. 1 Male names 1.3. 2 Female names 1.4 Europe 1.4. 1 Male names 1.4. 2 Female names 1.5 Oceania 1.5. 1 Male names 1.5. 2 Female names 2 See also 3 References 4 External links 4.1 Articles 4.2 Government statistics Popularity by region ( edit ) The names listed in the following tables , unless otherwise noted , represent the most current top 10 breakdowns of what newborn children are commonly being named in the various regions of the world . This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Africa ( edit ) Male names ( edit ) Region ( year ) No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 Algeria ( census , 2010 ) Mohamed Abdelkader Ahmed Mohammed Ali Rachid Said Brahim Omar Djamel Egypt ( 2004 , unofficial ) Mohamed , Youssef , Ahmed , Mahmoud , Mustafa , Yassin , Taha , Khaled , Hamza , Bilal , Ibrahim , Hassan , Hussein , Karim , Tareq , Abdel - Rahman , Ali , Omar , Halim , Murad , Selim , Abdallah NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Egypt ( 2004 , Coptic Christians , unofficial ) Peter , Pierre , George , John , Mina , Beshoi , Kirollos , Mark , Fadi , Habib NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Equatorial Guinea ( 2011 ) Manuel Juan Antonio José NA NA NA NA NA NA Libya Mohammed Ahmed Ali Hamza Ibrahim Mahmoud Abdallah Tareq Hassan Khaled Mali ( census , 2010 ) Mamadou Moussa Mahamadou Adama Bakary Abdoulaye Modibo Oumar Sekou Souleymane Morocco Mohamed Ahmed Mohammed Said Rachid Mustapha Youssef Hassan Abdel - salam Ali South Africa ( 2015 ) Junior Blessing Gift Bandile Prince Siyabonga Melokuhle Lethabo Banele Samkelo Tunisia Mehdi Youssef Aziz Karim NA NA NA NA NA NA Female names ( edit ) Region ( year ) No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 Algeria ( census , 2010 ) Fatima Sara Fatiha Aicha Fatma Amina Meriem Karima Kheira Nadia Egypt ( 2004 , unofficial ) Shaimaa , Fatma , Maha , Reem , Farida , Aya , Shahd , Ashraqat , Sahar , Fatin , Dalal , Doha , Fajr , Suha , Rowan , Hosniya , Hasnaa , Hosna , Gamila , Gamalat , Habiba NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Egypt ( 2004 , Coptic Christians , unofficial ) Mary , Marie , Mariam , Marina , Irene , Malak , Habiba , Hana , Farah , Marwa , Nada , Salma NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Equatorial Guinea ( 2011 ) María del Carmen Isabel María Teresa Esperanza Milagrosa NA NA NA NA NA Libya Aya Rania Sarah Reem Hoda Marwa Mona Fatima Eisha Nesreen Mali ( census , 2010 ) Fatoumata Mariam Aminata Hawa Awa Oumou Djeneba Bintou Fanta Kadiatou Morocco Fatima Khadija Aicha Malika Naima Rachida Nadia Karima Amina Saida South Africa ( 2015 ) Precious Princess Angel Amahle Minenhle Thandolwethu Melokuhle Blessing Faith Lesedi Tunisia ( 2005 ) Mariam Shayma Khawla NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Americas ( edit ) Male names ( edit ) Region ( year ) No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 Buenos Aires , Argentina ( 2015 ) Santiago Mateo Juan Matías Nicolás Benjamín Pedro Tomás Thiago Santino Aruba ( 2005 ) Daniel Dylan / Dyllan Kevin / Keven NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Brazil ( 2017 ) Miguel Arthur Davi Heitor Gabriel Bernardo Lorenzo João Miguel Enzo Gabriel Pedro Henrique Canada ( 2015 , Babycenter ) Liam Jackson Logan Lucas Noah Ethan Jack William Jacob James Canada , Québec ( 2015 ) Thomas William Jacob Liam Félix Nathan Samuel Logan Alexis Noah Chile ( 2015 ) Agustín Benjamín Vicente Mateo Martín Matías Alonso Tomás Maximiliano Joaquín Colombia ( 2011 ) Santiago Juan David Juan José Andrés Felipe Samuel Sebastián Matías Alejandro Nicolás Jerónimo Haiti ( unofficial , privately compiled ) Stevenson Stanley Samuel Peterson Daniel Wilson Jameson Evens Ricardo Emmanuel Jamaica ( 2011 ) Jayden Daniel Joshua Justin Ajani , Jaden NA NA NA NA NA Mexico ( 2013 ) Santiago Mateo Matías Diego Sebastián Nicolás Miguel Ángel Iker Alejandro Samuel Paraguay ( 2015 , general population ) Ramón Juan José Antonio Carlos Daniel Luis Javier David César Peru ( 2012 ) Luis José Alexander David Angel Carlos Sebastián Daniel Jesús Juan Puerto Rico ( 2016 ) Sebastián Dylan Ian Jayden Adrián , Angel Luis Mateo Diego Lucas Fabian United States ( 2016 ) Noah Liam William Mason James Benjamin Jacob Michael Elijah Ethan United States ( Most common names , 1990 census ) James John Robert Michael William David Richard Charles Joseph Thomas Uruguay Agustín Matías Santiago Nicolás Martín Bruno Francisco Rodrigo Mateo Joaquín Venezuela ( 2011 ) Sebastián Santiago Samuel Diego Gabriel Alejandro Diego Alejandro Daniel Alejandro David Juan Andrés Female names ( edit ) Region ( year ) No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 Buenos Aires , Argentina ( 2015 ) Sofía María Lucía Martina Catalina Elena Emilia Valentina Paula Zoe Aruba ( 2005 ) Alysha Isabella / Isabelle , Emily / Emely NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Brazil ( 2017 ) Alice Valentina Helena Laura Sophia Maria Eduarda Lorena Júlia Heloísa Lívia Canada ( 2015 , Babycenter ) Emma Olivia Sophia Zoe Emily Avery Isabella Charlotte Lily Ava Canada , Québec ( 2015 ) Emma Léa Olivia Alice Florence Zoé Chloé Béatrice Charlotte Rosalie Chile ( 2015 ) Sofía Emilia Isidora Florencia Maite Josefa Amanda Antonella Agustina Martina Colombia ( 2011 ) Mariana Valentina Isabella Sofía Valeria María José Gabriela Sara Salomé Daniela Haiti ( unofficial , privately compiled ) Widelene Mirlande / Myrlande Islande Lovelie / Lovely Judeline Angeline Esther Chedeline Jessica Rose - Merline Jamaica ( 2011 ) Gabrielle Amelia Tianna Brianna Jada NA NA NA NA NA Mexico ( 2013 Ximena Valentina María Fernanda Sofía María José Martina Emilia Zoe Mia Dulce María Paraguay ( 2015 , general population ) María Elizabeth Beatriz Ramona Liz Concepción Carolina Mabel Raquel Noemí Peru ( 2012 ) María Valentina Camila Fernanda Milagros Luz Abigail Ariana Luciana Alexandra Puerto Rico ( 2016 ) Valentina Victoria Mia Amanda , Mikaela Camila Amaia Emma Kamila Sofia Isabella United States ( 2016 ) Emma Olivia Ava Sophia Isabella Mia Charlotte Abigail Emily Harper United States ( Most common names , 1990 census ) Mary Patricia Linda Barbara Elizabeth Jennifer Maria Susan Margaret Dorothy Uruguay Florencia Lucía Agustina Valentina Camila Julia , Julieta Sofía Abril Ana Paula Micaela Venezuela ( 2011 ) Camila Isabella Sofía Victoria Valentina Valeria Nicole Samantha Mariana Antonella Asia ( edit ) Male names ( edit ) Region ( year ) No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 Arab world ( 2015 ) Mohamed محمد Omar عمر Ahmed أحمد Yousouf يوسف Ali علي Adam آدم Abdullah عبدالله Abdulrahman عبد الرحمن Hamza حمزة Khalid خالد China ( most common names , not official ) 安 An , 波 Bo , 成 Cheng , 德 De , 东 Dong , 峰 Feng , 刚 Gang , 国 Guo , 辉 Hui , 健 Jian , 杰 Jie , 康 Kang , 亮 Liang , 宁 Ning , 鹏 Peng , 涛 Tao , 伟 Wei , 勇 Yong , 文 Wen NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA China ( not official ) Wei Jie Hao Yi Jun Feng Yong Jian Bin Lei India ( BabyCenter , 2015 ) Aarav Reyansh Mohammad Vivaan Ayaan Vihaan Atharv Sai Advik Arjun Iran ( babies born 2010 -- 2011 ) Amir - Ali AbulFazl Amir - Hossein Ali Mohammad Amir - Mohammad Mahdi Hossein Mohammad - Mahdi Mohammad - Reza Iran ( general population ) Mohammad Ali Hossein Mahdi Hassan Reza Ahmad Mohammad - Reza Abbas Ali - Reza Iraq ( 2007 ) Ali Muhammed Hussein Hydar Ahmed Omar Hasan Kathem Abdullah Ammar Israel , Jewish boys ( 2016 ) Ori David Ariel Noam Eitan Yosef Itai Daniel Yonatan Lavi Israel , Jewish unisex names ( given to both boys and girls ) ( 2008 ) Noam Amit Ariel Daniel Adi Ma'ayan Yuval Yahli Omer Lior Israel , Muslim boys ( 2015 ) Mohammad Ahmad Yusuf Omar Adam Jud / Jod Abed Ali Amir Ibrahim Israel , Christian boys ( 2012 ) George Elias Majd Daniel Yusuf Hana Julian Charbel Jude Amir Israel , Druze boys ( 2004 ) Adam Omri Eyal Amir Salman Rani Tamir Yosef Bahah Daniel Japan ( 2015 ) Sō / Minato / Ichika Itsuki / Tatsuki Ren Hinata / Haruta Asahi / Haruki / Tomoharu Sōta Yuuma Arata Ryō Yūto / Haruto / Haruhito , Sōta / Kanata , Hayato / Taichi Jordan ( 2009 ) Mohammad Ahmad Abdul Rahman NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Kazakhstan ( 2013 ) Yerasyl ( Ерacыл ) Alikhan ( Алиxан ) Nürasyl ( Нұрасыл ) Nürislam ( Нұрислам ) Sanzhar ( Санжар ) Artyom ( Артём ) Mïras ( Мирас ) Aisültan ( Айсұлтан ) Arsen ( Арсен ) Amïr ( Амир ) Kuwait ( 2015 ) Mohammad Abdullah Fahad Khaled Ali Yousef Ahmed Abdulaziz Faisal Bader Lebanon ( 2015 ) Elie Mohammad Charbel Ali Hassan Hussein George Ahmad Christian Joe Malaysia ( 2015 , BabyCenter ) Muhamad Ahmad Amar Adam Ethan Umar Aqil Danish Izz Aidan Mongolia Naranbaatar Batkhaаn Baаtar Chuluun Sukhbaаtar NA NA NA NA NA Nepal Krishna Kiran Bishal Bibek Siddhartha Manish Mahesh Kamal Prem Prakash Pakistan Mohammad Ali Hussain Omar Bilal Usman Zahid Shahid Saqib Nomaan Philippines ( 2015 , Philippine Statistics Authority ) Nathaniel Gabriel James Francis Joshua Jacob Angelo Daniel Alexander John Mark Saudi Arabia Mohammad Fahd Abdullah Abdulrahman Turki Bandar Omar Ali NA NA South Korea ( 2013 ) Min - jun ( 민준 ) Seo - jun ( 서준 ) Joo - won ( 주원 ) Ye - jun ( 예준 ) Shi - woo ( 시우 ) Jun - seo ( 준서 ) Do - yoon ( 도윤 ) Hyun - woo ( 현우 ) Gun - woo ( 건우 ) Ji - hoon ( 지훈 ) Taiwan ( 1980s - 1990s births , 2010 census ) Chia - hao ( 家 豪 ) Chih - ming ( 志明 ) Chun - chieh ( 俊傑 ) Chien - hung ( 建 宏 ) Chun - hung ( 俊宏 ) Chih - hao ( 志 豪 ) Chih - wei ( 志 偉 ) Wen - Hsiung ( 文雄 ) Chin - lung ( 金龍 ) Chih - chiang ( 志 強 ) Tajikistan ( 2009 ) Muhammad Yusuf Abdullo Abubakr NA NA NA NA NA NA Thailand ( 2011 census ) Somchai Somsak Somporn Somboon Prasert NA NA NA NA NA Dubai , United Arab Emirates ( 2015 ) Mohammad Ali Omar Ahmad / Ahmed Abdulla / Abdullah NA NA NA NA NA Female names ( edit ) Region ( year ) No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 Arab world ( 2015 ) ( BabyCenter Arabia members ) Maryam مريم Sarah سارة Fatima فاطمة Noor نور Reem ريم Leen لين Salma سلمى Tala تالا Jana جنى Thalia تاليا China ( most common names , not official ) 爱 Ai , 碧 Bi , 彩 Cai , 丹 Dan , 芳 Fang , 红 Hong , 惠 Hui , 娟 Juan , 兰 Lan , 莉 Li , 丽 Li , 莲 Lian , 娜 Na , 妮 Ni , 倩 Qian , 琼 Qiong , 珊 Shan , 淑 Shu , 婷 Ting , 霞 Xia , 娴 Xian , 嫣 Yan , 云 Yun , 贞 Zhen NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA China ( not official ) Jing Ying Yan Li Xiaoyan Xinyi Jie Lili Xiaomei Tingting India ( BabyCenter , 2015 ) Aadya Diya Saanvi Amaira Angel Myra Aaradhya Anaya Riya Shanaya Iran ( babies born 2010 -- 2011 ) Fatemeh Zahra Setayesh Hasti Zeinab Nazanin - Zahra Reihaneh Maryam Mobina Narges Iran ( general population ) Fatemeh Zahra Maryam Ma'soumeh Sakineh Zeinab Roghayyeh Khadije Leyla Somayyeh Israel , Jewish girls ( 2016 ) Tamar Avigail Adele / Adel / Edel Noa Shira Talia Yael Sarah Lia Esther Israel , Jewish unisex names ( given to both boys and girls ) ( 2008 ) Noam Amit Ariel Daniel Adi Ma'ayan Yuval Yahli Omer Lior Israel , Muslim ( girls ) ( 2015 ) Maryam Sha'im Jana Lin Lian Aline Sara Israel , Christian girls ( 2012 ) Maria Celine Aline Maya Noor Lian Maryam Natalie Tala Miral Israel , Druze girls ( 2004 ) Eden Yarin Nur Sarah Sillin Assil Malk Maya Aya Miyar Japan ( 2015 ) Sakura Riko Aoi Wakana Sakura / Sara Rin Anna / Azuna Himari / Hinata Yuna / Yuina Kaede Jordan ( 2009 ) Rimas Jana Hala NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Kazakhstan ( 2013 ) Ayzere ( Айзeрe ) Inzhu ( Інжу ) Ayaru ( Айару ) Käwsar ( Кәусар ) Ayşa ( Айша ) Aruzhan ( Аружан ) Amïna ( Амина ) Ayaulym ( Аяулым ) Sezim ( Сезім ) Iñkär ( Іңкәр ) Kuwait ( 2015 ) Fatma Mariam Hussa Sherifa Sara Reem Aisha Dalal Lulwa Shaikha Lebanon ( 2015 ) Marie Fatima Jessica Zeinab Mariam Sarah Maya Layla Christina Amal Malaysia ( 2015 , BabyCenter ) Nor Hannah Aishah Siti Zara Puteri Nurul Sophia Sara Dhia Mongolia Odval Bolormaa Bayarmaa Oyunbileg Khongordzol NA NA NA NA NA Nepal Shristi Sunita Rabina Asmita Niharika Binita Aasha Kabita Sita Gita Pakistan Fatima Fozia Bismah Sobia Farrah Maryam Farzana Ayesha Sakeena Zainab Philippines ( 2015 , Philippine Statistics Authority ) Angel Althea Princess Ashley Samantha Sophia Andrea Angela Janine Sofia South Korea ( 2013 ) Seo - yeon ( 서연 ) Seo - yun ( 서윤 ) Ji - woo ( 지우 ) Seo - hyeon ( 서현 ) Min - seo ( 민서 ) Yun - seo ( 윤서 ) Chae - won ( 채원 ) Ha - yoon ( 하윤 ) Ji - ah ( 지아 ) Eun - seo ( 은서 ) Saudi Arabia Fatima Aisha Nora Hessa Sheikha Maha NA NA NA NA Taiwan ( 1980s - 1990s births , 2010 census ) Shu - fen ( 淑 芬 ) Shu - hui ( 淑 惠 ) Mei - ling ( 美玲 ) Ya - ting ( 雅 婷 ) Mei - hui ( 美惠 ) Li - hua ( 麗華 ) Shu - chuan ( 淑娟 ) Shu - chen ( 淑 貞 ) I - chun ( 怡 君 ) Shu - hua ( 淑華 ) Tajikistan ( 2009 ) Sumayah Asiya Oisha Googoosh Anohito Indira NA NA NA NA Dubai , United Arab Emirates ( 2015 ) Mariam Sara / Sarah Fatima / Fatma Ayesha Noor NA NA NA NA NA Europe ( edit ) Male names ( edit ) Region ( year ) No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 Albania ( 2014 ) Noel Joel Mateo Ergi Luis Aron Samuel Roan Roel Xhoel Andorra ( 2013 ) Marc Eric Jan Daniel Enzo Ian Pol Àlex Jordi Martí Armenia ( 2013 ) Davit ( Դավիթ ) Narek ( Նարեկ ) Gor ( Գոռ ) Hayk ( Հայկ ) Alex ( Ալեքս ) Arman ( Արման ) Tigran ( Տիգրան ) Erik ( Էրիկ ) Samvel ( Սամվել ) Alen ( Ալեն ) Austria ( 2014 ) Lukas Maximilian Jakob David Tobias Paul Jonas Felix Alexander Elias Azerbaijan ( babies born 2017 ) Yusif Ali Omar Huseyn Mahammad Murad Aykhan Ughur Ibrahim Tunar Azerbaijan ( general population as of 2010 ) Ali Elchin Vugar Anar Elnur Samir Elshan Rashad Ilgar Vusal Belarus ( Minsk , 2015 ) Maksim Максім Artsiom Арцём Ivan Іван , Maciej Мацвей , Mikita Мікіта , Tsimafei Цімафей Aliaksandr Аляксандр , Alaksiej Аляксей , Yahor Ягор Danyl Данііл , Illya Ілья , Raman Раман , Yaraslaŭ Яраслаў NA NA NA NA NA Belgium ( 2012 ) Lucas Louis Noah Nathan Adam Arthur Mohamed Victor Mathis Liam Flanders , Belgium ( 2012 ) Lucas Liam Louis Wout Mathis Lars Vince Kobe Finn Noah Wallonia , Belgium ( 2012 ) Nathan Hugo Louis Théo Ethan Noah Lucas Gabriel Arthur Tom Brussels - Capital Region , Belgium ( 2012 ) Adam Mohamed Rayan Gabriel Anas David Lucas Yanis Nathan Ibrahim Bosnia and Herzegovina , Federation of BiH , ( 2016 ) Daris Amar Ahmed Harun Davud Adin Vedad Tarik Hamza Imran Bosnia and Herzegovina , Republika Srpska , ( 2016 ) Stefan ( Стефан ) Nikola ( Никола ) Luka ( Лука ) Lazar ( Лазар ) Pavle ( Павле ) David ( Давид ) Marko ( Марко ) Mihajlo ( Михајло ) Andrej ( Андреј ) Aleksa ( Алекса ) Bulgaria ( 2015 ) Georgi ( Георги ) Aleksandar ( Александър ) Martin ( Мартин ) Dimitar ( Димитър ) Ivan ( Иван ) Nikolay ( Николай ) Nikola ( Никола ) Daniel ( Даниел ) Viktor ( Виктор ) Kristian Croatia ( 2016 ) Luka David Ivan Jakov Marko Petar Matej Filip Leon Ivano Cyprus ( 2011 , census ) Andreas ( Ανδρέας ) Georgios ( Γιώργος ) Kostas ( Κώστας ) Christos ( Χρίστος ) Nikolaos ( Νικόλας ) Michalis ( Μιχάλης ) Panagiotis ( Παναγιώτης ) Ioannis ( Ιωάννης ) Marios ( Μάριος ) Dimitrios ( Δημήτρης ) Czech Republic ( 2014 ) Jakub Jan Tomáš David Adam Matyáš Filip Vojtěch Ondřej Lukáš Denmark ( 2016 ) Noah Victor Oliver Oscar William Lucas Carl Emil Malthe Frederik , Magnus England , United Kingdom ( 2016 ) Oliver George Harry Jack Jacob Noah Charlie Muhammad Thomas Oscar Estonia ( 2015 ) Rasmus Robin Oliver Maksim Robert Martin Kaspar Oskar Henri Markus Faroe Islands , Denmark ( 2014 ) Benjamin Liam , Rókur Aron , Brandur , Fríði , Kristian , Nóa Dávid , Elias , Filip , Mattias NA NA NA NA NA NA Finland ( 2016 births among Finnish speakers ) Onni Elias Leo Väinö Oliver Eetu Eino Noel Leevi Niilo Finland ( 2016 births , among Swedish speakers ) Adrian Lucas Emil , William Hugo Benjamin Anton , Leo , Liam Felix NA NA NA Paris , France ( 2016 ) Gabriel Adam Raphaël Louis Arthur Paul Alexandre , Victor Mohamed Joseph NA Georgia ( 2014 ) Giorgi გიორგი Nikoloz ნიკოლოზი Andria ანდრია Gabrieli გაბრიელი Luka ლუკა Saba საბა Davit დავითი Aleksandre ალექსანდრე NA NA Germany ( 2015 ) Ben Jonas Leon Elias Finn / Fynn Noah Paul Luis / Louis Lukas / Lucas Luca / Luka Greece ( 2010 ) Georgios ( Γεώργιος ) Ioannis ( Ιωάννης ) Konstantinos , Kostas ( Κώστας ) Dimitrios ( Δημήτρης ) Nikolaos ( Νικόλαος ) Panagiotis ( Παναγιώτης ) Vasileios ( Βασίλης ) Christos ( Χρήστος ) Athanasios ( Αθανάσιος ) Michail ( Μιχαήλ ) Greenland ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Malik Aputsiaq Minik Hans Inunnguaq Kristian Nuka Salik Peter Inuk Guernsey ( 2010 ) Charlie Harry William Alexander Lewis Charles NA NA NA NA Hungary ( 2014 ) Bence Máté Levente Ádám Dávid Dániel Marcell Balázs Milán Dominik Iceland ( 2014 births ) Aron Alexander Viktor / Victor Kristján / Kristian / Christian Jón Guðmundur , Kristófer Gunnar , Ólafur / Olav Benedikt , Dagur , Emil NA NA Ireland ( 2015 ) Jack James Daniel Conor Seán Adam Noah Michael Charlie Luke Isle of Man ( 2010 ) James / Jamie Joshua Harry / Harrison Connor Jackson Alfie / Alfred , Lucas / Luke Benjamin , Thomas Charles , Jake , William Daniel , Lee , Theo NA Italy ( 2015 ) Francesco Alessandro Mattia Lorenzo Leonardo Andrea Gabriele Matteo Tommaso Riccardo Latvia ( 2014 ) Roberts Markuss Artjoms Ralfs Gustavs Maksims Artūrs Aleksandrs Emīls Daniels Liechtenstein ( 2015 ) Benjamin , Elias Raphael / Rafael Jonas , Paul David , Liam , Robin NA NA NA NA NA NA Lithuania ( 2015 , unofficial ) Lukas Matas Nojus Dominykas Jokūbas Emilis Jonas Kajus Gabrielius Dovydas Luxembourg , Luxembourg ( 2014 , babies born ) Gabriel Leo Luca Noah David Tom Ben NA NA NA Republic of Macedonia ( 2012 , general population ) Aleksandar Zoran Nikola Goran Dragan Dejan Petar Igor Ilija Stefan Malta ( 2014 ) Luke / Luca / Lucas Matthew / Matthias / Matteo Jacob / Jake Zachary / Zak / Zack Michael / Miguel / Mikhail Liam / William John / Jean / Jonathan / Juan / Gan Benjamin / Ben Kaiden / Kayden / Kai , Alexander / Alessandro / Alec Andrew / Andreas / Andre / Andy Moldova ( 2016 ) David Maxim Alexandru Artiom Ion Bogdan Daniel Matthew Nikita Michael Monaco ( 2015 ) Gabriel Alexandre Lucas Ethan Aaron NA NA NA NA NA Montenegro ( 2011 , general population ) Nikola ( Никола ) Marko ( Марко ) Dragan ( Драган ) Miloš ( Милош ) Zoran ( Зоран ) Milan ( Милан ) Aleksandar ( Александар ) Ivan ( Иван ) Petar ( Петар ) Luka ( Лука ) Podgorica , Montenegro ( 2012 ) Luka ( Лука ) Matija ( Матија ) Nikola ( Никола ) Lazar ( Лазар ) Andrija ( Андрија ) Petar ( Петар ) Vasilije ( Василије ) Aleksa ( Алекса ) Vuk ( Вук ) Pavle ( Павле ) Netherlands ( 2016 ) Daan Noah Sem Lucas Jesse Finn Milan Max Levi Luuk Northern Ireland , United Kingdom ( 2015 ) James Jack Noah Charlie Daniel Oliver Matthew Harry Thomas Jake Norway ( 2016 ) William Oskar Lucas Mathias Filip Oliver Jakob / Jacob Emil Noah Aksel Poland ( 2016 ) Antoni Jakub Szymon Jan Filip Franciszek Mikołaj Aleksander Kacper Wojciech Portugal ( 2015 ) João Martim Rodrigo Santiago Francisco Afonso Tomás Miguel Guilherme Gabriel Romania ( 2014 ) Andrei David Alexandru Gabriel Mihai Cristian Ştefan Luca Ionuţ Darius Moscow , Russia ( 2015 births , official civil registry figures ) Alexander ( Александр ) Maxim ( Максим ) Artyom , Artem ( Артём , Артем ) Mikhail ( Михаил ) Daniil , Danila , Danil ( Даниил , Данила , Данил ) Ivan ( Иван ) Dmitry ( Дмитрий ) Kirill ( Кирилл ) Andrey ( Андрей ) Yegor ( Егор ) Russia ( 2012 , official civil registry figures ( ЗАГС ) ) Alexander ( Александр ) Sergei ( Сергей ) Dmitry ( Дмитрий ) Andrei ( Андрей ) Alexey ( Алексей ) Maxim ( Максим ) Evgeny ( Евгений ) Ivan ( Иван ) Mikhail ( Михаил ) Artyom ( Артем ) Scotland , United Kingdom ( 2016 ) Jack James Oliver Lewis Logan Harry Noah Leo Charlie Alexander Serbia ( 2014 ) Nikola ( Никола ) Luka ( Лука ) Stefan ( Стефан ) Marko ( Марко ) Lazar ( Лазар ) Aleksandar ( Александар ) Filip ( Филип ) Jovan ( Јован ) Nemanja ( Немања ) Miloš ( Милош ) Slovakia ( 2013 ) Jakub Adam Samuel Lukáš Martin Tomáš Michal Filip Matej Matúš Slovenia ( 2016 ) Luka Filip Jakob Nik Žan Mark Tim Jan Vid Jaka Spain ( 2016 excluding Basque Country & Catalonia ) Hugo Daniel Martín Pablo Alejandro Lucas Álvaro Adrián Mateo David Basque Country , Spain ( 2015 ) Markel Aimar Jon Ibai Julen Ander Unax Oier Mikel Iker Catalonia , Spain ( 2015 ) Marc Àlex Marti Hugo Biel Èric Nil Jan Pol Pau Sweden ( 2016 ) Oscar Lucas William Liam Oliver Hugo Alexander Elias Charlie Noah Switzerland ( 2016 , all births ) Noah Liam Gabriel Luca Leon Elias David Samuel Louis Julian Turkey ( Babies born , 2013 ) Yusuf Berat Mustafa Emir Ahmet Ömer Mehmet Muhammed Emirhan Eymen Turkey ( Overall , 2013 ) Mehmet Mustafa Ahmet Ali Hüseyin Hasan Ibrahim İsmail Osman Yusuf Ukraine ( 2014 ) Artem Артем Denys Денис Daniil , Danylo Данііл , Данило Oleksandr Олександр Andriy Андрій Bohdan Богдан Dmytro Дмитро Nikita , Mykyta Нікіта , Микита Nazar Назар Kirill , Kyrylo Кіріл , Кирило Wales , United Kingdom ( 2016 ) Oliver Jacob Noah Jack Oscar Harry Charlie Alfie George William Female names ( edit ) Region ( year ) No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 Albania ( 2014 ) Amelia Ajla Melisa Amelija Klea Sara Kejsi Noemi Alesia Leandra Andorra ( 2013 ) Laia Carlota Emma Lara Martina Aina Maria Blanca Laura Valentina Armenia ( 2013 ) Nareh ( Նարե ) Mari ( Մարի ) Maneh ( Մանե ) Milena ( Միլենա ) Ani ( Անի ) Anahit ( Անահիտ ) Mariam ( Մարիամ ) Mariya ( Մարիա ) Elen ( Էլեն ) Anna ( Աննա ) Austria ( 2014 ) Anna Hannah Sophia Emma Marie Lena Sarah Sophie Laura Mia Azerbaijan ( babies born 2017 ) Zahra Nuray Fatima Zeynab Aylin Ayan Khadija Madina Maryam Tamilla Azerbaijan ( general population ) Sevinj Gunel Leyla Aygun Gunay Sevda Vusala Konul Aysel Tarana Belarus ( Minsk , 2015 ) Kseniya Ксенія Anastasiya Анастасія Palina Паліна Darya Дар'я , Katsiaryna Кацярына , Marya Марыя , Safiya Сафія Ullyana Ульяна NA NA NA NA NA Belgium ( babies born 2015 ) Emma Louise Olivia Elise Alice Juliette Mila Lucie Marie Camille Belgium ( overall population 2015 ) Maria Marie Dominique Martine Nathalie Anne Rita Nicole Anna Christiane Flanders , Belgium ( 2012 ) Emma Marie Elise Julie Louise Noor Lotte Fien Nina Ella , Lore Wallonia , Belgium ( 2012 ) Léa Lucie Emma Zoé Louise Camille Manon Chloé Alice Clara Brussels - Capital Region , Belgium ( 2012 ) Aya Yasmine Lina Sara Sarah Sofia Louise Nour Léa Malak Bosnia and Herzegovina , Federation of BiH , ( 2016 ) Sara Amina Lamija Merjem Esma Lejla Asja Ema Emina Ajna Bosnia and Herzegovina , Republika Srpska , ( 2016 ) Marija ( Марија ) Ana ( Ана ) Sofija ( Софија ) Milica ( Милица ) Sara ( Сара ) Dunja ( Дуња ) Teodora ( Теодора ) Anastasija ( Анастасија ) Jovana ( Јована ) Anđela ( Анђела ) Bulgaria ( 2015 ) Viktoria ( Виктория ) Maria ( Мария ) Nikol ( Никол ) Aleksandra ( Александра ) Gabriela ( Габриела ) Daria ( Дария ) Raya ( Рая ) Yoana ( Йоана ) Sofia ( София ) Simona ( Симона ) Croatia ( 2016 ) Mia Lucija Ema Petra Sara Lana Ana Nika Marta Iva Cyprus ( 2011 , census ) Maria ( Μαρία ) Eleni ( Ελένη ) Androula ( Ανδρούλα ) Georgia ( Γεωργία ) Panagiota ( Παναγιώτα ) Anna ( Άννα ) Christina ( Χριστίνα ) Katerina ( Κατερίνα ) Ioanna ( Ιωάννα ) Kyriaki ( Κυριακή ) Czech Republic ( 2014 ) Eliška Tereza Anna Adéla Natálie Sofie Kristýna Karolína Viktorie Barbora Denmark ( 2016 ) Sofia Freja Alma Laura Ida Clara Ella Anna Emma Josefine England , United Kingdom ( 2016 ) Olivia Amelia Emily Isla Ava Jessica Isabella Lily Ella Mia Estonia ( 2015 ) Sofia Eliise Maria Sandra Laura , Mia Alisa Milana Lenna , Polina Liisa Anna , Emilia Faroe Islands , Denmark ( 2014 ) Eva Emma , Hanna Maria , Ró Elsa , Lea , Sofía Isabella , Lilja , Liva , Mia , Ronja , Rósa NA NA NA NA NA Finland ( 2016 births , among Finnish speakers ) Sofia Aino Eevi Venla Emma Aada Pihla Ella Helmi Emilia Finland ( 2016 births , among Swedish speakers ) Ellen Emma Edith , Saga Amanda , Elsa , Molly , Stella Alma , Emilia Alva , Ella , Wilma NA NA NA NA Paris , France ( 2016 ) Louise Emma Alice Chloé Jeanne Inès Sarah Léa Charlotte Anna Georgia ( 2014 ) Mariami მარიამი Barbare ბარბარე Elene ელენე Anastasia ანასტასია Nino ნინო Nia ნია Ana ანა Elizaveta ელიზავეტა NA NA Germany ( 2015 ) Mia Emma Hannah / Hanna Sofia / Sophia Anna Emilia Lina Marie Lena Mila Greece ( 2010 ) Maria ( Μαρία ) Eleni ( Ελένη ) Aikaterini ( Katerina ) ( Αικατερίνη ) Vasiliki , Basiliki ( Vaso ) ( Βασιλική ) Sophia ( Σοφία ) Angeliki ( Αγγελική ) Georgia ( Giorgia , Gogo ) ( Γεωργία ) Dimitra ( Δήμητρα ) Konstantina ( Kostantina ) ( Κωνσταντίνα ) Paraskevi , Paraskeui ( Παρασκευή ) Greenland ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Ivaana Pipaluk Nivi Paninnguaq Ivalu Naasunnguaq Julie Ane Isabella Kimmernaq Guernsey ( 2010 ) Chloe , Olivia Daisy Isla Jessica NA NA NA NA NA NA Hungary ( 2014 ) Hanna Anna Jázmin Lili Zsófia Emma Luca Boglárka Zoé Nóra Iceland ( 2014 births ) Margrét / Margrjet / Margret Anna Emma Ísabella / Ísabel / Isabella / Isabel Eva Hekla , Kristín , Viktoría Emilía / Emelía , Katrín NA NA NA Ireland ( 2015 ) Emily Emma Ava Sophie Amelia Ella Lucy Grace Chloe Mia Isle of Man ( 2010 ) Isabella Eva / Evie Lilly Sofia Amelia , Emma , Olivia Abbie , Chloe Holly Grace , Maisie , Mia , Sienna NA NA Italy ( 2015 ) Sofia Aurora Giulia Giorgia Alice Martina Emma Greta Chiara Anna Latvia ( 2014 ) Sofija Emīlija Alise Anna Marta Viktorija Elizabete Estere Anastasija Paula Liechtenstein ( 2015 ) Anna , Noemi NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Lithuania ( 2015 , unofficial ) Emilija Austėja Viltė Gabija Liepa Kamilė Lėja Ugnė Ema Urtė Luxembourg , Luxembourg ( 2014 , babies born ) Emma Lara Zoé Amy Sarah Charlotte Emily NA NA NA Republic of Macedonia ( 2012 , general population ) Marija Elena Biljana Vesna Snezana Violeta Aleksandra Suzana Katerina Ivana Malta ( 2014 ) Elena / Elenia / Helena / Ella Julia / Yulia / Julianne Emma / Emmanuela / Ema Eliza / Elisa / Elizabeth / Elise Catherine / Katrina / Kate / Katya Maya / Mia / Myah Lea / Leah / Leia Emilia / Emily / Emelie Amy / Aimee Maria / Marija / Mariah / Marie , Anna / Hannah / Ann Moldova ( 2016 ) Sofia Anastasia Daria Victoria Alexandra Evelina Amelia Andreea Valeria Gabriela Monaco ( 2015 ) Victoria Giulia Chloé Emma Anna NA NA NA NA NA Podgorica , Montenegro ( 2012 ) Sara ( Сара ) Anđela ( Анђела ) Jovana ( Јована ) Milica ( Милица ) Nikolina ( Николина ) Marija ( Марија ) Anastasija ( Анастасија ) Anja ( Ања ) Teodora ( Теодора ) Andrea ( Андреа ) Netherlands ( 2016 ) Anna , Emma , Tess Sophie Julia Zoë Evi Mila Sara Eva Fenna Lotte Northern Ireland , United Kingdom ( 2015 ) Emily Ella Grace Sophie Olivia Anna Amelia Aoife Lucy Ava Norway ( 2016 ) Nora Emma Sara Sofie Sofia Maja Olivia Ella Ingrid Emilie Poland ( 2016 ) Zuzanna Julia Lena Maja Hanna Zofia Amelia Alicja Aleksandra Natalia Portugal ( 2015 ) Maria Leonor Matilde Beatriz Carolina Mariana Ana Inês Margarida Sofia Romania ( 2014 ) Maria Elena Ioana Andreea Sofia Alexandra Antonia Daria Ana Gabriela Moscow , Russia ( 2015 births , official civil registry figures ) Sofiya , Sofya ( София , Софья ) Mariya , Marya ( Мария , Марья ) Anna ( Анна ) Anastasiya ( Анастасия ) Viktoriya Yelizaveta ( Елизавета ) Polina ( Полина ) Alisa ( Алиса ) Darya , Dariya ( Дарья , Дария ) Alexandra ( Александра ) Russia ( 2012 , official civil registry figures ( ЗАГС ) ) Anastasia ( Анастасия ) Yelena ( Елена ) Olga ( Ольга ) Natalia ( Наталья ) Yekaterina ( Екатерина ) Anna ( Анна ) Tatiana ( Татьяна ) Maria ( Мария ) Irina ( Ирина ) Yulia ( Юлия ) Scotland , United Kingdom ( 2016 ) Olivia Emily Sophie Isla Ava Amelia Jessica Ella Lucy Charlotte Serbia ( 2014 ) Milica ( Милица ) Anđela ( Анђела ) Jovana ( Јована ) Ana ( Ана ) Teodora ( Теодора ) Katarina ( Катарина ) Marija ( Марија ) Sara ( Сара ) Anastasija ( Анастасија ) Aleksandra ( Александра ) Slovakia ( 2013 ) Sofia Nina Natália Nela Viktória Ema Laura Michaela Kristína Simona Slovenia ( 2016 ) Zala Eva Ema Mia Lara Maša Sara Ana Julija Neža Spain ( 2016 , excluding Basque Country & Catalonia ) Lucía Martina María Sofía Paula Daniela Valeria Alba Julia Noa Basque Country , Spain ( 2015 ) Ane June Nahia Irati Laia Nora Izaro Lucía Malen Uxue Catalonia , Spain ( 2015 ) Martina Júlia Laia Lucia Maria Emma Aina Paula Noa Carla Sweden ( 2016 ) Alice Lilly Maja Elsa Ella Alicia Olivia Julia Ebba Wilma Switzerland ( 2016 , all births ) Mia Emma Elena Sofia Lena Emilia Lara Anna Laura Mila Turkey ( Babies born , 2013 ) Zeynep Elif Ecrin Yağmur Azra Zehra Nisanur Ela Belinay Nehir Turkey ( Overall , 2013 ) Fatma Ayşe Emine Hatice Zeynep Elif Meryem Şerife Zehra Sultan Ukraine ( 2014 ) Anna , Hanna Анна Ганна Darya , Darina Дар'я , Дарина Sofiya Софія Diana Діана Mariya Марія Viktoriya Вікторія Tetyana Тетяна Kristina , Khrystyna Крістіна , Христина Yelyzaveta Єлизавета Angelina Ангеліна Wales , United Kingdom ( 2016 ) Olivia Amelia Ella Ava Isla Emily Evie Mia Lily Isabelle Oceania ( edit ) Male names ( edit ) Region ( year ) No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 Australia ( 2015 ) Oliver William Jack Noah Jackson , Jaxon , Jaxson Thomas Lucas James Alex , Alexander Ethan New Zealand ( 2016 ) Oliver Jack William Mason James Hunter Noah Lucas Leo Max New Zealand ( Māori names , 2015 ) Nikau Ari Manaia Wiremu Kauri Mikaere Rawiri Ihaia Kai Manaaki Tahiti ( common names , unofficial ) Hiro , Teiki , Moana , Manua , Marama , Teiva , Teva , Maui , Tehei , Tamatoa , Ioane , Tapuarii NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Female names ( edit ) Region ( year ) No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 Australia ( 2015 ) Olivia Charlotte Mia Ava Amelia Emily Sofia , Sophia Sophie Chloe Ruby New Zealand ( 2016 ) Olivia Charlotte Isla Harper Ella Amelia Emily Mia Ava Sophie New Zealand ( Māori names , 2015 ) Maia Manaia Anahera Ana Aroha Kaia Hana Ataahua Tia Kora Tahiti ( common names , unofficial ) Tiare , Hinano , Poema , Maeva , Hina , Vaea , Titaua , Moea , Moeata , Tarita , Titaina , Teura , Heikapu , Mareva NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA See also ( edit ) List of most popular given names by state in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` INEbase / Demografía y población / Padrón . Población por municipios / Apellidos y nombres más frecuentes '' . Ine.es. 2001 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Al - Ahram Weekly Living What 's in a name ? '' . Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 2004 - 04 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lo nombres más comunes en España y Latinoamérica '' . elConfidencial.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Baby names : Morocco boy names most given '' . Familyberry.com. 2007 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1854&PPN=P0305&SCH=6696 ^ Jump up to : `` The Top Baby Names in Tunisia for 2005 '' . BabyNameFacts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Baby names : Morocco girl names most given '' . Familyberry.com. 2007 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Los nombres de bebés más usados por los argentinos en 2015 - El Intransigente '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Central Bureau of Statistics Aruba - Home '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Miguel , Arthur e Alice são os nomes mais comuns de 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's top 100 boys ' names for 2015 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` RRQ - Banque de prÃnoms '' . Rrq.gouv.qc.ca . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : 13 , Tele . `` Agustín y Sofía fueron los nombres más populares para niños y niñas chilenos inscritos en 2015 '' . ^ Jump up to : Publicado por Registraduria Nacional del Estado Civil . `` Registraduría Nacional Del Estado Civil ( COLOMBIA ) : Santiago , Juan David , Mariana y María José fueron los nombres más comunes de los niños colombianos inscritos en el Registro Civil de Nacimiento en 2011 '' . Rneccolombia.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Most Popular Haitian Baby Names '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jayden , Gabrielle most popular Jamaican baby names - All Woman '' . JamaicaObserver.com. 2012 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Los nombre más comunes para bebés en el 2015 '' . Terra . ^ Jump up to : `` Estos son los nombres más usados en Paraguay - Vanguardia '' . www.vanguardia.com.py. 2015 - 01 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` ¿ Luis y María ? Conoce los nombres de moda en el Perú - Terra Perú '' . Noticias.terra.com.pe. 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Popular Baby Names '' . Ssa.gov. 2012 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Every year , the United States Social Security 's Office of the Chief Actuary publishes a list of the most popular names given at birth for males and females in the U.S. ( website ) . The 2007 list was released May 9 , 2008 . The most popular names by year beginning with 1880 are listed for the following : 1880s - 1890s - 1900s - 1910s - 1920s - 1930s - 1940s - 1950s - 1960s - 1970s - 1980s - 1990s - 2000s Jump up ^ `` 1990 surnames ( sic ) : male first '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` MundoBebés '' Nombres para bebés 2011 `` . Mundobebes.portalmundos.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's top 100 girls ' names for 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` 1990 surnames ( sic ) : female first '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` أفضل 20 إسماً للذكور في 2015 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Common Surnames and Given Names in Asia '' . Asianoffbeat.com. 2007 - 10 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Most popular Indian boy names of 2015 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Sazmane Sabte Ahval ( سازمان ثبت احوال ) '' . sabteahval.ir . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : nedaye-azadi.roshd.ir/_schportal/ResearchesAttachment/NamesResearch.doc ^ Jump up to : `` Inspired by Gaza war , Eitan surges as Israeli baby name choice '' . ^ Jump up to : `` First Names Given to Children Born in 2014 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Most popular Jewish names : Noam for a boy and Noa for a girl '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Top baby names in Israel stay the same for third straight year '' . ^ Jump up to : Fendel , Hillel ( 2006 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Most Popular Names : Uri and Noa - Inside Israel - News '' . Israel National News . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה - אוכלוסיות נבחרות - ילדים '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Israel Central Bureau of Statistics '' . Cbs.gov.il . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan 's top baby names for 2015 : Will Naruto - influenced monikers still reign supreme ? '' . 13 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mohammad tops list of most popular names for Jordanian newborns '' . Menafn.com. 2010 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Топ - 20 популярных имен детей , рожденных в Казахстане '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 Kuwaiti baby names '' . Jump up ^ `` Male Arabian Names '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Malaysian baby names 2015 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Mongolian baby names '' . All Baby Names.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nepalese baby names '' . studentsoftheworld.info . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Trivia : Top Ten Most Common Names in the Philippines : 2014 and 2015 , Philippine Statistics Authority ^ Jump up to : `` Naming babies under scrutiny '' . 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MBN '' . mbn.mk.co.kr. 2014 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of the nation 's most common names released '' . Taipei Times . 2013 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` 來 看 看 全 臺灣 最 熱門 的 名字 ! ( Checkout the most popular names in Taiwan ) '' ( in Chinese ) . Department of Statistics ( Taiwan ) . June 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Najibullah , Farangis . `` In Tajikistan , Islamic Names Are The New Fashion '' . Rferl.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' Somchai ' most popular male name Bangkok Post : breakingnews '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` The baby names that Dubai happens to loves the most - Nation Khaleej Times '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` أفضل 20 إسماً للبنات في 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Most popular Indian girl names of 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Female Arabian Names '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 emra femra / meshkuj , 2014 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Ja emrat më popullorë të fëmijëve në Shqipëri '' . 22 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memòria de Funcionament del REGISTRE CIVIL -- Any 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Govern d'Andorra. 2014 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Հայաստանում երեխաների ամենատարածված անուններն են Նարեն եւ Դավիթը . վիճակագրություն '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Häufigste Vornamen '' . statistik.at . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : 1news.az. ( 10 December 2016 ) . ( 1 ) Retrieved on 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ 1st news ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) . `` '' Азербайджанский светофор `` , или Будут ли запрещены неблагозвучные имена ? '' . 1news.az . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Топ - 5 папулярных імёнаў 2015 года на Вілейшчыне '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Emma en Lucas zijn de populairste babynamen van 2012 '' ( PDF ) . 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 najpopularnijih muških imena u Federaciji BiH u 2016 . godini '' . Značenje imena . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` no_name '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgi , Maria Continued to be Most Common Bulgarian Names in 2015 - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency '' . Jump up ^ `` Българинът остава традиционалист ! Иван и Георги са най - популярните имена у нас '' . ^ Jump up to : e-mama . `` Najčešća muška i ženska imena novorođene djece u Hrvatskoj u 2016 . godini '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maria and Andreas the most common names in Cyprus '' . ^ Jump up to : ΧΡΙΣΤΟΥ , ΤΟΥ ΜΑΡΙΟΥ . `` Το νησί της Μαρίας και του Ανδρέα - News '' . ^ Jump up to : `` ŽEBŘÍČEK : Toto jsou nejoblíbenější jména dětí v Česku za rok 2014 '' . nova.cz . ^ Jump up to : `` Navne til nyfødte : Hovedtal '' . Jump up ^ Eleanor , Martin , . `` Baby names in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics '' . www.ons.gov.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` 25 POPULAARSEMAT EESNIME 2015. AASTAL '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Faroese Statistics of 2014 - Nordic Names Wiki - Name Origin , Meaning and Statistics '' . nordicnames.de . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nimet - Vהestצrekisterikeskus '' . Vrk.fi . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liste des prénoms 2004 à 2017 '' . opendata.paris.fr . ^ Jump up to : `` New Posts : რომელი სახელები იყო საქართველოში პოპულარული გასულ წელს '' . NewPosts . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Die beliebtesten Vornamen des Jahres 2015 '' . Jump up ^ syxnos . `` : ) :) :) :) :) : ) '' . Sixnotitafrequency.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ελληνίδων '' . Users.att.sch.gr . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Grønlands Statistik '' . Stat.gl . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greenlandic Statistics of 2001 - 2010 - Nordic Names Wiki - Name Origin , Meaning and Statistics '' . Nordicnames.de. 2013 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal flavour to 2010 boys ' names in Guernsey '' . BBC News . January 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` A legnépszerűbb fiúnevek és lánynevek 2014 - ben '' . babaszoba.hu . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Births - Hagstofa '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Icelandic Statistics of 2014 - Nordic Names Wiki - Name Origin , Meaning and Statistics '' . ^ Jump up to : Robert , Zoë ( 27 December 2015 ) . `` Aron and Margrét Most Popular Baby Names '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Babies ' Names 2015 - CSO - Central Statistics Office '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Isabella and James top the list of names in 2010 - Isle of Man Today '' . Iomtoday.co.im . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` These are the most popular Italian baby names '' . 1 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DELFI ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` Latvijā pērn populārākie jaundzimušo vārdi nemainīgi - Roberts un Sofija '' . DELFI . ^ Jump up to : volksblatt.li ^ Jump up to : `` Populiariausi 2015 m. berniukų ir mergaičių vardai - Tėvų Darželis - Vaikas '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Luxemburger Wort '' . Wort.lu . ^ Jump up to : Автор : Ивет Царо ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Инспирирајте се од најпопуларните бебешки имиња Unique Magazine '' . Uniquemagazine.mk . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` https://nso.gov.mt/en/News_Releases/View_by_Unit/Unit_C3/Population_and_Tourism_Statistics/Documents/2015/News2015_112.pdf '' ( PDF ) . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Popular Baby Names in Moldova , 2016 '' . 14 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Victoria et Gabriel prénoms les plus attribués à Monaco en 2015 - France 3 Côte d'Azur '' . Jump up ^ `` Popis stanovnistva , domacinstava i stanova u Crnoj Gori 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Monstat.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sara i Luka najpopularnija imena u Podgorici - Vijesti online '' . Vijesti.me. 2013 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` de Sociale Verzekeringsbank ( SVB ) '' . www.svbkindernamen.nl . ^ Jump up to : `` NISRA - Demography '' . nisra.gov.uk . ^ Jump up to : Jørgen Ouren ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Navn - SSB '' . Ssb.no . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Polska , Grupa Wirtualna . `` Oto najpopularniejsze imiona w Polsce '' . Jump up ^ PÚBLICO . `` PÚBLICO '' . ^ Jump up to : `` TOP 10 cele mai populare nume la băieţi şi fete . Cum au ales românii , în 2014 , numele copiilor '' . Gandul.info . ^ Jump up to : `` Популярные имена среди новорожденных '' . ^ Jump up to : `` ЗАГСы России назвали самые популярные имена 2012 года '' . Happy-giraffe.ru . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/news/2016/olivia-and-jack-are-scotlands-top-baby-names ^ Jump up to : `` NAJPOPULARNIJA IMENA U Srbiji najčešće muško ime Nikola , u Velikoj Britaniji Muhamad '' . 2015 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : PEREX , a.s. `` Najobľúbenejšími menami sú stále Sofia a Jakub '' . Pravda.sk . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Najpogostejša imena rojenih v 2016 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` National Statistics Institute . ( n.d. ) '' . Ine.es . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sök på namn -- Hur många heter ... ? '' . Sverige i siffror . Jump up ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office . ( n.d. ) . ( 2 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Popular Given Names to Babies , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Turkish General Directorate of Population and Citizenships . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Popular Given Names , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Turkish General Directorate of Population and Citizenships . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Найпопулярніші дитячі імена 2014 року - Для дітей '' . ditey.com . Jump up ^ Eleanor , Martin , . `` Baby names in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics '' . www.ons.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Day.Az '' . Elpress.az . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Voornamen meisjes en jongens ( 2013 - 2015 ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bevolking - Voornamen van de volledige bevolking '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 100 najpopularnijih ženskih imena u Federaciji BiH u 2016 . godini '' . Značenje imena . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Eleanor , Martin , . `` Baby names in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics '' . www.ons.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Ελληνίδων ονόματα '' . Users.sch.gr . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cele mai populare prenume din 2014 în Moldova '' . Mamaplus . MD . Jump up ^ `` No país da Maria e do João , a Luana eo Diego estão a ganhar terreno '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Baby Names Australia 2015 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Olivia and Oliver remain NZ 's most popular baby names '' . Radio New Zealand . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 20 Māori boys ' and girls ' names for 2015 '' . New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs . 29 January 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` First names '' . tahiti guide . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Articles ( edit ) NamepediA Blog - Why Most European Names Ending in A are Female , article containing a brief history , and statistical charts about European female names ending in ' a ' or ' e ' . NamepediA Blog - The Exceptions : European Male Names Ending in A , article about the European Male names ending in ' a ' or ' e ' , with statistical charts . Government Statistics ( edit ) Australia Queensland list Australian Capital Territory list Northern Territory list South Australian list under Births Deaths & Marriages . Victorian list Western Australia Canada Alberta British Columbia United States Link to Social Security Administration which has stats on US baby names Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_popular_given_names&oldid=825173310 '' Categories : Lists of popular names Names by culture Given names Infancy Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 errors : external links Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Latina Norsk Polski Română Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 22 : 23 . 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what are the licensing laws in the uk

Alcohol Licensing laws of the United Kingdom

alcohol licensing laws of the united kingdom

The alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom regulate the sale and consumption of alcohol , with separate legislation for England and Wales , Northern Ireland and Scotland being passed , as necessary , by the UK parliament , the Northern Ireland Assembly , and the Scottish Parliament respectively .

Throughout the United Kingdom , the sale of alcohol is restricted -- pubs , restaurants , shops and other premises must be licensed by the local authority . In England , Wales and Scotland the authority to sell alcohol is divided into two parts -- the Premises Licence , which prescribes the times and conditions under which alcohol can be sold , and a Personal Licence which allows individuals to sell alcohol or authorise its sale by others . Every Premises Licence which authorises the sale of alcohol must also name a Designated Premises Supervisor ( Designated Premises Manager in Scotland ) ( `` DPS '' or `` DPM '' for short ) who must hold a valid Personal Licence -- otherwise alcohol can not be sold at that premises . The DPS has day - to - day responsibility for the sale of alcohol at licensed premises . Premises licences , in as far as they concern the sale of alcohol , can be categorised to include on - licences ( allowing consumption of alcohol on the premises ) and off - licences . However , these distinctions are not explicitly made in the Licensing Act 2003 , and the position in Scotland and Northern Ireland is more complex . Many on - licensed premises also permit off - sales . The age at which people are legally allowed to purchase alcohol is 18 in most circumstances . Adults purchasing alcohol on behalf of a person under 18 in a pub or from an off - licence are potentially liable to prosecution along with the vendor . However , legislation does allow for the consumption of alcohol by those under 18 in the following circumstances : The individual is aged 5 or older , and is at home or other private premises . The individual is aged 16 or 17 and the alcohol , which can only be beer , wine or cider , is consumed with a table meal . The person making the purchase must themselves be over 18 . The Licensing Act 2003 thoroughly revised and consolidated into one Act all the many separate legislative provisions that previously covered licensed premises in England and Wales . The Licensing ( Scotland ) Act 2005 brought the same reforms to Scotland . The same reforms have been proposed for Northern Ireland , but have not been enacted ; sale of alcohol there remains more strictly regulated than in Great Britain . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 On - licence 3 Off - licence 4 Licensing law in Northern Ireland 5 Licensing law in Scotland 6 Changes since 2005 6.1 Permitted hours 6.2 Drinking - up time 6.3 Scotland 6.4 Northern Ireland 6.5 Serving after 23 : 00 6.6 Licensing policies 6.7 Licensable activities ( England and Wales ) 6.8 Licensing objectives 6.9 Licensing authorities 6.10 Personal Licence 6.11 Local variations 7 Concerns 8 See also 9 References 10 External links 10.1 UK Legislation History ( edit ) Map Showing the Number of Public Houses in a District of Central London in 1899 In the mid-18th century , gin became extremely popular as it was much cheaper to buy than beer . This was known as the ' gin epidemic ' . By 1740 , six times more gin than beer was being produced , and of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London , half were gin - shops . The Gin Act 1736 imposed a prohibitively high duty on gin , but this caused rioting , and so the duty was gradually reduced and then abolished in 1742 . The Gin Act 1751 was more successful : instead of a tax it restricted gin producers to selling only to licensed premises . During the 19th century , licensing laws began to restrict the opening hours of premises . The Sunday Closing ( Wales ) Act 1881 required the closure of all public houses in Wales on Sundays . After the outbreak of World War I the Defence of the Realm Act was passed by Parliament in 1914 . One section of the Act concerned the hours pubs could sell alcohol , as it was believed that alcohol consumption would interfere with the war effort . It restricted opening hours for licensed premises to luncheon ( 12 : 00 to 14 : 40 ) and supper ( 18 : 30 to 21 : 30 ) . In the late 1980s the licensing laws in England and Wales became less restricted and allowed pubs to allow the consumption of alcohol on the premises from 11 : 00 until 23 : 00 , although nightclubs were allowed to stay open much later . Significantly revised rules were introduced in November 2005 , when hour limits were scrapped , and pubs were allowed to apply for licences as permissive as `` 24 hours a day '' . In practice , most pubs chose to apply for more restrictive licences . Traditionally , the phrase `` Last orders ! '' is still often used to announce the last opportunity to purchase drinks , typically ten or fifteen minutes in advance and is often announced via a bell . At the point when the bar will no longer serve drinks , the bar staff will announce `` Time at the bar ! '' , or `` Time , gentlemen , please ! '' ( again , either shouted or by use of a bell ) . The wartime restrictions in Scotland were repealed in 1976 . As a result , Scottish laws were generally less restrictive , with local authorities being allowed to determine opening hours . Most Scottish pubs now open until midnight , though this is not universal . On - licence ( edit ) On - licence describes an establishment where alcohol must be consumed at the point of sale , such as a pub , bar , nightclub or café . The name derives from the distinction between types of licence which could be granted -- a distinction now repealed in England and Wales , and repealed in Scotland in 2009 . In England and Wales , the magistrates would formerly grant either an `` off '' licence permitting the sale of intoxicating liquor for consumption only off the premises , or an `` on '' licence permitting sale for consumption on the premises -- which permitted , to a limited extent , off sales too : many public houses were permitted off sales , to sell sealed alcoholic drinks ( e.g. , unopened bottles of wine ) for consumption elsewhere . A restaurant licence was an on - licence with a restaurant condition attached . Until 2009 , in Scotland the types of licence were Hotel , Public House , Restricted Hotel , Restaurant , Entertainment , Off - Sale , and Refreshment licences . In Northern Ireland , there are numerous types of licence . Under the Licensing Act 2003 and the Licensing ( Scotland ) Act 2005 , there is only one type of premises licence , though the conditions placed on each one will determine whether on sales or off sales ( or both ) are permitted . The premises licence is granted to a person , and not to the establishment. Before the Licensing Act 2003 came into effect , there was a legal requirement to display the name of the licensee above the entrance to an on - licence location . The sign would typically say `` NAME OF LANDLORD licensed for the sale of alcoholic beverages for consumption on the premises '' . Under the 2003 Act , that requirement has been repealed ( though such signs are still often seen ) . Instead , the premises licence holder must ensure that the official summary of the licence ( or a certified copy ) is prominently displayed at the premises , as well as the name and position of any person nominated as the custodian of the summary premises licence . Off - licence ( edit ) Main article : Off licence Off - licence ( sometimes known as off - sales or informally offie ) is a term used in the United Kingdom and Ireland for a shop licensed to sell alcoholic beverages for consumption off the premises , as opposed to a bar or public house which is licensed for consumption at the point of sale ( on - licence ) . The term also applies to the licence granted to the establishment itself . Off - licences typically are specialist shops , convenience stores , parts of supermarkets , or attached to bars and pubs . Prices are usually substantially lower than in bars or pubs . In the United Kingdom , the `` off - licence '' status of a shop could once be used as a device to circumvent restrictive trading laws , particularly those concerning Sunday trading . Depending on local by - laws , shops might be either required to close at 12 : 00 once a week , or else not be allowed to trade in the evening . Shops with an off - licence made their hours similar to those of public houses , opening during lunch hours and from early evening to the mandatory closing time , usually 22 : 30 or 23 : 00 . The Sunday Trading Act 1994 altered the situation somewhat . Licensing law in Northern Ireland ( edit ) In Northern Ireland , legislation is more restrictive than in Great Britain -- a reaction to social problems at the beginning of the 20th century . Only a limited number of licences are available for pubs and off - licences ; any new pub or off - licence wanting to sell alcohol must wait until an existing one surrenders its licence ( known as the surrender principle ) . Licences are granted and administered by the courts , not elected local authorities ; the courts have no guidance to assist in the practical application of the law . A new licence is granted by the County Court and will only be granted on the surrender principle , and only if the court is satisfied that the existing number of licensed premises is not already adequate ( the need principle ) . The transfer of a licence is a matter for the magistrates ' courts . There are currently twelve categories of premises that may be licensed to sell alcohol , amongst which are pubs , off - licences , and certain businesses where the sale of alcohol is ancillary to the main business . Licensing law in Scotland ( edit ) Scotland has had separate licensing laws dating back to the 18th century . The current legislation is the Licensing ( Scotland ) Act 2005 , which replaced the Licensing ( Scotland ) Act 1976 on 1 September 2009 . The replaced licensing laws provided for seven types of liquor licence , and were administered by licensing boards , made up of councillors elected to the local authority . There were approximately 30 licensing boards in Scotland and each had its own distinct approach ; for example , whilst there is a set `` permitted hours '' across Scotland , these were frequently extended in order to take account of early morning and late night trading , and each licensing board had its own views on what sort of extra hours a premises should be given . As of 1 February 2008 , Scotland entered a `` transitional period '' in the run - up to the commencement of new licensing legislation -- the Licensing ( Scotland ) Act 2005 . The 2005 Act is , in many respects , similar to the English Licensing Act 2003 : it features the four English licensing objectives , but adds another : `` protecting and improving public health '' . The Act creates one class of licence -- the premises licence -- and also introduces personal licences for those working in the trade . The administration continues to be carried out by licensing boards , but the Act has created new `` Licensing Forums '' in order to increase community involvement , and `` Licensing Standards Officers '' who have an information , mediation , and compliance role . The legislation in Scotland regarding the sale of alcohol is different from the rest of the UK and England in particular . The Alcohol etc . ( Scotland ) Act 2010 has amended the core hours during which stores and supermarkets can sell alcohol . Scotland currently restricts the purchase of alcohol to between the hours of 10 : 00 and 22 : 00 . One major change is that Sunday opening hours can be changed to match the rest of the UK , allowing sales from 10 : 00 , rather than 12 : 30 with the 1976 Act . Changes since 2005 ( edit ) Main article : Licensing Act 2003 On 10 July 2003 the Licensing Act 2003 was granted Royal Assent and replaced the previous licensing laws for England and Wales , regulated under several different Acts , with a single unified system covering a range of `` regulated activities '' . Rules as to when establishments can open , for how long , and under what criteria are now not laid down in statute but are individual to the premises and are contained in the conditions on each premises licence . The powers of the 2003 Act came fully into force on 24 November 2005 . Permitted hours ( edit ) Some long - standing traditions ( indeed , legal requirements ) have disappeared as a consequence . First , `` permitted hours '' gained a new meaning . Until the 2003 Act came into force on 24 November 2005 , permitted hours were a standard legal constraint : for example , serving alcohol after 23 : 00 meant that a licensing extension had to exist -- either permanent ( as for nightclubs , for example ) , or by special application from the licensee concerned for a particular occasion . There was also a customary general derogation permitting a modest extension on particular dates , such as New Year 's Eve and some other Public Holidays . Licensees did not need to apply for these and could take advantage of them if they wished without any formality . Now , permitted hours are theoretically continuous : it is possible for a premises licence to be held which allows 24 - hour opening , and indeed some do exist . Most licensed premises do not go this far , but many applied for licences in 2005 that allowed them longer opening hours than before . However , as in the past , there is no obligation for licensees to use all the time permitted to them . Premises that still close ( for commercial reasons ) at 23 : 00 during most of the week may well have licences permitting them to remain open longer , perhaps for several hours . Staying open after 23 : 00 on the spur of the moment is therefore legal at such premises if the licensee decides to do so -- perhaps because custom happens to be good . Of course , the service of alcohol must still cease when the actual licence closing time arrives . Only the holder of the comparatively rare true `` 24 - hour '' licence has complete freedom in this respect . Drinking - up time ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The consumption of alcohol itself is not considered a `` licensable activity '' under the new Licensing Act . Therefore , `` drinking - up time '' ( DUT ) has no legal meaning and has disappeared . For many years ten minutes ( and later extended to twenty minutes ) was the legal dispensation which allowed the consumption of alcohol to continue after the official closing time , which in recent times meant that customers could still drink what they had already bought until 23 : 20 , subject to the licensee 's discretion . After that time consumption had to also stop . With the end of standard permitted hours , this concession became irrelevant and there is no mention of DUT in the 2003 Act . Instead , applicants for premises licences can specify the maximum period ( their `` Opening Hours '' ) for which they wish to allow their customers to stay after the time at which the sale of alcohol ends ( `` the terminal hour '' ) within their Operating Schedule . Some licences do not specify opening hours at all , which allows an unspecified drinking up time , determined only by the licensee 's discretion . In contrast , some licensees call for `` last orders '' twenty minutes ( or more ) before the end of the opening hours specified on their premises ' licence . Scotland ( edit ) Licensing law in Scotland was overhauled by the Licensing ( Scotland ) Act 2005 , which came into force in September 2009 following a transition period starting in February 2008 . The new system covers alcohol sales only , but otherwise is , in most particulars , identical to the system created in England and Wales by the Licensing Act 2003 . There are a number of significant differences , such as a `` duty to trade '' and attempts to control the irresponsible sale of alcohol through curbs on price discounting and other promotions which may lead to excessive consumption . Northern Ireland ( edit ) Licensing proposals in Northern Ireland were first announced by the Northern Ireland Office in 2004 , leading to a consultation in 2005 , again very similar to the Scottish and English Acts . The proposals triggered much initial opposition , even from some parts of the licensed trade . These proposals are not currently proceeding . Under the proposed rules , all premises where regulated activities are carried out must be authorised by a premises licence . Where alcohol is sold the premises must have a designated premises supervisor , who himself must hold a personal licence . There is a parallel system for the registration of private clubs which sell alcohol to members , and which require a club registration certificate . Serving after 23 : 00 ( edit ) Part of the changes since 2005 allow pubs to serve alcohol past 23 : 00 ; this particular part of the legislation was , and remains , very controversial due to the perceived increase in potential for binge drinking and the effects the change will have on social dynamics . However , the new law 's defenders have claimed that the relatively early 23 : 00 closing time itself contributed to binge drinking , as patrons hurried to drink before closing time . Labour also claimed that the fixed closing time contributed to social disorder , as drunken pub patrons were forced into the street at the same time . Both the Conservative Party and Liberal Democrats unsuccessfully called for a delay in the implementation of this law . Licensing policies ( edit ) Each licensing authority must adopt a licensing policy , which gives guidance on when licences will be granted and the conditions and permitted hours likely to be imposed on a premises licence in various circumstances . Licensable activities ( England and Wales ) ( edit ) The Licensing Act 2003 defines `` licensable activities '' as : the retail sale of alcohol , the supply of alcohol in clubs , the provision of late night refreshment , and the provision of regulated entertainment In turn , `` regulated entertainment '' is defined as : a performance of a play , an exhibition of a film , an indoor sporting event , a boxing or wrestling entertainment ( both indoors and outdoors ) , a performance of live music , any playing of recorded music , or a performance of dance entertainment of a similar description to that falling in the previous three categories listed above . There are many exemption categories and qualifications to the above definitions , particularly in respect of Regulated Entertainment and Late Night Refreshment . As a result of changes by the Live Music Act 2012 , for example , live music in on - licensed premises is no longer a licensable activity between 08 : 00 and 23 : 00 hours before audiences of up to 200 people . Similarly performances of plays and of dance are not licensable before audiences of up to 500 people and indoor sporting events up to 1000 people . These changes , brought in from 2013 , coupled with the Live Music Act in 2012 , display a readiness by the Coalition Government to deregulate the prescriptive and sometimes confusing definitions of Regulated Entertainment stated above ( although it should be noted that the Live Music Act was a Private Members ' Bill sponsored by Lord Clement - Jones and drafted by Poppleston Allen Solicitors which was subsequently supported by the Government ) . `` Late night refreshment '' is defined as : the supply of hot food or drink ( that is , food or drink that is either served at , or has been heated on the premises to , a point above ambient temperature ) to the public for consumption , both on or off the premises , between 23 : 00 and 05 : 00 . Licensing objectives ( edit ) The licensing authority , in considering any application for a licence or for a variation must have regard to `` the licensing objectives '' : England and Wales Scotland ( Northern Ireland proposals ) The prevention of crime and disorder ; Public safety ; The prevention of public nuisance ; and The protection of children from harm . Preventing crime and disorder . Securing public safety . Preventing public nuisance . Protecting and improving public health . Protecting children from harm . Promotion of public health . Promotion of public safety . Prevention of crime and disorder . Prevention of public nuisance . Protection of children from harm . Fair treatment of all stakeholders Licensing authorities ( edit ) The licensing authorities are local councils . In two - tier parts of England and Wales , these are the district or borough councils and elsewhere the unitary authority is the licensing authority . In Scotland each council has a Licensing Board to act as licensing authority . For a premises licence , the licensing authority is the council for the place where the premises are located ; where they straddle a boundary , the applicant may choose either one . For a personal licence , it is the licensing authority in whose area the applicant lives . The Licensing Authority is also responsible for the issue of a Personal Licence . Personal licence ( edit ) The Personal Licence allows an individual to sell alcohol or authorise its sale by others . A Personal Licence applicant must , prior to making an application , pass an exam , known as the Award for Personal Licence Holders ( APLH ) The APLH exam is a 40 - question , multiple - choice paper , in which the applicant must achieve a score of 28 out of 40 , or 70 percent . The applicant must also obtain `` Basic Disclosure '' which details any unspent convictions . Upon application and if the applicant has no unspent relevant convictions the licensing authority must grant a Personal Licence , now with no expiry date attached . If relevant convictions are disclosed then the Licensing Authority must send a copy of the application to the local Police , who can object within 14 days . A hearing may then follow . The applicant must make his application to the licensing authority where he ordinarily resides . Any changes to the Personal Licence thereafter ( for example , name or address ) must be notified to that original licensing authority , even if the Personal Licence Holder ( `` PLH '' ) has subsequently moved out of the area . Failure to do so is a criminal offence . A PLH , if charged with a relevant criminal offence , must tell the court at the first appearance that he / she is a Holder of a Personal Licence . Failure to do so is a criminal offence . If the PLH is convicted of the original offence the Court can suspend or forfeit the personal licence . A Personal Licence is valid : In England and Wales , for 10 years . The Government has announced also an intention to remove the requirement to renew personal licences which , if enacted before 2015 will eliminate the need for any renewals . In Scotland , also 10 years but after 5 years the licence holder must satisfy the local licensing board that he or she has passed a refresher course . In Northern Ireland , also 10 years and under substantially stricter conditions as the Licensing Authorities in England , Wales , and Scotland . A Personal Licence granted in one jurisdiction is not valid in another . A Designated Premises Supervisor ( DPS ) is required to be a PLH . The DPS ( or Designated Premises Manager in Scotland ) is responsible for the day - to - day running of the licensed premises . Local variations ( edit ) Local authorities have decided whether or not on a local basis to exercise their power to introduce specific restrictions on outdoor drinking . For example , Reading Borough Council is among authorities to have emulated the conditions of Transport for London that ban drinking in certain locations and the carrying of open alcohol in parts of Reading town centre . The open alcohol container ban and ban on alcohol consumption outright sets a lower threshold than being drunk or drunk and disorderly in a public place . Concerns ( edit ) While the reforms from 2005 were intended to reduce `` binge drinking '' , reports have variously claimed that the situation in England and Wales has not improved , or that it has become even worse . This has prompted a Parliamentary investigation . The Department of Culture , Media and Sport concludes that the position presents `` a mixed picture '' . Perceived problems in England and Wales shaped a slightly different approach in the Licensing ( Scotland ) Act 2005 . Most licensed premises are now following the Challenge 21 rule , which helps with avoiding selling to under age people . When a shop assistant believes that the person may be under 21 , then they will ask the customer to prove that they are over 18 . Challenge 25 ( or older ) was made mandatory in Scotland by the Alcohol etc . ( Scotland ) Act 2010 . See also ( edit ) Temperance ( Scotland ) Act 1913 Prohibition ( Laws in different countries ) List of public house topics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The law on alcohol and under 18s '' . www.drinkaware.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Dean . The Ultimate Drinking Games Book ; Carlton Books Ltd . ( Bristol , England ) ( 1998 ) pg. 298 Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - On tap at British pubs : Later last call '' . Jump up ^ Subsection 57 ( 3 ) Licensing Act 2003 Jump up ^ Scottish Government : New licensing laws come into force Jump up ^ Licensing ( Scotland ) Act 2005 Jump up ^ BBC staff ( 24 November 2005 ) . `` on This Day : 24 November 2005 : Pubs open 24 hours '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Licensing ( Scotland ) Act 2005 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Liquor Licensing -- The Way Forward ( Department for Social Development ( Northern Ireland ) ) Archived 1 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 24 - hour pub opening ' a disaster ' '' . 18 October 2005 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ MorningAdvertiser.co.uk . `` Pub News & Pub Property Search for the UK pub trade '' . Jump up ^ John , Henry ( 1 July 2012 ) . `` Alcohol , Drinks , Booze & Beer Delivery Areas '' . www.booze-up.com . United Kingdom . p. 26 . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ministerial Statement `` Reform of Liquor Licensing '' 20 July 2006 Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` WSTA '' . Jump up ^ There is currently no suggestion of what `` fair treatment of all stakeholders '' means Jump up ^ `` Plans to extend anti-booze zone - News - getreading - Reading Post '' . getreading. 6 November 2008 . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) MPs to review Licensing Act Jump up ^ `` Written ministerial statement by Andy Burnham on the Evaluation of the impact of the Licensing Act 2003 - Publications - GOV.UK '' . External links ( edit ) BBC News : ' No demand ' for all - day drinking The Observer : Police fear chaos over pub hours Proposed changes to Scottish Licensing laws Scottish Licensing Law Journal Database of 24 Hour Off Licences Transcripts of British licensing laws 1552 - 1904 UK legislation ( edit ) Text of the Licensing Act 2003 - England & Wales as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Alcohol - related topics by country Countries Afghanistan Australia Indonesia Iran Malaysia New Zealand Sudan Cultures Australia Korea Types Canada Chinese Sweden Laws Australia Canada Iceland India Prohibition Germany Russia Consumption United Kingdom United States Youth consumption Commons Category English law Core subjects UK Constitution Administrative law Criminal law Contract Tort Property Trusts European Union law Further subjects Company law Competition law Labour law Commercial law Procedure Family law Courts of England and Wales Related systems Law of the United Kingdom Northern Ireland law Scots law Welsh law Australian law British Virgin Islands law Canadian law Hong Kong law Indian law New Zealand law Singaporean law United States law Anglo - Saxon law Common law Equity English case law Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_licensing_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=804723043 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United Kingdom Pubs in the United Kingdom Drinking culture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 19 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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list of chief minister of india in hindi

State ( past chief ministers ) Name Portrait Took office ( tenure length ) Party Ref Andhra Pradesh ( list ) N. Chandrababu Naidu 8 June 2014 ( 7003152700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 66 days ) Telugu Desam Party Arunachal Pradesh ( list ) Pema Khandu 17 July 2016 ( 7002757000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 27 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Assam ( list ) Sarbananda Sonowal 24 May 2016 ( 7002811000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 81 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Bihar ( list ) Nitish Kumar 22 February 2015 ( 7003126800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 172 days ) Janata Dal ( United ) Chhattisgarh ( list ) Raman Singh 7 December 2003 ( 7003536300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 249 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Delhi ( list ) Arvind Kejriwal 14 February 2015 ( 7003127600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 180 days ) Aam Aadmi Party Goa ( list ) Manohar Parrikar 14 March 2017 ( 7002517000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 152 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Gujarat ( list ) Vijay Rupani 7 August 2016 ( 7002736000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 6 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Haryana ( list ) Manohar Lal Khattar 26 October 2014 ( 7003138700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 291 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Himachal Pradesh ( list ) Jai Ram Thakur 27 December 2017 ( 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Jammu and Kashmir ( list ) Vacant ( Governor 's rule ) 20 June 2018 ( 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 days ) N / A Jharkhand ( list ) Raghubar Das 28 December 2014 ( 7003132400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 228 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Karnataka ( list ) H.D. Kumaraswamy 23 May 2018 ( 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 days ) Janata Dal ( Secular ) Kerala ( list ) Pinarayi Vijayan 25 May 2016 ( 7002810000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 80 days ) Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Madhya Pradesh ( list ) Shivraj Singh Chouhan 29 November 2005 ( 7003464000000000000 ♠ 12 years , 257 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Maharashtra ( list ) Devendra Fadnavis 31 October 2014 ( 7003138200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 286 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Manipur ( list ) N. Biren Singh 15 March 2017 ( 7002516000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 151 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Meghalaya ( list ) Conrad Sangma 6 March 2018 ( 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 days ) National People 's Party Mizoram ( list ) Lal Thanhawla 7 December 2008 ( 7003353600000000000 ♠ 9 years , 249 days ) Indian National Congress Nagaland ( list ) Neiphiu Rio 8 March 2018 ( 7002158000000000000 ♠ 158 days ) Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party Odisha ( list ) Naveen Patnaik 5 March 2000 ( 7003673500000000000 ♠ 18 years , 161 days ) Biju Janata Dal Puducherry ( list ) V. Narayanasamy 6 June 2016 ( 7002798000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 68 days ) Indian National Congress Punjab ( list ) Amarinder Singh 16 March 2017 ( 7002515000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 150 days ) Indian National Congress Rajasthan ( list ) Vasundhara Raje 13 December 2013 ( 7003170400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 243 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Sikkim ( list ) Pawan Kumar Chamling 12 December 1994 ( 7003864500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 244 days ) Sikkim Democratic Front Tamil Nadu ( list ) Edappadi K. Palaniswami 16 February 2017 ( 7002543000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 178 days ) All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Telangana ( list ) K. Chandrashekhar Rao 2 June 2014 ( 7003153300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 72 days ) Telangana Rashtra Samithi Tripura ( list ) Biplab Kumar Deb 9 March 2018 ( 157 Days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Uttar Pradesh ( list ) Yogi Adityanath 19 March 2017 ( 7002512000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 147 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Uttarakhand ( list ) Trivendra Singh Rawat 18 March 2017 ( 7002513000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 148 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party West Bengal ( list ) Mamata Banerjee 20 May 2011 ( 7003264200000000000 ♠ 7 years , 85 days ) All India Trinamool Congress

List of current Indian Chief ministers

list of current indian chief ministers

Indian states according to party of their chief minister Bharatiya Janata Party Indian National Congress Other parties Governor 's rule In the Republic of India , a chief minister is the head of government of each of twenty - nine states and two union territories ( Delhi and Puducherry ) . According to the Constitution of India , at the state - level , the governor is de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the state legislative assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given he has the assembly 's confidence , the chief minister 's term is usually for a maximum of five years ; there are no limits to the number of terms he / she can serve . Since June 2018 , the office of Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir has been vacant ; Governor 's rule is in force there . Of the thirty incumbents , two are women -- Mamata Banerjee in West Bengal and Vasundhara Raje in Rajasthan . Serving since December 1994 ( for 23 years , 244 days ) , Sikkim 's Pawan Kumar Chamling has the longest incumbency . Amarinder Singh ( b . 1942 ) of Punjab is the oldest chief minister while Arunachal Pradesh 's Pema Khandu ( b . 1979 ) is the youngest . Fifteen incumbents belong to the Bharatiya Janata Party and three to the Indian National Congress ; no other party has more than one chief minister in office . Current Indian Chief ministers ( edit ) Colour key for parties Aam Aadmi Party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam All India Trinamool Congress Bharatiya Janata Party Biju Janata Dal Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Indian National Congress Janata Dal ( Secular ) Janata Dal ( United ) Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party National People 's Party Sikkim Democratic Front Telangana Rashtra Samithi Telugu Desam Party N / A ( Governor 's rule ) State ( past chief ministers ) Name Portrait Took office ( tenure length ) Party Ref Andhra Pradesh ( list ) N. Chandrababu Naidu 8 June 2014 ( 7003152700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 66 days ) Telugu Desam Party Arunachal Pradesh ( list ) Pema Khandu 17 July 2016 ( 7002757000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 27 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Assam ( list ) Sarbananda Sonowal 24 May 2016 ( 7002811000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 81 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Bihar ( list ) Nitish Kumar 22 February 2015 ( 7003126800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 172 days ) Janata Dal ( United ) Chhattisgarh ( list ) Raman Singh 7 December 2003 ( 7003536300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 249 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Delhi ( list ) Arvind Kejriwal 14 February 2015 ( 7003127600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 180 days ) Aam Aadmi Party Goa ( list ) Manohar Parrikar 14 March 2017 ( 7002517000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 152 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Gujarat ( list ) Vijay Rupani 7 August 2016 ( 7002736000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 6 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Haryana ( list ) Manohar Lal Khattar 26 October 2014 ( 7003138700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 291 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Himachal Pradesh ( list ) Jai Ram Thakur 27 December 2017 ( 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Jammu and Kashmir ( list ) Vacant ( Governor 's rule ) 20 June 2018 ( 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 days ) N / A Jharkhand ( list ) Raghubar Das 28 December 2014 ( 7003132400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 228 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Karnataka ( list ) H.D. Kumaraswamy 23 May 2018 ( 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 days ) Janata Dal ( Secular ) Kerala ( list ) Pinarayi Vijayan 25 May 2016 ( 7002810000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 80 days ) Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Madhya Pradesh ( list ) Shivraj Singh Chouhan 29 November 2005 ( 7003464000000000000 ♠ 12 years , 257 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Maharashtra ( list ) Devendra Fadnavis 31 October 2014 ( 7003138200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 286 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Manipur ( list ) N. Biren Singh 15 March 2017 ( 7002516000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 151 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Meghalaya ( list ) Conrad Sangma 6 March 2018 ( 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 days ) National People 's Party Mizoram ( list ) Lal Thanhawla 7 December 2008 ( 7003353600000000000 ♠ 9 years , 249 days ) Indian National Congress Nagaland ( list ) Neiphiu Rio 8 March 2018 ( 7002158000000000000 ♠ 158 days ) Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party Odisha ( list ) Naveen Patnaik 5 March 2000 ( 7003673500000000000 ♠ 18 years , 161 days ) Biju Janata Dal Puducherry ( list ) V. Narayanasamy 6 June 2016 ( 7002798000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 68 days ) Indian National Congress Punjab ( list ) Amarinder Singh 16 March 2017 ( 7002515000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 150 days ) Indian National Congress Rajasthan ( list ) Vasundhara Raje 13 December 2013 ( 7003170400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 243 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Sikkim ( list ) Pawan Kumar Chamling 12 December 1994 ( 7003864500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 244 days ) Sikkim Democratic Front Tamil Nadu ( list ) Edappadi K. Palaniswami 16 February 2017 ( 7002543000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 178 days ) All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Telangana ( list ) K. Chandrashekhar Rao 2 June 2014 ( 7003153300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 72 days ) Telangana Rashtra Samithi Tripura ( list ) Biplab Kumar Deb 9 March 2018 ( 157 Days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Uttar Pradesh ( list ) Yogi Adityanath 19 March 2017 ( 7002512000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 147 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Uttarakhand ( list ) Trivendra Singh Rawat 18 March 2017 ( 7002513000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 148 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party West Bengal ( list ) Mamata Banerjee 20 May 2011 ( 7003264200000000000 ♠ 7 years , 85 days ) All India Trinamool Congress Jump up ^ This column names only the chief minister 's party . The ministry he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents ; those are not listed here . ^ Jump up to : Although Delhi and Puducherry each have an elected legislature and a council of ministers ( headed by the chief minister ) , they are officially union territories . Jump up ^ Similar to President 's rule , Governor 's rule is imposed as per Section 92 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir . See also ( edit ) List of current Indian governors List of current Indian opposition leaders List of female Indian chief ministers List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party List of chief ministers from the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th edition , 2011 reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Pema Khandu : India 's youngest Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Chief Ministers . India.gov.in . Retrieved on 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naidu takes oath as Andhra Pradesh CM '' . The Hindu . 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pema Khandu sworn in as Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh '' . The Hindu . 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BJP forms govt in Arunachal Pradesh '' . The Hindu . 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sarbananda Sonowal sworn in as first BJP CM of Assam '' . The Hindu . 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Arun ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` Grand Alliance to NDA : Nitish Kumar changes partner , continues as Bihar CM '' . Hindustan Times . Patna . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Aarti Dhar . `` Raman Singh takes oath '' . The Hindu . 8 December 2003 . Jump up ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran , Shubhomoy Sikdar . `` Kejriwal promises to make Delhi graft - free in 5 years '' . The Hindu . 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Nistula Hebbar , Prakash Kamat . `` Parrikar takes oath in Goa as SC declines Cong . plea '' . The Hindu . 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahesh Langa . `` Vijay Rupani sworn in ; Gujarat Cabinet bears Shah 's stamp '' . The Hindu . 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarabjit Pandher . `` Khattar sworn in '' . The Hindu . 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jai Ram Thakur sworn in as Himachal Chief Minister '' . The Indian Express . 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bharti Jain . `` Governor 's rule imposed in Jammu & Kashmir '' . The Times of India . 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Governor 's rule imposed in Jammu and Kashmir '' . The Hindu . 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Amarnath Tewary . `` Raghuvar Das assumes office as CM '' . The Hindu . 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kumaraswamy sworn in ; floor test tomorrow '' . The Hindu . 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ C. Gouridasan Nair . `` Pinarayi takes charge as Kerala Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shivraj Chauhan sworn in Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 30 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Priyanka Kakodkar . `` Uddhav attends Fadnavis swearing - in '' . The Hindu . 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Isha Gupta . `` BJP leader Biren Singh sworn in as Manipur Chief Minister '' . India Today . 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Shiv Sahay Singh . `` Conrad Sangma sworn - in as Meghalaya CM '' . The Hindu . 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lal Thanhawla sworn in as Mizoram chief minister '' . The Times of India . 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar . `` Neiphiu Rio takes charge as Nagaland Chief Minister again '' . The Hindu . 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ N. Ramdas . `` Naveen Govt . installed '' . The Hindu . 6 March 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Puducherry : V Narayanasamy sworn in as Chief Minister '' . The Indian Express . 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amarinder Singh sworn in as Punjab CM '' . The Hindu . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vasundhara swearing - in , a show of strength '' . The Hindu . 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pawan Chamling to be longest serving Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ T. Ramakrishnan . `` Edappadi Palaniswami sworn in as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ K. Srinivas Reddy . `` KCR sworn in ; heads cabinet of 11 ministers '' . The Hindu . 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar . `` Biplab Kumar Deb sworn in as Tripura CM '' . The Hindu . 9 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yogi Adityanath takes oath as Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Kavita Upadhyay . `` Trivendra Singh Rawat takes oath as Uttarakhand Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mamata , 37 Ministers sworn in '' . The Hindu . 21 May 2011 . Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Vacant Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka H.D. Kumaraswamy Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_Indian_chief_ministers&oldid=852361697 '' Categories : Lists of current office - holders of country subdivisions Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Lists of current office - holders in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Featured lists Use dmy dates from May 2016 Talk About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch Español ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली संस्कृतम् தமிழ் 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 12 : 49 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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what major idea was embraced by american transcendentalist authors

Transcendentalism

transcendentalism

Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States . It arose as a reaction to protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time . The doctrine of the Unitarian church as taught at Harvard Divinity School was of particular interest .

Transcendentalism emerged from `` English and German Romanticism , the Biblical criticism of Johann Gottfried Herder and Friedrich Schleiermacher , the skepticism of David Hume '' , and the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant and German Idealism . Miller and Versluis regard Emanuel Swedenborg as a pervasive influence on transcendentalism . It was also strongly influenced by Hindu texts on philosophy of the mind and spirituality , especially the Upanishads . A core belief of transcendentalism is in the inherent goodness of people and nature . Adherents believe that society and its institutions have corrupted the purity of the individual , and they have faith that people are at their best when truly `` self - reliant '' and independent . Transcendentalism emphasizes subjective intuition over objective empiricism . Adherents believe that individuals are capable of generating completely original insights with little attention and deference to past masters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Transcendental Club 3 Second wave of transcendentalists 4 Beliefs 4.1 Transcendental knowledge 4.2 Individualism 4.3 Indian religions 4.4 Idealism 5 Influence on other movements 6 Major figures 7 Criticism 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Origin ( edit ) Transcendentalism is closely related to Unitarianism , the dominant religious movement in Boston in the early nineteenth century . It started to develop after Unitarianism took hold at Harvard University , following the elections of Henry Ware as the Hollis Professor of Divinity in 1805 and of John Thornton Kirkland as President in 1810 . Transcendentalism was not a rejection of Unitarianism ; rather , it developed as an organic consequence of the Unitarian emphasis on free conscience and the value of intellectual reason . The transcendentalists were not content with the sobriety , mildness , and calm rationalism of Unitarianism . Instead , they longed for a more intense spiritual experience . Thus , transcendentalism was not born as a counter-movement to Unitarianism , but as a parallel movement to the very ideas introduced by the Unitarians . Transcendental Club ( edit ) Ralph Waldo Emerson Transcendentalism became a coherent movement and a sacred organization with the founding of the Transcendental Club in Cambridge , Massachusetts , on September 8 , 1836 by prominent New England intellectuals , including George Putnam ( 1807 -- 78 , the Unitarian minister in Roxbury ) , Ralph Waldo Emerson , and Frederic Henry Hedge . From 1840 , the group frequently published in their journal The Dial , along with other venues . Second wave of transcendentalists ( edit ) By the late 1840s , Emerson believed that the movement was dying out , and even more so after the death of Margaret Fuller in 1850 . `` All that can be said , '' Emerson wrote , `` is that she represents an interesting hour and group in American cultivation . '' There was , however , a second wave of transcendentalists , including Moncure Conway , Octavius Brooks Frothingham , Samuel Longfellow and Franklin Benjamin Sanborn . Notably , the transgression of the spirit , most often evoked by the poet 's prosaic voice , is said to endow in the reader a sense of purposefulness . This is the underlying theme in the majority of transcendentalist essays and papers -- all of which are centered on subjects which assert a love for individual expression . Though the group was mostly made up of struggling aesthetes , the wealthiest among them was Samuel Gray Ward , who , after a few contributions to The Dial , focused on his banking career . Beliefs ( edit ) Transcendentalists are strong believers in the power of the individual . It focuses primarily on personal freedom . Their beliefs are closely linked with those of the Romantics , but differ by an attempt to embrace or , at least , to not oppose the empiricism of science . Transcendental knowledge ( edit ) Transcendentalists desire to ground their religion and philosophy in principles based upon the German Romanticism of Herder and Schleiermacher . Transcendentalism merged `` English and German Romanticism , the Biblical criticism of Herder and Schleiermacher , and the skepticism of Hume '' , and the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant ( and of German Idealism more generally ) , interpreting Kant 's a priori categories as a priori knowledge . Early transcendentalists were largely unacquainted with German philosophy in the original and relied primarily on the writings of Thomas Carlyle , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Victor Cousin , Germaine de Staël , and other English and French commentators for their knowledge of it . The transcendental movement can be described as an American outgrowth of English Romanticism . Individualism ( edit ) Transcendentalists believe that society and its institutions -- particularly organized religion and political parties -- corrupt the purity of the individual . They have faith that people are at their best when truly `` self - reliant '' and independent . It is only from such real individuals that true community can form . Even with this necessary individuality , transcendentalists also believe that all people are outlets for the `` Over-soul . '' Because the Over-soul is one , this unites all people as one being . Emerson alludes to this concept in the introduction of the American Scholar address , `` that there is One Man , - present to all particular men only partially , or through one faculty ; and that you must take the whole society to find the whole man . '' Such an ideal is in harmony with Transcendentalist individualism , as each person is empowered to behold within him or herself a piece of the divine Over-soul . Indian religions ( edit ) Transcendentalism has been directly influenced by Indian religions . Thoreau in Walden spoke of the Transcendentalists ' debt to Indian religions directly : Henry David Thoreau In the morning I bathe my intellect in the stupendous and cosmogonal philosophy of the Bhagavat Geeta , since whose composition years of the gods have elapsed , and in comparison with which our modern world and its literature seem puny and trivial ; and I doubt if that philosophy is not to be referred to a previous state of existence , so remote is its sublimity from our conceptions . I lay down the book and go to my well for water , and lo ! there I meet the servant of the Brahmin , priest of Brahma , and Vishnu and Indra , who still sits in his temple on the Ganges reading the Vedas , or dwells at the root of a tree with his crust and water - jug . I meet his servant come to draw water for his master , and our buckets as it were grate together in the same well . The pure Walden water is mingled with the sacred water of the Ganges . In 1844 , the first English translation of the Lotus Sutra was included in The Dial , a publication of the New England Transcendentalists , translated from French by Elizabeth Palmer Peabody . Idealism ( edit ) Transcendentalists differ in their interpretations of the practical aims of will . Some adherents link it with utopian social change ; Brownson , for example , connected it with early socialism , but others consider it an exclusively individualist and idealist project . Emerson believed the latter ; in his 1842 lecture `` The Transcendentalist '' , he suggested that the goal of a purely transcendental outlook on life was impossible to attain in practice : You will see by this sketch that there is no such thing as a transcendental party ; that there is no pure transcendentalist ; that we know of no one but prophets and heralds of such a philosophy ; that all who by strong bias of nature have leaned to the spiritual side in doctrine , have stopped short of their goal . We have had many harbingers and forerunners ; but of a purely spiritual life , history has afforded no example . I mean , we have yet no man who has leaned entirely on his character , and eaten angels ' food ; who , trusting to his sentiments , found life made of miracles ; who , working for universal aims , found himself fed , he knew not how ; clothed , sheltered , and weaponed , he knew not how , and yet it was done by his own hands ... Shall we say , then , that transcendentalism is the Saturnalia or excess of Faith ; the presentiment of a faith proper to man in his integrity , excessive only when his imperfect obedience hinders the satisfaction of his wish . Influence on other movements ( edit ) Part of a series of articles on New Thought Beliefs ( show ) Affirmative prayer Creative visualization Divinity Higher consciousness Glossary of New Thought terms History of New Thought Huna Law of Attraction Metaphysics New Thought beliefs New Thought literature Omnipresence Positive thinking Prosperity theology Movement ( show ) Denominations Divine Science Jewish Science Religious Science Seicho - no - Ie Unity Churches Affiliated New Thought Network Agape International Spiritual Center Centers for Spiritual Living Church of the Truth International New Thought Alliance Universal Foundation for Better Living Schools Emerson Theological Institute Unity Village , Missouri Other groups Affiliated New Thought Network Association for Global New Thought Home of Truth International Divine Science Association International New Thought Alliance League for the Larger Life New Civilization Church The Infinite Way People ( show ) List of New Thought writers Historical William Walker Atkinson Nona L. Brooks H. Emilie Cady Dale Carnegie Robert Collier Malinda Cramer Julius Dresser Horatio Dresser Henry Drummond Mary Baker Eddy Warren Felt Evans Charles Fillmore Myrtle Fillmore Perry Joseph Green Charles F. Haanel Frank Channing Haddock Napoleon Hill Emmet Fox Ernest Holmes Fenwicke Holmes Emma Curtis Hopkins Christian D. Larson Phineas Parkhurst Quimby Elizabeth Towne Ralph Waldo Trine Three Initiates Thomas Troward Wallace Wattles Lilian Whiting Ella Wheeler Wilcox Modern Michael Beckwith Kate Atkinson Boehme Rhonda Byrne Terry Cole - Whittaker Wayne Dyer Matthew Fox James Dillet Freeman Thaddeus Golas Joel S. Goldsmith Stuart Grayson Louise Hay Esther and Jerry Hicks Jean Houston Byron Katie A.K. Mozumdar Caroline Myss Earl Nightingale Catherine Ponder Della Reese Florence Scovel Shinn Samuel Smiles Masaharu Taniguchi Eckhart Tolle Iyanla Vanzant Neale Donald Walsch Stuart Wilde Gary Zukav Related ideas ( show ) Christian Science Efficacy of prayer Freedom of religion in the United States Idealism Mind -- body problem Placebo effect Subjective idealism Categories ( show ) New Thought Beliefs Churches Literature Schools Other groups Religion portal Further information : History of New Thought Transcendentalism is , in many aspects , the first notable American intellectual movement . It has inspired succeeding generations of American intellectuals , as well as some literary movements . Transcendentalism influenced the growing movement of `` Mental Sciences '' of the mid-19th century , which would later become known as the New Thought movement . New Thought considers Emerson its intellectual father . Emma Curtis Hopkins `` the teacher of teachers '' , Ernest Holmes , founder of Religious Science , the Fillmores , founders of Unity , and Malinda Cramer and Nona L. Brooks , the founders of Divine Science , were all greatly influenced by Transcendentalism . Transcendentalism also influenced Hinduism . Ram Mohan Roy ( 1772 -- 1833 ) , the founder of the Brahmo Samaj , rejected Hindu mythology , but also the Christian trinity . He found that Unitarianism came closest to true Christianity , and had a strong sympathy for the Unitarians , who were closely connected to the Transcendentalists . Ram Mohan Roy founded a missionary committee in Calcutta , and in 1828 asked for support for missionary activities from the American Unitarians . By 1829 , Roy had abandoned the Unitarian Committee , but after Roy 's death , the Brahmo Samaj kept close ties to the Unitarian Church , who strived towards a rational faith , social reform , and the joining of these two in a renewed religion . Its theology was called `` neo-Vedanta '' by Christian commentators , and has been highly influential in the modern popular understanding of Hinduism , but also of modern western spirituality , which re-imported the Unitarian influences in the disguise of the seemingly age - old Neo-Vedanta . Major figures ( edit ) Margaret Fuller Major figures in the transcendentalist movement were Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry David Thoreau , Margaret Fuller , and Amos Bronson Alcott . Other prominent transcendentalists included Louisa May Alcott , Charles Timothy Brooks , Orestes Brownson , William Ellery Channing , William Henry Channing , James Freeman Clarke , Christopher Pearse Cranch , John Sullivan Dwight , Convers Francis , William Henry Furness , Frederic Henry Hedge , Sylvester Judd , Theodore Parker , Elizabeth Palmer Peabody , George Ripley , Thomas Treadwell Stone , Jones Very , and Walt Whitman . Criticism ( edit ) Early in the movement 's history , the term `` Transcendentalists '' was used as a pejorative term by critics , who were suggesting their position was beyond sanity and reason . Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a novel , The Blithedale Romance ( 1852 ) , satirizing the movement , and based it on his experiences at Brook Farm , a short - lived utopian community founded on transcendental principles . Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story , `` Never Bet the Devil Your Head '' ( 1841 ) , in which he embedded elements of deep dislike for transcendentalism , calling its followers `` Frogpondians '' after the pond on Boston Common . The narrator ridiculed their writings by calling them `` metaphor - run '' lapsing into `` mysticism for mysticism 's sake '' , and called it a `` disease . '' The story specifically mentions the movement and its flagship journal The Dial , though Poe denied that he had any specific targets . In Poe 's essay `` The Philosophy of Composition '' ( 1846 ) , he offers criticism denouncing `` the excess of the suggested meaning ... which turns into prose ( and that of the very flattest kind ) the so - called poetry of the so - called transcendentalists . '' See also ( edit ) Dark romanticism Self - transcendence Transcendence ( religion ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Versluis : `` In American Transcendentalism and Asian religions , I detailed the immense impact that the Euro - American discovery of Asian religions had not only on European Romanticism , but above all , on American Transcendentalism . There I argued that the Transcendentalists ' discovery of the Bhagavad - Gita , the Vedas , the Upanishads , and other world scriptures was critical in the entire movement , pivotal not only for the well - known figures like Emerson and Thoreau , but also for lesser known figures like Samuel Johnson and William Rounsville Alger . That Transcendentalism emerged out of this new knowledge of the world 's religious traditions I have no doubt . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Russell ( 2015 ) . `` Transcendentalism '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Transcendentalism is an American literary , political , and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century , centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson . '' Jump up ^ Wayne , Tiffany K. , ed. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Transcendentalism . Facts On File 's Literary Movements . Jump up ^ `` Transcendentalism '' . Merriam Webster . 2016 . `` a philosophy which says that thought and spiritual things are more real than ordinary human experience and material things '' Jump up ^ Finseth , Ian . `` American Transcendentalism '' . Excerpted from `` Liquid Fire Within Me '' : Language , Self and Society in Transcendentalism and Early Evangelicalism , 1820 - 1860 , - M.A. Thesis , 1995 . Archived from the original on 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller 1950 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Versluis 2001 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Finseth , Ian Frederick . `` The Emergence of Transcendentalism '' . American Studies @ The University of Virginia . The University of Virginia . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` George Putnam '' , Heralds , Harvard Square Library , archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ Rose , Anne C ( 1981 ) , Transcendentalism as a Social Movement , 1830 -- 1850 , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , p. 208 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 02587 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gura , Philip F ( 2007 ) , American Transcendentalism : A History , New York : Hill and Wang , p. 8 , ISBN 0 - 8090 - 3477 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Martin K. `` Empirical Analysis of the American Transcendental movement '' . New York , NY : Penguin , 2012 : 303 . Jump up ^ Wayne , Tiffany . Encyclopedia of Transcendentalism : The Essential Guide to the Lives and Works of Transcendentalist Writers . New York : Facts on File , 2006 : 308 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5626 - 9 Jump up ^ Emerson , Ralph Waldo . `` The Over-Soul '' . American Transcendentalism Web . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMERSON -- '' THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR `` '' . transcendentalism-legacy.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Versluis 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Versluis 2001 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Thoreau , Henry David . Walden . Boston : Ticknor&Fields , 1854. p. 279 . Print . Jump up ^ Lopez Jr. , Donald S. ( 2016 ) . `` The Life of the Lotus Sutra '' . Tricycle Magazine ( Winter ) . Jump up ^ `` The Preaching of Buddha '' . The Dial. 4 : 391 . 1844 . Jump up ^ Coviello , Peter . `` Transcendentalism '' The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature . Oxford University Press , 2004 . Oxford Reference Online . Web . 23 Oct. 2011 Jump up ^ `` New Thought '' , MSN Encarta , Microsoft , archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 , retrieved Nov 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ INTA New Thought History Chart , Websyte , archived from the original on 2000 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2009 , p. 268 . ^ Jump up to : Kipf 1979 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Kipf 1979 , p. 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kipf 1979 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Harris 2009 , p. 268 - 269 . Jump up ^ Halbfass 1995 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Rinehart 2004 , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : King 2002 . Jump up ^ Sharf 1995 . Jump up ^ Sharf 2000 . Jump up ^ Gura , Philip F. American Transcendentalism : A History . New York : Hill and Wang , 2007 : 7 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 3477 - 8 Jump up ^ Loving , Jerome ( 1999 ) , Walt Whitman : The Song of Himself , University of California Press , p. 185 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 22687 - 9 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Philip ( 2004 ) , Hawthorne in Concord , New York : Grove Press , p. 149 , ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1776 - 7 . Jump up ^ Royot , Daniel ( 2002 ) , `` Poe 's humor '' , in Hayes , Kevin J , The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe , Cambridge University Press , pp. 61 -- 2 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 79727 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ljunquist , Kent ( 2002 ) , `` The poet as critic '' , in Hayes , Kevin J , The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe , Cambridge University Press , p. 15 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 79727 - 6 Jump up ^ Sova , Dawn B ( 2001 ) , Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z , New York : Checkmark Books , p. 170 , ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . Jump up ^ Baym , Nina ; et al. , eds. ( 2007 ) , The Norton Anthology of American Literature , B ( 6th ed . ) , New York : Norton . Sources ( edit ) Harris , Mark W. ( 2009 ) , The A to Z of Unitarian Universalism , Scarecrow Press King , Richard ( 2002 ) , Orientalism and Religion : Post-Colonial Theory , India and `` The Mystic East '' , Routledge Kipf , David ( 1979 ) , The Brahmo Samaj and the shaping of the modern Indian mind , Atlantic Publishers & Distri Miller , Perry , ed. ( 1950 ) . The Transcendentalists : An Anthology . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674903333 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Rinehart , Robin ( 2004 ) , Contemporary Hinduism : ritual , culture , and practice , ABC - CLIO Sharf , Robert H. ( 1995 ) , `` Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience '' ( PDF ) , Numen , 42 Sharf , Robert H. ( 2000 ) , `` The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Consciousness Studies , 7 ( 11 - 12 ) : 267 -- 87 Versluis , Arthur ( 1993 ) , American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions , Oxford University Press Versluis , Arthur ( 2001 ) , The Esoteric Origins of the American Renaissance , Oxford University Press Further reading ( edit ) Dillard , Daniel , `` The American Transcendentalists : A Religious Historiography , '' 49th Parallel ( Birmingham , England ) , 28 ( Spring 2012 ) , online Gura , Philip F. American Transcendentalism : A History ( 2007 ) Harrison , C.G. The Transcendental Universe , six lectures delivered before the Berean Society ( London , 1894 ) 1993 edition ISBN 0 940262 58 4 ( US ) , 0 904693 44 9 ( UK ) Rose , Anne C. Social Movement , 1830 -- 1850 ( Yale University Press , 1981 ) Versluis , Arthur ( 2001 ) , The Esoteric Origins of the American Renaissance , Oxford University Press External links ( edit ) Look up transcendentalism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Transcendentalism . Topic sites The web of American transcendentalism , VCU The Transcendentalists `` What Is Transcendentalism ? '' , Women 's History , About The American Renaissance and Transcendentalism Encyclopediae `` American Transcendentalism '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Transcendentalism '' , Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Stanford ) Other Ian Frederick Finseth ( 1995 ) , Liquid Fire Within Me : Language , Self and Society in Transcendentalism and early Evangelicalism , 1820 - 1860 , M.A. Thesis in English , University of Virginia Philosophy of religion Concepts in religion Afterlife Euthyphro dilemma Faith Intelligent design Miracle Problem of evil Religious belief Soul Spirit Theodicy Theological veto Conceptions of God Aristotelian view Brahman Demiurge Divine simplicity Egoism Holy Spirit Misotheism Pandeism Personal god Process theology Supreme Being Unmoved mover God in Abrahamic religions Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Mormonism Sikhism Bahá'í Faith Wicca Existence of God For Beauty Christological Consciousness Cosmological Kalam Contingency Degree Desire Experience Fine - tuning of the Universe Love Miracles Morality Necessary existent Ontological Pascal 's Wager Proper basis Reason Teleological Natural law Watchmaker analogy Transcendental Against 747 gambit Atheist 's Wager Evil Free will Hell Inconsistent revelations Nonbelief Noncognitivism Occam 's razor Omnipotence Poor design Russell 's teapot Theology Acosmism Agnosticism Animism Antireligion Atheism Creationism Dharmism Deism Demonology Divine command theory Dualism Esotericism Exclusivism Existentialism Christian Agnostic Atheistic Feminist theology Thealogy Womanist theology Fideism Fundamentalism Gnosticism Henotheism Humanism Religious Secular Christian Inclusivism Theories about religions Monism Monotheism Mysticism Naturalism Metaphysical Religious Humanistic New Age Nondualism Nontheism Pandeism Panentheism Pantheism Perennialism Polytheism Possibilianism Process theology Religious skepticism Spiritualism Shamanism Taoic Theism Transcendentalism more ... 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o brother where art thou carried out on a log

Riding a rail

riding a rail

Riding the rail ( also called being `` run out of town on a rail '' ) was a punishment most prevalent in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries in which an offender was made to straddle a fence rail held on the shoulders of two or more bearers . The victim was then paraded around town or taken to the city limits and dumped by the roadside .

Being ridden on a rail was typically a form of extrajudicial punishment administered by a mob , sometimes in connection with tarring and feathering , intended to show community displeasure with the offender so they either conformed their behavior to the mob 's demands or left the community . A story attributed to Abraham Lincoln has him quoting a victim of being ridden out of town on a rail as having said , `` If it were n't for the honor of the thing , I 'd just as soon it happened to someone else . '' In the film O Brother , Where Art Thou ? , Homer Stokes denounces the Soggy Bottom Boys as hostile to the social order , but the crowd is unimpressed and runs him out of town on a rail . See also ( edit ) Charivari in North America Lynching Mobbing Vigilante Tarring and feathering Warning out of town Wooden horse ( device ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John S Farmer ( 1889 ) . Farmer 's Dictionary of Americanisms -- Old and New . London : Reeves and Turner . p. 448 . Retrieved 21 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Governor Mario M. ( 1986 ) . `` Abraham Lincoln and Our `` Unfinished Work '' `` . Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association . 8 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Picture : Rebs on a Rail This article relating to the history of the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This crime - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riding_a_rail&oldid=842141349 '' Categories : Punishments Modern instruments of torture North American instruments of torture Vigilantism in the United States United States history stubs Crime stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2010 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 14 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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where did the britons who were pushed out go to

Celtic Britons

celtic britons

The Britons , also known as Celtic Britons or Ancient Britons , were Celtic people who inhabited Great Britain from the British Iron Age into the Middle Ages , at which point their culture and language diverged . They spoke the Common Brittonic language , the ancestor to the modern Brittonic languages .

The earliest evidence for the Britons and their language in historical sources dates to the Iron Age . After the Roman conquest of Britain in the 1st century , a Romano - British culture emerged , and Latin and British Vulgar Latin coexisted with Brittonic . During and after the Roman era , the Britons lived throughout Britain . Their relationship with the Picts , who lived north of the Firth of Forth , has been the subject of much discussion , though most scholars now accept that the Pictish language was related to Common Brittonic , rather than a separate Celtic language . With the beginning of Anglo - Saxon settlement and Gaelic Scots in the 5th century , the culture and language of the Britons fragmented and much of their territory was taken over by the Anglo - Saxons and Scots Gaels . The extent to which this cultural and linguistic change was accompanied by wholesale changes in the population is still a matter of discussion . During this period some Britons migrated to mainland Europe and established significant settlements in Brittany ( now part of France ) as well as Britonia in modern Galicia , Spain . By the 11th century , remaining Brittonic Celtic - speaking populations had split into distinct groups : the Welsh in Wales , the Cornish in Cornwall , the Bretons in Brittany , and the people of the Hen Ogledd ( `` Old North '' ) in southern Scotland and northern England . Common Brittonic developed into the distinct Brittonic languages : Welsh , Cumbric , Cornish and Breton . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Language 3 Archaeology and art 4 Territory 5 Notable representatives 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Name ( edit ) Main article : Britain ( placename ) Further information : Brittia Gritstone bas - relief of Romano - British woman The earliest known reference to the inhabitants of Britain seems to come from 4th century BC records of the voyage of Pytheas , a Greek geographer who made a voyage of exploration around the British Isles between 330 and 320 BC . Although none of his own writings remain , writers during the time of the Roman Empire made much reference to them . Pytheas called the islands collectively αἱ Βρεττανίαι ( hai Brettaniai ) , which has been translated as the Brittanic Isles ; he also used the term Pretannike . The peoples of these islands were called the Πρεττανοί ( Prettanoi ) , Priteni , Pritani or Pretani . The group included Ireland , which was referred to as Ierne ( Insula sacra `` sacred island '' as the Greeks interpreted it ) `` inhabited by the race of Hiberni '' ( gens hibernorum ) , and Britain as insula Albionum , `` island of the Albions '' . The term Pritani may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls , who possibly used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , which was originally compiled by the orders of King Alfred the Great in approximately 890 , and subsequently maintained and added to by generations of anonymous scribes until the middle of the 12th century , starts with this sentence : `` The island Britain is 800 miles long , and 200 miles broad , and there are in the island five nations : English , Welsh ( or British , including the Cornish ) , Scottish , Pictish , and Latin . The first inhabitants were the Britons , who came from Armenia , and first peopled Britain southward . '' ( `` Armenia '' is possibly a mistaken transcription of Armorica , an area in northwestern Gaul including modern Brittany . ) The Latin name in the early Roman Empire period was Britanni or Brittanni , following the Roman conquest in AD 43 . The Welsh word Brython was introduced into English usage by John Rhys in 1884 as a term unambiguously referring to the P - Celtic speakers of Great Britain , to complement Goidel ; hence the adjective Brythonic referring to the group of languages . `` Brittonic languages '' is a more recent coinage ( first attested 1923 according to the Oxford English Dictionary ) intended to refer to the ancient Britons specifically . In English , the term `` Briton '' originally denoted the ancient Britons and their descendants , most particularly the Welsh , who were seen as heirs to the ancient British people . After the Acts of Union 1707 , the terms British and Briton came to be applied to all inhabitants of the Kingdom of Great Britain and its empire . Language ( edit ) Main articles : Common Brittonic and Brittonic languages The Staffordshire Moorlands Pan A flying rowan tree , considered magical by the ancient Britons Britons migrated westwards during the Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain The Britons spoke an Insular Celtic language known as Common Brittonic . Brittonic was spoken throughout the island of Britain ( in modern terms , England , Wales and Scotland ) , as well as offshore islands such as the Isle of Man , Scilly Isles , Orkneys , Hebrides and Shetlands . According to early mediaeval historical tradition , such as The Dream of Macsen Wledig , the post-Roman Celtic - speakers of Armorica were colonists from Britain , resulting in the Breton language , a language related to Welsh and identical to Cornish in the early period and still used today . Thus the area today is called Brittany ( Br . Breizh , Fr . Bretagne , derived from Britannia ) . Common Brittonic developed from the Insular branch of the Proto - Celtic language that developed in the British Isles after arriving from the continent in the 7th century BC . The language eventually began to diverge ; some linguists have grouped subsequent developments as Western and Southwestern Brittonic languages . Western Brittonic developed into Welsh in Wales and the Cumbric language in the Hen Ogledd or `` Old North '' of Britain , while the Southwestern dialect became Cornish in Cornwall and South West England and Breton in Armorica . Pictish is now generally accepted to descend from Common Brittonic , rather than being a separate Celtic language . Welsh and Breton survive today ; Cumbric became extinct in the 12th century . Cornish had become extinct by the 19th century but has been the subject of language revitalization since the 20th century . Archaeology and art ( edit ) Main article : Celtic art Ideas about the development of British Iron Age culture changed greatly in the 20th century , and remain in development . Generally cultural exchange has tended to replace migration from the continent as the explanation for changes , although Aylesford - Swarling Pottery and the Arras culture of Yorkshire are examples of developments still thought to be linked to migration . Although the La Tène style , which defines what is called Celtic art in the Iron Age , was late in arriving in Britain , after 300 BC the ancient British seem to have had generally similar cultural practices to the Celtic cultures nearest to them on the continent . There are significant differences in artistic styles , and the greatest period of what is known as the `` Insular La Tène '' style , surviving mostly in metalwork , was in the century or so before the Roman conquest , and perhaps the decades after it . By this time Celtic styles seem to have been in decline in continental Europe , even before Roman invasions . An undercurrent of British influence is found in some artefacts from the Roman period , such as the Staffordshire Moorlands Pan , and it appears that it was from this , passing to Ireland in the late Roman and post-Roman period , that the `` Celtic '' element in Early Medieval Insular art derived . Territory ( edit ) Main articles : British Iron Age , Roman Britain , and Sub-Roman Britain Throughout their existence , the territory inhabited by the Britons was composed of numerous ever - changing areas controlled by Brittonic tribes . The extent of their territory before and during the Roman period is unclear , but is generally believed to include the whole of the island of Great Britain , at least as far north as the Clyde - Forth isthmus , and if the Picts are included as Brittonic speaking people as they more usually are , the entirety of Great Britain . The territory north of the Firth of Forth was largely inhabited by the Picts ; little direct evidence has been left of the Pictish language , but place names and Pictish personal names recorded in the later Irish annals suggest it was indeed related to the Common Brittonic language rather than to the Goidelic ( Gaelic ) languages of the Irish , Scots and Manx ; indeed their Goidelic Irish name , Cruithne , is cognate with Brythonic Priteni . Part of the Pictish territory was eventually absorbed into the Gaelic kingdoms of Dál Riata and Alba , which became Scotland . The Isle of Man , Shetland , Hebrides and the Orkney islands were originally inhabited by Britons also , but eventually became respectively Manx and Scots Gaelic speaking territories , while the Scilly isles and Anglesey ( Ynys Mon ) remained Brittonic and the originally Brittonic Isle of Wight was taken by Anglo - Saxons . In 43 AD , the Roman Empire invaded Britain . The British tribes opposed the Roman legions for many decades , but by 84 AD the Romans had decisively conquered southern Britain and had pushed into Brittonic areas of what would later become northern England and southern Scotland . In 122 , they fortified the northern border with Hadrian 's Wall , which spanned what is now Northern England . In 142 AD , Roman forces pushed north again and began construction of the Antonine Wall , which ran between the Forth - Clyde isthmus , but they retreated back to Hadrian 's Wall after only twenty years . Although the native Britons south of Hadrian 's Wall mostly kept their land , they were subject to the Roman governors , whilst the Brittonic - Pictish Britons north of the wall remained fully independent . The Roman Empire retained control of `` Britannia '' until its departure about AD 410 , although some parts of Britain had already effectively shrugged off Roman rule decades earlier . Shortly after the time of the Roman departure , the Germanic - speaking Anglo - Saxons began a migration to the eastern coast of Britain , where they established their own kingdoms , and the Gaelic speaking Scots migrating from Dál nAraidi ( modern Northern Ireland ) , did the same on the west coast of Scotland and the Isle of Man . At the same time , some Britons established themselves in what is now called Brittany . There they set up their own small kingdoms and the Breton language developed there from Brittonic Insular Celtic rather than Gaulish or Frankish . A further colony , Britonia , was also set up at this time in Gallaecia in northwestern Spain . Many of the old Brittonic kingdoms began to disappear in the centuries after the Anglo - Saxon and Scottish Gaelic invasions ; The regions of modern East Anglia , East Midlands , North East England , Argyll and South East England were the first to fall to the Germanic and Gaelic Scots invasions ; The kingdom of Ceint ( modern Kent ) fell in 456 AD , Linnuis ( which stood astride modern Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire ) was subsumed as early as 500 AD and became the English Kingdom of Lindsey , Rhegin ( essentially modern Sussex and eastern Hampshire ) was likely fully conquered by 510 AD , Ynys Weith ( Isle of Wight ) fell in 530 AD , Caer Colun ( essentially modern Essex ) by 540 AD , The Gaels arrived on the north west coast of Britain from Ireland , dispossessed the native Britons and founded Dal Riata which encompassed modern Argyll , Skye and Iona between 500 and 560 AD . Deifr ( Deira ) which encompassed modern day Teeside , Wearside , Tyneside and Humberside fell to the Anglo - Saxons in 559 AD and Deira became an Anglo - Saxon kingdom after this point . Caer Went had officially disappeared by 575 AD becoming the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of East Anglia , Gwent and its capital Caer Gloui ( Gloucester ) was divided in 577 AD , handing Gloucestershire and Wiltshire to the invaders , while the westernmost part continued to exist in modern Wales , Caer Lundein encompassing London , St. Albans and parts of the Home Counties fell from Brittonic hands by 600 AD , Bryneich which existed in modern Northumbria and County Durham with its capital of Din Guardi ( modern Bamburgh ) and which included Ynys Metcaut ( Lindisfarne ) had fallen by 605 AD becoming Anglo - Saxon Bernicia . Caer Celemion ( in modern Hampshire and Berkshire ) had fallen by 610 AD . Elmet , which covered much of modern Yorkshire , Lancashire and Cheshire and likely had its capital at modern Leeds , was conquered by the Anglo - Saxons in 627 AD . Pengwern , which covered Staffordshire , Shropshire , Herefordshire and Worcestershire , was largely destroyed in 656 AD with only its westernmost parts in modern Wales enduring . AD , and it is likely that Cynwidion which had stretched from modern Bedfordshire to Northamptonshire , fell in the same general period as Pengwern , though a sub-kingdom of Calchwynedd may have clung on in the Chilterns for a time . Novant which occupied Galloway and Carrick was soon subsumed by fellow Brittonic - Pictish polities by 700 AD . Aeron which encompassed modern Ayrshire was conquered into the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of Northumbria by 700 AD . Some Brittonic kingdoms , such as Rheged , which at its height encompassed much what is today Strathclyde , Cumbria , Northumberland , the Scottish borders , Lancashire and modern Greater Manchester and had a capital at Cair Ligualid ( Carlisle ) , were able to successfully resist these incursions for some time , before the eastern part peacefully joined with the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of Bernicia - Northumberland by 730 AD , and the west was taken over by the fellow Britons of Ystrad Clud . Similarly , the kingdom of Gododdin , which appears to have had its capital at Din Eidyn ( modern Edinburgh and encompassed parts of modern Northumbria , County Durham , Lothian and Clackmannanshire endured until approximately 775 AD before being divided by fellow Brittonic Picts , Gaelic Scots and Anglo - Saxons . The Kingdom of Cait , covering modern Caithness , Sutherland , Orkneys and Shetlands was conquered in 871 AD , similarly , the Kingdom of Ce which encompassed modern Marr , Banff , Buchan , Fife and much of Aberdeenshire disappeared in 900 at the hands of the Gaelic Scots AD . Fortriu the largest Pictish kingdom which covered Strathearn , Morayshire and Easter Ross had fallen by approximately 950 AD to the Gaelic Kingdom of Alba ( Scotland ) . Other Pictish kingdoms such as Circinn ( in modern Angus and The Mearns ) , Fib ( modern Fife ) , Fidach ( Inverness and Perthshire ) , Ath - Fotla ( Atholl ) had also fallen by the beginning of the 11th century AD . The Brythonic languages in these areas was replaced by the Old English of the Anglo - Saxons and Scots Gaelic , although this was likely a gradual process in many areas . The kingdom of Ystrad Clud ( Strathclyde ) was for some time a large and powerful Brittonic kingdom which endured until the end of the 11th century , successfully resisting Anglo - Saxon , Gaelic Scots and later also Viking attacks . At its peak it encompassed modern Strathclyde , Dumbartonshire , Cumbria , Stirlingshire , Lanarkshire , Ayrshire , Dumfries and Galloway , Argyll and Bute and parts of North Yorkshire , western Pennines , and as far as modern Leeds in West Yorkshire . The Britons also retained control of Wales , Cornwall and south Devon ( Dumnonia ) , as well as northwest England and parts of Scotland , where kingdoms of the Hen Ogledd endured . Dumnonia was effectively partitioned during the 9th century AD , the north becoming Anglo - Saxon Devonshire while he south remained in the hands of the Britons as Kernow ( essentially modern Cornwall ) . Wales was divided among varying Brittonic kingdoms , the foremost being Gwynedd , Powys ( including Clwyd and Ynys Mon ( Anglesey ) , Deheubarth ( originally Ceredigion , Seisyllwg and Dyfed ) , Gwent and Morgannwg ( Glamorgan . Some of these Welsh kingdoms initially included territories further east , for example Powys included parts of modern Merseyside , Cheshire and The Wirral and Gwent held parts of modern Herefordshire , Worcestershire , Somerset and Gloucestershire , but had largely been confined to the borders of modern Wales by the beginning of the 12th century . However , by the beginning of the 12th century , the Anglo - Saxons and Gaels had become the dominant cultural force in most of the formerly Brittonic ruled territory in Britain , and the language and culture of the native Britons was thereafter gradually replaced in those regions , remaining only in Wales , Cornwall , parts of Cumbria , Strathclyde , eastern Galloway and Brittany . The Brittonic - Pictish polities in Scotland and northern England gradually fell to the English and Scots ; with the Kingdom of Strathclyde ( Strath - Clota ) being the last of the Brittonic kingdoms of the north to fall in the 1090s , when it was effectively divided between England and Scotland . Cornwall ( Kernow , Dumnonia ) had certainly been largely absorbed by England by the 1050s , although it retained a distinct Brittonic culture and language . Britonia in Spanish Galicia seems to have disappeared by 900 AD . Wales and Brittany remained independent for some time however , with Brittany finally being absorbed into France during the 1490s , and Wales united with England by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 -- 1542 in the mid 16th century during the rule of the Tudors ( Twdyr ) , who were themselves of Welsh heritage on the male side . Wales , Cornwall and Brittany continued to retain a distinct Brittonic culture , identity and language , which they have maintained to the present day . The Welsh language and Breton language remain widely spoken , and the Cornish language , once close to extinction , has experienced a revival since the 20th century . The vast majority of place names and names of geographical features in Wales , Cornwall and Brittany are Brittonic , and Brittonic family and personal names remain common . During the 19th century , a large number of Welsh farmers migrated to Patagonia in Argentina , forming a community called Y Wladfa , which today consists of over 1,500 Welsh speakers . In addition , a Brittonic legacy remains in England , Scotland and Galicia in Spain , in the form of often large numbers of Brittonic place and geographical names . Some examples of geographical Brittonic names survive in the names of rivers , such as the Thames , Clyde , Severn , Tyne , Wye , Exe , Dee , Tamar , Tweed , Avon , Trent , Tambre , Navia and River Forth . A number of place names in England and Scotland are of Brittonic rather than Anglo - Saxon or Gaelic origin , such as ; London , Manchester , Glasgow , Edinburgh , Carlisle , Caithness , Aberdeen , Dundee , Barrow , Exeter , Lincoln , Dumbarton , Brent , Penge , Colchester , Durham , Dover , Leatherhead and York . Notable representatives ( edit ) Main articles : King of the Britons and List of legendary kings of Britain King Arthur -- Romano - British war leader of debatable historicity . Ambrosius Aurelianus ( Emrys Wledig ) -- Romano - British War leader . Boudica -- Queen of the Iceni , who led the failed rebellion against Roman occupation in 60 AD . Bonosus -- a Romano - British military general and imperial pretender in 280 AD . Cadwallon ap Cadfan -- King of Gwynedd , fought against the Anglo - Saxons . Caratacus -- a leader of the defence against the Roman conquest of Britain . Cartimandua -- Queen of the Brigantes during and after the Roman invasion . Cassivellaunus -- led the defence against Julius Caesar 's second expedition to Britain in 54 BC . Conan Meriadoc -- legendary founder of Brittany . Coel Hen -- the `` Old King Cole '' of the popular nursery rhyme . Cogidubnus -- a British client - king , later made a citizen of Rome and awarded Fishbourne Roman Palace . Commius -- historical King of the Belgic nation of the Atrebates , initially in Gaul , then in Britannia , during the 1st century BC . Cunedda -- post-Roman King and progenitor of the Kingdom of Gwynedd . Cunobelinus -- historical King of southern Britain between the first and second Roman invasions , ruling from the stronghold of Camulodunon ( modern Colchester ) . Called `` King of the Britons '' by Suetonius . The basis for Shakespeare 's Cymbeline . Gratianus -- a Romano - British aristocrat and imperial usurper in 407 . King Lot -- grandfather of St Kentigern , and eponymous king of Lothian . Mailoc -- Bishop of Britonia ( Galicia ) in the 6th century AD . Marcus Cunomorus -- King Mark of Cornwall and Brittany . Saint Patrick -- a Romano - Briton and Christian missionary , who is the most generally recognized patron saint of Ireland or the Apostle of Ireland . Pelagius -- an influential Christian monk and theologian , whose thought was branded heresy later in life . Prasutagus -- husband of Boudica . Togodumnus -- a leader of the defence against the Roman conquest of Britain . Urien -- King of Rheged ( modern Lancashire and Cumbria ) . Vortigern -- warlord and King in the 5th century AD . Best known for inviting the Jutes to Kent . See also ( edit ) Albion Bretons British Isles British Isles ( terminology ) British Latin Britonia Caledonia Celtic nations Cornish people Cumbric Dumnonia Elmet English people Fortriu Genetic history of the British Isles Gododdin History of the British Isles Kingdom of Cat Kingdom of Ce Kingdom of Strathclyde List of Celtic tribes Picts Rheged Scottish people Welsh people Yr Hen Ogledd Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koch , p. 291 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , pp. 291 -- 292 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , P.H. ( 1998 ) . From Roman Britain to Norman England . pp. 69 -- 74 . ISBN 0415178940 . Jump up ^ Forsyth , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Christopher A. ( 2003 ) . The Britons . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22260 - X . ^ Jump up to : Foster ( editor ) , RF ; Donnchadh O Corrain , Professor of Irish History at University College Cork : Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland ( 1 November 2001 ) . The Oxford History of Ireland . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280202 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Avalon Project '' . Yale Law School . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ OED s.v. `` Briton '' . See also Online Etymology Dictionary : Briton Jump up ^ Online Etymology Dictionary : Brythonic Jump up ^ Roberts , Peter ( 2003 ) . Bradshaw , Brendon ; Roberts , Peter , eds . `` Tudor Wales , national identity , and British inheritance '' . British Consciousness and Identity : The Making of Britain , 1533 - 1707 . Cambridge University Press : 8 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Briton '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ While there have been attempts in the past to align the Pictish language with non-Celtic language , the current academic view is that it was Brittonic . See : Forsyth ( 1997 ) p. 37 : `` ( T ) he only acceptable conclusion is that , from the time of our earliest historical sources , there was only one language spoken in Pictland , the most northerly reflex of Brittonic . '' Jump up ^ Forsyth 2006 , p. 1447 ; Forsyth 1997 ; Fraser 2009 , pp. 52 -- 53 ; Woolf 2007 , pp. 322 -- 340 Jump up ^ John E Pattison . Is it necessary to assume an apartheid - like social structure in early Anglo - Saxon England ? Proceedings of the Royal Society B , 275 ( 1650 ) , 2423 -- 2429 , 2008 doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2008.0352 Jump up ^ Pattison , John E. ( 2011 ) `` Integration versus Apartheid in post-Roman Britain : a Response to Thomas et al. ( 2008 ) , '' Human Biology : Vol. 83 : Iss. 6 , Article 9 . pp. 715 -- 733 , 2011 . Abstract available at : http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol83/iss6/9 Jump up ^ http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishSouthernBritain05.htm#Ynys Weith Jump up ^ http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishSouthernBritain04.htm#Caer Lundein Jump up ^ Koch , John T. ( 2006 ) . Celtic Culture : a historical encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 515 -- 516 . Jump up ^ http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainAtrebates.htm#Caer Celemion Jump up ^ http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishSouthernBritain01.htm#Pengwern Jump up ^ abcd Bromwich , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , H.M. ; Chadwick , N.K. ( 1940 ) . The Growth of Literature. 1 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Kapelle , W.E. ( 1979 ) . The Norman Conquest of the North : the Region and its Transformation , 1000 -- 1135 . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 7099 - 0040 - 6 . Jump up ^ Broun , `` Dunkeld '' , Broun , `` National Identity '' , Forsyth , `` Scotland to 1100 '' , pp. 28 -- 32 , Woolf , `` Constantine II '' ; cf . Bannerman , `` Scottish Takeover '' , passim , representing the `` traditional '' view . Jump up ^ Germanic invaders may not have ruled by apartheid New Scientist , 23 April 2008 Jump up ^ Charles - Edards , pp. 12 , 575 ; Clarkson , pp. 12 , 63 - 66 , 154 - 58 Jump up ^ Williams , Ann and Martin , G.H. ( tr . ) ( 2002 ) Domesday Book : a complete translation , London : Penguin , pp. 341 -- 357 . Jump up ^ Young , Simon ( 2002 ) . Britonia : camiños novos . Noia : Toxosoutos . pp. 123 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 95622 - 58 - 7 . Jump up ^ Crummy , Philip ( 1997 ) City of Victory ; the story of Colchester -- Britain 's first Roman town . Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust ( ISBN 1 897719 04 3 ) References ( edit ) Forsyth , Katherine ( 1997 ) . Language in Pictland ( PDF ) . De Keltische Draak . ISBN 90 - 802785 - 5 - 6 . Koch , John T. ( 2006 ) . Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle . External links ( edit ) BBC -- History -- Native Tribes of Britain DNA from ethnic Britons found in Ireland ( hide ) Celts Ancient Celts Celtic studies Peoples Names Gaels Britons Picts Gauls Iberian Celts Galatians Places Gaelic Ireland Dálriata / Alba Iron Age Britain / Roman Britain / Sub-Roman Britain Dumnonia Iron Age Gaul / Roman Gaul / Brittany Gallaecia Britonia Brigantia ( ancient region ) Cisalpine Gaul Balkans Transylvania Galatia Religion Polytheism Christianity Animism Mythology Irish Scottish Welsh British Breton Cornish Society Calendar Law Warfare ( Gaelic warfare ) Coinage Art Insular Pictish Brooches Carnyx High cross Interlace Knotwork Mazes Triple spiral Taranis Modern Celts Celtic Revival Modern Celtic nations Pan-Celticism ( Celtic Congress Celtic League ) Music ( Rock ) Neopaganism Reconstructionist Celtic Wicca Neo-Druidism Languages Italo - Celtic Proto - Celtic Insular Celtic Brythonic Goidelic Continental Celtic Celtiberian Gaulish Galatian Gallaecian Lepontic Noric Festivals Samhain / Calan Gaeaf Imbolc / Gŵyl Fair Beltane / Calan Mai Lughnasadh / Calan Awst Lists Celts Tribes Deities English words of Celtic origin Spanish words of Celtic origin Galician words of Celtic origin French words of Gaulish origin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtic_Britons&oldid=810646217 '' Categories : Celtic Britons Celts Iron Age Britain Ancient Britain Ethnic groups in Scotland Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from January 2011 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 15 : 34 . 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why do horses have chestnuts on their legs

The chestnut , also known as a night eye , is a callosity on the body of a horse or other equine , found on the inner side of the leg above the knee on the foreleg and , if present , below the hock on the hind leg . It is believed to be a vestigial toe , and along with the ergot form the three toes of some other extinct Equidae . Darren Naish dissents from this belief , noting that the chestnut is `` not associated with the metacarpus or metatarsus , the only places where digits occur . ''

Chestnut ( horse anatomy )

chestnut ( horse anatomy )

The chestnut , also known as a night eye , is a callosity on the body of a horse or other equine , found on the inner side of the leg above the knee on the foreleg and , if present , below the hock on the hind leg . It is believed to be a vestigial toe , and along with the ergot form the three toes of some other extinct Equidae . Darren Naish dissents from this belief , noting that the chestnut is `` not associated with the metacarpus or metatarsus , the only places where digits occur . ''

Chestnuts vary in size and shape and are sometimes compared to the fingerprints in humans . For purposes of identification some breed registries require photographs of them among other individual characteristics . However , because chestnuts grow over time and horse grooms often peel or trim off the outer layers for neatness , their appearance is subject to change . Contents ( hide ) 1 Distribution among equines 2 Grooming 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Distribution among equines ( edit ) African wild ass foal with black chestnut on foreleg , no chestnut on hindleg Domestic horse with chestnuts on fore and hind legs The evolution of the horse involved a reduction in the number of toes to one , along with other changes to the ancestral equid foot . The chestnut is thought to correspond to the wrist pad of dogs and cats , or to be a vestigial scent gland similar to those found in some deer and other animals . The domestic horse is almost alone among extant equines in having chestnuts on the hind legs . Chestnuts are absent from the hind legs of asses and zebras . The majority of domestic horses have chestnuts on all four legs , as does the Przewalski 's horse , but a few horse breeds are reported to lack chestnuts on the hind legs . These include : Banker horse ( most individuals ) Caspian pony ( some individuals ) Icelandic horse ( most individuals ) Grooming ( edit ) Chestnuts grow over time , protruding from the surface of the leg . Grooming for horse showing may include peeling or trimming the outer layers to give a neater appearance to the leg ; they may peel more easily if softened first with baby oil or moisturizer . If left alone , eventually the chestnut peels naturally . See also ( edit ) Ergot ( horse anatomy ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : J. Warren Evans ; Anthony Borton ; Harold Hintz ; L. Dale van Vleck ( 1990 ) . The Horse ( 2nd ed . ) . Macmillan . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 1811 - 6 . Jump up ^ William Ridgeway ( 1905 ) . The origin and influence of the Thoroughbred horse . University Press . p. 538 . chapter 2 Jump up ^ Walker , Elaine ( 2008 ) . Horse . Reaktion Books . Jump up ^ Naish , Darren ( 2013 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Fantastic Asses '' . Tet Zoo . Scientific American . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : William Ridgeway ( 1905 ) . The origin and influence of the Thoroughbred horse . University Press . p. 538 . chapter 2 ^ Jump up to : J.C. Ewart ( 1906 ) . `` The tarpan and its relationship with wild and domestic horses '' . Nature . 74 ( 1909 ) : 113 -- 115 . doi : 10.1038 / 074113a0 . Jump up ^ Ives , Vickie ; Norush , Tom ; Patterson , Gretchen ( February 2007 ) . `` Corolla and Shackleford Horse of the Americas Inspection '' ( PDF ) . Horse of the Americas . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Björnsson , Sveinsson . The Icelandic horse . Edda Publishing . p. 206 . ISBN 9979 - 3 - 2709 - X . External links ( edit ) Chestnuts And Ergots In Horses Media related to Category : Chestnut ( Horse Anatomy ) at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chestnut_(horse_anatomy)&oldid=806920269 '' Categories : Horse anatomy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Kaszëbsczi Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 23 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when did imperialism start in the middle east

Western imperialism in Asia as presented in this article pertains to Western European entry into what was first called the East Indies . This was sparked early in the 15th century by the search for trade routes to China that led directly to the Age of Discovery , and the introduction of early modern warfare into what was then called the Far East . By the early 16th century the Age of Sail greatly expanded Western European influence and development of the Spice Trade under colonialism . There has been a presence of Western European colonial empires and imperialism in Asia throughout six centuries of colonialism , formally ending with the independence of the Portuguese Empire 's last colony East Timor in 2002 . The empires introduced Western concepts of nation and the multinational state . This article attempts to outline the consequent development of the Western concept of the nation state .

sparked early in the 15th century by the search for trade routes to China that led directly to the Age of Discovery

Western imperialism in Asia

western imperialism in asia

Western imperialism in Asia as presented in this article pertains to Western European entry into what was first called the East Indies . This was sparked early in the 15th century by the search for trade routes to China that led directly to the Age of Discovery , and the introduction of early modern warfare into what was then called the Far East . By the early 16th century the Age of Sail greatly expanded Western European influence and development of the Spice Trade under colonialism . There has been a presence of Western European colonial empires and imperialism in Asia throughout six centuries of colonialism , formally ending with the independence of the Portuguese Empire 's last colony East Timor in 2002 . The empires introduced Western concepts of nation and the multinational state . This article attempts to outline the consequent development of the Western concept of the nation state .

The thrust of European political power , commerce , and culture in Asia gave rise to growing trade in commodities -- a key development in the rise of today 's modern world free market economy . In the 16th century , the Portuguese broke the ( overland ) monopoly of the Arabs and Italians of trade between Asia and Europe by the discovery of the sea route to India around the Cape of Good Hope . With the ensuing rise of the rival Dutch East India Company , Portuguese influence in Asia was gradually eclipsed . Dutch forces first established independent bases in the East ( most significantly Batavia , the heavily fortified headquarters of the Dutch East India Company ) and then between 1640 and 1660 wrestled Malacca , Ceylon , some southern Indian ports , and the lucrative Japan trade from the Portuguese . Later , the English and the French established settlements in India and established a trade with China and their own acquisitions would gradually surpass those of the Dutch . Following the end of the Seven Years ' War in 1763 , the British eliminated French influence in India and established the British East India Company as the most important political force on the Indian Subcontinent . Before the Industrial Revolution in the mid-to - late 19th century , demand for oriental goods such as ( porcelain , silk , spices and tea ) remained the driving force behind European imperialism , and ( with the important exception of British East India Company rule in India ) the European stake in Asia remained confined largely to trading stations and strategic outposts necessary to protect trade . Industrialisation , however , dramatically increased European demand for Asian raw materials ; and the severe Long Depression of the 1870s provoked a scramble for new markets for European industrial products and financial services in Africa , the Americas , Eastern Europe , and especially in Asia . This scramble coincided with a new era in global colonial expansion known as `` the New Imperialism , '' which saw a shift in focus from trade and indirect rule to formal colonial control of vast overseas territories ruled as political extensions of their mother countries . Between the 1870s and the beginning of World War I in 1914 , the United Kingdom , France , and the Netherlands -- the established colonial powers in Asia -- added to their empires vast expanses of territory in the Middle East , the Indian Subcontinent , and South East Asia . In the same period , the Empire of Japan , following the Meiji Restoration ; the German Empire , following the end of the Franco - Prussian War in 1871 ; Tsarist Russia ; and the United States , following the Spanish -- American War in 1898 , quickly emerged as new imperial powers in East Asia and in the Pacific Ocean area . In Asia , World War I and World War II were played out as struggles among several key imperial powers -- conflicts involving the European powers along with Russia and the rising American and Japanese powers . None of the colonial powers , however , possessed the resources to withstand the strains of both world wars and maintain their direct rule in Asia . Although nationalist movements throughout the colonial world led to the political independence of nearly all of the Asia 's remaining colonies , decolonisation was intercepted by the Cold War ; and South East Asia , South Asia , the Middle East , and East Asia remained embedded in a world economic , financial , and military system in which the great powers compete to extend their influence . However , the rapid post-war economic development of the East Asian Tigers , India , the People 's Republic of China , along with the collapse of the Soviet Union , have loosened European and American influence in Asia , generating speculation today about emergence of modern India and China as potential superpowers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early European exploration of Asia 1.1 Medieval European exploration of Asia 1.2 Oceanic voyages to Asia 2 Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia 2.1 Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean and Asia 2.2 Decline of Portugal 's Asian empire since the 17th century 2.3 Holy wars 3 Dutch trade and colonization in Asia 3.1 Rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century 3.2 Dutch New Imperialism in Asia 4 British in India 4.1 Portuguese , French , and British competition in India ( 1600 -- 1763 ) 4.2 Collapse of Mughal India 4.3 From Company to Crown 4.4 Rise of Indian nationalism 5 France in Indochina 6 Russia and `` The Great Game '' 7 European intrusions into China 8 U.S. imperialism in Asia 9 World War I : Changes in Imperialism 10 Japan 11 After World War II 11.1 Decolonisation and the rise of nationalism in Asia 11.1. 1 British in India and the Middle East 11.1. 2 Dutch East Indies 11.1. 3 United States in Asia 11.1. 4 France in Indochina 11.1. 4.1 Post-war resistance to French rule 12 List of European colonies in Asia 12.1 Independent states 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading Early European exploration of Asia ( edit ) European exploration of Asia started in ancient Roman times . Knowledge of lands as distant as China were held by the Romans . Trade with India through the Roman Egyptian Red Sea ports was significant in the first centuries of the Common Era . Medieval European exploration of Asia ( edit ) Illustration of Marco Polo 's arrival in a Chinese city In the 13th and 14th centuries , a number of Europeans , many of them Christian missionaries , had sought to penetrate into China . The most famous of these travelers was Marco Polo . But these journeys had little permanent effect on East - West trade because of a series of political developments in Asia in the last decades of the 14th century , which put an end to further European exploration of Asia . The Yuan dynasty in China , which had been receptive to European missionaries and merchants , was overthrown , and the new Ming rulers were found to be unreceptive of religious proselytism . Meanwhile , the Turks consolidated control over the eastern Mediterranean , closing off key overland trade routes . Thus , until the 15th century , only minor trade and cultural exchanges between Europe and Asia continued at certain terminals controlled by Muslim traders . Oceanic voyages to Asia ( edit ) Western European rulers determined to find new trade routes of their own . The Portuguese spearheaded the drive to find oceanic routes that would provide cheaper and easier access to South and East Asian goods . This chartering of oceanic routes between East and West began with the unprecedented voyages of Portuguese and Spanish sea captains . Their voyages were influenced by medieval European adventurers , who had journeyed overland to the Far East and contributed to geographical knowledge of parts of Asia upon their return . In 1488 , Bartolomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa under the sponsorship of Portugal 's John II , from which point he noticed that the coast swung northeast ( Cape of Good Hope ) . While Dias ' crew forced him to turn back , by 1497 , Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama made the first open voyage from Europe to India . In 1520 , Ferdinand Magellan , a Portuguese navigator in the service of the Crown of Castile ( ' Spain ' ) , found a sea route into the Pacific Ocean . Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia ( edit ) Further information : Portuguese Empire , Portuguese India Armadas , Manila galleon , Treaty of Tordesillas , and Treaty of Zaragoza Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean and Asia ( edit ) Afonso de Albuquerque In 1509 , the Portuguese under Francisco de Almeida won the decisive battle of Diu against a joint Mamluk and Arab fleet sent to expel the Portuguese of the Arabian Sea . The victory enabled Portugal to implement its strategy of controlling the Indian Ocean . Early in the 16th century Afonso de Albuquerque ( left ) emerged as the Portuguese colonial viceroy most instrumental in consolidating Portugal 's holdings in Africa and in Asia . He understood that Portugal could wrest commercial supremacy from the Arabs only by force , and therefore devised a plan to establish forts at strategic sites which would dominate the trade routes and also protect Portuguese interests on land . In 1510 , he conquered Goa in India , which enabled him to gradually consolidate control of most of the commercial traffic between Europe and Asia , largely through trade ; Europeans started to carry on trade from forts , acting as foreign merchants rather than as settlers . In contrast , early European expansion in the `` West Indies '' , ( later known to Europeans as a separate continent from Asia that they would call the `` Americas '' ) following the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus , involved heavy settlement in colonies that were treated as political extensions of the mother countries . Lured by the potential of high profits from another expedition , the Portuguese established a permanent base in Cochin , south of the Indian trade port of Calicut in the early 16th century . In 1510 , the Portuguese , led by Afonso de Albuquerque , seized Goa on the coast of India , which Portugal held until 1961 , along with Diu and Daman ( the remaining territory and enclaves in India from a former network of coastal towns and smaller fortified trading ports added and abandoned or lost centuries before ) . The Portuguese soon acquired a monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean . Portuguese viceroy Albuquerque ( 1509 -- 1515 ) resolved to consolidate Portuguese holdings in Africa and Asia , and secure control of trade with the East Indies and China . His first objective was Malacca , which controlled the narrow strait through which most Far Eastern trade moved . Captured in 1511 , Malacca became the springboard for further eastward penetration , starting with the voyage of António de Abreu and Francisco Serrão in 1512 , ordered by Albuquerque , to the Moluccas . Years later the first trading posts were established in the Moluccas , or `` Spice Islands '' , which was the source for some of the world 's most hotly demanded spices , and from there , in Makassar and some others , but smaller , in the Lesser Sunda Islands . By 1513 - 1516 , the first Portuguese ships had reached Canton on the southern coasts of China . Portuguese expeditions 1415 -- 1542 : arrival places and dates ; Portuguese spice trade routes in the Indian Ocean ( blue ) ; territories of the Portuguese empire under King John III rule ( green ) In 1513 , after the failed attempt to conquer Aden , Albuquerque entered with an armada , for the first time for Europeans by the ocean via , on the Red Sea ; and in 1515 , Albuquerque consolidated the Portuguese hegemony in the Persian Gulf gates , already begun by him in 1507 , with the domain of Muscat and Ormuz . Shortly after , other fortified bases and forts were annexed and built along the Gulf , and in 1521 , through a military campaign , the Portuguese annexed Bahrain . The Portuguese conquest of Malacca triggered the Malayan -- Portuguese war . In 1521 , Ming dynasty China defeated the Portuguese at the Battle of Tunmen and then defeated the Portuguese again at the Battle of Xicaowan . The Portuguese tried to establish trade with China by illegally smuggling with the pirates on the offshore islands off the coast of Zhejiang and Fujian , but they were driven away by the Ming navy in the 1530s - 1540 's . In 1557 , China decided to lease Macau to the Portuguese as a place where they could dry goods they transported on their ships , which they held until 1999 . The Portuguese , based at Goa and Malacca , had now established a lucrative maritime empire in the Indian Ocean meant to monopolise the spice trade . The Portuguese also began a channel of trade with the Japanese , becoming the first recorded Westerners to have visited Japan . This contact introduced Christianity and fire - arms into Japan . In 1505 ( also possibly before , in 1501 ) , the Portuguese , through Lourenço de Almeida , the son of Francisco de Almeida , reached Ceylon . The Portuguese founded a fort at the city of Colombo in 1517 and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas and inland . In a series of military conflicts and political manoeuvres , the Portuguese extended their control over the Sinhalese kingdoms , including Jaffna ( 1591 ) , Raigama ( 1593 ) , Sitawaka ( 1593 ) , and Kotte ( 1594 ) - However , the aim of unifying the entire island under Portuguese control faced the Kingdom of Kandy ` s fierce resistance . The Portuguese , led by Pedro Lopes de Sousa , launched a full - scale military invasion of the kingdom of Kandy in the Campaign of Danture of 1594 . The invasion was a disaster for the Portuguese , with their entire army wiped out by Kandyan guerilla warfare . Constantino de Sá , romantically celebrated in the 17th century Sinhalese Epic ( also for its greater humanism and tolerance compared to other governors ) led the last military operation that also ended in disaster . He died in the Battle of Randeniwela , refusing to abandon his troops in the face of total annihilation . The energies of Castile ( later , the unified Spain ) , the other major colonial power of the 16th century , were largely concentrated on the Americas , not South and East Asia , but the Spanish did establish a footing in the Far East in the Philippines . After fighting with the Portuguese by the Spice Islands since 1522 and the agreement between the two powers in 1529 ( in the treaty of Zaragoza ) , the Spanish , led by Miguel López de Legazpi , settled and conquered gradually the Philippines since 1564 . After the discovery of the return voyage to the Americas by Andres de Urdaneta in 1565 , cargoes of Chinese goods were transported from the Philippines to Mexico and from there to Spain . By this long route , Spain reaped some of the profits of Far Eastern commerce . Spanish officials converted the islands to Christianity and established some settlements , permanently establishing the Philippines as the area of East Asia most oriented toward the West in terms of culture and commerce . The Moro Muslims fought against the Spanish for over three centuries in the Spanish -- Moro conflict . Decline of Portugal 's Asian Empire since the 17th century ( edit ) The lucrative trade was vastly expanded when the Portuguese began to export slaves from Africa in 1541 ; however , over time , the rise of the slave trade left Portugal over-extended , and vulnerable to competition from other Western European powers . Envious of Portugal 's control of trade routes , other Western European nations -- mainly the Netherlands , France , and England -- began to send in rival expeditions to Asia . In 1642 , the Dutch drove the Portuguese out of the Gold Coast in Africa , the source of the bulk of Portuguese slave labourers , leaving this rich slaving area to other Europeans , especially the Dutch and the English . Rival European powers began to make inroads in Asia as the Portuguese and Spanish trade in the Indian Ocean declined primarily because they had become hugely over-stretched financially due to the limitations on their investment capacity and contemporary naval technology . Both of these factors worked in tandem , making control over Indian Ocean trade extremely expensive . The existing Portuguese interests in Asia proved sufficient to finance further colonial expansion and entrenchment in areas regarded as of greater strategic importance in Africa and Brazil . Portuguese maritime supremacy was lost to the Dutch in the 17th century , and with this came serious challenges for the Portuguese . However , they still clung to Macau , and settled a new colony on the island of Timor . It was as recent as the 1960s and 1970s that the Portuguese began to relinquish their colonies in Asia . Goa was invaded by India in 1961 and became an Indian state in 1987 ; Portuguese Timor was abandoned in 1975 and was then invaded by Indonesia . It became an independent country in 2002 ; and Macau was handed back to the Chinese as per a treaty in 1999 . Holy wars ( edit ) The arrival of the Portuguese and Spanish and their holy wars against Muslim states in the Malayan -- Portuguese war , Spanish -- Moro conflict and Castilian War inflamed religious tensions and turned Southeast Asia into an arena of conflict between Muslims and Christians . The Brunei Sultanate 's capital at Kota Batu was assaulted by Governor Sande who led the 1578 Spanish attack . The word `` savages '' in Spanish , cafres , was from the word `` infidel '' in Arabic - Kafir , and was used by the Spanish to refer to their own `` christian savages '' who were arrested in Brunei . It was said Castilians are kafir , men who have no souls , who are condemned by fire when they die , and that too because they eat pork by the Brunei Sultan after the term accursed doctrine was used to attack Islam by the Spaniards which fed into hatred between Muslims and Christians sparked by their 1571 war against Brunei . The Sultan 's words were in response to insults coming from the Spanish at Manila in 1578 , other Muslims from Champa , Java , Borneo , Luzon , Pahang , Demak , Aceh , and the Malays echoed the rhetoric of holy war against the Spanish and Iberian Portuguese , calling them kafir enemies which was a contrast to their earlier nuanced views of the Portuguese in the Hikayat Tanah Hitu and Sejarah Melayu . The war by Spain against Brunei was defended in an apologia written by Doctor De Sande . The British eventually partitioned and took over Brunei while Sulu was attacked by the British , Americans , and Spanish which caused its breakdown and downfall after both of them thrived from 1500 - 1900 for four centuries . Dar al - Islam was seen as under invasion by `` kafirs '' by the Atjehnese led by Zayn al - din and by Muslims in the Philippines as they saw the Spanish invasion , since the Spanish brought the idea of a crusader holy war against Muslim Moros just as the Portuguese did in Indonesia and India against what they called `` Moors '' in their political and commercial conquests which they saw through the lens of religion in the 16th century . In 1578 an attack was launched by the Spanish against Jolo , and in 1875 it was destroyed at their hands , and once again in 1974 it was destroyed by the Philippines . The Spanish first set foot on Borneo in Brunei . The Spanish war against Brunei failed to conquer Brunei but it totally cut off the Philippines from Brunei 's influence , the Spanish then started colonizing Mindanao and building fortresses . In response , the Bisayas , where Spanish forces were stationed , were subjected to retaliatory attacks by the Magindanao in 1599 - 1600 due to the Spanish attacks on Mindanao . The Brunei royal family was related to the Muslim Rajahs who in ruled the principality in 1570 of Manila ( Kingdom of Maynila ) and this was what the Spaniards came across on their initial arrival to Manila , Spain uprooted Islam out of areas where it was shallow after they began to force Christianity on the Philippines in their conquests after 1521 while Islam was already widespread in the 16th century Philippines . In the Philippines in the Cebu islands the natives killed the Spanish fleet leader Magellan . Borneo 's western coastal areas at Landak , Sukadana , and Sambas saw the growth of Muslim states in the sixteenth century , in the 15th century at Nanking , the capital of China , the death and burial of the Borneo Bruneian king Maharaja Kama took place upon his visit to China with Zheng He 's fleet . The Spanish were expelled from Brunei in 1579 after they attacked in 1578 . There were half a hundred thousand inhabitants before the 1597 attack by the Spanish in Brunei . During first contact with China , numerous aggressions and provocations were undertaken by the Portuguese They believed they could mistreat the non-Christians because they themselves were Christians and acted in the name of their religion in committing crimes and atrocities . This resulted in the Battle of Xicaowan where the local Chinese navy defeated and captured a fleet of Portuguese caravels . Dutch trade and colonization in Asia ( edit ) Main article : Dutch colonial empire Rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century ( edit ) Dutch settlement in the East Indies . Batavia ( now Jakarta ) , Java , c. 1665 . Portuguese decline in Asia was accelerated by the attacks on their commercial empire by the Dutch and the English , which began a global struggle over empire in Asia that lasted until the end of the Seven Years ' War in 1763 . The Netherlands revolt against Spanish rule facilitated Dutch encroachment of the Portuguese monopoly over South and East Asian trade . The Dutch looked on Spain 's trade and colonies as potential spoils in war . When the two crowns of the Iberian peninsula were joined in 1581 , the Dutch felt free to attack Portuguese territories in Asia . By the 1590s , a number of Dutch companies were formed to finance trading expeditions in Asia . Because competition lowered their profits , and because of the doctrines of mercantilism , in 1602 the companies united into a cartel and formed the Dutch East India Company , and received from the government the right to trade and colonise territory in the area stretching from the Cape of Good Hope eastward to the Strait of Magellan . In 1605 , armed Dutch merchants captured the Portuguese fort at Amboyna in the Moluccas , which was developed into the first secure base of the company . Over time , the Dutch gradually consolidated control over the great trading ports of the East Indies . Control over the East Indies trading ports allowed the company to monopolise the world spice trade for decades . Their monopoly over the spice trade became complete after they drove the Portuguese from Malacca in 1641 and Ceylon in 1658 . Colombo , Dutch Ceylon , based on an engraving of circa 1680 Dutch East India Company colonies or outposts were later established in Atjeh ( Aceh ) , 1667 ; Macassar , 1669 ; and Bantam , 1682 . The company established its headquarters at Batavia ( today Jakarta ) on the island of Java . Outside the East Indies , the Dutch East India Company colonies or outposts were also established in Persia ( Iran ) , Bengal ( now Bangladesh and part of India ) , Mauritius ( 1638 - 1658 / 1664 - 1710 ) , Siam ( now Thailand ) , Guangzhou ( Canton , China ) , Taiwan ( 1624 -- 1662 ) , and southern India ( 1616 -- 1795 ) . Ming dynasty China defeated the Dutch East India Company in the Sino - Dutch conflicts . The Chinese first defeated and drove the Dutch out of the Pescadores in 1624 . The Ming navy under Zheng Zhilong defeated the Dutch East India Company 's fleet at the 1633 Battle of Liaoluo Bay . In 1662 , Zheng Zhilong 's son Zheng Chenggong ( also known as Koxinga ) expelled the Dutch from Taiwan after defeating them in the Siege of Fort Zeelandia . ( see History of Taiwan ) Further , the Dutch East India Company trade post on Dejima ( 1641 -- 1857 ) , an artificial island off the coast of Nagasaki , was for a long time the only place where Europeans could trade with Japan . The Vietnamese Nguyễn lords defeated the Dutch in a naval battle in 1643 . The Cambodians defeated the Dutch in the Cambodian -- Dutch War in 1644 . In 1652 , Jan van Riebeeck established an outpost at the Cape of Good Hope ( the southwestern tip of Africa , currently in South Africa ) to restock company ships on their journey to East Asia . This post later became a fully - fledged colony , the Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) . As Cape Colony attracted increasing Dutch and European settlement , the Dutch founded the city of Kaapstad ( Cape Town ) . By 1669 , the Dutch East India Company was the richest private company in history , with a huge fleet of merchant ships and warships , tens of thousands of employees , a private army consisting of thousands of soldiers , and a reputation on the part of its stockholders for high dividend payments . Dutch new imperialism in Asia ( edit ) Main article : Dutch East Indies The Dutch Governor - General , highest authority in the colony and the Sultan of Jogjakarta . The company was in almost constant conflict with the English ; relations were particularly tense following the Amboyna Massacre in 1623 . During the 18th century , Dutch East India Company possessions were increasingly focused on the East Indies . After the fourth war between the United Provinces and England ( 1780 -- 1784 ) , the company suffered increasing financial difficulties . In 1799 , the company was dissolved , commencing official colonisation of the East Indies . During the era of New Imperialism the territorial claims of the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) expanded into a fully fledged colony named the Dutch East Indies . Partly driven by re-newed colonial aspirations of fellow European nation states the Dutch strived to establish unchallenged control of the archipelago now known as Indonesia . Six years into formal colonisation of the East Indies , in Europe the Dutch Republic was occupied by the French forces of Napoleon . The Dutch government went into exile in England and formally ceded its colonial possessions to Great Britain . The pro-French Governor General of Java Jan Willem Janssens , resisted a British invasion force in 1811 until forced to surrender . British Governor Raffles , who the later founded the city of Singapore , ruled the colony the following 10 years of the British interregnum ( 1806 -- 1816 ) . After the defeat of Napoleon and the Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 colonial government of the East Indies was ceded back to the Dutch in 1817 . The loss of South Africa and the continued scramble for Africa stimulated the Dutch to secure unchallenged dominion over its colony in the East Indies . The Dutch started to consolidate its power base through extensive military campaigns and elaborate diplomatic alliances with indigenous rulers ensuring the Dutch tricolor was firmly planted in all corners of the Archipelago . These military campaigns included : the Padri War ( 1821 -- 1837 ) , the Java War ( 1825 -- 1830 ) and the Aceh War ( 1873 -- 1904 ) . This raised the need for a considerable military buildup of the colonial army ( KNIL ) . From all over Europe soldiers were recruited to join the KNIL . The Dutch concentrated their colonial enterprise in the Dutch East Indies ( Indonesia ) throughout the 19th century . The Dutch lost control over the East Indies to the Japanese during much of World War II . Following the war , the Dutch fought Indonesian independence forces after Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945 . In 1949 most of what was known as the Dutch East Indies was ceded to the independent Republic of Indonesia . In 1962 also Dutch New Guinea was annexed by Indonesia de facto ending Dutch imperialism in Asia . British in India ( edit ) Portuguese , French , and British competition in India ( 1600 -- 1763 ) ( edit ) Robert Clive , 1st Baron Clive . The English sought to stake out claims in India at the expense of the Portuguese dating back to the Elizabethan era . In 1600 , Queen Elizabeth I incorporated the English East India Company ( later the British East India Company ) , granting it a monopoly of trade from the Cape of Good Hope eastward to the Strait of Magellan . In 1639 it acquired Madras on the east coast of India , where it quickly surpassed Portuguese Goa as the principal European trading centre on the Indian Subcontinent . Through bribes , diplomacy , and manipulation of weak native rulers , the company prospered in India , where it became the most powerful political force , and outrivaled its Portuguese and French competitors . For more than one hundred years , English and French trading companies had fought one another for supremacy , and , by the middle of the 18th century , competition between the British and the French had heated up . French defeat by the British under the command of Robert Clive during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) marked the end of the French stake in India . Collapse of Mughal India ( edit ) Main article : Company rule in India The British East India Company , although still in direct competition with French and Dutch interests until 1763 , was able to extend its control over almost the whole of India in the century following the subjugation of Bengal at the 1757 Battle of Plassey . The British East India Company made great advances at the expense of a Mughal dynasty . The reign of Aurangzeb had marked the height of Mughal power , By 1690 . Mughal territorial expansion reached its greatest extent , Aurangzeb 's Empire encompassed the entire Indian Subcontinent . But this period of power was followed by one of decline . Fifty years after the death of Aurangzeb , the great Mughal empire had crumbled . Meanwhile , marauding warlords , nobles , and others bent on gaining power left the Subcontinent increasingly anarchic . Although the Mughals kept the imperial title until 1858 , the central government had collapsed , creating a power vacuum . From Company to Crown ( edit ) Main article : British Raj The British Empire in 1920 . Aside from defeating the French during the Seven Years ' War , Robert Clive , the leader of the Company in India , defeated a key Indian ruler of Bengal at the decisive Battle of Plassey ( 1757 ) , a victory that ushered in the beginning of a new period in Indian history , that of informal British rule . While still nominally the sovereign , the Mughal Indian emperor became more and more of a puppet ruler , and anarchy spread until the company stepped into the role of policeman of India . The transition to formal imperialism , characterised by Queen Victoria being crowned `` Empress of India '' in the 1870s was a gradual process . The first step toward cementing formal British control extended back to the late 18th century . The British Parliament , disturbed by the idea that a great business concern , interested primarily in profit , was controlling the destinies of millions of people , passed acts in 1773 and 1784 that gave itself the power to control company policies and to appoint the highest company official in India , the Governor - General . ( This system of dual control lasted until 1858 . ) By 1818 the East India Company was master of all of India . Some local rulers were forced to accept its overlordship ; others were deprived of their territories . Some portions of India were administered by the British directly ; in others native dynasties were retained under British supervision . The First Anglo - Sikh War , 1845 - 46 Until 1858 , however , much of India was still officially the dominion of the Mughal emperor . Anger among some social groups , however , was seething under the governor - generalship of James Dalhousie ( 1847 -- 1856 ) , who annexed the Punjab ( 1849 ) after victory in the Second Sikh War , annexed seven princely states using the doctrine of lapse , annexed the key state of Oudh on the basis of misgovernment , and upset cultural sensibilities by banning Hindu practices such as sati . The 1857 Sepoy Rebellion , or Indian Mutiny , an uprising initiated by Indian troops , called sepoys , who formed the bulk of the Company 's armed forces , was the key turning point . Rumour had spread among them that their bullet cartridges were lubricated with pig and cow fat . The cartridges had to be bit open , so this upset the Hindu and Muslim soldiers . The Hindu religion held cows sacred , and for Muslims pork was considered haraam . In one camp , 85 out of 90 sepoys would not accept the cartridges from their garrison officer . The British harshly punished those who would not by jailing them . The Indian people were outraged , and on May 10 , 1857 , sepoys marched to Delhi , and , with the help of soldiers stationed there , captured it . Fortunately for the British , many areas remained loyal and quiescent , allowing the revolt to be crushed after fierce fighting . One important consequence of the revolt was the final collapse of the Mughal dynasty . The mutiny also ended the system of dual control under which the British government and the British East India Company shared authority . The government relieved the company of its political responsibilities , and in 1858 , after 258 years of existence , the company relinquished its role . Trained civil servants were recruited from graduates of British universities , and these men set out to rule India . Lord Canning ( created earl in 1859 ) , appointed Governor - General of India in 1856 , became known as `` Clemency Canning '' as a term of derision for his efforts to restrain revenge against the Indians during the Indian Mutiny . When the Government of India was transferred from the Company to the Crown , Canning became the first viceroy of India . The Company initiated the first of the Anglo - Burmese wars in 1824 , which led to total annexation of Burma by the Crown in 1885 . The British ruled Burma as a province of British India until 1937 , then administered her separately under the Burma Office except during the Japanese occupation of Burma , 1942 -- 1945 , until granted independence on 4 January 1948 . ( Unlike India , Burma opted not to join the Commonwealth of Nations . ) Rise of Indian nationalism ( edit ) Main article : Indian independence movement The denial of equal status to Indians was the immediate stimulus for the formation in 1885 of the Indian National Congress , initially loyal to the Empire but committed from 1905 to increased self - government and by 1930 to outright independence . The `` Home charges '' , payments transferred from India for administrative costs , were a lasting source of nationalist grievance , though the flow declined in relative importance over the decades to independence in 1947 . Although majority Hindu and minority Muslim political leaders were able to collaborate closely in their criticism of British policy into the 1920s , British support for a distinct Muslim political organisation , the Muslim League from 1906 and insistence from the 1920s on separate electorates for religious minorities , is seen by many in India as having contributed to Hindu - Muslim discord and the country 's eventual Partition . France in Indochina ( edit ) Main article : French Indochina The capture of Lạng Sơn in 1885 France , which had lost its empire to the British by the end of the 18th century , had little geographical or commercial basis for expansion in Southeast Asia . After the 1850s , French imperialism was initially impelled by a nationalistic need to rival the United Kingdom and was supported intellectually by the notion that French culture was superior to that of the people of Annam ( Vietnam ) , and its mission civilisatrice -- or its `` civilizing mission '' of the Annamese through their assimilation to French culture and the Catholic religion . The pretext for French expansionism in Indochina was the protection of French religious missions in the area , coupled with a desire to find a southern route to China through Tonkin , the European name for a region of northern Vietnam . French religious and commercial interests were established in Indochina as early as the 17th century , but no concerted effort at stabilizing the French position was possible in the face of British strength in the Indian Ocean and French defeat in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century . A mid-19th century religious revival under the Second Empire provided the atmosphere within which interest in Indochina grew . Anti-Christian persecutions in the Far East provided the pretext for the bombardment of Tourane ( Da Nang ) in 1847 , and invasion and occupation of Da Nang in 1857 and Saigon in 1858 . Under Napoleon III , France decided that French trade with China would be surpassed by the British , and accordingly the French joined the British against China in the Second Opium War from 1857 to 1860 , and occupied parts of Vietnam as its gateway to China . By the Treaty of Saigon in 1862 , on June 5 , the Vietnamese emperor ceded France three provinces of southern Vietnam to form the French colony of Cochinchina ; France also secured trade and religious privileges in the rest of Vietnam and a protectorate over Vietnam 's foreign relations . Gradually French power spread through exploration , the establishment of protectorates , and outright annexations . Their seizure of Hanoi in 1882 led directly to war with China ( 1883 -- 1885 ) , and the French victory confirmed French supremacy in the region . France governed Cochinchina as a direct colony , and central and northern Vietnam under the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin , and Cambodia as protectorates in one degree or another . Laos too was soon brought under French `` protection '' . By the beginning of the 20th century , France had created an empire in Indochina nearly 50 percent larger than the mother country . A Governor - General in Hanoi ruled Cochinchina directly and the other regions through a system of residents . Theoretically , the French maintained the precolonial rulers and administrative structures in Annam , Tonkin , Cochinchina , Cambodia , and Laos , but in fact the governor - generalship was a centralised fiscal and administrative regime ruling the entire region . Although the surviving native institutions were preserved in order to make French rule more acceptable , they were almost completely deprived of any independence of action . The ethnocentric French colonial administrators sought to assimilate the upper classes into France 's `` superior culture . '' While the French improved public services and provided commercial stability , the native standard of living declined and precolonial social structures eroded . Indochina , which had a population of over eighteen million in 1914 , was important to France for its tin , pepper , coal , cotton , and rice . It is still a matter of debate , however , whether the colony was commercially profitable . Russia and `` the great Game '' ( edit ) Main article : The Great Game See also : Russian conquest of Siberia and Russian conquest of Turkestan Russian troops taking Samarkand in 1868 . Tsarist Russia is not often regarded as a colonial power such as the United Kingdom or France because of the manner of Russian expansions : unlike the United Kingdom , which expanded overseas , the Russian empire grew from the centre outward by a process of accretion , like the United States . In the 19th century , Russian expansion took the form of a struggle of an effectively landlocked country for access to a warm water port . Qing China defeated Russia in the Sino - Russian border conflicts . While the British were consolidating their hold on India , Russian expansion had moved steadily eastward to the Pacific , then toward the Middle East . In the early 19th century it succeeded in conquering the South Caucasus and Dagestan from Qajar Persia following the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) , the Russo - Persian War ( 1826 -- 28 ) and the out coming treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay , giving Russia direct borders with both Persia 's as well as Ottoman Turkey 's heartlands . Later , they eventually reached the frontiers of Afghanistan as well ( which had the largest foreign border adjacent to British holdings in India ) . In response to Russian expansion , the defense of India 's land frontiers and the control of all sea approaches to the Subcontinent via the Suez Canal , the Red Sea , and the Persian Gulf became preoccupations of British foreign policy in the 19th century . Anglo - Russian rivalry in the Middle East and Central Asia led to a brief confrontation over Afghanistan in the 1870s . In Persia ( Iran ) , both nations set up banks to extend their economic influence . The United Kingdom went so far as to invade Tibet , a land subordinate to the Chinese empire , in 1904 , but withdrew when it became clear that Russian influence was insignificant and when Chinese resistance proved tougher than expected . In 1907 , the United Kingdom and Russia signed an agreement which -- on the surface -- ended their rivalry in Central Asia . ( see Anglo - Russian Entente ) As part of the entente , Russia agreed to deal with the sovereign of Afghanistan only through British intermediaries . In turn , the United Kingdom would not annex or occupy Afghanistan . Chinese suzerainty over Tibet also was recognised by both Russia and the United Kingdom , since nominal control by a weak China was preferable to control by either power . Persia was divided into Russian and British spheres of influence and an intervening `` neutral '' zone . The United Kingdom and Russia chose to reach these uneasy compromises because of growing concern on the part of both powers over German expansion in strategic areas of China and Africa . Following the entente , Russia increasingly intervened in Persian domestic politics and suppressed nationalist movements that threatened both St. Petersburg and London . After the Russian Revolution , Russia gave up its claim to a sphere of influence , though Soviet involvement persisted alongside the United Kingdom 's until the 1940s . In the Middle East , in Persia ( Iran ) and the Ottoman Empire , a German company built a railroad from Constantinople to Baghdad and the Persian Gulf in the latter , while it built a railroad from the north of the country to the south , connecting the Caucasus with the Persian Gulf in the former . Germany wanted to gain economic influence in the region and then , perhaps , move on to India . This was met with bitter resistance by the United Kingdom , Russia , and France who divided the region among themselves . European intrusions into China ( edit ) A shocked mandarin in Manchu robe in the back , with Queen Victoria ( UK ) , William II ( Germany ) , Nicholas II ( Russia ) , Marianne ( France ) , and Mutsuhito ( Japan ) cutting up a king cake with Chine ( `` China '' in French ) written on it . Main article : List of foreign enclaves in China The 16th century brought many Jesuit missionaries to China , such as Matteo Ricci , who established missions where Western science was introduced , and where Europeans gathered knowledge of Chinese society , history , culture , and science . During the 18th century , merchants from Western Europe came to China in increasing numbers . However , merchants were confined to Guangzhou and the Portuguese colony of Macau , as they had been since the 16th century . European traders were increasingly irritated by what they saw as the relatively high customs duties they had to pay and by the attempts to curb the growing import trade in opium . By 1800 , its importation was forbidden by the imperial government . However , the opium trade continued to boom . Early in the 19th century , serious internal weaknesses developed in the Qing dynasty that left China vulnerable to Western , Meiji period Japanese , and Russian imperialism . In 1839 , China found itself fighting the First Opium War with Britain . China was defeated , and in 1842 , signed the provisions of the Treaty of Nanjing which were first of the unequal treaties signed during the Qing Dynasty . Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain , and certain ports , including Shanghai and Guangzhou , were opened to British trade and residence . In 1856 , the Second Opium War broke out . The Chinese were again defeated , and now forced to the terms of the 1858 Treaty of Tientsin . The treaty opened new ports to trade and allowed foreigners to travel in the interior . In addition , Christians gained the right to propagate their religion . The United States Treaty of Wanghia and Russia later obtained the same prerogatives in separate treaties . Toward the end of the 19th century , China appeared on the way to territorial dismemberment and economic vassalage -- the fate of India 's rulers that played out much earlier . Several provisions of these treaties caused long - standing bitterness and humiliation among the Chinese : extraterritoriality ( meaning that in a dispute with a Chinese person , a Westerner had the right to be tried in a court under the laws of his own country ) , customs regulation , and the right to station foreign warships in Chinese waters , including its navigable rivers . Jane E. Elliott criticized the allegation that China refused to modernize or was unable to defeat Western armies as simplistic , noting that China embarked on a massive military modernization in the late 1800s after several defeats , buying weapons from Western countries and manufacturing their own at arsenals , such as the Hanyang Arsenal during the Boxer Rebellion . In addition , Elliott questioned the claim that Chinese society was traumatized by the Western victories , as many Chinese peasants ( 90 % of the population at that time ) living outside the concessions continued about their daily lives , uninterrupted and without any feeling of `` humiliation '' . Historians have judged the Qing dynasty 's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land , the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that `` China 's nineteenth - century humiliations were strongly related to her weakness and failure at sea . At the start of the Opium War , China had no unified navy and no sense of how vulnerable she was to attack from the sea ; British forces sailed and steamed wherever they wanted to go ... In the Arrow War ( 1856 - 60 ) , the Chinese had no way to prevent the Anglo - French expedition of 1860 from sailing into the Gulf of Zhili and landing as near as possible to Beijing . Meanwhile , new but not exactly modern Chinese armies suppressed the midcentury rebellions , bluffed Russia into a peaceful settlement of disputed frontiers in Central Asia , and defeated the French forces on land in the Sino - French War ( 1884 - 85 ) . But the defeat of the fleet , and the resulting threat to steamship traffic to Taiwan , forced China to conclude peace on unfavorable terms . '' During the Sino - French War , Chinese forces defeated the French at the Battle of Cầu Giấy ( Paper Bridge ) , Bắc Lệ ambush , Battle of Phu Lam Tao , Battle of Zhenhai , the Battle of Tamsui in the Keelung Campaign and in the last battle which ended the war , the Battle of Bang Bo ( Zhennan Pass ) , which triggered the French Retreat from Lạng Sơn and resulted in the collapse of the French Jules Ferry government in the Tonkin Affair . The Qing dynasty forced Russia to hand over disputed territory in Ili in the Treaty of Saint Petersburg ( 1881 ) , in what was widely seen by the west as a diplomatic victory for the Qing . Russia acknowledged that Qing China potentially posed a serious military threat . Mass media in the west during this era portrayed China as a rising military power due to its modernization programs and as a major threat to the western world , invoking fears that China would successfully conquer western colonies like Australia . The British observer Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger suggested a British - Chinese alliance to check Russian expansion in Central Asia . During the Ili crisis when Qing China threatened to go to war against Russia over the Russian occupation of Ili , the British officer Charles George Gordon was sent to China by Britain to advise China on military options against Russia should a potential war break out between China and Russia . The Russians observed the Chinese building up their arsenal of modern weapons during the Ili crisis , the Chinese bought thousands of rifles from Germany . In 1880 massive amounts of military equipment and rifles were shipped via boats to China from Antwerp as China purchased torpedoes , artillery , and 260,260 modern rifles from Europe . The Russian military observer D.V. Putiatia visited China in 1888 and found that in Northeastern China ( Manchuria ) along the Chinese - Russian border , the Chinese soldiers were potentially able to become adept at `` European tactics '' under certain circumstances , and the Chinese soldiers were armed with modern weapons like Krupp artillery , Winchester carbines , and Mauser rifles . Compared to Russian controlled areas , more benefits were given to the Muslim Kirghiz on the Chinese controlled areas . Russian settlers fought against the Muslim nomadic Kirghiz , which led the Russians to believe that the Kirghiz would be a liability in any conflict against China . The Muslim Kirghiz were sure that in an upcoming war , that China would defeat Russia . Russian sinologists , the Russian media , threat of internal rebellion , the pariah status inflicted by the Congress of Berlin , the negative state of the Russian economy all led Russia to concede and negotiate with China in St Petersburg , and return most of Ili to China . Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives . Sino - Japanese War of 1894 -- 5 The rise of Japan since the Meiji Restoration as an imperial power led to further subjugation of China . In a dispute over China 's longstanding claim of suzerainty in Korea , war broke out between China and Japan , resulting in humiliating defeat for the Chinese . By the Treaty of Shimonoseki ( 1895 ) , China was forced to recognize effective Japanese rule of Korea and Taiwan was ceded to Japan until its recovery in 1945 at the end of the WWII by the Republic of China . China 's defeat at the hands of Japan was another trigger for future aggressive actions by Western powers . In 1897 , Germany demanded and was given a set of exclusive mining and railroad rights in Shandong province . Russia obtained access to Dairen and Port Arthur and the right to build a railroad across Manchuria , thereby achieving complete domination over a large portion of northwestern China . The United Kingdom and France also received a number of concessions . At this time , much of China was divided up into `` spheres of influence '' : Germany dominated Jiaozhou ( Kiaochow ) Bay , Shandong , and the Yellow River valley ; Russia dominated the Liaodong Peninsula and Manchuria ; the United Kingdom dominated Weihaiwei and the Yangtze Valley ; and France dominated the Guangzhou Bay and several other southern provinces . British and Japanese forces engage Boxers in battle , 1900 China continued to be divided up into these spheres until the United States , which had no sphere of influence , grew alarmed at the possibility of its businessmen being excluded from Chinese markets . In 1899 , Secretary of State John Hay asked the major powers to agree to a policy of equal trading privileges . In 1900 , several powers agreed to the U.S. - backed scheme , giving rise to the `` Open Door '' policy , denoting freedom of commercial access and non-annexation of Chinese territory . In any event , it was in the European powers ' interest to have a weak but independent Chinese government . The privileges of the Europeans in China were guaranteed in the form of treaties with the Qing government . In the event that the Qing government totally collapsed , each power risked losing the privileges that it already had negotiated . The erosion of Chinese sovereignty and seizures of land from Chinese by foreigners contributed to a spectacular anti-foreign outbreak in June 1900 , when the `` Boxers '' ( properly the society of the `` righteous and harmonious fists '' ) attacked foreigners around Beijing . The Imperial Court was divided into anti-foreign and pro-foreign factions , with the pro-foreign faction led by Ronglu and Prince Qing hampering any military effort by the anti-foreign faction led by Prince Duan and Dong Fuxiang . The Qing Empress Dowager ordered all diplomatic ties to be cut off and all foreigners to leave the legations in Beijing to go to Tianjin . The foreigners refused to leave . Fueled by entirely false reports that the foreigners in the legations were massacred , the Eight - Nation Alliance decided to launch an expedition on Beijing to reach the legations but they underestimated the Qing military . The Qing and Boxers defeated the foreigners at the Seymour Expedition , forcing them to turn back at the Battle of Langfang . In response to the foreign attack on Dagu Forts the Qing responded by declaring war against the foreigners . the Qing forces and foreigners fought a fierce battle at the Battle of Tientsin before the foreigners could launch a second expedition . On their second try Gaselee Expedition , with a much larger force , the foreigners managed to reach Beijing and fight the Battle of Peking ( 1900 ) . British and French forces looted , plundered and burned the Old Summer Palace to the ground for the second time ( the first time being in 1860 , following the Second Opium War ) . German forces were particularly severe in exacting revenge for the killing of their ambassador due to the orders of Kaiser Wilhelm II , who held anti-Asian sentiments , while Russia tightened its hold on Manchuria in the northeast until its crushing defeat by Japan in the war of 1904 -- 1905 . The Qing court evacuated to Xi'an and threatened to continue the war against foreigners , until the foreigners tempered their demands in the Boxer Protocol , promising that China would not have to give up any land and gave up the demands for the execution of Dong Fuxiang and Prince Duan . The correspondent Douglas Story observed Chinese troops in 1907 and praised their abilities and military skill . Extraterritorial jurisdiction was abandoned by the United Kingdom and the United States in 1943 . Chiang Kai - shek forced the French to hand over all their concessions back to China control after World War II . Foreign political control over leased parts of China ended with the incorporation of Hong Kong and the small Portuguese territory of Macau into the People 's Republic of China in 1997 and 1999 respectively . U.S. imperialism in Asia ( edit ) Main article : History of United States overseas expansion One of the New York Journal 's most infamous cartoons , depicting Philippine -- American War General Jacob H. Smith 's order `` Kill Everyone over Ten , '' from the front page on May 5 , 1902 . Some Americans in the Nineteenth Century advocated for the annexation of Taiwan from China . Aboriginals on Taiwan often attacked and massacred shipwrecked western sailors . In 1867 , during the Rover incident , Taiwanese aborigines attacked shipwrecked American sailors , killing the entire crew . They subsequently defeated a retaliatory expedition by the American military and killed another American during the battle . As the United States emerged as a new imperial power in the Pacific and Asia , one of the two oldest Western imperialist powers in the regions , Spain , was finding it increasingly difficult to maintain control of territories it had held in the regions since the 16th century . In 1896 , a widespread revolt against Spanish rule broke out in the Philippines . Meanwhile , the recent string of U.S. territorial gains in the Pacific posed an even greater threat to Spain 's remaining colonial holdings . As the U.S. continued to expand its economic and military power in the Pacific , it declared war against Spain in 1898 . During the Spanish -- American War , U.S. Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila and U.S. troops landed in the Philippines . Spain later agreed by treaty to cede the Philippines in Asia and Guam in the Pacific . In the Caribbean , Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the U.S. The war also marked the end of Spanish rule in Cuba , which was to be granted nominal independence but remained heavily influenced by the U.S. government and U.S. business interests . One year following its treaty with Spain , the U.S. occupied the small Pacific outpost of Wake Island . The Filipinos , who assisted U.S. troops in fighting the Spanish , wished to establish an independent state and , on June 12 , 1898 , declared independence from Spain . In 1899 , fighting between the Filipino nationalists and the U.S. broke out ; it took the U.S. almost fifteen years to fully subdue the insurgency . The U.S. sent 70,000 troops and suffered thousands of casualties . The Filipinos insurgents , however , suffered considerably higher casualties than the Americans . Most casualties in the war were civilians dying primarily from disease . U.S. attacks into the countryside often included scorched earth campaigns where entire villages were burned and destroyed , and concentrated civilians into camps known as `` protected zones . '' Most of these civilian casualties resulted from disease and famine . Reports of the execution of U.S. soldiers taken prisoner by the Filipinos led to disproportionate reprisals by American forces . The Moro Muslims fought against the Americans in the Moro Rebellion . In 1914 , Dean C. Worcester , U.S. Secretary of the Interior for the Philippines ( 1901 -- 1913 ) described `` the regime of civilisation and improvement which started with American occupation and resulted in developing naked savages into cultivated and educated men . '' Nevertheless , some Americans , such as Mark Twain , deeply opposed American involvement / imperialism in the Philippines , leading to the abandonment of attempts to construct a permanent U.S. naval base and using it as an entry point to the Chinese market . In 1916 , Congress guaranteed the independence of the Philippines by 1945 . World War I : changes in imperialism ( edit ) World War I brought about the fall of several empires in Europe . This had repercussions around the world . The defeated Central Powers included Germany and the Turkish Ottoman Empire . Germany lost all of its colonies in Asia . German New Guinea , a part of Papua New Guinea , became administered by Australia . German possessions and concessions in China , including Qingdao , became the subject of a controversy during the Paris Peace Conference when the Beiyang government in China agreed to cede these interests to Japan , to the anger of many Chinese people . Although the Chinese diplomats refused to sign the agreement , these interests were ceded to Japan with the support of the United States and the United Kingdom . Turkey gave up her provinces ; Syria , Palestine , and Mesopotamia ( now Iraq ) came under French and British control as League of Nations Mandates . The discovery of petroleum first in Iran and then in the Arab lands in the interbellum provided a new focus for activity on the part of the United Kingdom , France , and the United States . Japan ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese imperialism and Japanese expansionism Europeans in Dejima , the Dutch trading colony in the harbor of Nagasaki , early 19th century . In 1641 , all Westerners were thrown out of Japan . For the next two centuries , Japan was free from Western influence , except for at the port of Nagasaki , which Japan allowed Dutch merchant vessels to enter on a limited basis . Japan 's freedom from Western penetration ended on 8 July 1853 , when Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy sailed a squadron of black - hulled warships into Edo ( modern Tokyo ) harbor . The Japanese told Perry to sail to Nagasaki but he refused . Perry sought to present a letter from U.S. President Millard Fillmore to the emperor which demanded concessions from Japan . Japanese authorities responded by stating that they could not present the letter directly to the emperor , but scheduled a meeting on July 14 with a representative of the emperor . On 14 July , the squadron sailed towards the shore , giving a demonstration of their cannon 's firepower thirteen times . Perry landed with a large detachment of Marines and presented the emperor 's representative with Fillmore 's letter . Perry said he would return , and did so , this time with even more war ships . The U.S. show of force led to Japan 's concession to the Convention of Kanagawa on 31 March 1854 . This treaty conferred extraterritoriality on American nationals , as well as , opening up further treaty ports beyond Nagasaki . This treaty was followed up by similar treaties with the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Russia and France . These events made Japanese authorities aware that the country was lacking technologically and needed the strength of industrialism in order to keep their power . This realisation eventually led to a civil war and political reform known the Meiji Restoration . The Meiji Restoration of 1868 led to administrative overhaul , deflation and subsequent rapid economic development . Japan had limited natural resources of her own and sought both overseas markets and sources of raw materials , fuelling a drive for imperial conquest which began with the defeat of China in 1895 . Three Koreans shot for pulling up rails as a protest against seizure of land without payment by Japanese . Taiwan , ceded by Qing Dynasty China , became the first Japanese colony . In 1899 , Japan won agreements from the great powers ' to abandon extraterritoriality for their citizens , and an alliance with the United Kingdom established it in 1902 as an international power . Its spectacular defeat of Russia 's navy in 1905 gave it the southern half of the island of Sakhalin ; exclusive Japanese influence over Korea ( propinquity ) ; the former Russian lease of the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur ( Lüshunkou ) ; and extensive rights in Manchuria ( see the Russo - Japanese War ) . The Empire of Japan and the Joseon Dynasty in Korea formed bilateral diplomatic relations in 1876 . China lost its suzerainty of Korea after defeat in the Sino - Japanese War in 1894 . Russia also lost influence on the Korean peninsula with the Treaty of Portsmouth as a result of the Russo - Japanese war in 1904 . The Joseon Dynasty became increasingly dependent on Japan . Korea became a protectorate of Japan with the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 . Korea was then de jure annexed to Japan with the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 . Japan was now one of the most powerful forces in the Far East , and in 1914 , it entered World War I on the side of the Allies , seizing German - occupied Kiaochow and subsequently demanding Chinese acceptance of Japanese political influence and territorial acquisitions ( Twenty - One Demands , 1915 ) . Mass protests in Peking in 1919 coupled with Allied ( and particularly U.S. ) opinion led to Japan 's abandonment of most of the demands and Joseon 's 1922 return to China . Japan received the German territory from the Treaty of Versailles , 1919 , sparking widespread Chinese nationalism . Tensions with China increased over the 1920s , and in 1931 Japanese army units based in Manchuria seized control of the region without direction from Tokyo . Intermittent conflict with China led to full - scale war in mid-1937 , drawing Japan toward an overambitious bid for Asian hegemony ( Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ) , which ultimately led to defeat and the loss of all its overseas territories after World War II ( see Japanese expansionism and Japanese nationalism ) . After World War II ( edit ) Decolonisation and the rise of nationalism in Asia ( edit ) In the aftermath of World War II , European colonies , controlling more than one billion people throughout the world , still ruled most of the Middle East , South East Asia , and the Indian Subcontinent . However , the image of European pre-eminence was shattered by the wartime Japanese occupations of large portions of British , French , and Dutch territories in the Pacific . The destabilisation of European rule led to the rapid growth of nationalist movements in Asia -- especially in Indonesia , Malaya , Burma , and French Indochina . British Army 's counter-insurgency campaign in the British controlled territories of South Arabia , 1967 The war , however , only accelerated forces already in existence undermining Western imperialism in Asia . Throughout the colonial world , the processes of urbanisation and capitalist investment created professional merchant classes that emerged as new Westernised elites . While imbued with Western political and economic ideas , these classes increasingly grew to resent their unequal status under European rule . British in India and the Middle East ( edit ) In India , the westward movement of Japanese forces towards Bengal during World War II had led to major concessions on the part of British authorities to Indian nationalist leaders . In 1947 , the United Kingdom , devastated by war and embroiled in economic crisis at home , granted British India its independence as two nations : India and Pakistan . The following year independence was granted to Burma and Ceylon . In the Middle East , the United Kingdom granted independence to Jordan in 1946 and two years later ended its mandate of Palestine . Dutch East Indies ( edit ) Dutch soldiers control the papers of Javanese women , 1946 Following the end of the war , nationalists in Indonesia demanded complete independence from the Netherlands . A brutal conflict ensued , and finally , in 1949 , through United Nations mediation , the Dutch East Indies achieved independence , becoming the new nation of Indonesia . Dutch imperialism moulded this new multi-ethnic state comprising roughly 3,000 islands of the Indonesian archipelago with a population at the time of over 100 million . The end of Dutch rule opened up latent tensions between the roughly 300 distinct ethnic groups of the islands , with the major ethnic fault line being between the Javanese and the non-Javanese . Netherlands New Guinea was under the Dutch administration until 1962 ( see also West New Guinea dispute ) . United States in Asia ( edit ) In the Philippines , the U.S. remained committed to its previous pledges to grant the islands their independence , and the Philippines became the first of the Western - controlled Asian colonies to be granted independence post-World War II . However , the Philippines remained under pressure to adopt a political and economic system similar to their old imperial master . This aim was greatly complicated by the rise of new political forces . During the war , the Hukbalahap ( People 's Army ) , which had strong ties to the Communist Party of the Philippines ( PKP ) , fought against the Japanese occupation of the Philippines and won strong popularity among many sectors of the Filipino working class and peasantry . In 1946 , the PKP participated in elections as part of the Democratic Alliance . However , with the onset of the Cold War , its growing political strength drew a reaction from the ruling government and the United States , resulting in the repression of the PKP and its associated organisations . In 1948 , the PKP began organizing an armed struggle against the government and continued U.S. military presence . In 1950 , the PKP created the People 's Liberation Army ( Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan ) , which mobilised thousands of troops throughout the islands . The insurgency lasted until 1956 , when the PKP gave up armed struggle . In 1968 , the PKP underwent a split , and in 1969 the Maoist faction of the PKP created the New People 's Army . Maoist rebels re-launched an armed struggle against the government and the U.S. military presence in the Philippines , which continues to this day . France in Indochina ( edit ) Post-war resistance to French rule ( edit ) French Marine commandos wade ashore off the Annam coast in July 1950 France remained determined to retain its control of Indochina . However , in Hanoi , in 1945 , a broad front of nationalists and communists led by Ho Chi Minh declared an independent Republic of Vietnam , commonly referred to as the Viet Minh regime by Western outsiders . France , seeking to regain control of Vietnam , countered with a vague offer of self - government under French rule . France 's offers were unacceptable to Vietnamese nationalists ; and in December 1946 the Việt Minh launched a rebellion against the French authority governing the colonies of French Indochina . The first few years of the war involved a low - level rural insurgency against French authority . However , after the Chinese communists reached the Northern border of Vietnam in 1949 , the conflict turned into a conventional war between two armies equipped with modern weapons supplied by the United States and the Soviet Union . Meanwhile , the France granted the State of Vietnam based in Saigon independence in 1949 whilst Laos and Cambodia received independence in 1953 . The US recognized the regime in Saigon , and provided the French military effort with military aid . Meanwhile , in Vietnam , the French war against the Viet Minh continued for nearly eight years . The French were gradually worn down by guerrilla and jungle fighting . The turning point for France occurred at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 , which resulted in the surrender of ten thousand French troops . Paris was forced to accept a political settlement that year at the Geneva Conference , which led to a precarious set of agreements regarding the future political status of Laos , Cambodia , and Vietnam . List of European colonies in Asia ( edit ) British Burma ( 1824 -- 1948 , merged with India by the British from 1886 to 1937 ) Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) : Portuguese Ceylon ( 1505 -- 1658 ) Dutch Ceylon ( 1656 -- 1796 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) Portuguese Timor ( 1702 -- 1975 , now East Timor ) British Hong Kong ( 1842 -- 1997 ) Colonial India ( includes the territory of present - day India , Pakistan and Bangladesh ) : Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) French India ( 1769 -- 1954 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Dutch Bengal Danish India ( 1696 -- 1869 ) British India ( 1613 -- 1947 ) British East India Company ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) French Indochina ( 1887 -- 1953 ) , including : French Laos ( 1893 - 1953 ) French Cambodia ( 1863 - 1953 ) Annam ( now Vietnam ) ( 1883 - 1953 ) Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) -- Dutch colony from 1602 -- 1949 ( included Netherlands New Guinea until 1962 ) Portuguese Macau -- Portuguese colony , the first European colony in China ( 1557 -- 1999 ) , longest European occupation in Asia , 442 years . Malaya ( now part of Malaysia ) : Portuguese Malacca ( 1511 -- 1641 ) Dutch Malacca ( 1641 -- 1824 ) British Malaya , included : Straits Settlements ( 1826 -- 1946 ) Federated Malay States ( 1895 -- 1946 ) Unfederated Malay States ( 1885 - 1946 ) Federation of Malaya ( under British rule , 1948 -- 1963 ) British Borneo ( now part of Malaysia ) , including : Labuan ( 1848 -- 1946 ) North Borneo ( 1882 -- 1941 ) Crown Colony of North Borneo ( 1946 -- 1963 ) Crown Colony of Sarawak ( 1946 -- 1963 ) Brunei British Brunei ( 1888 -- 1984 ) ( British protectorate ) Outer Manchuria -- ceded to Russian Empire through Treaty of Aigun ( 1858 ) and Treaty of Peking ( 1860 ) Philippines : Spanish Philippines ( 1565 -- 1898 , 2nd longest European occupation in Asia , 333 years ) , British Manila ( 1762 - 1764 , Shortly British occupation in Philippines , 2 years ) Insular Government of the Philippine Islands and Commonwealth of the Philippines , United States colony ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Singapore -- British colony ( 1819 -- 1959 ) Taiwan : Spanish Formosa ( 1626 -- 1642 ) Dutch Formosa ( 1624 -- 1662 ) Bahrain Portuguese Bahrain ( 1521 - 1602 ) Iraq Mandatory Iraq ( 1920 - 1932 ) ( British protectorate ) Kingdom of Iraq ( 1932 - 1958 ) Israel and Palestine Mandatory Palestine ( 1920 - 1948 ) ( British Mandate ) Jordan Emirate of Transjordan ( 1921 - 1946 ) ( British protectorate ) Kuwait Sheikhdom of Kuwait ( 1899 - 1961 ) ( British protectorate ) Lebanon and Syria French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon ( 1923 - 1946 ) Oman Portuguese Oman ( 1507 to 1650 ) Muscat and Oman ( 1892 - 1971 ) ( British protectorate ) Qatar British protectorate of Qatar ( 1916 - 1971 ) United Arab Emirates Trucial States ( 1820 - 1971 ) ( British protectorate ) Yemen Aden Protectorate ( 1869 - 1963 ) Colony of Aden ( 1937 - 1963 ) Federation of South Arabia ( 1962 - 1967 ) Protectorate of South Arabia ( 1963 - 1967 ) Independent States ( edit ) Afghanistan -- founded by the Anglo - Afghan Treaty of 1919 of the United Kingdom and declared independence in 1919 . China -- Independent but had European spheres of influence . Bhutan -- Had British sphere of influence . Iran -- Had Russian sphere of influence in the north and Britain in the south . Japan -- was a Great power and had its own colonial empire ( including Korea and Taiwan ) . After Japan surrendered to the Allies after World War II , Japan was occupied by the U.S for 7 years . Mongolia - Had Russian sphere of influence and Soviet controlled Nepal -- Had British sphere of influence . Thailand -- was the only independent state in Southeast Asia , but had Britain sphere of influence in the north and south and France in the Northeast and East . Turkey -- succession to the Ottoman Empire in 1923 , the Ottoman Empire itself could be considered a colonial empire . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For fifty or sixty years , the Portuguese enjoyed the exclusive trade to China and Japan . In 1717 , and again in 1732 , the Chinese government offered to make Macao the emporium for all foreign trade , and to receive all duties on imports ; but , by a strange infatuation , the Portuguese government refused , and its decline is dated from that period . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ M. Weisner - Hanks , Early Modern Europe 1450 -- 1789 ( Cambridge , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Edmund ( Digitized 12 October 2007 ) ( First published in 1837 ) . Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin - China , Siam , and Muscat : in the U.S. sloop - of - war Peacock ... during the years 1832 - 3 - 4 . Harper & brothers . image 173 , p. 166 . OCLC 12212199 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jude Lal Fernando ( 11 June 2013 ) . Religion , Conflict and Peace in Sri Lanka : The Politics of Interpretation of Nationhoods . LIT Verlag Münster . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 643 - 90428 - 7 . Jump up ^ C. Gaston Perera ( 2007 ) . Kandy fights the Portuguese : a military history of Kandyan resistance . Vijitha Yapa Publications . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 955 - 1266 - 77 - 6 . Jump up ^ Donald Obeyesekere ( 1999 ) . Outlines of Ceylon History . Asian Educational Services . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1363 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rasin Deviyo - Chandra Tilake Edirisuriya ( Ceylon Today ) Accessed 2015 - 12 - 13 Jump up ^ Philippine Studies . Ateneo de Manila University Press . 1986 . p. 260 . Jump up ^ Brunei Museum journal . 1985 . p. 67 . Jump up ^ The Brunei Museum Journal . The Museum . 1986 . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Barbara Watson Andaya ; Leonard Y . Andaya ( 19 February 2015 ) . A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia , 1400 - 1830 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 145 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88992 - 6 . Jump up ^ Anthony Reid ( 1 January 1993 ) . Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce , 1450 - 1680 : Expansion and crisis . Yale University Press . pp. 148 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05412 - 5 . Jump up ^ Anthony Reid ( 1993 ) . Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era : Trade , Power , and Belief . Cornell University Press . pp. 166 -- . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8093 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robert Nicholl ( 1975 ) . European Sources for the History of the Sultanate of Brunei in the 16th Century . Muzium Brunei . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Eric Casiño ; Eric S. Casiño ( 1976 ) . The Jama Mapun : a changing Samal society in the southern Philippines . Ateneo de Manila University Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Stephen Frederic Dale ( 1980 ) . Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier : The Māppiḷas of Malabar , 1498 - 1922 . Clarendon Press . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 821571 - 4 . Jump up ^ Keat Gin Ooi ( 1 January 2004 ) . Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor . ABC - CLIO . pp. 1705 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 770 - 2 . Jump up ^ Frederick Albion Ober ( 1907 ) . Ferdinand Magellan. Harper and brothers . pp. 295 -- . Jump up ^ Filipino Heritage : The Spanish colonial period ( 16th century ) . Lahing Pilipino Pub . ; ( Manila ) . 1977 . p. 1083 . Jump up ^ The Criterion . K. Siddique. 1971 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Junaidi Payne ( 2000 ) . This is Borneo . New Holland . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85974 - 106 - 1 . Jump up ^ Trudy Ring ; Robert M. Salkin ; Sharon La Boda ( 1994 ) . International Dictionary of Historic Places : Asia and Oceania . Taylor & Francis . pp. 158 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884964 - 04 - 6 . Jump up ^ Trudy Ring ; Noelle Watson ; Paul Schellinger ( 12 November 2012 ) . Asia and Oceania : International Dictionary of Historic Places . Routledge . pp. 158 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 63979 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Tarling ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 129 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66370 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Tarling ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 129 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66370 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tianze Zhang ( 1934 ) . Sino - Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 : A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources . Brill Archive . pp. 48 -- . GGKEY : 0671BSWDRPY . Jump up ^ Tianze Zhang ( 1934 ) . Sino - Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 : A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources . Late E.J. Brill Limited . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Tianze Zhang ( 1934 ) . Sino - Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 : A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources . Brill Archive . pp. 67 -- . GGKEY : 0671BSWDRPY . Jump up ^ Tianze Zhang ( 1934 ) . Sino - Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 : A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources . Late E.J. Brill Limited . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Note : In 1819 the standing army consisted of over 7,000 European and 5,000 indigenous troops . See : Willems , Wim Sporen van een Indisch verleden ( 1600 - 1942 ) . ( COMT , Leiden , 1994 ) . Chapter I , P. 24 ISBN 90 - 71042 - 44 - 8 Jump up ^ Klemen , L. `` Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 - 1942 '' . Jump up ^ Allen F. Chew . An Atlas of Russian History : Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders . Yale University Press , 1967 . pp 74 . Jump up ^ Mohammad Gholi Majd . August 1941 : The Anglo - Russian Occupation of Iran and Change of Shahs . pp 239 -- 240 University Press of America , 2012 ISBN 0761859403 Jump up ^ Jane E. Elliott ( 2002 ) . Some did it for civilisation , some did it for their country : a revised view of the boxer war . Chinese University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 962 - 996 - 066 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ PO , Chung - yam ( 28 June 2013 ) . Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier : The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . Ruprecht - Karls - Universität Heidelberg . p. 11 . Jump up ^ John King Fairbank ( 1978 ) . The Cambridge History of China : Late Chʻing , 1800 - 1911 , pt. 2 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 96 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22029 - 3 . Jump up ^ David Scott ( 7 November 2008 ) . China and the International System , 1840 - 1949 : Power , Presence , and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation . SUNY Press . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7742 - 7 . Jump up ^ David Scott ( 7 November 2008 ) . China and the International System , 1840 - 1949 : Power , Presence , and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation . SUNY Press . pp. 111 -- 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7742 - 7 . Jump up ^ John King Fairbank ( 1978 ) . The Cambridge History of China : Late Chʻing , 1800 - 1911 , pt. 2 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 94 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22029 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alex Marshall ( 22 November 2006 ) . The Russian General Staff and Asia , 1860 - 1917 . Routledge . pp. 78 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 25379 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alex Marshall ( 22 November 2006 ) . The Russian General Staff and Asia , 1860 - 1917 . Routledge . pp. 79 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 25379 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alex Marshall ( 22 November 2006 ) . The Russian General Staff and Asia , 1860 - 1917 . Routledge . pp. 80 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 25379 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alex Marshall ( 22 November 2006 ) . The Russian General Staff and Asia , 1860 - 1917 . Routledge . pp. 85 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 25379 - 1 . Jump up ^ John King Fairbank ( 1978 ) . The Cambridge History of China : Late Chʻing , 1800 - 1911 , pt. 2 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 95 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22029 - 3 . Jump up ^ Douglas Story ( 1907 ) . To - morrow in the East . Chapman & Hall , Limited . pp. 224 -- . Jump up ^ Leonard H.D. Gordon ( 2009 ) . Confrontation Over Taiwan : Nineteenth - Century China and the Powers . Lexington Books . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 1869 - 6 . Jump up ^ Shiyuan Hao ( 15 December 2015 ) . How the Communist Party of China Manages the Issue of Nationality : An Evolving Topic . Springer . pp. 165 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 662 - 48462 - 3 . Jump up ^ Harris Inwood Martin ( 1949 ) . The Japanese Demand for Formosa in the Treaty of Shimonoseki , 1895 . Stanford Univ . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Ronald Stone Anderson ( 1946 ) . Formosa Under the Japanese : A Record of Fifty Years ' Occupation ... Stanford University . p. 63 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jonah Grad ( 1942 ) . Formosa Today : An Analysis of the Economic Development and Strategic Importance of Japan 's Tropical Colony . AMS Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 404 - 59526 - 5 . Jump up ^ John Fisher ; Antony Best ( 2011 ) . On the Fringes of Diplomacy : Influences on British Foreign Policy , 1800 - 1945 . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . pp. 185 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 0120 - 9 . Jump up ^ Japan Weekly Mail . Jappan Meru Shinbunsha. 1874 . pp. 263 -- . Jump up ^ The Nation . J.H. Richards . 1889 . pp. 256 -- . Jump up ^ John M. Gates . `` The Pacification of the Philippines '' . The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare . wooster.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fall , Street Without Joy , p. 17 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Asia Reborn : A Continent Rises from the Ravages of Colonialism and War to a New Dynamism '' by Prasenjit K. Basu , Publisher : Aleph Book Company Panikkar , K.M. ( 1953 ) . Asia and Western dominance , 1498 - 1945 , by K.M. Panikkar . London : G. Allen and Unwin . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colonial Asia . Ringmar , Erik ( 2013 ) . Liberal Barbarism : The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China ( PDF ) . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . Senaka Weeraratna , Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese ( 1505 - 1658 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_imperialism_in_Asia&oldid=839396237 '' Categories : European colonisation in Asia New Imperialism The Great Game Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français हिन्दी Қазақша Suomi ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 04 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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magic school bus rides again season 2 episode guide

No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 14 `` The Land Before Tim '' Richard Weston Brian Hartigan April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 16 `` Ghost Farm '' Richard Weston Mike McPhaden April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 17 `` Nothin ' But Net '' Richard Weston John May & Suzanne Bolch April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 18 5 `` I Spy with my Animal Eyes '' Richard Weston Emma Kassirer April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 19 6 `` Ready , Set , Fail ! '' Richard Weston Evan Thaler Hickey April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 20 7 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Gnocchi '' Richard Weston Bernice Vanderlaan April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 21 8 `` Send in the Clouds '' Richard Weston Mike McPhaden April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 22 9 `` Ralphie and the Flying Tennellis '' Richard Weston John May & Suzanne Bolch April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 23 10 `` Tim and the Talking Trees '' Richard Weston Nathalie Younglai April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 24 11 `` Waste Not , Want Not '' Richard Weston Evan Thaler Hickey April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 25 12 `` Janet 's Mystery Gene '' Richard Weston Bernice Vanderlaan April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 26 13 `` Making Magic '' Richard Weston Suzanne Bolch , John May & Mike McPhaden April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 )

The Magic School Bus Rides Again

the magic school bus rides again

The Magic School Bus Rides Again Genre Adventure , Children 's , Educational Based on The Magic School Bus by Joanna Cole Bruce Degen Voices of Kate McKinnon Lily Tomlin Theme music composer Peter Lurye Opening theme `` Ride on the Magic School Bus '' , performed by Lin - Manuel Miranda Country of origin United States Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Scholastic Entertainment 9 Story Media Group ( Season 1 ) Nelvana ( Season 2 ) Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release September 29 , 2017 -- present Chronology Preceded by The Magic School Bus The Magic School Bus Rides Again is a Canadian - American animated children 's television series , based on the book series of the same name by Joanna Cole and Bruce Degen . It also serves as a continuation of the 1994 PBS Kids series The Magic School Bus with Lily Tomlin reprising her voice role from the previous series . The series premiered on Netflix on September 29 , 2017 . The second season premiered on April 13 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 2.1 Guest Stars 2.1. 1 Season 1 2.1. 2 Season 2 2.2 Additional Voices 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In a sequel to the original 1994 series , Valerie Frizzle retires from teaching and passes the keys of the Magic School Bus over to her younger sister , Fiona Frizzle , to embark on new adventures with her class . As they journey on their exciting new field - trips , they discover new locations , creatures , time periods and more to learn about the wonders of science , educating young viewers along the way . Voice cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Magic School Bus characters Kate McKinnon as Miss Fiona Felicity Frizzle Lily Tomlin as Professor Valerie Felicity Frizzle , Ph . D . Miles Koseleci - Vieira as Arnold Perlstein Lynsey Pham as Wanda Li Mikaela Blake as Keesha Franklin Gabby Clarke as Dorothy Ann Leke Maceda - Rustecki as Carlos Ramon Matthew Mintz as Ralphie Tennelli Birva Pandya as Jyoti Kaur Kaden Stephen as Tim Guest Stars ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Will Arnett as Galapagos Gil ( Frizzle of the Future ) Mae Jemison as Kathy K. Kuiper ( Space Mission : Selfie ) Sandra Oh as Dr. Sarah Bellum ( Ralphie Strikes a Nerve ) Season 2 ( edit ) Jay Baruchel as Dr. Tillage ( Ghost Farm ) Nathan Fillion as Axle ValveStuck ( Waste Not , Want Not ) Catherine O'Hara as Aunt Tennelli , Teresina Tennelli ( Ralphie and the Flying Tennellis ) Martin Short as Tony Tennelli ( Ralphie and the Flying Tennellis ) Additional Voices ( edit ) Lilly Bartlam Amos Crawley Annelise Forbes as Janet Perlstein Lisa Jai Julie Lemieux Ana Sani Stuart Stone Jamie Watson Marcus Craig Martin Roach Kevin Vidal Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Frizzle of the Future '' Richard Weston John May & Suzanne Bolch September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) `` Pigs in the Wind '' Richard Weston Mike McPhaden September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) `` In the Swim '' Richard Weston John May & Suzanne Bolch September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) `` The Battle for Rock Mountain '' Richard Weston John May & Suzanne Bolch September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 5 5 `` The Magnetic Mambo '' Richard Weston Jennifer Daley September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 6 6 `` Carlos Gets the Sneezes '' Richard Weston George Arthur Bloom September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) In a throwback to `` Inside Ralphie '' , Carlos brings a rat as the class pet , but then he starts sneezing uncontrollably . As Miss Fiona and the class investigate inside Carlo 's immune system , they find that Carlos is being exposed to something that is giving him allergies . At first , they believe it 's the rat , but later they discover it was pollen that got stuck in the rat 's fur . 7 7 `` Hides and Seeks '' Richard Weston Betty Quan September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 8 8 `` Three in One '' Richard Weston Jocelyn Stevenson September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 9 9 `` Space Mission : Selfie '' Richard Weston Mike McPhaden September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 10 10 `` The Tales Glaciers Tell '' Richard Weston Story by : Josh Gal Teleplay by : Jocelyn Stevenson , John May & Suzanne Bolch September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 11 11 `` Ralphie Strikes a Nerve '' Richard Weston Bernice Vanderlaan September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 12 12 `` Monster Power '' Richard Weston Merrill Hagan September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 13 13 `` DA and the Deep Blue Sea '' Richard Weston Evan Thaler Hickey September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 14 `` The Land Before Tim '' Richard Weston Brian Hartigan April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 16 `` Ghost Farm '' Richard Weston Mike McPhaden April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 17 `` Nothin ' But Net '' Richard Weston John May & Suzanne Bolch April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 18 5 `` I Spy with my Animal Eyes '' Richard Weston Emma Kassirer April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 19 6 `` Ready , Set , Fail ! '' Richard Weston Evan Thaler Hickey April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 20 7 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Gnocchi '' Richard Weston Bernice Vanderlaan April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 21 8 `` Send in the Clouds '' Richard Weston Mike McPhaden April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 22 9 `` Ralphie and the Flying Tennellis '' Richard Weston John May & Suzanne Bolch April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 23 10 `` Tim and the Talking Trees '' Richard Weston Nathalie Younglai April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 24 11 `` Waste Not , Want Not '' Richard Weston Evan Thaler Hickey April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 25 12 `` Janet 's Mystery Gene '' Richard Weston Bernice Vanderlaan April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 26 13 `` Making Magic '' Richard Weston Suzanne Bolch , John May & Mike McPhaden April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Production ( edit ) In 2014 , the series was first announced by Netflix and Scholastic Media , and was entitled The Magic School Bus 360 ° . The new iteration of the franchise features a modernized `` Ms. Frizzle '' ( replacing Valerie with her younger sister Fiona ) and a high - tech bus that stresses modern inventions such as robotics , wearables and camera technology . The hope is to captivate children 's imaginations and motivate their interest in the sciences . It was produced by 9 Story Media Group . Producer Stuart Stone , who voiced Ralphie in the original series , stated that The Magic School Bus 360 ° will feature some of the original voice actors in different roles . The show 's voice cast is based in Los Angeles , California , United States and Toronto , Ontario , Canada with Susan Blu as the Los Angeles voice director and Alyson Court as the Toronto voice director . In February 2017 , Netflix announced that Kate McKinnon was cast in the role of Ms. Frizzle ( without clarifying it was Fiona , the younger sister of Valerie , now Professor Frizzle , still voiced by Tomlin ) . The series then changed its name to The Magic School Bus Rides Again . Lin - Manuel Miranda of Hamilton sings the theme song . Phoebe Terese , a character from the original series , is replaced by a new student named Jyoti , as it was revealed that Phoebe transferred back to her old school . The series was released on Netflix on September 29 , 2017 . The second season was released on April 13 , 2018 in association with Nelvana A Corus Entertainment Company . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` New to Netflix in September : ' Pulp Fiction ' , ' Jerry Before Seinfeld ' and More '' . EW.com. 2017 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scarface , The Iron Giant , Seven coming to Netflix in April '' . EW.com. 2018 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ @ netflix ( 5 September 2017 ) . `` The bus is magic . The science is real '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . video , Valerie : `` Class , please welcome Miss Fiona Felicity Frizzle '' . Jump up ^ `` da Costa Talent '' . da Costa Talent . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` da Costa Talent '' . da Costa Talent . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Annelise Forbes . `` Annelise Forbes on Twitter : `` I 'm playing `` Janet '' on the new Magic School Bus . @ Lin_Manuel sings the theme song and it 's a super fun show ! @ netflix # animation # voiceactor ... `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Scholastic is Bringing The Magic School Bus 360 degrees to Netflix '' . Coming Soon . June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Koch , Dave ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Three New Animated Series , Reboots All '' . Big Cartoon News . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Magic School Bus 360 delayed to 2017 '' . Coming Soon . December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gael Fashingbauer Cooper ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Celebrity cameos , familiar voices to ride ' Magic School Bus ' reboot '' . CNET . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Serrao , Nivea ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Kate McKinnon to voice Ms. Frizzle in Netflix 's ' Magic School Bus ' revival '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Netflix has found its Ms. Frizzle ! Kate McKinnon ( Saturday Night Live , Ghostbusters ) will be voicing the beloved animated teacher in the Magic School Bus reboot Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda Updates ' Magic School Bus ' Theme Song for Netflix Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Magic School Bus Rides Again ' brings new magic to a familiar set of wheels '' . Dailydot.com. 2017 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Writers : May , John & Bolch , Suzanne Director : Weston , Richard ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Frizzle of the Future '' . The Magic School Bus Rides Again . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Netflix . External links ( edit ) The Magic School Bus Rides Again on Netflix The Magic School Bus Rides Again on IMDb The Magic School Bus Book series In the Time of the Dinosaurs At the Waterworks Lost in the Solar System TV series The Magic School Bus episodes The Magic School Bus Rides Again Video games The Magic School Bus Characters List of The Magic School Bus characters Netflix original current series Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Club de Cuervos Dinotrux Narcos Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest 21 Thunder Iron Fist Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It ! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Fastest Car Lost in Space Aggretsuko Spy Kids : Mission Critical The Letdown Luis Miguel A Little Help with Carol Burnett Busted ! The Rain Safe The Who Was ? Show The Break with Michelle Wolf The Hollow The Ballad of Hugo Sánchez Harvey Street Kids Kiss Me First Samantha ! Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Magic_School_Bus_Rides_Again&oldid=850564703 '' Categories : The Magic School Bus 2010s American animated television series 2010s American science fiction television series 2017 American television series debuts 2017 animated television series debuts 2010s Canadian animated television series 2010s Canadian science fiction television series 2017 Canadian television series debuts American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated science fantasy television series Buses in fiction Canadian children 's animated adventure television series Canadian children 's animated science fantasy television series Educational television series Television programs based on children 's books American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Canadian animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Science education television series English - language television programs Netflix children 's programming Netflix original programming Sequel television series Television series by 9 Story Media Group American preschool education television series Canadian preschool education television series American flash animated television series Canadian flash animated television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano עברית Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 16 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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risk analysis an official publication of the society for risk analysis

Society for risk analysis

society for risk analysis

The Society for Risk Analysis ( SRA ) is a learned society providing an open forum for anyone interested in risk analysis . It seeks to : provide an avenue for individuals ( from different disciplines from various corners of the globe ) to discuss ideas and information as well as methodologies for analyzing risk and solving related issues and problems ; promote understanding and encourage collaboration among professionals and organisations relevant to analyzing risk and providing solutions ; disseminate and promote risk ( methods ) knowledge and their applications in research and education ; and serve its members in developing and furthering their careers in risk analysis .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication 2 SRA 's interests : risk analysis among others 3 Awards 4 Presidents 5 References 6 External links Publication ( edit ) In early 1979 , Robert B. Cumming recognized the growing need for risk researchers and practitioners to publish their work in a dedicated scientific journal . This led to the formation of an organization to support such a journal , with the certificate of incorporation for the SRA made official on August 28 , 1980 . The first issue of Risk Analysis appeared in March 1981 . SRA 's interests : risk analysis among others ( edit ) SRA broadly defines risk analysis to include risk assessment , risk characterization , risk communication , risk management , and policy relating to risk . The society 's interests include : risk perception , risks to human health and the environment , both built and natural ; threats from physical , chemical , and biological agents and from a variety of human activities as well as natural events ; and risks of concern to individuals , to public and private sector organizations , and to society at various geographic scales . Awards ( edit ) Since the first awards were given in 1984 , SRA continues to value outstanding contributions to the society and to the field of risk analysis . The following are its most - sought annual awards : Distinguished Achievement Award . This award is given to any individual for his or her extraordinary achievement in science or public policy relevant to the field of risk analysis . Richard J Burk Outstanding Service Award . A recognition to the society 's member for extraordinary service to SRA . Outstanding Practitioner Award . Award alternately given to a member in public and private practice for an outstanding practice in the field of risk analysis . Chauncey Starr Distinguished Young Risk Analyst Award . For an outstanding risk - analysis - related achievement in science or public policy by SRA 's member ( of 40 years of age or below ) and exceptional promise for continued contributions to risk analysis . Distinguished Educator Award . Awarded to an outstanding teacher , author or mentor for substantial training of new experts in risk analysis . Presidents ( edit ) The following are the past presidents of the society : Ortwinn Renn ( 2013 - 2014 ) George Gray ( 2012 - 2013 ) Ann Bostrom ( 2011 - 2012 ) Rachel Davidson ( 2010 - 2011 ) R. Reiss ( 2009 - 2010 ) A. Cullen ( 2008 - 2009 ) Jonathan B. Wiener ( 2007 - 2008 ) K. Thompson ( 2006 - 2007 ) C. Frey ( 2005 - 2006 ) Baruch Fischhoff ( 2004 - 2005 ) C. Chess ( 2003 - 2004 ) B. Goldstein ( 2002 - 2003 ) Robin Cantor ( 2001 - 2002 ) J. Ahearne ( 2000 - 2001 ) Roger E. Kasperson ( 1999 - 2000 ) G. Charnley ( 1998 - 1999 ) Y . Haimes ( 1997 - 1998 ) R. Zimmerman ( 1996 - 1997 ) J. Graham ( 1995 - 1996 ) M.E. Pate - Cornell ( 1994 - 1995 ) R.G. Tardiff ( 1993 - 1994 ) J.D. Wilson ( 1992 - 1993 ) D.W. North ( 1991 - 1992 ) Curtis C. Travis ( 1990 - 1991 ) B. John Garrick ( 1989 - 1990 ) R.C. Schwing ( 1988 - 1989 ) Vincent T. Covello ( 1987 - 1988 ) Paul F. Deisler , Jr. ( 1986 - 1987 ) Lester B. Lave ( 1985 - 1986 ) Elizabeth L. Anderson ( 1984 - 1985 ) Paul Slovic ( 1983 - 1984 ) Chris G. Whipple ( 1982 - 1983 ) Robert B. Cumming ( 1981 - 1982 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the Society for Risk Analysis '' . Association for Risk Analysis . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Kimberly M. ; Deisler , Paul F. ; Schwing , Richard C. ( 2005 ) . `` Interdisciplinary Vision : The First 25 Years of the Society for Risk Analysis ( SRA ) , 1980 - 2005 '' . Risk Analysis . 25 ( 6 ) : 1333 -- 86 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1539 - 6924.2005. 00702. x . PMID 16506968 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . Society for Risk Analysis . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past Officers and Councilors '' . Society for Risk Analysis . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Risk_Analysis&oldid=791621101 '' Categories : Risk analysis Academic organizations based in the United States Organizations established in 1980 Statistical societies Safety organizations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 July 2017 , at 12 : 18 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20Risk%20Analysis

dynasty that built the great wall of china

The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn ( 771 -- 476 BC ) and Warring States periods ( 475 -- 221 BC ) were connected by the first emperor of China , Qin Shi Huang , to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia . The walls were built of rammed earth , constructed using forced labour , and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria .

Qin dynasty

History of the Great Wall of China

history of the great wall of china

The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn ( 771 -- 476 BC ) and Warring States periods ( 475 -- 221 BC ) were connected by the first emperor of China , Qin Shi Huang , to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia . The walls were built of rammed earth , constructed using forced labour , and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria .

Later dynasties adopted different policies towards northern frontier defense . The Han ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 574 ) , the Sui ( 589 -- 618 ) , and particularly the Ming ( 1369 -- 1644 ) were among those that rebuilt , re-manned , and expanded the Walls , although they rarely followed Qin 's routes . The Han extended the fortifications furthest to the west , the Qi built about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) of new walls , while the Sui mobilised over a million men in their wall - building efforts . Conversely , the Tang ( 618 -- 907 ) , the Song ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the Yuan ( 1271 -- 1368 ) , and the Qing ( 1644 -- 1911 ) mostly did not build frontier walls , instead opting for other solutions to the Inner Asian threat like military campaigning and diplomacy . Although a useful deterrent against raids , at several points throughout its history the Great Wall failed to stop enemies , including in 1644 when the Manchu Qing marched through the gates of Shanhai Pass and replaced the most ardent of the wall - building dynasties , the Ming , as rulers of China . The Great Wall of China visible today largely dates from the Ming dynasty , as they rebuilt much of the wall in stone and brick , often extending its line through challenging terrain . Some sections remain in relatively good condition or have been renovated , while others have been damaged or destroyed for ideological reasons , deconstructed for their building materials , or lost due to the ravages of time . For long an object of fascination for foreigners , the wall is now a revered national symbol and a popular tourist destination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographical considerations 2 Pre-imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) 3 Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) 4 Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) 5 Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) 6 Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) 7 Northern Song ( 960 - 1127 ) 8 Conquest dynasties ( 907 - 1368 ) 8.1 Liao dynasty frontier 8.2 The two walls of Jin dynasty 8.3 The Tangut Great Wall 8.4 The onset of the Mongols 9 Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) 9.1 The early walls 9.2 The Walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the western reaches 9.3 From Beijing to Shanhai Pass 10 Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) 10.1 Western appreciation of the Wall 11 Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) 12 Historiography 13 See also 14 References 15 Bibliography Geographical considerations ( edit ) Topographical map of China 's northern frontier area , with modern political boundaries . Manchuria , unmarked , is to the east of Inner Mongolia . The conflict between the Chinese and the nomads , from which the need for the Great Wall arose , stemmed from differences in geography . The 15 '' isohyet marks the extent of settled agriculture , dividing the fertile fields of China to the south and the semi-arid grasslands of Inner Asia to the north . The climates and the topography of the two regions led to distinct modes of societal development . According to the model by sinologist Karl August Wittfogel , the loess soils of Shaanxi made it possible for the Chinese to develop irrigated agriculture early on . Although this allowed them to expand into the lower reaches of the Yellow River valley , such extensive waterworks on an ever - increasing scale required collective labour , something that could only be managed by some form of bureaucracy . Thus the scholar - bureaucrats came to the fore to keep track of the income and expenses of the granaries . Walled cities grew up around the granaries for reasons of defence along with ease of administration ; they kept invaders out and ensured that citizens remained within . These cities combined to become feudal states , which eventually united to become an empire . Likewise , according to this model , walls not only enveloped cities as time went by , but also lined the borders of the feudal states and eventually the whole Chinese empire to provide protection against raids from the agrarian northern steppes . The steppe societies of Inner Asia , whose climate favoured a pastoral economy , stood in stark contrast to the Chinese mode of development . As animal herds are migratory by nature , communities could not afford to be stationary and therefore evolved as nomads . According to the influential Mongolist Owen Lattimore this lifestyle proved to be incompatible with the Chinese economic model . As the steppe population grew , pastoral agriculture alone could not support the population , and tribal alliances needed to be maintained by material rewards . For these needs , the nomads had to turn to the settled societies to get grains , metal tools , and luxury goods , which they could not produce by themselves . If denied trade by the settled peoples , the nomads would resort to raiding or even conquest . Potential nomadic incursion from three main areas of Inner Asia caused concern to northern China : Mongolia to the north , Manchuria to the northeast , and Xinjiang to the northwest . Of the three , China 's chief concern since the earliest times had been Mongolia -- the home of many of the country 's fiercest enemies including the Xiongnu , the Xianbei , the Khitans , and the Mongols . The Gobi Desert , which accounts for two - thirds of Mongolia 's area , divided the main northern and southern grazing lands and pushed the pastoral nomads to the fringes of the steppe . On the southern side ( Inner Mongolia ) , this pressure brought the nomads into contact with China . For the most part , barring intermittent passes and valleys ( the major one being the corridor through Zhangjiakou and the Juyong Pass ) , the North China Plain remained shielded from the Mongolian steppe by the Yin Mountains . However , if this defence were breached , China 's flat terrain offered no protection to the cities on the plain , including the imperial capitals of Beijing , Kaifeng , and Luoyang . Heading west along the Yin Mountains , the range ends where the Yellow River circles northwards upstream in the area known as the Ordos Loop -- technically part of the steppe , but capable of irrigated agriculture . Although the Yellow River formed a theoretical natural boundary with the north , such a border so far into the steppe was difficult to maintain . The lands south of the Yellow River -- the Hetao , the Ordos Desert , and the Loess Plateau -- provided no natural barriers on the approach to the Wei River valley , the oft - called cradle of Chinese civilization where the ancient capital Xi'an lay . As such , control of the Ordos remained extremely important for the rulers of China : not only for potential influence over the steppe , but also for the security of China proper . The region 's strategic importance combined with its untenability led many dynasties to place their first walls here . Although Manchuria is home to the agricultural lands of the Liao River valley , its location beyond the northern mountains relegated it to the relative periphery of Chinese concern . When Chinese state control became weak , at various points in history Manchuria fell under the control of the forest peoples of the area , including the Jurchens and the Manchus . The most crucial route that links Manchuria and the North China Plain is a narrow coastal strip of land , wedged between the Bohai Sea and the Yan Mountains , called the Shanhai Pass ( literally the `` mountain and sea pass '' ) . The pass gained much importance during the later dynasties , when the capital was set in Beijing , a mere 300 kilometres ( 190 miles ) away . In addition to the Shanhai Pass , a handful of mountain passes also provide access from Manchuria into China through the Yan Mountains , chief among them the Gubeikou and Xifengkou ( Chinese : 喜 峰 口 ) . Xinjiang , considered part of the Turkestan region , consists of an amalgamation of deserts , oases , and dry steppe barely suitable for agriculture . When influence from the steppe powers of Mongolia waned , the various Central Asian oasis kingdoms and nomadic clans like the Göktürks and Uyghurs were able to form their own states and confederations that threatened China at times . China proper is connected to this area by the Hexi Corridor , a narrow string of oases bounded by the Gobi Desert to the north and the high Tibetan Plateau to the south . In addition to considerations of frontier defence , the Hexi Corridor also formed an important part of the Silk Road trade route . Thus it was also in China 's economic interest to control this stretch of land , and hence the Great Wall 's western terminus is in this corridor -- the Yumen Pass during Han times and the Jiayu Pass during the Ming dynasty and thereafter . Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) ( edit ) Remnants of the Great Wall of Qi on Dafeng Mountain , Changqing District , Jinan , which was once part of the ancient State of Qi during the Warring States Period . One of the first mentions of a wall built against northern invaders is found in a poem , dated from the seventh century BC , recorded in the Classic of Poetry . The poem tells of a king , now identified as King Xuan ( r . 827 -- 782 BC ) of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 771 BC ) , who commanded General Nan Zhong ( 南仲 ) to build a wall in the northern regions to fend off the Xianyun . The Xianyun , whose base of power was in the Ordos region , were regarded as part of the charioteering Rong tribes , and their attacks aimed at the early Zhou capital region of Haojing were probably the reason for King Xuan 's response . Nan Zhong 's campaign was recorded as a great victory . However , only a few years later in 771 BC another branch of the Rong people , the Quanrong , responded to a summons by the renegade Marquess of Shen by over-running the Zhou defences and laying waste to the capital . The cataclysmic event killed King Xuan 's successor King You ( 795 -- 771 BC ) , forced the court to move the capital east to Chengzhou ( 成 周 , later known as Luoyang ) a year later , and thus ushered in the Eastern Zhou dynasty ( 770 -- 256 BC ) . Most importantly , the fall of Western Zhou redistributed power to the states that had acknowledged Zhou 's nominal rulership . The rule of the Eastern Zhou dynasty was marked by bloody interstate anarchy . With smaller states being annexed and larger states waging constant war upon one another , many rulers came to feel the need to erect walls to protect their borders . Of the earliest textual reference to such a wall was the State of Chu 's wall of 656 BC , 1,400 metres ( 4,600 feet ) of which were excavated in southern Henan province in the modern era . However the Chu border fortifications consisted of many individual mountain fortresses ; they do not constitute to a lengthy , single wall . The State of Qi also had fortified borders up by the 7th century BC , and the extant portions in Shandong province had been christened the Great Wall of Qi . The State of Wei built two walls , the western one completed in 361 BC and the eastern in 356 BC , with the extant western wall found in Hancheng , Shaanxi . Even non-Chinese peoples built walls , such as the Di state of Zhongshan and the Yiqu Rong , whose walls were intended to defend against the State of Qin . Of these walls , those of the northern states Yan , Zhao , and Qin were connected by Qin Shi Huang when he united the Chinese states in 221 BC . Map of the Warring States and their frontier walls The State of Yan , the easternmost of the three northern states , began to erect walls after the general Qin Kai drove the Donghu people back `` a thousand li '' during the reign of King Zhao ( 燕 昭王 ; r . 311 -- 279 BC ) . The Yan wall stretched from the Liaodong peninsula , through Chifeng , and into northern Hebei , possibly bringing its western terminus near the Zhao walls . Another Yan wall was erected to the south to defend against the Zhao ; it was southwest of present - day Beijing and ran parallel to the Juma River for several dozen miles . The Zhao walls to the north were built under King Wuling of Zhao ( r . 325 -- 299 BC ) , whose groundbreaking introduction of nomadic cavalry into his army reshaped Chinese warfare and gave Zhao an initial advantage over his opponents . He attacked the Xiongnu tribes of Linhu ( 林 胡 ) and Loufan ( 樓 煩 ) to the north , then waged war on the state of Zhongshan until it was annexed in 296 BC . In the process , he constructed the northernmost fortified frontier deep in nomadic territory . The Zhao walls were dated in the 1960s to be from King Wuling 's reign : a southern long wall in northern Henan encompassing the Yanmen Pass ; a second line of barricades encircling the Ordos Loop , extending from Zhangjiakou in the east to the ancient fortress of Gaoque ( 高 闕 ) in the Urad Front Banner ; and a third , northernmost line along the southern slopes of the Yin Mountains , extending from Qinghe in the east , passing north of Hohhot , and into Baotou . Qin was originally a state on the western fringe of the Chinese political sphere , but it grew into a formidable power in the later parts of the Warring States period when it aggressively expanded in all directions . In the north , the state of Wei and the Yiqu built walls to protect themselves from Qin aggression , but were still unable to stop Qin from eating into their territories . The Qin reformist Shang Yang forced the Wei out of their walled area west of the Yellow River in 340 BC , and King Huiwen of Qin ( r . 338 -- 311 BC ) took 25 Yiqu forts in a northern offensive . When King Huiwen died , his widow the Queen Dowager Xuan acted as regent because the succeeding sons were deemed too young to govern . During the reign of King Zhaoxiang ( r . 306 -- 251 BC ) , the queen dowager apparently entered illicit relations with the Yiqu king and gave birth to two of his sons , but later tricked and killed the Yiqu king . Following that coup , the Qin army marched into Yiqu territory at the queen dowager 's orders ; the Qin annihilated the Yiqu remnants and thus came to possess the Ordos region . At this point the Qin built a wall around their new territories to defend against the true nomads even further north , incorporating the Wei walls . As a result , an estimated total of 1,775 kilometres ( 1,103 mi ) of Qin walls ( including spurts ) extended from southern Gansu to the bank of the Yellow River in the Jungar Banner , close to the border with Zhao at the time . The walls , known as Changcheng ( 長城 ) -- literally `` long walls '' , but often translated as `` Great Wall '' -- were mostly constructed of tamped earth , with some parts built with stones . Where natural barriers like ravines and rivers sufficed for defence , the walls were erected sparingly , but long fortified lines were laid where such advantageous terrains did not exist . Often in addition to the wall , the defensive system included garrisons and beacon towers inside the wall , and watchtowers outside at regular intervals . In terms of defence , the walls were generally effective at countering cavalry shock tactics , but there are doubts as to whether these early walls were actually defensive in nature . Nicola Di Cosmo points out that the northern frontier walls were built far to the north and included traditionally nomadic lands , and so rather than being defensive , the walls indicate the northward expansions of the three northern states and their desire to safeguard their recent territorial acquisitions . This theory is supported by the archeological discovery of nomadic artifacts within the walls , suggesting the presence of pre-existing or conquered barbarian societies . It is entirely possible , as Western scholars like di Cosmo and Lattimore suggest , that nomadic aggression against the Chinese in the coming centuries was partly caused by Chinese expansionism during this period . Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) ( edit ) Qin dynasty frontier walls In 221 BC , the state of Qin completed its conquest over the other Warring States and united China under Qin Shi Huang , the first emperor of China . These conquests , combined with the Legalist reforms started by Shang Yang in the 4th century BC , transformed China from a loose confederation of feudal states to an authoritarian empire . With the transformation , Qin became able to command a far greater assembly of labourers to be used in public works than the prior feudal kingdoms . Also , once unification was achieved , Qin found itself in possession of a large professional army with no more internal enemies to fight and thus had to find a new use for them . Soon after the conquests , in the year 215 BC , the emperor sent the famed general Meng Tian to the Ordos region to drive out the Xiongnu nomads settled there , who had risen from beyond the fallen marginal states along the northern frontier . Qin 's campaign against the Xiongnu was preemptive in nature , since there was no pressing nomadic menace to be faced at the time ; its aim was to annexe the ambiguous territories of the Ordos and to clearly define the Qin 's northern borders . Once the Xiongnu were chased away , Meng Tian introduced 30,000 settler families to colonize the newly conquered territories . Wall configurations were changed to reflect the new borders under the Qin . General Meng Tian erected walls beyond the northern loop of the Yellow River , effectively linking the border walls of Qin , Zhao , and Yan . Concurrent to the building of the frontier wall was the destruction of the walls within China that used to divide one warring state from another -- contrary to the outer walls , which were built to stabilize the newly united China , the inner walls threatened the unity of the empire . In the following year , 214 BC , Qin Shi Huang ordered new fortifications to be built along the Yellow River to the west of the Ordos while work continued in the north . This work was completed probably by 212 BC , signalled by Qin Shi Huang 's imperial tour of inspection and the construction of the Direct Road ( 直道 ) connecting the capital Xianyang with the Ordos . The result was a series of long walls running from Gansu to the seacoast in Manchuria . Details of the construction were not found in the official histories , but it could be inferred that the construction conditions were made especially difficult by the long stretches of mountains and semi-desert that the Great Wall traversed , the sparse populations of these areas , and the frigid winter climate . Although the walls were rammed earth , so the bulk of the building material could be found in situ , transportation of additional supplies and labour remained difficult for the reasons named above . The sinologist Derk Bodde posits in The Cambridge History of China that `` for every man whom Meng Tian could put to work at the scene of actual construction , dozens must have been needed to build approaching roads and to transport supplies . '' This is supported by the Han dynasty statesman Zhufu Yan 's description of Qin Shi Huang 's Ordos project in 128 BC : ... the land was brackish and arid , crops could not be grown on them ... At the time , the young men being drafted were forced to haul boats and barges loaded with baggage trains upstream to sustain a steady supply of food and fodder to the front ... Commencing at the departure point a man and his animal could carry thirty zhong ( about 176 kilograms ( 388 lb ) ) of food supply , by the time they arrived at the destination , they merely delivered one dan ( about 29 kilograms ( 64 lb ) ) of supply ... When the populace had become tired and weary they started to dissipate and abscond . The orphans , the frail , the widowed and the seniors were desperately trying to escape from their appallingly derelict state and died on the wayside as they wandered away from their home . People started to revolt . The settlement of the north continued up to Qin Shi Huang 's death in 210 BC , upon which Meng Tian was ordered to commit suicide in a succession conspiracy . Before killing himself , Meng Tian expressed regret for his walls : `` Beginning at Lintao and reaching to Liaodong , I built walls and dug moats for more than ten thousand li ; was it not inevitable that I broke the earth 's veins along the way ? This then was my offense . '' Meng Tian 's settlements in the north were abandoned , and the Xiongnu nomads moved back into the Ordos Loop as the Qin empire became consumed by widespread rebellion due to public discontent . Owen Lattimore concluded that the whole project relied upon military power to enforce agriculture on a land more suited for herding , resulting in `` the anti-historical paradox of attempting two mutually exclusive forms of development simultaneously '' that was doomed to fail . Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) ( edit ) Western Han dynasty frontier walls and the extent of its territory See also : History of the Han dynasty In 202 BC , the former peasant Liu Bang emerged victorious from the Chu -- Han Contention that followed the rebellion that toppled the Qin dynasty , and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Han dynasty , becoming known as Emperor Gaozu of Han ( r . 202 -- 195 BC ) to posterity . Unable to address the problem of the resurgent Xiongnu in the Ordos region through military means , Emperor Gaozu was forced to appease the Xiongnu . In exchange for peace , the Han offered tributes along with princesses to marry off to the Xiongnu chiefs . These diplomatic marriages would become known as heqin , and the terms specified that the Great Wall ( determined to be either the Warring States period Qin state wall or a short stretch of wall south of Yanmen Pass ) was to serve as the line across which neither party would venture . In 162 BC , Gaozu 's son Emperor Wen clarified the agreement , suggesting the Xiongnu chanyu held authority north of the Wall and the Han emperor held authority south of it . Sima Qian , the author of the Records of the Grand Historian , describes the result of this agreement as one of peace and friendship : `` from the chanyu downwards , all the Xiongnu grew friendly with the Han , coming and going along the Long Wall '' . However , Chinese records show that the Xiongnu often did not respect the agreement , as the Xiongnu cavalry numbering up to 100,000 made several intrusions into Han territory despite the intermarriage . To Chinese minds , the heqin policy was humiliating and ran contrary to the Sinocentric world order like `` a person hanging upside down '' , as the statesman Jia Yi ( d . 169 BC ) puts it . These sentiments manifested themselves in the Han court in the form of the pro-war faction , who advocated the reversal of Han 's policy of appeasement . By the reign of Emperor Wu ( r . 141 -- 87 BC ) , the Han felt comfortable enough to go to war with the Xiongnu . After a botched attempt at luring the Xiongnu army into an ambush at the Battle of Mayi in 133 BC , the era of heqin - style appeasement was broken and the Han -- Xiongnu War went into full swing . The ruins of a Han dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth , Gansu province . Part of Emperor Wu 's extension of Han 's defence lines to the western regions . Play media A video clip showing rammed earth ruins of the Han - period Great Wall at Dunhuang in Gansu province As the Han -- Xiongnu War progressed in favour of the Han , the Wall became maintained and extended beyond Qin lines . In 127 BC , General Wei Qing invaded the much - contested Ordos region as far as the Qin fortifications set up by Meng Tian . In this way , Wei Qing reconquered the irrigable lands north of the Ordos and restored the spur of defences protecting that territory from the steppe . In addition to rebuilding the walls , archeologists believe that the Han also erected thousands of kilometres of walls from Hebei to Inner Mongolia during Emperor Wu 's reign . The fortifications here include embankments , beacon stations , and forts , all constructed with a combination of tamped - earth cores and stone frontages . From the Ordos Loop , the sporadic and non-continuous Han Great Wall followed the northern edge of the Hexi Corridor through the cities of Wuwei , Zhangye , and Jiuquan , leading into the Juyan Lake Basin , and terminating in two places : the Yumen Pass in the north , or the Yang Pass to the south , both in the vicinity of Dunhuang . Yumen Pass was the most westerly of all Han Chinese fortifications -- further west than the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall at Jiayu Pass , about 460 kilometres ( 290 mi ) to the east . The garrisons of the watchtowers on the wall were supported by civilian farming and by military agricultural colonies known as tuntian . Behind this line of fortifications , the Han government was able to maintain its settlements and its communications to the Western Regions in central Asia , generally secure from attacks from the north . The campaigns against the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples of the west exhausted the imperial treasury , and the expansionist policies were reverted in favour of peace under Emperor Wu 's successors . The peace was largely respected even when the Han throne was usurped by the minister Wang Mang in 9 AD , beginning a brief 15 - year interregnum known as the Xin dynasty ( 9 -- 23 ) . Despite high tensions between the Xin and the Xiongnu resulting in the deployment of 300,000 men on the Great Wall , no major fighting broke out beyond minor raids . Instead , popular discontent led to banditry and , ultimately , full - scale rebellion . The civil war ended with the Liu clan on the throne again , beginning the Eastern Han dynasty ( 25 -- 220 ) . The restorer Emperor Guangwu ( r . 25 -- 57 AD ) initiated several projects to consolidate his control within the frontier regions . Defense works were established to the east of the Yanmen Pass , with a line of fortifications and beacon fires stretching from Pingcheng County ( present - day Datong ) through the valley of the Sanggan River to Dai County , Shanxi . By 38 AD , as a result of raids by the Xiongnu further to the west against the Wei River valley , orders were given for a series of walls to be constructed as defences for the Fen River , the southward course of the Yellow River , and the region of the former imperial capital , Chang'an . These constructions were defensive in nature , which marked a shift from the offensive walls of the preceding Emperor Wu and the rulers of the Warring States . By the early 40s AD the northern frontiers of China had undergone drastic change : the line of the imperial frontier followed not the advanced positions conquered by Emperor Wu but the rear defences indicated roughly by the modern ( Ming dynasty ) Great Wall . The Ordos region , northern Shanxi , and the upper Luan River basin around Chengde were abandoned and left to the control of the Xiongnu . The rest of the frontier remained somewhat intact until the end of the Han dynasty , with the Dunhuang manuscripts ( discovered in 1900 ) indicating that the military establishment in the northwest was maintained for most of the Eastern Han period . Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) ( edit ) Following the end of the Han dynasty in 220 , China disintegrated into warlord states , which in 280 were briefly reunited under the Western Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 316 ) . There are ambiguous accounts of the Jin rebuilding the Qin wall , but these walls apparently offered no resistance during the Wu Hu uprising , when the nomadic tribes of the steppe evicted the Chinese court from northern China . What followed was a succession of short - lived states in northern China known as the Sixteen Kingdoms , until they were all consolidated by the Xianbei - led Northern Wei dynasty ( 386 -- 535 ) . As Northern Wei became more economically dependent on agriculture , the Xianbei emperors made a conscious decision to adopt Chinese customs , including passive methods of frontier defence . In 423 , a defence line over 2,000 li ( 1,080 kilometres ( 670 mi ) ) long was built to resist the Rouran ; its path roughly followed the old Zhao wall from Chicheng County in Hebei Province to Wuyuan County , Inner Mongolia . In 446 , 100,000 men were put to work building an inner wall from Yanqing , passing south of the Wei capital Pingcheng , and ending up near Pingguan on the eastern bank of the Yellow River . The two walls formed the basis of the double - layered Xuanfu -- Datong wall system that protected Beijing a thousand years later during the Ming dynasty . The Northern Wei collapsed in 535 due to civil insurrection to be eventually succeeded by the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 575 ) and Northern Zhou ( 557 -- 580 ) . Faced with the threat of the Göktürks from the north , from 552 to 556 the Qi built up to 3,000 li ( about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) ) of wall from Shanxi to the sea at Shanhai Pass . Over the course of the year 555 alone , 1.8 million men were mobilized to build the Juyong Pass and extend its wall by 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) through Datong to the eastern banks of the Yellow River . In 557 a secondary wall was built inside the main one . These walls were built quickly from local earth and stones or formed by natural barriers . Two stretches of the stone - and - earth Qi wall still stand in Shanxi today , measuring 3.3 metres ( 11 ft ) wide at their bases and 3.5 metres ( 11 ft ) high on average . In 577 the Northern Zhou conquered the Northern Qi and in 580 made repairs to the existing Qi walls . The route of the Qi and Zhou walls would be mostly followed by the later Ming wall west of Gubeikou , which includes reconstructed walls from Qi and Zhou . In more recent times , the reddish remnants of the Zhou ramparts in Hebei gave rise to the nickname `` Red Wall '' . The Sui took power from the Northern Zhou in 581 before reuniting China in 589 . Sui 's founding emperor , Emperor Wen of Sui ( r . 581 -- 604 ) , carried out considerable wall construction in 581 in Hebei and Shanxi to defend against Ishbara Qaghan of the Göktürks . The new walls proved insufficient in 582 when Ishbara Qaghan avoided them by riding west to raid Gansu and Shaanxi with 400,000 archers . Between 585 and 588 Emperor Wen sought to close this gap by putting walls up in the Ordos Mountains ( between Suide and Lingwu ) and Inner Mongolia . In 586 as many as 150,000 men are recorded as involved in the construction . Emperor Wen 's son Emperor Yang ( r . 604 -- 618 ) continued to build walls . In 607 -- 608 he sent over a million men to build a wall from Yulin to near Huhhot to protect the newly refurbished eastern capital Luoyang . Part of the Sui wall survives to this day in Inner Mongolia as earthen ramparts some 2.5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) high with towers rising to double that . The dynastic history of Sui estimates that 500,000 people died building the wall , adding to the number of casualties caused by Emperor Yang 's projects including the aforementioned redesign of Luoyang , the Grand Canal , and two ill - fated campaigns against Goguryeo . With the economy strained and the populace resentful , the Sui dynasty erupted in rebellion and ended with the assassination of Emperor Yang in 618 . Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) ( edit ) 塞 下 曲 ( 望 臨洮 ) Under the Wall ( Viewing Lintao ) 飲 馬渡 秋水 My horse crosses the river in autumn , 水 寒風 似 刀 The cold wind off the water cuts like a knife . 平 沙 日 未 沒 Across the desert flats , the day is not yet finished , 黯 黯 見 臨洮 I can dimly make out Lintao . 昔日 長城 戰 In olden days , battles along the Long Wall 咸 言 意氣 高 Were described with praise and awe . 黃 塵 足 今 古 But today , the past is no more than yellow dust 白骨 亂 蓬蒿 White bones jostled amongst the grass . -- Wang Changling ( 698 -- 755 ) Frontier policy under the Tang dynasty reversed the wall - building activities of most previous dynasties that had occupied northern China since the third century BC , and no extensive wall building took place for the next several hundred years . Soon after the establishment of the Tang dynasty , during the reign of Emperor Taizong ( r . 626 -- 649 ) , the threat of Göktürk tribesmen from the north prompted some court officials to suggest drafting corvée labourers to repair the aging Great Wall . Taizong scoffed at the suggestion , alluding to the Sui walls built in vain : `` The Emperor Yang of Sui made the people labor to construct the Great Wall in order to defend against the Turks , but in the end this was of no use . '' Instead of building walls , Taizong claimed he `` need merely to establish Li Shiji in Jinyang for the dust on the border to settle . '' Accordingly , Taizong sent talented generals like Li Shiji with mobile armies to the frontier , while fortifications were mostly limited to a series of walled garrisons , such as the euphemistically - named `` cities for accepting surrender '' ( 受降 城 , shòuxiáng chéng ) that were actually bases from which to launch attacks . As a result of this military strategy , the Tang grew to become one of the largest of all the Chinese empires , destroying the Göktürks of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and acquiring territory stretching all the way to Kazakhstan . Nevertheless , records show that in the Kaiyuan era ( 713 -- 742 ) of Emperor Xuanzong 's reign , the general Zhang Yue built a wall 90 li ( 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) ) to the north of Huairong ( 懷 戎 ; present - day Huailai County , Hebei ) , although it remains unclear whether he erected new walls or only reinforced the existing Northern Qi walls . The Great Wall , or the ruins of it , features prominently in the subset of Tang poetry known as biansai shi ( 邊塞 詩 , `` frontier verse '' ) written by scholar - officials assigned along the frontier . Emphasizing the poets ' loneliness and longing for home while hinting at the pointlessness of their posts , these frontier verses are characterized by imagery of desolate landscapes , including the ruins of the now - neglected Great Wall -- a direct product of Tang 's frontier policy . Northern Song ( 960 - 1127 ) ( edit ) See also : History of the Song dynasty Han Chinese power during the tumultuous post-Tang era was represented by the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , which completed its unification of the Chinese states with the conquest of Wuyue in 971 . Turning to the north after this victory , in 979 the Song eliminated the Northern Han , ultimate successors to the Later Jin , but were unable to take the Sixteen Prefectures from the Liao dynasty . As a result of Song 's military aggression , relations between the Song and Liao remained tense and hostile . One of the battlegrounds in the Song -- Liao War was the Great Wall Gap ( 長城 口 ) , so named because the southern Yan wall of the Warring States period crossed the Juma River here into Liao territory . The Great Wall Gap saw action in 979 , 988 -- 989 , and 1004 , and a Song fortress was built there in 980 . Intermittent wars between the Song and the Liao lasted until January 1005 , when a truce was called and led to the Treaty of Chanyuan . This agreement , among other things , required the Song to pay tribute to the Liao , recognized the Song and Liao as equals , and demarcated the Song -- Liao border , the course of which became more clearly defined in a series of subsequent bilateral agreements . Several stretches of the old Great Walls , including the Northern Qi Inner Wall near the Hengshan mountain range , became the border between the Song and the Liao . In the northwest , the Song were in conflict with the Western Xia , since they occupied what the Song considered as Chinese land lost during the Tang dynasty . The Song utilized the walls built during the reign of Qin 's King Zhaoxiang of the Warring States period , making it the Song -- Western Xia border , but the topography of the area was not as sharp and distinct as the Song -- Liao defences to the east . The border general Cao Wei ( 曹 瑋 ; 973 -- 1030 ) deemed the Old Wall itself insufficient to slow a Tangut cavalry attack , and had a deep trench dug alongside . This trench , between 15 and 20 metres ( 49 and 66 feet ) in width and depth , proved an effective defence , but in 1002 the Tanguts caught the Song patrollers off guard and filled the trench to cross the Old Wall . Later , in 1042 , the Tanguts turned the trench against the Song by removing the bridges over it , thereby trapping the retreating army of Ge Huaimin ( 葛懷敏 ) before annihilating it at the Battle of Dingchuan Fortress ( 定 川 寨 ) . Despite the war with the Western Xia , the Song also settled land disputes with them by referring to prior agreements , as with the Liao . However , soon after the Jin dynasty overthrew the Liao dynasty , the Jurchens sacked the Song capital in 1127 during the Jin -- Song wars , causing the Song court to flee south of the Yangtze River . For the next two and a half centuries , the Great Wall played no role in Han Chinese geopolitics . Conquest dynasties ( 907 - 1368 ) ( edit ) The Jurchen Jin dynasty ( orange ) shown with the walls of Liao , Xia , and Jin . After the Tang dynasty ended in 907 , the northern frontier area remained out of Han Chinese hands until the establishment of the Ming dynasty in 1368 . During this period , non-Han `` conquest dynasties '' ruled the north : the Khitan Liao dynasty ( 907 -- 1125 ) and the succeeding Jurchen Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in the east and the Tangut Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) in the west , all of which had built walls against the north . Liao dynasty frontier ( edit ) In 907 , the Khitan chieftain Abaoji succeeded in getting himself appointed khaghan of all Khitan tribes in the north , laying the foundations to what would officially become the Liao dynasty . In 936 , the Khitan supported the Shanxi rebel Shi Jingtang in his revolt against the Shatuo Turkic Later Tang , which had destroyed the usurpers of the Tang in 923 . The Khitan leader , Abaoji 's second son Yelü Deguang , convinced Shi to found a new dynasty ( the Later Jin , 936 -- 946 ) , and received the crucial border region known as the Sixteen Prefectures in return . With the Sixteen Prefectures , the Khitan now possessed all the passes and fortifications that controlled access to the plains of northern China , including the main Great Wall line . Settling in the transitional area between agricultural lands and the steppe , the Khitans became semi-sedentary like their Xianbei predecessors of the Northern Wei , and started to use Chinese methods of defence . In 1026 walls were built through central Manchuria north of Nong'an County to the banks of the Songhua River . The two walls of Jin dynasty ( edit ) When the Jurchens , once Liao vassals , rose up to overthrow their masters and established the Jin dynasty , they continued Liao 's wall - building activities with extensive work begun before 1138 . Further wall construction took place in 1165 and 1181 under the Jin Emperor Shizhong , and later from 1192 to 1203 during the reign of his successor Emperor Zhangzong . This long period of wall - building burdened the populace and provoked controversy . Sometime between 1190 and 1196 , during Zhangzong 's reign , the high official Zhang Wangong ( 張萬公 ) and the Censorate recommended that work on the wall be indefinitely suspended due to a recent drought , noting : `` What has been begun is already being flattened by sandstorms , and bullying the people into defence works will simply exhaust them . '' However , Chancellor Wanyan Xiang ( 完 顏 襄 ) convinced the emperor of the walls ' merits based on an optimistic cost estimate -- `` Although the initial outlay for the walls will be one million strings of cash , when the work is done the frontier will be secure with only half the present number of soldiers needed to defend it , which means that every year you will save three million strings of cash ... The benefits will be everlasting '' -- and so construction continued unabated . All this work created an extensive systems of walls , which consisted of a 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) `` outer wall '' from Heilongjiang to Mongolia and a 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) network of `` inner walls '' north and northeast of Beijing . Together , they formed a roughly elliptical web of fortifications 1,400 kilometres ( 870 mi ) in length and 440 kilometres ( 270 mi ) in diameter . Some of these walls had inner moats ( from 10 to 60 metres ( 33 to 197 feet ) in width ) , beacon towers , battlements , parapets , and outward - facing semicircular platforms protruding from the wall -- features that set the Jin walls apart from their predecessors . The Tangut Great Wall ( edit ) In the west , the Tanguts took control of the Ordos region , where they established the Western Xia dynasty . Although the Tanguts were not traditionally known for building walls , in 2011 archeologists uncovered 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of walls at Ömnögovi Province in Mongolia in what had been Western Xia territory . Radiocarbon analysis showed that they were constructed from 1040 to 1160 . The walls were as tall as 2.75 metres ( 9 ft 0 in ) at places when they were discovered , and may have been around 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) taller originally . They were built with mud and saxaul ( a desert shrub ) in one section , and dark basalt blocks in another , suggesting that the rocks may have been quarried from nearby extinct volcanoes and transported to the construction site . Archaeologists have not yet found traces of human activity around this stretch of wall , which suggests that the Western Xia wall in this location may have been incomplete and not ready for use . The onset of the Mongols ( edit ) The Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass See also : Mongol invasion of China In the 13th century , the Mongol leader Genghis Khan , once a vassal of the Jurchens , rose up against the Jin dynasty . In the ensuing Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty , the nomadic invaders avoided direct attacks on the Jin fortifications . Instead , when they could , the Mongols simply rode around the walls ; an effective example of this tactic is in 1211 , when they circumvented the substantial fortress in Zhangjiakou and inflicted a terrible defeat upon the Jin armies at the Battle of Yehuling . The Mongols also took advantage of lingering Liao resentment against the Jin ; the Khitan defenders of the garrisons along the Jin walls , such as those in Gubeikou , often preferred to surrender to the Mongols rather than fight them . The only major engagement of note along the main Great Wall line was at the heavily defended Juyong Pass : instead of laying siege , the Mongol general Jebe lured the defenders out into an ambush and charged in through the opened gates . In 1215 , Genghis Khan besieged , captured , and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing ( modern - day Beijing ) . The Jin dynasty eventually collapsed following the siege of Caizhou in 1234 . Western Xia had already fallen in 1227 , and the Southern Song resisted the Mongols until 1279 . With that , the Yuan dynasty , established by Genghis Khan 's grandson Khublai Khan , became the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China . Despite being the head of the Mongol Empire , Khublai Khan 's rule over China was not free from the threat of the steppe nomads . The Yuan dynasty faced challenges from rival claimants to the title of Great Khan and from rebellious Mongols in the north . Khublai Khan dealt with such threats by using both military blockades and economic sanctions . Although he established garrisons along the steppe frontier from the Juyan Lake Basin in the far west to Yingchang in the east , Khublai Khan and the Yuan emperors after him did not add to the Great Wall ( except for the ornate Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass ) . When the Venetian traveller Marco Polo wrote of his experiences in China during the reign of Khublai Khan , he did not mention a Great Wall . Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ming Great Wall The early walls ( edit ) The extent of the Ming dynasty and its walls , which formed most of what is called the Great Wall of China today In 1368 , the Hongwu Emperor ( Zhu Yuanzhang , r . 1368 -- 98 ) ousted the Mongol - led Yuan dynasty from China to inaugurate the Ming dynasty . The Mongols fled back to Mongolia , but even after numerous campaigns , the Mongol problem remained . During his early reign , Hongwu set up the `` eight outer garrisons '' close to the steppe and an inner line of forts more suitable for defence . The inner line was the forerunner to the Ming Great Wall . In 1373 , as Ming forces encountered setbacks , Hongwu put more emphasis on defence and adopted Hua Yunlong 's ( 華 雲龍 ) suggestion to establish garrisons at 130 passes and other strategic points in the Beijing area . More positions were set up in the years up Hongwu 's death in 1398 , and watchtowers were manned from the Bohai Sea to Beijing and further onto the Mongolian steppes . These positions , however , were not for a linear defence but rather a regional one in which walls did not feature heavily , and offensive tactics remained the overarching policy at the time . In 1421 , the Ming capital was relocated from Nanjing in the south to Beijing in the north , partly to better manage the Mongol situation . Thus defenses were concentrated around Beijing , where stone and earth began to replace rammed earth in strategic passes . A wall was erected by the Ming in Liaodong to protect Han settlers from a possible threat from the Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan around 1442 . In 1467 -- 68 , expansion of the wall provided further protection for the region from against attacks by the Jianzhou Jurchens in the northeast . Meanwhile , the outer defenses were gradually moved inward , thereby sacrificing a vital foothold in the steppe transitional zone . Despite the withdrawal from the steppe , the Ming military remained in a strong position against the nomads until the Tumu Crisis in 1449 , which caused the collapse of the early Ming security system . Over half of the campaigning Chinese army perished in the conflict , while the Mongols captured the Zhengtong Emperor . This military debacle shattered the Chinese military might that had so impressed and given pause to the Mongols since the beginning of the dynasty , and caused the Ming to be on the defensive ever after . The deterioration of the Ming military position in the steppe transitional zone gave rise to nomadic raids into Ming territory , including the crucial Ordos region , on a level unprecedented since the dynasty 's founding . After decades of deliberation between an offensive strategy and an accommodative policy , the decision to build the first major Ming walls in the Ordos was agreed upon as an acceptable compromise the 1470s . A section of the Great Wall at Jinshanling in Luanping County , Hebei province , China Yu Zijun ( 余子 俊 ; 1429 -- 1489 ) first proposed constructing a wall in the Ordos region in August 1471 , but not until 20 December 1472 did the court and emperor approve the plan . The 1473 victory in the Battle of Red Salt Lake ( 紅 鹽池 ) by Wang Yue ( 王 越 ) deterred Mongol invasions long enough for Yu Zijun to complete his wall project in 1474 . This wall , a combined effort between Yu Zijun and Wang Yue , stretched from present day Hengcheng ( 橫 城 ) in Lingwu ( northwestern Ningxia province ) to Huamachi town ( 花 馬 池 鎮 ) in Yanchi County , and from there to Qingshuiying ( 清水 營 ) in northeastern Shaanxi , a total of more than 2000 li ( about 1,100 kilometres ( 680 mi ) ) long . Along its length were 800 strong points , sentry posts , beacon - fire towers , and assorted defences . 40,000 men were enlisted for this effort , which was completed in several months at a cost of over one million silver taels . This defence system proved its initial worth in 1482 , when a large group of Mongol raiders were trapped within the double lines of fortifications and suffered a defeat by the Ming generals . This was seen as a vindication of Yu Zijun 's strategy of wall - building by the people of the border areas . By the mid-16th century , Yu 's wall in the Ordos had seen expansion into an extensive defence system . It contained two defence lines : Yu 's wall , called the `` great border '' ( 大 邊 , dàbiān ) , and a `` secondary border '' ( 二 邊 , èrbiān ) built by Yang Yiqing ( 楊一清 ; 1454 -- 1530 ) behind it . Following the success of the Ordos walls , Yu Zijun proposed construction of a further wall that would extend from the Yellow River bend in the Ordos to the Sihaiye Pass ( 四海 冶 口 ; in present - day Yanqing County ) near the capital Beijing , running a distance of more than 1300 li ( about 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) ) . The project received approval in 1485 , but Yu 's political enemies harped on the cost overruns and forced Yu to scrap the project and retire the same year . For more than 50 years after Yu 's resignation , political struggle prevented major wall constructions on a scale comparable to Yu 's Ordos project . However , wall construction continued regardless of court politics during this time . The Ordos walls underwent extension , elaboration , and repair well into the 16th century . Brick and stone started to replace tamped earth as the wall building material , because they offered better protection and durability . This change in material gave rise to a number of necessary accommodations with regard to logistics , and inevitably a drastic increase in costs . Instead of being able to draw on local resources , building projects now required brick - kilns , quarries , and transportation routes to deliver bricks to the work site . Also , masons had to be hired since the local peasantry proved inadequate for the level of sophistication that brick constructions required . Work that originally could be done by one man in a month with earth now required 100 men to do in stone . The walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the Western reaches ( edit ) The Great Wall at Dajingmen , part of the Xuanfu stretch of the Great Wall . The gate structure is a Qing dynasty construction . With the Ordos now adequately fortified , the Mongols avoided its walls by riding east to invade Datong and Xuanfu ( 宣 府 ; present - day Xuanhua , Hebei Province ) , which were two major garrisons guarding the corridor to Beijing where no walls had been built . The two defence lines of Xuanfu and Datong ( abbreviated as `` Xuan -- Da '' ) left by the Northern Qi and the early Ming had deteriorated by this point , and for all intents and purposes the inner line was the capital 's main line of defence . From 1544 to 1549 , Weng Wanda ( 翁 萬達 ; 1498 -- 1552 ) embarked on a defensive building program on a scale unprecedented in Chinese history . Troops were re-deployed along the outer line , new walls and beacon towers were constructed , and fortifications were restored and extended along both lines . Firearms and artillery were mounted on the walls and towers during this time , for both defence and signalling purposes . The project 's completion was announced in the sixth month of 1548 . At its height , the Xuan -- Da portion of the Great Wall totalled about 850 kilometres ( 530 miles ) of wall , with some sections being doubled - up with two lines of wall , some tripled or even quadrupled . The outer frontier was now protected by a wall called the `` outer border '' ( 外邊 , wàibiān ) that extended 380 kilometres ( 240 mi ) from the Yellow River 's edge at the Piantou Pass ( 偏 頭 關 ) along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province ; the `` inner border '' wall ( 內 邊 , nèibiān ) ran southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) , ending at the Pingxing Pass ; a `` river wall '' ( 河 邊 , hébiān ) also ran from the Piantou Pass and followed the Yellow River southwards for about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) . A section of the Great Wall on the Hanging Cliffs ( 懸 壁 長城 ) leading up to Jiayu Pass As with Yu Zijun 's wall in the Ordos , the Mongols shifted their attacks away from the newly strengthened Xuan -- Da sector to less well - protected areas . In the west , Shaanxi province became the target of nomads riding west from the Yellow River loop . The westernmost fortress of Ming China , the Jiayu Pass , saw substantial enhancement with walls starting in 1539 , and from there border walls were built discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor to Wuwei , where the low earthen wall split into two . The northern section passed through Zhongwei and Yinchuan , where it met the western edge of the Yellow River loop before connecting with the Ordos walls , while the southern section passed through Lanzhou and continued northeast to Dingbian . The origins and the exact route of this so - called `` Tibetan loop '' are still not clear . From Beijing to Shanhai Pass ( edit ) In 1550 , having once more been refused a request for trade , the Tümed Mongols under Altan Khan invaded the Xuan -- Da region . However , despite several attempts , he could not take Xuanfu due to Weng Wanda 's double fortified line while the garrison at Datong bribed him to not attack there . Instead of continuing to operate in the area , he circled around Weng Wanda 's wall to the relatively lightly defended Gubeikou , northeast of Beijing . From there Altan Khan passed through the defences and raided the suburbs of Beijing . According to one contemporary source , the raid took more than 60,000 lives and an additional 40,000 people became prisoners . As a response to this raid , the focus of the Ming 's northern defences shifted from the Xuan -- Da region to the Jizhou ( 薊 州 鎮 ) and Changping Defence Commands ( 昌平 鎮 ) where the breach took place . Later in the same year , the dry - stone walls of the Jizhou -- Changping area ( abbreviated as `` Ji -- Chang '' ) were replaced by stone and mortar . These allowed the Chinese to build on steeper , more easily defended slopes and facilitated construction of features such as ramparts , crenelations , and peepholes . The effectiveness of the new walls was demonstrated in the failed Mongol raid of 1554 , where raiders expecting a repeat of the events of 1550 were surprised by the higher wall and stiff Chinese resistance . In 1567 Qi Jiguang and Tan Lun , successful generals who fended off the coastal pirates , were reassigned to manage the Ji -- Chang Defense Commands and step up the defences of the capital region . Under their ambitious and energetic management , 1200 brick watchtowers were built along the Great Wall from 1569 to 1571 . These included the first large - scale use of hollow watchtowers on the Wall : up until this point , most previous towers along the Great Wall had been solid , with a small hut on top for a sentry to take shelter from the elements and Mongol arrows ; the Ji -- Chang towers built from 1569 onwards were hollow brick structures , allowing soldiers interior space to live , store food and water , stockpile weapons , and take shelter from Mongol arrows . Illustration of the Shanhai Pass garrison at the time of the Manchu conquests Altan Khan eventually made peace with China when it opened border cities for trade in 1571 , alleviating the Mongol need to raid . This , coupled with Qi and Tan 's efforts to secure the frontier , brought a period of relative peace along the border . However , minor raids still happened from time to time when the profits of plunder outweighed those of trade , prompting the Ming to close all gaps along the frontier around Beijing . Areas of difficult terrain once considered impassable were also walled off , leading to the well - known vistas of a stone - faced Great Wall snaking over dramatic landscapes that tourists still see today . Wall construction continued until the demise of the Ming dynasty in 1644 . In the decades that led to the fall of the Ming dynasty , the Ming court and the Great Wall itself had to deal with simultaneous internal rebellions and the Manchu invasions . In addition to their conquest of Liaodong , the Manchus had raided across the Great Wall for the first time in 1629 , and again in 1634 , 1638 , and 1642 . Meanwhile , the rebels led by warlord Li Zicheng had been gathering strength . In the early months of 1644 , Li Zicheng declared himself the founder of the Shun and marched towards the Ming capital from Shaanxi . His route roughly followed the line of the Great Wall , in order to neutralize its heavily fortified garrisons . The crucial defences of Datong , Xuanfu , and Juyong Pass all surrendered without a fight , and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on 25 April as the Shun army entered Beijing . At this point , the largest remaining Ming fighting force in North China was in Shanhai Pass , where the Great Wall meets the Bohai Sea . Its defender Wu Sangui , wedged between the Shun army within and the Manchus without , decided to surrender to the Manchus and opened the gates for them . The Manchus , having thus entered through the Great Wall , defeated Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass and seized Beijing on June 5 . They eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing their rule over all of China as the Qing dynasty . Opinions about the Wall 's role in the Ming dynasty 's downfall are mixed . Historians such as Arthur Waldron and Julia Lovell are critical of the whole wall - building exercise in light of its ultimate failure in protecting China ; the former compared the Great Wall with the failed Maginot Line of the French in World War II . However , independent scholar David Spindler notes that the Wall , being only part of a complex foreign policy , received `` disproportionate blame '' because it was the most obvious relic of that policy . Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) ( edit ) The usefulness of the Great Wall as a defence line against northern nomads became questionable under the Qing dynasty , since their territory encompassed vast areas inside and outside the wall : China proper , Manchuria , and Mongolia were all under Qing control . So instead , the Great Wall became the means to limit Han Chinese movement into the steppes . In the case of Manchuria , considered to be the sacred homeland by the ruling Manchu elites , some parts of the Ming Liaodong Wall were repaired so it could serve to control Han Chinese movement into Manchuria alongside the newly erected Willow Palisade . Culturally , the wall 's symbolic role as a line between civilized society and barbarism was suppressed by the Qing , who were keen to weaken the Han culturalism that had been propagated by the Ming . As a result , no special attention was paid to the Great Wall until the mid-Qing dynasty , when Westerners started to show interest in the structure . Western appreciation of the Wall ( edit ) `` A gate of the Wall of China , explaining its structure '' . An illustration from Athanasius Kircher 's China Illustrata , 1667 . The existence of a colossal wall in Asia had circulated in the Middle East and the West even before the first Europeans arrived in China by sea . The late antiquity historian Ammianus Marcellinus ( 330 ? -- 395 ? ) mentioned `` summits of lofty walls '' enclosing the land of Seres , the country that the Romans believed to be at the eastern end of the Silk Road . In legend , the tribes of Gog and Magog were said to have been locked out by Alexander the Great with walls of steel . Later Arab writers and travellers , such as Rashid - al - Din Hamadani ( 1248 -- 1318 ) and Ibn Battuta ( 1304 -- 1377 ) , would erroneously identify the Great Wall in China with the walls of the Alexander romances . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European would see it with their own eyes for another century . The work A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions by Gaspar da Cruz ( c. 1520 -- 70 ) offered an early discussion of the Great Wall in which he noted , `` a Wall of an hundred leagues in length . And some will affirme to bee more than a hundred leagues . '' Another early account written by Bishop Juan González de Mendoza ( 1550 -- 1620 ) reported a wall five hundred leagues long , but suggested that only one hundred leagues were man - made , with the rest natural rock formations . The Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci ( 1552 -- 1610 ) mentioned the Great Wall once in his diary , noting the existence of `` a tremendous wall four hundred and five miles long '' that formed part of the northern defences of the Ming Empire . Europeans first witnessed the Great Wall in the early 1600s . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Ivan Petlin 's 1619 deposition for his Russian embassy mission offers an early account based on a first - hand encounter with the Great Wall , and mentions that in the course of the journey his embassy travelled alongside the Great Wall for ten days . The Great Wall as depicted in Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall . However , when the Ming Great Wall began to take on a shape recognizable today , foreign accounts of the Wall slid into hyperbole . In the Atlas Sinensis published in 1665 , the Jesuit Martino Martini described elaborate but atypical stretches of the Great Wall and generalized such fortifications across the whole northern frontier . Furthermore , Martini erroneously identified the Ming Wall as the same wall built by Qin Shi Huang in the 3rd century BC , thereby exaggerating both the Wall 's antiquity and its size . This misconception was compounded by the China Illustrata of Father Athanasius Kircher ( 1602 -- 80 ) , which provided pictures of the Great Wall as imagined by a European illustrator . All these and other accounts from missionaries in China contributed to the Orientalism of the eighteenth century , in which a mythical China and its exaggerated Great Wall feature prominently . The French philosopher Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1774 ) , for example , frequently wrote about the Great Wall , although his feelings towards it oscillate between unreserved admiration and condemnation of it as a `` monument to fear '' . The Macartney Embassy of 1793 passed through the Great Wall at Gubeikou on the way to see the Qianlong Emperor in Chengde , who was there for the annual imperial hunt . One of the embassy 's members , John Barrow , later founder of the Royal Geographical Society , spuriously calculated that the amount of stone in the Wall was equivalent to `` all the dwelling houses of England and Scotland '' and would suffice to encircle the Earth at the equator twice . The illustrations of the Great Wall by Lieutenant Henry William Parish during this mission would be reproduced in influential works such as Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views . Exposure to such works brought many foreign visitors to the Great Wall after China opened its borders as a result of the nation 's defeat in the Opium Wars of the mid-19th century at the hands of Britain and the other Western powers . The Juyong Pass near Beijing and the `` Old Dragon Head , '' where the Great Wall meets the sea at the Shanhai Pass , proved popular destinations for these wall watchers . The travelogues of the later 19th century in turn further contributed to the elaboration and propagation of the Great Wall myth . Examples of this myth 's growth are the false but widespread belief that the Great Wall of China is visible from the Moon or Mars . Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) ( edit ) The Great Wall in 1907 The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 forced the abdication of the last Qing Emperor Puyi and ended China 's last imperial dynasty . The revolutionaries , headed by Sun Yat - sen , were concerned with creating a modern sense of national identity in the chaotic post-imperial era . In contrast to Chinese academics such as Liang Qichao , who tried to counter the West 's fantastic version of the Great Wall , Sun Yat - sen held the view that Qin Shi Huang 's wall preserved the Chinese race , and without it Chinese culture would not have developed enough to expand to the south and assimilate foreign conquerors . Such an endorsement from the `` Father of Modern China '' started to transform the Great Wall into a national symbol in the Chinese consciousness , though this transformation was hampered by conflicting views of nationalism with regard to the nascent `` new China . '' The failure of the new Republic of China fanned disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture and ushered in the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement of the mid-1910s and 1920s that aimed to dislodge China 's future trajectory from its past . Naturally , the Great Wall of China came under attack as a symbol of the past . For example , an influential writer of this period , Lu Xun , harshly criticized the `` mighty and accursed Great Wall '' in a short essay : `` In reality , it has never served any purpose than to make countless workers labour to death in vain ... ( It ) surrounds everyone . '' Arise ! All those who do n't want to be slaves ! Let our flesh and blood forge our new Great Wall ! `` The March of the Volunteers '' The Sino - Japanese conflict ( 1931 -- 45 ) gave the Great Wall a new lease of life in the eyes of the Chinese . During the 1933 defence of the Great Wall , inadequately - equipped Chinese soldiers held off double their number of Japanese troops for several months . Using the cover of the Great Wall , the Chinese -- who were at times only armed with broadswords -- were able to beat off a Japanese advance that had the support of aerial bombardment . With the Chinese forces eventually overrun , the subsequent Tanggu Truce stipulated that the Great Wall was to become a demilitarized zone separating China and the newly created Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Even so , the determined defence of the Great Wall made it a symbol of Chinese patriotism and the resoluteness of the Chinese people . The Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong picked up this symbol in his poetry during his `` Long March '' escaping from Kuomintang prosecution . Near the end of the trek in 1935 , Mao wrote the poem `` Mount Liupan '' that contains the well - known line that would be carved in stone along the Great Wall in the present day : `` Those who fail to reach the Great Wall are not true men '' ( 不 到 长城 非 好汉 ) . Another noteworthy reference to the Great Wall is in the song `` The March of the Volunteers '' , whose words came from a stanza in Tian Han 's 1934 poem entitled `` The Great Wall '' . The song , originally from the anti-Japanese movie Children of Troubled Times , enjoyed continued popularity in China and was selected as the provisional national anthem of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) at its establishment in 1949 . US President Nixon visits the Great Wall , 1972 In 1952 , the scholar - turned - bureaucrat Guo Moruo laid out the first modern proposal to repair the Great Wall . Five years later , the renovated Badaling became the first section to be opened to the public since the establishment of the PRC . The Badaling Great Wall has since become a staple stop for foreign dignitaries who come to China , beginning with Nepali prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala in 1960 , and most notably the American president Richard Nixon in his historic 1972 visit to China . To date , Badaling is still the most visited stretch of the Great Wall . Other stretches did not fare so well . During the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 -- 76 ) , hundreds of kilometres of the Great Wall -- already damaged in the wars of the last century and eroded by wind and rain -- were deliberately destroyed by fervent Red Guards who regarded it as part of the `` Four Olds '' to be eradicated in the new China . Quarrying machines and even dynamite were used to dismantle the Wall , and the pilfered materials were used for construction . As China opened up in the 1980s , reformist leader Deng Xiaoping initiated the `` Love our China and restore our Great Wall '' campaign ( 爱 我 中华 , 修 我 长城 ) to repair and preserve the Great Wall . The Great Wall was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 . However , while tourism boomed over the years , slipshod restoration methods have left sections of the Great Wall near Beijing `` looking like a Hollywood set '' in the words of the National Geographic News . The less prominent stretches of the Great Wall did not get as much attention . In 2002 the New York - based World Monuments Fund put the Great Wall on its list of the World 's 100 Most Endangered Sites . In 2003 the Chinese government began to enact laws to protect the Great Wall . Historiography ( edit ) See also : Chinese historiography and Sinology In China , one of the first individuals to attempt a multi-dynastic history of the Great Wall was the 17th - century scholar Gu Yanwu . More recently , in the 1930s and 1940s , Wang Guoliang ( 王國良 ) and Shou Pengfei ( 壽 鵬 飛 ) produced exhaustive studies that culled extant literary records to date and mapped the courses of early border walls . However , these efforts were based solely on written records that contain obscure place names and elusive literary references . The rise of modern archeology has contributed much to the study of the Great Wall , either in corroborating existing research or in refuting it . However these efforts do not yet give a full picture of the Great Wall 's history , as many wall sites dating to the Period of Disunity ( 220 -- 589 ) had been overlaid by the extant Ming Great Wall . The first map of China printed in a European atlas , engraved by Abraham Ortelius ( 1584 ) , shows a series of walls wedged between mountains against the Tartars , represented by yurts . Western scholarship of the Great Wall was , until recently , affected by misconceptions derived from traditional accounts of the Wall . When the Jesuits brought back the first reports of the Wall to the West , European scholars were puzzled that Marco Polo had not mentioned the presumably perennial `` Great Wall '' in his Travels . Some 17th - century scholars reasoned that the Wall must have been built in the Ming dynasty , after Marco Polo 's departure . This view was soon replaced by another that argued , against Polo 's own account , that the Venetian merchant had come to China from the south and so did not come into contact with the Wall . Thus , Father Martino Martini 's mistaken claim that the Wall had `` lasted right up to the present time without injury or destruction '' since the time of Qin was accepted as fact by the 18th - century philosophes . Since then , many scholars have operated under the belief that the Great Wall continually defended China 's border against the steppe nomads for two thousand years . For example , the 18th - century sinologist Joseph de Guignes assigned macrohistorical importance to such walls when he advanced the theory that the Qin construction forced the Xiongnu to migrate west to Europe and , becoming known as the Huns , ultimately contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire . Some have attempted to make general statements regarding Chinese society and foreign policy based on the conception of a perennial Great Wall : Karl Marx took the Wall to represent the stagnation of the Chinese society and economy , Owen Lattimore supposed that the Great Wall demonstrated a need to divide the nomadic way of life from the agricultural communities of China , and John K. Fairbank posited that the Wall played a part in upholding the Sinocentric world order . Despite the significance that the Great Wall seemed to have , scholarly treatment of the Wall itself remained scant during the 20th century . Joseph Needham bemoaned this dearth when he was compiling the section on walls for his Science and Civilisation in China : `` There is no lack of travelers ' description of the Great Wall , but studies based on modern scholarship are few and far between , whether in Chinese or Western languages . '' In 1990 , Arthur Waldron published the influential The Great Wall : From History to Myth , where he challenged the notion of a unitary Great Wall maintained since antiquity , dismissing it as a modern myth . Waldron 's approach prompted a re-examination of the Wall in Western scholarship . Still , as of 2008 , there is not yet a full authoritative text in any language that is devoted to the Great Wall . The reason for this , according to The New Yorker journalist Peter Hessler , is that the Great Wall fits into neither the study of political institutions ( favoured by Chinese historians ) nor the excavation of tombs ( favoured by Chinese archeologists ) . Some of the void left by academia is being filled by independent research from Great Wall enthusiasts such as ex-Xinhua reporter Cheng Dalin ( 成 大林 ) and self - funded scholar David Spindler . See also ( edit ) History of China History of Central Asia Military history of China before 1911 Foreign relations of Imperial China Lady Meng Jiang , a Chinese folk tale about the Great Wall Battle of Shanhaiguan ( 1900 ) , British forces occupy and damage parts of Shanhai Pass during the Boxer Rebellion The Great Wall of China , a short story by Franz Kafka Great Wall of China hoax , published in 1899 and expanded in 1939 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought : Survey measures the wall at 21,196 km long '' . CBC News . June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? Google Earth , carbon dating suggest wall network even bigger than thought '' . National Geographic Daily News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Wall '' . World Heritage List . World Heritage Centre , United Nations Educational , Scientific and World Organization ( UNESCO ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 533 . ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 535 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Barfield 1989 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 1999 , p. 920 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : di Cosmo 2002 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , pp. 142 -- 43 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 13 -- 4 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 147 ; Waldron 1990 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , pp. 144 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 349 ; di Cosmo 2002 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 439 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 441 . ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 543 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 465 , note 35 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Bodde 1978 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Bodde 1978 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Yap 2009 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 387 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 388 . Jump up ^ Chang 2007 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Guo 2002 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , pp. 208 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Graff 2002 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 154 -- 55 ( translation ) . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 108 , note 19 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall & Palais 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 112 , note 33 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Lorge 2008 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 116 . It should be noted that in 1075 the Song eventually yielded to Liao demands and shifted the border south to conform with the Hengshan watershed lines instead of the Northern Qi walls . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , pp. 116 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , pp. 64 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Mote 1999 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Standen 2009 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Bush 1981 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China , 131 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 167 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China , 130 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 647 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1985 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Spindler 2009 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 800 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 265 ; Mote 1999 , p. 809 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1979 , p. 621 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 652 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 203 -- 04 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Yule 1866 , p. 579 . This section is the report of Góis ' travel , as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas ( published 1615 , annotated by Henry Yule ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Petty , John Ira ; Dunbar , Brian , eds. ( 2005 - 09 - 05 ) . `` China 's Wall Less Great in View from Space '' . News Topics . United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . Jump up ^ Hvistendahl , Mara ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space ? Though it stretches for some 4,500 miles , the ancient Chinese fortification is not as visible from orbit as modern desert roads '' . China , the Olympics , and the Environment . Scientific American . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Pickowicz 1991 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Despite falling from grace during the Cultural Revolution , the anthem 's status was confirmed in 1982 and enshrined in the Chinese Constitution in 2004 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Beijing : National Geographic Society . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 648 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 546 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 31 , note 92 . Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Man 2008 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barfield , Thomas ( 1989 ) . The Perilous Frontier . Oxford : B. Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 043 - 9 . Bodde , Derk ( 1978 ) . `` 1 . The state and empire of Ch'in '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Bush , Susan ( 1981 ) . `` Archeological Remains of the Chin Dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of Song - Yüan Studies . 17 : 6 -- 31 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Chang , Chun - shu ( 2007 ) . The Rise of the Chinese Empire , Volume 1 : Nation , State , and Imperialism in Early China , ca . 1600 B.C. -- A.D. 8 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11533 - 4 . de Crespigny , Rafe ( 1984 ) . Northern frontier : the policies and strategy of the later Han Empire . Canberra : Faculty of Asian Studies , Australian National University . ISBN 0 - 86784 - 410 - 8 . di Cosmo , Nicola ( 1999 ) . `` 13 . The Northern Frontier in pre-Imperial China '' . In Loewe , Michael ; Shaughnessy , Edward . The Cambridge History of Ancient China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47030 - 8 . di Cosmo , Nicola ( 2002 ) . Ancient China and Its Enemies : The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History . Cambridge , UK New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 052 - 1 - 77064 - 4 . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ; Walthall , Anne ; Palais , James ( 2006 ) , East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13384 - 4 . Edmonds , Richard L. ( December 1979 ) . `` The Willow Palisade '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 69 ( 4 ) : 599 -- 621 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1979. tb01285. x . JSTOR 2563132 . Edmonds , Richard Louis ( 1985 ) . Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan : A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy . University of Chicago , Department of Geography ; Research Paper No. 213 . pp. 38 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 89065 - 118 - 3 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 7 . Graff , David ( 2002 ) . Medieval Chinese warfare , 300 -- 900 . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23955 - 4 . Guo , Xuezhi ( 2002 ) . The Ideal Chinese Political Leader : A Historical and Cultural Perspective . Westport : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97259 - 2 . Hessler , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` Letter from China : Walking the Wall '' . The New Yorker ( May 21 , 2007 ) : 58 -- 67 . Lattimore , Owen ( 1937 ) . `` Origins of the Great Wall of China : A Frontier Concept in Theory and Practice '' . Geographical Review . American Geographical Society ( 4 ) : 529 -- 549 . JSTOR 209853 . Lattimore , Owen ( 1962 ) . Inner Asian frontiers of China . Boston : Beacon Press . Lorge , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Ditch of China and the Song - Liao Border '' . In Don J. Wyatt . Battlefronts Real and Imagined : War , Border , and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . pp. 59 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6084 - 9 ... Lovell , Julia ( 2006 ) . The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC -- 2000 AD . Sydney : Picador Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42241 - 3 . Man , John ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall : the extraordinary history of China 's wonder of the world . London England : Bantam Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05574 - 8 . Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Mote , Frederick W. ( 1999 ) , Imperial China : 900 -- 1800 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01212 - 7 Needham , Joseph ( 1971 ) . Science and Civilisation in China . 4 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 07060 - 0 . Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Pickowicz , Paul G. ( 1991 ) , `` The Theme of Spiritual Pollution in Chinese Films of the 1930s '' , Modern China , 17 ( 1 ) Rojas , Carlos ( 2010 ) . The Great Wall : a cultural history . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04787 - 7 . Spindler , David ( 2009 ) . `` A Twice - Scorned Mongol Woman , the Raid of 1576 , and the Building of the Brick Great Wall '' . Ming Studies . Maney Publishing . 60 : 66 -- 94 . Standen , Naomi ( 2009 ) , `` The Five Dynasties '' , in Denis C. Twitchett and Paul Jakov Smith , Cambridge History of China , Vol. 5 , Part One : The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors , 907 -- 1279 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 38 -- 132 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81248 - 1 Tackett , Nicholas ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Wall and Conceptualizations of the Border Under the Northern Song '' . Journal of Song - Yuan Studies . The Society for Song , Yuan , and Conquest Dynasty Studies . 38 : 99 -- 138 . doi : 10.1353 / sys. 0.0032 . Wakeman , Frederic ( 1985 ) , The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth - Century China , Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 04804 - 0 . In two volumes . Waldron , Arthur ( 1983 ) . `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 663 . JSTOR 2719110 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1990 ) . The Great Wall of China : from history to myth . Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4 . Yap , Joseph P. ( 2009 ) . Wars with the Xiongnu : a translation from Zizhi Tongjian . Bloomington , IN : Authorhouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 0604 - 4 . Yu , Ying - Shih ( 1978 ) . `` 6 . Han foreign relations '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . `` Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China '' . Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society . Issues 36 -- 37 . London : T. Richards . ( in Chinese ) Zhongguo changcheng yiji tiaocha baogao ji 中国 长城 遗迹 调查 报告 集 ( Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China ) . Beijing : Cultural Relics Publishing House . 1981 . ( hide ) Great Wall of China Yumen Pass Yang Pass Jiayu Pass Yanmen Pass Jumenbu Niangzi Pass Pingxing Pass Dajingmen Badaling Juyong Pass ( Cloud Platform ) Huanghuacheng Jiankou ( Beijing Knot ) Mutianyu Baimaguan Gubeikou Jinshanling Simatai Huangya Pass Shanhai Pass Hushan History of the Great Wall of China ( Qi , Ming ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China&oldid=827430960 '' Categories : Great Wall of China Chinese architectural history Military history of China Hidden categories : Good articles Use Canadian English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with Chinese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 18 : 15 . 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who won the presidential election 2017 in kenya

Kenyan general election , 2017

kenyan general election, 2017

Uhuru Kenyatta Jubilee

President - elect None ( Results annulled ) General elections were held in Kenya on 8 August 2017 to elect the President , members of Parliament and devolved governments . The reported results indicated that incumbent President Uhuru Kenyatta was re-elected with 54 % of the vote . His main opponent , Raila Odinga , refused to accept the results and contested them in the Supreme Court . The results of the presidential election were subsequently annulled and fresh elections were ordered to be held within 60 days . It was later announced that a new election would be held on October 17 . However , the results of the parliamentary and local elections remained valid . The date for the presidential election was later changed to 26th October 2017 . Despite the ruling for a new Presidential election , Odinga later announced his decision to withdraw from the repeat election on October 10 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Electoral system 3 Party primaries 4 Pre-election violence 4.1 William Ruto home siege 4.2 Msando murder 5 Results 5.1 President 5.1. 1 By county 5.2 Governors 5.3 Senate 5.4 National Assembly 6 Reactions 6.1 Domestic 6.2 International 7 Aftermath 7.1 Inaugurations 7.2 Supreme Court decision 7.2. 1 Evidence 7.2. 2 Calls to prosecute IEBC officials 7.3 Odinga Withdrawal from Second Election 8 References Background ( edit ) The Kenyan Constitution requires a general election on the second Tuesday in August in every fifth year . There have been public discussions to move the date from August to December with proponents pointing to fiscal timeline ( 1 July -- 30 June ) clashing with an August date because most ministries that support critical election processes will not have been fully funded and that a possible presidential runoff vote may interfere with the national examinations calendar of October and December . Opponents of the election date change have argued for protecting the constitutional provision and that any change would be mired by legal challenges and might drag on to the next elections and still require a referendum to decide , putting the country 's stability at risk . On 7 August 2017 , one day before the election , Barack Obama , who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017 and whose father , Barack Obama Sr. , was Kenyan , called for calm and acceptance of the election results . The intervention was noted by the media as unprecedented . Electoral system ( edit ) The President of Kenya is elected using a modified version of the two - round system : to win in the first round , a candidate must receive over 50 % of the vote and at least 25 % of the vote in a minimum of 24 of the 47 counties . The 337 members of the National Assembly are elected by two methods ; 290 are elected in single - member constituencies by first - past - the - post voting . The remaining 47 are reserved for women and are elected from single - member constituencies based on the 47 counties , also using the first - past - the - post system . The 67 members of the Senate are elected by four methods ; 47 are elected in single - member constituencies based on the counties by first - past - the - post voting . Parties are then assigned a share of 16 seats for women , two for youth and two for disabled people based on their seat share . Party primaries ( edit ) The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission set the duration for political parties to conduct their primaries in April 2017 following the review of Kenya 's Election Laws . Parties would have 14 days between 20 April and 2 May to conduct their primaries and submit their candidates to the electoral commission . Pre-election violence ( edit ) William Ruto home siege ( edit ) On 29 July 2017 , Deputy President William Ruto 's house was attacked by a local man armed with a machete . During the siege , the deputy president and his family were not present . The assailant first injured the guard on duty , held him hostage and then killed him . The siege lasted 18 hours before the Kenyan Police special forces shot the attacker dead . The motives of the attacker were unknown and members of the public were unaware how a man armed with a machete held the elite police forces at bay for 18 hours . Msando murder ( edit ) On 27 July 2017 , two bodies were found on the outskirts of Nairobi . One of the dead , Christopher Msando , was the head of information , communication , and technology at the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . He played a major role in developing the new voting system for the election . His body showed apparent marks of torture before he was murdered for unclear reasons . Alongside it was the body of a 21 - year - old woman , Maryanne Ngumbu . The FBI and Scotland Yard offered to help in the investigation . The murder of Msando raised suspicion among the opposition that it was part of a plot by the ruling party to rig the election as it appeared Msando was standing in the way . Andrew Kipkoech Rono , 58 , who was arrested over allegations he sent a threatening message to Msando before he was killed , appeared before High Court judge James Wakiaga . Results ( edit ) President ( edit ) Candidate Running mate Party Votes % Uhuru Kenyatta William Ruto Jubilee Party of Kenya 8,223,369 54.17 Raila Odinga Kalonzo Musyoka National Super Alliance 6,822,812 44.94 Joseph Nyagah Moses Marango Independent 38,029 0.25 Abduba Dida Titus Ngetuny Alliance for Real Change 38,004 0.25 Ekuru Aukot Emmanuel Nzai Thirdway Alliance Kenya 27,400 0.18 Japheth Kaluyu Muthiora Kariara Independent 11,774 0.08 Cyrus Jirongo Joseph Momanyi United Democratic Party 11,282 0.07 Michael Mwaura Miriam Mutua Independent 8,870 0.06 Invalid / blank votes 411,510 -- Total 15,593,050 100 Registered voters / turnout 19,611,423 79.51 Source : IEBC By County ( edit ) ( show ) # County Uhuru Kenyata Raila Odinga Others Total Registered voters Turnout Votes Votes Votes Mombasa 99,508 29.10 238,943 69.90 3,575 1.00 342,026 580,223 58.95 Kwale 43,812 23.70 138,664 75.00 2,307 1.20 184,783 281,041 65.75 Kilifi 49,693 15.20 273,852 83.60 4,196 1.30 327,741 508,068 64.51 Tana River 40,317 46.10 45,641 52.20 1,490 1.70 87,448 118,327 73.90 5 Lamu 24,225 48.90 24,423 49.30 868 1.80 49,516 69,776 70.96 6 Taita Taveta 31,158 27.70 79,832 70.90 1,542 1.40 112,532 155,716 72.27 7 Garissa 54,825 48.30 54,784 48.30 3,905 3.40 113,514 163,350 69.49 8 Wajir 61,199 51.20 52,840 44.20 5,482 4.60 119,521 162,902 73.37 9 Mandera 113,469 83.00 18,122 13.30 5,054 3.70 136,645 175,642 77.80 10 Marsabit 92,681 83.60 16,114 14.50 2,026 1.80 110,821 141,708 78.20 11 Isiolo 26,732 49.30 19,029 35.10 8,440 15.60 54,201 75,338 71.94 12 Meru 483,033 88.90 55,951 10.30 4,596 0.80 543,580 702,480 77.38 13 Tharaka -- Nithi 162,923 93.30 10,334 5.90 1,458 0.80 174,715 213,154 81.97 14 Embu 232,409 92.20 17,623 7.00 2,108 0.80 252,140 309,468 81.48 15 Kitui 64,726 18.00 287,198 79.90 7,434 2.10 359,358 474,512 75.73 16 Machakos 83,039 17.60 381,220 80.90 6,853 1.50 471,112 620,254 75.95 17 Makueni 27,424 8.20 301,155 90.60 3,903 1.20 332,482 423,310 78.54 18 Nyandarua 286,555 99.00 2,305 0.80 624 0.20 289,484 335,634 86.25 19 Nyeri 388,362 98.40 4,719 1.20 1,428 0.40 394,509 456,949 86.34 20 Kirinyaga 297,086 98.60 3,117 1.00 1,058 0.40 301,261 349,836 86.11 21 Murang'a 498,051 97.90 9,133 1.80 1,624 0.30 508,808 587,126 86.66 22 Kiambu 913,607 92.70 69,157 7.00 2,653 0.30 985,417 1,180,920 83.44 23 Turkana 59,239 44.90 71,326 54.10 1,249 0.90 131,814 191,435 68.86 24 West Pokot 97,677 64.80 51,930 34.40 1,174 0.80 150,781 180,232 83.66 25 Samburu 31,786 49.70 31,661 49.50 541 0.80 63,988 82,787 77.29 26 Trans Nzoia 110,338 44.60 134,462 54.30 2,840 1.10 247,640 339,622 72.92 27 Uasin Gishu 267,392 78.20 72,574 21.20 1,934 0.60 341,900 450,055 75.97 28 Elgeyo Marakwet 138,755 94.70 7,046 4.80 784 0.50 146,585 180,664 81.14 29 Nandi 235,739 86.80 34,148 12.60 1,686 0.60 271,573 346,007 78.49 30 Baringo 161,634 84.90 27,725 14.60 1,085 0.60 190,444 232,258 82.00 31 Laikipia 177,747 89.10 20,872 10.50 927 0.50 199,546 246,487 80.96 32 Nakuru 639,528 84.80 111,789 14.80 3,220 0.40 754,537 949,618 79.46 33 Narok 149,989 53.10 130,056 46.10 2,166 0.80 282,211 341,730 82.58 34 Kajiado 186,326 57.10 138,585 42.50 1,386 0.40 326,297 411,193 79.35 35 Kericho 281,773 92.90 19,562 6.40 2,135 0.70 303,470 375,668 80.78 36 Bomet 229,581 87.00 32,002 12.10 2,279 0.90 263,862 322,012 81.94 37 Kakamega 63,910 11.50 485,373 87.40 6,298 1.10 555,581 743,736 74.70 38 Vihiga 18,562 9.10 181,889 89.60 2,451 1.20 202,902 272,409 74.48 39 Bungoma 127,415 30.20 287,316 68.10 7,185 1.70 421,916 559,850 75.36 40 Busia 34,496 12.50 240,416 86.80 2,022 0.70 276,934 351,048 78.89 41 Siaya 2,533 0.70 376,647 99.10 840 0.20 380,020 457,953 82.98 42 Kisumu 7,743 1.80 430,229 97.90 1,451 0.30 439,423 539,210 81.49 43 Homa Bay 1,952 0.50 400,218 99.40 666 0.20 402,836 476,875 84.47 44 Migori 45,655 14.20 274,938 85.40 1,534 0.50 322,127 388,633 82.89 45 Kisii 175,415 43.20 224,855 55.40 5,602 1.40 405,872 546,580 74.26 46 Nyamira 106,894 52.10 95,470 46.50 2,912 1.40 205,276 278,853 73.61 47 Nairobi City 793,065 48.50 834,032 51.00 8,319 0.50 1,635,416 2,250,853 72.66 48 Diaspora 1,504 52.90 1,321 46.40 19 0.70 2,844 4,393 64.74 49 Prisons 1,887 45.70 2,214 53.60 30 0.70 4,131 5,528 74.73 Total 8,223,369 54.17 6,822,812 44.94 135,359 0.89 15,181,540 19,611,423 77.41 Kenyatta had maintained 10 + % lead over Odinga in most polls for many weeks , but the two most recent polls before the election suggested a much closer race . The outcome was reported as a 9.5 - percentage - point victory for Kenyatta . On 10 August , provisional results released by the Kenyan electoral commission put Kenyatta ahead by 54.2 % to Odinga 's 44 % . The head of the EU delegation Marietje Schaake said there had been no sign of manipulation of the result at central or local level and urged all sides to accept the result . The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission ( IEBC ) declared incumbents Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto as president - elect and deputy president - elect respectively on the evening of 11 August 2017 . The National Super Alliance disputed the results . Governors ( edit ) Three women were elected as governors for the first time for their respective counties -- Joyce Laboso of Bomet County , Charity Ngilu of Kitui County , and Anne Waiguru of Kirinyaga County . 25 out of 47 governors lost their seats as well . 29 of the 47 governors are members of the ruling Jubilee Party . Senate ( edit ) Three women , Uasin Gishu 's Margaret Kamar , Susan Kihika of Nakuru and Fatuma Dullo of Isiolo became the first women in Kenya 's history to be elected to the Senate rather than appointed . Kihika was also elected Senate Majority Whip on 31 August . National Assembly ( edit ) Projected results indicated that the Jubilee party would extend their majority in the both the National Assembly and Senate and have enough seats to have full control . However , the party still needs about 13 MPs to have two - thirds majority in the National Assembly . Reactions ( edit ) Domestic ( edit ) Opposition leader Raila Odinga alleged that the results had been tampered with by hackers . At that time , he offered no evidence to justify his claim , which the head of Kenya 's electoral commission dismissed . Following the election , there were protests in Kisumu , Kibera and Mathare where Odinga enjoys major political support , some of which turned violent and deadly . Odinga published his own results , which put him ahead , and claimed that the commission 's IT system had been hacked and that Kenya had seen the worst `` voter theft '' in its history . The chairman of the electoral commission , Wafula Chebukati , responded that his organisation was the only body allowed to count votes and that while there had been an attempt to hack the commission , it had failed . A week after the vote , Odinga announced he would challenge the results in Kenya 's Supreme Court . The Economist did its own count of a sample of paper ballots , which tallied with the electronic results . Kenyatta 's reaction incorporated invitations of several world leaders to his inauguration , including : former US President Barack Obama ; German Chancellor Angela Merkel ; British Prime Minister Theresa May ; Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi ; Chinese President Xi Jinping ; Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ; Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhar ; Rwandan President Paul Kagame ; Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni ; Tanzanian President John Magufuli ; South African President Jacob Zuma ; His Royal Highness Aga Khan IV ; and Nigerian billionaire tycoon Aliko Dangote . International ( edit ) African Union : The AU mission led by Thabo Mbeki commended the Kenyan people on conducting the election in a peaceful environment . The AU acknowledged the dispute by the opposition , however , Mbeki refused to get involved in the investigation , citing the lack of mandate . Carter Center : The mission headed by John Kerry commended the Kenyan people in conducting the election peacefully . The Carter Center also commended the role of the judiciary throughout the entire electoral process . Kerry , who initially said he was `` confident in the integrity of the Kenyan elections and praised the country 's election commission for its transparency and diligence '' , later urged that all disputes with the election be handled within the law . Commonwealth of Nations : The Chair of the Commonwealth Observer Group , former President of Ghana John Mahama , declared in the group 's interim statement that the Kenyan elections across all six levels of government has been `` credible , fair and inclusive '' . He appealed for continued patience as the results continue to be finalised . On allegations of fraud by the opposition leader , Mahama called for political leaders to show `` restraint and magnanimity '' . East African Community : The EAC mission led by Edward Rugumayo also said that the election conducted was free and fair and that the observer team was also satisfied with the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission 's response to the hacking claims . The commission also appealed for patience towards journalists until the final results are published . European Union : The EU observer team deemed the election free and fair , and commended the role of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . It expressed concern , however , about the high number of spoilt ballots . Aftermath ( edit ) On 13 August , police said a total of 16 people have been killed in recent protests . Inaugurations ( edit ) It was announced on 13 August that the new Parliament would be sworn in on 22 August , with Kenyatta 's second inauguration to follow a week later . However , Kenyatta 's inauguration was pushed back to at least 12 September after Odinga agreed to challenge the results in court . It was later announced that the reconvening of the Kenyan parliament was delayed to no later than 7 September due to a petition which was filed by groups affiliated with the Federation of Women Lawyers in Kenya ( FIDA - Kenya ) over the new parliament 's lack of women needed to meet the two - thirds gender rule criteria . Despite the FIDA - Kenya lawsuit , the IEBC announced on 22 August that it will publish the full list of elected Members of the National Assembly and Members of County Assembly later that day and that the gender - rule lawsuit will not be heard in court until 20 September ; the IEBC had already published the final results and names of the 47 Governors , Woman Representatives and Senators on 14 August . The Standard later reported on 22 August that the Kenyan Parliament will reconvene in the next week . On 23 August , Kenyatta issued a decree stating that the Parliament will reconvene on 31 August when they assemble to swear in new members and elect respective Speakers and Deputy Speakers . On 29 August , members - elect of the new Parliament officially underwent the process of registering their political orientation and held their first unofficial meetings in Parliament before being sworn - in . They then met with respective party leaders on 30 August . The 12th Kenyan Parliament was then sworn in on 31 August and various leaders were elected by members of the Kenyan National Assembly and Kenyan Senate to serve their respective houses as well . Supreme court decision ( edit ) On 28 August , the Kenyan Supreme Court heard Odinga 's arguments for the first time . Permission was granted to allow two agents of both the ruling party and Odinga 's NASA party to audit the IEBC results , though Odinga 's lawyer James Orengo alleged afterwards that the IEBC was denying his team full access to the servers and other equipment that transmitted results from polling stations to the tallying centre despite the court allowing `` read - only '' access . Closing arguments then concluded on 29 August and it was announced that the court would make a decision on 1 September surrounding the results of the presidential election . It was later announced on 30 August that the IEBC had submitted all result forms for scrutiny to give the Supreme Court a clear picture on how Kenyans voted during the elections . On 1 September , the Supreme Court nullified Kenyatta 's election victory and ordered that a new presidential election take place within 60 days . On 5 September the IEBC set the next presidential election to be held on 17 October though Odinga announced that he would not participate in a new presidential election without `` legal and constitutional guarantees '' against alleged electoral fraud . However , It was later announced on 21 September that the election would be delayed until 26 October after the IEBC sought more time to reform the voting processes . The same day , IEBC Legal Affairs officer Praxedes Tororey succumbed to sustained pressure from NASA and resigned from her post . Evidence ( edit ) Evidence was based on examining the 41,451 forms 34A , the 291 forms 34B and one form 34C that represented the stages of vote collection . The court requested the originals of all forms be brought for inspection . Form 34A : 10,438 of the forms , out of a total of 41,451 were missing when the result was declared . Some presented by IEBC were carbon copies while others did not bear the IEBC stamp , and some had the IEBC stamp on a photocopy of the original . Form 34B : 10 were illegible , 56 of them had no watermark , 10 of the forms were not signed by the returning officer , and 66 bore no stamp . 31 forms had no serial number , and 32 were not signed by party agents . Form 34C : had no security features or serial number . `` The form looked like a photocopy '' The NASA opposition claimed this jeopardized 7 million votes when the margin of the result was 1.5 million votes . On 20 September Justice Philomena Mwilu issued a court statement saying that the IEBC 's refusal to provide access and failure to provide information on the IT system 's firewall configuration left the court `` no choice but to accept the petitioner 's claims that the IEBC 's IT system was infiltrated and compromised , and the data therein interfered with , or IEBC 's officials themselves interfered with the data . '' A day before the court delivered its statement , Chief Justice David Maraga said judges on the bench had faced death threats since declaring the election results void , and criticized the police for `` ignoring calls to act . '' On 21 September Kenyatta decried the ruling as a `` coup . '' Calls to prosecute IEBC officials ( edit ) On 22 September Mathare MP Anthony Olouch , a member of NASA who runs a firm called AT Olouch and Company Advocates , issued a statement to the Director of Public Prosecutions ( DPP ) Keriako Tobik saying calling for the prosecution of the following IEBC officials : CEO Ezra Chiloba , Chairman Wafula Chebukati , Betty Nyabuto , Immaculate Kassait , James Muhati , Praxedes Tororey ( who has since retired ) , Moses Kipkogei , Abdi Guliye , Molu Boya and Marjan Marjan . The letter also stated `` unless investigation leading into criminal charges and prosecution is commenced within 72 hours ( by ) this office , our instructions are to institute private prosecutions pursuant to Section 28 of the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions ( Act ) . '' Odinga withdrawal from second election ( edit ) On October 10 , 2017 , Odinga quit the second election , citing problems with the IEBC and withdrawals from his coalition . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Statistics per polling station IEBC Jump up ^ IEBC announces 2017 election date Daily Nation , 10 December 2015 Jump up ^ Kenya presidential election cancelled by Supreme Court BBC News , 1 September 2017 Jump up ^ https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/new-kenya-presidential-vote-announced-for-october-17/4016339.html Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41572128 Jump up ^ `` 101 . Election of members of Parliament -- Kenya Law Reform Commission ( KLRC ) '' . klrc.go.ke . ^ Jump up to : Majority MPs back election date change from August to December Daily Nation , 6 August 2015 ^ Jump up to : Baker , Peter ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` Obama Weighs in on Kenyan Election , Urging Calm '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Presidential Candidates Kenya Diaspora Vote Jump up ^ Article 138 ( 4 ) Constitution of Kenya 2010 Jump up ^ Electoral system Inter-Parliamentary Union Jump up ^ art. 90 ( 3 ) Constitution of Kenya Jump up ^ Party primaries slotted for April as IEBC reviews timelines ahead of polls The Star , 10 February 2017 Jump up ^ `` Kenya Deputy President Ruto 's home entered by knifeman '' . BBC News . 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Team , Standard . `` More questions as 18 - hour siege at Ruto 's residence end '' . The Standard . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan police : Man with machete attacks VP Ruto 's home '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Freytas - tamura , Kimiko De ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Kenyan Election Official Is Killed on Eve of Vote '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Kenyan election official ' tortured and murdered ' as fears of violence grow '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Woman found alongside murdered IEBC 's Msando identified '' Capital News `` . Capital News . 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Msando murder : Hire foreign IT experts , accept FBI , Scotland Yard help -- NASA '' . The Star , Kenya . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Star newspaper . `` Pollsters differ on Uhuru , Raila support '' . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Adrian Bloomfield ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Uhuru Kenyatta on course for re-election in Kenya as Raila Odinga says he rejects preliminary results '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 10 August 2017 ) . `` Kenya election monitors urge losing candidates to accept poll results '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jubilee wins more than half governor races '' . Daily Nation . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History as Kenya set to have first elected women senators '' . Daily Nation . August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Githae , Wanjohi ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Kenya : Jubilee Pointmen Lusaka and Tuju Set for Key Posts '' . AllAfrica . Jump up ^ Ng'etich , Mwaniki Munuhe and Jacob . `` Jubilee Party , National Super Alliance battle now heads to Parliament '' . Jump up ^ DailyNation ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) , Jubilee can run parliament without a single Nasa MP - Uhuru , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 ^ Jump up to : `` Protests over election fraud claim turn deadly in Kenya '' . Al Jazeera. 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Aglionby , John ; Pilling , David ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Kenya opposition leader Raila Odinga claims election fraud '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kenya election 2017 : Odinga supporters warned over claims '' . BBC News . 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya 's election may turn nasty as the opposition disputes the count '' . The Economist. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Mabel , Winnie . `` List : Barack Obama and 11 other world leaders invited to Uhuru 's swearing in ceremony '' . Jump up ^ `` Mbeki : AU has no mandate to probe ' hacking ' claims in Kenya polls ... at least for now '' . News24 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kenya election was fair , no sign of manipulation -- EAC , EU observers '' . The Star , Kenya . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan challenger claims election was hacked , but John Kerry disagrees '' . CNN . 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Kerry urges Kenya to resolve any vote disputes '' . WFMZ. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan elections ' credible , fair and inclusive ' -- Chair of Commonwealth Observer Group '' . thecommonwealth.org. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EU observers urge poll losers to concede or follow judicial process '' Capital News `` . Capital News . 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Protest death toll rises to 7 : police '' . Pulse Nigeria. 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ President Uhuru , DP Ruto to be sworn in on August 29 Standard Digital , 14 August 2017 Jump up ^ `` Kenya : Uhuru Kenyatta 's Swearing - in Plan Put On Hold '' . allAfrica. 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 12th Parliament convenes not later than Sept 7 amid gender row '' Capital News `` . 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Members of Parliament , MCAs to be gazetted Wednesday '' Capital News `` . 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ KTN News Kenya ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` The 12th Parliament : Parliament set to open next week ( Part 2 ) '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Njagih , Moses . `` Uhuru Kenyatta calls first sitting of 12th Parliament , Speakers to be elected '' . Jump up ^ Njagih , Moses . `` Excitement as new young MPs enter parliament '' . Jump up ^ Ndonga , Simon ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` Kenya : Jubilee , Nasa Leaders Meet MPs - Elect Ahead of Parliament 's Re-Opening '' . AllAfrica . Jump up ^ Kalekye , Margaret ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Senators and National Assembly members take oath of office '' . Kenya Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ `` FACTSHEET : Kenya 's new parliament by numbers -- Africa Check '' . Jump up ^ Craig , Jill ( 28 August 2017 ) . `` Kenya 's Supreme Court Opens Hearings on Presidential Election '' . Voice of America . Jump up ^ Okuoro , Sara . `` Supreme Court allows NASA to audit IEBC election materials '' . ^ Jump up to : News , ABC . `` Kenya : Electoral body defies court in presidential petition '' . ^ Jump up to : Muthoni , Kamau ; Ogemba , Paul ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Presidential petition : What scrutiny of key IEBC forms revealed '' . Standard Digital . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ de Freytas - Tamura , Kimiko ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Kenya Supreme Court Nullifies Presidential Election '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/kenyan-opposition-leader-rejects-new-presidential-election-demands-guarantees-against-fraud/2017/09/05/ee6e5312-9244-11e7-89fa - bb822a46da5b_story. html Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41345250 Jump up ^ https://www.tuko.co.ke/252636-top-iebc-official-resigns-sustained-pressure-nasa.html ^ Jump up to : http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/20/africa/kenya-election-supreme-court/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.africanews.com/2017/09/21/kenyatta-says-kenya-s-supreme-court-ruling-was-a-coup/ Jump up ^ http://www.nation.co.ke/news/Nasa-lawyers-sought-refuge-at-Raila-residence/1056-4063996-vcykn4z/index.html ^ Jump up to : http://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Nasa-DPP-charge-IEBC-officials-72-hours/1064-4107486-102dadvz/index.html Jump up ^ http://ntv.co.ug/news/international/10/oct/2017/i-will-not-be-forced-participate-election-re-run-says-raila-odinga#sthash.Cjs9fhpG.dpbs Elections and referendums in Kenya Presidential elections 1992 1997 2002 2007 2013 2017 ( Aug ) 2017 ( Oct ) Parliamentary elections 1920 1924 1927 1931 1934 1938 1944 1948 1952 1956 1957 1961 1963 1966 1969 1979 1992 1997 2002 2007 2013 2017 Local elections 1992 1997 2002 2007 2013 Referendums 2005 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenyan_general_election,_2017&oldid=804893670 '' Categories : 2017 elections in Africa 2017 in Kenya August 2017 events in Africa Elections in Kenya Annulled elections Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Election and referendum articles with incomplete results Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Русский Svenska 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 19 : 31 . 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the legend of heroes trails in the sky classes

The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky

the legend of heroes : trails in the sky

The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky is a role - playing video game developed by Nihon Falcom . Also known as Trails in the Sky First Chapter , the game is the first in a trilogy , which also includes Trails in the Sky SC and Trails in the Sky the 3rd .

Trails in the Sky was first released in Japan for Microsoft Windows in 2004 , and later ported to the PlayStation Portable in 2006 . North American video game publisher Xseed Games acquired the rights from Falcom , but did not release it until 2011 due to the game 's large amount of text necessary to translate and localize . An high - definition port to the PlayStation 3 was released in Japan in 2012 as part of Sony 's PSP Remaster line of games , while a remaster for the PlayStation Vita was released in 2015 ; both Japanese - only releases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Release 3.1 Localization 4 Related media 5 Reception 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) In - game screenshots showing the field map ( top ) and combat ( bottom ) In Trails in the Sky , the player controls a cast of characters , embarking on a number of quests to progress the story . There are two different type of maps when navigating in the overworld of the game : field maps and town maps . In field maps , enemies roam around and a battle ensues if the player comes in contact with one . In town maps , the player can visit various shops to purchase items , replenish health at an inn and , for the major cities , take on and report quests to the local guild . In addition , the player can interact with numerous non-playable characters ( NPCs ) in the game ; a unique aspect in Trails in the Sky is that each NPC 's dialogue changes as the game advances , allowing the player to follow along sidestories that accompany the NPCs throughout the game . Combat in Trails in the Sky takes place on a grid and is turn - based . The character 's turn order is determined by a tracker called the AT Bar . During the character 's turn , the player can move or make an attack . In addition to the normal attack , each character also have three other methods available for action : Arts , Crafts , and S - Crafts . Arts are magic spells that characters can use to attack opponents or support teammates but must take an additional turn to cast . Crafts are character - specific abilities that are similar to Arts but can be used in the same turn ; however , they utilize a special gauge called `` Craft Points '' ( CP ) for the cost to perform . S - Crafts are powered - up Crafts that can be performed once a character has over 100CP but completely depletes the CP gauge upon using it . Further extending S - Crafts are S - Breaks which allows characters to immediately perform an S - Craft regardless of when their turn order is . An additional component in combat is AT Bonuses which grant bonus effects at certain turns throughout the battle , visible on the AT Bar . If the player loses a battle , the game is over . The player is then allowed to continuously retry the battle and subsequently lower the difficulty of the battle for each retry ; should the player not want the difficulty to be lowered , they can turn it off in the settings menu . Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The game takes place in Liberl Kingdom , 10 years after being invaded by the Erebonian Empire from the north . It is governed by Queen Alicia . Currently , the kingdom thrives off of high technology which is eyed closely by the surrounding nations . The story begins with the main protagonist , 11 - year old Estelle Bright , waiting for her father , Cassius , to return home for the night . When he does , he brings back a young boy by the name of Joshua . Cassius adopts the boy as his son , raising the two kids . Years later , now - 16 - year old Estelle and Joshua decide to follow in their father 's footsteps by becoming bracers , members of a guild that handles odd jobs ( specializing in investigations and combat ) to maintain the general peace . Soon after , Cassius receives a letter , causing him to leave his hometown of Rolent on business . During Cassius 's absence , Estelle and Joshua meet a man named Alba , an archeologist looking into ruins for the Aureole . Afterwards , the mayor of Rolent 's crystal is stolen by sky bandits . Estelle and Joshua team up with Scherazard , a bracer and childhood friend of Estelle 's . They retrieve the crystal , but are unable to capture the sky bandits . They return to Rolent , where they are informed the airship Cassius was in never landed and has disappeared . Estelle , Joshua , and Scherazard then set out to Bose , where Cassius 's ship was originally headed . Upon entering Bose , they meet Olivier Lenheim and learn that the sky bandits were behind the hijacking of the airship . Olivier joins the three to raid the sky bandit 's hideout . While there , they fight unidentified men in black who are better equipped than the sky bandits . After defeating and arresting the sky bandits , the party meets Colonel Alan Richard , the head of Liberl 's Intelligence Division . They learn Cassius had n't been taken hostage ; he is , instead , nowhere to be found . Upon returning to the bracer 's guild , the party is delivered a package containing a mysterious black orbment Cassius was originally supposed to deliver to one `` Professor R '' . Estelle and Joshua part ways with Scherazard and Olivier , heading to Ruan . On their way , they run into a girl named Kloe Rinz , a Jenis Royal Academy student who spends her time helping a nearby orphanage . She decides to follow Estelle and Joshua as she also has business in Ruan . They meet the mayor of Ruan and Duke Dunan . After their meeting , they hear the orphanage is burnt down . Estelle , Joshua , and Kloe investigate , and determine it to be arson . The culprit is eventually revealed to be the mayor himself , assisted by the men in black . But when confronted , the mayor pulls out a mysterious artifact called the Chronos Rod , that can freeze time in a small place ; unexpectedly , the black orbment activates , easily negating the rod 's effect . The mayor tries to escape , but is captured by the royal guard . Colonel Richard appears again and commends Estelle and Joshua for their efforts . The two then part ways with Kloe and began their journey to Zeiss in hopes of learning more about the black orbment . Upon arriving , they meet Tita Russell , the 12 - year old granddaughter of Albert Russell . `` Professor R '' is this same Albert Russell , who begins to experiment with the black orbment . Joshua , Estelle , and Tita head to a nearby town to relax and kill time . However , Zeiss is attacked ; Professor Russell is kidnapped . Tita joins Estelle and Joshua , along with Agate Crosner , another bracer who happened to be nearby . They learn the professor is being held in a nearby military fortress and that Colonel Richard leads the men in black . Professor Russell is rescued and goes into hiding with Agate and Tita , giving Estelle a letter addressed to the queen . Estelle and Joshua then head to Grancel , the capital of Liberl . At the same time , Kloe is kidnapped by the men in black . On their way to Grancel , they run into a blockade set up by Colonel Richard . However , Alba had been preparing to cross it and manages to get Estelle and Joshua through it . Upon entering the capital they learn that Duke Dunan has been ruling as the queen 's proxy ( while himself being manipulated by Colonel Richard ) . It transpires that a fighting tournament is about to start ; a senior bracer named Zin Vathek participates . The winner will dine with the Duke inside the castle ; the party sees in this the perfect opportunity to meet with the queen . Estelle and Joshua team up with Zin , followed by Olivier ( who happened to be visiting the Erebonian embassy ) . The four of them win the tournament and thus infiltrate the castle . Upon meeting the queen they learn Kloe is actually Klaudia von Auslese ( true heir to the throne ) , and she is being held in a nearby villa . They also learn of a strange anomaly underneath the castle . The rescue mission succeeds thanks to the surprise arrival of Scherazard , Agate , and Tita . With everyone together , they head underground to confront Richard , who is defeated thanks to Cassius 's return . A week later , the conspirators are arrested . Festivities begin to take place ; however , are cut short when Alba approaches Joshua alone . Joshua realizes that Alba has the abilities to manipulate the minds of others such as Colonel Richard . Alba informs Joshua he had been unknowingly feeding information to Alba on everything the bracers had been planning , and reveals that his real name is Georg Weissmann , a member of an organization known as Ouroboros . He tells Joshua he is welcome to come back at any time . Weissmann leaves Joshua before Estelle can return . Later that night , Joshua calls Estelle to the castle 's courtyard , revealing that he had been an assassin . One of his targets had been Cassius , who easily defeated him . Since Joshua had failed , Ouroboros attempted to dispose of him but was thwarted by Cassius . Estelle confesses her love for Joshua . But Joshua , unable to bring himself to stay with Estelle , sedates her . As her consciousness fades , Joshua thanks her and confesses his own love for her , before parting ways . Release ( edit ) Trails in the Sky was initially released for Microsoft Windows on June 29 , 2004 in Japan . The game was later ported to the Playstation Portable console and released in Japan on October 28 , 2006 . The Playstation Portable version of the game was released in North America on March 29 , 2011 and in Europe on November 4 , 2011 . The PC version of the game was released worldwide on July 29 , 2014 and included a number of features that were available from the Playstation Portable version . A high - definition version of the game , The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky FC Kai HD Edition , was released for the PlayStation 3 in Japan on December 13 , 2012 . A redesigned version of the game titled The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky FC Evolution was released in Japan for the PlayStation Vita on June 11 , 2015 . Evolution renovated the old designs and user interface and incorporated several new features such as voice acting and animation in scenes , additional illustrations , and enhanced battle tactics . Localization ( edit ) The North American version of the game was localized by XSEED Games , whom in May 2010 announced that they had acquired the rights to bring the Trails in the Sky trilogy to North America . The length of the script for Trails in the Sky FC , which contained approximately 1.5 million Japanese characters , presented a challenge for XSEED 's editor Jessica Chavez . Chavez spent nine months working on the script , with the fourth chapter of the game ultimately requiring assistance from XSEED 's localization specialist Thomas Lipschultz at the last month . Despite the series 's popularity in Japan , Trails in the Sky FC sold poorly in the West upon its initial release for the PSP . In September 2013 , XSEED announced a PC version of Trails in the Sky was planned to be released for the early 2014 winter season . However , coding issues forced the release date to be pushed back to July 2014 instead . According to XSEED 's localization programmer Sara Leen , much of the code needed to be rewritten from scratch because of technical differences between the Playstation Portable version and the PC version ; these changes frequently introduced new software bugs , further complicating matters . When the game was officially released , not all of the issues were corrected ; patches since then have fixed a majority of them . Related media ( edit ) The soundtrack was released as Eiyū Densetsu VI Sora no Kiseki Original Sound Track in July 2004 in Japan , published and produced by Falcom Sound Team JDK . It was composed by Hayato Sonoda , Wataru Ishibashi , Takahide Murayama and arranged by Kohei Wada . The album has two discs with 33 and 26 tracks , respectively . Tracks 24 to 31 comprise `` The White Flower Madrigal '' Suite . The song `` Whereabouts of the Stars '' was written by Hideaki Hamada , with vocals from u-mi . The soundtrack to the first chapter is also distributed with the Windows release in the form of Ogg Vorbis music files . An OVA adaptation of The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky was announced in 2011 . The first OVA was released on November 25 , 2011 on DVD and Blu - ray . The second and final OVA was released on January 22 , 2012 . In 2012 , the OVAs have been licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America . Reception ( edit ) Reception Review scores Publication Score PC PSP Famitsu 32 / 40 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 GamePro GamesMaster 82 % GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar+ IGN 8 / 10 Hardcore Gamer 4.5 / 5 Pocket Gamer 9 / 10 RPGFan 90 % 88 % Aggregate score Metacritic 85 / 100 79 / 100 Awards Publication Award RPGFan Best RPG ( Editors ' Pick ) RPGFan Best Traditional RPG Wired 16th Best Videogame of 2011 Trails in the Sky was well received by critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . Neilie Johnson of IGN gave it a positive review , stating that , though `` First Chapter is not the most original ever made , like any good JRPG it offers amusing writing , dynamic combat , interesting tasks , an absorbing narrative , and hours upon hours of gameplay '' and concluded that `` while the game 's 50 / 50 balance between combat and story may not be to everyone 's taste , its charm and overall entertainment value make it well worth the investment . '' Hardcore Gamer praised the `` rock - solid character writing '' , noting every character has `` their own history , ambitions , and social connections '' , every non-player character ( NPC ) `` has their own name and motivations and interpersonal relationships with other NPCs '' , and the influence of Hayao Miyazaki 's classic anime film Castle in the Sky on the cast and steampunk setting . They also praised the open - ended story , quest design , and combat system , and for having `` one of the most complete and enthralling worlds ever rendered '' , concluding it to be `` one of the finest JRPGs in the history of the genre '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky ( 英雄 伝説 VI ( シックス ) 空 の 軌跡 , Eiyū Densetsu Shikkusu Sora no Kiseki ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 英雄 伝説 空 の 軌跡 FC Evolution '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky ( PC ) `` Hardcore Gamer '' . August 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Nihon Falcom Corporation ( 2011 ) . The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky Manual . Xseed Games . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky official website '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` XSEED Games Announces Wide - Ranging Partnership with Nihon Falcom '' . xseedgames.com . May 14 , 2010 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` XSEED Blog - The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky '' . XSEED Games . 2014 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky ' PS3 HD version announced '' . Polygon. 2012 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 英雄 伝説 空 の 軌跡 FC Evolution New Features '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Sato ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) . `` The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky FC Evolution Recaps Its New Features '' . Siliconera . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Spencer ( 2010 - 12 - 06 ) . `` The Legend Of The Heroes : Trails In The Sky Takes Flight In March '' . Siliconera . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Ishaan ( 2011 - 02 - 12 ) . `` The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky Has 1.5 Million Japanese Characters '' . Siliconera . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` XSEED Games blog : Reports of My Death Have Been Greatly Exaggerated '' . XSEED Games . 2011 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Spencer . `` Falcom 's Trails In The Sky Series Soars Past One Million Units Sold '' . Siliconera . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Spencer ( 2011 - 10 - 14 ) . `` What 's Going On With The Legend Of Heroes : Trails In The Sky Second Chapter ? '' . Siliconera . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chris Dahlberg ( 2013 - 09 - 06 ) . `` XSEED Games to Publish The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky SC digitally on Steam and PlayStation Store ; First Chapter to get PC release '' . Cosmos Gaming . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky Second Chapter - Localization Blog # 5 '' . XSEED Games . 2015 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Eiyu Densetsu : Sora no Kiseki RPG Gets Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky Anime # 2 Teaser Posted '' . Anime News Network . December 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sentai Filmworks Licenses Legend of Heroes ~ Trails in the Sky '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky for PC reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky for PSP reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kemps , Heidi ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Review : The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Legend Of Heroes Review : An RPG That 's Paced More Like A Novel '' . Jump up ^ GamesMaster , January 2012 , page 85 Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky review '' . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky Review '' . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Neilie ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky Review '' . Jump up ^ `` RPGFan Review - The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky '' . Jump up ^ Rubinshteyn , Dennis ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky '' . RPGFan . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Heembergen , Derek ( 2011 ) . `` Games of the Year 2011 : Derek Heemsbergen 's Awards '' . RPGFan . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rubinstheyn , Dennis ( 2011 ) . `` Games of the Year 2011 : Dennis Rubinshteyn 's Awards '' . RPGFan . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarrol , John ; Meyerink , Stephen ( 2011 ) . `` Games of the Year 2011 : Best Traditional RPG '' . RPGFan . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` The 20 Best Videogames of 2011 '' . Wired . Condé Nast . External links ( edit ) Official website The Legend of Heroes series Dragon Slayer Dragon Slayer : The Legend of Heroes The Legend of Heroes II Gagharv Prophecy of the Moonlight Witch A Tear of Vermillion Song of the Ocean Trails Trails in the Sky SC the 3rd The Legend of Heroes VII Trails of Cold Steel Trails of Cold Steel II Trails of Cold Steel III Spin - offs Akatsuki no Kiseki Nayuta no Kiseki Ys vs. Sora no Kiseki : Alternative Saga Related Nihon Falcom Ys Tokyo Xanadu Works of Kinema Citrus TV series Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 ( 2009 ) Higepiyo ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Oshiri Kajiri Mushi ( 2012 -- present ) Code : Breaker ( 2012 ) Yuyushiki ( 2013 ) Black Bullet ( 2014 ) Barakamon ( 2014 ) Is the Order a Rabbit ? ? ( 2015 ) Norn9 ( 2016 ) Kuma Miko : Girl Meets Bear ( 2016 ) Scorching Ping Pong Girls ( 2016 ) Made in Abyss ( 2017 ) Shōjo Kageki Revue Starlight ( 2018 ) The Rising of the Shield Hero ( TBA ) Films Eureka Seven : Pocketful of Rainbows ( 2009 ) Neppu Kairiku Bushi Road ( 2013 ) Made in Abyss : Tabidachi no Yoake ( TBA ) Made in Abyss : Hōrō Suru Tasogare ( TBA ) OVAs / ONAs . hack / / Quantum ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Busou Shinki ( 2011 -- 2012 ) The Legend of Heroes : Trails in the Sky ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Nagareboshi Lens ( 2012 ) Under the Dog ( 2016 ) Yuyushiki ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Legend_of_Heroes:_Trails_in_the_Sky&oldid=836404788 '' Categories : 2004 video games Japanese role - playing video games Kinema Citrus PlayStation 3 games PlayStation Portable games PlayStation Vita games Sentai Filmworks Single - player video games The Legend of Heroes series Video games developed in Japan Video games featuring female protagonists Windows games Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using Video game reviews template in multiple platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 16 : 18 . 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who owns the waldorf astoria in beverly hills

Binyamin `` Beny '' Alagem ( Hebrew : בנימין אלג'ם ‎ ) ( born 1953 in Israel ) is an Israeli American entrepreneur , business executive , hotelier and philanthropist . He is the founder and former Chief Executive of Packard Bell Computers . He is the owner of the Beverly Hilton Hotel and the Beverly Hills Waldorf Astoria in Beverly Hills , California .

Binyamin `` Beny '' Alagem

Beny Alagem

beny alagem

Binyamin `` Beny '' Alagem ( Hebrew : בנימין אלג'ם ‎ ) ( born 1953 in Israel ) is an Israeli American entrepreneur , business executive , hotelier and philanthropist . He is the founder and former Chief Executive of Packard Bell Computers . He is the owner of the Beverly Hilton Hotel and the Beverly Hills Waldorf Astoria in Beverly Hills , California .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Philanthropy 4 Personal life 5 See also 6 References Early life ( edit ) Beny Alagem was born in Israel . He was a tank driver . Alagem studied at California State Polytechnic University , Pomona where he met fellow Israeli immigrants Jason Barzilay and Alex Sandel . In 1983 , Alagem would partner up with Sandel and Barzilay to start Cal - Abco , a wholesaler of computer parts . In 1986 , all three then invested into creating Packard Bell . As of 1995 , Cal - Abco was still intact and was listed in the Packard Bell prospectus as a supplier of parts to Packard Bell with a shared credit line between the two companies . Career ( edit ) Alagem founded Packard Bell , a personal computer manufacturer , in 1986 . He served as its Chief Executive and President until 1998 , when he resigned after he disagreed with NEC and Groupe Bull , the two other main shareholders . In January 1999 , he acquired the rights to the AST Research name from Samsung . Plate . Monument `` The Tel Aviv foundation '' . Tel Aviv . Israel . Alagem serves as the Chairman of the Alagem Capital Group , an asset management firm headquartered in Beverly Hills , California . In December 2003 , Alagem purchased the Beverly Hilton Hotel from entertainer Merv Griffin for US $130 million through Oasis West Realty LLC , where he serves as Chief Executive Officer . He proceeded to renovate it for an extra US $90 million . He is overseeing the development of the Beverly Hills Waldorf Astoria with Guggenheim Partners , which is scheduled to be dedicated in 2017 . Designed by the architectural firm Gensler , it is adjacent to the Beverly Hilton Hotel . The Waldorf Astoria Beverly Hills will be the first new luxury hotel for the brand on the West Coast . Philanthropy ( edit ) Alagem was appointed an Honorary Ambassador of the City of Tel Aviv in 1995 . He serves as an honorary member of the Board of Directors of the Israeli - American Council ( IAC ) . Indeed , he has been described by The Jewish Daily Forward as one of the `` major donors '' to the IAC . For example , he underwrote the entire cost of the Council Leadership Gala on March 11 , 2012 . He also serves on the Advisory Board of the American Friends of The Citizens ' Empowerment Center in Israel , a non-profit organization headquartered in Beverly Hills which promotes peace in Israel through research and education . In 2004 , Alagem held a fundraiser for the March of the Living , a non-profit organization which annual funds trips for 18,000 students to see the horror of the Auschwitz concentration camp , followed by trip to Israel on Independence Day . The event , which took place at the Beverly Hilton Hotel and was attended by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Israeli ministers Ehud Olmert and Avraham Hirschenson , raised US $1 million . Alagem co-chaired a fundraiser for the Friends of the Israel Defense Forces at the Beverly Hilton Hotel on December 17 , 2009 . It raised US $5.2 million for the Israel Defense Forces . Alagem was the recipient of the Philanthropic Leadership Award from the Board of Governors of the Cedars - Sinai Medical Center in 2016 . Personal life ( edit ) Alagem has a wife , Adele . They owned a three - bedroom apartment at 15 Central Park West on the Upper West Side of Manhattan , which he sold for a US $4 million profit to investor Stuart Peterson . They reside in Bel Air , Los Angeles , California . In 2011 , they attended a fundraiser for Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney . According to the Center for Investigative Reporting , Alagem uses `` at least 2 million '' gallons of water per year to irrigate his Bel Air estate . See also ( edit ) List of largest houses in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area List of largest houses in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roger Vincent , Checking in to grandeur : Designers show off plans for the Beverly Hills Waldorf Astoria , set to open in 2017 , The Los Angeles Times , April 10 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` A-Rod joins Sting , Denzel Washington , other rich and famous at 15 Central Park West '' Archived 2010 - 03 - 01 at WebCite Owen Moritz , New York Daily News , 28 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Christina Binkley , The ' Trophy ' Hotel : Fabulous Fixer - Upper , The Wall Street Journal , February 18 , 2004 Jump up ^ Sprout , Alison . `` PACKARD BELL SELLS MORE PCS IN THE U.S. THAN ANYONE . SO JUST WHO ARE THESE GUYS ? '' . Fortune . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chief of Packard Bell NEC Steps Down , The New York Times , July 1 , 1998 Jump up ^ Samsung Sells AST Brand of Computers , The New York Times , July 12 , 1999 Jump up ^ Packard Bell 's Alagem Buys AST Research ; Acquisition : A new company will be created from the Irvine - based Samsung unit to develop PCs , monitors , and Internet servers . Los Angeles Times , January 11 , 1999 ; Business , PART - C , pp. 2 ; Financial Desk . ^ Jump up to : Alexandria Abramian , Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts Unveils Plans for Beverly Hills , The Hollywood Reporter , 4 / 14 / 2014 ^ Jump up to : Laura Coleman , Alagem , Hilton Start Building Beverly Hills Waldorf Astoria , The Beverly Hills Courier Jump up ^ Bloomberg : Alagem Capital Group Jump up ^ Alexandria Abramian , Guggenheim Partners to Bankroll Beverly Hilton 's Transformation ( Exclusive ) , The Hollywood Reporter , 10 / 18 / 2013 Jump up ^ Waldorf Astoria Beverly Hills , Emporis Jump up ^ Waldorf Astoria Hotels & Resorts Unveils Plans for Waldorf Astoria Beverly Hills , waldorfastoria , April 11 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Israeli American Council : Honorary Board of Directors Jump up ^ Nathan Guttman , Israeli Immigrants Play Growing Role in American Jewish Community , The Jewish Daily Forward , January 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ Ex-pat Israelis celebrate success at Leadership Council Gala , The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles , March 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ American Friends of The Citizens ' Empowerment Center in Israel : Advisory Board Archived August 5 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Kelly Hartog , Circuit : Governor of Hope , The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles , February 24 , 2005 Jump up ^ FIDF : Western Region Gala Raises $5.2 Million to Benefit Soldiers Jump up ^ Orit Arfa , Stars Shine on Friends of IDF Gala Fundraiser , The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles , January 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Cedars - Sinai Board Of Governors Gala To Honor Adele & Beny Alagem and Sylvester Stallone '' . The Beverly Hills Courier . October 10 , 2016 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Juliet Chung , Sara Lin , Packard Bell Founder Agrees to Sell New York Condo , The Wall Street Journal , October 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ Mark David , End of Week Pick Up Sticks : Brad Grey , Variety , September 21 , 2013 Jump up ^ Tina Daunt , Hollywood Stays Away as Mitt Romney Raises More Than $1 Million in Beverly Hills , The Hollywood Reporter , 12 / 7 / 2011 Jump up ^ https://www.revealnews.org/article/who-is-the-wet-prince-of-bel-air-here-are-the-likely-culprits/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beny_Alagem&oldid=796596809 '' Categories : Living people 1953 births Israeli emigrants to the United States People from Bel Air , Los Angeles Israeli businesspeople American computer businesspeople American hoteliers Jewish American philanthropists Israeli Jews California State Polytechnic University , Pomona alumni Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Articles containing Hebrew - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 22 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who plays the role of a in pretty little liars

Pretty Little Liars

pretty little liars

Pretty Little Liars is an American teen drama mystery thriller television series developed by I. Marlene King , loosely based on the popular book series of the same name written by Sara Shepard . The show premiered on June 8 , 2010 on ABC Family and ended on June 27 , 2017 . After an initial order of 10 episodes , ABC Family ordered an additional 12 episodes for season one on June 28 , 2010 . These episodes began airing on January 3 , 2011 and ended on March 21 , 2011 . The ratings success of the first 10 episodes prompted the book series to be extended beyond the initial eight novels .

On March 26 , 2013 , ABC Family announced that a spin - off , Ravenswood , would air in October 2013 . The spin - off show aired 10 episodes before being canceled . On June 10 , 2014 , Pretty Little Liars was renewed for its sixth and seventh seasons . On August 29 , 2016 , it was confirmed that the series will be ending with Season 7 in 2017 . Filming of the series officially wrapped on October 26 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 Casting 2.2 Promotion 2.3 Music 3 Cast and characters 4 Setting 4.1 Rosewood 4.2 Secondary locations 5 Broadcast 6 Critical reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Awards and nominations 7 DVD releases 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes Set in the small suburban town of Rosewood , Pennsylvania ( not far from Philadelphia ) , the series follows the lives of five girls : Spencer Hastings , Alison DiLaurentis , Aria Montgomery , Hanna Marin and Emily Fields , whose clique falls apart after the leader of the group , Alison , goes missing . One year later , the remaining estranged friends are reunited as they begin receiving messages from a mysterious villain named `` A '' or `` A.D. '' , who threatens and tortures them for the mistakes they have made before and after Alison was alive . At first , they think it is Alison herself , but after her body is found , the girls realize that someone else is planning on ruining their lives . Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( in millions ) Adults ( 18 - 49 ) 22 June 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) 2.87 1.0 25 June 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) 2.68 1.0 24 June 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 2.59 1.1 24 June 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 11 ) March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) 2.53 1.1 5 25 June 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 2.01 0.9 6 20 June 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 02 ) March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 1.72 0.8 7 20 June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 1.11 0.6 Production ( edit ) Originally developed as a television series by book packaging company Alloy Entertainment , the idea was described as `` Desperate Housewives for teens . '' Alloy met with author Shepard , and gave her the property to develop into a book series . With Alloy and Warner Horizon Television interested in producing Pretty Little Liars as a television series for years , it was first planned for The WB in 2005 with a different writer until the network shut down in early 2006 and reestablished as The CW later that year . The first novel was published by HarperTeen in October 2006 . In June 2008 , Alloy noted that it was developing a Pretty Little Liars television pilot for ABC Family , with the novels adapted for television . After the pilot was shot in Vancouver , filming for the rest of the series moved to Los Angeles . The series was primarily filmed at the Warner Bros. studio and backlot in the city of Burbank , near Los Angeles . In June 2012 , the series was selected by lottery for a California film and TV tax credit . Casting ( edit ) ABC Family began casting for a Pretty Little Liars television pilot in October 2009 . Lucy Hale was cast as Aria Montgomery in the project , followed by Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz in November 2009 . In December 2009 , The Futon Critic confirmed the casting of Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin and Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields , as well as the addition of Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin , Nia Peeples as Pam Fields , Roark Critchlow as Tom Marin , and Bianca Lawson as Maya . Mitchell had initially auditioned for the role of Spencer and then tried for Emily . The Hollywood Reporter also noted that Torrey DeVitto and Sasha Pieterse landed recurring roles in the pilot . The Alloy website later confirmed that Pieterse would be playing Alison DiLaurentis and DeVitto would be Melissa Hastings , also mentioning the casting of Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal . On January 27 , 2010 , ABC Family picked up the series for 10 episodes , set to premiere in June 2010 . In April 2010 , the role of Aria 's father Byron was recast with Chad Lowe , and Holly Marie Combs was cast as Aria 's mother Ella . Jenna Marshall is played by Tammin Sursok . On January 7 , 2011 , Tilky Jones was cast as Logan Reed . On April 8 , 2011 , Annabeth Gish was cast for the role of Anne Sullivan , a therapist who tries to find out the characters ' secrets . On May 23 , 2011 , Andrea Parker signed up to appear as Jessica DiLaurentis , Alison 's mother . On June 29 , 2011 , it was announced that Natalie Hall would be replacing Natalie Floyd as Hanna 's soon - to - be stepsister , Kate . On January 30 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Tyler Blackburn had been promoted to series regular for the third season . In March 2012 , Janel Parrish was also promoted from recurring to series regular for the third season . On March 16 , 2016 , TVLine reported that Andrea Parker was added as a series regular for the seventh season . Promotion ( edit ) Pretty Little Liars was called one of the most spectacular new shows of summer 2010 thanks to heavy promotion by ABC Family , including `` spicy promos and hot posters '' . ABC Family encouraged fans to host a `` Pretty Little Premiere Party '' for the show by sending the first respondents a fan kit , and selected applicants to become part of an interactive `` Secret Keeper Game '' played with iPhones provided by the network . The show 's official Facebook and Twitter accounts also promoted special fan features , including a `` Pretty Little Lie Detector '' . Los Angeles department store Kitson showcased the show in their shop window . A tie - in edition featuring the Season 1 poster and logo of the 2006 first novel in the Pretty Little Liars series was released on the date of the show 's premiere , as was the final book of the original book series , `` Wanted '' . `` Wanted '' later decidedly became the eighth book of the series , as Shepard later confirmed she would extend the series . A TV tie in of the second book `` Flawless '' featuring an altered Season 3 poster was released on December 28 , 2010 . Music ( edit ) The theme song for Pretty Little Liars is `` Secret '' by The Pierces , which was suggested by one of the show 's stars , Ashley Benson . The pilot episode featured music from artists such as The Fray , Ben 's Brother , MoZella , Orelia , and Colbie Caillat . The show has also featured music from Passion Pit , Lady Gaga , Pink , Florence and the Machine , Lykke Li , Selena Gomez & the Scene , McFly and Rachel Platten . Music from Katie Herzig can be heard multiple times throughout the show . A few songs being `` Hey Na Na '' and `` Where the Road Meets the Sun '' . Madi Diaz has been heard on the show with her song `` Heavy Heart '' , as well as Joy Williams with `` Charmed Life '' and Foreign Slippers with `` What Are You Waiting For ? '' . The last episode of season one featured a song by Alexz Johnson that she originally recorded for the soundtrack of the Canadian hit TV show Instant Star . On June 14 , 2011 , `` Jar of Hearts '' by Christina Perri was featured in the first episode of the second season . The song `` Follow Suit '' by Trent Dabbs has also been featured on the show . In the episode `` The Perfect Storm '' , Lucy Hale sings a cover of the song `` Who Knows Where the Time Goes ? '' by British band Fairport Convention . The official soundtrack was released on February 15 , 2011 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars characters The core cast of `` Pretty Little Liars '' ( excluding Janel Parrish who portrays Mona Vanderwaal ) at The Paley Center For Media 's PaleyFest 2014 Honoring `` Pretty Little Liars '' . From left : Troian Bellisario , Ashley Benson , Lucy Hale , Shay Mitchell , and Sasha Pieterse . Troian Bellisario portrays Spencer Hastings , one of the five Liars . Bellisario also portrays Alex Drake , Spencer 's identical twin sister . Spencer is an extreme perfectionist who likes to please her wealthy family and her friends . She is very competitive and an overachiever . Spencer is strong willed , smart , and kind towards everyone around her , but is n't afraid to take down someone who is a threat to something she cares about . She was in a relationship with Toby Cavanaugh ( Keegan Allen ) for most of the first six and a half seasons . Toby later joins the Rosewood Police Force to protect Spencer . Tired of being the victim , Spencer was a brief member of the `` A '' team after she thinks that she finds Toby in the woods killed by `` A '' , but finds out from Mona that he is still alive and the only way to get to him is to become part of the team . She then learns that the only reason Toby joined the `` A '' team was to protect her . After the five year jump , Spencer dates Caleb Rivers ( Tyler Blackburn ) and lives in Washington , D.C. She returns home after the death of Charlotte Drake but ends up staying due to her mother running for the state senate . In the season 7 mid-season finale , it is revealed that she is the biological child of Mary Drake . After the one year time jump , it is shown she has continued with politics and is a paralegal at her mothers law firm . It is revealed that she had a twin sister , Alex Drake , who grew up in London , that became A.D to avenge Charlotte 's death . Ashley Benson portrays Hanna Marin , one of the five Liars . Hanna used to have an eating disorder . She was overweight , with the nickname ' Hefty Hanna ' . After Alison DiLaurentis disappeared , Hanna lost weight and changed her style , which seemed similar to Ali 's , with the help of her new best friend Mona Vanderwaal . Over the course of the series , Hanna cares more about the people around her and tries to protect herself and her friends . She is loyal and strong . She has had few love affairs through the series and was in a relationship with Caleb Rivers . After the time jump , Hanna was engaged to Jordan and working in the fashion industry , but has moved back to Rosewood and is married to Caleb . In the series finale , it is revealed that she is pregnant . Holly Marie Combs portrays Ella Montgomery , the mother of Aria and Mike , as well as the wife of Byron . Lucy Hale portrays Aria Montgomery , one of the five Liars . Aria is the artsy chameleon who is very intelligent , caring , and has a good sense of style . She 's the one who keeps her family together . Aria spent some time as a `` goth '' . She wore black , punk - like clothing and had pink highlights in her hair . After Alison disappeared , Aria and her family moved to Iceland for a year ( because of Alison 's disappearance ) , before returning to Rosewood . When Aria and her family moved back to Rosewood , she was no longer a `` goth '' as she used to be , she was a girly - girl . Aria had a relationship with her English teacher , Ezra Fitz ( Ian Harding ) from the very first episode of the entire show , but they decided to end their relationship before Aria went to college . After the time jump , Aria dates her co-worker , Liam , and then breaks up with him after she and Ezra start dating again . Ezra then proposes to her and they get engaged . Later , Aria joins the A-Team , after being blackmailed by Uber A . In the season finale , it is revealed that she is infertile which leads her to believe that she would never be able to marry Ezra however at the end of the episode she and Ezra are married Ian Harding portrays Ezra Fitz , a former English teacher at Rosewood High who begins a relationship with Aria which causes a lot of tension due to her being his student . However they keep a steady relationship until season 4 when it is revealed that he is writing a book about the disappearance of Alison DiLaurentis which causes Aria to break up with him . It is also revealed that he had a very brief relationship with Alison before she disappeared after she met him in bar near Hollis with Charlotte Drake . After the time jump , Ezra is in a very bad place due to his girlfriend Nicole being kidnapped and killed in Nicaragua while they were there doing charity work . He is writing a book about his experience which is being published through the company Aria is currently working at which causes them to rekindle their old friendship . In the season 6 finale , they have sex which causes them to talk about their relationship and Ezra proposes to Aria which after some hesitation and a confession about the death of Archer Dunhill , she accepts . They are married in the series finale . Bianca Lawson portrays Maya St. Germain , a new girl who moves into Rosewood and develops a relationship with Emily , becoming her first girlfriend . She moves into Alison 's old house which causes tension with the girls at first but they quickly begin to like her . She is killed in the season 2 finale by Lyndon James who was her stalker from a rehabilitation camp which she was sent to when Pam discovers weed in her bag . Lyndon disguises himself as her cousin who tries to get close to Emily so that he can kill her out of jealousy however , he is killed by Emily stabbing him in mid-season 3 . Laura Leighton portrays Ashley Marin , the mother of Hanna . In the first season she is working as a member of the bank until she is arrested as the suspected murderer of Darren Wilden . She is released when Mona takes the blame for murder and Pastor Ted posts her bail . She then begins working for Mrs DiLaurentis until her death when she chooses to leave as Jason takes over which causes tension due to their past relationship . After the 5 year time jump , she has now turned Radley into a fancy hotel and is working as the manager . Chad Lowe portrays Byron Montgomery , the father of Aria and Mike , as well as the husband of Ella . He is the center of one of the first story lines due to him having an affair with one of his students at Hollis causing all sorts of issues with his family . Due to this , him and Ella get a divorced but later remarry in season 6 with Aria as their officiator . Chad Lowe was the first cast member to direct an episode of Pretty Little Liars , followed by Troian Bellisario . Shay Mitchell portrays Emily Fields , one of the five Liars . Emily is the sporty one in the group . She is the best swimmer on the swim team , and she 's very sweet and loyal . Emily is a shy , kind , closeted lesbian , in love with Alison DiLaurentis . Over the course of the series , Emily came out to her parents that she was in a relationship with Maya St. Germain . After Maya 's murder , Emily develops a relationship with Paige McCullers in season 3 . They 're together for a while , until Paige betrays Emily 's trust . After the time jump , Emily has dropped out of the university she attended in California after the death of her father and she came back to Rosewood with a secret . She ends up donating her eggs in season 6 to help 2 start a family . As of The DArkest Knight she is now working at Rosewood High School as the swim coach . In Season 7 , it is revealed that Alison is pregnant with Emily 's baby after A.D stole Emily 's eggs after she donated them and impregnated Alison while she was in Welby . Emily confronts Ali about the baby and she agrees to have it for her . Soon after , Alison confesses her feelings for Emily and the 2 enter a relationship . In the series finale , Emily and Ali are raising twin girls , Lily and Grace . Alison proposes to Emily who accepts . Sasha Pieterse portrays Alison DiLaurentis , one of the five Liars and the former `` Queen Bee '' of her clique , and the most popular girl in school before her disappearance . She enjoys using people 's deepest secrets against them to keep them in line . Charming and manipulative , Alison managed to manipulate all four of her friends in one way or another and is skilled at finding ways to blackmail others . It was later revealed that Alison is alive and was on the run from `` A '' . After the five - year time jump , Alison marries a man posing as Dr. Elliott Rollins , who was her sister Charlotte 's psychiatrist . In the beginning of Season 7 , Alison finds out that he is not the `` good '' man that she thought she married and with the help of the other girls , they manage to kill him before he kills them . Alison is now an English teacher at Rosewood High . It is also revealed in season 7 that she is pregnant with Emily 's baby . Shortly after , she admits to being in love with Emily and enters a relationship with her and intends to raise the baby with her.In the series finale , she is raising twin girls , Lily and Grace , later on in the episode she proposes to Emily . Tyler Blackburn portrays Caleb Rivers , the high school boyfriend and later husband of Hanna Marin , and a professional hacker . It is revealed in season 1 that he was in the foster care system and slept in school or public places the majority of the time to avoid staying with his foster family . For a brief time he moves into Hanna 's basement before moving in with Lucas . He also reconnects with his biological parents . He departs the show mid-season 4 to go to Ravenswood , which was a sister spin - off show of Pretty Little Liars . He returns in the 100th episode with a haunting secret which causes tension between him and Hanna . They both begin drinking , him to forget Ravenswood , her coping with Alison 's return to Rosewood . After the time jump , it is revealed that he and Hanna broke up due to them working too much and he begins dating Spencer causing a love triangle between the three of them . In the mid-season 7 finale , he confesses his feeling for Hanna leading to them having sex prompting them to get back together . In `` Choose or Loose '' , they elope in the courthouse and in the finale , Hanna announces she 's pregnant . Janel Parrish portrays Mona Vanderwaal , the original and first `` A '' . She is the person who stalked Alison before her disappearance , and did this as revenge for Alison crowning her `` Rosewood 's biggest loser '' . After Alison disappeared she became best friends with Hanna Marin and they transformed themselves into the most popular girls at school , taking Alison 's place . In the season two finale she is exposed as `` A '' and sent to Radley Sanitarium , where she is visited by CeCe Drake ( Charlotte ) , who takes Mona 's place in the `` A '' game . In Season 3 , she continues working as `` A '' and by the end of the season is kicked off the `` A '' team and becomes a victim of `` A '' along with the other girls . In Season 4 she helps the girls out with their investigations of the new `` A '' . In season 5 she creates an army so as not to be intimidated by Alison 's return . Later in the season , she fakes her own death to ferret out `` A '' but is kidnapped by `` A '' and imprisoned in `` A '' 's dollhouse . After the time jump , Mona is working for Veronica Hastings ' rival for State Senator , and is revealed to be Charlotte Drake 's killer . Andrea Parker portrays Jessica DiLaurentis / Mary Drake , twin sisters . Jessica is the mother to Alison and Jason , while Mary is revealed to be the mother of Charlotte and Spencer . Mary was admitted to Radley Sanitarium for most of her life , but has now returned to Rosewood . During the fourth season , Mary kills Jessica and attempts to frame Peter Hastings for it . However , this is not revealed until season 7 . She comes back to Rosewood later , now allied with Archer Dunhill . In the nineteenth episode of season 7 , she takes the blame for the death of Archer Dunhill so the Liars wo n't have to go to prison . In the season finale , it revealed that she escaped prison with the help of Mona so that she could ally with Alex Drake , her other biological daughter , Spencer 's twin sister who is revealed as A.D Setting ( edit ) Rosewood ( edit ) Rosewood is a fictional town in the United States state of Pennsylvania . It is the principal setting of the series and the books . The Liars live in this town along with most of the other characters . It contains many principal locations : the police station , the Rosewood High School , the church , the Rosewood Shopping Center , Hollis College , the Rosewood Community Hospital , the Rosewood movie theater , the mausoleum , the dental office , the Ophthalmology Cabinet , and the Rosewood Court . Virtually all these locations are actually exteriors on the backlot of the Warner Bros. studio lot in Burbank . Interior scenes are filmed separately on nearby soundstages . For example , different sides of the same building on the backlot are used for the entrances of the Rosewood police station and high school . Secondary locations ( edit ) Real towns : New York City , Cape May , Philadelphia , London , Hilton Head Island and Brookhaven Broadcast ( edit ) The intertitle in the opening credits used since the show 's inception . Pretty Little Liars premiered on June 8 , 2010 in the United States , becoming ABC Family 's highest - rated series debut on record across the network 's target demographics . It ranked number one in key 12 -- 34 demos and teens , becoming the number - one scripted show in Women 18 -- 34 , and Women 18 -- 49 . The premiere was number two in the hour for total viewers , which generated 2.47 million unique viewers , and was ABC Family 's best delivery in the time slot since the premiere of The Secret Life of the American Teenager . The second episode retained 100 % of its premiere audience with 2.48 million viewers , despite the usual downward trend following a premiere of a show , and built on its premiere audience . It was the dominant number one of its time slot in Adults 18 -- 49 , and the number one show in female teens . Subsequent episodes fluctuated between 2.09 and 2.74 million viewers . The August 10 , 2010 `` Summer Finale '' episode drew an impressive 3.07 million viewers . On June 28 , 2010 , ABC Family ordered 12 more episodes of the show , bringing its total first - season order to 22 . On January 10 , 2011 , ABC Family picked the show up for a second season that premiered on June 14 , 2011 . During the summer of 2011 , Pretty Little Liars was basic cable 's top scripted series in women aged 18 -- 34 and viewers 12 -- 34 . The second half of season 2 aired on Mondays at 8 / 7c , beginning on January 2 , 2012 . On November 29 , 2011 , ABC Family renewed the show for a third season , which consisted of 24 episodes . On October 4 , 2012 , ABC Family announced that the show was renewed for a fourth season , again comprising 24 episodes . The second half of the third season began airing on January 8 , 2013 and finished March 19 , 2013 . Pretty Little Liars returned for Season 4 on June 11 , 2013 . On March 25 , 2013 , it was again announced that Pretty Little Liars had been renewed for a fifth season scheduled for a 2014 air date and a new spin off show entitled Ravenswood would begin airing after the season four annual Halloween special in October 2013 . The second half of season four premiered on January 7 , 2014 . It was announced on June 10 , 2014 that Pretty Little Liars was renewed for two seasons , making the show ABC Family 's longest running original hit series . On August 29 , 2016 , I. Marlene King announced that Pretty Little Liars would be ending after the seventh season had aired . The second half of the seventh season will begin airing later than previous season , in April instead of January . Critical reception ( edit ) Pretty Little Liars opened with mixed reviews . Metacritic gave the pilot episode 52 out of 100 , based upon 14 critical reviews . The New York Daily News gave the show a positive review , commenting that it `` makes most popular vampire romances look anemic '' , while concluding , `` Pretty Little Liars could go in several directions , including mundane teen clichés . It 's got an equally good shot at making us care about these imperfect pretty girls . '' A writer on Terror Hook has stated that `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' gets off to a very promising start . Great production all around , the writing keeps the viewer on their toes , and the acting just reinforces it . The overall mystery of the show in the end is dark and unpredictable , even stepping into the slasher film realm . '' The New York Post gave the show three out of five stars , stating , `` OK , so we 've established that there is no socially redeeming value in this series and that your kids should n't watch it if they are too young and impressionable . But if you can distract them enough to miss the first 15 minutes , the show is n't half - bad . Actually , it is half - good , if that makes sense . '' The Los Angeles Times wrote that the series is `` one of those shows that manages to mildly , and perhaps unintentionally , spoof its genre while fully participating in it , and that 's not a bad thing at all . '' Entertainment Weekly had a less favorable review , giving the show a letter grade of `` D − '' , saying , `` Imagine the pitch for Liars : It 's I Know What You Did Last Summer meets Gossip Girl , but like not so subtle . '' It went on to say that the plot `` hits every racy teen entertainment mark so hard ( everyone 's hair is so full -- of secrets ! ) that it feels like the only thing missing is a visit from the ghosts of Jennifer Love Hewitt and Freddie Prinze , Jr . '' The Hollywood Reporter compared the show to those on The CW and noted , `` Sure , there 's a lot here that sustains more eye - rolling than interested stares , but a little patience might be warranted . '' Ratings ( edit ) Since the series premiere , Pretty Little Liars has remained popular . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that the show 's `` popularity is tilted toward women more than any other show in the data -- over 94 percent of ' likes ' come from women '' . The series earned its highest rated episode with 4.20 million total viewers , ranking among ABC Family 's top 5 telecasts in adult viewers 18 -- 34 , total viewers and women viewers . The highest rated episodes include season one 's finale , with 3.64 million , and season two 's premiere and finale episodes , each yielding nearly 3.7 million viewers . The show stands as the most watched series on ABC Family , maintaining a steady viewership of over 2.5 million and currently standing as the only show to yield an average of over 2 million viewers . Ratings table Season Network Episodes Timeslot Season premiere Season finale TV season Viewers ( in millions ) Most watched episode Premiere date Viewers ( million ) Finale date Viewers ( million ) Title Viewers ( millions ) Season 1 ABC Family 22 Tuesdays 8 : 00 pm ( first set ) Mondays 8 : 00 pm ( second set ) June 8 , 2010 2.47 March 21 , 2011 3.64 2010 -- 11 2.87 `` Moments Later '' 4.20 Season 2 25 June 14 , 2011 3.68 March 19 , 2012 3.69 2011 -- 12 2.68 `` unmAsked '' 3.69 Season 3 24 Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. June 5 , 2012 2.93 March 19 , 2013 2.87 2012 -- 13 2.59 `` She 's Better Now '' 3.21 Season 4 24 June 11 , 2013 2.97 March 18 , 2014 3.12 2013 -- 14 2.53 `` Now You See Me , Now You Do n't '' 3.33 Season 5 25 June 10 , 2014 2.72 March 24 , 2015 2.65 2014 -- 15 2.01 `` EscApe From New York '' 2.72 Season 6 ABC Family ( 2015 ) Freeform ( 2016 ) 20 June 2 , 2015 2.38 March 15 , 2016 1.19 2015 -- 16 1.72 `` Game Over , Charles '' 3.09 Season 7 Freeform 20 June 21 , 2016 1.43 June 27 , 2017 1.41 2016 -- 17 1.11 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' 1.43 Pretty Little Liars : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Pretty Little Liars Won Choice Summer TV Star : Male Ian Harding Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Lucy Hale Won 2011 NewNowNext Awards TV You Betta Watch Pretty Little Liars Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Obsession Nominated GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Nominated Young Hollywood Awards Cast To Watch Troian Bellisario , Ashley Benson , Lucy Hale and Shay Mitchell Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Pretty Little Liars Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Lucy Hale Won Troian Bellisario Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Male Ian Harding Won Keegan Allen Nominated Banff Television Festival Best Continuing Series I. Marlene King , Lesli Linka Glatter and Lisa Cochran - Neilan Won Capricho Awards ( pt ) Best TV Series Pretty Little Liars Nominated Best International Actress Lucy Hale Nominated Best International Actor Ian Harding Nominated 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Won GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Nominated TV Guide Awards Favorite Guilty Pleasure Nominated Capricho Awards ( pt ) Best TV Series Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Won Choice TV Actor Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actress Lucy Hale Won Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Troian Bellisario Won 2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated Favorite TV Fan Following Little Liars Nominated Gracie Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Rising Star Lucy Hale Won TV Guide Awards Favorite Ensemble Pretty Little Liars Nominated Favorite Villain Janel Parrish and Keegan Allen Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Pretty Little Liars Won Choice Summer TV Show Pretty Little Liars Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actress : Drama Troian Bellisario Won Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Lucy Hale Won Choice Summer TV Star : Male Keegan Allen Won Capricho Awards ( pt ) Best TV Series Pretty Little Liars Nominated Best International Actress Ashley Benson Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated Favorite Cable TV Actress Lucy Hale Won GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Pretty Little Liars Nominated 40th Saturn Awards Best Youth - Oriented Television Series Nominated Young Hollywood Awards Bingeworthy TV series Nominated Best Cast Chemistry -- TV Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Keegan Allen Nominated Choice TV Actress : Drama Lucy Hale Won Choice TV Actress : Drama Troian Bellisario Nominated Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Female Ashley Benson Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Shay Mitchell Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Male Tyler Blackburn Won Choice TV Breakout Star : Female Sasha Pieterse Won Candie 's Choice Style Icon Ashley Benson Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actress Ashley Benson Nominated Lucy Hale Nominated Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Won GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Drama Series Nominated 41st Saturn Awards Best Youth - Oriented Television Series Nominated MTV Fandom Awards Feels Freak Out Of The Year Won Ship Of The Year Shay Mitchell and Sasha Pieterse Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Pretty Little Liars Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Keegan Allen Nominated Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actress : Drama Lucy Hale Won Shay Mitchell Nominated Choice Summer TV Star : Male Tyler Blackburn Won Choice Summer TV Star : Female Troian Bellisario Nominated Ashley Benson Won Choice TV Scene Stealer Sasha Pieterse Nominated Choice TV Villain `` A '' ( Vanessa Ray ) Won 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Won Favorite Cable TV Actress Ashley Benson Nominated Lucy Hale Nominated Shay Mitchell Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Pretty Little Liars Won Choice TV Actor : Drama Keegan Allen Nominated Tyler Blackburn Nominated Ian Harding Won Choice TV Actress : Drama Troian Bellisario Nominated Ashley Benson Won Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Won Choice TV Scene Stealer Sasha Pieterse Won Choice TV Chemistry Ashley Benson and Tyler Blackburn Won Choice Summer TV Actress Lucy Hale Nominated Shay Mitchell Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actress Ashley Benson Nominated Lucy Hale Nominated Favorite Cable TV Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Show Of The Year Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Drama Nominated Choice TV Actress : Drama Troian Bellisario Nominated Ashley Benson Nominated Lucy Hale Won Shay Mitchell Nominated Sasha Pieterse Nominated Choice TV Actor : Drama Ian Harding Nominated Choice TV Villain Janel Parrish Won Choice TV Ship Shay Mitchell and Sasha Pieterse Nominated DVD releases ( edit ) DVD release dates for Pretty Little Liars Name Release dates Ep # Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season June 7 , 2011 September 24 , 2012 November 2 , 2011 22 Pretty Little Liars : Two Truths and a Lie -- Discover some fun facts and fictional fallacies about the cast of Pretty Little Liars . It All Started with a Little Lie : Making Pretty Little Liars -- Discover how the pages and characters of Sara Shepard 's novel became this ca n't miss TV series Little Secrets from the Set -- Catch up with the cast and crew of summer 's hottest show as they bring us several juicy behind - the - scenes secrets from the Pretty Little Liars set Deleted Scenes and extras The Complete Second Season June 5 , 2012 November 11 , 2013 September 5 , 2012 25 Fashion 's Guilty Pleasure : Check out Aria 's edgy bohemian looks , Hanna 's rock ' n ' roll glamour , Emily 's laid back sporty style and Spencer 's prepster perfection Men of Mystery : Brooding brows , soulful smiles and mysterious minds ... get ready for the heart - melting guys of Rosewood Deleted scenes and extras The Complete Third Season June 4 , 2013 April 21 , 2014 June 19 , 2013 24 Featurette : `` The ' A ' Network '' The Lady Killer episode alternate endings Bonus Webisodes Deleted Scenes The Complete Fourth Season June 3 , 2014 September 29 , 2014 July 9 , 2014 24 Featurette : `` Unhooding Red Coat : Alison Is Alive ! '' Featurette : `` Confessions of ' A ' Liar '' Featurette : `` Pretty Little Scenes '' Bonus Recap Episode Deleted Scenes The Complete Fifth Season June 2 , 2015 July 15 , 2015 June 19 , 2015 25 Featurette : `` Good Girls , Bad Lies : The Stronger PLLs '' Featurette : `` Pretty Little Liars : The Guys Are Back ! '' Featurette : `` Celebrating a Pretty 100th '' Featurette : `` Christmas in Rosewood : Designing the Ice Ball '' We Love You to Death : Fan Appreciation Episode Deleted Scenes The Complete Sixth Season April 19 , 2016 April 18 , 2016 April 22 , 2016 20 Featurette : `` We Heart the PLL Ships '' Featurette : `` A PLL Prom '' Featurette : `` Inside the 5 Years '' Featurette : `` A Homecoming : The PLLs Return '' Pretty Little Liars : 5 Years Forward Deleted Scenes The Seventh and Final Season July 25 , 2017 TBA TBA 20 Featurette : `` Inside the PLL Sheets '' Featurette : `` That PLL Boy Is Mine '' Featurette : `` A PLL Proposal '' Featurette : `` A Surprising Mary Drake '' Featurette : `` Hot for Haleb '' Featurette : `` Say I Do '' Featurette : `` The Final Sendoff from Rosewood '' Featurette : `` A.D. : The Ultimate Suspect '' Featurette : `` Thank You to Fans '' Pretty Little Liars : A-List Wrap Party ( Special Episode ) Deleted Scenes The Complete Series July 25 , 2017 TBA TBA 160 All previously released special features on all seven seasons . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Four new books on the way , starting in July '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' To End With Season 7 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars'wrapped on October 26 , 2016 '' . instagram.com . October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family Announces Pick - Up Of Dramas `` Huge '' '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maughan , Shannon ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Moving On Up : Pretty Little Liars '' . Publishers Weekly . Reed Elsevier . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 19 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family nears ' Little Liars ' pickup '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Reviews and Product Details '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 0060887303 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Moorhouse , Drusilla ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Stars Share Secrets on the Set of Their New Show '' . E ! Online . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ahearn , Victoria ( June 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' actress shows Canuck roots '' . MSN Canada . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garland , Chad ( 28 March 2015 ) . `` Library hosts fans of cult book and show ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . The Burbank Leader . Tribune Publishing Company . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Body Of Proof ' & ' Justified ' Among Productions That Won California 's $100 M Tax Credit Lottery '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family fills comedy , Liars roles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family announces additional casting for its upcoming pilots '' ( Press release ) . ABC Family . December 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( December 7 , 2009 ) . `` Laura Leighton joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ko , Nalea J. ( July 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Actress Shay Mitchell on Coming to America '' . Pacific Citizen . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars on TV ! '' . Alloy Entertainment . January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chad Lowe joins ABC Family series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 10 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Holly Marie Combs joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Longman , Haley ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` 5 Things to Know About Pretty Little Liars Newbie Tilky Montgomery Jones '' . Teen.com . Alloy Media . Retrieved January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Annabeth Gish joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Andrea Parker joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bonner , Mehera ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Natalie Hall Replaces Natalie Floyd as Hanna 's Wicked Stepsister , Kate , on Pretty Little Liars '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Tyler Blackburn Promoted to Series Regular ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Janel Parrish Upped to Series Regular for Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Welcomes Back Andrea Parker as Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kar , Meena ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Hits American TV Atlast ! '' . Thaindian News . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Host a Pretty Little Party ! '' . ABC Family . May 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gemma ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Insider the Pretty Little Liars Secret Keeper Game '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Secrets Revealed ! '' . ABC Family . June 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars @ Kitson '' . ABC Family . June 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : TV Tie - in Edition '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 0062009540 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Wanted : Reviews and Product Details '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 0061566179 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Taub , Melinda ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Ashley Benson Picked the Theme Song '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Music Guide '' . ABC Family . June 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` '' Pretty Little Liars '' Stands as ABC Family 's No. 1 Series Launch on Record Across Sophia / Target Demos `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family 's `` Pretty Little Liars '' Bucks the Trend , Retaining 100 % of its Premiere Audience `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Deadliest Catch , Pretty Little Liars , Law & Order : CI , The Hills , Memphis Beat , Criminal Minds & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 23 , 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Hits Series Highs in Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family Orders 12 Additional Episodes Of ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Finale of ABC Family 's `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' Sweeps Cable 's No. 1 Rank on Mondays at 8 O'Clock Across All Key Demos `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( August 14 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Family adds series , viewers '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ SeidmKllll an , Robert ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Family Sers Premiere Dates for January 2012 Line Up Including Pretty Little Liars , Switched at Birth and Jane By Design '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beard , Lanford ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' renewed for third season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Renewed for a Third Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars Renewed for a Fourth Season '' . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Family Announces Premiere Dates for ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Twisted ' , ' Switched at Birth ' and ' The Fosters ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Renewed For Seasons Six & Seven by ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : ' Pretty Little Liars ' to End With Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - The Complete First Season : Release Year - 2010 '' . Terror Hook . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Time will tell if ' Pretty Little Liars ' are good at keeping secrets '' . Daily News . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Not just another ' Pretty ' face '' . New York Post . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Television review : ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tonight 's Best TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee ( June 7 , 2010 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars -- TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Return of 2010 's Breakout Hit Series `` Pretty Little Liars '' Becomes ABC Family 's No. 2 Telecast Ever in Women 18 - 34 / Females 12 - 34 `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars Tops Night ; Plus ' RAW , ' ' Skins , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' Rise ; ' Stargate SGU , ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops ; Premieres Of ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Memphis Beat , ' ' Hawthorne , ' ' Gene Simmons ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE RAW , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' Top Night + ' American Chopper , ' ' Basketball Wives , ' ' Lost Girl ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Justified Finale & Law & Order : CI Flat , Plus Deadliest Catch , The Hills , WWE NXT & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Bowl Games , ' Jersey Shore , ' ' The Closer ' Top Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Celtics - Heat Lead +'Storage Wars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' The Game , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Top Gear ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Snooki & JWoww ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Haves & the Have Nots ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tie for Top Spot + ' The Game ' , ' Amish Mafia ' , ' The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Deadliest Catch ' Win Night , ' Fargo ' , ' Royal Pains ' , ' Chasing Life ' , ' Faking It ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' If Loving You is Wrong ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Deadliest Catch ' Win Night , ' Fargo ' , ' Royal Pains ' , ' Chasing Life ' , ' Faking It ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Chrisley Knows Best ' , ' Your Family or Mine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' and ' Fixer Upper ' stay steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Ink Master ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Copa America 2016 scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Copa America 2016 scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : ' Twilight : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ' Leads First Wave of Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://ohbensonbrasil.com/blog/ashley-e-pll-sao-indicados-ao-capricho-awards-2013/ Jump up ^ `` 40th People 's Choice Awards '' . peopleschoice.com . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim . `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 : The Complete Winners List '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Media Awards Noms Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Annual Saturn Awards Nominations '' . SaturnAwards.org . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards nominees '' . 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February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . 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who did inter milan beat in the champions league final

2010 UEFA Champions League final

2010 uefa champions league final

2010 UEFA Champions League Final Match programme cover Event 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League Bayern Munich Internazionale 0 Date 22 May 2010 Venue Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid UEFA Man of the Match Diego Milito ( Internazionale ) Fans ' Man of the Match Wesley Sneijder ( Internazionale ) Referee Howard Webb ( England ) Attendance 73,490 Weather Sunny 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 32 % humidity ← 2009 2011 → The 2010 UEFA Champions League Final was a football match played at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , home of Real Madrid , on Saturday , 22 May 2010 , to determine the winners of the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League . It was the first Champions League final to be played on a Saturday , rather than the traditional Wednesday . The match was won by Internazionale , who beat Bayern Munich 2 -- 0 to complete the Treble , a feat never before achieved by any team from either Italy or Germany . The refereeing team came from England and was led by Howard Webb . The win gave Inter their third European Cup title , and their first since 1965 ; moreover , it was their first appearance in the final since 1972 , and they were the first Italian team to appear since Milan won the competition in 2007 . Meanwhile , Bayern had won the competition as recently as 2001 -- their most recent final appearance -- although they were the first German side to reach the final since Bayer Leverkusen in 2002 . The 2010 final was the first not to feature an English side since Porto beat AS Monaco in 2004 , due to Manchester United being knocked out by Bayern Munich in the quarter - finals on away goals . The Santiago Bernabéu Stadium had previously hosted three European Cup finals : in 1957 , 1969 and 1980 . As the winners , Inter played against 2009 -- 10 UEFA Europa League winners Atlético Madrid in the 2010 UEFA Super Cup , and also entered the semi-finals of the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Road to final 3 Pre-match 3.1 Venue 3.2 Ticketing 3.3 Match ball 3.4 Officials 3.5 Broadcasting 3.6 Opening ceremony 4 Match 4.1 Team selection 4.2 Summary 4.3 Details 4.4 Statistics 5 Post-match 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Prior to the 2010 final , Bayern Munich and Internazionale had previously met four times in European competition . In those four matches , Bayern held the edge with two wins to Internazionale 's one ; the other match finished as a draw . The first meeting between the two sides took place in the third round of the 1988 -- 89 UEFA Cup ; Inter won 2 -- 0 the first match at the Olympiastadion in Munich , but Bayern responded with a 3 -- 1 win at the San Siro two weeks later to go through on the away goals rule . They were next drawn together in Group B of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League , along with Spartak Moscow and Sporting CP . The first match between Bayern and Inter was played at the San Siro , where Bayern won 2 -- 0 ; the return match finished as a 1 -- 1 draw . Both teams went into the final chasing the Treble , an achievement never before reached by teams from their respective countries ; Internazionale came closest in 1965 , when they won the Serie A and the European Cup but lost 1 -- 0 to Juventus in the Coppa Italia final . Bayern Munich claimed their 22nd Bundesliga title on the last day of the season with a 3 -- 1 win away to Hertha BSC on 8 May 2010 , before claiming their eighth domestic Double with a 4 -- 0 win over Werder Bremen in the 2010 DFB - Pokal Final on 15 May . Meanwhile , Internazionale beat Roma 1 -- 0 for their sixth Coppa Italia on 5 May , and then won their fifth Serie A title in a row and their second Double on 16 May with a 1 -- 0 win away to relegated Siena . With both teams having secured domestic Doubles going into the final , it was guaranteed that the Treble would be won for the second year in a row , following Barcelona 's success in 2008 -- 09 . The managers of both teams had won the Champions League before : Bayern manager Louis van Gaal won the competition with Ajax in 1995 , while Inter 's José Mourinho was manager of Porto 's 2004 side . The winning manager would therefore become only the third in European Cup history to win as manager of two clubs , following in the footsteps of Ernst Happel ( Feyenoord in 1970 and Hamburg in 1983 ) and Ottmar Hitzfeld ( Borussia Dortmund in 1997 and Bayern Munich in 2001 UEFA Champions League Final ) . It was the fifth final in European Cup history in which both managers were previous winners ; the others were in 1962 , 1978 , 2002 and 2007 . It was the first Champions League final where neither of the finalists exited the group stage as group winners . The Santiago Bernabéu Stadium was selected as the venue for the 2010 Champions League final in March 2008 . The Santiago Bernabéu Stadium had previously hosted three European Cup finals : in 1957 , 1969 and 1980 . Real Madrid themselves won the 1957 final -- their second of five consecutive wins -- beating Fiorentina 2 -- 0 in front of 120,000 spectators , the second highest attendance in a European Cup final . Milan won the next final at the stadium , beating Ajax 4 -- 1 in 1969 , and Nottingham Forest won 1 -- 0 against Hamburg in the most recent final in Madrid in 1980 . The stadium was opened in 1947 following the election of Santiago Bernabéu as the president of Real Madrid . Upon construction , the stadium had a maximum capacity in excess of 75,000 , but this was increased to 125,000 with the addition of a fourth stand in 1954 . The stadium was chosen as one of two venues for matches at the 1964 European Nations ' Cup , hosting both of the Spain team 's matches , including their 2 -- 1 win over the Soviet Union . In preparation for the 1982 FIFA World Cup , FIFA requirements forced renovations to the stadium , adding a canopy to three of the four stands and reducing the capacity to 90,800 . The stadium hosted all three Group B matches and the final of the 1982 World Cup . Conversion to an all - seater stadium in 1998 further reduced capacity to just over 75,000 , but the most recent expansion in 2006 increased capacity to just over 80,000 . Only around 75,000 seats , however , were available for the 2010 final . Road to final ( edit ) Further information : 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League Bayern Munich Round Internazionale Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result Maccabi Haifa 3 -- 0 ( A ) Matchday 1 Barcelona 0 -- 0 ( H ) Juventus 0 -- 0 ( H ) Matchday 2 Rubin Kazan 1 -- 1 ( A ) Bordeaux 1 -- 2 ( A ) Matchday 3 Dynamo Kyiv 2 -- 2 ( H ) Bordeaux 0 -- 2 ( H ) Matchday 4 Dynamo Kyiv 2 -- 1 ( A ) Maccabi Haifa 1 -- 0 ( H ) Matchday 5 Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( A ) Juventus 4 -- 1 ( A ) Matchday 6 Rubin Kazan 2 -- 0 ( H ) Group A runners - up Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Bordeaux 6 5 0 9 + 7 16 Bayern Munich 6 9 5 + 4 10 Juventus 6 7 − 3 8 Maccabi Haifa 6 0 0 6 0 8 − 8 0 Final standings Group F runners - up Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Barcelona 6 7 + 4 11 Internazionale 6 7 6 + 1 9 Rubin Kazan 6 7 − 3 6 Dynamo Kyiv 6 7 9 − 2 5 Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Knockout phase Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Fiorentina 4 -- 4 ( a ) 2 -- 1 ( H ) 2 -- 3 ( A ) Round of 16 Chelsea 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 ( H ) 1 -- 0 ( A ) Manchester United 4 -- 4 ( a ) 2 -- 1 ( H ) 2 -- 3 ( A ) Quarter - finals CSKA Moscow 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 0 ( A ) Lyon 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 ( H ) 3 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-finals Barcelona 3 -- 2 3 -- 1 ( H ) 0 -- 1 ( A ) Pre-match ( edit ) Venue ( edit ) The front side of Bernabéu during the final . The Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid was selected as the venue for the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final at a meeting of the UEFA Executive Committee in Vaduz , Liechtenstein , on 28 March 2008 . The committee -- who selected the venue for the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final at the same meeting -- based their decision on a number of key criteria , including stadium capacity , facilities and security . It had previously been decided that the final would be played on a Saturday for the first time in Champions League history at the UEFA Executive Committee 's meeting in Lucerne , Switzerland , on 30 November 2007 . The unique visual identity of the 2010 final was revealed at a special ceremony at Madrid 's Ciudad del Fútbol Español on 20 November 2009 . In attendance at the ceremony were final ambassador Emilio Butragueño , Royal Spanish Football Federation president Ángel María Villar Llona and UEFA 's competitions director Giorgio Marchetti . UEFA has given the Champions League final a unique visual identity every year since 1999 , in order to give `` a distinctive flavour of the host city '' . The logo features the UEFA Champions League trophy at its core , surrounded by elements of the Champions League `` starball '' logo , the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium and the Puerta de Alcalá . The logo was designed to capture `` the cultural and ' fiesta ' aspects which Madrid is famed for '' . A trophy handover ceremony was held at the Palacio de Cibeles in Madrid on 16 April 2010 , when Johan Cruyff and Joan Laporta -- as representatives of the 2009 champions , Barcelona -- returned the UEFA Champions League Trophy to UEFA president Michel Platini . Platini then handed the trophy to Royal Spanish Football Federation president Ángel María Villar Llona and Alberto Ruiz - Gallardón , the mayor of Madrid , so that it might be put on display in the city until the day of the final . Real Madrid president Florentino Pérez , players Raúl , Kaká and Cristiano Ronaldo , and final ambassador Emilio Butragueño were also present at the ceremony . Ticketing ( edit ) Although the usual capacity of the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium was over 80,000 , the net capacity for the 2010 Champions League final was around 75,000 . The two finalists were each allocated 21,000 tickets , with a further 11,000 tickets being made available to the general public . Applications for those tickets were opened on 8 March 2010 and ran until 19 March ; recipients were determined by a random lottery . These figures included a certain number of tickets set aside specifically for children ; 2,000 tickets from each club 's allocation went to children and their accompanying adults , as did 1,000 tickets from the general public 's allocation . Finally , 500 tickets were reserved for children taking part in the activities at the UEFA Champions Festival in the week leading up to the final . A ticketing launch event was held in Madrid on 5 March 2010 , at which the ticketing concept for the final was announced . The event was also used to promote the start of ticket sales for the match , and was attended by the ambassador for the final , Emilio Butragueño , the president of the Community of Madrid , Esperanza Aguirre , and representatives from UEFA , the Royal Spanish Football Federation and the host club , Real Madrid . At the event , Aguirre was presented with the first ticket for the final by Real Madrid players Cristiano Ronaldo and Raúl . Match ball ( edit ) A ball from the final on display at the 2011 UEFA Champions Festival in Hyde Park , London . The official match ball for the 2010 Champions League Final , the Adidas Finale Madrid , was unveiled on 9 March 2010 . It was the tenth ball to use the `` Starball '' design that had become synonymous with the UEFA Champions League . Each of the stars on the ball featured an element of the logos of each of the last 10 Champions League finals , drawn in gold . In reference to the colours of the Spanish flag , each gold star has a red border , while the base colour of the ball referred to the white of Real Madrid 's kit . The ball retained the `` goosebump '' texture of the previous two versions , but the panel configuration was changed for the Finale Madrid , with the panels following the star pattern on the ball . Officials ( edit ) Match referee Howard Webb had been on the list of FIFA - accredited referees since 2005 . The referee for the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final was Howard Webb , representing The Football Association of England . Webb became an international referee in 2005 , and took charge of his first UEFA Champions League match in the August of that year , when he officiated the match between Haka and Vålerenga in the second qualifying round . His first appointment in the Champions League proper came a year later with the group stage encounter between Steaua Bucureşti and Lyon on 26 September 2006 . Prior to the 2010 final , he had refereed a further 17 Champions League matches and nine UEFA Cup matches . He was also a referee at UEFA Euro 2008 , the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , and he was selected to be England 's representative at the 2010 FIFA World Cup . As usual , the referee was supported by assistant referees and a fourth official from the same country ; in the 2010 final , Howard Webb was assisted by Darren Cann and Mike Mullarkey , with Martin Atkinson as the fourth official . Broadcasting ( edit ) For the first time in the United States , television coverage of the Champions League final was broadcast on a nationwide terrestrial network . Affiliates of Fox picked up coverage , beginning with a pre-game show at 14 : 30 EDT / 11 : 30 PDT . Opening ceremony ( edit ) More than 100 people were involved in the opening ceremony . The 2010 Champions League Final officially opened with the UEFA Champions Festival on 15 May 2010 . The festival was held at Madrid 's Parque del Retiro and ran for the entire week leading up to the final . It featured several events and exhibitions for fans to take part in ; as well as being able to play on public - use mini-pitches , fans were able to meet famous faces from European football and explore the history of the Champions League . On the day of the final , the festival culminated with a match between former Spanish players and other European ex-professionals . Match ( edit ) Team selection ( edit ) The Inter team that began the game featured no Italian players in the starting line - up , while Bayern started the game with five Germans , all internationals named in the provisional German squad for the 2010 World Cup . Franck Ribéry was a notable absence for Bayern , serving a three - match suspension after being sent off in the first leg of the semi-final against Lyon for a foul on Lisandro López , while Inter were without midfielder Thiago Motta , who was serving a two - match suspension . Summary ( edit ) The Internazionale fans unfurled a huge banner prior to kick - off . The match was won 2 -- 0 by Internazionale . Inter employed a counter-attacking strategy that saw them have less possession than Bayern , but Inter were able to comfortably defend their lead . Both goals were scored by Diego Milito , in the 35th and 70th minutes . Milito 's first was scored following a long clearance by Inter goalkeeper Júlio César flicked down by Milito to Wesley Sneijder , who returned the pass to Milito to score . Milito 's second goal came after he collected a pass from Samuel Eto'o and beat Daniel Van Buyten with the ball . Milito was substituted shortly before the end of the match , allowing him to be applauded by the Inter supporters . After the match , Milito stated the win brought `` incredible happiness '' and claimed his side deserved its victory . Bayern captain Mark van Bommel conceded Inter was the `` most effective team '' , referring to the success of Inter 's counter-attacking tactics . José Mourinho revealed after the match that he would likely resign from Inter to pursue the goal of being the first manager to win the Champions League with three clubs . Reports had linked him with a move to Real Madrid . Details ( edit ) 22 May 2010 20 : 45 CEST Bayern Munich 0 -- 2 Internazionale Report Milito 35 ' , 70 ' Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid Attendance : 73,490 Referee : Howard Webb ( England ) Bayern Munich Internazionale GK 22 Hans - Jörg Butt RB 21 Philipp Lahm CB 5 Daniel Van Buyten CB 6 Martín Demichelis 26 ' LB 28 Holger Badstuber CM 17 Mark van Bommel ( c ) 78 ' CM 31 Bastian Schweinsteiger RW 10 Arjen Robben AM 25 Thomas Müller LW 8 Hamit Altıntop 63 ' CF 11 Ivica Olić 74 ' Substitutes : GK Michael Rensing DF 13 Andreas Görlitz DF 26 Diego Contento MF 23 Danijel Pranjić MF 44 Anatoliy Tymoshchuk FW 18 Miroslav Klose 63 ' FW 33 Mario Gómez 74 ' Manager : Louis van Gaal GK 12 Júlio César RB 13 Maicon CB 6 Lúcio CB 25 Walter Samuel LB 26 Cristian Chivu 30 ' 68 ' CM Javier Zanetti ( c ) CM 19 Esteban Cambiasso AM 10 Wesley Sneijder RF 9 Samuel Eto'o CF 22 Diego Milito 90 + 2 ' LF 27 Goran Pandev 79 ' Substitutes : GK Francesco Toldo DF Iván Córdoba DF 23 Marco Materazzi 90 + 2 ' MF 5 Dejan Stanković 68 ' MF 11 Sulley Muntari 79 ' MF 17 McDonald Mariga FW 45 Mario Balotelli Manager : José Mourinho UEFA Man of the Match : Diego Milito ( Internazionale ) Fans ' Man of the Match : Wesley Sneijder ( Internazionale ) Assistant referees : Mike Mullarkey ( England ) Darren Cann ( England ) Fourth official : Martin Atkinson ( England ) Reserve official : Peter Kirkup ( England ) Statistics ( edit ) First half Bayern Munich Internazionale Goals scored 0 Total shots 10 7 Shots on target Ball possession 67 % 33 % Corner kicks 0 Fouls committed 8 6 Offsides 0 0 Yellow cards Red cards 0 0 Second half Bayern Munich Internazionale Goals scored 0 Total shots 11 Shots on target 5 Ball possession 69 % 31 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 8 7 Offsides 0 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Overall Bayern Munich Internazionale Goals scored 0 Total shots 21 11 Shots on target 6 7 Ball possession 68 % 32 % Corner kicks 6 Fouls committed 16 13 Offsides 0 0 Yellow cards Red cards 0 0 Post-match ( edit ) As a result of Inter 's victory , Italy held onto its position in the top three of the UEFA country coefficient rankings and would therefore retain its fourth berth in the 2010 -- 11 UEFA Champions League . If Bayern had won or the match had gone to penalties , Germany would have overtaken Italy and received an extra entry in 2010 -- 11 . Having beaten Roma both in the 2010 Coppa Italia Final and to the 2009 -- 10 Serie A title , Inter won the Treble for the first time in Italian football history . Despite winning the Treble , José Mourinho resigned as manager of Inter on 28 May to take over from Manuel Pellegrini as manager of Real Madrid , citing a desire to become the first manager to win the Champions League with three clubs . However , he was unable to accomplish this feat before returning to his former club Chelsea in June 2013 , with Carlo Ancelotti replacing him at Real Madrid . As winners of the Champions League , Inter played in the 2010 UEFA Super Cup against 2009 -- 10 UEFA Europa League winners Atlético Madrid . They lost the match 2 -- 0 , with goals from José Antonio Reyes and Sergio Agüero . They also took part in the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup , entering at the semi-final stage . There they beat 2010 AFC Champions League winners Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma 3 -- 0 to reach the final against 2010 CAF Champions League winners TP Mazembe , whom they also beat 3 -- 0 to take the title . See also ( edit ) 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League 2010 UEFA Europa League Final 2010 UEFA Super Cup 2010 FIFA Club World Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2 . Finals '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2014 / 15 . Union of European Football Associations. 2015 . p. 3 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Webb gets Madrid assignment '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 20 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2010 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - ups -- Final -- Saturday 22 May 2010 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madrid and Hamburg awarded 2010 finals '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League final switched '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 30 November 2007 . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Munich finish with a flourish '' . fcbayern.de . FC Bayern. 8 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern storm to domestic double triumph '' . fcbayern.de . FC Bayern. 15 May 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Inter-Roma : 1 - 0 , la Tim Cup ai nerazzurri '' ( Inter-Roma : 1 - 0 , the Tim Cup to the Nerazzuri ) . inter.it . F.C. Internazionale Milano. 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho 's Treble - chasing Inter Milan win Serie A '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 16 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones , Grahame L. ( 21 May 2010 ) . `` Champions League final pits top coaches , World Cup stars '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Harrold , Michael ( 29 April 2010 ) . `` Euphoric Inter face final challenge '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Archived from the original on 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Previous finals in the city '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 18 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Santiago Bernabéu '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 18 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Chaplin , Mark ( 1 December 2007 ) . `` Champions League changes agreed '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Logo launch to herald Madrid final '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 13 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Paul ( 24 November 2009 ) . `` Madrid proud to be in final spotlight '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Archived from the original on 1 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid to receive UEFA Champions League Trophy '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 9 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Paul ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Handover makes Madrid proud hosts '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Archived from the original on 20 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League final tickets on sale '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 8 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final countdown continues with ticketing launch '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket launch raises expectation '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 5 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Finale Madrid starball takes flight '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 9 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Finale X Madrid Football '' . SoccerBible.com . SoccerBible. 9 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` England - Men 's Referees List '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Referee Webb chosen for Euro 2008 '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 19 December 2007 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA appoints match officials '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 30 referees from 28 countries appointed for 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2010 . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports Broadcasting in the United States '' . FoxSports.com . Fox Sports . 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 6 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Festival '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hassett , Sebastian ( 23 May 2010 ) . `` Maestro Mourinho scores perfect Inter farewell in Champions League final '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 24 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Sam ( 22 May 2010 ) . `` Bayern Munich 0 - 2 Inter Milan '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Inter Milan defeat Bayern Munich in Champions League final in Madrid '' . Agence France - Presse . Fox Sports . 23 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Carminati , Nadia ( 22 May 2010 ) . `` Milito ' absolutely happy ' '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 24 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Coerts , Stefan ( 22 May 2010 ) . `` The Most Effective Team Has Won -- Bayern Munich Skipper Mark Van Bommel '' . goal.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mourinho says he 'll probably leave Inter '' . USA Today . 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team statistics : Full time '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Champions League status at stake for Inter and Bayern Munich '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . 2 May 2010 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 22 May 2010 ) . `` Trebles all round to celebrate rarity becoming routine '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 23 May 2010 ) . `` José Mourinho 's treble -- now for the Real story '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho returns as Chelsea manager on four - year deal '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carlo Ancelotti named Real Madrid boss , Laurent Blanc joins PSG '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inter Milan secure Club World Cup final place '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inter Milan beat TP Mazembe to take World Club crown '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 18 December 2010 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League , UEFA.com Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2010 UEFA Champions League Final . European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 Finals 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Appearances Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Video games Trophy 2009 -- 10 in European football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia ' 09 ' 10 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus ' 09 ' 10 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia ' 09 ' 10 Faroe Islands ' 09 ' 10 Finland ' 09 ' 10 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland ' 09 ' 10 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 09 ' 10 Latvia ' 09 ' 10 Lithuania ' 09 ' 10 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 09 ' 10 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 09 ' 10 Romania Russia ' 09 ' 10 San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 09 ' 10 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands ' 09 ' 10 Finland ' 09 ' 10 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland ' 09 ' 10 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 09 ' 10 Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 09 ' 10 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 09 ' 10 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 09 ' 10 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Finland ' 09 ' 10 France Hungary Iceland ' 09 ' 10 Israel Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 09 ' 10 Scotland Wales UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup FC Bayern Munich matches German football championship Final 1932 DFB - Pokal Finals 1957 1966 1967 1969 1971 1982 1984 1985 1986 1998 1999 2000 2003 2005 2006 2008 2012 2013 2014 2016 2018 DFL - Supercup 1983 ( unofficial ) 1989 1990 1994 2008 ( unofficial ) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 DFL - Ligapokal Finals 1997 1998 1999 2000 2006 2007 UEFA Champions League Finals 1976 1982 1999 2001 2012 2013 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final 1967 UEFA Cup Final UEFA Super Cup 1976 2001 2013 Intercontinental Cup 1976 2001 FIFA Club World Cup Final 2013 Other matches 1984 DFB - Pokal semi-finals Deutschland - Cup ( 1990 ) Bayern Munich 1 -- 2 Norwich City ( 1993 ) Uli Hoeneß Cup ( 2013 ) 2014 MLS All - Star Game F.C. Internazionale Milano matches Italian football championship Final 1920 Coppa Italia Finals 1939 1959 1965 1977 1978 1982 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 Supercoppa Italiana 1989 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 UEFA Champions League Finals 1964 1965 1967 1972 UEFA Cup Finals 1991 1994 1997 1998 UEFA Super Cup Intercontinental Cups 1964 1965 Intercontinental Supercup 1968 FIFA Club World Cup Final Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_UEFA_Champions_League_Final&oldid=850203609 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Finals 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League 2009 -- 10 in Spanish football International club association football competitions hosted by Spain FC Bayern Munich matches Inter Milan matches 2009 -- 10 in German football 2009 -- 10 in Italian football May 2010 sports events in Europe 2010s in Madrid Football in Madrid Sports competitions in Madrid Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 11 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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the medium of the artwork that decorates the sistine chapel ceiling is

Because he was painting fresco , the plaster was laid in a new section every day , called a giornata . At the beginning of each session , the edges would be scraped away and a new area laid down . The edges between giornate remain slightly visible ; thus , they give a good idea of how the work progressed . It was customary for fresco painters to use a full - sized detailed drawing , a cartoon , to transfer a design onto a plaster surface -- many frescoes show little holes made with a stiletto , outlining the figures . Here Michelangelo broke with convention ; once confident the intonaco had been well applied , he drew directly onto the ceiling . His energetic sweeping outlines can be seen scraped into some of the surfaces , while on others a grid is evident , indicating that he enlarged directly onto the ceiling from a small drawing .

fresco

Sistine Chapel ceiling

sistine chapel ceiling

The Sistine Chapel ceiling , painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512 , is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art .

The ceiling is that of the Sistine Chapel , the large papal chapel built within the Vatican between 1477 and 1480 by Pope Sixtus IV , for whom the chapel is named . It was painted at the commission of Pope Julius II . The chapel is the location for papal conclaves and many other important services . The ceiling 's various painted elements form part of a larger scheme of decoration within the Chapel , which includes the large fresco The Last Judgment on the sanctuary wall , also by Michelangelo , wall paintings by several leading painters of the late 15th century including Sandro Botticelli , Domenico Ghirlandaio and Pietro Perugino , and a set of large tapestries by Raphael , the whole illustrating much of the doctrine of the Catholic Church . Central to the ceiling decoration are nine scenes from the Book of Genesis of which The Creation of Adam is the best known , having an iconic standing equaled only by Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa , the hands of God and Adam being reproduced in countless imitations . The complex design includes several sets of individual figures , both clothed and nude , which allowed Michelangelo to fully demonstrate his skill in creating a huge variety of poses for the human figure and which have provided an enormously influential pattern book of models for other artists ever since . Contents ( hide ) 1 Context and history 2 Method 3 Content 4 Michelangelo 's scheme realised 5 Architectural scheme 5.1 Real 5.2 Illusionary 6 Pictorial scheme 6.1 Nine scenes from the Book of Genesis 6.1. 1 Creation 6.1. 2 Adam and Eve 6.1. 3 Story of Noah 6.1. 4 Shields 6.2 Twelve prophetic figures 6.2. 1 Prophets 6.2. 2 Sibyls 6.3 Pendentives 6.4 Ancestors of Christ 6.4. 1 Subject 6.4. 2 Treatment 6.5 Ignudi 7 Stylistic analysis and artistic legacy 8 Restoration 9 Quotations 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Reference images 12.2 Biblical sources 13 Bibliography 14 External links Context and history ( edit ) Pope Julius II by Raphael Pope Julius II was a `` warrior pope '' who in his papacy undertook an aggressive campaign for political control , to unite and empower Italy under the leadership of the Church . He invested in symbolism to display his temporal power , such as his procession , in the Classical manner , through a triumphal arch in a chariot after one of his many military victories . It was Julius who began the rebuilding of St. Peter 's Basilica in 1506 , as the most potent symbol of the source of papal power . In the same year 1506 , Pope Julius conceived a program to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel . The walls of the chapel had been decorated twenty years earlier . The lowest of three levels is painted to resemble draped hangings and was ( and sometimes still is ) hung on special occasions with the set of tapestries designed by Raphael . The middle level contains a complex scheme of frescoes illustrating the Life of Christ on the right side and the Life of Moses on the left side . It was carried out by some of the most renowned Renaissance painters : Botticelli , Ghirlandaio , Perugino , Pinturicchio , Signorelli and Cosimo Rosselli . The upper level of the walls contains the windows , between which are painted pairs of illusionistic niches with representations of the first thirty - two popes . A draft by Matteo d'Amelia indicates that the ceiling was painted blue like that of the Arena Chapel and decorated with gold stars , possibly representing the zodiacal constellations . It is probable that , because the chapel was the site of regular meetings and Masses of an elite body of officials known as the Papal Chapel who would observe the decorations and interpret their theological and temporal significance , it was Pope Julius ' intention and expectation that the iconography of the ceiling was to be read with many layers of meaning . Michelangelo , who was not primarily a painter but a sculptor , was reluctant to take on the work . Also , he was occupied with a very large sculptural commission for the pope 's own tomb . The pope was adamant , leaving Michelangelo no choice but to accept . But a war with the French broke out , diverting the attention of the pope , and Michelangelo fled from Rome to continue sculpting . The tomb sculptures , however , were never to be finished because in 1508 the pope returned to Rome victorious and summoned Michelangelo to begin work on the ceiling . The contract was signed on 10 May 1508 . The scheme proposed by the pope was for twelve large figures of the Apostles to occupy the pendentives . However , Michelangelo negotiated for a grander , much more complex scheme and was finally permitted , in his own words , `` to do as I liked '' . His scheme for the ceiling eventually comprised some three hundred figures and took four years to execute , being completed and shown to the public on All Saints Day in 1512 after a preliminary showing and papal Mass on August 14 , 1511 . It is unknown and is the subject of much speculation among art historians whether Michelangelo was really able to `` do as he liked '' . It has been suggested that the Augustinian friar and cardinal , Giles of Viterbo , was a consultant for the theological aspect of the work . Many writers consider that Michelangelo had the intellect , the Biblical knowledge , and the powers of invention to have devised the scheme himself . This is supported by Ascanio Condivi 's statement that Michelangelo read and reread the Old Testament while he was painting the ceiling , drawing his inspiration from the words of the scripture , rather than from the established traditions of sacral art . A total of 343 figures were painted on the ceiling . Method ( edit ) The location of the scaffolding is evident on this lunette To reach the chapel 's ceiling , Michelangelo designed his own scaffold , a flat wooden platform on brackets built out from holes in the wall near the top of the windows , rather than being built up from the floor . Mancinelli speculates that this was in order to cut the cost of timber . According to Michelangelo 's pupil and biographer Ascanio Condivi , the brackets and frame that supported the steps and flooring were all put in place at the beginning of the work and a lightweight screen , possibly cloth , was suspended beneath them to catch plaster drips , dust , and splashes of paint . Only half the building was scaffolded at a time and the platform was moved as the painting was done in stages . The areas of the wall covered by the scaffolding still appear as unpainted areas across the bottom of the lunettes . The holes were re-used to hold scaffolding in the latest restoration . Contrary to popular belief , he painted in a standing position , not lying on his back . According to Vasari , `` The work was carried out in extremely uncomfortable conditions , from his having to work with his head tilted upwards '' . Michelangelo described his physical discomfort in a humorous sonnet accompanied by a little sketch . The painting technique employed was fresco , in which the paint is applied to damp plaster . Michelangelo had been an apprentice in the workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio , one of the most competent and prolific of Florentine fresco painters , at the time that the latter was employed on a fresco cycle at Santa Maria Novella and whose work was represented on the walls of the Sistine Chapel . At the outset , the plaster , intonaco , began to grow mold because it was too wet . Michelangelo had to remove it and start again . He then tried a new formula created by one of his assistants , Jacopo l'Indaco , which resisted mold and entered the Italian building tradition . The evidence of the plaster laid for a day 's work can be seen around the head and arm of this ignudo Because he was painting fresco , the plaster was laid in a new section every day , called a giornata . At the beginning of each session , the edges would be scraped away and a new area laid down . The edges between giornate remain slightly visible ; thus , they give a good idea of how the work progressed . It was customary for fresco painters to use a full - sized detailed drawing , a cartoon , to transfer a design onto a plaster surface -- many frescoes show little holes made with a stiletto , outlining the figures . Here Michelangelo broke with convention ; once confident the intonaco had been well applied , he drew directly onto the ceiling . His energetic sweeping outlines can be seen scraped into some of the surfaces , while on others a grid is evident , indicating that he enlarged directly onto the ceiling from a small drawing . Michelangelo painted onto the damp plaster using a wash technique to apply broad areas of colour , then as the surface became drier , he revisited these areas with a more linear approach , adding shade and detail with a variety of brushes . For some textured surfaces , such as facial hair and woodgrain , he used a broad brush with bristles as sparse as a comb . He employed all the finest workshop methods and best innovations , combining them with a diversity of brushwork and breadth of skill far exceeding that of the meticulous Ghirlandaio . The work commenced at the end of the building furthest from the altar , with the latest of the narrative scenes , and progressed towards the altar with the scenes of the Creation . The first three scenes , from the story of Noah , contain a much larger number of small figures than the later panels . This is partly because of the subject matter , which deals with the fate of Humanity , but also because all the figures at that end of the ceiling , including the prophets and Ignudi , are smaller than in the central section . As the scale got larger , Michelangelo 's style became broader , the final narrative scene of God in the act of Creation was painted in a single day . The bright colours and broad , cleanly defined outlines make each subject easily visible from the floor . Despite the height of the ceiling , the proportions of the Creation of Adam are such that when standing beneath it , `` it appears as if the viewer could simply raise a finger and meet those of God and Adam '' . Vasari tells us that the ceiling is `` unfinished '' , that its unveiling occurred before it could be reworked with gold leaf and vivid blue lapis lazuli as was customary with frescoes and in order to better link the ceiling with the walls below it which were highlighted with a great deal of gold . But this never took place , in part because Michelangelo was reluctant to set up the scaffolding again , and probably also because the gold and particularly the intense blue would have distracted from his painterly conception . Some areas were , in fact , decorated with gold : the shields between the Ignudi and the columns between the Prophets and Sibyls . It seems very likely that the gilding of the shields was part of Michelangelo 's original scheme , since they are painted to resemble a certain type of parade shield , a number of which still exist and are decorated in a similar style with gold . Section reference . Michelangelo wrote a poem describing the arduous conditions under which he worked The image of God in the act of Creation was painted in a single day , and reflects Michelangelo himself in the act of creating the ceiling Michelangelo 's illustration to his poem shows him painting God . I 've grown a goitre by dwelling in this den -- As cats from stagnant streams in Lombardy , Or in what other land they hap to be -- Which drives the belly close beneath the chin : My beard turns up to heaven ; my nape falls in , Fixed on my spine : my breast - bone visibly Grows like a harp : a rich embroidery Bedews my face from brush - drops thick and thin . My loins into my paunch like levers grind : My buttock like a crupper bears my weight ; My feet unguided wander to and fro ; In front my skin grows loose and long ; behind , By bending it becomes more taut and strait ; Crosswise I strain me like a Syrian bow : Whence false and quaint , I know , Must be the fruit of squinting brain and eye ; For ill can aim the gun that bends awry . Come then , Giovanni , try To succour my dead pictures and my fame ; Since foul I fare and painting is my shame . Content ( edit ) Detail from The Creation of Adam , portraying the creation of humankind by God The overt subject matter of the ceiling is the doctrine of humanity 's need for Salvation as offered by God through Jesus . It is a visual metaphor of Humankind 's need for a covenant with God . The Old Covenant of the Children of Israel through Moses and the New Covenant through Christ had already been represented around the walls of the chapel . Some experts , including Benjamin Blech and Vatican art historian Enrico Bruschini , have also noted less overt subject matter , which they describe as being `` concealed '' and `` forbidden . '' The main components of the design are nine scenes from the Book of Genesis , of which five smaller ones are each framed and supported by four naked youths or Ignudi . At either end , and beneath the scenes are the figures of twelve men and women who prophesied the birth of Jesus . On the crescent - shaped areas , or lunettes , above each of the chapel 's windows are tablets listing the Ancestors of Christ and accompanying figures . Above them , in the triangular spandrels , a further eight groups of figures are shown , but these have not been identified with specific Biblical characters . The scheme is completed by four large corner pendentives , each illustrating a dramatic Biblical story . The narrative elements of the ceiling illustrate that God made the World as a perfect creation and put humanity into it , that humanity fell into disgrace and was punished by death and by separation from God . Humanity then sank further into sin and disgrace , and was punished by the Great Flood . Through a lineage of Ancestors -- from Abraham to Joseph -- God sent the saviour of humanity , Christ Jesus . The coming of the Saviour was prophesied by Prophets of Israel and Sibyls of the Classical world . The various components of the ceiling are linked to this Christian doctrine . Traditionally , the Old Testament was perceived as a prefiguring of the New Testament . Many incidents and characters of the Old Testament were commonly understood as having a direct symbolic link to some particular aspect of the life of Jesus or to an important element of Christian doctrine or to a sacrament such as Baptism or the Eucharist . Jonah , for example , was readily recognisable by his attribute of the large fish and was commonly seen to symbolise Jesus ' death and resurrection . While much of the symbolism of the ceiling dates from the early church , the ceiling also has elements that express the specifically Renaissance thinking that sought to reconcile Christian theology with the philosophy of Renaissance Humanism . During the 15th century in Italy , and in Florence in particular , there was a strong interest in Classical literature and the philosophies of Plato , Socrates and other Classical writers . Michelangelo , as a young man , had spent time at the Humanist academy established by the Medici family in Florence . He was familiar with early Humanist - inspired sculptural works such as Donatello 's bronze David and had himself responded by carving the enormous nude marble David , which was placed in the piazza near the Palazzo Vecchio , the home of Florence 's council . The Humanist vision of humanity was one in which people responded to other people , to social responsibility , and to God in a direct way , not through intermediaries , such as the Church . This conflicted with the Church 's emphasis . While the Church emphasized humanity as essentially sinful and flawed , Humanism emphasized humanity as potentially noble and beautiful . These two views were not necessarily irreconcilable to the Church , but only through a recognition that the unique way to achieve this `` elevation of spirit , mind and body '' was through the Church as the agent of God . To be outside the Church was to be beyond Salvation . In the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , Michelangelo presented both Catholic and Humanist elements in a way that does not appear visually conflicting . The inclusion of `` non-biblical '' figures such as the Sibyls or Ignudi is consistent with the rationalising of Humanist and Christian thought of the Renaissance . This rationalisation was to become a target of the Counter Reformation . The iconography of the ceiling has had various interpretations in the past , some elements of which have been contradicted by modern scholarship . Others , such as the identity of the figures in the lunettes and spandrels , continue to defy interpretation . Modern scholars have sought , as yet unsuccessfully , to determine a written source of the theological program of the ceiling and have questioned whether or not it was entirely devised by the artist himself , who was both an avid reader of the Bible and a genius . Also of interest to some modern scholars is the question of how Michelangelo 's own spiritual and psychological state is reflected in the iconography and the expression of the ceiling . One such speculation is that Michelangelo was tormented by conflict between homosexual desires and passionate Christian beliefs . Michelangelo 's scheme realised ( edit ) The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , `` an artistic vision without precedent '' Architectural scheme ( edit ) Real ( edit ) The Sistine Chapel is 40.9 metres long and 14 metres wide . The ceiling rises to 13.4 metres above the main floor of the chapel . The vault is of quite a complex design and it is unlikely that it was originally intended to have such elaborate decoration . Pier Matteo d'Amelia provided a plan for its decoration with the architectural elements picked out and the ceiling painted blue and dotted with gold stars , similar to that of the Arena Chapel decorated by Giotto at Padua . The chapel walls have three horizontal tiers with six windows in the upper tier down each side . There were also two windows at each end , but these have been closed up above the altar when Michelangelo 's Last Judgement was painted , obliterating two lunettes . Between the windows are large pendentives which support the vault . Between the pendentives are triangularly shaped arches or spandrels cut into the vault above each window . Above the height of the pendentives , the ceiling slopes gently without much deviation from the horizontal . This is the real architecture . Michelangelo has elaborated it with illusionary or fictive architecture . Illusionary ( edit ) God dividing the waters , showing the illusionary architecture , and the positions of the Ignudi and shields The first element in the scheme of painted architecture is a definition of the real architectural elements by accentuating the lines where spandrels and pendentives intersect with the curving vault . Michelangelo painted these as decorative courses that look like sculpted stone moldings . These have two repeating motifs , a formula common in Classical architecture . Here , one motif is the acorn , the symbol of the family of both Pope Sixtus IV , who built the chapel , and Pope Julius II , who commissioned Michelangelo 's work . The other motif is the scallop shell , one of the symbols of the Madonna , to whose assumption the chapel was dedicated in 1483 . The crown of the wall then rises above the spandrels , to a strongly projecting painted cornice that runs right around the ceiling , separating the pictorial areas of the biblical scenes from the figures of Prophets , Sibyls , and Ancestors , who literally and figuratively support the narratives . Ten broad painted crossribs of travertine cross the ceiling and divide it into alternately wide and narrow pictorial spaces , a grid that gives all the figures their defined place . A great number of small figures are integrated with the painted architecture , their purpose apparently purely decorative . These include two faux marble putti below the cornice on each rib , each one a male and female pair ; stone rams - heads are placed at the apex of each spandrel ; copper - skinned nude figures in varying poses , hiding in the shadows , propped between the spandrels and the ribs like animated bookends ; and more putti , both clothed and unclothed strike a variety of poses as they support the nameplates of the Prophets and Sibyls . Above the cornice and to either side of the smaller scenes are an array of round shields , or medaillons . They are framed by a total of twenty more figures , the so - called Ignudi , which are not part of the architecture but sit on inlaid plinths , their feet planted convincingly on the fictive cornice . Pictorially , the Ignudi appear to occupy a space between the narrative spaces and the space of the chapel itself . ( see below ) Pictorial scheme ( edit ) Plan of the pictorial elements of the ceiling showing the division of the narrative scenes into three parts themes Nine scenes from the Book of Genesis ( edit ) Along the central section of the ceiling , Michelangelo depicted nine scenes from the Book of Genesis , the first book of the Bible . The pictures are organized into three groups of three alternating large and small panels . The first group shows God creating the Heavens and the Earth . The second group shows God creating the first man and woman , Adam and Eve , and their disobedience of God and consequent expulsion from the Garden of Eden where they have lived and where they walked with God . The third group of three pictures shows the plight of Humanity and in particular the family of Noah . The pictures are not in strictly chronological order . If they are perceived as three groups , then the pictures in each of the three units inform upon each other , in the same way as was usual in Medieval paintings and stained glass . The three sections of Creation , Downfall , and Fate of Humanity appear in reverse order , when read from the entrance of the chapel . However , each individual scene is painted to be viewed when looking toward the altar . This is not easily apparent when viewing a reproduced image of the ceiling but becomes clear when the viewer looks upward at the vault . Paoletti and Radke suggest that this reversed progression symbolises a return to a state of grace . However , the three sections are generally described in the order of Biblical chronology . Detail of the Face of God The scenes , from the altar toward the main door , are ordered as follows : The Separation of Light and Darkness The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Earth The Separation of Land and Water The Creation of Adam The Creation of Eve The Temptation and Expulsion The Sacrifice of Noah The Great Flood The Drunkenness of Noah Creation ( edit ) Main articles : Separation of Light from Darkness and The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Planets The three Creation pictures show scenes from the first chapter of Genesis , which relates that God created the Earth and all that is in it in six days , resting on the seventh day . In the first scene , the First Day of Creation , God creates light and separates light from darkness . Chronologically , the next scene takes place in the third panel , in which , on the Second Day , God divides the waters from the heavens . In the central panel , the largest of the three , there are two representations of God . On the Third Day , God creates the Earth and makes it sprout plants . On the Fourth Day , God puts the Sun and the Moon in place to govern the night and the day , the time and the seasons of the year . According to Genesis , on the Fifth Day , God created the birds of the air and fish and creatures of the deep , but we are not shown this . Neither do we see God 's creation of the creatures of the earth on the Sixth Day . These three scenes , completed in the third stage of painting , are the most broadly conceived , the most broadly painted and the most dynamic of all the pictures . Of the first scene Vasari says `` ... Michelangelo depicted God dividing Light from Darkness , showing him in all his majesty as he rests self - sustained with arms outstretched , in a revelation of love and creative power . '' Adam and Eve ( edit ) Main article : The Creation of Adam The Creation of Adam For the central section of the ceiling , Michelangelo has taken four episodes from the story of Adam and Eve as told in the first , second and third chapters of Genesis . In this sequence of three , two of the panels are large and one small . In the first of the pictures , and one of the most widely recognised images in the history of painting , Michelangelo shows God reaching out to touch Adam , who , in the words of Vasari , is `` a figure whose beauty , pose and contours are such that it seems to have been fashioned that very moment by the first and supreme creator rather than by the drawing and brush of a mortal man . '' From beneath the sheltering arm of God , Eve looks out , a little apprehensively . The `` glory '' of God , represented by a dark shaded area around him , has the same anatomical geometry as a human brain . The central scene , of God creating Eve from the side of the sleeping Adam has been taken in its composition directly from another Creation sequence , the relief panels that surround the door of the Basilica of San Petronio , Bologna by Jacopo della Quercia whose work Michelangelo had studied in his youth . In the final panel of this sequence Michelangelo combines two contrasting scenes into one panel , that of Adam and Eve taking fruit from the forbidden tree , Eve trustingly taking it from the hand of the Serpent and Adam eagerly picking it for himself ; and their banishment from the Garden of Eden , where they have lived in the company of God , to the world outside where they have to fend for themselves and experience death . Detail from the Great Flood Story of Noah ( edit ) As with the first sequence of pictures , the three panels concerning Noah , taken from the sixth to ninth chapters of Genesis are thematic rather than chronological . In the first scene is shown the sacrifice of a sheep . Vasari , in writing about this scene mistakes it for the sacrifices by Cain and Abel , in which Abel 's sacrifice was acceptable to God and Cain 's was not . What this image almost certainly depicts is the sacrifice made by the family of Noah , after their safe deliverance from the Great Flood which destroyed the rest of Humankind . The central , larger , scene shows the Great Flood . The Ark in which Noah 's family escaped floats at the rear of the picture while the rest of humanity tries frantically to scramble to some point of safety . This picture , which has a large number of figures , conforms the most closely to the format of the paintings that had been done around the walls . The final scene is the story of Noah 's drunkenness . After the Flood , Noah tills the soil and grows vines . He is shown doing so , in the background of the picture . He becomes drunk and inadvertently exposes himself . His youngest son , Ham , brings his two brothers Shem and Japheth to see the sight but they discreetly cover their father with a cloak . Ham is later cursed by Noah and told that the descendants of Ham 's son Canaan will serve Shem and Japheth 's descendants forever . Taken together , these three pictures serve to show that Humankind had moved a long way from God 's perfect creation . However , it is through Shem and his descendants , the Israelites , that Salvation will come to the world . Since Michelangelo executed the nine Biblical scenes in reverse chronological order , some analyses of the frescoes of the vault commence with the Drunkenness of Noah . Tolnay 's Neoplatonic interpretation sees the story of Noah at the beginning and the act of Creation by God as the conclusion of the process of deificatio and the return from physical to spiritual being . Shields ( edit ) Adjacent to the smaller Biblical scenes and supported by the Ignudi are ten circular parade shields , sometimes described as being painted to resemble bronze . Known examples are actually of lacquered and gilt wood . Each is decorated with a picture drawn from the Old Testament or the Book of Maccabees from the Apocrypha . The subjects are the more gruesome or shameful of Biblical episodes , the only exception seeming to be that of Elijah being swept up to Heaven in a Chariot of Fire , leaving his mantel to fall on Elisha . However , Elijah 's role as a prophet was one marked by accusation and warnings to repent , and the purpose of his translation into Heaven was traditionally seen as so that he might stand before God to condemn Israel for its sins . In four of the five most highly finished `` medallions '' the space is crowded with figures in violent action , similar to Michelangelo 's cartoon for the Battle of Cascina . The application of gold on the shields , in contrast to its absence on the rest of the ceiling , serves to link the ceiling to some extent with the frescoes around the walls . In the latter , gold leaf has been applied lavishly to many details and in some of the frescoes , notably those by Perugino , has been most expertly used not just to detail the robes but to highlight the folds by subtle graduation in the density of golden flecks . It is this technique that Michelangelo has picked up on and carried a step further , inspired also perhaps by the medallions that appear on a Roman triumphal arch in Botticelli 's episode from the Life of Moses , showing the Punishment of the Rebels . Detail of The Idol of Baal , showing the linear use of black paint and gold leaf defining forms . The incomplete medallion at the left The medallions represent : Abraham about to sacrifice his son Isaac The Destruction of the Statue of Baal The worshippers of Baal being brutally slaughtered . Uriah being beaten to death . Nathan the priest condemning King David for murder and adultery . King David 's traitorous son Absalom caught by his hair in a tree while trying to escape and beheaded by David 's troops . Joab sneaking up on Abner to murder him Joram being hurled from a chariot onto his head . Elijah being carried up to Heaven On one medallion the subject is either obliterated or incomplete . Section references Twelve prophetic figures ( edit ) On the five pendentives along each side and the two at either end , Michelangelo painted the largest figures on the ceiling : twelve people who prophesied or represented some aspect of the Coming of Christ . Of those twelve , seven were Prophets of Israel and were male . The remaining five were prophets of the Classical World , called Sibyls and were female . The prophet Jonah is placed above the altar and Zechariah at the further end . The other male and female figures alternate down each side , each being identified by an inscription on a painted marble panel supported by a putto . The Libyan Sibyl Jonah ( IONAS ) -- above the altar Jeremiah ( HIEREMIAS ) Persian Sibyl ( PERSICHA ) Ezekiel ( EZECHIEL ) Erythraean Sibyl . ( ERITHRAEA ) Joel ( IOEL ) Zechariah ( ZACHERIAS ) -- above the main door of the chapel Delphic Sibyl . ( DELPHICA ) Isaiah ( ESAIAS ) Cumaean Sibyl . ( CVMAEA ) Daniel ( DANIEL ) Libyan Sibyl ( LIBICA ) Prophets ( edit ) The seven prophets of Israel chosen for depiction on the ceiling include the four so - called Major prophets : Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezekiel and Daniel . Of the remaining possibilities among the Twelve Minor Prophets , the three represented are Joel , Zechariah and Jonah . Although the prophets Joel and Zechariah are considered `` minor '' because of the comparatively small number of pages that their prophecy occupies in the Bible , each one produced prophesies of profound significance . The prophet Joel They are often quoted , Joel for his `` Your sons and your daughters shall prophesy , your elderly shall dream dreams and your youth shall see visions '' . These words are significant for Michelangelo 's decorative scheme , where women take their place among men and the youthful Daniel sits across from the brooding Jeremiah with his long white beard . Zechariah prophesied , `` Behold ! Your King comes to you , humble and riding on a donkey '' . His place in the chapel is directly above the door through which the Pope is carried in procession on Palm Sunday , the day on which Jesus fulfilled the prophecy by riding into Jerusalem on a donkey and being proclaimed King . Jesus below Jonah ( IONAS ) Jonah is of symbolic and prophetic significance , which was commonly perceived and had been represented in countless works of art including manuscripts and stained glass windows . Through his reluctance to obey God , he was swallowed by a `` mighty fish '' . He spent three days in its belly and was eventually spewed up on dry land where he went about God 's business . Jonah was thus seen as presaging Jesus , who having died by crucifixion , spent part of three days in a tomb and was raised on the third day . So , on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , Jonah , with the `` great fish '' beside him and his eyes turned towards God the Creator , represents a `` portent '' of the Passion and Resurrection of Christ . The Jonah figure placed right over the altar activated the Passion motif . `` When Perugino 's altar painting was removed and ... Last Judgement fresco came to cover the altar wall '' , after at least twenty five years Michelangelo depicted Christ just below Jonah : not only for his role as precursor of Christ , Christianity and Christocentrism , but also because his powerful torsion of the body , bent backwards from the bust to the eyes and with his forefingers that now point the glorious Jesus to the characters of the ceiling , assumes a function of link between the Old and New Testament . In Vasari 's description of the Prophets and Sibyls he is particularly high in his praise of the portrayal of Isaiah : `` Anyone who studies this figure , copied so faithfully from nature , the true mother of the art of painting , will find a beautifully composed work capable of teaching in full measure all the precepts to be followed by a good painter . '' Sibyls ( edit ) The Persian Sibyl The Sibyls were prophetic women who were resident at shrines or temples throughout the Classical World . The five depicted here are each said to have prophesied the birth of Christ . The Cumaean Sibyl , for example , is quoted by Virgil in his Fourth Eclogue as declaring that `` a new progeny of Heaven '' would bring about a return of the `` Golden Age '' . This was interpreted as referring to Jesus . In Christian doctrine , Christ came not just to the Jews but also to the Gentiles . It was understood that , prior to the Birth of Christ , God prepared the world for his coming . To this purpose , God used Jews and Gentiles alike . Jesus would not have been born in Bethlehem ( where it had been prophesied that his birth would take place ) , except for the fact that the pagan Roman Emperor Augustus decreed that there should be a census . Likewise , when Jesus was born , the announcement of his birth was made to rich and to poor , to mighty and to humble , to Jew and to Gentile . The Three Wise Men ( the `` Magi '' of the Bible ) who sought out the infant King with precious gifts were pagan foreigners . In the Roman Catholic Church , where there was an increasing interest in the remains of the city 's pagan past , where scholars turned from reading Medieval Church Latin to Classical Latin and the philosophies of the Classical world were studied along with the writings of St Augustine , the presence , in the Sistine Chapel of five pagan prophets is not surprising . It is not known why Michelangelo selected the five particular Sibyls that were depicted , given that , as with the Minor Prophets , there were ten or twelve possibilities . It is suggested by John O'Malley that the choice was made for a wide geographic coverage , with the Sibyls coming from Africa , Asia , Greece and Ionia . Vasari says of the Erythraean Sibyl `` Many aspects of this figure are of exceptional loveliness : the expression of her face , her headdress and the arrangement of her draperies : and her arms , which are bared , are as beautiful as the rest . '' Pendentives ( edit ) In each corner of the chapel is a triangular pendentive filling the space between the walls and the arch of the vault and forming the spandrel above the windows nearest the corners . On these curving shapes Michelangelo has painted four scenes from Biblical stories that are associated with the salvation of Israel by four great male and female heroes of the Jews : Moses , Esther , David and Judith . The Brazen Serpent The Punishment of Haman David and Goliath Judith and Holofernes The first two stories were both seen in Medieval - and Renaissance theology as prefiguring the Crucifixion of Jesus . In the story of the Brazen Serpent , the people of Israel become dissatisfied and grumble at God . As punishment they receive a plague of venonous snakes . God offers the people relief by instructing Moses to make a snake of brass and set it up on a pole , the sight of which gives miraculous healing . Michelangelo chooses a crowded composition , depicting a dramatic mass of suffering men , women , and writhing snakes , separated from redeemed worshipers by the snake before an epiphanic light . The pendentive of the Brazen serpent with its crowded composition was imitated by Mannerist painters . ( unrestored state ) In the Book of Esther it is related that Haman , a public servant , plots to get Esther 's husband , the King of Persia , to slay all the Jewish people in his land . The King , who is going over his books during a sleepless night , realises something is amiss . Esther , discovering the plot , denounces Haman , and her husband orders his execution on a scaffold he has built . The King 's eunuchs promptly carry this out . Michelangelo shows Haman crucified with Esther looking at him from a doorway , the King giving orders in the background . The other two stories , those of David and Judith , were often linked in Renaissance art , particularly by Florentine artists as they demonstrated the overthrow of tyrants , a popular subject in the Republic . In this image , the shepherd boy , David , has brought down the towering Goliath with his sling , but the giant is alive and is trying to rise as David forces his head down to chop it off . The depiction of Judith and Holofernes has an equally gruesome detail . As Judith loads the enemy 's head onto a basket carried by her maid and covers it with a cloth , she looks towards the tent , apparently distracted by the limbs of the decapitated corpse flailing about . There are obvious connections in the design of the Slaying of Holofernes and the Slaying of Haman at the opposite end of the chapel . Although in the Holofernes picture the figures are smaller and the space less filled , both have the triangular space divided into two zones by a vertical wall , allowing us to see what is happening on both sides of it . There are actually three scenes in the Haman picture because as well as seeing Haman punished , we see him at the table with Esther and the King and get a view of the King on his bed . Mordechai sits on the steps , making a link between the scenes . While the Slaying of Goliath is a relatively simple composition with the two protagonists centrally placed and the only other figures being dimly seen observers , the Brazen Serpent picture is crowded with figures and separate incidents as the various individuals who have been attacked by snakes struggle and die or turn toward the icon that will save them . This is the most Mannerist of Michelangelo 's earlier compositions at the Sistine Chapel , picking up the theme of human distress begun in the Great Flood scene and carrying it forward into the torment of lost souls in the Last Judgement , which was later painted below . Ancestors of Christ ( edit ) Subject ( edit ) The composition is similar to a Flight into Egypt . Between the large pendentives that support the vault are windows , six on each side of the chapel . There were two more windows in each end of the chapel , now closed , and those above the High Altar covered by the Last Judgement . Above each window is an arched shape , referred to as a lunette and above eight of the lunettes at the sides of the chapel are triangular spandrels filling the spaces between the side pendentives and the vault , the other eight lunettes each being below one of the corner pendentives . Michelangelo was commissioned to paint these areas as part of the work on the ceiling . The structures form visual bridges between the walls and the ceiling , and the figures which are painted on them are midway in size ( approximately 2 metres high ) between the very large prophets and the much smaller figures of Popes which had been painted to either side of each window in the 15th century . Michelangelo chose the Ancestors of Christ as the subject of these images , thus portraying Jesus ' physical lineage , while the papal portraits are his spiritual successors , according to Church doctrine . ( see gallery ) Centrally placed above each window is a faux marble tablet with a decorative frame . On each is painted the names of the male line by which Jesus , through his Earthly father , Joseph , is descended from Abraham , according to the Gospel of Matthew . However , the genealogy is now incomplete , since the two lunettes of the windows in the Altar wall were destroyed by Michelangelo when he returned to the Sistine Chapel in 1537 to paint The Last Judgment . Only engravings , based on a drawing that has since been lost , remain of them . The sequence of tablets seems a little erratic as one plaque has four names , most have three or two , and two plaques have only one . Moreover , the progression moves from one side of the building to the other , but not consistently , and the figures the lunettes contain do not coincide closely with the listed names . These figures vaguely suggest various family relationships ; most lunettes contain one or more infants , and many depict a man and a woman , often sitting on opposing sides of the painted plaque that separates them . O'Malley describes them as `` simply representative figures , almost ciphers '' . The lunette of Jacob and Joseph , the husband of Mary . The suspicious old man may represent Joseph . There is also an indeterminate relationship between the figures in the spandrels and the lunettes beneath them . Because of the constraints of the triangular shape , in each spandrel the figures are seated on the ground . In six of the eight spandrels the compositions resemble traditional depictions of the Flight into Egypt . Of the two remaining , one shows a woman with shears trimming the neck of a garment she is making while her toddler looks on . The Biblical woman who is recorded as making a new garment for her child is Hannah , the mother of Samuel , whose child went to live in the temple , and indeed , the male figure in the background is wearing a distinctive hat that might suggest that of a priest . The other figure who differs from the rest is a young woman who sits staring out of the picture with prophetic intensity . Her open eyes have been closed in the restoration . Section References Treatment ( edit ) Detail of the Eleazar and Mathan lunette . Michelangelo 's depiction of the Genealogy of Jesus departs from an artistic tradition for this topic that was common in medieval times , especially in stained - glass windows . This so - called Jesse Tree shows Jesse lying prone and a tree growing from his side with the ancestors on each branch , in a visual treatment of a biblical verse . The figures in the lunettes appear to be families , but in every case they are families that are divided . The figures in them are physically divided by the name tablet but they are also divided by a range of human emotions that turn them outward or in on themselves and sometimes towards their partner with jealousy , suspicion , rage or simply boredom . In them Michelangelo has portrayed the anger and unhappiness of the human condition , painting `` the daily round of merely domestic life as if it were a curse '' . In their constraining niches , the ancestors `` sit , squat and wait '' . Of the fourteen lunettes , the two that were probably painted first , the families of Eleazar and Mathan and of Jacob and Joseph are the most detailed . They become progressively broader towards the altar end , one of the last being painted in only two days . The Eleazar and Mathan picture contains two figures with a wealth of costume detail that is not present in any other lunette . The female to the left has had as much care taken with her clothing as any of the Sibyls . Her skirt is turned back showing her linen petticoat and the garter that holds up her mauve stockings and cuts into the flesh . She has a reticule and her dress is laced up under the arms . On the other side of the tablet sits the only male figure among those on the lunettes who is intrinsically beautiful . This blonde young man , elegantly dressed in white shirt and pale green hose , with no jerkin but a red cloak , postures with an insipid and vain gesture , in contrast to the Ignudi which he closely resembles . Prior to restoration , of all the paintings in the Sistine Chapel , the lunettes and spandrels were the dirtiest . Added to this , there has always been a problem of poor daytime visibility of the panels nearest the windows because of halination . Consequently , they were the least well known of all Michelangelo 's publicly accessible works . The recent restoration has made these masterly studies of human nature and inventive depiction of the human form known once more . Section References This figure is one of the most reproduced on the ceiling . Ignudi ( edit ) ( For images , see gallery ) The Ignudi are the 20 athletic , nude males that Michelangelo painted as supporting figures at each corner of the five smaller narrative scenes that run along the centre of the ceiling . The figures hold or are draped with or lean on a variety of items which include pink ribbons , green bolsters and enormous garlands of acorns . The Ignudi , although all seated , are less physically constrained than the Ancestors of Christ . While the pairs of the monochrome male and female figures above the spandrels are mirrors of each other , these Ignudi are all different . In the earliest paintings , they are paired , their poses being similar but with variation . These variations become greater with each pair until the postures of the final four bear no relation to each other whatsoever . The meaning of these figures has never been clear . They are certainly in keeping with the Humanist acceptance of the classical Greek view that `` the man is the measure of all things '' . But Michelangelo knew the Bible well . He would have been well aware of the fact that although seraphim and cherubim are described as being winged creatures , they are described as looking like men . When Michelangelo later painted the altar wall of the chapel , he included a great number of angels , particularly in the lunettes which are decorated with scenes of angels carrying the symbols of the Passion . Other angels are employed sounding the trumpets which call forth the dead , displaying books in which the names of the saved and the damned are written and casting sinners down to Hell . In all , the Last Judgement contains more than forty angels , all closely resembling the Ignudi . It is reasonable to conclude that the Ignudi represent angels . If the Ignudi are indeed angels , they are the ever - present attendants and messengers of God , impassively watching and waiting on the fate of Humankind . Their painting demonstrates , more than any other figures on the ceiling , Michelangelo 's mastery of anatomy and foreshortening and his enormous powers of invention . In their reflection of classical antiquity they resonate with Pope Julius ' aspirations to lead Italy towards a new ' age of gold ' ; at the same time , they staked Michelangelo 's claim to greatness . However , a number of critics were angered by their presence and nudity , including Pope Adrian VI who wanted the ceiling stripped . Stylistic analysis and artistic legacy ( edit ) Raphael 's The Prophet Isaiah was painted in imitation of Michelangelo 's prophets . Michelangelo was the artistic heir to the great 15th - century sculptors and painters of Florence . He learned his trade first under the direction of a masterly fresco painter , Domenico Ghirlandaio , known for two great fresco cycles in the Sassetti Chapel and Tornabuoni Chapel , and for his contribution to the cycle of paintings on the walls of the Sistine Chapel . As a student Michelangelo studied and drew from the works of the two most renowned Florentine fresco painters of the early Renaissance , Giotto and Masaccio . Masaccio 's figures of Adam and Eve being expelled from the Garden of Eden had a profound effect on the depiction of the nude in general , and in particular on the use of the nude figure to convey human emotion . Helen Gardner says that in the hands of Michelangelo `` the body is simply the manifestation of the soul , or of a state of mind and character '' . Michelangelo was also almost certainly influenced by the paintings of Luca Signorelli whose paintings , particularly the Death and Resurrection Cycle in Orvieto Cathedral contain a great number of nudes and inventive figurative compositions . In Bologna , Michelangelo saw the relief sculptures of Jacopo della Quercia around the doors of the cathedral . In Michelangelo 's depiction of the Creation of Eve the whole composition , the form of the figures and the relatively conservative concept of the relationship between Eve and her Creator adheres closely to Jacopo 's design . Other panels on the ceiling , most particularly the iconic Creation of Adam show `` ... unprecedented invention '' . The Deposition by Pontormo . The Mannerist style developed from Michelangelo 's painting . The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel was to have a profound effect upon other artists , even before it was completed . Vasari , in his Life of Raphael , tells us that Bramante , who had the keys to the chapel , let Raphael in to examine the paintings in Michelangelo 's absence . On seeing Michelangelo 's prophets , Raphael went back to the picture of the Prophet Isaiah that he was painting on a column in the Church of Sant'Agostino and , according to Vasari , although it was finished , he scraped it off the wall and repainted it in a much more powerful manner , in imitation of Michelangelo . John O'Malley points out that even earlier than the Isaiah is Raphael 's inclusion of the figure of Heraclitus in the School of Athens , a brooding figure similar to Michelangelo 's Jeremiah , but with the countenace of Michelangelo himself , and leaning on a block of marble . There was hardly a design element on the ceiling that was not subsequently imitated : the fictive architecture , the muscular anatomy , the foreshortening , the dynamic motion , the luminous colouration , the haunting expressions of the figures in the lunettes , the abundance of putti . Gabriele Bartz and Eberhard König have said of the Ignudi , `` There is no image that has had a more lasting effect on following generations than this . Henceforth similar figures disported themselves in innumerable decorative works , be they painted , formed in stucco or even sculpted . '' Within Michelangelo 's own work , the chapel ceiling led to the later and more Mannerist painting of the Last Judgement in which the crowded compositions gave full rein to his inventiveness in painting contorted and foreshortened figures expressing despair or jubilation . Among the artists in whose work can be seen the direct influence of Michelangelo are Pontormo , Andrea del Sarto , Correggio , Tintoretto , Annibale Carracci , Paolo Veronese and El Greco . In January 2007 , it was claimed that as many as 10,000 visitors passed through the Vatican Museums in a day and that the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel is the biggest attraction . The Vatican , anxious at the possibility that the newly restored frescoes will suffer damage , announced plans to reduce visiting hours and raise the price in an attempt to discourage visitors . Five hundred years earlier Vasari had said `` The whole world came running when the vault was revealed , and the sight of it was enough to reduce them to stunned silence . '' Restoration ( edit ) Main article : Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes The frescoes of the Sistine Chapel were restored between June 1980 and December 1999 , with preliminary tests taking place in 1979 . The first stage of restoration , the work upon Michelangelo 's lunettes , was achieved in October 1984 . The work then proceeded on the ceiling , completed December 1989 and from there to the Last Judgement . The restoration was unveiled by Pope John Paul II on 8 April 1994 . The restoration team comprised Gianluigi Colalucci , Maurizio Rossi , Piergiorgio Bonetti , Bruno Baratti and others . The final stage was the restoration of the wall frescoes by Botticelli , Domenico Ghirlandaio , Perugino and others , This was unveiled on 11 December 1999 . The colours , which now appear so fresh and spring - like with pale pink , apple green , vivid yellow and sky blue against a background of warm pearly grey , were so discoloured by candle smoke as to make the pictures seem almost monochrome . The restoration has removed the filter of grime to reveal the colours again . However , the restoration was met with both praise and criticism . Critics assert that much original work by Michelangelo -- in particular pentimenti , highlights and shadows , and other detailing painted a secco -- was lost in the removal of various accretions . Quotations ( edit ) This painting by Tintoretto shows the influence of the Ignudi , this time in female form . Vasari `` The work has proved a veritable beacon to our art , of inestimable benefit to all painters , restoring light to a world that for centuries had been plunged into darkness . Indeed , painters no longer need to seek for new inventions , novel attitudes , clothed figures , fresh ways of expression , different arrangements , or sublime subjects , for this work contains every perfection possible under those headings . '' Johann Wolfgang Goethe `` Without having seen the Sistine Chapel one can form no appreciable idea of what one man is capable of achieving . '' Waldemar Januszczak The art critic and television producer Waldemar Januszczak wrote that when the Sistine Chapel ceiling was recently cleaned , he `` was able to persuade the man at the Vatican who was in charge of Japanese TV access to let me climb the scaffold while the cleaning was in progress . '' `` I sneaked up there a few times . And under the bright , unforgiving lights of television , I was able to encounter the real Michelangelo . I was so close to him I could see the bristles from his brushes caught in the paint ; and the mucky thumbprints he 'd left along his margins . The first thing that impressed me was his speed . Michelangelo worked at Schumacher pace . Adam 's famous little penis was captured with a single brushstroke : a flick of the wrist , and the first man had his manhood . I also enjoyed his sense of humour , which , from close up , turned out to be refreshingly puerile . If you look closely at the angels who attend the scary prophetess on the Sistine ceiling known as the Cumaean Sibyl , you will see that one of them has stuck his thumb between his fingers in that mysteriously obscene gesture that visiting fans are still treated to today at Italian football matches . '' Gabriele Bartz and Eberhard König `` In a world where all experience was based in the glorious lost past of Antiquity , he made a new beginning . Michelangelo , more even than Raphael or Leonardo , embodies a standard of artistic genius which reveals a radically changed image of human beings and their potential ... '' Pope John Paul II `` It seems that Michelangelo , in his own way , allowed himself to be guided by the evocative words of the Book of Genesis which , as regards the creation of the human being , male and female , reveals : ' The man and his wife were both naked , yet they felt no shame ' . The Sistine Chapel is precisely -- if one may say so -- the sanctuary of the theology of the human body . In witnessing to the beauty of man created by God as male and female , it also expresses in a certain way , the hope of a world transfigured , the world inaugurated by the Risen Christ . '' See also ( edit ) Index of Vatican City - related articles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ e.g. , in the Creation of Adam Jump up ^ Vasari says that Michelangelo , even as a boy , had `` the ability and judgement , fire and boldness to improve upon the work of his master '' Jump up ^ This was epitomised by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 's Oration on the Dignity of Man . O'Malley , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Vasari interpreted the Sacrifice of Noah as that of Cain and Abel Jump up ^ Anthony Bertram ( 1970 ) discusses this as a hidden layer in the meanings of these works and notes that `` The principal opposed forces in this conflict were his passionate admiration for classical beauty and his profound , almost mystical Catholicism , his homosexuality , and his horror of carnal sin combined with a lofty Platonic concept of love . '' Jump up ^ These are not marked on the drawn plan but are clearly visible in the photographs . Jump up ^ e.g. `` egg and dart '' , `` bead and reel '' . ^ Jump up to : Sixtus IV , and Julius II were both of the Della Rovere family . `` Rovere '' in Italian means `` Oak '' , Quercus robur . Jump up ^ The scallop shell ( and pearl ) is a symbol of the doctrine of divine conception in renaissance and baroque art . Jump up ^ The technique that Michelangelo has employed is unusual in fresco , and may be original in its employment on this scale , but is not unique . He has utilised the same technique that was employed for decorating shields used in pageants and is similar to that used when drawing in metal point and white chalk on a coloured ground . The ground colour ( in this case red ochre streaked with black ) makes the background and all the mid tones in the composition . The shadowed edges are then painted or rather , drawn with a brush and the shadows drawn in a highly linear manner that defines the contours of the forms . On coloured paper , the highlights and brightly lit contours would usually be drawn with white chalk or finely painted in white paint . But in this case , gold leaf entirely replaces the white and has been applied exactly as if it had been drawn on , using the same method of defining contour as the black lines . A number of shields decorated by this technique are displayed in the Victoria and Albert Museum , London . Jump up ^ Which is usually interpreted as a whale . Jump up ^ The lunettes specifically follow the genealogy according to Matthew , not the somewhat longer genealogy according to Luke . Over large stretches , the two genealogies differ , and choosing Matthew 's over Luke 's has interesting theological implications ( see Genealogy of Jesus ) . Jump up ^ In accordance with chapter 9 of the apocryphal Gospel of James , where Joseph says `` I am an old man '' , Renaissance art used to depict him in this way . See also The Cherry - Tree Carol : `` Joseph was an old man , and a bad old man was he , when he wedded Mary in the land of Galilee '' ( English 15th century ) . Traditionally , he is often dressed in a blue garment with a yellow cloak , e.g. Fra Angelico 's Adoration . Jump up ^ This is apparent from the giornata , the area plastered and painted in a single day . Jump up ^ `` Halination '' is the effect of bright areas blurring over less bright ones . Jump up ^ singular : Ignudo ; from the Italian adjective nudo , meaning `` naked '' Jump up ^ see Vasari 's comments under `` Quotations '' . Jump up ^ This is pure fantasy on behalf of the writer . It is true , however , that a single brushstroke has been used for the dark shadow that defines the underside of Adam 's penis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shearman 1986 , pp. 22 -- 36 ^ Jump up to : Shearman 1986b , pp. 38 -- 87 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley 1986 , pp. 92 -- 148 Jump up ^ Partridge 1996 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Goldscheider 1953 . Jump up ^ Shearman 1986b , pp. 45 -- 47 Jump up ^ Partridge , 1996 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Partridge , 1996 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Vasari 1568 . Jump up ^ ' Humanists and Reformers : A History of the Renaissance and Reformation ' by Bard Thompson , p. 267 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley 1986 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Partridge 1996 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Bartz 1998 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 181 ff . ^ Jump up to : Mancinelli 1986 , pp. 220 -- 259 ^ Jump up to : Condivi 1553 . Jump up ^ Goldscheider 1951 . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Art Through the Ages , pp. 469 -- 472 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 55 Jump up ^ Hurst 1986 Jump up ^ Buonarotti ( trans . Symonds 1878 ) Jump up ^ Blech , Benjamin . The Sistine Secrets : Michelangelo 's Forbidden Messages in the Heart of the Vatican , HarperOne , ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ wrote Foreword to Blech 's book , Enrico bruschini website Archived 2015 - 11 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Malley , p. 112 Jump up ^ Gardner , p. 466 -- 467 Jump up ^ Aston 1979 , pp. 111 -- 112 Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 102 -- 110 Jump up ^ O'Malley , p. 105 ^ Jump up to : Shearman 1986 , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ O'Malley , p. 100 Jump up ^ Partridge 1996 , p. 9 Jump up ^ O'Malley , p. 95 Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 104 -- 105 , 160 -- 161 ^ Jump up to : Paoletti and Radke p. 402 -- 403 ^ Jump up to : See Poor Man 's Bible Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 54 Jump up ^ Gardner , p. 467 Jump up ^ Charles de Tolnay , translated by Nan Buranelli , The Art and Thought of Michelangelo , Pantheon , ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Renaissance at the V&A . Accessed 19 - 05 - 2009 Jump up ^ Shearman 1986 . ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 120 -- 22 ^ Jump up to : Jaritz , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , p. 116 Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 107 -- 117 Jump up ^ Paoletti and Radke , p. 407 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , picture captions , pp. 162 -- 169 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 56 Jump up ^ Mancinelli , p. 238 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , p. 170 -- 174 Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 44 Jump up ^ Mancinelli , pp. 234 -- 236 Jump up ^ Protagoras of Abdera , ( c. 480 -- 410 B.C. ) . Jump up ^ Hersey 1993 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Gardner 1970 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 156 -- 158 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , pages 45 and 52 Jump up ^ Richard Owen , `` Vatican puts a squeeze on visitors '' , Timesonline , January 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pietrangeli 1994 Jump up ^ Beck 1995 . Jump up ^ Januszczak , Waldemar . `` The Michelangelo Code '' . Sunday Times ( London ) , March 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ John Paul II 1994 Reference images ( edit ) Jump up ^ First Day of Creation , in context with shields and Ignudi ( restored ) Jump up ^ Dividing Water and Heavens , in context with shields and Ignudi ( restored ) Jump up ^ Creation of the Earth and the celestial bodies , ( restored ) Jump up ^ God creating Eve from the side of the sleeping Adam , in context with shields and Ignudi ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ Adam and Eve : temptation and banishment ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Sacrifice of Noah ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Great Flood ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ Noah 's drunkenness in context , with shields and Ignudi ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The `` Uriah '' shield Jump up ^ The incomplete medallion on the left - hand side of the `` Separation of the Waters '' panel ^ Jump up to : The prophet Jonah ( restored ) Jump up ^ The prophet Jeremiah ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Persian Sibyl ( restored ) Jump up ^ The prophet Ezekiel ( restored ) ^ Jump up to : The Erithraean Sibyl ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The prophet Joel ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The prophet Zechariah ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The Delphic Sibyl ( restored ) ^ Jump up to : The prophet Isaiah ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Cumean Sibyl ( restored ) Jump up ^ The prophet Daniel ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The Libyan Sibyl ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Brazen Serpent ( Before restoration ) Jump up ^ The crucifixion of Haman ( Before restoration ) Jump up ^ David slaying Goliath ( Before restoration ) Jump up ^ Judith carrying the head of Holofernes ( Before restoration ) Jump up ^ The destroyed lunettes : Abraham / Isaac / Jacob / Judah and Pharez / Hezron / Ram , engravings by William Young Ottley . Jump up ^ Woman cutting garment The `` Salmon Spandrel '' ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Blessed Virgin Mary ( ? ) looking from a spandrel before and after restoration . Jump up ^ Eleazar and Mathan lunette ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ Masaccio : The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden fresco , 208 cm × 88 cm ( 82 in × 35 in ) Cappella Brancacci , Santa Maria del Carmine , Florence Jump up ^ Luca Signorelli : Resurrection of the Flesh ( 1499 -- 1502 ) Chapel of San Brizio , Duomo , Orvieto Jump up ^ Raphael ( ca . 1509 ) Heraclitus Detail from the School of Athens , a portrait of Michelangelo Biblical sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Genesis , chapter 1 Jump up ^ Genesis , chapters 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Genesis , chapters 6 -- 9 Jump up ^ Second Book of Kings , chapter 2 : 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Joel , chapter 2 , verse 28 . Jump up ^ Zechariah , chapter 9 , verse 9 ; Matthew , chapter 21 , verses 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ The Book of Jonah Jump up ^ Gospel of Matthew 12 : 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Book of Micah , chapter 5 , verse 2 ; Gospel of Matthew , chapter 2 , verse 6 . Jump up ^ Gospel of Luke Jump up ^ Gospel of Matthew Jump up ^ The Book of Numbers , chapter 21 : 4 -- 9 Jump up ^ The Book of Esther Jump up ^ First Book of Samuel , chapter 2 : 18 Jump up ^ Isaiah 11 : 1 Jump up ^ e.g. Genesis , chapter 18 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aston , Margaret ( 1979 ) `` The fifteenth century : the prospect of Europe '' . W.W. Norton , New York . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95097 - 2 Bartz , Gabriele ; König , Eberhard ( 1998 ) . Michelangelo , Könemann . ISBN 3 - 8290 - 0253 - X Beck , James ; Daley , Michael ( 1995 ) . Art Restoration , the Culture , the Business and the Scandal , W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31297 - 6 Bertram , Anthony ( 1970 ) . Michelangelo , 1970 , Studio Vista . ISBN B00071KTVA Buonarotti , Michelangelo ; Campanella , Tommaso ( 1878 ) . The Sonnets of Michael Angelo Buonarotti and Tommaso Campanella Now For the First Time Translated into Rhymed English . Project Gutenberg EBooks. 10314 . Translated by John Addington Symonds . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Condivi , Ascanio ( 1553 ) . Life of Michelangelo Efetov , Konstantin ( 2006 ) , A shocking secret of the Sistine Chapel , Simferopol : CSMU Press , ISBN 966 - 2969 - 17 - 9 Freidenthal , Richard ( 1963 ) . Letters of the Great Artists , 1963 , Thames and Hudson Gardner , Helen ( 1970 ) Art through the Ages , Harcourt , Brace and World . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 508315 - 8 Giacometti , Massimo ( 1984 ) . The Sistine Chapel , a collection of essays on aspects of the chapel , its decoration and the restoration of Michelangelo 's frescoes , by Carlo Pietrangeli , André Chastel , John Shearman , John O'Malley S.J. , Pierluigi de Vecchi , Michael Hirst , Fabrizio Mancinelli , Gianluigi Colallucci , and Franco Bernabei. 1984 , Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 56274 - X Graham - Dixon , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Michelangelo and the Sistine Chapel . London : Weidenfeld & Nicholson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 85365 - 7 . Goldscheider , Ludwig ( 1951 ) . Michelangelo : Drawings , Phaidon . Goldscheider , Ludwig ( 1953 ) . Michelangelo : Paintings , Sculpture , Architecture , Phaidon . Hale , J.R. ( 1979 ) . Renaissance Europe , 1480 -- 1520 , Fontana / Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 632435 - 5 Hersey , George L. ( 1993 ) High Renaissance Art in St. Peter 's and the Vatican , University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 32782 - 5 Hirst , Michael ( 1986 ) . in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti The Holy Bible , various authors , King James version . Jaritz , Gerhard ( 2012 ) . Ritual , Images , and Daily Life . The Medieval Perspective . Münster : LIT Verlag . p. 16 . ISBN 3 - 643 - 90113 - 5 . John Paul II ( 1994 ) . `` Homily of His Holiness John Paul II , 8 April 1994 '' . Homily preached at the mass of to celebrate the unveiling of the restorations of Michelangelo 's frescoes in the Sistine Chapel . Vatican Publishing House . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . Mancinelli , Fabrizio ( 1986 ) . in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti O'Malley , John ( 1986 ) . The Theology behind Michelangelo 's Ceiling in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti . Paoletti , John T. ; Radke , Gary M. ( 2005 ) . Art in Renaissance Italy , Laurence King . ISBN 1 - 85669 - 439 - 9 Partridge , Loren ( 1996 ) . Michelangelo . The Sistine Chapel Ceiling , Rome . New York : George Braziller . ISBN 0 - 8076 - 1315 - 0 . Pietrangeli , Hirst and Colalucci , eds. ( 1994 ) . The Sistine Chapel : A Glorious Restoration . Italy , Harry N Abrams Shearman , John ( 1986 ) The Chapel of Sixtus IV in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti . Shearman , John ( 1986b ) The Fresco Decoration of Sixtus IV in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti . Vasari , Giorgio ( 1568 ) . Lives of the Artists , ' Michelangelo ' . Trans . George Bull , 1965 , Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044164 - 6 Vecchi , Pierluigi de , ed. ( 1994 ) . The Sistine Chapel : A Glorious Restoration , Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3840 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sistine Chapel ceiling . Vatican Museum 3 - D interior view Visual / Interactive Tour of the Sistine Chapel Ceiling and upper walls , with identifications and detail images Zoomable Panoramic View of the Sistine Chapel Ceiling ( HTML5 ) Michelangelo 's Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , Smarthistory video ( 22 : 03 ) Models of wax and clay used by Michelangelo in making his sculpture and paintings The Sistine Ceiling and the Holy Spirit Michelangelo List of works Key : * Attributed , † Lost Sculptures Florence , c. 1488 -- 1492 † Head of a Faun Madonna of the Stairs Battle of the Centaurs Crucifix Bologna , 1494 -- 1495 Additions to the Arca di San Domenico ( St Petronius , St Proclus , Angel ) Rome , 1496 -- 1500 † Sleeping Cupid Bacchus † Standing Cupid Pietà Florence , 1501 -- 1505 David Madonna of Bruges Additions to the Piccolomini Altarpiece ( Saints Peter , Paul , Pius and Gregory ) Pitti Tondo Taddei Tondo St. Matthew * Rothschild Bronzes Tomb of Pope Julius II , 1505 -- 1545 Moses Rebellious Slave Dying Slave Young Slave Bearded Slave Atlas Slave Awakening Slave The Genius of Victory Rachel Leah Florence , 1516 -- 1534 Christ Carrying the Cross Medici Chapel Giuliano de ' Medici Night Day Dusk Dawn Medici Madonna Apollo Crouching Boy Rome , 1534 -- 1564 Brutus Florentine Pietà * Palestrina Pietà Rondanini Pietà ( hide ) Paintings Panel paintings The Torment of Saint Anthony Manchester Madonna The Entombment Doni Tondo † Leda and the Swan Salone dei Cinquecento † Battle of Cascina Sistine Chapel Ceiling Separation of Light from Darkness The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Vegetation The Creation of Adam The Last Judgment Cappella Paolina The Martyrdom of St Peter The Conversion of Saul Architecture Florence New Sacristy and Laurentian Library in the Basilica of San Lorenzo Rome Piazza del Campidoglio Palazzo Farnese St. Peter 's Basilica San Giovanni dei Fiorentini Porta Pia Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri More Works on paper Study of a Kneeling Nude Girl for The Entombment Male Back With a Flag Epifania Milieu Cecchino dei Bracci Tommaso dei Cavalieri Vittoria Colonna Ascanio Condivi Gherardo Perini Sebastiano del Piombo Febo di Poggio Luigi del Riccio Related Art patronage of Julius II Casa Buonarroti Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects Michelangelo and the Medici Replicas of David Replicas of the Pietà Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes The Titan : Story of Michelangelo ( 1950 documentary ) The Agony and the Ecstasy ( 1961 novel , 1965 film ) Decoration of the Sistine Chapel Life of Moses Moses Leaving to Egypt Youth of Moses The Crossing of the Red Sea The Descent from Mount Sinai The Punishment of the Rebels The Testament and Death of Moses Life of Christ The Baptism of Christ The Temptations of Christ The Vocation of the Apostles The Sermon on the Mount The Delivery of the Keys The Last Supper Ceiling ( Gallery ) Scenes from Genesis The Separation of Light from Darkness The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Vegetation 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which of the following is an example of a layered defense

Physical security

physical security

Physical security describes security measures that are designed to deny unauthorized access to facilities , equipment and resources and to protect personnel and property from damage or harm ( such as espionage , theft , or terrorist attacks ) . Physical security involves the use of multiple layers of interdependent systems which include CCTV surveillance , security guards , protective barriers , locks , access control protocols , and many other techniques .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Elements and design 2.1 Deterrence methods 2.1. 1 Physical barriers 2.1. 2 Natural surveillance 2.1. 3 Security lighting 2.2 Intrusion detection and electronic surveillance 2.2. 1 Alarm systems and sensors 2.2. 2 Video surveillance 2.3 Access control 2.3. 1 Mechanical access control systems 2.3. 2 Electronic access control systems 2.3. 3 Identification systems and access policies 2.4 Security personnel 3 See also 4 References Overview ( edit ) Canadian Embassy in Washington , D.C. showing planters being used as vehicle barriers to increase the standoff distance , and barriers and gates along the vehicle entrance Physical security systems for protected facilities are generally intended to : deter potential intruders ( e.g. warning signs and perimeter markings ) ; detect intrusions and monitor / record intruders ( e.g. intruder alarms and CCTV systems ) ; and trigger appropriate incident responses ( e.g. by security guards and police ) . It is up to security designers , architects and analysts to balance security controls against risks , taking into account the costs of specifying , developing , testing , implementing , using , managing , monitoring and maintaining the controls , along with broader issues such as aesthetics , human rights , health and safety , and societal norms or conventions . Physical access security measures that are appropriate for a high security prison or a military site may be inappropriate in an office , a home or a vehicle , although the principles are similar . Elements and design ( edit ) Deterrence methods ( edit ) Main articles : Natural surveillance and Crime prevention through environmental design The goal of deterrence methods is to convince potential attackers that a successful attack is unlikely due to strong defenses . The initial layer of security for a campus , building , office , or other physical space uses crime prevention through environmental design to deter threats . Some of the most common examples are also the most basic : warning signs or window stickers , fences , vehicle barriers , vehicle height - restrictors , restricted access points , security lighting and trenches . Physical barriers ( edit ) Spikes atop a barrier wall act as a deterrent to people trying to climb over the wall Physical barriers such as fences , walls , and vehicle barriers act as the outermost layer of security . They serve to prevent , or at least delay , attacks , and also act as a psychological deterrent by defining the perimeter of the facility and making intrusions seem more difficult . Tall fencing , topped with barbed wire , razor wire or metal spikes are often emplaced on the perimeter of a property , generally with some type of signage that warns people not to attempt to enter . However , in some facilities imposing perimeter walls / fencing will not be possible ( e.g. an urban office building that is directly adjacent to public sidewalks ) or it may be aesthetically unacceptable ( e.g. surrounding a shopping center with tall fences topped with razor wire ) ; in this case , the outer security perimeter will be defined as the walls / windows / doors of the structure itself . Natural surveillance ( edit ) Another major form of deterrence that can be incorporated into the design of facilities is natural surveillance , whereby architects seek to build spaces that are more open and visible to security personnel and authorized users , so that intruders / attackers are unable to perform unauthorized activity without being seen . An example would be decreasing the amount of dense , tall vegetation in the landscaping so that attackers can not conceal themselves within it , or placing critical resources in areas where intruders would have to cross over a wide , open space to reach them ( making it likely that someone would notice them ) . Security lighting ( edit ) Security lighting is another effective form of deterrence . Intruders are less likely to enter well - lit areas for fear of being seen . Doors , gates , and other entrances , in particular , should be well lit to allow close observation of people entering and exiting . When lighting the grounds of a facility , widely distributed low - intensity lighting is generally superior to small patches of high - intensity lighting , because the latter can have a tendency to create blind spots for security personnel and CCTV cameras . It is important to place lighting in a manner that makes it difficult to tamper with ( e.g. suspending lights from tall poles ) , and to ensure that there is a backup power supply so that security lights will not go out if the electricity is cut off . Intrusion detection and electronic surveillance ( edit ) Main article : Surveillance Alarm systems and sensors ( edit ) Main article : CCTV Main article : Security alarms Alarm systems can be installed to alert security personnel when unauthorized access is attempted . Alarm systems work in tandem with physical barriers , mechanical systems , and security guards , serving to trigger a response when these other forms of security have been breached . They consist of sensors including motion sensors , contact sensors , and glass break detectors . However , alarms are only useful if there is a prompt response when they are triggered . In the reconnaissance phase prior to an actual attack , some intruders will test the response time of security personnel to a deliberately tripped alarm system . By measuring the length of time it takes for a security team to arrive ( if they arrive at all ) , the attacker can determine if an attack could succeed before authorities arrive to neutralize the threat . Loud audible alarms can also act as a psychological deterrent , by notifying intruders that their presence has been detected . In some jurisdictions , law enforcement will not respond to alarms from intrusion detection systems unless the activation has been verified by an eyewitness or video . Policies like this one have been created to combat the 94 -- 99 percent rate of false alarm activation in the United States . Video surveillance ( edit ) Closed - circuit television cameras Main article : CCTV Surveillance cameras can be a deterrent when placed in highly visible locations , and are also useful for incident verification and historical analysis . For example , if alarms are being generated and there is a camera in place , the camera could be viewed to verify the alarms . In instances when an attack has already occurred and a camera is in place at the point of attack , the recorded video can be reviewed . Although the term closed - circuit television ( CCTV ) is common , it is quickly becoming outdated as more video systems lose the closed circuit for signal transmission and are instead transmitting on IP camera networks . Video monitoring does not necessarily guarantee that a human response is made to an intrusion . A human must be monitoring the situation in real time in order to respond in a timely manner . Otherwise , video monitoring is simply a means to gather evidence to be analyzed at a later time . However , advances in information technology are reducing the amount of work required for video monitoring , through automated video analytics . Access control ( edit ) Main article : Access control Access control methods are used to monitor and control traffic through specific access points and areas of the secure facility . This is done using a variety of systems including CCTV surveillance , identification cards , security guards , and electronic / mechanical control systems such as locks , doors , turnstiles and gates . Mechanical access control systems ( edit ) Space Saver Drop Arm Optical Turnstiles Manufactured by Q - Lane Turnstiles LLc An electronic access control system , controlling entry through a door . Main article : Lock ( security device ) Mechanical access control systems include turnstiles , gates , doors , and locks . Key control of the locks becomes a problem with large user populations and any user turnover . Keys quickly become unmanageable , often forcing the adoption of electronic access control . Electronic access control systems ( edit ) A Type B Series Full Height Roto-Gate manufactured by Q - Lane Turnstiles LLC . Electronic access control manages large user populations , controlling for user lifecycles times , dates , and individual access points . For example , a user 's access rights could allow access from 0700h to 1900h Monday through Friday and expires in 90 days . These access control systems are often interfaced with turnstiles for Entry control in buildings to prevent unauthorized access . The use of turnstiles also reduces the need for additional security personnel to monitor each individual entering the building allowing faster throughput . An additional sub-layer of mechanical / electronic access control protection is reached by integrating a key management system to manage the possession and usage of mechanical keys to locks or property within a building or campus . Identification systems and access policies ( edit ) Another form of access control ( procedural ) includes the use of policies , processes and procedures to manage the ingress into the restricted area . An example of this is the deployment of security personnel conducting checks for authorized entry at predetermined points of entry . This form of access control is usually supplemented by the earlier forms of access control ( i.e. mechanical and electronic access control ) , or simple devices such as physical passes . Security personnel ( edit ) Main article : Security guard Private factory guard Security personnel play a central role in all layers of security . All of the technological systems that are employed to enhance physical security are useless without a security force that is trained in their use and maintenance , and which knows how to properly respond to breaches in security . Security personnel perform many functions : as patrols and at checkpoints , to administer electronic access control , to respond to alarms , and to monitor and analyze video . See also ( edit ) Alarm management Artificial intelligence for video surveillance Biometric device Biometrics Boundaries of Security Report Computer security Door security Executive protection Guard tour patrol system Information security Logical security Physical Security Professional Security alarm Security engineering Surveillance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 : Physical Security Challenges '' . Field Manual 3 - 19.30 : Physical Security . Headquarters , United States Department of Army . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Mary Lynn ( 2007 ) . Design and Evaluation of Physical Protection Systems . Butterworth - Heinemann . pp. 1 -- 11 . ISBN 9780080554280 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 2 : The Systems Approach '' . Field Manual 3 - 19.30 : Physical Security . Headquarters , United States Department of Army . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ross ( 2001 ) . Security Engineering . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 38922 - 4 . Jump up ^ For a detailed discussion on natural surveillance and CPTED , see Fennelly , Lawrence J. ( 2012 ) . Effective Physical Security . Butterworth - Heinemann . pp. 4 -- 6 . ISBN 9780124158924 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Task Committee ; Structural Engineering Institute ( 1999 ) . Structural Design for Physical Security . ASCE . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 0457 - 7 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Baker , Paul R. ( 2012 ) . `` Security Construction Projects '' . In Baker , Paul R. ; Benny , Daniel J. The Complete Guide to Physical Security . CRC Press . ISBN 9781420099638 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 : Protective Barriers '' . Field Manual 3 - 19.30 : Physical Security . Headquarters , United States Department of Army . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Talbot , Julian & Jakeman , Miles ( 2011 ) . Security Risk Management Body of Knowledge . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 9781118211267 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kovacich , Gerald L. & Halibozek , Edward P. ( 2003 ) . The Manager 's Handbook for Corporate Security : Establishing and Managing a Successful Assets Protection Program . Butterworth - Heinemann . pp. 192 -- 193 . ISBN 9780750674874 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 : Electronic Security Systems '' . Field Manual 3 - 19.30 : Physical Security . Headquarters , United States Department of Army . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fennelly , Lawrence J. ( 2012 ) . Effective Physical Security . Butterworth - Heinemann . pp. 345 -- 346 . ISBN 9780124158924 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Evaluation of alternative policies to combat false emergency calls '' ( PDF ) . p. 238 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Evaluation of alternative policies to combat false emergency calls '' ( PDF ) . p. 233 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Evaluating the Use of Public Surveillance Cameras for Crime Control and Prevention '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Crowell , William P. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Intelligent Video Analytics '' . In Cole , Eric . Physical and Logical Security Convergence . Syngress . ISBN 9780080558783 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dufour , Jean - Yves ( 2012 ) . Intelligent Video Surveillance Systems . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781118577868 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Caputo , Anthony C. ( 2010 ) . Digital Video Surveillance and Security . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 9780080961699 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Tyska , Louis A. & Fennelly , Lawrence J. ( 2000 ) . Physical Security : 150 Things You Should Know . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 3 . ISBN 9780750672559 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 7 : Access Control '' . Field Manual 3 - 19.30 : Physical Security . Headquarters , United States Department of Army . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Robert ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Electronic Access Control '' . Electronic Security Systems : A Manager 's Guide to Evaluating and Selecting System Solutions . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 9780080494708 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Reid , Robert N. ( 2005 ) . `` Guards and guard forces '' . Facility Manager 's Guide to Security : Protecting Your Assets . The Fairmont Press . ISBN 9780881734836 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physical_security&oldid=818697485 '' Categories : Security Crime prevention Physical security Public safety National security Warning systems Security engineering Perimeter security Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Polski Slovenščina Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 01 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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the girl with the dragon tattoo trilogy wiki

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo

the girl with the dragon tattoo

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( original title in Swedish : Män som hatar kvinnor ; in English : Men Who Hate Women ) is a psychological thriller novel by the late Swedish author and journalist Stieg Larsson ( 1954 -- 2004 ) , which was published posthumously in 2005 to become an international bestseller . It is the first book of the Millennium series .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Major themes 4.1 Locked room mystery 5 Reception and awards 6 Book of essays 7 Film adaptations 8 Parodies 9 References 10 Publication details 11 See also Background ( edit ) Larsson spoke of an incident which he said occurred when he was 15 : he stood by as three men gang raped an acquaintance of his named Lisbeth . Days later , racked with guilt for having done nothing to help her , he begged her forgiveness -- which she refused to grant . The incident , he said , haunted him for years afterward and in part inspired him to create a character named Lisbeth who was also a rape survivor . The veracity of this story has been questioned since Larsson 's death , after a colleague from Expo magazine reported to Rolling Stone that Larsson had told him he had heard the story secondhand and retold it as his own . The murder of Catrine da Costa was also an inspiration when he wrote the book . With the exception of the fictional Hedestad , the novel takes place in actual Swedish towns . The magazine Millennium in the books has characteristics similar to that of Larsson 's magazine , Expo , such as its socio - political leanings and its financial difficulties . Both Larsson 's longtime partner Eva Gabrielsson and English translator Steven T. Murray have said that Christopher MacLehose ( who works for British publisher Quercus ) `` needlessly prettified '' the English translation ; as such , Murray requested he be credited under the pseudonym `` Reg Keeland '' . The English release also changed the title , even though Larsson specifically refused to allow the Swedish publisher to do so , and the size of Salander 's dragon tattoo ; from a large piece covering her entire back , to a small shoulder tattoo . Plot ( edit ) In December 2002 , Mikael Blomkvist , publisher of the Swedish political magazine Millennium , loses a libel case involving allegations about billionaire industrialist Hans - Erik Wennerström . Blomkvist is sentenced to three months ( deferred ) in prison , and ordered to pay hefty damages and costs . Soon afterwards , he is invited to meet Henrik Vanger , the retired CEO of the Vanger Corporation , unaware that Vanger has checked into his personal and professional history ; the investigation of Blomkvist 's circumstances has been carried out by Lisbeth Salander , a brilliant but deeply troubled researcher and computer hacker . Vanger promises to provide Blomkvist with evidence against Wennerström in return for discovering what happened to Vanger 's grandniece , Harriet , who disappeared in 1966 ; Vanger believes she was murdered by a member of the family . Harriet disappeared during a family gathering at the Vanger estate on Hedeby Island , when the island was temporarily cut off from the mainland by a traffic accident on the bridge . Blomkvist moves to the island and begins to research the Vanger family history and Harriet 's disappearance . As he does so , he meets most of the remaining Vanger clan , including Harriet 's brother Martin , current CEO of the company ; Isabella , Martin and Harriet 's mother ; and Cecilia , a headmistress who was Harriet 's younger aunt and friend , though Cecilia 's sister Anita was closer both in age and friendship to the missing girl . Salander was ruled legally incompetent as a child and is under the care of a legal guardian , Holger Palmgren . When Palmgren suffers a stroke , he is replaced by Nils Bjurman , who uses his position to extort sexual favors from her and eventually rapes her . After using a hidden camera to record her assault , Salander takes her revenge , torturing Bjurman and threatening to ruin him unless he gives her full control of her life and finances . She then uses a tattoo machine to brand him as a rapist . Despite all expectation to the contrary , Blomkvist identifies new evidence in Harriet 's disappearance . One clue is a pair of photographs , detailing Harriet 's sudden discomfort at the sight of a young man in a prep school blazer . Another lies in Harriet 's journal , which contains a set of five names and five - digit numbers believed to be old telephone numbers ; however , Blomkvist 's daughter Pernilla , passing through on the way to Bible camp , identifies them as passages from the Book of Leviticus . They describe rules about the treatment and punishment of women , and Blomkvist correlates one of them with the grotesque murder of a Vanger Corporation secretary in 1949 . Blomkvist realizes that he may be on the trail of a serial killer , and the scope of the resulting research makes Blomkvist request a research assistant . Vanger 's lawyer suggests Salander . When he sees the report she prepared for Vanger , Blomkvist realises that Salander has hacked into his computer . He confronts her and asks her to help him with the investigation , to which she agrees . The two eventually become lovers , but Salander continues to keep Blomkvist at an emotional distance . Their suspicions are heightened when a local cat is left dismembered on Blomkvist 's porch , and Blomkvist is fired upon from a distance during an afternoon jog . Blomkvist and Salander uncover the remaining four murders described in Harriet 's journal , as well as several more that fit the profile : women who are sexually assaulted and then slain in accordance with a Leviticus verse . Moreover , most of the murders occurred in locations where the Vanger Corporation did business . They settle on Gottfried Vanger , Martin and Harriet 's father , as a likely candidate but are stymied when he is discovered to have predeceased the last victim . While Salander continues to hunt through Vanger Corporation archives , Blomkvist manages to identify the antagonist who frightened Harriet so : her brother Martin . Martin takes Blomkvist prisoner , reveals that Gottfried `` initiated '' him into the ritual rape and murder of women before his own death , and implies that Gottfried sexually abused both him and Harriet . Martin admits to murdering dozens of women but denies killing his sister . He decides to rid himself of Blomkvist once and for all , but Salander -- who had discovered the connections independently -- arrives and hits Martin over the head with a golf club before cutting Blomkvist out of his restraints . Martin flees by car , pursued by Salander on her motorbike , and chooses his own fate by purposely colliding headlong with an oncoming truck . Believing that Cecilia 's sister Anita , who now lives in London , is the only relative who might know something about Harriet 's fate , Blomkvist and Salander pursue that lead and learn Harriet is still alive and is living under Anita 's name in Australia . When Blomkvist flies there to meet her , Harriet tells him the truth about her disappearance : her father and brother had repeatedly raped her , until she killed her father in self - defense . Martin was sent away to preparatory school , but he returned the day of her disappearance . Harriet realized she needed to escape , so she found a place to hide during the tumult of the traffic accident , and Anita smuggled her to the mainland the next morning . Blomkvist persuades her to return to Sweden , where she reunites with Henrik . Blomkvist then accompanies Salander to her mother 's funeral . Blomkvist learns that the evidence against Wennerström that Vanger promised him is useless , long past its statute of limitations . However , Salander has already hacked Wennerström 's computer and discovered that his crimes go far beyond what Blomkvist documented . Using her evidence , Blomkvist prints an exposé and book which ruin Wennerström and catapults Millennium to national prominence . Salander , using her hacking skills , succeeds in stealing some 2.6 billion kr ( about $260 million USD ) from Wennerström 's secret bank account . Blomkvist and Salander spend Christmas together in his holiday retreat . A couple of days later , she goes to Blomkvist 's home , intending to declare her love for him , but backs away when she sees him with his long - time lover and business partner Erika Berger . As a postscript , Salander continues to monitor Wennerström and after six months , anonymously informs a lawyer in Miami of his whereabouts . Four days later the body of Wennerström is found in Marbella , Spain , shot three times in the head . Characters ( edit ) Mikael Blomkvist -- journalist , publisher , and part - owner of the monthly political magazine Millennium Lisbeth Salander -- freelance surveillance agent and researcher specialising in investigating people on behalf of Milton Security Henrik Vanger -- retired industrialist and former CEO of Vanger Corporation Harriet Vanger -- Henrik 's grandniece Martin Vanger -- Harriet 's brother and CEO of the Vanger Corporation Gottfried Vanger -- Martin and Harriet 's deceased father Isabella Vanger -- Gottfried Vanger 's widow , and Martin and Harriet 's mother Cecilia Vanger -- daughter of Harald Vanger and one of Henrik 's nieces Anita Vanger -- daughter of Harald Vanger and one of Henrik 's nieces , resident in London Birger Vanger -- son of Harald Vanger and one of Henrik 's nephews Harald Vanger -- Henrik 's brother and member of the Swedish Nazi Party Hans - Erik Wennerström -- corrupt billionaire financier Robert Lindberg -- banker and Blomkvist 's source for the libelous story William Borg -- Blomkvist 's nemesis Monica Abrahamsson -- Blomkvist 's wife whom he married in 1986 and divorced in 1991 Pernilla Abrahamsson -- their daughter who was born in 1986 Holger Palmgren -- Salander 's legal guardian and lawyer who is disabled by a stroke Nils Bjurman -- Salander 's legal guardian and lawyer after Palmgren Erika Berger -- editor - in - chief / majority owner of Millennium monthly magazine and Blomkvist 's long - standing lover Dirch Frode -- former lawyer for Vanger Corporation , now lawyer with one client : Henrik Vanger Dragan Armansky -- CEO and COO of Milton Security Plague -- computer hacker / genius Christer Malm -- director , art designer , and part - owner of Millennium Janne Dahlman -- managing editor of Millennium Gustaf Morell -- Retired Detective Superintendent Anna Nygren -- Henrik Vanger 's housekeeper Gunnar Nilsson -- Henrik 's caretaker Major themes ( edit ) Larsson makes several literary references to the genre 's classic forerunners and comments on contemporary Swedish society . Reviewer Robert Dessaix writes , `` His favourite targets are violence against women , the incompetence and cowardice of investigative journalists , the moral bankruptcy of big capital and the virulent strain of Nazism still festering away ... in Swedish society . '' Cecilia Ovesdotter Alm and Anna Westerstahl Stenport write that the novel `` reflects -- implicitly and explicitly -- gaps between rhetoric and practice in Swedish policy and public discourse about complex relations between welfare state retrenchment , neoliberal corporate and economic practices , and politicised gender construction . The novel , according to one article , endorses a pragmatic acceptance of a neoliberal world order that is delocalized , dehumanized and misogynistic . '' Alm and Stenport add , `` What most international ( and Swedish ) reviewers overlook is that the financial and moral corruptibility at the heart of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is so profound as to indict most attributes associated with contemporary Sweden as democratic and gender - equal . The novel is in fact far from what American critic Maureen Corrigan calls an `` unflinching ... commonsense feminist social commentary '' . ( Corrigan 's article was `` Super-Smart Noir With a Feminist Jolt , '' National Public Radio , 23 September 2008 . ) Larsson further enters the debate as to how responsible criminals are for their crimes , and how much is blamed on upbringing or society . For instance , Salander has a strong will and assumes that everyone else does , too . She is portrayed as having suffered every kind of abuse in her young life , including an unjustly ordered commitment to a psychiatric clinic and subsequent instances of sexual assault suffered at the hands of her court - appointed guardian . Maria de Lurdes Sampaio , in the journal Cross-Cultural Communication , asserts that , `` Blomkvist , a modern Theseus , leads us to the labyrinth of the globalized world , while the series ' protagonist , Lisbeth Salander , modeled on the Amazon , is an example of the empowerment of women in crime fiction by playing the role of the ' tough guy ' detective , while also personifying the popular roles of the victim , the outcast and the avenger . '' In this context , she discusses `` Dialogues with Greek tragedy ... namely Salander 's struggles with strong father figures . '' Sampaio also argues , Then , like so many other writers and moviemakers , Larsson plays with people 's universal fascination for religious mysteries , enigmas and hermeneutics , while highlighting the way the Bible and other religious books have inspired hideous serial criminals throughout history . There are many passages dedicated to the Hebrew Bible , to the Apocrypha and to the controversies surrounding different Church 's branches . The transcription of Latin expressions ( e.g. , `` sola fide '' or `` claritas scripturae '' ) together with the biblical passages , which provide the clues to unveil the secular mysteries , proves that Larsson was well acquainted with Umberto Eco 's bestsellers and with similar plots . There are many signs of both The Name of the Rose and of Foucault 's Pendulum in the Millennium series , and in some sense these two works are contained in the first novel . Locked room mystery ( edit ) Larsson writes within the novel , in Chapter 12 , `` It 's actually a fascinating case . What I believe is known as a locked room mystery , on an island . And nothing in the investigation seems to follow normal logic . Every question remains unanswered , every clue leads to a dead end . '' He supplies a family tree delineating the relationships of five generations of the Vanger family . Reception and Awards ( edit ) The novel was released to great acclaim in Sweden and later , on its publication in many other European countries . In the original language , it won Sweden 's Glass Key Award in 2006 for best crime novel of the year . It also won the 2008 Boeke Prize , and in 2009 the Galaxy British Book Awards for Books Direct Crime Thriller of the Year , and the prestigious Anthony Award for Best First Novel . Larsson was awarded the ITV3 Crime Thriller Award for International Author of the Year in 2008 . The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo received mixed reviews from American critics . It debuted at number four on The New York Times Best Seller list . Alex Berenson wrote in The New York Times , `` The novel offers a thoroughly ugly view of human nature '' ; while it `` opens with an intriguing mystery '' and the `` middle section of Girl is a treat , the rest of the novel does n't quite measure up . The book 's original Swedish title was Men Who Hate Women , a label that just about captures the subtlety of the novel 's sexual politics . '' The Los Angeles Times said `` the book takes off , in the fourth chapter : From there , it becomes classic parlor crime fiction with many modern twists ... The writing is not beautiful , clipped at times ( though that could be the translation by Reg Keeland ) and with a few too many falsely dramatic endings to sections or chapters . But it is a compelling , well - woven tale that succeeds in transporting the reader to rural Sweden for a good crime story . '' Several months later , Matt Selman said the book `` rings false with piles of easy super-victories and far - fetched one - in - a-million clue - findings . '' Richard Alleva , in Commonweal , wrote that the novel is marred by `` its inept backstory , banal characterizations , flavorless prose , surfeit of themes ( Swedish Nazism , uncaring bureaucracy , corporate malfeasance , abuse of women , etc . ) , and -- worst of all -- author Larsson 's penchant for always telling us exactly what we should be feeling . '' On the other hand , Dr. Abdallah Daar , writing for Nature , said , `` The events surrounding the great - niece 's disappearance are meticulously and ingeniously pieced together , with plenty of scientific insight . '' The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote , `` It 's a big , intricately plotted , darkly humorous work , rich with ironies , quirky but believable characters and a literary playfulness that only a master of the genre and its history could bring off . '' As of 3 June 2011 , The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo had sold over 3.4 million copies in hardcover or ebook formats , and 15 million copies altogether , in the United States . Book of essays ( edit ) Wiley published a collection of essays , edited by Eric Bronson , titled The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and Philosophy ( 2011 ) . Film adaptations ( edit ) Main articles : The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2009 film ) and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 film ) The Swedish film production company Yellow Bird created film versions of the first three Millennium books , all three films released in 2009 , beginning with The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , directed by Danish filmmaker Niels Arden Oplev . The protagonists were played by Michael Nyqvist and Noomi Rapace . A Hollywood film adaptation of the book , directed by David Fincher , was released in December 2011 . The main characters were portrayed by Daniel Craig and Rooney Mara . Millennium , a Swedish six - part television miniseries based on the film adaptations of Stieg Larsson 's series of the same name , was broadcast on SVT1 from 20 March 2010 to 24 April 2010 . The series was produced by Yellow Bird in cooperation with several production companies , including SVT , Nordisk Film , Film i Västm , and ZDF Enterprises . Dragon Tattoo Trilogy : Extended Edition is the title of the TV miniseries release on DVD , Blu - ray , and video on demand in the US . This version of the miniseries comprises nine hours of story content , including over two hours of additional footage not seen in the theatrical versions of the original Swedish films . The four - disc set includes : THE GIRL WITH THE DRAGON TATTOO -- EXTENDED EDITION , THE GIRL WHO PLAYED WITH FIRE -- EXTENDED EDITION , THE GIRL WHO KICKED THE HORNET 'S NEST -- EXTENDED EDITION , and a BONUS DISC including two hours of special features . Parodies ( edit ) The Dragon with the Girl Tattoo ( 2010 ) -- Adam Roberts The Girl with the Sturgeon Tattoo ( ) -- Lars Arffssen The Girl who Fixed the Umlaut ( 2010 ) -- Nora Ephron The Girl with the Sandwich Tattoo : A cruel parody ( 2013 ) -- Dragon Stiegsson The Coach with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2016 ) -- Patrick Ness References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dessaix , Robert ( 22 February 2008 ) . `` The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Penny , Laurie ( 5 September 2010 ) . `` Girls , tattoos and men who hate women '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Baski , Kurdo ( 31 July 2010 ) . `` How a brutal rape and a lifelong burden of guilt fuelled Girl with the Dragon Tattoo writer Stieg Larsson '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ PRich , Nathaniel ( 5 January 2011 ) . `` The Mystery of the Dragon Tattoo : Stieg Larsson , the World 's Bestselling -- and Most Enigmatic -- Author '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The real - life Swedish murder that inspired Stieg Larsson '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 30 November 2010 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Where is Hedestad really located ? '' . The web resource for information about Sweden . Go-to-Sweden.com . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Pettersson , Jan - Erik ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) . `` The other side of Stieg Larsson '' . Financial Times . ISSN 0307 - 1766 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Charles ( 23 May 2010 ) . `` The Afterlife of Stieg Larsson '' . The New York Times Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Sequel announced to Stieg Larsson 's Girl With the Dragon Tattoo trilogy '' . The Guardian . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ MacDougal , Ian ( 27 February 2010 ) . `` The Man Who Blew Up the Welfare State '' . n + 1 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Alm , Cecilia Ovesdotter ; Stenport , Anna Westerstahl ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Corporations , Crime , and Gender Construction in Stieg Larsson 's The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo : Exploring Twenty - First Century Neoliberalism in Swedish Culture '' . Scandinavian Studies . 81 ( 2 ) : 157 . Jump up ^ Sampaio , Maria de Lurdes ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Millennium Trilogy : Eye for Eye and the Utopia of Order in Modern Waste Lands '' . Cross-Cultural Communication . 7 ( 2 ) : 73 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Galaxy British Book Awards . Winners . Shortlists. 1991 to present '' . Literaryawards.co.uk . Archived from the original on 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Bouchercon World Mystery Convention : Anthony Awards and History '' . Bouchercon.info . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Anthony Awards '' . Bookreporter.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Allen , Katie ( 6 October 2008 ) . `` Rankin and PD James pick up ITV3 awards '' . News . The Bookseller . Archived from the original on 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Berenson , Alex ( 11 September 2008 ) . `` Stieg Larsson 's The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Miller , Marjorie ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Thawing a cold case in Scandinavia '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Selman , Matt ( 20 February 2009 ) . `` Cold Noir '' . Time . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Alleva , Richard ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kick - Ass '' . Commonweal . New York City : Commonweal Foundation . 137 ( 9 ) : 26 . Jump up ^ Daar , Abdallah ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo '' . Nature . 466 ( 7306 ) : 566 . doi : 10.1038 / 466563a . Jump up ^ Helfand , Michael ( September 21 , 2008 ) . `` Posthumous Swedish Mystery One of Genre 's Best '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p . E-6 . Jump up ^ `` Stieg Larsson Stats : By the Numbers '' . In the Bookroom. 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Eric , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and Philosophy . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0470947586 . Jump up ^ `` James Bond to star in US Dragon Tattoo remake '' . BBC News . 27 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( 16 August 2010 ) . `` ' Dragon Tattoo ' casts its Lisbeth Salander : Have you seen Rooney Mara in previous roles ? '' . Popwatch.ew.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dragon Tattoo Trilogy : Extended Edition . Jump up ^ Ephron , Nora ( 5 July 2010 ) . `` The Girl who Fixed the Umlaut '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . Publication details ( edit ) August 2005 , Swedish : Norstedts ( ISBN 978 - 91 - 1 - 301408 - 1 ) , paperback ( poss 1st edition ) 10 January 2008 , UK : MacLehose Press / Quercus Imprint ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 84724 - 253 - 2 ) , hardback ( translated as The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo by Reg Keeland ) 16 September 2008 , US : Alfred A. Knopf ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26975 - 1 ) , hardback See also ( edit ) Sweden portal Books portal 2000s portal The Millennium series Novels Stieg Larsson The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo The Girl Who Played with Fire The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest David Lagercrantz The Girl in the Spider 's Web The Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye Films Swedish films The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2009 ) The Girl Who Played with Fire ( 2009 ) The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest ( 2009 ) American films The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) ( soundtrack ) The Girl in the Spider 's Web ( 2018 ) Television Millennium ( 2010 ) Characters Mikael Blomkvist Lisbeth Salander The Glass Key award Faceless Killers ( 1992 ) Miss Smilla 's Feeling for Snow ( 1993 ) Sub Rosa ( 1994 ) Masken i spejlet ( 1995 ) Nattsug ( 1996 ) Do n't Look Back ( 1997 ) The Bat ( 1998 ) Lime 's Photograph ( 1999 ) Hour of the Wolf ( 2000 ) Missing ( 2001 ) Jar City ( 2002 ) Silence of the Grave ( 2003 ) Hjemsøkt ( 2004 ) The Beast ( 2005 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2006 ) Ystävät kaukana ( 2007 ) The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest ( 2008 ) The Darkest Room ( 2009 ) A Conspiracy of Faith ( 2010 ) The Dying Detective ( 2011 ) The Seventh Child ( 2012 ) The Hunting Dogs ( 2013 ) The Last Pilgrim ( 2014 ) The Hermit ( 2015 ) Harpiks ( 2016 ) Quicksand ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Girl_with_the_Dragon_Tattoo&oldid=829000190 '' Categories : 2005 novels Anthony Award - winning works Barry Award - winning works Macavity Award - winning works Millennium series Swedish mystery novels Novels about journalists Novels about missing people Novels about serial killers Novels adapted into comics Swedish novels adapted into films Novels published posthumously Novels set in Sweden Rape in fiction Swedish crime novels Norstedts Förlag books Patricide in fiction Incest in fiction Misogyny Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2012 Use dmy dates from September 2012 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles containing Swedish - language text All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Монгол Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 01 : 20 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Girl%20with%20the%20Dragon%20Tattoo

what is the smallest capital city in canada

List of cities in Canada

list of cities in canada

This is a list of incorporated cities in Canada , in alphabetical order categorized by province or territory . More thorough lists of communities are available for each province .

BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU A map showing Canada 's national , provincial and territorial capitals Contents ( hide ) 1 Capitals 2 Alberta 3 British Columbia 4 Manitoba 5 New Brunswick 6 Newfoundland and Labrador 7 Northwest Territories 8 Nova Scotia 9 Nunavut 10 Ontario 11 Prince Edward Island 12 Quebec 13 Saskatchewan 14 Yukon 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links Capitals ( edit ) Geographic area Capital Canada Ottawa Alberta Edmonton British Columbia Victoria Manitoba Winnipeg New Brunswick Fredericton Newfoundland and Labrador St. John 's Nova Scotia Halifax Ontario Toronto Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Quebec Quebec City Saskatchewan Regina Northwest Territories Yellowknife Nunavut Iqaluit Yukon Whitehorse Alberta ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in Alberta Distribution of Alberta 's 18 cities and 11 other communities eligible for city status To qualify as a city in Alberta , a sufficient population size ( 10,000 people or more ) must be present and a majority of the buildings must be on parcels of land smaller than 7003185000000000000 ♠ 1,850 square metres . A community is not always incorporated as a city even if it meets these requirements . The urban service areas of Fort McMurray and Sherwood Park are hamlets recognized as equivalents of cities , but remain unincorporated . Nine towns are also eligible for city status but remain incorporated as towns . Alberta has 18 cities . Chestermere is Alberta 's newest city , incorporating from town status on January 1 , 2015 . Cities in Alberta Name Incorporation date ( city ) Population ( 2011 ) Population ( 2006 ) Change ( % ) Land area ( km2 ) Population density ( per km2 ) Airdrie 000000001985 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1985 7004425640000000000 ♠ 42,564 7004289270000000000 ♠ 28,927 7001471000000000000 ♠ 47.1 7001331000000000000 ♠ 33.10 7003128600000000000 ♠ 1,286.0 Brooks 000000002005 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2005 7004136760000000000 ♠ 13,676 7004125080000000000 ♠ 12,508 7000930000000000000 ♠ 9.3 7001181900000000000 ♠ 18.19 7002751900000000000 ♠ 751.9 Calgary 000000001894 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1894 7006109683300000000 ♠ 1,096,833 7005988812000000000 ♠ 988,812 7001109000000000000 ♠ 10.9 7002825290000000000 ♠ 825.29 7003132900000000000 ♠ 1,329.0 Camrose 000000001955 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1955 7004172860000000000 ♠ 17,286 7004156300000000000 ♠ 15,630 7001106000000000000 ♠ 10.6 7001425000000000000 ♠ 42.50 7002406700000000000 ♠ 406.7 Chestermere 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2015 7004148240000000000 ♠ 14,824 7003992300000000000 ♠ 9,923 7001494000000000000 ♠ 49.4 7001326400000000000 ♠ 32.64 7002454100000000000 ♠ 454.1 Cold Lake 000000002000 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2000 7004138390000000000 ♠ 13,839 7004119910000000000 ♠ 11,991 7001154000000000000 ♠ 15.4 7001593000000000000 ♠ 59.30 7002233400000000000 ♠ 233.4 Edmonton 000000001904 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1904 7005812201000000000 ♠ 812,201 7005730372000000000 ♠ 730,372 7001112000000000000 ♠ 11.2 7002684370000000000 ♠ 684.37 7003118680000000000 ♠ 1,186.8 Fort Saskatchewan 000000001985 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1985 7004190510000000000 ♠ 19,051 7004149570000000000 ♠ 14,957 7001274000000000000 ♠ 27.4 7001481200000000000 ♠ 48.12 7002395900000000000 ♠ 395.9 Grande Prairie 000000001958 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1958 7004550320000000000 ♠ 55,032 7004471070000000000 ♠ 47,107 7001168000000000000 ♠ 16.8 7001728000000000000 ♠ 72.80 7002755900000000000 ♠ 755.9 Lacombe 000000002010 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 2010 7004117070000000000 ♠ 11,707 7004107520000000000 ♠ 10,752 7000890000000000000 ♠ 8.9 7001208900000000000 ♠ 20.89 7002560290000099999 ♠ 560.3 Leduc 000000001983 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1983 7004242790000000000 ♠ 24,279 7004169670000000000 ♠ 16,967 7001431000000000000 ♠ 43.1 7001369700000000000 ♠ 36.97 7002656700000000000 ♠ 656.7 Lethbridge 000000001906 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1906 7004835170000000000 ♠ 83,517 7004746850000000000 ♠ 74,685 7001118000000000000 ♠ 11.8 7002122360000000000 ♠ 122.36 7002682600000000000 ♠ 682.6 Lloydminster ( part ) 000000001958 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1958 7004180320000000000 ♠ 18,032 7004159100000000000 ♠ 15,910 7001133000000000000 ♠ 13.3 7001241900000000000 ♠ 24.19 7002745600000000000 ♠ 745.6 Medicine Hat 000000001906 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1906 7004600050000000000 ♠ 60,005 7004569970000000000 ♠ 56,997 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.3 7002112010000000000 ♠ 112.01 7002535700000000000 ♠ 535.7 Red Deer 000000001913 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1913 7004905640000000000 ♠ 90,564 7004831540000000000 ♠ 83,154 7000890000000000000 ♠ 8.9 7002104290000000000 ♠ 104.29 7002868400000000000 ♠ 868.4 Spruce Grove 000000001986 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1986 7004261710000000000 ♠ 26,171 7004195410000000000 ♠ 19,541 7001339000000000000 ♠ 33.9 7001323699999900000 ♠ 32.37 7002808600000000000 ♠ 808.6 St. Albert 000000001977 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1977 7004614660000000000 ♠ 61,466 7004577640000000000 ♠ 57,764 7000640000000000000 ♠ 6.4 7001482700000000000 ♠ 48.27 7003127340000000000 ♠ 1,273.4 Wetaskiwin 000000001906 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1906 7004125250000000000 ♠ 12,525 7004116890000000000 ♠ 11,689 7000720000000000000 ♠ 7.2 7001182000000000000 ♠ 18.20 7002688200000000000 ♠ 688.2 Total cities -- 7006247451000000000 ♠ 2,474,510 7006220768600000000 ♠ 2,207,686 7001121000000000000 ♠ 12.1 7003233586000000000 ♠ 2,335.86 7003105940000000000 ♠ 1,059.4 Notes : Jump up ^ Brooks is Alberta 's smallest city by area . Jump up ^ Calgary is Canada 's third - largest city , Alberta 's largest city by both population and area , and was Alberta 's first city , incorporated on January 1 , 1894 . The Calgary census metropolitan area ( CMA ) includes the cities of Airdrie , Calgary and Chestermere . Jump up ^ Chestermere , known as Chestermere Lake prior to March 1 , 1993 , is Alberta 's newest city , incorporated on January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edmonton is Canada 's fifth - largest city and Alberta 's capital . The Edmonton CMA includes the cities of Edmonton , Fort Saskatchewan , Leduc , Spruce Grove and St. Albert . Jump up ^ Lacombe is Alberta 's smallest city by population . Jump up ^ The balance of Lloydminster is located within Saskatchewan . Jump up ^ This population does not include 11,637 in the Saskatchewan portion of Lloydminster . The city 's total population in 2011 was 27,804 . Jump up ^ This area does not include 17.34 km ( 6.70 sq mi ) in the Saskatchewan portion of Lloydminster . The city 's total area in 2011 was 41.53 km ( 16.03 sq mi ) British Columbia ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in British Columbia In British Columbia , a community can be incorporated as a city if its population exceeds 5,000 . Once so incorporated , a city does not lose this status even if its population later declines ; the once - larger City of Greenwood , for example , now has a population of just 665 people . ( 1 ) British Columbia has 50 cities . Cities in British Columbia Name Location Incorporation Date ( City ) Population ( 2011 ) Population ( 2006 ) Change ( % ) Land Area ( km ) Population Density ( / km ) Abbotsford Abbotsford , City of City Fraser Valley 1995 - 12 - 12 ! December 12 , 1995 7005133497000000000 ♠ 133,497 7005124258000000000 ♠ 124,258 7000740000000000000 ♠ 7.4 7002375550000000000 ♠ 375.55 7002355500000000000 ♠ 355.5 Armstrong Armstrong , City of City North Okanagan 1913 - 03 - 31 ! March 31 , 1913 7003481500000000000 ♠ 4,815 7003424100000000000 ♠ 4,241 7001135000000000000 ♠ 13.5 7000519000000000000 ♠ 5.19 7002928000000000000 ♠ 928.0 Burnaby Burnaby , City of City Metro Vancouver 1892 - 09 - 22 ! September 22 , 1892 7005223218000000000 ♠ 223,218 7005202799000000000 ♠ 202,799 7001101000000000000 ♠ 10.1 7001906100000000000 ♠ 90.61 7003246350000000000 ♠ 2,463.5 Campbell River Campbell River , City of City Strathcona 1947 - 06 - 24 ! June 24 , 1947 7004311860000000000 ♠ 31,186 7004295720000000000 ♠ 29,572 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 7002143120000000000 ♠ 143.12 7002217900000000000 ♠ 217.9 Castlegar Castlegar , City of City Central Kootenay 1974 - 01 - 01 ! January 1 , 1974 7003781600000000000 ♠ 7,816 7003725900000000000 ♠ 7,259 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 7001195809999999999 ♠ 19.58 7002399300000000000 ♠ 399.3 Chilliwack Chilliwack , City of City Fraser Valley 1873 - 04 - 26 ! April 26 , 1873 7004779360000000000 ♠ 77,936 7004692170000000000 ♠ 69,217 7001126000000000000 ♠ 12.6 7002261500000000000 ♠ 261.50 7002298000000000000 ♠ 298.0 Colwood Colwood , City of City Capital 1985 - 06 - 24 ! June 24 , 1985 7004160930000000000 ♠ 16,093 7004146870000000000 ♠ 14,687 7000960000000000000 ♠ 9.6 7001176600000000000 ♠ 17.66 7002911200000000000 ♠ 911.2 Coquitlam Coquitlam , City of City Metro Vancouver 1891 - 07 - 25 ! July 25 , 1891 7005126840000000000 ♠ 126,840 7005114565000000000 ♠ 114,565 7001107009999900000 ♠ 10.7 7002122300000000000 ♠ 122.30 7003103719999999999 ♠ 1,037.1 Courtenay Courtenay , The Corporation of the City of City Comox Valley 1915 - 01 - 01 ! January 1 , 1915 7004240990000000000 ♠ 24,099 7004220210000000000 ♠ 22,021 7000940000000000000 ♠ 9.4 7001293800000000000 ♠ 29.38 7002820200000000000 ♠ 820.2 Cranbrook Cranbrook , The Corporation of the City of City East Kootenay 1905 - 11 - 01 ! November 1 , 1905 7004193190000000000 ♠ 19,319 7004183290000000000 ♠ 18,329 7000540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 7001319500000000000 ♠ 31.95 7002604700000000000 ♠ 604.7 Dawson Creek Dawson Creek , The Corporation of the City of City Peace River 1936 - 05 - 26 ! May 26 , 1936 7004115830000000000 ♠ 11,583 7004109940000000000 ♠ 10,994 7000540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 7001243700000000000 ♠ 24.37 7002475400000000000 ♠ 475.4 Delta Delta , City of City Greater Vancouver 2017 - 09 - 22 ! September 22 , 2017 7004998630000000000 ♠ 99,863 7004966350000000000 ♠ 96,635 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 7002180110000000000 ♠ 180.11 7002554400000000000 ♠ 554.4 Duncan Duncan , The Corporation of the City of City Cowichan Valley 1912 - 03 - 04 ! March 4 , 1912 7003493200000000000 ♠ 4,932 7003498600000000000 ♠ 4,986 2999890000000000000 ♠ − 1.1 7000207009999999999 ♠ 2.07 7003238170000099999 ♠ 2,381.7 Enderby Enderby , The Corporation of the City of City North Okanagan 1905 - 03 - 01 ! March 1 , 1905 7003293200000000000 ♠ 2,932 7003282800000000000 ♠ 2,828 7000370000000000000 ♠ 3.7 7000426000000000000 ♠ 4.26 7002687700000000000 ♠ 687.7 Fernie Fernie , The Corporation of the City of City East Kootenay 1904 - 07 - 28 ! July 28 , 1904 7003444800000000000 ♠ 4,448 7003421700000000000 ♠ 4,217 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 7001148300000000000 ♠ 14.83 7002299800000000000 ♠ 299.8 Fort St. John Fort St. John , City of City Peace River 1947 - 12 - 31 ! December 31 , 1947 7004186090000000000 ♠ 18,609 7004174020000000000 ♠ 17,402 7000690000000000000 ♠ 6.9 7001226900000000000 ♠ 22.69 7002820200000000000 ♠ 820.2 Grand Forks Grand Forks , The Corporation of the City of City Kootenay Boundary 1897 - 04 - 15 ! April 15 , 1897 7003398500000000000 ♠ 3,985 7003403600000000000 ♠ 4,036 2999870000000099999 ♠ − 1.3 7001104300000000000 ♠ 10.43 7002382000000000000 ♠ 382.0 Greenwood Greenwood , The Corporation of the City of City Kootenay Boundary 1897 - 07 - 12 ! July 12 , 1897 7002708000000000000 ♠ 708 7002625000000000000 ♠ 625 7001133000000000000 ♠ 13.3 7000242000000000000 ♠ 2.42 7002292700000000000 ♠ 292.7 Kamloops Kamloops , City of City Thompson - Nicola 1967 - 10 - 17 ! October 17 , 1967 7004856780000000000 ♠ 85,678 7004803760000000000 ♠ 80,376 7000660000000000000 ♠ 6.6 7002299230000000000 ♠ 299.23 7002286300000000000 ♠ 286.3 Kelowna Kelowna , City of City Central Okanagan 1905 - 05 - 04 ! May 4 , 1905 7005117312000000000 ♠ 117,312 7005107035000000000 ♠ 107,035 7000960000000000000 ♠ 9.6 7002211820000000000 ♠ 211.82 7002553790000099999 ♠ 553.8 Kimberley Kimberley , City of City East Kootenay 1944 - 03 - 29 ! March 29 , 1944 7003665200000000000 ♠ 6,652 7003613900000000000 ♠ 6,139 7000840000000000000 ♠ 8.4 7001606200000000000 ♠ 60.62 7002109700000000000 ♠ 109.7 Langford Langford , City of City Capital 1992 - 12 - 08 ! December 8 , 1992 7004292280000000000 ♠ 29,228 7004224590000000000 ♠ 22,459 7001301000000000000 ♠ 30.1 7001399400000000000 ♠ 39.94 7002731900000000000 ♠ 731.9 Langley Langley , City of City Metro Vancouver 1955 - 03 - 15 ! March 15 , 1955 7004250810000000000 ♠ 25,081 7004236060000000000 ♠ 23,606 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 7001102200000000000 ♠ 10.22 7003245460000000000 ♠ 2,454.6 Maple Ridge Maple Ridge , City of City Metro Vancouver 2014 - 09 - 12 ! September 12 , 2014 7004760520000000000 ♠ 76,052 7004689490000000000 ♠ 68,949 7001103000000000000 ♠ 10.3 7002266779999999999 ♠ 266.78 7002285100000000000 ♠ 285.1 Merritt Merritt , City of City Thompson - Nicola 1911 - 04 - 01 ! April 1 , 1911 7003711300000000000 ♠ 7,113 7003699800000000000 ♠ 6,998 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7001248200000000000 ♠ 24.82 7002286600000000000 ♠ 286.6 Nanaimo Nanaimo , City of City Nanaimo 1874 - 12 - 24 ! December 24 , 1874 7004838100000000000 ♠ 83,810 7004786920000000000 ♠ 78,692 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6.5 7001913000000000000 ♠ 91.30 7002918000000000000 ♠ 918.0 Nelson Nelson , The Corporation of the City of City Central Kootenay 1897 - 03 - 18 ! March 18 , 1897 7004102300000000000 ♠ 10,230 7003925800000000000 ♠ 9,258 7001105000000000000 ♠ 10.5 7001119300000000000 ♠ 11.93 7002857700000000000 ♠ 857.7 New Westminster New Westminster , The Corporation of the City of City Metro Vancouver 1860 - 07 - 16 ! July 16 , 1860 7004659760000000000 ♠ 65,976 7004585490000000000 ♠ 58,549 7001127000000000000 ♠ 12.7 7001156300000000000 ♠ 15.63 7003422220000000000 ♠ 4,222.2 North Vancouver North Vancouver , The Corporation of the City of City Metro Vancouver 1891 - 08 - 10 ! August 10 , 1891 7004481960000000000 ♠ 48,196 7004451650000000000 ♠ 45,165 7000670000000000000 ♠ 6.7 7001118300000000000 ♠ 11.83 7003407380000000000 ♠ 4,073.8 Parksville Parksville , City of City Nanaimo 1945 - 06 - 19 ! June 19 , 1945 7004119770000000000 ♠ 11,977 7004109930000000000 ♠ 10,993 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9.0 7001144400000000000 ♠ 14.44 7002829600000000000 ♠ 829.6 Penticton Penticton , The Corporation of the City of City Okanagan - Similkameen 1909 - 01 - 01 ! January 1 , 1909 7004328770000000000 ♠ 32,877 7004319090000000000 ♠ 31,909 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 7001421000000000000 ♠ 42.10 7002780900000000000 ♠ 780.9 Pitt Meadows Pitt Meadows , City of City Metro Vancouver 1914 - 04 - 25 ! April 25 , 1914 7004177360000000000 ♠ 17,736 7004156230000000000 ♠ 15,623 7001135000000000000 ♠ 13.5 7001865100000000000 ♠ 86.51 7002205000000000000 ♠ 205.0 Port Alberni Port Alberni , City of City Alberni - Clayoquot 1967 - 10 - 28 ! October 28 , 1967 7004177430000000000 ♠ 17,743 7004175480000000000 ♠ 17,548 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 7001197600000000000 ♠ 19.76 7002897900000000000 ♠ 897.9 Port Coquitlam Port Coquitlam , The Corporation of the City of City Metro Vancouver 1913 - 03 - 07 ! March 7 , 1913 7004559580000000000 ♠ 55,958 7004526870000000000 ♠ 52,687 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 7001291700000000000 ♠ 29.17 7003191830000000000 ♠ 1,918.3 Port Moody Port Moody , City of City Metro Vancouver 1913 - 03 - 11 ! March 11 , 1913 7004329750000000000 ♠ 32,975 7004275120000000000 ♠ 27,512 7001199009999900000 ♠ 19.9 7001258900000000000 ♠ 25.89 7003127380000000000 ♠ 1,273.8 Powell River Powell River , The Corporation of the City of City Powell River 1955 - 10 - 15 ! October 15 , 1955 7004131650000000000 ♠ 13,165 7004129570000000000 ♠ 12,957 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7001289100000000000 ♠ 28.91 7002455300000000000 ♠ 455.3 Prince George Prince George , City of City Fraser - Fort George 1915 - 03 - 06 ! March 6 , 1915 7004719740000000000 ♠ 71,974 7004709810000000000 ♠ 70,981 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 7002318260000000000 ♠ 318.26 7002226100000000000 ♠ 226.1 Prince Rupert Prince Rupert , City of City Skeena - Queen Charlotte 1910 - 03 - 10 ! March 10 , 1910 7004125080000000000 ♠ 12,508 7004128150000000000 ♠ 12,815 2999760000000000000 ♠ − 2.4 7001549300000000000 ♠ 54.93 7002227700000000000 ♠ 227.7 Quesnel Quesnel , City of City Cariboo 1928 - 03 - 21 ! March 21 , 1928 7004100070000000000 ♠ 10,007 7003932600000000000 ♠ 9,326 7000730000000000000 ♠ 7.3 7001353800000000000 ♠ 35.38 7002282800000000000 ♠ 282.8 Revelstoke Revelstoke , City of City Columbia Shuswap 1899 - 03 - 01 ! March 1 , 1899 7003713900000000000 ♠ 7,139 7003723000000000000 ♠ 7,230 2999870000000099999 ♠ − 1.3 7001407600000000000 ♠ 40.76 7002175100000000000 ♠ 175.1 Richmond Richmond , City of City Metro Vancouver 1879 - 11 - 10 ! November 10 , 1879 7005190473000000000 ♠ 190,473 7005174461000000000 ♠ 174,461 7000920000000099999 ♠ 9.2 7002129270000000000 ♠ 129.27 7003147350000000000 ♠ 1,473.5 Rossland Rossland , The Corporation of the City of City Kootenay Boundary 1897 - 03 - 18 ! March 18 , 1897 7003355600000000000 ♠ 3,556 7003327800000000000 ♠ 3,278 7000850000000000000 ♠ 8.5 7001597900000000000 ♠ 59.79 7001595000000000000 ♠ 59.5 Salmon Arm Salmon Arm , City of City Columbia Shuswap 1905 - 05 - 15 ! May 15 , 1905 7004174640000000000 ♠ 17,464 7004160120000000000 ♠ 16,012 7000910000000000000 ♠ 9.1 7002155280000000000 ♠ 155.28 7002112500000000000 ♠ 112.5 Surrey Surrey , City of City Metro Vancouver 1879 - 11 - 10 ! November 10 , 1879 7005468251000000000 ♠ 468,251 7005394976000000000 ♠ 394,976 7001186000000000000 ♠ 18.6 7002316410000000000 ♠ 316.41 7003147990000000000 ♠ 1,479.9 Terrace Terrace , City of City Kitimat - Stikine 1927 - 12 - 31 ! December 31 , 1927 7004114860000000000 ♠ 11,486 7004113200000000000 ♠ 11,320 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 7001573600000000000 ♠ 57.36 7002200300000000000 ♠ 200.3 Trail Trail , City of City Kootenay Boundary 1901 - 06 - 14 ! June 14 , 1901 7003768100000000000 ♠ 7,681 7003723700000000000 ♠ 7,237 7000610000000000000 ♠ 6.1 7001349300000000000 ♠ 34.93 7002219900000000000 ♠ 219.9 Vancouver Vancouver , City of City Metro Vancouver 1886 - 04 - 06 ! April 6 , 1886 7005603502000000000 ♠ 603,502 7005578041000000000 ♠ 578,041 7000440000000000000 ♠ 4.4 7002114970000000000 ♠ 114.97 7003524910000000000 ♠ 5,249.1 Vernon Vernon , The Corporation of the City of City North Okanagan 1892 - 12 - 30 ! December 30 , 1892 7004381500000000000 ♠ 38,150 7004359790000000000 ♠ 35,979 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6.0 7001957600000000000 ♠ 95.76 7002398400000000000 ♠ 398.4 Victoria Victoria , The Corporation of the City of City Capital 1862 - 08 - 02 ! August 2 , 1862 7004800170000000000 ♠ 80,017 7004780570000000000 ♠ 78,057 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 7001194700000000000 ♠ 19.47 7003410949999999999 ♠ 4,109.4 West Kelowna West Kelowna , City of City Central Okanagan 2015 - 07 - 26 ! June 26 , 2015 7004308920000000000 ♠ 30,892 7004272140000000000 ♠ 27,214 7001135000000000000 ♠ 13.5 7002123510000000000 ♠ 123.51 7002250100000000000 ♠ 250.1 White Rock White Rock , The Corporation of the City of City Metro Vancouver 1957 - 04 - 15 ! April 15 , 1957 7004193390000000000 ♠ 19,339 7004187550000000000 ♠ 18,755 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 7000513000000000000 ♠ 5.13 7003377350000000000 ♠ 3,773.5 Williams Lake Williams Lake , City of City Cariboo 1929 - 03 - 15 ! March 15 , 1929 7004108320000000000 ♠ 10,832 7004107440000000000 ♠ 10,744 6999800000000000000 ♠ 0.8 7001331300000000000 ♠ 33.13 7002327000000000000 ♠ 327.0 Total cities -- 2,950,111 2,881,552 8.03125 4,243 1031.435 Notes : Jump up ^ Vancouver is Canada 's eighth - largest city and British Columbia 's largest city by population . The Vancouver CMA includes the cities of Burnaby , Coquitlam , Langley , New Westminster , North Vancouver , Pitt Meadows , Port Coquitlam , Port Moody , Richmond , Surrey , Vancouver and White Rock . Jump up ^ Victoria is British Columbia 's capital . The Victoria CMA includes the cities of Colwood , Langford and Victoria . Manitoba ( edit ) Cities and towns in Manitoba Main article : List of cities in Manitoba A community in Manitoba may seek city status once reaching a population of 7,500 . Manitoba 's newest city is Morden , which changed from town to city status on August 24 , 2012 . Manitoba has 10 cities . Cities in Manitoba Name Population ( 2011 ) Population ( 2006 ) Change ( % ) Area ( km2 ) Population density Brandon 7004460610000000000 ♠ 46,061 7004415110000000000 ♠ 41,511 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001768900000000000 ♠ 76.89 7002599100000000000 ♠ 599.1 Dauphin 7003825100000000000 ♠ 8,251 7003790600000000000 ♠ 7,906 7000440000000000000 ♠ 4.4 7001126500000000000 ♠ 12.65 7002652100000000000 ♠ 652.1 Flin Flon ( part ) 7003536300000000000 ♠ 5,363 7003559400000000000 ♠ 5,594 2999590000000000000 ♠ − 4.1 7001138800000000000 ♠ 13.88 7002386400000000000 ♠ 386.4 Morden 7003781200000000000 ♠ 7,812 7003657100000000000 ♠ 6,571 7001189009999900000 ♠ 18.9 7001163900000000000 ♠ 16.39 7002476700000000000 ♠ 476.7 Portage la Prairie 7004129960000000000 ♠ 12,996 7004127280000000000 ♠ 12,728 7000210000000000000 ♠ 2.1 7001246700000000000 ♠ 24.67 7002526700000000000 ♠ 526.7 Selkirk 7003983400000000000 ♠ 9,834 7003951500000000000 ♠ 9,515 7000340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 7001248700000000000 ♠ 24.87 7002395400000000000 ♠ 395.4 Steinbach 7004135240000000000 ♠ 13,524 7004110660000000000 ♠ 11,066 7001222000000000000 ♠ 22.2 7001255700000000000 ♠ 25.57 7002528900000000000 ♠ 528.9 Thompson 7004128290000000000 ♠ 12,829 7004134460000000000 ♠ 13,446 2999540000000000000 ♠ − 4.6 7001171800000000000 ♠ 17.18 7002746900000000000 ♠ 746.9 Winkler 7004106700000000000 ♠ 10,670 7003910600000000000 ♠ 9,106 7001172000000000000 ♠ 17.2 7001170100000000000 ♠ 17.01 7002627200000000000 ♠ 627.2 Winnipeg 7005663617000000000 ♠ 663,617 7005633451000000000 ♠ 633,451 7000480000000000000 ♠ 4.8 7002464080000000000 ♠ 464.08 7003143000000000000 ♠ 1,430 Total cities 7005790957000000000 ♠ 790,957 7005750894000000000 ♠ 750,894 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.3 7002693190000000000 ♠ 693.19 7003114100000000000 ♠ 1,141.0 Notes : Jump up ^ Dauphin is Manitoba 's smallest city by area . Jump up ^ Flin Flon is Manitoba 's smallest city by population . The balance of Flin Flon is located within Saskatchewan . Jump up ^ This population does not include 229 in the Saskatchewan portion of Flin Flon . The city 's total population in 2011 was 5,592 . Jump up ^ This area does not include 2.37 km ( 0.92 sq mi ) in the Saskatchewan portion of Flin Flon . The city 's total area in 2011 was 16.25 km ( 6.27 sq mi ) . Jump up ^ Morden is Manitoba 's newest city , incorporated August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Winnipeg is Canada 's seventh - largest city and Manitoba 's capital and largest city by both population and area . The Winnipeg census metropolitan area ( CMA ) is formed around the City of Winnipeg . New Brunswick ( edit ) Cities and towns in New Brunswick Main article : List of cities in New Brunswick New Brunswick has eight cities . Cities in New Brunswick Name Council type Council size Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2011 ) Change ( % ) Land area ( km2 ) Population density ( per km2 ) Bathurst at - large 7 7004118970000000000 ♠ 11,897 7004122750000000000 ♠ 12,275 2999690000000000000 ♠ − 3.1 7001920400000000000 ♠ 92.04 7002129300000000000 ♠ 129.3 Campbellton at - large 6 7003688300000000000 ♠ 6,883 7003738500000000000 ♠ 7,385 2999320000000000000 ♠ − 6.8 7001185809999999999 ♠ 18.58 7002370500000000000 ♠ 370.5 Dieppe ward 8 7004253840000000000 ♠ 25,384 7004233100000000000 ♠ 23,310 7000890000000000000 ♠ 8.9 7001540500000000000 ♠ 54.05 7002469600000000000 ♠ 469.6 Edmundston ward 8 7004165800000000000 ♠ 16,580 7004160320000000000 ♠ 16,032 7000340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 7002106850000000000 ♠ 106.85 7002155190000000000 ♠ 155.2 Fredericton ward 12 7004582200000000000 ♠ 58,220 7004562240000000000 ♠ 56,224 7000360000000000000 ♠ 3.6 7002132570000000000 ♠ 132.57 7002439200000000000 ♠ 439.2 Miramichi at - large 8 7004175370000000000 ♠ 17,537 7004178110000000000 ♠ 17,811 2999850000000000000 ♠ − 1.5 7002179930000000000 ♠ 179.93 7001990000000000000 ♠ 99.0 Moncton ward 10 7004718890000000000 ♠ 71,889 7004690740000000000 ♠ 69,074 7000410009999999999 ♠ 4.1 7002141919999900000 ♠ 141.92 7002506500000000000 ♠ 506.5 Saint John ward 10 7004675750000000000 ♠ 67,575 7004700630000000000 ♠ 70,063 2999640000000000000 ♠ − 3.6 7002315950000000000 ♠ 315.96 7002213900000000000 ♠ 213.9 Total cities -- -- 7005275965000000000 ♠ 275,965 7005256141000000000 ♠ 256,141 7003104022000000000 ♠ 1,040.22 7002261700000000000 ♠ 261.7 Notes : Jump up ^ Campbellton is New Brunswick 's smallest city by population and area . Jump up ^ Fredericton is New Brunswick 's capital . Jump up ^ The Moncton census metropolitan area ( CMA ) includes the City of Dieppe . Jump up ^ Saint John is New Brunswick 's second largest city by population and area . The Saint John CMA is formed around the City of Saint John . Newfoundland and Labrador ( edit ) Main article : List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador has three cities . Name Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2011 ) Change ( % ) Area ( km2 ) Population density Corner Brook 7004198060000000000 ♠ 19,806 7004198860000000000 ♠ 19,886 3000600000000000000 ♠ − 0.4 7002148260000000000 ♠ 148.26 7002133600000000000 ♠ 133.6 Mount Pearl 7004229570000000000 ♠ 22,957 7004242840000000000 ♠ 24,284 2999450000000000000 ♠ − 5.5 7001157600000000000 ♠ 15.76 7003145680000000000 ♠ 1,456.8 St. John 's 7005108860000000000 ♠ 108,860 7005106172000000000 ♠ 106,172 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 7002445880000000000 ♠ 445.88 7002244100000000000 ♠ 244.1 Total cities 7005151623000000000 ♠ 151,623 7005150342000000000 ♠ 150,342 2999890000000000000 ♠ − 1.1 7002609900000000000 ♠ 609.90 7002611500000000000 ♠ 611.5 Notes : Jump up ^ Corner Brook is Newfoundland and Labrador 's smallest city by population . Jump up ^ Mount Pearl is Newfoundland and Labrador 's smallest city by area . Jump up ^ St. John 's is Newfoundland and Labrador 's capital and largest city by both population and area . The St. John 's census metropolitan area includes the cities of Mount Pearl and St. John 's . Northwest territories ( edit ) See also : List of communities in the Northwest Territories As in the other two Canadian territories , the only incorporated city in the Northwest Territories is its capital , Yellowknife . Name Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2011 ) Change ( % ) Area ( km2 ) Population density Yellowknife 7004195690000000000 ♠ 19,569 7004192340000000000 ♠ 19,234 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 7002105470000000000 ♠ 105.47 7002185500000000000 ♠ 185.5 Nova Scotia ( edit ) Towns and former cities in Nova Scotia See also : List of municipalities in Nova Scotia Nova Scotia no longer has any incorporated cities , as they were amalgamated into regional municipalities in the 1990s . Halifax -- provincial capital and metropolitan area and formerly the largest city in Nova Scotia by population , now part of the Halifax Regional Municipality Sydney -- formerly the smallest city in Nova Scotia by population , now part of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality Dartmouth -- formerly a city in Nova Scotia , now part of the Halifax Regional Municipality Nunavut ( edit ) See also : List of communities in Nunavut As in the other two Canadian territories , the only incorporated city in Nunavut is its capital , Iqaluit . Name Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2011 ) Change ( % ) Area ( km2 ) Population density Iqaluit 7003774000000000000 ♠ 7,740 7003669900000000000 ♠ 6,699 7001155000000000000 ♠ 15.5 7001525000000000000 ♠ 52.50 7002147400000000000 ♠ 147.4 Ontario ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in Ontario In Ontario , city status is conferred by the provincial government , generally upon the request of the incorporated municipality . A municipality may apply for city status anytime after its population surpasses 10,000 . This status is not automatically conferred on a community that reaches this population target , but must be requested by the municipality and granted by the provincial Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing . Not all municipalities which reach this population target have pursued city designation . For example , Ajax , Oakville , Richmond Hill and Whitby , which all had populations greater than 100,000 in 2011 , are still designated as towns . Once designated a city , however , a municipality does not lose this status even if its population later falls back below 10,000 ( as , for example , Dryden ) . Ontario 's newest city is Markham , which changed from town to city status on July 1 , 2012 . Ontario has 51 cities . Cities in Ontario Name Municipal status Census division Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2011 ) Change ( % ) Area ( km2 ) Population density Barrie Single - tier Simcoe 7005141434000000000 ♠ 141,434 7005136063000000000 ♠ 136,063 7000390000000000000 ♠ 3.9 7001990400000000000 ♠ 99.04 7003142800000000000 ♠ 1,428.0 Belleville Single - tier Hastings 7004507160000000000 ♠ 50,716 7004494540000000000 ♠ 49,454 7000260000000000000 ♠ 2.6 7002247250000000000 ♠ 247.25 7002205100000000000 ♠ 205.1 Brampton Lower - tier Peel 7005593638000000000 ♠ 593,638 7005523911000000000 ♠ 523,911 7001133000000000000 ♠ 13.3 7002266360000000000 ♠ 266.36 7003222870000099999 ♠ 2,228.7 Brant Single - tier Brant 7004367070000000000 ♠ 36,707 7004356380000000000 ♠ 35,638 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 7002843250000000000 ♠ 843.25 7001435000000000000 ♠ 43.5 Brantford Single - tier Brant 7004974960000000000 ♠ 97,496 7004936500000000000 ♠ 93,650 7000410009999999999 ♠ 4.1 7001724400000000000 ♠ 72.44 7003134590000000000 ♠ 1,345.9 Brockville Single - tier Leeds and Grenville 7004213460000000000 ♠ 21,346 7004218700000000000 ♠ 21,870 2999760000000000000 ♠ − 2.4 7001208500000000000 ♠ 20.85 7003102360000000000 ♠ 1,023.6 Burlington Lower - tier Halton 7005183314000000000 ♠ 183,314 7005175779000000000 ♠ 175,779 7000430000000000000 ♠ 4.3 7002185660000000000 ♠ 185.66 7002987300000000000 ♠ 987.3 Cambridge Lower - tier Waterloo 7005129920000000000 ♠ 129,920 7005126748000000000 ♠ 126,748 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 7002113010000000000 ♠ 113.01 7003114960000099999 ♠ 1,149.6 Clarence - Rockland Lower - tier Prescott and Russell 7004245120000000000 ♠ 24,512 7004231850000000000 ♠ 23,185 7000570000000000000 ♠ 5.7 7002297700000000000 ♠ 297.71 7001823000000000000 ♠ 82.3 Cornwall Single - tier Stormont , Dundas and Glengarry 7004465890000000000 ♠ 46,589 7004463400000000000 ♠ 46,340 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 7001615600000000000 ♠ 61.56 7002756800000000000 ♠ 756.8 Dryden Single - tier Kenora 7003774900000000000 ♠ 7,749 7003761700000000000 ♠ 7,617 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 7001661900000000000 ♠ 66.19 7002117100000000000 ♠ 117.1 Elliot Lake Single - tier Algoma 7004107410000000000 ♠ 10,741 7004113480000000000 ♠ 11,348 2999470000000000000 ♠ − 5.3 7002714650000000000 ♠ 714.65 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15.0 Greater Sudbury Single - tier Sudbury 7005161531000000000 ♠ 161,531 7005160274000000000 ♠ 160,274 6999800000000000000 ♠ 0.8 7003322835000000000 ♠ 3,228.35 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.0 Guelph Single - tier Wellington 7005131794000000000 ♠ 131,794 7005121688000000000 ♠ 121,688 7000830000000000000 ♠ 8.3 7001872200000000000 ♠ 87.22 7003151110000000000 ♠ 1,511.1 Haldimand County Single - tier Haldimand 7004456080000000000 ♠ 45,608 7004448760000000000 ♠ 44,876 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7003125154000000000 ♠ 1,251.54 7001364000000000000 ♠ 36.4 Hamilton Single - tier Hamilton 7005536917000000000 ♠ 536,917 7005519949000000000 ♠ 519,949 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 7003111729000000000 ♠ 1,117.29 7002480600000000000 ♠ 480.6 Kawartha Lakes Single - tier Kawartha Lakes 7004754230000000000 ♠ 75,423 7004732140000000000 ♠ 73,214 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 7003308438000000000 ♠ 3,084.38 7001245000000000000 ♠ 24.5 Kenora Single - tier Kenora 7004150960000000000 ♠ 15,096 7004153480000000000 ♠ 15,348 2999840000000000000 ♠ − 1.6 7002211590000000000 ♠ 211.59 7001713000000000000 ♠ 71.3 Kingston Single - tier Frontenac 7005123798000000000 ♠ 123,798 7005123363000000000 ♠ 123,363 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 7002451190000000000 ♠ 451.19 7002274390000099999 ♠ 274.4 Kitchener Lower - tier Waterloo 7005233222000000000 ♠ 233,222 7005219153000000000 ♠ 219,153 7000640000000000000 ♠ 6.4 7002136770000000000 ♠ 136.77 7003170520000000000 ♠ 1,705.2 London Single - tier Middlesex 7005383822000000000 ♠ 383,822 7005366151000000000 ♠ 366,151 7000480000000000000 ♠ 4.8 7002420350000000000 ♠ 420.35 7002913100000000000 ♠ 913.1 Markham Lower - tier York 7005328966000000000 ♠ 328,966 7005301709000000000 ♠ 301,709 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9.0 7002212350000000000 ♠ 212.35 7003154920000000000 ♠ 1,549.2 Mississauga Lower - tier Peel 7005721599000000000 ♠ 721,599 7005713443000000000 ♠ 713,443 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 7002292430000000000 ♠ 292.43 7003246760000000000 ♠ 2,467.6 Niagara Falls Lower - tier Niagara 7004880710000000000 ♠ 88,071 7004829970000000000 ♠ 82,997 7000610000000000000 ♠ 6.1 7002209730000000000 ♠ 209.73 7002419900000000000 ♠ 419.9 Norfolk County Single - tier Norfolk 7004640440000000000 ♠ 64,044 7004631750000000000 ♠ 63,175 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 7003160755000000000 ♠ 1,607.55 7001398009999900000 ♠ 39.8 North Bay Single - tier Nipissing 7004515530000000000 ♠ 51,553 7004536510000000000 ♠ 53,651 2999610000000000000 ♠ − 3.9 7002319110000000000 ♠ 319.11 7002161600000000000 ♠ 161.6 Orillia Single - tier Simcoe 7004311660000000000 ♠ 31,166 7004305860000000000 ♠ 30,586 7000190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 7001285800000000000 ♠ 28.58 7003109030000000000 ♠ 1,090.3 Oshawa Lower - tier Durham 7005159458000000000 ♠ 159,458 7005149607000000000 ♠ 149,607 7000660000000000000 ♠ 6.6 7002145639999900000 ♠ 145.64 7003109490000000000 ♠ 1,094.9 Ottawa Single - tier Ottawa 7005934243000000000 ♠ 934,243 7005883391000000000 ♠ 883,391 7000580000000000000 ♠ 5.8 7003279030000000000 ♠ 2,790.30 7002334800000000000 ♠ 334.8 Owen Sound Lower - tier Grey 7004213410000000000 ♠ 21,341 7004216880000000000 ♠ 21,688 2999840000000000000 ♠ − 1.6 7001242700000000000 ♠ 24.27 7002879200000000000 ♠ 879.2 Pembroke Single - tier Renfrew 7004138820000000000 ♠ 13,882 7004143600000000000 ♠ 14,360 2999670000000000000 ♠ − 3.3 7001145600000000000 ♠ 14.56 7002953300000000000 ♠ 953.3 Peterborough Single - tier Peterborough 7004810320000000000 ♠ 81,032 7004786980000000000 ♠ 78,698 7000290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 7001642500000000000 ♠ 64.25 7003126120000000000 ♠ 1,261.2 Pickering Lower - tier Durham 7004917710000000000 ♠ 91,771 7004887210000000000 ♠ 88,721 7000340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 7002231550000000000 ♠ 231.55 7002396300000000000 ♠ 396.3 Port Colborne Lower - tier Niagara 7004183060000000000 ♠ 18,306 7004184240000000000 ♠ 18,424 3000400000000000000 ♠ − 0.6 7002121960000000000 ♠ 121.96 7002150100000000000 ♠ 150.1 Prince Edward County Single - tier Prince Edward 7004247350000000000 ♠ 24,735 7004252580000000000 ♠ 25,258 2999790000000000000 ♠ − 2.1 7003105049000000000 ♠ 1,050.49 7001235000000000000 ♠ 23.5 Quinte West Single - tier Hastings 7004435770000000000 ♠ 43,577 7004430860000000000 ♠ 43,086 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 7002494020000000000 ♠ 494.02 7001882000000000000 ♠ 88.2 Sarnia Lower - tier Lambton 7004715940000000000 ♠ 71,594 7004723660000000000 ♠ 72,366 2999890000000000000 ♠ − 1.1 7002164850000000000 ♠ 164.85 7002434300000000000 ♠ 434.3 Sault Ste . Marie Single - tier Algoma 7004733680000000000 ♠ 73,368 7004751410000000000 ♠ 75,141 2999760000000000000 ♠ − 2.4 7002223240000000000 ♠ 223.24 7002328600000000000 ♠ 328.6 St. Catharines Lower - tier Niagara 7005133113000000000 ♠ 133,113 7005131400000000000 ♠ 131,400 7000130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 7001961300000000000 ♠ 96.13 7003138480000000000 ♠ 1,384.8 St. Thomas Single - tier Elgin 7004389090000000000 ♠ 38,909 7004379050000000000 ♠ 37,905 7000260000000000000 ♠ 2.6 7001356300000000000 ♠ 35.63 7003109210000099999 ♠ 1,092.1 Stratford Single - tier Perth 7004314650000000000 ♠ 31,465 7004308860000000000 ♠ 30,886 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 7001282800000000000 ♠ 28.28 7003111250000000000 ♠ 1,112.5 Temiskaming Shores Single - tier Timiskaming 7003992000000000000 ♠ 9,920 7004104000000000000 ♠ 10,400 2999540000000000000 ♠ − 4.6 7002178110000000000 ♠ 178.11 7001557000000000000 ♠ 55.7 Thorold Lower - tier Niagara 7004188010000000000 ♠ 18,801 7004179310000000000 ♠ 17,931 7000490000000000000 ♠ 4.9 7001829909999900000 ♠ 82.99 7002226500000000000 ♠ 226.5 Thunder Bay Single - tier Thunder Bay 7005107909000000000 ♠ 107,909 7005108359000000000 ♠ 108,359 3000600000000000000 ♠ − 0.4 7002328360000000000 ♠ 328.36 7002328600000000000 ♠ 328.6 Timmins Single - tier Cochrane 7004417880000000000 ♠ 41,788 7004431650000000000 ♠ 43,165 2999680000000000000 ♠ − 3.2 7003297883000000000 ♠ 2,978.83 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14.0 Toronto Single - tier Toronto 7006273157100000000 ♠ 2,731,571 7006261506000000000 ♠ 2,615,060 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 7002630200000000000 ♠ 630.20 7003433440000099999 ♠ 4,334.4 Vaughan Lower - tier York 7005306233000000000 ♠ 306,233 7005288301000000000 ♠ 288,301 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 7002273560000000000 ♠ 273.56 7003111940000000000 ♠ 1,119.4 Waterloo Lower - tier Waterloo 7005104986000000000 ♠ 104,986 7004987800000000000 ♠ 98,780 7000630000000000000 ♠ 6.3 7001640190000000000 ♠ 64.02 7003163980000000000 ♠ 1,639.8 Welland Lower - tier Niagara 7004522930000000000 ♠ 52,293 7004506310000000000 ♠ 50,631 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 7001810400000000000 ♠ 81.04 7002645290000000000 ♠ 645.3 Windsor Single - tier Essex 7005217188000000000 ♠ 217,188 7005210891000000000 ♠ 210,891 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 7002146380000000000 ♠ 146.38 7003148380000000000 ♠ 1,483.8 Woodstock Lower - tier Oxford 7004409020000000000 ♠ 40,902 7004377540000000000 ♠ 37,754 7000830000000000000 ♠ 8.3 7001489700000000000 ♠ 48.97 7002835300000000000 ♠ 835.3 Total cities -- -- 7006970515700000000 ♠ 9,705,157 7006929338300000000 ♠ 9,293,383 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 7004259440300000000 ♠ 25,944.03 7002792050000000000 ♠ 792.05 Notes : Jump up ^ The Barrie census metropolitan area ( CMA ) is formed around the City of Barrie . Jump up ^ Brampton is Canada 's ninth - largest city . Jump up ^ The Brantford CMA includes the City of Brantford as well as the County of Brant , which is a single - tier city . Jump up ^ The City of Cambridge , as well as the cities of Kitchener and Waterloo , form parts of the Kitchener - Cambridge - Waterloo CMA . Jump up ^ Dryden is Ontario 's smallest city by population . Jump up ^ Greater Sudbury is Ontario 's largest city by area . The Greater Sudbury CMA is formed around the City of Greater Sudbury . Jump up ^ The Guelph CMA is formed around the City of Guelph . Jump up ^ Hamilton is Canada 's tenth - largest city . The Hamilton CMA includes the cities of Burlington and Hamilton . Jump up ^ The Kingston CMA is formed around the City of Kingston . Jump up ^ The City of Kitchener , as well as the cities of Cambridge and Waterloo , form parts of the Kitchener - Cambridge - Waterloo CMA . Jump up ^ The London CMA includes the cities of London and St. Thomas . Jump up ^ Markham is Ontario 's newest city , incorporated July 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ Mississauga is Canada 's sixth - largest city . Jump up ^ The City of Niagara Falls , as well as the cities of Port Colborne , St. Catharines , Thorold and Welland , form parts of the St. Catharines - Niagara CMA . Jump up ^ The Oshawa CMA is formed around the City of Oshawa . Jump up ^ Ottawa is Canada 's capital and fourth - largest city . The Ontario portion of the Ottawa - Gatineau CMA includes the cities of Clarence - Rockland and Ottawa . Jump up ^ Pembroke is Ontario 's smallest city by area . Jump up ^ The Peterborough CMA is formed around the City of Peterborough . Jump up ^ The City of St. Catharines , as well as the cities of Niagara Falls , Port Colborne , Thorold and Welland , form parts of the St. Catharines - Niagara CMA . Jump up ^ The Thunder Bay CMA is formed around the City of Thunder Bay . Jump up ^ Toronto is Ontario 's capital and Canada 's and Ontario 's largest city by population . The Toronto CMA includes the cities of Brampton , Mississauga , Pickering , Toronto and Vaughan . Jump up ^ The City of Waterloo , as well as the cities of Cambridge and Kitchener , form parts of the Kitchener - Cambridge - Waterloo CMA . Jump up ^ The Windsor CMA is formed around the City of Windsor . Prince Edward Island ( edit ) See also : List of municipalities in Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island has two cities . Name County Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2011 ) Change ( % ) Area ( km2 ) Population density Charlottetown Queens 7004360940000000000 ♠ 36,094 7004345620000000000 ♠ 34,562 7000440000000000000 ♠ 4.4 7001443400000000000 ♠ 44.34 7002814100000000000 ♠ 814.1 Summerside Prince 7004148290000000000 ♠ 14,829 7004147510000000000 ♠ 14,751 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 7001284900000000000 ♠ 28.49 7002520500000000000 ♠ 520.5 Total cities -- 7004509230000000000 ♠ 50,923 7004493130000000000 ♠ 49,313 7000245000000000000 ♠ 2.45 7001728300000000000 ♠ 72.83 7002667300000000000 ♠ 667.3 Notes : Jump up ^ Charlottetown is Prince Edward Island 's capital and largest city by population and area . Jump up ^ Summerside is Prince Edward Island 's smallest city by population and area . Quebec ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in Quebec See also : Types of municipalities in Quebec In Quebec , provincial law does not currently distinguish between towns and cities -- one designation , ville , covers both types of communities regardless of size . A ville might be informally referred to as a town or a city in English , but this is an arbitrary and subjective distinction . Quebec does , however , distinguish between villes and municipalités . Quebec has 222 villes . Villes in Quebec Name Regional county municipality Region CMA / CA Population ( 2011 ) Population ( 2006 ) Change ( % ) Area ( km2 ) Population density Acton Vale Acton Montérégie 7003766400000000000 ♠ 7,664 7003758400000000000 ♠ 7,584 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 7001909800000000000 ♠ 90.98 7001842000000000000 ♠ 84.2 Alma Lac - Saint - Jean - Est Saguenay -- Lac - Saint - Jean Alma 7004309040000000000 ♠ 30,904 7004299980000000000 ♠ 29,998 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7002195590000000000 ♠ 195.59 7002158000000000000 ♠ 158 Amos Abitibi Abitibi - Témiscamingue Amos 7004126710000000000 ♠ 12,671 7004125840000000000 ♠ 12,584 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 7002430670000000000 ♠ 430.67 7001294000000000000 ♠ 29.4 Amqui La Matapédia Bas - Saint - Laurent 7003632200000000000 ♠ 6,322 7003626100000000000 ♠ 6,261 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002120810000000000 ♠ 120.81 7001523000000000000 ♠ 52.3 Asbestos Les Sources Estrie 7003709600000000000 ♠ 7,096 7003681900000000000 ♠ 6,819 7000410009999999999 ♠ 4.1 7001296700000000000 ♠ 29.67 7002239100000000000 ♠ 239.1 Baie - Comeau Manicouagan Côte - Nord Baie - Comeau 7004221130000000000 ♠ 22,113 7004225540000000000 ♠ 22,554 2999800000000000000 ♠ − 2 7002338990000000000 ♠ 338.99 7001652000000000000 ♠ 65.2 Baie - D'Urfé Montréal Montréal 7003385000000000000 ♠ 3,850 7003390200000000000 ♠ 3,902 2999870000000099999 ♠ − 1.3 7000603000000000000 ♠ 6.03 7002638790000000000 ♠ 638.8 Baie - Saint - Paul Charlevoix Capitale - Nationale 7003733200000000000 ♠ 7,332 7003728800000000000 ♠ 7,288 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 7002546710000000000 ♠ 546.71 7001134000000000000 ♠ 13.4 Barkmere Les Laurentides Laurentides 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 2998667000000000000 ♠ − 33.3 7001189300000000000 ♠ 18.93 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 Beaconsfield Montréal Montréal 7004195050000000000 ♠ 19,505 7004191940000000000 ♠ 19,194 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 7001110100000000000 ♠ 11.01 7003177160000000000 ♠ 1,771.6 Beauceville Robert - Cliche Chaudière - Appalaches 7003635400000000000 ♠ 6,354 7003622600000000000 ♠ 6,226 7000210000000000000 ♠ 2.1 7002167540000000000 ♠ 167.54 7001379000000000000 ♠ 37.9 Beauharnois Beauharnois - Salaberry Montérégie Montréal 7004120110000000000 ♠ 12,011 7004119180000000000 ♠ 11,918 6999800000000000000 ♠ 0.8 7001690900000000000 ♠ 69.09 7002173900000000000 ♠ 173.9 Beaupré La Côte - de-Beaupré Capitale - Nationale 7003343900000000000 ♠ 3,439 7003300600000000000 ♠ 3,006 7001144000000000000 ♠ 14.4 7001226600000000000 ♠ 22.66 7002151690000000000 ♠ 151.7 Bécancour Bécancour Centre - du - Québec Trois - Rivières 7004124380000000000 ♠ 12,438 7004109750000000000 ♠ 10,975 7001133000000000000 ♠ 13.3 7002440740000000000 ♠ 440.74 7001282000000000000 ♠ 28.2 Bedford Brome - Missisquoi Montérégie 7003268400000000000 ♠ 2,684 7003261200000000000 ♠ 2,612 7000280000000099999 ♠ 2.8 7000420000000000000 ♠ 4.2 7002639400000000000 ♠ 639.4 Belleterre Témiscamingue Abitibi - Témiscamingue 7002298000000000000 ♠ 298 7002350000000000000 ♠ 350 2998851009999900000 ♠ − 14.9 7002551290000099999 ♠ 551.29 6999500000000000000 ♠ 0.5 Beloeil La Vallée - du - Richelieu Montérégie Montréal 7004207830000000000 ♠ 20,783 7004189270000000000 ♠ 18,927 7000980000000000000 ♠ 9.8 7001240900000000000 ♠ 24.09 7002862800000000000 ♠ 862.8 Berthierville D'Autray Lanaudière 7003409100000000000 ♠ 4,091 7003400700000000000 ♠ 4,007 7000210000000000000 ♠ 2.1 7000685000000000000 ♠ 6.85 7002596790000000000 ♠ 596.8 Blainville Thérèse - De Blainville Laurentides Montréal 7004535100000000000 ♠ 53,510 7004464930000000000 ♠ 46,493 7001151000000000000 ♠ 15.1 7001551000000000000 ♠ 55.1 7002971100000000000 ♠ 971.1 Boisbriand Thérèse - De Blainville Laurentides Montréal 7004268160000000000 ♠ 26,816 7004264680000000000 ♠ 26,468 7000130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 7001277500000000000 ♠ 27.75 7002966400000000000 ♠ 966.4 Bois - des - Filion Thérèse - De Blainville Laurentides Montréal 7003948500000000000 ♠ 9,485 7003838300000000000 ♠ 8,383 7001131000000000000 ♠ 13.1 7000428000000000000 ♠ 4.28 7003221620000099999 ♠ 2,216.2 Bonaventure Bonaventure Gaspésie -- Îles - de-la - Madeleine 7003277500000000000 ♠ 2,775 7003267300000000000 ♠ 2,673 7000380000000000000 ♠ 3.8 7002104150000000000 ♠ 104.15 7001266000000000000 ♠ 26.6 Boucherville Montérégie Montréal 7004407530000000000 ♠ 40,753 7004390620000000000 ♠ 39,062 7000430000000000000 ♠ 4.3 7001708100000000000 ♠ 70.81 7002575500000000000 ♠ 575.5 Brome Lake Brome - Missisquoi Montérégie 7003560900000000000 ♠ 5,609 7003562900000000000 ♠ 5,629 3000600000000000000 ♠ − 0.4 7002205270000000000 ♠ 205.27 7001273000000000000 ♠ 27.3 Bromont Brome - Missisquoi Montérégie Granby 7003764900000000000 ♠ 7,649 7003604900000000000 ♠ 6,049 7001265000000000000 ♠ 26.5 7002114420000000000 ♠ 114.42 7001669000000000000 ♠ 66.9 Brossard Montérégie Montréal 7004792730000000000 ♠ 79,273 7004711540000000000 ♠ 71,154 7001114000000000000 ♠ 11.4 7001452000000000000 ♠ 45.2 7003175390000000000 ♠ 1,753.9 Brownsburg - Chatham Argenteuil Laurentides 7003720900000000000 ♠ 7,209 7003666400000000000 ♠ 6,664 7000820009999999999 ♠ 8.2 7002248380000000000 ♠ 248.38 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Candiac Roussillon Montérégie Montréal 7004198760000000000 ♠ 19,876 7004159470000000000 ♠ 15,947 7001246000000000000 ♠ 24.6 7001175900000000000 ♠ 17.59 7003112980000000000 ♠ 1,129.8 Cap - Chat La Haute - Gaspésie Gaspésie -- Îles - de-la - Madeleine 7003262300000000000 ♠ 2,623 7003277700000000000 ♠ 2,777 2999450000000000000 ♠ − 5.5 7002181899999900000 ♠ 181.89 7001144000000000000 ♠ 14.4 Cap - Santé Portneuf Capitale - Nationale 7003299600000000000 ♠ 2,996 7003266600000000000 ♠ 2,666 7001124000000000000 ♠ 12.4 7001547900000000000 ♠ 54.79 7001547000000000000 ♠ 54.7 Carignan La Vallée - du - Richelieu Montérégie Montréal 7003796600000000000 ♠ 7,966 7003742600000000000 ♠ 7,426 7000730000000000000 ♠ 7.3 7001623100000000000 ♠ 62.31 7002127800000000000 ♠ 127.8 Carleton - sur - Mer Avignon Gaspésie -- Îles - de-la - Madeleine 7003399100000000000 ♠ 3,991 7003407700000000000 ♠ 4,077 2999790000000000000 ♠ − 2.1 7002221380000000000 ♠ 221.38 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Causapscal La Matapédia Bas - Saint - Laurent 7003245800000000000 ♠ 2,458 7003245800000000000 ♠ 2,458 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002161840000000000 ♠ 161.84 7001152000000000000 ♠ 15.2 Chambly La Vallée - du - Richelieu Montérégie Montréal 7004255710000000000 ♠ 25,571 7004226080000000000 ♠ 22,608 7001131000000000000 ♠ 13.1 7001251100000000000 ♠ 25.11 7003101820000000000 ♠ 1,018.2 Chandler Le Rocher - Percé Gaspésie -- Îles - de-la - Madeleine 7003770300000000000 ♠ 7,703 7003791400000000000 ♠ 7,914 2999730000000000000 ♠ − 2.7 7002419539999900000 ♠ 419.53 7001184009999900000 ♠ 18.4 Chapais Nord - du - Québec 7003161000000000000 ♠ 1,610 7003163000000000000 ♠ 1,630 2999880000000000000 ♠ − 1.2 7001636400000000000 ♠ 63.64 7001253000000000000 ♠ 25.3 Charlemagne L'Assomption Lanaudière Montréal 7003585300000000000 ♠ 5,853 7003559400000000000 ♠ 5,594 7000460000000099999 ♠ 4.6 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 7003270400000000000 ♠ 2,704 Châteauguay Roussillon Montérégie Montréal 7004459040000000000 ♠ 45,904 7004427860000000000 ♠ 42,786 7000730000000000000 ♠ 7.3 7001358900000000000 ♠ 35.89 7003127890000000000 ♠ 1,278.9 Château - Richer La Côte - de-Beaupré Capitale - Nationale Québec 7003383400000000000 ♠ 3,834 7003356300000000000 ♠ 3,563 7000760000000000000 ♠ 7.6 7002229550000000000 ♠ 229.55 7001167000000000000 ♠ 16.7 Chibougamau Nord - du - Québec 7003754100000000000 ♠ 7,541 7003756300000000000 ♠ 7,563 3000700000000000000 ♠ − 0.3 7002699319999900000 ♠ 699.31 7001108000000000000 ♠ 10.8 Clermont Charlevoix - Est Capitale - Nationale 7003311800000000000 ♠ 3,118 7003304100000000000 ♠ 3,041 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 7001496500000000000 ♠ 49.65 7001628000000000000 ♠ 62.8 Coaticook Coaticook Estrie 7003925500000000000 ♠ 9,255 7003920400000000000 ♠ 9,204 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 7002218570000000000 ♠ 218.57 7001423009999900000 ♠ 42.3 Contrecoeur Marguerite - D'Youville Montérégie Sorel - Tracy 7003625200000000000 ♠ 6,252 7003567800000000000 ♠ 5,678 7001101000000000000 ♠ 10.1 7001611900000000000 ♠ 61.19 7002102200000000000 ♠ 102.2 Cookshire - Eaton Le Haut - Saint - François Estrie 7003517100000000000 ♠ 5,171 7003500400000000000 ♠ 5,004 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 7002295950000000000 ♠ 295.95 7001175000000000000 ♠ 17.5 Côte Saint - Luc Montréal Montréal 7004323210000000000 ♠ 32,321 7004313950000000000 ♠ 31,395 7000290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 7000695000000000000 ♠ 6.95 7003464910000000000 ♠ 4,649.1 Coteau - du - Lac Vaudreuil - Soulanges Montérégie Montréal 7003684200000000000 ♠ 6,842 7003634600000000000 ♠ 6,346 7000780000000000000 ♠ 7.8 7001470600000000000 ♠ 47.06 7002145400000000000 ♠ 145.4 Cowansville Brome - Missisquoi Montérégie Cowansville 7004124890000000000 ♠ 12,489 7004121820000000000 ♠ 12,182 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 7001460900000000000 ♠ 46.09 7002271000000000000 ♠ 271 Danville Les Sources Estrie 7003407000000000000 ♠ 4,070 7003404100000000000 ♠ 4,041 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 7002152290000000000 ♠ 152.29 7001267000000000000 ♠ 26.7 Daveluyville Arthabaska Centre - du - Québec 7002966000000000000 ♠ 966 7003100500000000000 ♠ 1,005 2999610000000000000 ♠ − 3.9 7000223000000000000 ♠ 2.23 7002432300000000000 ♠ 432.3 Dégelis Témiscouata Bas - Saint - Laurent 7003305100000000000 ♠ 3,051 7003320900000000000 ♠ 3,209 2999510000000099999 ♠ − 4.9 7002556640000000000 ♠ 556.64 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 Delson Roussillon Montérégie Montréal 7003746200000000000 ♠ 7,462 7003732200000000000 ♠ 7,322 7000190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 7000759000000000000 ♠ 7.59 7002982600000000000 ♠ 982.6 Desbiens Lac - Saint - Jean - Est Saguenay -- Lac - Saint - Jean 7003105300000000000 ♠ 1,053 7003107400000000000 ♠ 1,074 2999800000000000000 ♠ − 2 7001104100000000000 ♠ 10.41 7002101100000000000 ♠ 101.1 Deux - Montagnes Deux - Montagnes Laurentides Montréal 7004175520000000000 ♠ 17,552 7004174020000000000 ♠ 17,402 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7000616000000000000 ♠ 6.16 7003285010000000000 ♠ 2,850.1 Disraeli Les Appalaches Chaudière - Appalaches 7003250200000000000 ♠ 2,502 7003256400000000000 ♠ 2,564 2999760000000000000 ♠ − 2.4 7000691000000000000 ♠ 6.91 7002362100000000000 ♠ 362.1 Dolbeau - Mistassini Maria - Chapdelaine Saguenay -- Lac - Saint - Jean Dolbeau - Mistassini 7004143840000000000 ♠ 14,384 7004145460000000000 ♠ 14,546 2999890000000000000 ♠ − 1.1 7002295670000000000 ♠ 295.67 7001486000000000000 ♠ 48.6 Dollard - des - Ormeaux Montréal Montréal 7004496370000000000 ♠ 49,637 7004489300000000000 ♠ 48,930 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 7001151000000000000 ♠ 15.1 7003328670000000000 ♠ 3,286.7 Donnacona Portneuf Capitale - Nationale 7003628300000000000 ♠ 6,283 7003556400000000000 ♠ 5,564 7001129000000000000 ♠ 12.9 7001200200000000000 ♠ 20.02 7002313800000000000 ♠ 313.8 Dorval Montréal Montréal 7004182080000000000 ♠ 18,208 7004180880000000000 ♠ 18,088 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 7001208800000000000 ♠ 20.88 7002872200000000000 ♠ 872.2 Drummondville Drummond Centre - du - Québec Drummondville 7004718520000000000 ♠ 71,852 7004673920000000000 ♠ 67,392 7000660000000000000 ♠ 6.6 7002246850000000000 ♠ 246.85 7002291100000000000 ♠ 291.1 Dunham Brome - Missisquoi Montérégie 7003347100000000000 ♠ 3,471 7003339600000000000 ♠ 3,396 7000220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 7002195180000000000 ♠ 195.18 7001178000000000000 ♠ 17.8 Duparquet Abitibi - Ouest Abitibi - Témiscamingue 7002657000000000000 ♠ 657 7002639000000000000 ♠ 639 7000280000000099999 ♠ 2.8 7002123630000000000 ♠ 123.63 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.3 East Angus Le Haut - Saint - François Estrie 7003374100000000000 ♠ 3,741 7003335700000000000 ♠ 3,357 7001114000000000000 ♠ 11.4 7000791000000000000 ♠ 7.91 7002472700000000000 ♠ 472.7 Estérel Les Pays - d'en - Haut Laurentides 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 7002256000000000000 ♠ 256 2998777000000000000 ♠ − 22.3 7001120400000099999 ♠ 12.04 7001165000000000000 ♠ 16.5 Farnham Brome - Missisquoi Montérégie 7003833000000000000 ♠ 8,330 7003780900000000000 ♠ 7,809 7000670000000000000 ♠ 6.7 7001920400000000000 ♠ 92.04 7001905000000000000 ♠ 90.5 Fermont Caniapiscau Côte - Nord 7003287400000000000 ♠ 2,874 7003263300000000000 ♠ 2,633 7000920000000099999 ♠ 9.2 7002470670000000000 ♠ 470.67 7000610000000000000 ♠ 6.1 Forestville La Haute - Côte - Nord Côte - Nord 7003327000000000000 ♠ 3,270 7003354300000000000 ♠ 3,543 2999230000000099999 ♠ − 7.7 7002195220000000000 ♠ 195.22 7001168000000000000 ♠ 16.8 Fossambault - sur - le - Lac La Jacques - Cartier Capitale - Nationale Québec 7003161300000000000 ♠ 1,613 7003153200000000000 ♠ 1,532 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.3 7001113800000000000 ♠ 11.38 7002141690000000000 ♠ 141.7 Gaspé La Côte - de-Gaspé Gaspésie -- Îles - de-la - Madeleine 7004151630000000000 ♠ 15,163 7004148340000000000 ♠ 14,834 7000220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 7003112107000000000 ♠ 1,121.07 7001135000000000000 ♠ 13.5 Gatineau Outaouais Ottawa - Gatineau 7005265349000000000 ♠ 265,349 7005242124000000000 ♠ 242,124 7000960000000000000 ♠ 9.6 7002342980000000000 ♠ 342.98 7002773700000000000 ♠ 773.7 Gracefield La Vallée - de-la - Gatineau Outaouais 7003235500000000000 ♠ 2,355 7003243900000000000 ♠ 2,439 2999660000000000000 ♠ − 3.4 7002386210000000000 ♠ 386.21 7000610000000000000 ♠ 6.1 Granby La Haute - Yamaska Montérégie Granby 7004634330000000000 ♠ 63,433 7004593850000000000 ♠ 59,385 7000680000000000000 ♠ 6.8 7002152720000000000 ♠ 152.72 7002415300000000000 ♠ 415.3 Grande - Rivière Le Rocher - Percé Gaspésie -- Îles - de-la - Madeleine 7003345600000000000 ♠ 3,456 7003340900000000000 ♠ 3,409 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 7001874900000000000 ♠ 87.49 7001395000000000000 ♠ 39.5 Hampstead Montréal Montréal 7003715300000000000 ♠ 7,153 7003699600000000000 ♠ 6,996 7000220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 7000179000000000000 ♠ 1.79 7003399650000000000 ♠ 3,996.5 Hudson Vaudreuil - Soulanges Montérégie Montréal 7003513500000000000 ♠ 5,135 7003508800000000000 ♠ 5,088 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7001219000000000000 ♠ 21.9 7002234500000000000 ♠ 234.5 Huntingdon Le Haut - Saint - Laurent Montérégie 7003245700000000000 ♠ 2,457 7003258700000000000 ♠ 2,587 2999500000000000000 ♠ − 5 7000260000000000000 ♠ 2.6 7002944100000000000 ♠ 944.1 Joliette Joliette Lanaudière Joliette 7004196210000000000 ♠ 19,621 7004190440000000000 ♠ 19,044 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001228100000000000 ♠ 22.81 7002860300000000000 ♠ 860.3 Kingsey Falls Arthabaska Centre - du - Québec 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 7003208600000000000 ♠ 2,086 2999590000000000000 ♠ − 4.1 7001695800000000000 ♠ 69.58 7001287000000000000 ♠ 28.7 Kirkland Montréal Montréal 7004212530000000000 ♠ 21,253 7004204910000000000 ♠ 20,491 7000370000000000000 ♠ 3.7 7000964000000000000 ♠ 9.64 7003220440000000000 ♠ 2,204.4 La Malbaie Charlevoix - Est Capitale - Nationale 7003886200000000000 ♠ 8,862 7003895900000000000 ♠ 8,959 2999890000000000000 ♠ − 1.1 7002459340000000000 ♠ 459.34 7001193000000000000 ♠ 19.3 La Pocatière Kamouraska Bas - Saint - Laurent 7003426600000000000 ♠ 4,266 7003457500000000000 ♠ 4,575 2999320000000000000 ♠ − 6.8 7001217300000000000 ♠ 21.73 7002196300000000000 ♠ 196.3 La Prairie Roussillon Montérégie Montréal 7004233570000000000 ♠ 23,357 7004217630000000000 ♠ 21,763 7000730000000000000 ♠ 7.3 7001432800000000000 ♠ 43.28 7002539700000000000 ♠ 539.7 La Sarre Abitibi - Ouest Abitibi - Témiscamingue 7003771900000000000 ♠ 7,719 7003733600000000000 ♠ 7,336 7000520000000000000 ♠ 5.2 7002148740000000000 ♠ 148.74 7001519000000000000 ♠ 51.9 La Tuque Mauricie 7004112270000000000 ♠ 11,227 7004118210000000000 ♠ 11,821 2999500000000000000 ♠ − 5 7004251137000000000 ♠ 25,113.7 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 Lac - Delage La Jacques - Cartier Capitale - Nationale Québec 7002598000000000000 ♠ 598 7002530000000000000 ♠ 530 7001128000000000000 ♠ 12.8 7000152000000000000 ♠ 1.52 7002393900000000000 ♠ 393.9 Lachute Argenteuil Laurentides Lachute 7004125510000000000 ♠ 12,551 7004118320000000000 ♠ 11,832 7000610000000000000 ♠ 6.1 7002109200000000000 ♠ 109.2 7002114900000000000 ♠ 114.9 Lac - Mégantic Le Granit Estrie 7003593200000000000 ♠ 5,932 7003596700000000000 ♠ 5,967 3000400000000000000 ♠ − 0.6 7001217700000000000 ♠ 21.77 7002272500000000000 ♠ 272.5 Lac - Saint - Joseph La Jacques - Cartier Capitale - Nationale Québec 7002251000000000000 ♠ 251 7002266000000000000 ♠ 266 2999440000000000000 ♠ − 5.6 7001336609999999999 ♠ 33.66 7000750000000000000 ♠ 7.5 Lac - Sergent Portneuf Capitale - Nationale 7002466000000000000 ♠ 466 7002423000000000000 ♠ 423 7001102009999900000 ♠ 10.2 7000373000000000000 ♠ 3.73 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 L'Ancienne - Lorette Capitale - Nationale Québec 7004167450000000000 ♠ 16,745 7004165160000000000 ♠ 16,516 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 7000763000000000000 ♠ 7.63 7003219360000000000 ♠ 2,193.6 L'Assomption L'Assomption Lanaudière Montréal 7004200650000000000 ♠ 20,065 7004167230000000000 ♠ 16,723 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001989000000000000 ♠ 98.9 7002202900000000000 ♠ 202.9 Laval Laval Montréal 7005401553000000000 ♠ 401,553 7005368709000000000 ♠ 368,709 7000890000000000000 ♠ 8.9 7002247090000000000 ♠ 247.09 7003162510000000000 ♠ 1,625.1 Lavaltrie D'Autray Lanaudière Montréal 7004132670000000000 ♠ 13,267 7004121200000000000 ♠ 12,120 7000950000000000000 ♠ 9.5 7001681800000000000 ♠ 68.18 7002194600000000000 ♠ 194.6 Lebel - sur - Quévillon Nord - du - Québec 7003215900000000000 ♠ 2,159 7003272900000000000 ♠ 2,729 2998791009999900000 ♠ − 20.9 7001401400000000000 ♠ 40.14 7001538000000000000 ♠ 53.8 L'Épiphanie L'Assomption Lanaudière Montréal 7003535300000000000 ♠ 5,353 7003460600000000000 ♠ 4,606 7001162000000000000 ♠ 16.2 7000225990000099999 ♠ 2.26 7003236790000000000 ♠ 2,367.9 Léry Roussillon Montérégie Montréal 7003230700000000000 ♠ 2,307 7003238500000000000 ♠ 2,385 2999670000000000000 ♠ − 3.3 7001105700000000000 ♠ 10.57 7002218200000000000 ♠ 218.2 Lévis Chaudière - Appalaches Québec 7005138769000000000 ♠ 138,769 7005130006000000000 ♠ 130,006 7000670000000000000 ♠ 6.7 7002449310000000000 ♠ 449.31 7002308800000000000 ♠ 308.8 L'Île - Cadieux Vaudreuil - Soulanges Montérégie Montréal 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 2998820000000000000 ♠ − 18 6999569999999900000 ♠ 0.57 7002185200000000000 ♠ 185.2 L'Île - Dorval Montréal Montréal 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 6999180000000000000 ♠ 0.18 7001277000000000000 ♠ 27.7 L'Île - Perrot Vaudreuil - Soulanges Montérégie Montréal 7004105030000000000 ♠ 10,503 7003992700000000000 ♠ 9,927 7000580000000000000 ♠ 5.8 7000555990000099999 ♠ 5.56 7003188980000000000 ♠ 1,889.8 Longueuil Montérégie Montréal 7005231409000000000 ♠ 231,409 7005229330000000000 ♠ 229,330 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7002115590000000000 ♠ 115.59 7003200200000000000 ♠ 2,002 Lorraine Thérèse - De Blainville Laurentides Montréal 7003947900000000000 ♠ 9,479 7003961300000000000 ♠ 9,613 2999860000000000000 ♠ − 1.4 7000604000000000000 ♠ 6.04 7003157000000000000 ♠ 1,570 Louiseville Maskinongé Mauricie 7003751700000000000 ♠ 7,517 7003743300000000000 ♠ 7,433 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 7001625900000000000 ♠ 62.59 7002120100000000000 ♠ 120.1 Macamic Abitibi - Ouest Abitibi - Témiscamingue 7003273400000000000 ♠ 2,734 7003272600000000000 ♠ 2,726 6999300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 7002202340000000000 ♠ 202.34 7001135000000000000 ♠ 13.5 Magog Memphrémagog Estrie Sherbrooke 7004253580000000000 ♠ 25,358 7004238800000000000 ♠ 23,880 7000620000000000000 ♠ 6.2 7002144190000000000 ♠ 144.19 7002175900000000000 ♠ 175.9 Malartic La Vallée - de-l'Or Abitibi - Témiscamingue 7003344900000000000 ♠ 3,449 7003364000000000000 ♠ 3,640 2999480000000000000 ♠ − 5.2 7002148680000000000 ♠ 148.68 7001232000000000000 ♠ 23.2 Maniwaki La Vallée - de-la - Gatineau Outaouais 7003393000000000000 ♠ 3,930 7003410200000000000 ♠ 4,102 2999580000000000000 ♠ − 4.2 7000580000000000000 ♠ 5.8 7002677700000000000 ♠ 677.7 Marieville Rouville Montérégie 7004100940000000000 ♠ 10,094 7003752700000000000 ♠ 7,527 7001341000000000000 ♠ 34.1 7001627800000000000 ♠ 62.78 7002160800000000000 ♠ 160.8 Mascouche Les Moulins Lanaudière Montréal 7004424910000000000 ♠ 42,491 7004337640000000000 ♠ 33,764 7001258000000000000 ♠ 25.8 7002106640000000000 ♠ 106.64 7002398400000000000 ♠ 398.4 Matagami Nord - du - Québec 7003152600000000000 ♠ 1,526 7003155500000000000 ♠ 1,555 2999810000000000000 ♠ − 1.9 7001668509999900000 ♠ 66.85 7001228000000000000 ♠ 22.8 Matane La Matanie Bas - Saint - Laurent Matane 7004144620000000000 ♠ 14,462 7004147420000000000 ♠ 14,742 2999810000000000000 ♠ − 1.9 7002195470000000000 ♠ 195.47 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 Mercier Roussillon Montérégie Montréal 7004115840000000000 ♠ 11,584 7004101210000000000 ♠ 10,121 7001145000000000000 ♠ 14.5 7001459500000000000 ♠ 45.95 7002252100000000000 ♠ 252.1 Métabetchouan -- Lac - à - la - Croix Lac - Saint - Jean - Est Saguenay -- Lac - Saint - Jean 7003409700000000000 ♠ 4,097 7003408400000000000 ♠ 4,084 6999300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 7002186700000000000 ♠ 186.7 7001219000000000000 ♠ 21.9 Métis - sur - Mer La Mitis Bas - Saint - Laurent 7002644000000000000 ♠ 644 7002604000000000000 ♠ 604 7000660000000000000 ♠ 6.6 7001486300000000000 ♠ 48.63 7001132000000000000 ♠ 13.2 Mirabel Laurentides Montréal 7004419570000000000 ♠ 41,957 7004346260000000000 ♠ 34,626 7001212000000000000 ♠ 21.2 7002485590000000000 ♠ 485.59 7001864000000000000 ♠ 86.4 Mont - Joli La Mitis Bas - Saint - Laurent 7003666500000000000 ♠ 6,665 7003656800000000000 ♠ 6,568 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 7001244500000000000 ♠ 24.45 7002272600000000000 ♠ 272.6 Mont - Laurier Antoine - Labelle Laurentides 7004137790000000000 ♠ 13,779 7004134050000000000 ♠ 13,405 7000280000000099999 ♠ 2.8 7002590760000000000 ♠ 590.76 7001233000000000000 ♠ 23.3 Montmagny Montmagny Chaudière - Appalaches 7004114910000000000 ♠ 11,491 7004113530000000000 ♠ 11,353 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 7002126070000000000 ♠ 126.07 7001911000000000000 ♠ 91.1 Montreal Montréal Montréal 7006164951900000000 ♠ 1,649,519 7006162069300000000 ♠ 1,620,693 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 7002365130000000000 ♠ 365.13 7003451760000000000 ♠ 4,517.6 Montreal West Montréal Montréal 7003508500000000000 ♠ 5,085 7003518400000000000 ♠ 5,184 2999810000000000000 ♠ − 1.9 7000141000000000000 ♠ 1.41 7003361460000000000 ♠ 3,614.6 Montréal - Est Montréal Montréal 7003372800000000000 ♠ 3,728 7003382200000000000 ♠ 3,822 2999750000000000000 ♠ − 2.5 7001124500000000000 ♠ 12.45 7002299390000000000 ♠ 299.4 Mont - Saint - Hilaire La Vallée - du - Richelieu Montérégie Montréal 7004182000000000000 ♠ 18,200 7004157200000000000 ♠ 15,720 7001158000000000000 ♠ 15.8 7001442900000000000 ♠ 44.29 7002410900000000000 ♠ 410.9 Mont - Tremblant Les Laurentides Laurentides 7003949400000000000 ♠ 9,494 7003889200000000000 ♠ 8,892 7000680000000000000 ♠ 6.8 7002234400000000000 ♠ 234.4 7001405000000000000 ♠ 40.5 Mount Royal Montréal Montréal 7004195030000000000 ♠ 19,503 7004189330000000000 ♠ 18,933 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000766000000000000 ♠ 7.66 7003254530000000000 ♠ 2,545.3 Murdochville La Côte - de-Gaspé Gaspésie -- Îles - de-la - Madeleine 7002764000000000000 ♠ 764 7002812000000000000 ♠ 812 2999410009999999999 ♠ − 5.9 7001611800000000000 ♠ 61.18 7001125000000000000 ♠ 12.5 Neuville Portneuf Capitale - Nationale Québec 7003388800000000000 ♠ 3,888 7003363800000000000 ♠ 3,638 7000690000000000000 ♠ 6.9 7001721600000000000 ♠ 72.16 7001539000000000000 ♠ 53.9 New Richmond Bonaventure Gaspésie -- Îles - de-la - Madeleine 7003381000000000000 ♠ 3,810 7003374800000000000 ♠ 3,748 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 7002168840000000000 ♠ 168.84 7001226000000000000 ♠ 22.6 Nicolet Nicolet - 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de-la - Madeleine 7003319800000000000 ♠ 3,198 7003330900000000000 ♠ 3,309 2999660000000000000 ♠ − 3.4 7001945400000000000 ♠ 94.54 7001338009999900000 ♠ 33.8 Percé Le Rocher - Percé Gaspésie -- Îles - de-la - Madeleine 7003331200000000000 ♠ 3,312 7003341900000000000 ♠ 3,419 2999690000000000000 ♠ − 3.1 7002432390000000000 ♠ 432.39 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 Pincourt Vaudreuil - Soulanges Montérégie Montréal 7004143050000000000 ♠ 14,305 7004111970000000000 ♠ 11,197 7001278000000000000 ♠ 27.8 7000754000000000000 ♠ 7.54 7003189670000000000 ♠ 1,896.7 Plessisville L'Érable Centre - du - Québec 7003668800000000000 ♠ 6,688 7003667700000000000 ♠ 6,677 6999200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 7000433000000000000 ♠ 4.33 7003154600000000000 ♠ 1,546 Pohénégamook Témiscouata Bas - Saint - Laurent 7003277000000000000 ♠ 2,770 7003294000000000000 ♠ 2,940 2999420000000000000 ♠ − 5.8 7002340330000000000 ♠ 340.33 7000810000000000000 ♠ 8.1 Pointe - Claire Montréal Montréal 7004307900000000000 ♠ 30,790 7004301610000000000 ♠ 30,161 7000210000000000000 ♠ 2.1 7001188800000000000 ♠ 18.88 7003163100000000000 ♠ 1,631 Pont - Rouge Portneuf Capitale - Nationale 7003872300000000000 ♠ 8,723 7003751800000000000 ♠ 7,518 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7002121230000000000 ♠ 121.23 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 Port - Cartier Sept - Rivières Côte - Nord 7003665100000000000 ♠ 6,651 7003675800000000000 ♠ 6,758 2999840000000000000 ♠ − 1.6 7003110131000000000 ♠ 1,101.31 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Portneuf Portneuf Capitale - Nationale 7003310700000000000 ♠ 3,107 7003308600000000000 ♠ 3,086 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 7002108990000000000 ♠ 108.99 7001285000000000000 ♠ 28.5 Prévost La Rivière - du - Nord Laurentides 7004121710000000000 ♠ 12,171 7004101320000000000 ♠ 10,132 7001201000000000000 ♠ 20.1 7001350509999900000 ♠ 35.05 7002347200000000000 ♠ 347.2 Princeville L'Érable Centre - du - Québec 7003569300000000000 ♠ 5,693 7003557100000000000 ♠ 5,571 7000220000000000000 ♠ 2.2 7002194020000000000 ♠ 194.02 7001293000000000000 ♠ 29.3 Québec Capitale - Nationale Québec 7005516622000000000 ♠ 516,622 7005491142000000000 ♠ 491,142 7000520000000000000 ♠ 5.2 7002454100000000000 ♠ 454.1 7003113770000000000 ♠ 1,137.7 Repentigny L'Assomption Lanaudière Montréal 7004820000000000000 ♠ 82,000 7004762370000000000 ♠ 76,237 7000760000000000000 ♠ 7.6 7001617900000000000 ♠ 61.79 7003132710000099999 ♠ 1,327.1 Richelieu Rouville Montérégie Montréal 7003546700000000000 ♠ 5,467 7003520800000000000 ♠ 5,208 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001310200000000000 ♠ 31.02 7002176200000000000 ♠ 176.2 Richmond Le Val - Saint - François Estrie 7003327500000000000 ♠ 3,275 7003333600000000000 ♠ 3,336 2999820009999999999 ♠ − 1.8 7000712000000000000 ♠ 7.12 7002460200000000000 ♠ 460.2 Rimouski Rimouski - Neigette Bas - Saint - Laurent Rimouski 7004468600000000000 ♠ 46,860 7004451860000000000 ♠ 45,186 7000370000000000000 ♠ 3.7 7002339849999900000 ♠ 339.84 7002137900000000000 ♠ 137.9 Rivière - du - Loup Rivière - du - Loup Bas - Saint - Laurent Rivière - du - Loup 7004194470000000000 ♠ 19,447 7004185860000000000 ♠ 18,586 7000460000000099999 ♠ 4.6 7001842300000000000 ♠ 84.23 7002230900000000000 ♠ 230.9 Rivière - Rouge Antoine - Labelle Laurentides 7003464500000000000 ♠ 4,645 7003415200000000000 ♠ 4,152 7001119000000000000 ♠ 11.9 7002455350000000000 ♠ 455.35 7001102009999900000 ♠ 10.2 Roberval Le Domaine - du - Roy Saguenay -- Lac - Saint - Jean 7004102270000000000 ♠ 10,227 7004105440000000000 ♠ 10,544 2999700000000000000 ♠ − 3 7002152990000000000 ♠ 152.99 7001668000000000000 ♠ 66.8 Rosemère Thérèse - De Blainville Laurentides Montréal 7004142940000000000 ♠ 14,294 7004141730000000000 ♠ 14,173 6999900000000000000 ♠ 0.9 7001107700000000000 ♠ 10.77 7003132690000000000 ♠ 1,326.9 Rouyn - Noranda Abitibi - Témiscamingue Rouyn - Noranda 7004410120000000000 ♠ 41,012 7004399240000000000 ♠ 39,924 7000270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 7003601050000000000 ♠ 6,010.5 7000680000000000000 ♠ 6.8 Saguenay Saguenay -- Lac - Saint - Jean Saguenay 7005144746000000000 ♠ 144,746 7005143692000000000 ♠ 143,692 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 7003112648000000000 ♠ 1,126.48 7002128500000000000 ♠ 128.5 Saint - Augustin - de-Desmaures Capitale - Nationale Québec 7004181410000000000 ♠ 18,141 7004172810000000000 ♠ 17,281 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 7002211500000000000 ♠ 211.5 Saint - Basile Portneuf Capitale - Nationale 7003246300000000000 ♠ 2,463 7003256000000000000 ♠ 2,560 2999620000000000000 ♠ − 3.8 7001982000000000000 ♠ 98.2 7001251000000000000 ♠ 25.1 Saint - Basile - le - Grand La Vallée - du - Richelieu Montérégie Montréal 7004167360000000000 ♠ 16,736 7004156050000000000 ♠ 15,605 7000720000000000000 ♠ 7.2 7001361000000000000 ♠ 36.1 7002463600000000000 ♠ 463.6 Saint - Bruno - de-Montarville Montérégie Montréal 7004261070000000000 ♠ 26,107 7004243880000000000 ♠ 24,388 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001432800000000000 ♠ 43.28 7002603290000000000 ♠ 603.3 Saint - Césaire Rouville Montérégie 7003568600000000000 ♠ 5,686 7003515100000000000 ♠ 5,151 7001104000000000000 ♠ 10.4 7001835500000000000 ♠ 83.55 7001681009999900000 ♠ 68.1 Saint - Colomban La Rivière - du - Nord Laurentides Montréal 7004130800000000000 ♠ 13,080 7004101360000000000 ♠ 10,136 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001935600000000000 ♠ 93.56 7002139800000000000 ♠ 139.8 Saint - Constant Roussillon Montérégie Montréal 7004249800000000000 ♠ 24,980 7004239570000000000 ♠ 23,957 7000430000000000000 ♠ 4.3 7001568300000000000 ♠ 56.83 7002439500000000000 ♠ 439.5 Sainte - Adèle Les Pays - d'en - Haut Laurentides 7004121370000000000 ♠ 12,137 7004106340000000000 ♠ 10,634 7001141000000000000 ♠ 14.1 7002120900000000000 ♠ 120.9 7002100400000000000 ♠ 100.4 Sainte - Agathe - des - Monts Les Laurentides Laurentides 7004101150000000000 ♠ 10,115 7003967900000000000 ♠ 9,679 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 7002128780000000000 ♠ 128.78 7001785000000000000 ♠ 78.5 Sainte - Anne - de-Beaupré La Côte - de-Beaupré Capitale - Nationale 7003285400000000000 ♠ 2,854 7003280300000000000 ♠ 2,803 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 7001626400000000000 ♠ 62.64 7001456000000000000 ♠ 45.6 Sainte - Anne - de-Bellevue Montréal Montréal 7003507300000000000 ♠ 5,073 7003519700000000000 ♠ 5,197 2999760000000000000 ♠ − 2.4 7001105700000000000 ♠ 10.57 7002480000000000000 ♠ 480 Sainte - Anne - des - Monts La Haute - Gaspésie Gaspésie -- Îles - de-la - Madeleine 7003693300000000000 ♠ 6,933 7003677200000000000 ♠ 6,772 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.4 7002263310000000000 ♠ 263.31 7001263000000000000 ♠ 26.3 Sainte - Anne - des - Plaines Thérèse - De Blainville Laurentides Montréal 7004145350000000000 ♠ 14,535 7004130010000000000 ♠ 13,001 7001118000000000000 ♠ 11.8 7001928100000000000 ♠ 92.81 7002156600000000000 ♠ 156.6 Sainte - Catherine Roussillon Montérégie Montréal 7004167620000000000 ♠ 16,762 7004162110000000000 ♠ 16,211 7000340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 7000950000000000000 ♠ 9.5 7003176410000000000 ♠ 1,764.1 Sainte - Catherine - de-la - Jacques - Cartier La Jacques - Cartier Capitale - Nationale Québec 7003631900000000000 ♠ 6,319 7003502100000000000 ♠ 5,021 7001259000000000000 ♠ 25.9 7002121200000000000 ♠ 121.2 7001521000000000000 ♠ 52.1 Sainte - Julie Marguerite - D'Youville Montérégie Montréal 7004301040000000000 ♠ 30,104 7004290790000000000 ♠ 29,079 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 7001495300000000000 ♠ 49.53 7002607790000000000 ♠ 607.8 Sainte - Marguerite - du - Lac - Masson Les Pays - d'en - Haut Laurentides 7003274000000000000 ♠ 2,740 7003249800000000000 ♠ 2,498 7000970000000099999 ♠ 9.7 7001926200000000000 ♠ 92.62 7001296000000000000 ♠ 29.6 Sainte - Marie La Nouvelle - Beauce Chaudière - Appalaches 7004128890000000000 ♠ 12,889 7004115840000000000 ♠ 11,584 7001113000000000000 ♠ 11.3 7002107170000000000 ♠ 107.17 7002120300000000000 ♠ 120.3 Sainte - Marthe - sur - le - Lac Deux - Montagnes Laurentides Montréal 7004156890000000000 ♠ 15,689 7004113110000000000 ♠ 11,311 7001387000000000000 ♠ 38.7 7000931000000000000 ♠ 9.31 7003168450000000000 ♠ 1,684.5 Sainte - Thérèse Thérèse - De Blainville Laurentides Montréal 7004260250000000000 ♠ 26,025 7004252240000000000 ♠ 25,224 7000320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 7000958000000000000 ♠ 9.58 7003271610000000000 ♠ 2,716.1 Saint - Eustache Deux - Montagnes Laurentides Montréal 7004441540000000000 ♠ 44,154 7004420770000000000 ♠ 42,077 7000490000000000000 ♠ 4.9 7001696100000000000 ♠ 69.61 7002634290000000000 ♠ 634.3 Saint - Félicien Le Domaine - du - Roy Saguenay -- Lac - Saint - Jean 7004102780000000000 ♠ 10,278 7004104770000000000 ♠ 10,477 2999810000000000000 ♠ − 1.9 7002363570000000000 ♠ 363.57 7001283000000000000 ♠ 28.3 Saint - Gabriel D'Autray Lanaudière 7003284400000000000 ♠ 2,844 7003282800000000000 ♠ 2,828 6999600000000000000 ♠ 0.6 7000281000000000000 ♠ 2.81 7003101230000000000 ♠ 1,012.3 Saint - Georges Beauce - Sartigan Chaudière - Appalaches Saint - Georges 7004311730000000000 ♠ 31,173 7004296160000000000 ♠ 29,616 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.3 7002198210000000000 ♠ 198.21 7002157300000000000 ♠ 157.3 Saint - Hyacinthe Les Maskoutains Montérégie Saint - Hyacinthe 7004532360000000000 ♠ 53,236 7004516160000000000 ♠ 51,616 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 7002188690000000000 ♠ 188.69 7002282100000000000 ♠ 282.1 Saint - Jean - sur - Richelieu Le Haut - Richelieu Montérégie Saint - Jean - sur - Richelieu 7004923940000000000 ♠ 92,394 7004874920000000000 ♠ 87,492 7000560000000099999 ♠ 5.6 7002225780000000000 ♠ 225.78 7002409200000000000 ♠ 409.2 Saint - Jérôme La Rivière - du - Nord Laurentides Montréal 7004684560000000000 ♠ 68,456 7004637290000000000 ♠ 63,729 7000740000000000000 ♠ 7.4 7001905200000000000 ♠ 90.52 7002756300000000000 ♠ 756.3 Saint - Joseph - de-Beauce Robert - Cliche Chaudière - Appalaches 7003472200000000000 ♠ 4,722 7003445400000000000 ♠ 4,454 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7002110870000000000 ♠ 110.87 7001426000000000000 ♠ 42.6 Saint - Joseph - de-Sorel Pierre - De Saurel Montérégie Sorel - Tracy 7003167700000000000 ♠ 1,677 7003168600000000000 ♠ 1,686 3000500000000000000 ♠ − 0.5 7000137990000099999 ♠ 1.38 7003121680000000000 ♠ 1,216.8 Saint - Lambert Montérégie Montréal 7004215550000000000 ♠ 21,555 7004215990000000000 ♠ 21,599 3000800000000000000 ♠ − 0.2 7000755000000000000 ♠ 7.55 7003285350000000000 ♠ 2,853.5 Saint - Lazare Vaudreuil - Soulanges Montérégie Montréal 7004192950000000000 ♠ 19,295 7004170160000000000 ♠ 17,016 7001134000000000000 ♠ 13.4 7001666200000000000 ♠ 66.62 7002289600000000000 ♠ 289.6 Saint - Lin - Laurentides Montcalm Lanaudière 7004174630000000000 ♠ 17,463 7004141590000000000 ♠ 14,159 7001233000000000000 ♠ 23.3 7002118520000000000 ♠ 118.52 7002147300000000000 ♠ 147.3 Saint - Marc - des - Carrières Portneuf Capitale - Nationale 7003286200000000000 ♠ 2,862 7003277400000000000 ♠ 2,774 7000320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 7001166400000000000 ♠ 16.64 7002172000000000000 ♠ 172 Saint - Ours Pierre - De Saurel Montérégie 7003172100000000000 ♠ 1,721 7003170000000000000 ♠ 1,700 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 7001593900000000000 ♠ 59.39 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Saint - Pamphile L'Islet Chaudière - Appalaches 7003268500000000000 ♠ 2,685 7003270400000000000 ♠ 2,704 3000300000000000000 ♠ − 0.7 7002137210000000000 ♠ 137.21 7001196000000000000 ♠ 19.6 Saint - Pascal Kamouraska Bas - Saint - Laurent 7003349000000000000 ♠ 3,490 7003350400000000000 ♠ 3,504 3000600000000000000 ♠ − 0.4 7001593400000000000 ♠ 59.34 7001588000000000000 ♠ 58.8 Saint - Pie Les Maskoutains Montérégie 7003543800000000000 ♠ 5,438 7003510900000000000 ♠ 5,109 7000640000000000000 ♠ 6.4 7002109030000000000 ♠ 109.03 7001499000000000000 ♠ 49.9 Saint - Raymond Portneuf Capitale - Nationale 7003961500000000000 ♠ 9,615 7003927300000000000 ♠ 9,273 7000370000000000000 ♠ 3.7 7002670750000000000 ♠ 670.75 7001143000000000000 ♠ 14.3 Saint - Rémi Les Jardins - de-Napierville Montérégie 7003726500000000000 ♠ 7,265 7003613600000000000 ♠ 6,136 7001184009999900000 ♠ 18.4 7001788000000000000 ♠ 78.8 7001922000000000000 ♠ 92.2 Saint - Sauveur Les Pays - d'en - Haut Laurentides 7003988100000000000 ♠ 9,881 7003919100000000000 ♠ 9,191 7000750000000000000 ♠ 7.5 7001477900000000000 ♠ 47.79 7002206800000000000 ♠ 206.8 Saint - Tite Mékinac Mauricie 7003388000000000000 ♠ 3,880 7003382600000000000 ♠ 3,826 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 7001925300000000000 ♠ 92.53 7001419000000000000 ♠ 41.9 Salaberry - de-Valleyfield Beauharnois - Salaberry Montérégie Salaberry - de-Valleyfield 7004400770000000000 ♠ 40,077 7004396720000000000 ♠ 39,672 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002107100000000000 ♠ 107.1 7002374200000000000 ♠ 374.2 Schefferville Caniapiscau Côte - Nord 7002213000000000000 ♠ 213 7002202000000000000 ♠ 202 7000540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 7001251100000000000 ♠ 25.11 7000850000000000000 ♠ 8.5 Scotstown Le Haut - Saint - François Estrie 7002547000000000000 ♠ 547 7002588000000000000 ♠ 588 2999300000000000000 ♠ − 7 7001115000000000000 ♠ 11.5 7001476000000000000 ♠ 47.6 Senneterre La Vallée - de-l'Or Abitibi - Témiscamingue 7003295300000000000 ♠ 2,953 7003299300000000000 ♠ 2,993 2999870000000099999 ♠ − 1.3 7004148920000000000 ♠ 14,892 6999200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 Sept - Îles Sept - Rivières Côte - Nord Sept - Îles 7004256860000000000 ♠ 25,686 7004255140000000000 ♠ 25,514 6999700000000000000 ♠ 0.7 7003176413000000000 ♠ 1,764.13 7001146000000000000 ♠ 14.6 Shawinigan Mauricie Shawinigan 7004500600000000000 ♠ 50,060 7004519040000000000 ♠ 51,904 2999640000000000000 ♠ − 3.6 7002733480000000000 ♠ 733.48 7001682000000000000 ♠ 68.2 Sherbrooke Estrie Sherbrooke 7005154601000000000 ♠ 154,601 7005147427000000000 ♠ 147,427 7000490000000000000 ♠ 4.9 7002353490000000000 ♠ 353.49 7002437400000000000 ♠ 437.4 Sorel - Tracy Pierre - De Saurel Montérégie Sorel - Tracy 7004346000000000000 ♠ 34,600 7004340760000000000 ♠ 34,076 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 7001580700000000000 ♠ 58.07 7002595900000000000 ♠ 595.9 Stanstead Memphrémagog Estrie 7003285700000000000 ♠ 2,857 7003295700000000000 ♠ 2,957 2999660000000000000 ♠ − 3.4 7001227200000000000 ♠ 22.72 7002125800000000000 ♠ 125.8 Sutton Brome - Missisquoi Montérégie 7003390600000000000 ♠ 3,906 7003380500000000000 ♠ 3,805 7000270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 7002246540000000000 ♠ 246.54 7001158000000000000 ♠ 15.8 Témiscaming Témiscamingue Abitibi - Témiscamingue 7003238500000000000 ♠ 2,385 7003269700000000000 ♠ 2,697 2998884000000000000 ♠ − 11.6 7002718189999900000 ♠ 718.18 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 Témiscouata - sur - le - Lac Témiscouata Bas - Saint - Laurent 7003509600000000000 ♠ 5,096 7003525900000000000 ♠ 5,259 2999690000000000000 ♠ − 3.1 7002218320000000000 ♠ 218.32 7001233000000000000 ♠ 23.3 Terrebonne Les Moulins Lanaudière Montréal 7005106322000000000 ♠ 106,322 7004947030000000000 ♠ 94,703 7001123000000000000 ♠ 12.3 7002154740000000000 ♠ 154.74 7002687100000000000 ♠ 687.1 Thetford Mines Les Appalaches Chaudière - Appalaches Thetford Mines 7004257090000000000 ♠ 25,709 7004257040000000000 ♠ 25,704 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002226820000000000 ♠ 226.82 7002113300000000000 ♠ 113.3 Thurso Papineau Outaouais 7003245500000000000 ♠ 2,455 7003229900000000000 ♠ 2,299 7000680000000000000 ♠ 6.8 7000626990000000000 ♠ 6.27 7002391800000000000 ♠ 391.8 Trois - Pistoles Les Basques Bas - Saint - Laurent 7003345600000000000 ♠ 3,456 7003350000000000000 ♠ 3,500 2999870000000099999 ♠ − 1.3 7000766000000000000 ♠ 7.66 7002450900000000000 ♠ 450.9 Trois - Rivières Mauricie Trois - Rivières 7005131338000000000 ♠ 131,338 7005126293000000000 ♠ 126,293 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7002288890000000000 ♠ 288.9 7002454600000000000 ♠ 454.6 Valcourt Le Val - Saint - François Estrie 7003234900000000000 ♠ 2,349 7003234900000000000 ♠ 2,349 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000503000000000000 ♠ 5.03 7002467300000000000 ♠ 467.3 Val - d'Or La Vallée - de-l'Or Abitibi - Témiscamingue Val - d'Or 7004318620000000000 ♠ 31,862 7004311230000000000 ♠ 31,123 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.4 7003355179000000000 ♠ 3,551.79 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Varennes Marguerite - D'Youville Montérégie Montréal 7004209940000000000 ♠ 20,994 7004209500000000000 ♠ 20,950 6999200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 7001925300000000000 ♠ 92.53 7002226900000000000 ♠ 226.9 Vaudreuil - Dorion Vaudreuil - Soulanges Montérégie Montréal 7004333050000000000 ♠ 33,305 7004257890000000000 ♠ 25,789 7001291000000000000 ♠ 29.1 7001725200000000000 ♠ 72.52 7002459300000000000 ♠ 459.3 Victoriaville Arthabaska Centre - du - Québec Victoriaville 7004434620000000000 ♠ 43,462 7004404860000000000 ♠ 40,486 7000740000000000000 ♠ 7.4 7001842000000000000 ♠ 84.2 7002516200000000000 ♠ 516.2 Ville - Marie Témiscamingue Abitibi - Témiscamingue 7003259500000000000 ♠ 2,595 7003269600000000000 ♠ 2,696 2999630000000000000 ♠ − 3.7 7000611000000000000 ♠ 6.11 7002424800000000000 ♠ 424.8 Warwick Arthabaska Centre - du - Québec 7003476600000000000 ♠ 4,766 7003480400000000000 ♠ 4,804 3000199999999999999 ♠ − 0.8 7002109970000000000 ♠ 109.97 7001433000000000000 ♠ 43.3 Waterloo La Haute - Yamaska Montérégie 7003433000000000000 ♠ 4,330 7003405400000000000 ♠ 4,054 7000680000000000000 ♠ 6.8 7001122500000000000 ♠ 12.25 7002353600000000000 ♠ 353.6 Waterville Coaticook Estrie Sherbrooke 7003202800000000000 ♠ 2,028 7003192600000000000 ♠ 1,926 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.3 7001444200000000000 ♠ 44.42 7001457000000000000 ♠ 45.7 Westmount Montréal Montréal 7004199310000000000 ♠ 19,931 7004204940000000000 ♠ 20,494 2999730000000000000 ♠ − 2.7 7000401999999999999 ♠ 4.02 7003495280000000000 ♠ 4,952.8 Windsor Le Val - Saint - François Estrie 7003536700000000000 ♠ 5,367 7003523900000000000 ♠ 5,239 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.4 7001142900000000000 ♠ 14.29 7002375500000000000 ♠ 375.5 Total villes ( cities / towns ) -- -- -- 7006656894100000000 ♠ 6,568,941 7006626648200000000 ♠ 6,266,482 7000480000000000000 ♠ 4.8 7004816744400000000 ♠ 81,674.44 7001804000000000000 ♠ 80.4 Notes : < references group Saskatchewan Main article : List of cities in Saskatchewan In Saskatchewan , Section 39 ( 1 ) of The Cities Act indicates a town must have a population of 5,000 or more and meet other criteria in order to incorporate as a city , although in the early 20th century several centres such as Saskatoon and Regina were granted city status despite having a smaller population . The City of Melville retains its city status despite dropping below 5,000 people in the 1990s . Kindersley has expressed an interest in applying for city status upon reaching the 5,000 milestone . Saskatchewan 's newest city is Warman , which changed from town to city status on October 24 , 2012 . Saskatchewan has 16 cities . Cities in Saskatchewan Name Rural municipality Incorporation date ( city ) Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2011 ) Population ( 2006 ) Change ( % ) Land area ( km2 ) Population density ( per km2 ) Estevan Estevan No. 5 1957 - 03 - 01 ! March 1 , 1957 7004114830000000000 ♠ 11,483 7004110540000000000 ♠ 11,054 7004100840000000000 ♠ 10,084 7000960000000000000 ♠ 9.6 7001188500000000000 ♠ 18.85 7002586600000000000 ♠ 586.6 Flin Flon ( part ) -- -- 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 7002242000000000000 ♠ 242 2999460000000099999 ♠ − 5.4 7000237000000000000 ♠ 2.37 7001964000000000000 ♠ 96.4 Humboldt Humboldt No. 370 2000 - 11 - 07 ! November 7 , 2000 7003586900000000000 ♠ 5,869 7003567800000000000 ♠ 5,678 7003499800000000000 ♠ 4,998 7001136000000000000 ♠ 13.6 7001134600000000000 ♠ 13.46 7002421900000000000 ♠ 421.9 Lloydminster ( part ) Britannia No. 502 1958 - 01 - 01 ! January 1 , 1958 7004117650000000000 ♠ 11,765 7003977200000000000 ♠ 9,772 7003811800000000000 ♠ 8,118 7001204009999900000 ♠ 20.4 7001173400000000000 ♠ 17.34 7002563600000000000 ♠ 563.6 Martensville Corman Park No. 344 2009 - 11 - 03 ! November 3 , 2009 7003964500000000000 ♠ 9,645 7003771600000000000 ♠ 7,716 7003497800000000000 ♠ 4,978 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55.0 7000623000000000000 ♠ 6.23 7003123930000000000 ♠ 1,239.3 Meadow Lake Meadow Lake No. 588 2009 - 11 - 09 ! November 9 , 2009 7003534400000000000 ♠ 5,344 7003504500000000000 ♠ 5,045 7003477100000000000 ♠ 4,771 7000570000000000000 ♠ 5.7 7000795000000000000 ♠ 7.95 7002634200000000000 ♠ 634.2 Melfort Star City No. 428 1980 - 09 - 02 ! September 2 , 1980 7003599200000000000 ♠ 5,992 7003557600000000000 ♠ 5,576 7003519200000000000 ♠ 5,192 7000740000000000000 ♠ 7.4 7001147800000000000 ♠ 14.78 7002377300000000000 ♠ 377.3 Melville Cana No. 214 1960 - 08 - 01 ! August 1 , 1960 7003456200000000000 ♠ 4,562 7003454600000000000 ♠ 4,546 7003414900000000000 ♠ 4,149 7000960000000000000 ♠ 9.6 7001148200000000000 ♠ 14.82 7002306700000000000 ♠ 306.7 Moose Jaw Moose Jaw No. 161 1903 - 11 - 20 ! November 20 , 1903 7004338900000000000 ♠ 33,890 7004332740000000000 ♠ 33,274 7004321320000000000 ♠ 32,132 7000360000000000000 ♠ 3.6 7001506800000000000 ♠ 50.68 7002656500000000000 ♠ 656.5 North Battleford North Battleford No. 437 1913 - 05 - 01 ! May 1 , 1913 7004143150000000000 ♠ 14,315 7004138880000000000 ♠ 13,888 7004131900000000000 ♠ 13,190 7000530000000000000 ♠ 5.3 7001335509999900000 ♠ 33.55 7002414000000000000 ♠ 414 Prince Albert Prince Albert No. 461 1904 - 10 - 08 ! October 8 , 1904 7004359260000000000 ♠ 35,926 7004351290000000000 ♠ 35,129 7004341270000000000 ♠ 34,127 7000290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 7001657409999900000 ♠ 65.74 7002534400000000000 ♠ 534.4 Regina Sherwood No. 159 1903 - 06 - 19 ! June 19 , 1903 7005215106000000000 ♠ 215,106 7005193100000000000 ♠ 193,100 7005179282000000000 ♠ 179,282 7000770000000000000 ♠ 7.7 7002145440000000000 ♠ 145.45 7003132760000099999 ♠ 1,327.6 Saskatoon Corman Park No. 344 1906 - 05 - 26 ! May 26 , 1906 7005246376000000000 ♠ 246,376 7005222189000000000 ♠ 222,189 7005202408000000000 ♠ 202,408 7000980000000000000 ♠ 9.8 7002209560000000000 ♠ 209.56 7003106030000000000 ♠ 1,060.3 Swift Current Swift Current No. 137 1914 - 01 - 15 ! January 15 , 1914 7004166040000000000 ♠ 16,604 7004155030000000000 ♠ 15,503 7004149460000000000 ♠ 14,946 7000370000000000000 ♠ 3.7 7001240400000000000 ♠ 24.04 7002644900000000000 ♠ 644.9 Warman Corman Park No. 344 2012 - 10 - 27 ! October 27 , 2012 7004110200000000000 ♠ 11,020 7003708400000000000 ♠ 7,084 7003476900000000000 ♠ 4,769 7001485000000000000 ♠ 48.5 7000853999999999999 ♠ 8.54 7002829700000000000 ♠ 829.7 Weyburn Weyburn No. 67 1913 - 09 - 01 ! September 1 , 1913 7004108700000000000 ♠ 10,870 7004104840000000000 ♠ 10,484 7003943300000000000 ♠ 9,433 7001111000000000000 ♠ 11.1 7001184909999999999 ♠ 18.49 7002566900000000000 ♠ 566.9 Yorkton Orkney No. 244 1928 - 02 - 01 ! February 1 , 1928 7004163430000000000 ♠ 16,343 7004156690000000000 ♠ 15,669 7004150380000000000 ♠ 15,038 7000420000000000000 ♠ 4.2 7001257700000000000 ♠ 25.77 7002608100000000000 ♠ 608.1 Total cities -- -- 7005629233000000000 ♠ 629,233 7005595707000000000 ♠ 595,707 7005547615000000000 ♠ 547,615 7000880000000000000 ♠ 8.8 7002675250000000000 ♠ 675.25 7002882200000000000 ♠ 882.2 Notes : Jump up ^ The balance of Flin Flon is located within Manitoba . Jump up ^ This population does not include 5,363 in the Manitoba portion of Flin Flon . The city 's total population in 2011 was 5,592 . Jump up ^ This area does not include 13.88 km ( 5.36 sq mi ) in the Manitoba portion of Flin Flon . The city 's total area in 2011 was 16.25 km ( 6.27 sq mi ) . Jump up ^ The balance of Lloydminster is located within Alberta . Jump up ^ This population does not include 18,032 in the Alberta portion of Lloydminster . The city 's total population in 2011 was 27,804 . Jump up ^ This area does not include 24.19 km ( 9.34 sq mi ) in the Alberta portion of Lloydminster . The city 's total area in 2011 was 41.53 km ( 16.03 sq mi ) . Jump up ^ Martensville is Saskatchewan 's smallest city by area . Jump up ^ Melville is Saskatchewan 's smallest city by population . Jump up ^ Regina is Saskatchewan 's capital and was its first city , incorporated June 19 , 1903 . The Regina census metropolitan area ( CMA ) is formed around the City of Regina . Jump up ^ Saskatoon is Saskatchewan 's largest city by both population and area . The Saskatoon CMA includes the cities of Martensville and Saskatoon . Jump up ^ Warman is Saskatchewan 's newest city , incorporated October 27 , 2012 . Yukon ( edit ) See also : List of communities in Yukon As in the other two Canadian territories , the only incorporated city in the Yukon is its capital , Whitehorse . Dawson was also previously incorporated as a city , but when the criteria were changed in the 1980s , its status was reduced to that of a town due to population . Through special provision , however , it is officially the town of the city of Dawson . Name Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2011 ) Change ( % ) Area ( km2 ) Population density Whitehorse 7004250850000000000 ♠ 25,085 7004232760000000000 ♠ 23,276 7000780000000000000 ♠ 7.8 7002416540000000000 ♠ 416.54 7001602000000000000 ♠ 60.2 See also ( edit ) Canada portal Edmonton portal Hamilton , Ontario portal Montreal portal Ottawa portal Quebec City portal St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador portal Toronto portal Vancouver portal History of cities in Canada List of the 100 largest cities and towns in Canada by area Lists of the 100 largest cities in Canada by population List of cities and towns of Upper Canada List of cities in North America List of city nicknames and slogans in Canada List of largest Canadian cities by census List of towns in Canada List of villages in Canada Origins of names of cities in Canada Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ La Tuque is Quebec 's largest ville by area . Jump up ^ L'Île - Dorval is Quebec 's smallest ville by both population and area . Jump up ^ Montreal is Canada 's second - largest ville and Quebec 's largest ville by population . Jump up ^ Quebec City is Quebec 's capital . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Municipal Government Act - Revised Statutes of Alberta 2000 , Chapter M - 26 ( Section 82 ) '' . Alberta Queen 's Printer . January 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` O.C. 499 / 2014 '' . Government of Alberta . December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Municipal Profiles : Summary Reports ( Cities ) '' ( PDF ) . Alberta Municipal Affairs . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Alberta ) '' . Statistics Canada . August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Government of British Columbia - Local Government Act ^ Jump up to : `` Corrections and updates : Population and dwelling count amendments , 2011 Census '' . Statistics Canada . March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Order in Council No. 362 '' . Province of British Columbia . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Order of the Lieutenant Governor in Council : Order in Council No. 513 '' ( PDF ) . Province of British Columbia . September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Order in Council No. 357 '' . Province of British Columbia . June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Morden Gets City Status '' . City of Morden . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Manitoba ) '' . Statistics Canada . May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Saint John Telegraph - Journal : `` municipal election 2016 results '' , p. A4 - A5 10 May 2016 Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2016 , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( New Brunswick ) '' . Statistics Canada . May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( New Brunswick ) '' . Statistics Canada . May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2016 and 2011 censuses ( Newfoundland and Labrador ) '' . Statistics Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Newfoundland and Labrador ) '' . Statistics Canada . February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2016 and 2011 censuses ( Northwest Territories ) '' . Statistics Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Northwest Territories ) '' . Statistics Canada . February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2016 and 2011 censuses ( Nunavut ) '' . Statistics Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Nunavut ) '' . Statistics Canada . February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Ontario ) '' . Statistics Canada . May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Markham to change from town to city '' . CBC News . May 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Ontario Municipalities '' . Ontario Municipal Affairs and Housing . September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census divisions , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Ontario ) '' . Statistics Canada . January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` subdivisions ( municipalities ) and designated places , 2016 and 2011 censuses -- 100 % data '' . Statistics Canada . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2016 and 2011 censuses ( Prince Edward Island ) '' . Statistics Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Prince Edward Island ) '' . Statistics Canada . January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Quebec ) '' . Statistics Canada . January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Cities Act ( Chapter C - 11.1 of The Statutes of Saskatchewan , 2002 ) '' ( PDF ) . Saskatchewan Queen 's Printer . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Town of Kindersley May 2011 Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . Town of Kindersley . May 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warman joins Saskatchewan 's family of cities '' . Government of Saskatchewan . October 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Search for Municipal Information '' . Saskatchewan Ministry of Municipal Affairs . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Municipality Incorporation Dates '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2016 and 2011 censuses -- 100 % data '' . Statistics Canada . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Saskatchewan ) '' . Statistics Canada . May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corrections and updates : Population and dwelling count amendments , 2011 Census '' . Statistics Canada . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2016 and 2011 censuses ( Yukon ) '' . Statistics Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Yukon ) '' . Statistics Canada . February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Canada by Map : All cities with population Map The Canadian Atlas Online Links related to List of cities in Canada ( hide ) Canada History Year list ( Timeline ) Pre-colonization New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) British Canada ( 1763 -- 1867 ) Post-Confederation ( 1867 -- 1914 ) World Wars and Interwar Years ( 1914 -- 1945 ) Modern times : 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Women Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law Constitution Monarch Governor General Parliament ( Senate House of Commons ) Prime Minister list Courts Supreme Court Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions ( west to east ) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Great Plains Canadian Prairies Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada The Maritimes Eastern Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Volcanoes Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Healthcare Crime Values Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Population Top 100s Metropolitan areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sports Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography Book Category Portal List of cities in Canada ( by province or territory ) Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Book Category Portal WikiProject List of cities in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Canada&oldid=840405747 '' Categories : Lists of cities in Canada Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 17 : 40 . 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who won the stanley cup finals this year

The 2018 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2017 -- 18 season , and the culmination of the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion Washington Capitals defeated the Western Conference champion Vegas Golden Knights four games to one to win their first championship in their 44th season . The Vegas Golden Knights made the Finals in their first season , while this was the second Finals appearance for the Capitals . This was the first Finals series since 2007 where neither team had previously won the Stanley Cup and the third consecutive year in which a Western Conference team made their Finals debut . This was the first Finals since 2014 to require less than six games . Washington captain Alexander Ovechkin was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs .

Washington Capitals

2018 Stanley Cup Finals

2018 stanley cup finals

2018 Stanley Cup Finals 5 Total Washington Capitals 6 Vegas Golden Knights 6 Location ( s ) Washington : Capital One Arena ( 3 , 4 ) Paradise : T - Mobile Arena ( 1 , 2 , 5 ) Coaches Washington : Barry Trotz Vegas : Gerard Gallant Captains Washington : Alexander Ovechkin Vegas : Vacant National anthems Washington : Caleb Green and Bob McDonald ( game 3 ) Caleb Green , Bob McDonald and U.S. Army chorus ( game 4 ) Vegas : Carnell Johnson Referees Marc Joannette ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) , Wes McCauley ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) , Chris Rooney ( 2 , 4 ) , Kelly Sutherland ( 2 , 4 ) Dates May 28 -- June 7 MVP Alexander Ovechkin ( Capitals ) Series - winning goal Lars Eller ( 12 : 23 , third , G5 ) Networks Canada ( English ) : CBC Canada ( French ) : TVA Sports United States ( English ) : NBC and NBCSN Announcers ( CBC ) Jim Hughson , Craig Simpson ( TVA ) Felix Seguin , Patrick Lalime , Renaud Lavoie ( NBC / NBCSN ) Mike Emrick , Eddie Olczyk , Pierre McGuire ( NHL International ) Steve Mears , Kevin Weekes ( NBC Sports Radio & NHL Radio ) Kenny Albert , Joe Micheletti ( 1 -- 4 ) , Ray Ferraro , Jim Fox ( 5 ) , Steve Goldstein Eastern Final Washington Capitals defeated Tampa Bay Lightning , 4 -- 3 Western Final Vegas Golden Knights defeated Winnipeg Jets , 4 -- 1 ← 2017 Stanley Cup Finals 2019 → The 2018 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League 's ( NHL ) 2017 -- 18 season , and the culmination of the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion Washington Capitals defeated the Western Conference champion Vegas Golden Knights four games to one to win their first championship in their 44th season . The Vegas Golden Knights made the Finals in their first season , while this was the second Finals appearance for the Capitals . This was the first Finals series since 2007 where neither team had previously won the Stanley Cup and the third consecutive year in which a Western Conference team made their Finals debut . This was the first Finals since 2014 to require less than six games . Washington captain Alexander Ovechkin was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs . The series began on May 28 and ended on June 7 . The Vegas Golden Knights had home ice advantage in the series since the Golden Knights won the Pacific Division with 109 points during the regular season , while the Capitals won the Metropolitan Division with 105 points . Contents 1 Path to the Finals 1.1 Washington Capitals 1.2 Vegas Golden Knights 2 Game summaries 2.1 Game one 2.2 Game two 2.3 Game three 2.4 Game four 2.5 Game five 3 Team rosters 3.1 Vegas Golden Knights 3.2 Washington Capitals 4 Stanley Cup presentation and engraving 4.1 Players 4.2 Coaching and administrative staff : 4.3 Other eligible players 4.4 Engraving notes 5 TV and radio 6 References 7 External links Path to the Finals ( edit ) Washington Capitals ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 Washington Capitals season This was Washington 's second Finals appearance ; the Capitals were swept in four games by the Detroit Red Wings in 1998 . The Capitals did not make many offseason transactions with the exception of signing forward Devante Smith - Pelly . Major re-signings during the off - season included forwards T.J. Oshie , Evgeny Kuznetsov , and Andre Burakovsky ; and goalie Philipp Grubauer . Washington then re-signed Lars Eller during the season . The team was conservative during the trade deadline . Wanting to make a Stanley Cup run with the core players that they already had , they only acquired defensemen Michal Kempny from the Chicago Blackhawks and Jakub Jerabek from the Montreal Canadiens . The Capitals finished the regular season with 105 points ( 49 -- 26 -- 7 ) , winning their division . Left winger and team captain Alexander Ovechkin was the winner of this season 's Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy , leading the league with 49 regular - season goals . Kuznetsov led the team in assists with 56 . In the first round of playoffs , Washington came back from a 2 -- 0 series deficit to win four in a row to beat the Columbus Blue Jackets in six games . The Capitals then won a 4 -- 2 series against their division rival and two - time defending champion Pittsburgh Penguins , whom the Capitals had beaten in a playoff series only once since 1994 . The Penguins had eliminated Washington from the playoffs in the second round the previous two years . Washington then defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning in the Eastern Conference Finals in seven games , winning game seven on the road for only the second time in franchise history and first since 2012 . Vegas Golden Knights ( edit ) Main articles : 2017 -- 18 Vegas Golden Knights season and 2017 NHL Expansion Draft Vegas became the first expansion team since the 1967 -- 68 St. Louis Blues to make the Stanley Cup Finals in their inaugural season . However , the 1967 -- 68 expansion was structured so that an expansion team was guaranteed to make the final . By contrast , the Golden Knights entered the season as long shots to make the postseason , let alone the Final , with sources like Deadspin and Newsweek predicting that Vegas would be among the worst teams in the league . The team ended up enjoying one of the strongest debut seasons for an expansion team in North American professional sports history . Las Vegas was awarded as the NHL 's 31st franchise on June 22 , 2016 , to begin to play for the 2017 -- 18 season . On April 13 , 2017 , the team announced the hiring of their inaugural head coach , Gerard Gallant . The team then participated in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft on June 21 , selecting an available player from all of the other 30 NHL teams . Some notable selections included goalie Marc - Andre Fleury , who had won three Stanley Cups as a member of the Pittsburgh Penguins , winger James Neal from the Nashville Predators , and Jonathan Marchessault from the Florida Panthers . Fleury was left exposed by the Penguins because of the emergence of Matt Murray . The Panthers , who had salary cap issues , traded Reilly Smith to the Golden Knights in exchange for Vegas selecting Marchessault . The team started winning , despite Fleury being injured for most of the first months of the season . The team relied on four other goaltenders while their starter was injured . Instead of being sellers trying to unload players with one - year contracts by the trade deadline , Vegas became surprise buyers , acquiring Ryan Reaves from the Penguins and Tomas Tatar from the Detroit Red Wings . On March 26 , 2018 , Vegas became the first team to make the playoffs in their inaugural season in the league since the Edmonton Oilers and Hartford Whalers in the 1979 -- 80 season . Following that achievement , on March 31 , Vegas became the first modern - era expansion team from any of the four major sports and the first NHL team since the 1926 -- 27 New York Rangers to win their division in their inaugural season ( excluding the 1967 -- 68 Philadelphia Flyers , as all teams in the West Division that year were expansion teams ) . The Golden Knights ended up finishing the regular season with 109 points ( 51 -- 24 -- 7 ) . In the playoffs , Vegas swept the Los Angeles Kings in four games , defeated the San Jose Sharks in six games , and eliminated the Winnipeg Jets in the Western Conference Finals in five games . With Vegas ' trip to the 2018 Finals , a brand - new team in the league has now reached the Stanley Cup Finals every 50 years dating back to 1918 . The Toronto Arenas reached the 1918 Stanley Cup Finals and won the Cup , but this was the first year of the new NHL ( after every team except the Toronto Blueshirts left the National Hockey Association ) . The St. Louis Blues reached the 1968 Stanley Cup Finals and got swept by the Montreal Canadiens , but this was a year in which six brand - new expansion teams all entered the league at the same time and were all placed in the same division and the winner of that West Division would face the winner of the East Division . As such , 2018 was the first of these three occurrences where a team in their inaugural season was n't guaranteed a chance to reach the finals beforehand . Game summaries ( edit ) Number in parenthesis represents the player 's total goals or assists to that point of the entire four rounds of the playoffs Game one ( edit ) May 28 Washington Capitals 4 -- 6 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap Both teams scored twice in the opening period . The first goal came from Vegas Golden Knights defenseman Colin Miller whose slap shot went past Capitals goaltender Braden Holtby . Washington struck back later in the period as both Brett Connolly and Nicklas Backstrom scored 42 seconds apart . William Karlsson then snuck the puck in between Holtby and the left post to tie the game . Early in the second period , a rebound off the glass came to Deryk Engelland who passed to an open Reilly Smith firing one past Holtby . Capitals defenseman John Carlson tied up the score after some nice passing from the defender and T.J. Oshie left himself wide open for the goal . In the third period , Tom Wilson redirected Alexander Ovechkin 's shot past Vegas goaltender Marc - Andre Fleury to take the lead in the game . However , Vegas responded 1 : 41 later as Ryan Reaves went top - shelf to tie the game yet again . This goal proved to be controversial , as Ryan Reaves illegally cross-checked John Carlson to get into position to score . Tomas Nosek was able to score for Vegas later in the period , taking the pass from Shea Theodore . Vegas kept the lead in the penultimate minutes , grabbing an empty - net goal in the final minute to finish the game 6 -- 4 . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st VGK Colin Miller ( 3 ) -- pp Erik Haula ( 5 ) 07 : 15 1 -- 0 VGK WSH Brett Connolly ( 5 ) Michal Kempny ( 2 ) , Andre Burakovsky ( 1 ) 14 : 41 1 -- 1 WSH Nicklas Backstrom ( 5 ) T.J. Oshie ( 9 ) , Jakub Vrana ( 5 ) 15 : 23 2 -- 1 WSH VGK William Karlsson ( 7 ) Reilly Smith ( 15 ) , Deryk Engelland ( 1 ) 18 : 19 2 -- 2 2nd VGK Reilly Smith ( 3 ) Deryk Engelland ( 2 ) , Jonathan Marchessault ( 11 ) 03 : 21 3 -- 2 VGK WSH John Carlson ( 4 ) T.J. Oshie ( 10 ) , Nicklas Backstrom ( 13 ) 08 : 29 3 -- 3 3rd WSH Tom Wilson ( 4 ) Alexander Ovechkin ( 11 ) , Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 14 ) 01 : 10 4 -- 3 WSH VGK Ryan Reaves ( 2 ) Unassisted 02 : 41 4 -- 4 VGK Tomas Nosek ( 2 ) Shea Theodore ( 6 ) 09 : 44 5 -- 4 VGK VGK Tomas Nosek ( 3 ) -- en David Perron ( 8 ) 19 : 57 6 -- 4 VGK Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st WSH Andre Burakovsky Boarding 05 : 53 2 : 00 2nd VGK Bench ( served by David Perron ) Too many men on the ice 13 : 55 2 : 00 3rd WSH Tom Wilson Interference 05 : 53 2 : 00 VGK David Perron Cross-checking 05 : 53 2 : 00 Shots by period Team Total WSH 10 8 10 28 VGK 11 14 9 34 Game two ( edit ) May 30 Washington Capitals 3 -- 2 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap During the first period of game two , James Neal took a pass from Luca Sbisa , firing a wrist shot past Braden Holtby . The Capitals tied the game during a four - on - four when Lars Eller shot into an empty net from Michal Kempny 's pass . During the second period , Golden Knights rookie Alex Tuch was penalized for cross-checking , and on the ensuing power - play , Capitals captain Alexander Ovechkin fired a shot from a tight angle to give Washington the lead . Brooks Orpik extended the Capitals ' lead to two goals when his shot deflected off Alex Tuch past Marc - Andre Fleury . Vegas cut the deficit by one goal when T.J. Oshie interfered with Colin Miller and Shea Theodore scored on the power - play . In the third period Holtby backstopped Washington to the victory , stopping the final fifteen shots from Vegas to win 3 -- 2 . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st VGK James Neal ( 5 ) Luca Sbisa ( 3 ) , Colin Miller ( 2 ) 07 : 58 1 -- 0 VGK WSH Lars Eller ( 6 ) Michal Kempny ( 3 ) , Andre Burakovsky ( 2 ) 17 : 27 1 -- 1 2nd WSH Alexander Ovechkin ( 13 ) -- pp Lars Eller ( 10 ) , Nicklas Backstrom ( 14 ) 05 : 38 2 -- 1 WSH WSH Brooks Orpik ( 1 ) Lars Eller ( 11 ) , Andre Burakovsky ( 3 ) 09 : 41 3 -- 1 WSH VGK Shea Theodore ( 3 ) -- pp Reilly Smith ( 16 ) , William Karlsson ( 8 ) 17 : 47 3 -- 2 WSH 3rd None Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st WSH T.J. Oshie Roughing 16 : 43 2 : 00 VGK Deryk Engelland Roughing 16 : 43 2 : 00 2nd WSH Brooks Orpik Illegal check to head 02 : 04 2 : 00 VGK Alex Tuch Cross-checking 05 : 13 2 : 00 WSH Nicklas Backstrom Holding 06 : 56 2 : 00 VGK Erik Haula Holding 06 : 56 2 : 00 VGK Ryan Reaves Roughing 10 : 10 2 : 00 WSH Dmitry Orlov Hooking 11 : 42 2 : 00 WSH T.J. Oshie Interference 17 : 27 2 : 00 3rd WSH Tom Wilson Interference 03 : 13 2 : 00 WSH Lars Eller Hooking 04 : 05 2 : 00 Shots by period Team Total WSH 11 9 6 26 VGK 10 14 15 39 Game three ( edit ) June 2 Vegas Golden Knights 1 -- 3 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap After a tense first period in which neither team scored , Alexander Ovechkin scored early in the second period to give Washington the lead . Evgeny Kuznetsov , who was believed to have suffered an arm injury the game prior , scored 11 : 40 after Ovechkin , extending Washington 's lead to two . Tomas Nosek scored off of a Braden Holtby giveaway to cut the deficit in half early in the third period . However , 10 minutes later Shea Theodore mishandled the puck in his own zone and Jay Beagle capitalized on the error , making a pass to an open Devante Smith - Pelly who restored the two - goal lead for Washington . The Capitals played defensively for the final minutes of the game to win 3 -- 1 , and took the series lead . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st None 2nd WSH Alexander Ovechkin ( 14 ) John Carlson ( 14 ) , Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 15 ) 01 : 10 1 -- 0 WSH WSH Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 12 ) Jay Beagle ( 5 ) , T.J. Oshie ( 11 ) 12 : 50 2 -- 0 WSH 3rd VGK Tomas Nosek ( 4 ) Pierre - Edouard Bellemare ( 3 ) 03 : 29 2 -- 1 WSH WSH Devante Smith - Pelly ( 5 ) Jay Beagle ( 6 ) 13 : 53 3 -- 1 WSH Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st WSH Devante Smith - Pelly Interference 05 : 04 2 : 00 VGK Reilly Smith Holding 11 : 21 2 : 00 2nd VGK Erik Haula Hooking 09 : 55 2 : 00 WSH Devante Smith - Pelly Tripping 18 : 34 2 : 00 VGK Marc - Andre Fleury Tripping 19 : 38 2 : 00 3rd VGK Deryk Engelland Tripping 07 : 35 2 : 00 Shots by period Team Total VGK 5 8 9 22 WSH 7 14 5 26 Game four ( edit ) June 4 Vegas Golden Knights 2 -- 6 Washington Capitals Capital One Arena Recap During the first period , a penalty called on Colin Miller for tripping allowed T.J. Oshie to give Washington the first lead . The Capitals extended the lead after Evgeny Kuznetsov fed a pass to Tom Wilson who fired a wrist shot past Marc - Andre Fleury . Devante Smith - Pelly then gave Washington a 3 -- 0 lead after a pass by Matt Niskanen deflected off Vegas forward Jonathan Marchessault to the stick of Smith - Pelly , who scored top - shelf on Fleury . Even with the Golden Knights more than doubling the shots of Washington , John Carlson gave the Capitals a 4 -- 0 lead , firing a slap shot on the power - play . In the third period , Vegas ended the shutout as James Neal scored just as Evgeny Kuznetsov 's tripping penalty had expired . Reilly Smith cut the deficit to two goals , scoring on the backhand past Braden Holtby . Washington restored a three - goal lead during a four - on - four ; as Nicklas Backstrom fed an open Michal Kempny , firing the shot past Fleury . Brett Connolly added an insurance goal with less than two minutes remaining , giving the Capitals a commanding 6 -- 2 lead . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st WSH T.J. Oshie ( 8 ) -- pp Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 16 ) , Nicklas Backstrom ( 15 ) 09 : 54 1 -- 0 WSH WSH Tom Wilson ( 5 ) Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 17 ) 16 : 26 2 -- 0 WSH WSH Devante Smith - Pelly ( 6 ) Matt Niskanen ( 8 ) , Alexander Ovechkin ( 12 ) 19 : 39 3 -- 0 WSH 2nd WSH John Carlson ( 5 ) -- pp Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 18 ) , T.J. Oshie ( 12 ) 15 : 23 4 -- 0 WSH 3rd VGK James Neal ( 6 ) Erik Haula ( 6 ) , Colin Miller ( 3 ) 05 : 43 4 -- 1 WSH VGK Reilly Smith ( 4 ) Jonathan Marchessault ( 12 ) , Luca Sbisa ( 4 ) 12 : 26 4 -- 2 WSH WSH Michal Kempny ( 2 ) Nicklas Backstrom ( 16 ) , T.J. Oshie ( 13 ) 13 : 39 5 -- 2 WSH WSH Brett Connolly ( 6 ) -- pp Nicklas Backstrom ( 17 ) , Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 19 ) 18 : 51 6 -- 2 WSH Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st WSH John Carlson Tripping 03 : 58 2 : 00 VGK Colin Miller Tripping 09 : 22 2 : 00 2nd WSH John Carlson Tripping 05 : 21 2 : 00 WSH Tom Wilson Cross-checking 09 : 18 2 : 00 VGK James Neal Slashing 14 : 45 2 : 00 3rd VGK Erik Haula Slashing 01 : 33 2 : 00 WSH Evgeny Kuznetsov Tripping 03 : 42 2 : 00 WSH Tom Wilson Roughing 13 : 03 2 : 00 VGK Ryan Reaves Roughing 13 : 03 2 : 00 VGK Nate Schmidt Tripping 16 : 57 2 : 00 VGK Brayden McNabb Cross-checking 17 : 44 2 : 00 VGK Deryk Engelland Misconduct 17 : 44 10 : 00 WSH T.J. Oshie Misconduct 17 : 44 10 : 00 VGK Ryan Reaves Misconduct 19 : 17 10 : 00 Shots by period Team Total VGK 11 11 9 30 WSH 10 5 7 23 Game five ( edit ) June 7 Washington Capitals 4 -- 3 Vegas Golden Knights T - Mobile Arena Recap Although no goals were scored in the first period , the Capitals had the shot advantage nine to seven . During the second period , Tom Wilson passed to a speedy Jakub Vrana going past the Golden Knight 's defender and beating Marc - Andre Fleury to take the lead . The Golden Knights tied the game soon after as former - Capitals defenseman Nate Schmidt shot through a flurry of players and the puck deflected off of Matt Niskanen past Braden Holtby . Alexander Ovechkin gave the Capitals the lead again on the power play , firing a shot onto Fleury , bouncing off his back and into the net . With the goal , it broke a tie with John Druce for most goals in a postseason by a Capitals player with fifteen . David Perron tied the game for Vegas , scoring his first goal of the postseason via deflection . Coach Barry Trotz of the Capitals challenged the play on goaltender interference as Perron appeared to hit the skate of Holtby as he was battling for position ; the challenge was unsuccessful . An open Reilly Smith gave the Golden Knights the lead in the final minute of the second period , taking the pass from Alex Tuch . During the third period , Devante Smith - Pelly tied the game halfway through the period and less than three minutes later , a shot came from the slot and went between Fleury 's pads , but , unbeknownst to Fleury and his defensemen , the puck sneaked through and was laying in view just behind him and Lars Eller forehanded it into the net to give the Capitals the lead with 7 : 37 left . With two minutes left , Vegas pulled Fleury for an extra attacker . At 18 : 11 of the third period , the game clock froze , however , the next stoppage in play occurred at 28.9 seconds remaining , allowing the clock to be readjusted . Nevertheless , the attempts of the Golden Knights were thwarted as the Capitals held on to win the game and their first Stanley Cup . Ovechkin was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy . Scoring summary Period Team Goal Assist ( s ) Time Score 1st None 2nd WSH Jakub Vrana ( 3 ) Tom Wilson ( 10 ) , Evgeny Kuznetsov ( 20 ) 06 : 24 1 -- 0 WSH VGK Nate Schmidt ( 3 ) Reilly Smith ( 17 ) , Jonathan Marchessault ( 13 ) 09 : 40 1 -- 1 WSH Alexander Ovechkin ( 15 ) -- pp Nicklas Backstrom ( 18 ) , John Carlson 10 : 14 2 -- 1 WSH VGK David Perron ( 1 ) Tomas Tatar ( 1 ) , Colin Miller ( 4 ) 12 : 56 2 -- 2 VGK Reilly Smith ( 5 ) -- pp Alex Tuch ( 4 ) , Shea Theodore ( 7 ) 19 : 31 3 -- 2 VGK 3rd WSH Devante Smith - Pelly ( 7 ) Brooks Orpik ( 4 ) 09 : 52 3 -- 3 WSH Lars Eller ( 7 ) Brett Connolly ( 3 ) , Andre Burakovsky ( 4 ) 12 : 23 4 -- 3 WSH Penalty summary Period Team Player Penalty Time PIM 1st VGK Colin Miller Interference 11 : 44 2 : 00 2nd VGK Shea Theodore Tripping 00 : 21 2 : 00 WSH Christian Djoos High sticking 03 : 19 2 : 00 VGK Brayden McNabb Tripping 09 : 51 2 : 00 WSH Alexander Ovechkin Tripping 17 : 46 2 : 00 WSH Brooks Orpik Roughing 19 : 31 2 : 00 VGK Reilly Smith Roughing 19 : 31 2 : 00 VGK Alex Tuch Roughing 19 : 31 2 : 00 WSH Jay Beagle Roughing 19 : 31 2 : 00 3rd VGK Tomas Tatar Hooking 05 : 37 2 : 00 Shots by period Team Total WSH 9 11 13 33 VGK 7 13 11 31 Team rosters ( edit ) Vegas Golden Knights ( edit ) # Nat Player Position Hand Age Acquired Place of birth Finals appearance Brayden McNabb 27 2017 Davidson , Saskatchewan first 5 Deryk Engelland -- A 36 2017 Edmonton , Alberta first 6 Colin Miller 25 2017 Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario first 15 Jon Merrill 26 2017 Oklahoma City , Oklahoma first 18 James Neal -- A RW 30 2017 Whitby , Ontario second ( 2017 ) 19 Reilly Smith -- A RW 27 2017 Toronto , Ontario first 21 Cody Eakin 27 2017 Winnipeg , Manitoba first 24 Oscar Lindberg 26 2017 Skellefteå , Sweden first 27 Shea Theodore 22 2017 Langley , British Columbia first 28 William Carrier LW 23 2017 LaSalle , Quebec first 29 Marc - Andre Fleury 33 2017 Sorel - Tracy , Quebec fifth ( 2008 , 2009 , 2016 , 2017 ) 30 Malcolm Subban 24 2017 Toronto , Ontario first 33 Maxime Lagace 25 2017 Saint - Agustin , Quebec first 40 Ryan Carpenter 27 2017 Oviedo , Florida first 41 Pierre - Edouard Bellemare -- A LW 33 2017 Le Blanc - Mesnil , France first 47 Luca Sbisa -- A 28 2017 Ozieri , Italy first 56 Erik Haula LW 27 2017 Pori , Finland first 57 David Perron -- A LW 29 2017 Sherbrooke , Quebec first 71 William Karlsson 25 2017 Märsta , Sweden first 75 Ryan Reaves RW 31 2018 Winnipeg , Manitoba first 81 Jonathan Marchessault 27 2017 Cap - Rouge , Quebec second ( 2015 ) 88 Nate Schmidt 26 2017 St. Cloud , Minnesota first 89 Alex Tuch RW 22 2017 Syracuse , New York first 90 Tomas Tatar LW 27 2018 Ilava , Czechoslovakia first 92 Tomas Nosek LW 25 2017 Pardubice , Czechoslovakia first Washington Capitals ( edit ) Alexander Ovechkin won the Conn Smythe Trophy # Nat Player Position Hand Age Acquired Place of birth Finals appearance Matt Niskanen 31 2014 Virginia , Minnesota first 6 Michal Kempny 27 2018 Hodonin , Czechoslovakia first 8 Alexander Ovechkin -- C LW 32 Moscow , Soviet Union first 9 Dmitry Orlov 26 2009 Novokuznetsk , Soviet Union first 10 Brett Connolly RW 26 2016 Campbell River , British Columbia first 13 Jakub Vrana LW 22 2014 Prague , Czech Republic first 18 Chandler Stephenson 24 2012 Saskatoon , Saskatchewan first 19 Nicklas Backstrom -- A 30 2006 Valbo , Sweden first 20 Lars Eller 29 2016 Rødovre , Denmark first 22 Madison Bowey 23 2013 Winnipeg , Manitoba first 25 Devante Smith - Pelly LW 25 2017 Scarborough , Ontario first 28 Jakub Jerabek 27 2018 Plzeň , Czechoslovakia first 29 Christian Djoos 23 2012 Gothenburg , Sweden first 31 Philipp Grubauer 26 Rosenheim , Germany first 39 Alex Chiasson RW 27 2017 Montreal , Quebec first 43 Tom Wilson RW 24 2012 Toronto , Ontario first 44 Brooks Orpik -- A 37 2014 San Francisco , California third ( 2008 , 2009 ) 63 Shane Gersich LW 21 2014 Chaska , Minnesota first 65 Andre Burakovsky LW 23 2013 Klagenfurt , Austria first 70 Braden Holtby 28 2008 Lloydminster , Saskatchewan first 72 Travis Boyd 24 2011 Hopkins , Minnesota first 74 John Carlson 28 2008 Natick , Massachusetts first 77 T.J. Oshie RW 31 2015 Everett , Washington first 79 Nathan Walker LW 24 2017 Cardiff , Wales first 83 Jay Beagle 32 2008 Calgary , Alberta first 92 Evgeny Kuznetsov 26 Chelyabinsk , Russia first Stanley Cup presentation and engraving ( edit ) Stanley Cup at the Capitals ' victory celebration The Stanley Cup was presented to Capitals captain Alexander Ovechkin by NHL commissioner Gary Bettman . The following Capitals players and staff qualified to have their names engraved on the Stanley Cup : Players Centres 18 Chandler Stephenson 19 Nicklas Backstrom ( A ) 20 Lars Eller 83 Jay Beagle 92 Evgeny Kuznetsov Wingers 8 Alexander Ovechkin ( C ) 10 Brett Connolly 13 Jakub Vrana 25 Devante Smith - Pelly 39 Alex Chiasson 43 Tom Wilson 65 Andre Burakovsky 77 T.J. Oshie Defencemen 2 Matt Niskanen 6 Michal Kempny 9 Dmitry Orlov 22 Madison Bowey 29 Christian Djoos 44 Brooks Orpik ( A ) 74 John Carlson Goaltenders 31 Philipp Grubauer 70 Braden Holtby Coaching and administrative staff : Ted Leonsis ( Governor / Chairman / Majority Owner / Chief Executive Officer ) , Dick Patrick ( Vice Chairman - Minority Owner / Chief Operating Officer / President / Alt . Governor ) , Raul Fernandez ( Vice Chairman - Minority Owner ) , Sheila Johnson ( Vice Chairman - Minority Owner ) , Brian MacLellan ( Senior Vice President / General Manager / Alt . Governor ) , Ross Mahoney ( Asst . General Manager ) , Don Fishman ( Asst . General Manager / Dir. of Legal Affairs ) , Barry Trotz ( Head Coach ) , Todd Reirden ( Associate Coach ) , Blaine Forsyth ( Asst . Coach ) , Lane Lambert ( Asst . Coach ) , Brett Leonhardt ( Video Coach ) , Scott Murray ( Goaltending Coach ) , Mitch Korn ( Director of Goaltending ) , Olie Kolzig ( Professional Development Coach ) , Kris Wagner ( Director of Hockey Operations ) , Tim Barnes ( Director of Hockey Analytics ) , Rob Tillotson ( Director of Team Operations ) , Chris Patrick ( Director of Player Personnel ) , Steve Richmond ( Director of Player Development ) , Steve Bowman ( Head Amateur Scout ) , Jason Fitzsimmons ( Pro Scout / Minor League Operations ) , Dr John Klimkiewicz ( Head Team Physician ) , Mark Nemish ( Strength and Conditioning Coach ) , James Serbus ( Athletic Trainer ) , Michael Booi ( Asst . Athletic Trainer ) , Brock Myles ( Equipment Manager ) , Craig `` Woody '' Leydig ( Asst . Equipment Manager ) , David Marin ( Asst . Equipment Manager ) Other eligible players ( edit ) 39 Alex Chiasson -- played 61 regular season games and 16 playoff games , but no Stanley Cup Final games , qualifies to have his name on the Cup for meeting the 41 regular season game requirement . 22 Madison Bowey -- played 51 regular season games and no playoff games , qualifies to have his name on the Cup for meeting the 41 regular season game requirement . 28 Jakub Jerabek -- played 25 games for Montreal , plus 11 regular season games for Washington and two playoff games ( in the first round ) , does not automatically qualify to be included . 72 Travis Boyd -- played 8 regular season games and one playoff game ( in the second round ) , does not automatically qualify . 79 Nathan Walker -- played 2 games for Edmonton . plus 7 regular season games for Washington & one playoff game ( in the second round ) , does not automatically qualify . 63 Shane Gersich -- played 3 regular season games and two playoff games ( in the second round ) , does not automatically qualify . Engraving notes ( edit ) The cup is now full so when the Washington Capitals names are added to the cup , a new ring must be added . The top ring with the winners from 1954 to 1965 ( 12 teams ) will be taken off and put on permanent display at the Hockey Hall of Fame . Some famous names that will no longer be on the Cup include Dickie Moore , Maurice Richard , Jacques Plante , Bert Olmstead , Ted Lindsay , Alex Delvecchio , Gordie Howe , Stan Mikita , Bobby Hull , and Glenn Hall . There will be several retired rings at the Hockey Hall of Fame that feature winning team members from 1924 to 1965 . Tv and radio ( edit ) In Canada , the series was broadcast by Sportsnet and CBC Television in English , and TVA Sports in French . In the U.S. , the Finals were split between NBC ( Games 1 , 4 and 5 ) and NBCSN ( Games 2 and 3 ) . In the U.S. , with an average of 4.918 million viewers across all games , they were the highest - rated Stanley Cup Finals without an `` Original Six '' team since 1994 . Game 5 drew 6.714 million viewers , making it the most - watched game 5 since 2002 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Final schedule '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allen , Scott . `` Remembering the Caps ' run to the 1998 Stanley Cup finals : ' Nobody wanted to play against us ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Sign Devante Smith - Pelly '' . NHL.com/Capitals . NHL Enterprises , L.P. July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Re-sign T.J. Oshie '' . NHL.com/Capitals . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Re-sign Evgeny Kuznetsov '' . NHL.com/Capitals . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Re-sign Andre Burakovsky '' . NHL.com/Capitals . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Re-sign Philipp Grubauer '' . NHL.com/Capitals . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Mike ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Caps and Eller Agree on Five - Year Extension '' . NHL.com/Capitals . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khurshudyan , Isabelle ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` NHL trade deadline ahead and two deals done , will Capitals make another move ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Acquire Michal Kempny from Chicago Blackhawks '' . NHL.com . February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals Acquire Jakub Jerabek from Montreal Canadiens '' . NHL.com . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Battaglino , Matt ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Ovechkin leads NHL in goals for seventh time '' . NHL.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 Washington Capitals Roster and Statistics '' . hockey-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Capitals 4 , Tampa Bay Lightning 0 Game 7 highlights '' . NBC Sports . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Ability to win in different ways puts Golden Knights on brink of Stanley Cup Final '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petchesky , Barry ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wow The Golden Knights Are Going To Be Bad '' . Deadspin.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cutler , Teddy ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights Are Going to Suck in 2017 - 18 and Here 's Why '' . Newsweek . Newsweek Media Group . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas Has The Best Expansion Team In The History Of Pro Sports , And It 's Not Close '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas awarded NHL franchise '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights Name Gerard Gallant Head Coach '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marc - Andre Fleury Claimed by Vegas Golden Knights in NHL Expansion Draft '' . NHL.com/Penguins ( Press release ) . NHL Enterprises , L.P. June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers Acquire 2018 Fourth Round Draft Choice from Vegas '' . NHL.com/Panthers . NHL Enterprises , L.P. June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fleury activated off injured reserve by Golden Knights '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will Golden Knights be surprise trade deadline buyers ? '' . USA Today . Associated Press . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins Acquire Derick Brassard in Three - Team Trade with OTT and VGK '' . NHL.com . Pittsburgh Penguins . February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights Acquire Tomas Tatar From The Detroit Red Wings '' . NHL.com . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Emily ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas first to clinch playoff berth in inaugural season since ' 79 - 80 '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webster , Danny ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights top Sharks , clinch Pacific Division '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Katsilometes , John ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` Stunned Jets credit Golden Knights : ' It was their time ' -- Las Vegas Review - Journal '' . Reviewjournal.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights join elite group in professional sports history '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights defeat Capitals in back - and - forth Game 1 of Cup Final '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Capitals hang on to defeat Golden Knights in Game 2 , even Cup Final '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Capitals star Evgeny Kuznetsov may or may not play in Game 3 against Vegas '' . sbnation.com . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 2 , 2018 ) . `` Capitals lead Stanley Cup Final after Game 3 win against Golden Knights '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Capitals top Golden Knights in Game 4 , move one win from first Cup title '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petchesky , Barry ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` The Game Clock Broke In Vegas And Caused Total Chaos '' . Deadspin.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Capitals win Stanley Cup , defeat Golden Knights in Game 5 of Final '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pingue , Frank ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Capitals beat Golden Knights to win their first Stanley Cup '' . reuters.com . Reuters . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Emily ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Alex Ovechkin of Washington Capitals wins Conn Smythe Trophy as playoffs MVP '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Get to know the Stanley Cup , Washington D.C. 's newest bling '' . NBC Sports Washington . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Sports Group to Present Every Stanley Cup Playoff Game For Seventh Consecutive Season '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports . April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup playoffs tied for second-most watched since 1997 '' . Awful Announcing. 2018 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . 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when do they get joey back in the following

No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) `` Pilot '' Marcos Siega Kevin Williamson January 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) 296815 10.42 Infamous serial killer Joe Carroll ( James Purefoy ) escapes from prison and Ryan Hardy ( Kevin Bacon ) , a retired F.B.I. agent responsible for capturing Joe , is pulled back into the field to assist the manhunt . The police secure both Claire Matthews ( Natalie Zea ) , Joe 's ex-wife and mother of his son Joey ( Kyle Catlett ) with whom Ryan had an affair , and Sarah Fuller ( Maggie Grace ) , the only one of Joe 's victims to survive . Assisted by FBI agents Mike Weston ( Shawn Ashmore ) and Jennifer Mason ( Jeananne Goossen ) , Hardy attempts to track down a prison guard who helped Joe escape and is now being taught how to be a serial killer . When a young woman commits suicide in front of Hardy at Joe 's request , saying the same last words as Edgar Allan Poe , Hardy begins to suspect that Joe has used the Internet to create a following of disciples he uses to carry out his plans . Sarah is kidnapped by two such followers ( men posing as gay neighbors ) and is tortured and killed by Joe . Hardy is too late to save her , but Joe allows himself to be taken back into custody , where he tells Hardy that this is only the beginning . Denise , Joey 's live - in nanny who is completely trusted by Claire , is revealed to be another of Joe 's followers with her real name being Emma Hill ( Valorie Curry ) , and abducts Joey , who still believes Denise to be his nanny , meeting up with the two men who kidnapped Sarah . `` Chapter Two '' Marcos Siega Kevin Williamson January 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) 2J7402 10.10 Special Agent Debra Parker ( Annie Parisse ) , an expert on alternative religions , joins the case , replacing Agent Mason , as the hunt for Joe 's son intensifies . Joe 's prison guard protégé Jordy ( Steve Monroe ) makes his first kill , slaughtering three college girls in their sorority house . Claire tries to discover Joey 's whereabouts from Joe , but the interview only serves to reveal her prior relationship with Hardy to everyone . Joey 's nanny - turned - kidnapper Emma Hill , having convinced him that he 's on an adventure , takes him to an isolated house , along with Sarah Fuller 's `` gay '' neighbors Paul Torres ( Adan Canto ) and Jacob Wells ( Nico Tortorella ) . Tensions begin to rise between the three as Paul , having pretended to be Jacob 's lover for years , is now jealous of the intimate relationship between Jacob and Emma . Hardy is attacked by a Poe masked man while investigating Emma 's old residence . Jordy attacks Claire in her home , but Hardy wounds him and he is arrested . Parker delivers a book of Poe 's works to Joe in prison , which results in a short but noticeable unspoken communication between the two of them . The next day , the man in the Poe mask lights a seemingly random civilian on fire in a crowd . `` The Poet 's Fire '' Liz Friedlander Adam Armus & Kay Foster February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) 2J7403 9.01 Ryan Hardy and his team obtain video footage of the immolation incident and he recognizes the victim ( Todd Faulkner ) as a literary critic who gave Joe Carroll 's book a scathing review . Emma , Paul and Jacob continue to keep Joey at the house , but Paul confronts Emma about her relationship with Jacob , and she cuts his arm . He leaves the house and picks up a convenience store worker , Megan ( Li Jun Li ) , later knocking her out to kidnap and hold her hostage at the house . Rick Kester ( Michael Drayer ) , who is responsible for killing Faulkner , is also uncovered as another of Joe 's followers . His wife , Maggie ( Virginia Kull ) is found by Hardy and his team and brought in for questioning . She claims to be separated from Kester because he was abusive , having stabbed her on a previous occasion . Kester kills the dean at the college where Joe worked as revenge for his having denied Joe tenure . Maggie returns home under protection by FBI agent Reilly . Meanwhile , special Agent Parker interviews Jordy to try to discover Joey 's whereabouts . Jordy says that he does not know where Joey is but that Kester 's wife does because she helped plan the abduction , revealing Maggie to be involved . While at Maggie 's home , her phone receives a text message from Kester . Agent Reilly reads the message to Maggie out loud that says `` now '' , and she fatally stabs him . Kester arrives , ready to flee with Maggie . Hardy shoots him but Maggie escapes . Jordy , upset because he revealed important information to the FBI , kills himself by swallowing and choking himself on his own bandages . Claire receives a disturbing video of Joey being goaded into killing small animals by Jacob . `` Mad Love '' Henry Bronchtein Story by : Andrew Wilder and Kevin Williamson Teleplay by : Kevin Williamson February 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 11 ) 2J7404 8.79 Emma sees Paul 's captive , Megan , as a threat and instructs Paul to kill the woman . Paul hands the knife over to Jacob and threatens Jacob with his menacing secret . Maggie is disclosed by Joe as his follower . Joey locates the phone Emma used to leave a voice mail for Maggie . In a brief conversation with Emma about Jacob , Paul reveals to her that Jacob has been lying to them , and has never actually killed . Ryan Hardy and his team see Maggie in a surveillance footage stabbing a victim in a parking lot after buying puzzling utilities . Hardy receives a call from his sister , Jenny ( Susan Misner ) and Maggie interrupts the conversation , stating that she has abducted Jenny and wants to trade her for Hardy . Jacob is confronted by Emma , leading him to confess his lies ; she orders him to kill Megan as a redemption . Megan , however , pleads for her life and Jacob , unable to kill her , cuts her bonds , telling her to escape . Special Agent Parker gets curious with Hardy 's sudden caller , and sends FBI agent , Mike Weston , to go after Hardy . He agrees to help Hardy rescue his sister . Hardy arrives at Jenny 's restaurant , and blindfolds himself under Maggie 's instruction . Maggie tortures Hardy by putting magnets on top of his body , intending to disturb his pacemaker 's functionality . Megan fails to escape and is caught and tied up once again by Emma and Paul . Agent Weston kills Maggie with a single shot to the chest . Jacob finds Megan in the house again and joins Paul and Emma in the shower . 5 5 `` The Siege '' Phil Abraham Rebecca Dameron February 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) 2J7405 8.39 Joey gets his hands on the hidden phone , while Emma , Paul and Jacob leisure in the bedroom . He manages to have an informative conversation with Claire , before Paul pulls him away from the phone . Caroll 's attorney , Olivia Warren ( Renee Elise Goldsberry ) is seen in the department , while Paul continues to convince Jacob to kill Megan . Warren addresses Caroll 's `` The Following '' allegation by quoting Poe 's `` The Masque of the Red Death '' in her press conference that triggers a follower to start his mission . Special Agent Parker deputizes Hardy . Emma reveals one of the followers , Charlie Mead ( Tom Lipinski ) . Warren meets Claire and informs her of Caroll 's instruction in order for her to see Joey . Joey escapes from the house and stumbles upon a nearby male neighbor , who leads him to his house after Joey requests to borrow his house phone . Emma finds Joey and convinces him that she will lend him her phone if he comes along with her . The neighbors notify the police . After being told by Emma , Paul breaks into the neighbor 's house with a hoe and kills them . Hardy rushes to the location with a police officer . Claire escapes from an FBI agent , Marshall Turner ( John Lafayette ) who is watching her having lunch with her friend . Emma locks Joey in the bedroom , and finds a man sent by Charlie , Hank Flynn ( Josh Segarra ) , who is to move them out of the house . Hardy arrives at the neighbor 's home , only to find that they are both murdered . He tracks the nearby path and sees Jacob and Paul . Hank fatally shoots the police officer , and Hardy later kills Hank . Claire arrives at the location instructed by Warren and follows Charlie . But before Hardy can save Joey , Paul points a gun to his head . 6 6 `` The Fall '' Marcos Siega Shintaro Shimosawa February 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) 2J7406 8.58 While being held captive with Megan , Hardy is able to cause dissension among Emma , Paul and Jacob . Emma sneaks Joey away while Paul and Jacob scuffle with Hardy ; Paul is stabbed by Hardy , who takes the opportunity to help Megan escape . Emma is caught by Weston , who is shot by a local policewoman later revealed to be working with the mysterious `` Roderick '' . Paul and Jacob are able to escape with the help of other Followers disguised as FBI agents . Faced with this turn of events , Hardy , Parker and Weston begin to question their assumptions about the case and realize that The Following is much bigger than a cell of three individuals . Meanwhile , Charlie holds Claire at a remote warehouse , where he mentions that Joe wants her to survive and reveals an attraction for her after years of surveilling her . Turner eventually finds Claire and takes her home , where she is upset that Emma escaped with Joey . It is also revealed that Agent Parker grew up in a cult with her parents , leading to her expert knowledge of the subject . 7 7 `` Let Me Go '' Nick Gomez Seamus Kevin Fahey March 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 04 ) 2J7407 8.81 Carroll 's lawyer , Olivia Warren , is able to arrange his transfer to another jail . The FBI are wary of the transfer and monitor every step , save for the actual exit of the van . Frustrated , Hardy begins to suspect that Carroll either has Followers inside the system , or that he is coercing someone to do his bidding . His suspicions are confirmed when Weston realizes the tape of the prisoner loading bay has been doctored . They quickly identify the prison warden as the likely culprit , learning that his daughter has disappeared without explanation . Hardy relays his suspicions to Parker , who has the transport van pull over . She and the Marshals responsible for the transfer discover Carroll is not in the van . When confronted , the warden admits Carroll 's people coerced him , but he has no knowledge of where Carroll is . Carroll was assisted in his escape by Olivia Warren , whom he forces to call Hardy . He strangles her while Hardy listens . Hardy and Weston arrive on the scene and pursue Carroll through a building where Carroll reveals he has planned all of this for `` years '' before escaping . With help from a Follower , Carroll arrives at a mansion where dozens of more followers appear to greet him . Then Carroll sees Joey as an older child for the first time . 8 8 `` Welcome Home '' Joshua Butler Amanda Kate Shuman March 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 11 ) 2J7408 8.15 Distracted by the search for Joey and unable to find any leads in Carroll 's escape , the FBI lose faith in Hardy 's ability to catch him and his followers and usher in a new agent to oversee the investigation . As Hardy and Parker become frustrated with having to play office politics whilst conducting a manhunt , Carroll 's plans escalate even further as he puts its next stage into action . Carroll selects Agent Weston to be the victim and has his followers abduct him . With Weston in their captivity , the followers begin torturing and interrogating the young agent for Claire 's whereabouts , to which he insists he does not know , by beating him with fists and metal poles before stabbing him in the stomach and leaving him for dead . With Ryan arriving in time to call an ambulance , he learns that now bedridden Weston not only knows Claire 's location , but is the only one who does . Upon returning home , Charlie allows Joe to kill him in penance for failing him , while Joe and Emma later end up sleeping together after Emma seduces him . 9 9 `` Love Hurts '' Marcos Siega & Adam Davidson Adam Armus & Kay Foster March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) 2J7409 8.34 Carroll reaches out to Hardy with an unusual request , and despite the threat of swift and violent retribution if his demands are not met , Hardy realizes that he might be holding onto a bigger bargaining chip than first thought . Joe sends followers Amanda Porter and Louise on a mission to kill women named Claire Matthews in an effort to force Joe 's ex out of hiding . After two of three remaining Claires are killed , Amanda tracks the third one down at the same time Ryan does . After killing Louise , Ryan gets into a confrontation with Amanda , who tells Ryan he needs to be punished for sleeping with Joe 's wife . Ryan admits he did so because he loves Claire and tempts Amanda to kill him ; Ryan disarms her and has her arrested . 10 10 `` Guilt '' Joshua Butler Kevin Williamson & Shintaro Shimosawa March 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 25 ) 2J7410 6.66 Knowing that it is only a matter of time before Carroll finds her , Hardy must outsmart a group of followers and move Claire to a safe place . Jacob and Emma are reunited , but the meeting turns sour . Roderick goes after Claire , along with two military followers , Ryan and Claire manage to escape and go to Ryan 's friend Tyson 's home . Tyson reveals to Claire that after Ryan and her ended their relationship , he introduced Ryan to a friend named Molly , though they did not last very long as Ryan was only serious about Claire . Ryan notices that Claire has been tracked by Roderick as they prepare for his arrival . Emma and Jacob try to work things out , but with Jacob seeing Paul 's ghost everywhere , Jacob tells Emma that she 's dead to him . Tyson manages to take down one follower , but is shot by another . Claire willingly gives herself up to Roderick , but not before she and Ryan reaffirm their love for each other . Ryan then receives a call from Joe who informs Ryan his story is not done yet . At Joe 's home , he is visited by Molly , who is revealed to be a follower , assigned to watch over Ryan . 11 11 `` Whips and Regret '' Marcos Siega Kevin Williamson & Rebecca Dameron April 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) 2J7411 6.57 Claire is abducted by Carroll 's followers , but Hardy and Parker refuse to let her go without a fight . Meanwhile , the FBI look inward , investigating the connection between one of their own safehouses and a crime committed by a member of Carroll 's cult . They find a lead to a bunker , to which they find out that it 's a boot camp of followers and are forced to kill the followers in training . Claire is forced to have dinner with Joe . She asks to see her son but Joe refuses , which causes Claire to storm off . Joe is informed by Roderick of losing the bunker , which causes Joe to snap at Roderick to not make orders anymore . Joe eventually lets Claire reunite with her son . Joe later talks with Molly and has data on Ryan given to him . A flashback reveals Molly joining Joe on the condition she be the one to kill Ryan when the time is right . Back with Ryan , he is greeted by Molly , who is revealed to be his next door neighbor . 12 12 `` The Curse '' David Von Ancken Seamus Kevin Fahey & Amanda Kate Shuman April 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) 2J7412 6.30 Hardy , Parker , and Weston seek out a militia leader with ties to Carroll 's cult . Meanwhile , Joe has hit a roadblock with his book as he struggles to understand what motivates Hardy , and takes Jacob and Vincent to kill the militia leader before he can talk . While Claire tries to escape with Joey , they are blocked by various followers and Roderick puts an ankle monitor on her . Afterwards , Claire discovers Joe 's book and is reunited with Emma , which turns sour and results in the two physically fighting . Mike is held hostage by Joe while Debra is held by Jacob . Joe questions what motivated Ryan into saving people and discovers it was because of his father 's death . The duo escape and return home , only for it to turn sour for Joe as he discovers Claire having read his book and expresses her disdain of it . Ryan and the FBI are then greeted by the local Sheriff , Tim Nelson ( Roderick ) . 13 13 `` Havenport '' Nicole Kassell David Wilcox & Vincent Angell April 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ) 2J7413 6.36 After being recognized at a police station by Weston , Roderick is forced to go on the run , and his disagreements with Joe come to a head when he abducts Joey as `` insurance '' against Carroll and the FBI . Roderick is caught by Ryan and says he 'll give up Joey if he gets his freedom . Ryan releases him , but Roderick is killed by Joe 's followers for his betrayal , and Joey is rescued by Hardy and Weston after a standoff with Jacob . Claire takes advantage of Joe 's affections of her and seduces him before stabbing him . Overcome with pain and frustration , Carroll calls Hardy and informs him that he plans to kill Claire , finally accepting he 'll never get her to love him again . 14 14 `` The End is Near '' Joshua Butler Adam Armus & Kay Foster April 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 22 ) 2J7414 7.04 Frustrated with his writing , drinking heavily and taking numerous medications and bleeding from his open wound , Joe becomes increasingly unstable , and his erratic behavior destroys morale among his followers , especially Jacob . As Hardy and the FBI launch a raid on their compound , the cult retaliates with an attack on an evacuation center in Havenport , giving Joe the chance to get away safely . With Hardy distracted at the evacuation center , cult members capture Parker and bury her alive . Emma and Jacob recapture Claire , and with their help , Joe escapes with Claire on a boat . Jacob expresses a desire to leave his cult life behind , but Emma kills him before he can do so . 15 15 `` The Final Chapter '' Marcos Siega Kevin Williamson April 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) 2J7415 7.82 An angry and injured Joe Carroll escapes with Claire to a secluded island lighthouse . While investigating Parker 's whereabouts , the FBI are attacked by a sniper , who Hardy and Weston capture and torture . The two finally discover Parker 's location , but they arrive too late and find Parker has suffocated . Enraged at Alex for mocking Debra 's death , Hardy shoots him in cold blood . Hardy discovers Carroll 's unfinished manuscript in her coffin , which leads him to a location where Emma drugs and captures him . He wakes up in the lighthouse , and his confrontation with Carroll comes to blows . Their fight takes them to a boathouse where a rogue gunshot ignites tanks of gasoline ; Hardy manages to escape as the building explodes with Carroll trapped inside . The FBI believes Carroll is dead , and Hardy takes Claire back to his apartment where Molly stabs both of them .

13

The Following ( season 1 )

the following ( season 1 )

The first season of the Fox American television psychological thriller horror series The Following premiered on January 21 , 2013 and concluded on April 29 , 2013 , with a total of 15 episodes .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The first season centers on former FBI agent Ryan Hardy ( Kevin Bacon ) and his attempts to recapture serial killer Joe Carroll ( James Purefoy ) following the latter 's escape from prison . Hardy soon discovers that the charismatic Carroll has surrounded himself with a group of like - minded individuals ( whom he met while teaching and while in prison ) , and turned them into a cult of fanatical killers . When Carroll 's son Joey ( Kyle Catlett ) is abducted by his father 's followers , the FBI discovers that it is the first step in a wider plan for Carroll to escape custody , humiliate Hardy , and be reunited with his ex-wife Claire ( Natalie Zea ) . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of The Following characters and List of The Following cast members Main cast ( edit ) Kevin Bacon as Ryan Hardy , a former FBI agent , recalled to assist the FBI once Carroll escapes and his cult begins to develop ( 15 episodes ) Jeananne Goossen as Jennifer Mason , an FBI Agent who is soon replaced by Debra Parker ( 1 episode ) Natalie Zea as Claire Matthews , Joe Carroll 's ex-wife , who also had a relationship with Ryan Hardy ( 13 episodes ) Annie Parisse as Debra Parker , head of the investigation on Carroll and his cult ( 14 episodes ) Shawn Ashmore as Mike Weston , a young FBI agent ( 12 episodes ) Valorie Curry as Emma Hill , a follower and romantic partner of Joe Carroll ( 15 episodes ) Nico Tortorella as Jacob Wells , one of Carroll 's followers and romantic interest of both Emma and Paul ( 12 episodes ) Adan Canto as Paul Torres , one of Carroll 's followers , working closely with Jacob and Emma ( 8 episodes ) Kyle Catlett as Joey Matthews , Joe Carroll and Claire Matthews ' son ( 12 episodes ) Maggie Grace as Sarah Fuller , the last victim of Joe Carroll before he is captured ( 1 episode ) James Purefoy as Joe Carroll , a former professor turned serial killer and cult leader ( 15 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Chinasa Ogbuagu as Deirdre Mitchell , an FBI agent , specializing in following and tracking cult information on the computer ( 12 episodes ) John Lafayette as Scott Turner , head of the Marshal 's detail participating in the investigation of Carroll 's cult ( 7 episodes ) Warren Kole as Roderick , Carroll 's friend and second in command of the cult ( 6 episodes ) Jennifer Ferrin as Molly , one of Carroll 's followers , planted to develop a romantic relationship with Ryan Hardy ( 5 episodes ) Mike Colter as Nick Donovan , an FBI agent who assumes command of the FBI team following Carroll 's second escape from prison ( 5 episodes ) Li Jun Li as Megan Leeds , hostage of Paul , Jacob , and Emma ( 4 episodes ) Tom Lipinski as Charlie Mead , an ex-militant and member of Carroll 's cult assigned to stalk Claire Matthews in the years following Carroll 's incarceration ( 4 episodes ) Billy Brown as Agent Troy Riley , an FBI agent who initially assisted Hardy in the days following Carroll 's escape from prison ( 3 episodes ) Steve Monroe as Jordy Raines , a local cop and follower of Carroll ( 3 episodes ) Michael Drayer as Rick Kester , follower of Carroll ( 3 episodes ) Annika Boras as Louise Sinclair , follower of Carroll and love interest of Roderick ( 3 episodes ) Renée Elise Goldsberry as Olivia Warren , Carroll 's attorney ( 3 episodes ) Christopher Denham as Vince McKinley , follower of Carroll ( 3 episodes ) Virginia Kull as Maggie Kester , follower of Carroll ( 2 episodes ) Arian Moayed as David , follower of Carroll ( 2 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) `` Pilot '' Marcos Siega Kevin Williamson January 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) 296815 10.42 Infamous serial killer Joe Carroll ( James Purefoy ) escapes from prison and Ryan Hardy ( Kevin Bacon ) , a retired F.B.I. agent responsible for capturing Joe , is pulled back into the field to assist the manhunt . The police secure both Claire Matthews ( Natalie Zea ) , Joe 's ex-wife and mother of his son Joey ( Kyle Catlett ) with whom Ryan had an affair , and Sarah Fuller ( Maggie Grace ) , the only one of Joe 's victims to survive . Assisted by FBI agents Mike Weston ( Shawn Ashmore ) and Jennifer Mason ( Jeananne Goossen ) , Hardy attempts to track down a prison guard who helped Joe escape and is now being taught how to be a serial killer . When a young woman commits suicide in front of Hardy at Joe 's request , saying the same last words as Edgar Allan Poe , Hardy begins to suspect that Joe has used the Internet to create a following of disciples he uses to carry out his plans . Sarah is kidnapped by two such followers ( men posing as gay neighbors ) and is tortured and killed by Joe . Hardy is too late to save her , but Joe allows himself to be taken back into custody , where he tells Hardy that this is only the beginning . Denise , Joey 's live - in nanny who is completely trusted by Claire , is revealed to be another of Joe 's followers with her real name being Emma Hill ( Valorie Curry ) , and abducts Joey , who still believes Denise to be his nanny , meeting up with the two men who kidnapped Sarah . `` Chapter Two '' Marcos Siega Kevin Williamson January 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) 2J7402 10.10 Special Agent Debra Parker ( Annie Parisse ) , an expert on alternative religions , joins the case , replacing Agent Mason , as the hunt for Joe 's son intensifies . Joe 's prison guard protégé Jordy ( Steve Monroe ) makes his first kill , slaughtering three college girls in their sorority house . Claire tries to discover Joey 's whereabouts from Joe , but the interview only serves to reveal her prior relationship with Hardy to everyone . Joey 's nanny - turned - kidnapper Emma Hill , having convinced him that he 's on an adventure , takes him to an isolated house , along with Sarah Fuller 's `` gay '' neighbors Paul Torres ( Adan Canto ) and Jacob Wells ( Nico Tortorella ) . Tensions begin to rise between the three as Paul , having pretended to be Jacob 's lover for years , is now jealous of the intimate relationship between Jacob and Emma . Hardy is attacked by a Poe masked man while investigating Emma 's old residence . Jordy attacks Claire in her home , but Hardy wounds him and he is arrested . Parker delivers a book of Poe 's works to Joe in prison , which results in a short but noticeable unspoken communication between the two of them . The next day , the man in the Poe mask lights a seemingly random civilian on fire in a crowd . `` The Poet 's Fire '' Liz Friedlander Adam Armus & Kay Foster February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) 2J7403 9.01 Ryan Hardy and his team obtain video footage of the immolation incident and he recognizes the victim ( Todd Faulkner ) as a literary critic who gave Joe Carroll 's book a scathing review . Emma , Paul and Jacob continue to keep Joey at the house , but Paul confronts Emma about her relationship with Jacob , and she cuts his arm . He leaves the house and picks up a convenience store worker , Megan ( Li Jun Li ) , later knocking her out to kidnap and hold her hostage at the house . Rick Kester ( Michael Drayer ) , who is responsible for killing Faulkner , is also uncovered as another of Joe 's followers . His wife , Maggie ( Virginia Kull ) is found by Hardy and his team and brought in for questioning . She claims to be separated from Kester because he was abusive , having stabbed her on a previous occasion . Kester kills the dean at the college where Joe worked as revenge for his having denied Joe tenure . Maggie returns home under protection by FBI agent Reilly . Meanwhile , special Agent Parker interviews Jordy to try to discover Joey 's whereabouts . Jordy says that he does not know where Joey is but that Kester 's wife does because she helped plan the abduction , revealing Maggie to be involved . While at Maggie 's home , her phone receives a text message from Kester . Agent Reilly reads the message to Maggie out loud that says `` now '' , and she fatally stabs him . Kester arrives , ready to flee with Maggie . Hardy shoots him but Maggie escapes . Jordy , upset because he revealed important information to the FBI , kills himself by swallowing and choking himself on his own bandages . Claire receives a disturbing video of Joey being goaded into killing small animals by Jacob . `` Mad Love '' Henry Bronchtein Story by : Andrew Wilder and Kevin Williamson Teleplay by : Kevin Williamson February 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 11 ) 2J7404 8.79 Emma sees Paul 's captive , Megan , as a threat and instructs Paul to kill the woman . Paul hands the knife over to Jacob and threatens Jacob with his menacing secret . Maggie is disclosed by Joe as his follower . Joey locates the phone Emma used to leave a voice mail for Maggie . In a brief conversation with Emma about Jacob , Paul reveals to her that Jacob has been lying to them , and has never actually killed . Ryan Hardy and his team see Maggie in a surveillance footage stabbing a victim in a parking lot after buying puzzling utilities . Hardy receives a call from his sister , Jenny ( Susan Misner ) and Maggie interrupts the conversation , stating that she has abducted Jenny and wants to trade her for Hardy . Jacob is confronted by Emma , leading him to confess his lies ; she orders him to kill Megan as a redemption . Megan , however , pleads for her life and Jacob , unable to kill her , cuts her bonds , telling her to escape . Special Agent Parker gets curious with Hardy 's sudden caller , and sends FBI agent , Mike Weston , to go after Hardy . He agrees to help Hardy rescue his sister . Hardy arrives at Jenny 's restaurant , and blindfolds himself under Maggie 's instruction . Maggie tortures Hardy by putting magnets on top of his body , intending to disturb his pacemaker 's functionality . Megan fails to escape and is caught and tied up once again by Emma and Paul . Agent Weston kills Maggie with a single shot to the chest . Jacob finds Megan in the house again and joins Paul and Emma in the shower . 5 5 `` The Siege '' Phil Abraham Rebecca Dameron February 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) 2J7405 8.39 Joey gets his hands on the hidden phone , while Emma , Paul and Jacob leisure in the bedroom . He manages to have an informative conversation with Claire , before Paul pulls him away from the phone . Caroll 's attorney , Olivia Warren ( Renee Elise Goldsberry ) is seen in the department , while Paul continues to convince Jacob to kill Megan . Warren addresses Caroll 's `` The Following '' allegation by quoting Poe 's `` The Masque of the Red Death '' in her press conference that triggers a follower to start his mission . Special Agent Parker deputizes Hardy . Emma reveals one of the followers , Charlie Mead ( Tom Lipinski ) . Warren meets Claire and informs her of Caroll 's instruction in order for her to see Joey . Joey escapes from the house and stumbles upon a nearby male neighbor , who leads him to his house after Joey requests to borrow his house phone . Emma finds Joey and convinces him that she will lend him her phone if he comes along with her . The neighbors notify the police . After being told by Emma , Paul breaks into the neighbor 's house with a hoe and kills them . Hardy rushes to the location with a police officer . Claire escapes from an FBI agent , Marshall Turner ( John Lafayette ) who is watching her having lunch with her friend . Emma locks Joey in the bedroom , and finds a man sent by Charlie , Hank Flynn ( Josh Segarra ) , who is to move them out of the house . Hardy arrives at the neighbor 's home , only to find that they are both murdered . He tracks the nearby path and sees Jacob and Paul . Hank fatally shoots the police officer , and Hardy later kills Hank . Claire arrives at the location instructed by Warren and follows Charlie . But before Hardy can save Joey , Paul points a gun to his head . 6 6 `` The Fall '' Marcos Siega Shintaro Shimosawa February 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) 2J7406 8.58 While being held captive with Megan , Hardy is able to cause dissension among Emma , Paul and Jacob . Emma sneaks Joey away while Paul and Jacob scuffle with Hardy ; Paul is stabbed by Hardy , who takes the opportunity to help Megan escape . Emma is caught by Weston , who is shot by a local policewoman later revealed to be working with the mysterious `` Roderick '' . Paul and Jacob are able to escape with the help of other Followers disguised as FBI agents . Faced with this turn of events , Hardy , Parker and Weston begin to question their assumptions about the case and realize that The Following is much bigger than a cell of three individuals . Meanwhile , Charlie holds Claire at a remote warehouse , where he mentions that Joe wants her to survive and reveals an attraction for her after years of surveilling her . Turner eventually finds Claire and takes her home , where she is upset that Emma escaped with Joey . It is also revealed that Agent Parker grew up in a cult with her parents , leading to her expert knowledge of the subject . 7 7 `` Let Me Go '' Nick Gomez Seamus Kevin Fahey March 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 04 ) 2J7407 8.81 Carroll 's lawyer , Olivia Warren , is able to arrange his transfer to another jail . The FBI are wary of the transfer and monitor every step , save for the actual exit of the van . Frustrated , Hardy begins to suspect that Carroll either has Followers inside the system , or that he is coercing someone to do his bidding . His suspicions are confirmed when Weston realizes the tape of the prisoner loading bay has been doctored . They quickly identify the prison warden as the likely culprit , learning that his daughter has disappeared without explanation . Hardy relays his suspicions to Parker , who has the transport van pull over . She and the Marshals responsible for the transfer discover Carroll is not in the van . When confronted , the warden admits Carroll 's people coerced him , but he has no knowledge of where Carroll is . Carroll was assisted in his escape by Olivia Warren , whom he forces to call Hardy . He strangles her while Hardy listens . Hardy and Weston arrive on the scene and pursue Carroll through a building where Carroll reveals he has planned all of this for `` years '' before escaping . With help from a Follower , Carroll arrives at a mansion where dozens of more followers appear to greet him . Then Carroll sees Joey as an older child for the first time . 8 8 `` Welcome Home '' Joshua Butler Amanda Kate Shuman March 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 11 ) 2J7408 8.15 Distracted by the search for Joey and unable to find any leads in Carroll 's escape , the FBI lose faith in Hardy 's ability to catch him and his followers and usher in a new agent to oversee the investigation . As Hardy and Parker become frustrated with having to play office politics whilst conducting a manhunt , Carroll 's plans escalate even further as he puts its next stage into action . Carroll selects Agent Weston to be the victim and has his followers abduct him . With Weston in their captivity , the followers begin torturing and interrogating the young agent for Claire 's whereabouts , to which he insists he does not know , by beating him with fists and metal poles before stabbing him in the stomach and leaving him for dead . With Ryan arriving in time to call an ambulance , he learns that now bedridden Weston not only knows Claire 's location , but is the only one who does . Upon returning home , Charlie allows Joe to kill him in penance for failing him , while Joe and Emma later end up sleeping together after Emma seduces him . 9 9 `` Love Hurts '' Marcos Siega & Adam Davidson Adam Armus & Kay Foster March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) 2J7409 8.34 Carroll reaches out to Hardy with an unusual request , and despite the threat of swift and violent retribution if his demands are not met , Hardy realizes that he might be holding onto a bigger bargaining chip than first thought . Joe sends followers Amanda Porter and Louise on a mission to kill women named Claire Matthews in an effort to force Joe 's ex out of hiding . After two of three remaining Claires are killed , Amanda tracks the third one down at the same time Ryan does . After killing Louise , Ryan gets into a confrontation with Amanda , who tells Ryan he needs to be punished for sleeping with Joe 's wife . Ryan admits he did so because he loves Claire and tempts Amanda to kill him ; Ryan disarms her and has her arrested . 10 10 `` Guilt '' Joshua Butler Kevin Williamson & Shintaro Shimosawa March 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 25 ) 2J7410 6.66 Knowing that it is only a matter of time before Carroll finds her , Hardy must outsmart a group of followers and move Claire to a safe place . Jacob and Emma are reunited , but the meeting turns sour . Roderick goes after Claire , along with two military followers , Ryan and Claire manage to escape and go to Ryan 's friend Tyson 's home . Tyson reveals to Claire that after Ryan and her ended their relationship , he introduced Ryan to a friend named Molly , though they did not last very long as Ryan was only serious about Claire . Ryan notices that Claire has been tracked by Roderick as they prepare for his arrival . Emma and Jacob try to work things out , but with Jacob seeing Paul 's ghost everywhere , Jacob tells Emma that she 's dead to him . Tyson manages to take down one follower , but is shot by another . Claire willingly gives herself up to Roderick , but not before she and Ryan reaffirm their love for each other . Ryan then receives a call from Joe who informs Ryan his story is not done yet . At Joe 's home , he is visited by Molly , who is revealed to be a follower , assigned to watch over Ryan . 11 11 `` Whips and Regret '' Marcos Siega Kevin Williamson & Rebecca Dameron April 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) 2J7411 6.57 Claire is abducted by Carroll 's followers , but Hardy and Parker refuse to let her go without a fight . Meanwhile , the FBI look inward , investigating the connection between one of their own safehouses and a crime committed by a member of Carroll 's cult . They find a lead to a bunker , to which they find out that it 's a boot camp of followers and are forced to kill the followers in training . Claire is forced to have dinner with Joe . She asks to see her son but Joe refuses , which causes Claire to storm off . Joe is informed by Roderick of losing the bunker , which causes Joe to snap at Roderick to not make orders anymore . Joe eventually lets Claire reunite with her son . Joe later talks with Molly and has data on Ryan given to him . A flashback reveals Molly joining Joe on the condition she be the one to kill Ryan when the time is right . Back with Ryan , he is greeted by Molly , who is revealed to be his next door neighbor . 12 12 `` The Curse '' David Von Ancken Seamus Kevin Fahey & Amanda Kate Shuman April 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) 2J7412 6.30 Hardy , Parker , and Weston seek out a militia leader with ties to Carroll 's cult . Meanwhile , Joe has hit a roadblock with his book as he struggles to understand what motivates Hardy , and takes Jacob and Vincent to kill the militia leader before he can talk . While Claire tries to escape with Joey , they are blocked by various followers and Roderick puts an ankle monitor on her . Afterwards , Claire discovers Joe 's book and is reunited with Emma , which turns sour and results in the two physically fighting . Mike is held hostage by Joe while Debra is held by Jacob . Joe questions what motivated Ryan into saving people and discovers it was because of his father 's death . The duo escape and return home , only for it to turn sour for Joe as he discovers Claire having read his book and expresses her disdain of it . Ryan and the FBI are then greeted by the local Sheriff , Tim Nelson ( Roderick ) . 13 13 `` Havenport '' Nicole Kassell David Wilcox & Vincent Angell April 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ) 2J7413 6.36 After being recognized at a police station by Weston , Roderick is forced to go on the run , and his disagreements with Joe come to a head when he abducts Joey as `` insurance '' against Carroll and the FBI . Roderick is caught by Ryan and says he 'll give up Joey if he gets his freedom . Ryan releases him , but Roderick is killed by Joe 's followers for his betrayal , and Joey is rescued by Hardy and Weston after a standoff with Jacob . Claire takes advantage of Joe 's affections of her and seduces him before stabbing him . Overcome with pain and frustration , Carroll calls Hardy and informs him that he plans to kill Claire , finally accepting he 'll never get her to love him again . 14 14 `` The End is Near '' Joshua Butler Adam Armus & Kay Foster April 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 22 ) 2J7414 7.04 Frustrated with his writing , drinking heavily and taking numerous medications and bleeding from his open wound , Joe becomes increasingly unstable , and his erratic behavior destroys morale among his followers , especially Jacob . As Hardy and the FBI launch a raid on their compound , the cult retaliates with an attack on an evacuation center in Havenport , giving Joe the chance to get away safely . With Hardy distracted at the evacuation center , cult members capture Parker and bury her alive . Emma and Jacob recapture Claire , and with their help , Joe escapes with Claire on a boat . Jacob expresses a desire to leave his cult life behind , but Emma kills him before he can do so . 15 15 `` The Final Chapter '' Marcos Siega Kevin Williamson April 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) 2J7415 7.82 An angry and injured Joe Carroll escapes with Claire to a secluded island lighthouse . While investigating Parker 's whereabouts , the FBI are attacked by a sniper , who Hardy and Weston capture and torture . The two finally discover Parker 's location , but they arrive too late and find Parker has suffocated . Enraged at Alex for mocking Debra 's death , Hardy shoots him in cold blood . Hardy discovers Carroll 's unfinished manuscript in her coffin , which leads him to a location where Emma drugs and captures him . He wakes up in the lighthouse , and his confrontation with Carroll comes to blows . Their fight takes them to a boathouse where a rogue gunshot ignites tanks of gasoline ; Hardy manages to escape as the building explodes with Carroll trapped inside . The FBI believes Carroll is dead , and Hardy takes Claire back to his apartment where Molly stabs both of them . Ratings ( edit ) DVR Ratings for season 1 of The Following Episode No . Title Original air date DVR 18 -- 49 DVR viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total viewers `` Pilot '' 000000002013 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2013 1.9 4.68 5.1 15.10 `` Chapter Two '' 000000002013 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2013 1.8 4.11 5.1 14.21 `` The Poet 's Fire '' 000000002013 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2013 1.8 4.21 4.7 13.22 `` Mad Love '' 000000002013 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2013 1.7 3.73 4.1 11.53 5 `` The Siege '' 000000002013 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2013 1.6 3.73 4.5 12.12 6 `` The Fall '' 000000002013 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2013 1.5 3.67 4.3 12.25 7 `` Let Me Go '' 000000002013 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 2013 1.7 3.79 4.5 12.60 8 `` Welcome Home '' 000000002013 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2013 1.7 3.85 4.4 12.01 9 `` Love Hurts '' 000000002013 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2013 1.7 3.95 4.2 11.29 10 `` Guilt '' 000000002013 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2013 1.6 3.72 3.9 10.38 11 `` Whips and Regret '' 000000002013 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2013 1.7 3.79 3.9 10.36 12 `` The Curse '' 000000002013 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2013 1.7 4.04 3.9 10.34 13 `` Havenport '' 000000002013 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2013 1.7 3.95 3.8 10.33 14 `` The End is Near '' 000000002013 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2013 1.8 3.92 4.2 10.97 15 `` The Final Chapter '' 000000002013 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2013 1.4 3.50 4.1 11.32 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 90210 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Bones ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' Mike & Molly Adjusted Up ; ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' The Following ' , ' Castle ' & ' Mike and Molly ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up ; ' How I Met Your Mother ' & ' The Carrie Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' & ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' , ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up ; ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Bones ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , & ' Hawaii Five - O ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' The Carrie Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down + Basketball Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' How I Met Your Mother ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' & ' Terror in Boston ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' Bones ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Following ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' 90210 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Again Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Gains ; ' Nashville ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Gain ; ' Hart of Dixie ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' Elementary ' Scores Biggest Viewership Rise in Week 19 '' . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' Revenge ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' Glee ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' 90210 ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' 90210 ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Following ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Castle ' Wins Total Viewership Gains & ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase & Total Viewership Gains , ' Cult ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase & Total Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase & ' The Following ' Tops Total Viewership Gains in Week 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Following ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Again Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 32 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Following episodes on IMDb ( hide ) The Following Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Resurrection '' `` Fly Away '' `` Sacrifice '' `` Unmasked '' `` Teacher 's Pet '' `` Freedom '' `` Betrayal '' `` Forgive '' Season 3 See also Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Following_(season_1)&oldid=835695330 '' Categories : 2013 American television seasons The Following Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 06 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Following%20%28season%201%29

who lives who dies who tells your stroy

Right Hand man ( Hamilton song )

right hand man ( hamilton song )

`` Right Hand Man '' is the eighth song from Act 1 of the musical Hamilton , based on the life of Alexander Hamilton , which premiered on Broadway in 2015 . Lin - Manuel Miranda wrote both the music and lyrics to the song . The song introduces then General George Washington to the musical .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Analysis 3 Critical reception 4 References Synopsis ( edit ) The song Right Hand Man charts the very beginning of the American Revolutionary War , and begins with Alexander Hamilton ( Lin Manuel Miranda ) and Hercules Mulligan ( Joshua Henry ) reaffirming their commitment to the fight . Alexander Hamilton is irritated that he can not rise to a position of command in the Continental Army , as there is only one man who could award him such a position - General George Washington , who had been appointed commander - in - chief at the Second Continental Congress . Washington is then introduced by Aaron Burr , and discusses his frustration of his forces in the fight for control of New York City . Hamilton attempts to reverse the tide of the battle by capturing British cannons that were attacking his unit in the Battery . These actions bring Hamilton to the attention of Washington , who decides to recruit a right - hand man after retreating from Brooklyn . Burr applies for this role , but is dismissed in favor of Hamilton , who assumes the eponymous role at the song 's conclusion . Analysis ( edit ) The song serves to introduce George Washington , a role originated on Broadway by Christoper Jackson . Elizabeth Logan , writing for Huffington Post , considered the song to incorporate recurring motifs from the musical , such as `` throwing away my shot '' - a reference to My Shot . It further sows seeds of discord between Hamilton and Burr due to jealousy , and this becomes important in Act 2 of the musical , where the two duel in Weehawken , New Jersey . The song receives a reprise later in the musical , when Washington asks Hamilton to assume the role of Secretary of the Treasury in the Cabinet of the United States . Critical reception ( edit ) Buzzfeed ranked the song as the 22nd best in the musical , while The Young Folks had it ranked 19th . Vibe.com said that it marked a return to the initial `` 1990 's feel '' of the musical . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` George Washington 's Commission as Commander in Chief : Primary Documents of American History ( Virtual Programs & Services , Library of Congress ) '' . www.loc.gov . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Long Island '' . www.britishbattles.com . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Hamilton '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Christopher Jackson Talks ' Bull , ' ' Hamilton ' and What 's Next '' . Jump up ^ Logan , Elizabeth ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` I Have an Opinion on Every Song in `` Hamilton '' `` . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ None . `` A Ranking Of Every Song In Hamilton '' . BuzzFeed Community . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Every Song from ' Hamilton , ' Ranked - The Young Folks '' . www.theyoungfolks.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Going H.A.M. : A Track - By - Track Review Of The ' Hamilton ' Soundtrack '' . vibe.com . October 20 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ( hide ) Hamilton : An American Musical Songs Act 1 `` Alexander Hamilton '' `` Aaron Burr , Sir '' `` My Shot '' `` The Story of Tonight '' `` The Schuyler Sisters '' `` Farmer Refuted '' `` You 'll Be Back '' `` Right Hand Man '' `` A Winter 's Ball '' `` Helpless '' `` Satisfied '' `` The Story of Tonight ( Reprise ) '' `` Wait for It '' `` Stay Alive '' `` Ten Duel Commandments '' `` Meet Me Inside '' `` That Would Be Enough '' `` Guns and Ships '' `` History Has Its Eyes On You '' `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) '' `` What Comes Next ? '' `` Dear Theodosia '' `` Non-Stop '' Act 2 `` What 'd I Miss '' `` Cabinet Battle # 1 '' `` Take a Break '' `` Say No to This '' `` The Room Where It Happens '' `` Schuyler Defeated '' `` Cabinet Battle # 2 '' `` Washington on Your Side '' `` One Last Time '' `` I Know Him '' `` The Adams Administration '' `` We Know '' `` Hurricane '' `` The Reynolds Pamphlet '' `` Burn '' `` Blow Us All Away '' `` Stay Alive ( Reprise ) '' `` It 's Quiet Uptown '' `` The Election of 1800 '' `` Your Obedient Servant '' `` Best of Wives and Best of Women '' `` The World Was Wide Enough '' `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Related Alexander Hamilton Cast album The Hamilton Mixtape Lin - Manuel Miranda Ron Chernow Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_Hand_Man_(Hamilton_song)&oldid=827161322 '' Categories : 2015 songs Songs from Hamilton ( musical ) Songs written by Lin - Manuel Miranda Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 03 : 08 . About Wikipedia

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who was the captain when india played its first-ever odi

The Nawab of Pataudi , Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi , was the team 's captain for 36 Test matches from 1961 -- 62 to 1969 -- 70 , returning for another four matches against West Indies in 1974 -- 75 . In the early years of his captaincy tenure , the team was whitewashed in the West Indies , England and Australia . However , in 1967 -- 68 , Pataudi led India on its maiden New Zealand tour , which ended in India winning the Test series 3 -- 1 . In 1970 -- 71 , Ajit Wadekar took over the captaincy from Pataudi . Under Wadekar 's captaincy , India registered its first Test series wins in the West Indies and England . India played its first ODI in 1974 , also under his captaincy . India won its first ODI under the captaincy of Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan in the 1975 Cricket World Cup , against East Africa . Between 1975 -- 76 and 1978 -- 79 , Bishen Singh Bedi captained the team in 22 Tests and 4 ODIs , winning 6 Tests and one ODI .

Ajit Wadekar

India national cricket team

india national cricket team

Test kit

ODI kit As of 24 September 2017 The India national cricket team , also known as Team India and Men in Blue , represents India in international cricket . Governed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) , it is a full member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) with Test , One Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status . Although cricket was introduced to India by European merchant sailors in the 18th century , and the first cricket club was established in Calcutta in 1792 , India 's national cricket team did not play its first Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord 's , becoming the sixth team to be granted Test cricket status . In its first fifty years of international cricket , India was one of the weaker teams , winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played . From 1932 India had to wait until 1952 , almost 20 years for its first Test victory . The team , however , gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as batsmen Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath , all - rounder Kapil Dev and the Indian spin quartet of Erapalli Prasanna , Srinivas Venkataraghavan , Bhagwat Chandrasekhar and Bishen Singh Bedi . Traditionally much stronger at home than abroad , the Indian team has improved its overseas form , especially in limited - overs cricket , since the start of the 21st century , winning Test matches in Australia , England and South Africa . It has won the Cricket World Cup twice -- in 1983 under the captaincy of Kapil Dev and in 2011 under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni . After winning the 2011 World Cup , India became only the third team after West Indies and Australia to have won the World Cup more than once , and the first cricket team to win the World Cup at home . It also won the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and 2013 ICC Champions Trophy , under the captaincy of MS Dhoni . It was also the joint champions of 2002 ICC Champions Trophy , along with Sri Lanka . As of 24 September 2017 , India is ranked first in Tests , first in ODIs and fifth in T20Is by the ICC . Virat Kohli is the current captain of the team across all formats , while the head coach is Ravi Shastri . The Indian cricket team has rivalries with other Test - playing nations , most notably with Pakistan , the political arch - rival of India . However , in recent times , rivalries with nations like Australia and England have also gained prominence . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early History 1.2 Test - Match Status 1.3 One - Day Cricket and World Cup Success 1.4 Late 20th Century 1.5 Turn of the Millenium 1.6 Controversy and World Cup Flop 1.7 Success under Dhoni 1.8 Transition Period 1.9 Worldwide Limited - Overs Success 1.10 Dominance at Home under Kohli 1.11 2017 ICC Champions Trophy and onwards 2 Governing body 2.1 Selection committee 3 Team colours 4 International grounds 5 Captains 6 Results and fixtures 7 Personnel 7.1 Squad 7.2 Coaching staff 8 Tournament history 9 Individual records 10 Statistics 10.1 Tests 10.2 One - Day Internationals 10.3 Twenty20 Internationals 11 Fan following 12 Indian women 's cricket team 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History Main article : History of the Indian cricket team Early history Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji Jadeja was an Indian who played for the English cricket team See also : History of cricket in India to 1918 The British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s , with the first cricket match played in 1721 . In 1848 , the Parsi community in Bombay formed the Oriental Cricket Club , the first cricket club to be established by Indians . After slow beginnings , the Europeans eventually invited the Parsis to play a match in 1877 . By 1912 , the Parsis , Sikhs , Hindus and Muslims of Bombay played a quadrangular tournament with the Europeans every year . In the early 1900s , some Indians went on to play for the England cricket team . Some of these , such as Ranjitsinhji and KS Duleepsinhji were greatly appreciated by the British and their names went on to be used for the Ranji Trophy and Duleep Trophy -- two major first - class tournaments in India . In 1911 , an Indian team went on their first official tour of the British Isles , but only played English county teams and not the England cricket team . Test - match status See also : History of cricket in India from 1918 - 19 to 1945 , History of cricket in India from 1945 -- 46 to 1960 , and History of cricket in India from 1960 -- 61 to 1970 India was invited into The Imperial Cricket Council in 1926 , and made their debut as a Test playing nation in England in 1932 , led by CK Nayudu , who was considered as the best Indian batsman at the time . The one - off Test match between the two sides was played at Lord 's in London . The team was not strong in their batting at this point and went on to lose by 158 runs . In 1933 , the first Test series in India was played between India and England with matches in Bombay , Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) and Madras ( now Chennai ) . England won the series 2 -- 0 . The Indian team continued to improve throughout the 1930s and ' 40s but did not achieve an international victory during this period . In the early 1940s , India did n't play any Test cricket due to the Second World War . The team 's first series as an independent country was in late 1947 against Sir Donald Bradman 's Invincibles ( a name given to the Australia national cricket team of that time ) . It was also the first Test series India played which was not against England . Australia won the five - match series 4 -- 0 , with Bradman tormenting the Indian bowling in his final Australian summer . India subsequently played their first Test series at home not against England against the West Indies in 1948 . West Indies won the 5 - Test series 1 -- 0 . India recorded their first Test victory , in their 24th match , against England at Madras in 1952 . Later in the same year , they won their first Test series , which was against Pakistan . They continued their improvement throughout the early 1950s with a series win against New Zealand in 1956 . However , they did not win again in the remainder of the decade and lost badly to strong Australian and English sides . On 24 August 1959 , India lost by an innings in the Test to complete the only 5 -- 0 whitewash ever inflicted by England . The next decade saw India 's reputation develop as a team with a strong record at home . They won their first Test series against England at home in 1961 -- 62 , and also won a home series against New Zealand . They managed to draw home series against Pakistan and Australia , and another series against England . In this same period , India also won its first series outside the subcontinent , against New Zealand in 1967 -- 68 . Panoramic View of the Eden Gardens Stadium during IPL 2008 The key to India 's bowling in the 1970s were the Indian spin quartet -- Bishen Bedi , E.A.S. Prasanna , BS Chandrasekhar and Srinivas Venkataraghavan . This period also saw the emergence of two of India 's best ever batsmen , Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath . Indian pitches have had tendency to support spin and the spin quartet exploited this to create collapses in opposing batting line - ups . These players were responsible for the back - to - back series wins in 1971 in the West Indies and in England , under the captaincy of Ajit Wadekar . Gavaskar scored 774 runs in the West Indian series while Dilip Sardesai 's 112 played a big part in their one Test win . One - Day cricket and World Cup success See also : History of cricket in India from 1970 -- 71 to 1985 A graph showing India 's Test match results against all Test match teams from 1932 to September 2006 The advent of One Day International ( ODI ) cricket in 1971 created a new dimension in the cricket world . However , India was not considerably strong in ODIs at this point and batsmen such as the captain Gavaskar were known for their defence - based approaches to batting . India began as a weak team in ODIs and did not qualify for the second round in the first two editions of the Cricket World Cup . Gavaskar infamously blocked his way to 36 not out off 174 balls against England in the first World Cup in 1975 , India scored just 132 for 3 and lost by 202 runs . In contrast , India fielded a strong team in Test matches and were particularly strong at home where their combination of stylish batsman and beguiling spinners were seen at their best . India set a then Test record in the third Test against the West Indies at Port - of - Spain in 1976 when they chased 403 to win thanks to 112 from Viswanath . This West Indian defeat is considered to be a watershed in the history of their cricket because it led to captain Clive Lloyd dispensing with spin altogether and relying entirely on a four - man pace attack . In November 1976 , the team established another record by scoring 524 for 9 declared against New Zealand at Kanpur without an individual scoring a century . There were six fifties , the highest being 70 by Mohinder Amarnath . The innings was the eighth instance in Test cricket where all eleven batsmen reached double figures . During the 1980s , India developed a more attack - minded batting line - up with stroke makers such as the wristy Mohammed Azharuddin , Dilip Vengsarkar and all - rounders Kapil Dev and Ravi Shastri . India won the Cricket World Cup in 1983 , defeating the favourites and two - time defending champions West Indies in the final , owing to a strong bowling performance . In spite of this , the team performed poorly in the Test arena , including 28 consecutive Test matches without a victory . In 1984 , India won the Asia Cup and in 1985 , won the World Championship of Cricket in Australia . Apart from this , India remained a weak team outside the Indian subcontinent . India 's Test series victory in 1986 against England remained the last Test series win by India outside the subcontinent for the next 19 years . The 1980s saw Gavaskar and Kapil Dev ( India 's best all - rounder to date ) at the pinnacle of their careers . Gavaskar made a Test record 34 centuries as he became the first man to reach the 10,000 run mark . Kapil Dev later became the highest wicket - taker in Test cricket with 434 wickets . The period was also marked by an unstable leadership , with Gavaskar and Kapil exchanging the captaincy several times . Late 20th century See also : History of cricket in India from 1985 -- 86 to 2000 With 619 wickets , Anil Kumble is the world 's third highest wicket taker in Tests and India 's highest Test and ODI wicket taker . The addition of Sachin Tendulkar and Anil Kumble to the national side in 1989 and 1990 further improved the team . The following year , Javagal Srinath , India 's fastest bowler since Amar Singh made his debut . Despite this , during the 1990s , India did not win any of its 33 Tests outside the subcontinent while it won 17 out of its 30 Tests at home . After being eliminated by neighbours Sri Lanka on home soil at the 1996 Cricket World Cup semifinal , the team underwent a year of change as Sourav Ganguly and Rahul Dravid , later to become captains of the team , made their debut in the same Test at Lord 's . Tendulkar replaced Azharuddin as captain in late 1996 , but after a personal and team form slump , Tendulkar relinquished the captaincy and Azharuddin was reinstated at the beginning of 1998 . With the captaincy burden removed , Tendulkar was the world 's leading run - scorer in both Tests and ODIs , as India enjoyed a home Test series win over Australia , the best ranked team in the world . After failing to reach the semifinals at the 1999 Cricket World Cup , Tendulkar was again made captain , and had another poor run , losing 3 -- 0 on a tour of Australia and then 2 -- 0 at home to South Africa . Tendulkar resigned , vowing never to captain the team again . Ganguly was appointed the new captain and the team was further damaged in 2000 when former captain Azharuddin and fellow batsman Ajay Jadeja were implicated in a match - fixing scandal and given life and five years bans respectively . This period was described by the BBC as `` the Indian cricket 's worst hour '' . However , the new core -- Tendulkar , Dravid , Kumble and Ganguly -- swore not to let this happen to them again , and lead Indian cricket out of the dark times . And the first three put aside personal ambitions to let Ganguly lead them into a new era . Turn of the millenium See also : History of cricket in India from 2000 -- 01 Since 2000 , the Indian team underwent major improvements with the appointment of John Wright as India 's first ever foreign coach . India maintained their unbeaten home record against Australia in Test series after defeating them in 2001 . The series was famous for the Kolkata Test match , in which India became only the third team in the history of Test cricket to win a Test match after following on . Australian captain Steve Waugh labelled India as the `` Final Frontier '' as a result of his side 's inability to win a Test series in India . Victory in 2001 against the Australians marked the beginning of a dream run for India under their captain Ganguly , winning Test matches in Zimbabwe , Sri Lanka , West Indies and England . The England series is also known for India 's highest ODI run - chase of 325 runs at Lord 's which came in the Natwest ODI Series final against England . In the same year , India were joint - winners of the ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka , and then went to the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa where they reached the final only to be beaten by Australia . The 2003 -- 04 season also saw India play out a Test series in Australia where they drew 1 -- 1 with the world champions , and then win a Test and ODI series in Pakistan . Controversy and World Cup flop The Indian cricket team in action in the Wankhede Stadium At the end of the 2004 season , India suffered from lack of form and fitness from its older players . A defeat in a following home Test series against Australia was followed by an ODI home series defeat against Pakistan followed by a Test series levelled 1 -- 1 . Greg Chappell took over from John Wright as the coach of the Indian cricket team following the series , and his methods proved to be controversial during the beginning of his tenure . The tension resulted in a fallout between Chappell and Ganguly , resulting in Rahul Dravid being made captain . This triggered a revival in the team 's fortunes , following the emergence of players like Mahendra Singh Dhoni , Suresh Raina , and the coming of age of players like Irfan Pathan and Yuvraj Singh . A thumping home series victory over Sri Lanka in 2005 and a drawn series with South Africa put India at second place in the ICC ODI rankings . Dravid , Tendulkar and Virender Sehwag were selected to play for the ICC World XI in the 2005 `` SuperTest '' against Australia . A convincing ODI series win in Pakistan in early 2006 , following a loss in the Test series , gave India the world record of 17 successive ODI victories while batting second . Towards the middle of 2006 , however , a 4 -- 1 series loss in the West Indies gave rise to a slump in India 's ODI form , while they achieved a 1 -- 0 victory in the Test series that followed , giving them their first Test series victory in the Caribbean since 1971 . India 's ODI form slumped further with a disappointing performance in the 2006 Champions Trophy and a drubbing in the ODI series in South Africa . This was followed yet again by an initial good performance in the Tests , giving India its first Test match win in South Africa , although they went on to lose the series 2 -- 1 . This Test series was marked by Ganguly 's comeback to the Indian team . In December 2006 , India played and won its first ever Twenty20 international in South Africa , becoming the most recent Test team to play Twenty20 cricket . The beginning of 2007 had seen a revival in the Indian team 's ODI fortunes before the 2007 Cricket World Cup . Series victories against the West Indies and Sri Lanka , marked by the comeback of Ganguly , and strong form by Tendulkar , and the emergence of young players like Robin Uthappa saw many pundits to tip India as a real contender to win the 2007 Cricket World Cup . However , defeats to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka saw India fail to reach the second round . Success under Dhoni After winning the Test series against England in August 2007 , Dravid stepped down as the captain of the team following which Dhoni was made the captain of the Twenty20 and ODI team . In September 2007 , India won the first - ever Twenty20 World Cup held in South Africa , beating Pakistan by 5 runs in the final . In 2007 -- 08 , they toured Australia where India lost the highly controversial home Test series 2 -- 1 , but managed to win the CB series the following month with a whitewash final of Australia . In April 2009 , India secured their first Test series win in New Zealand in 41 years . After beating Sri Lanka 2 -- 0 in December 2009 , India became the No. 1 Test team in the world . They retained the ranking by drawing series against South Africa and Sri Lanka . In October 2010 , India whitewashed Australia 2 -- 0 in the home test series , giving them back - to - back series wins against them . Later that year , India managed to draw the Test series in South Africa at 1 -- 1 . India 's results in international matches Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Inaugural Match Latest Match Test 515 142 158 214 -- 25 June 1932 14 August 2017 ODI 925 473 405 -- 7 40 13 July 1974 24 September 2017 T20I 83 49 31 -- 1 December 2006 6 September 2017 On 2 April 2011 , India won the 2011 Cricket World Cup by defeating Sri Lanka in the final , thus becoming the third team after West Indies and Australia to win the World Cup twice , the previous win being in 1983 . Gautam Gambhir and the skipper Dhoni led the way with 97 and 91 * respectively . India also became the first team to win the World Cup on home soil . Transition period India were whitewashed 4 -- 0 in away Test series by England in August 2011 due to which England replaced India as the No. 1 Test team in the rankings . This series was followed by another 4 -- 0 whitewash of India in January 2012 in Australia . The disastrous whitewashes saw the retirement of Dravid and VVS Laxman from Test cricket in 2012 . Tendulkar retired in November 2013 after his 200th Test match . With Ganguly having retired in 2008 , this period signalled the end of the fabled middle - order batting line - up Indian had for a decade . 2012 signalled a rough period for Indian cricket as they were beaten 2 -- 1 by England at home in the Test series . This was the first Team India were beaten by England at home in the modern era . This was followed by a 2 -- 1 loss in the ODI series against Pakistan , India 's arch rivals , at home . India were then knocked out in the second round of the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 . India also failed to qualify for the 2012 Asia Cup final which closed out a disappointing 2012 for the Indian cricket team . 2013 saw a resurgence in Indian cricket . Worldwide limited - overs success In early 2013 , India returned the favour to Australia and whitewashed them 4 -- 0 at home in a Test series . India then beat the Aussies 3 -- 2 in the 7 - match ODI series and won the one - off T20I . However , India lost heavily against New Zealand and South Africa away from home and led to heavy criticism of Indian cricketers for not being able to perform overseas . India defeated England in the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy final and Mahendra Singh Dhoni became the first captain in history to win the three major ICC trophies , namely - ICC Cricket World Cup , ICC World Twenty20 and ICC Champions Trophy . This was followed by a victory in the West Indies Triangular Series in 2013 consisting of India , West Indies and Sri Lanka . In 2014 , India toured Bangladesh and England . Although they beat the former 2 -- 0 in 3 One Day Internationals , Team India were beaten 3 -- 1 in 5 Test matches by England . This series included a famous win for the Indian team in the first match of the series at Lord 's . The Test series was followed by a 3 -- 1 win for the Indians in a 5 - match ODI series and a loss in a one - off T20 , both against England . India failed to reach the final of the Asia Cup yet again in 2014 . In the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 hosted in Bangladesh , India narrowly missed out on another ICC trophy by losing to Sri Lanka in the final . This tournament saw the rise of Virat Kohli as one of the best limited overs batsmen in world cricket as he was adjudged the man of the series . India soon comprehensively beat Sri Lanka and West Indies in ODI series to cement their position at the top of the ODI rankings . India toured Australia towards the end of 2014 for a 4 - match Test series , which is remembered for MS Dhoni 's sudden retirement from Test cricket after the end of the second Test . Virat Kohli was appointed captain of Team India in Test matches but he was unable to turn the series around and India lost 2 -- 0 . Kohli 's first series win as captain came away from home in a 3 - match Test series vs Sri Lanka which signalled the beginning of an unbeaten Test series run for India . Dominance at home under Kohli 2015 saw the beginning of India 's dominance at home in Test matches under new captain Virat Kohli when they comprehensively beat South Africa . This series was the beginning of an unbeaten streak of 19 Test matches for India which was brought to an end by Australia in early 2017 . This series also saw the emergence of Ravichandran Ashwin and Ravindra Jadeja as two of the best spinners and all rounders . They spun webs around touring batsmen , much like the spinning quartet of the 1970s . This was followed by limited overs victories over Australia and Sri Lanka away from home . India were knocked out of the 2015 World Cup in the semi-final stage , to eventual winners Australia . India began 2016 by winning the 2016 Asia Cup , remaining unbeaten throughout the tournament , beating Pakistan along the way . India were favourites to win the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 which was being held at home , but they lost in the semi final to eventual champions West Indies . Virat Kohli was again named man of the series . In 2016 , `` The Grand Home Season '' began for India , including series at home against New Zealand , England , Bangladesh and Australia . India whitewashed New Zealand to regain the number one ranking in Test cricket after almost 10 years . Before the series against England in November 2016 , MS Dhoni resigned as captain of India in limited overs , thus handing the captaincy to Virat Kohli across all formats . India beat England across all three formats , with a notable 4 -- 0 win in the Test series . This was followed by Test series wins against Bangladesh and Australia , which meant India reclaimed the Border Gavaskar Trophy . Ravichandran Ashwin became the fastest cricketer of all time to reach 250 wickets ; he and Ravindra Jadeja occupied the top two spots in both the ICC Bowlers and All - Rounders rankings at the time . In the process , India became the third team ( after South Africa and Australia ) to have won their most recent Test series against all the other Test - playing nations . India hold an unbeaten streak of 8 consecutive Test series wins as of 19 August 2017 . 2017 ICC Champions Trophy and onwards India defeated Pakistan in their first game of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy , winning by a convincing 124 - run margin , but lost their second game of the group against Sri Lanka by 7 wickets despite posting a total of 321 . In their final group game against South Africa , a must - win encounter , India won comfortably and sealed a spot in the semi-finals , against Bangladesh . India comfortably won the match by 9 wickets , and faced arch - rivals Pakistan in the final , the first time they had met at this stage of a tournament since 2007 . In an anti-climax , considering India were the clear favourites , Pakistan defeated India comfortably by 180 runs in the final , outclassing them across all three departments . India beat the West Indies 3 -- 1 in a 5 - match ODI series in the Caribbean in July 2017 , but lost to the same opposition in a one - off T20I . India then toured Sri Lanka , and comprehensively defeated them 3 - 0 in a three - match Test series , the first time India had whitewashed a team away from home in a Test series with at least three games . Governing body Main article : Board of Control for Cricket in India The Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) is the governing body for the Indian cricket team and first - class cricket in India . The Board has been operating since 1929 and represents India at the International Cricket Council . It is amongst the richest sporting organisations in the world . It sold media rights for India 's matches from 2006 -- 2010 for US $612,000,000 . It manages the Indian team 's sponsorships , its future tours and team selection . The International Cricket Council determines India 's upcoming matches through its future tours program . However , the BCCI , with its influential financial position in the cricketing world , has often challenged the ICC 's program and called for more series between India , Australia and England which are more likely to earn more revenue as opposed to tours with Bangladesh or Zimbabwe . In the past , the BCCI has also come into conflict with the ICC regarding sponsorships and the legitimacy of the ICC Champions Trophy . Selection committee Main article : Indian national cricket selectors Selection for the Indian cricket team occurs through the BCCI 's zonal selection policy , where each of the five zones is represented with one selector and one of the members nominated by BCCI as the Chairman of the selection committee . This has sometimes led to controversy as to whether these selectors are biased towards their zones . The current chairman of selection committee is M.S.K. Prasad . Devang Gandhi , Sarandeep Singh , Jatin Paranjpe , and Gagan Khoda are the other members of the selection committee from 21 September 2016 . Team colours Since colours have made their way into international cricket , the Indian cricket team has chosen blue as their primary colour and orange / red as their secondary colour and have worn one or the other shade of blue . The blue colour of their uniform has also earned them the nickname of `` Men in Blue '' . With the advent of the World Series Cup in the 1970s , each team was to don a primary and secondary colour on their uniforms . The Indian team elected to wear light - blue as their primary colour and yellow as their secondary colour . Even during the 1999 Cricket World Cup , the secondary colour on the Indian cricket team 's clothing was yellow . However , this has since been replaced with the tricolour . In the past , the Indian ODI outfits were changed to different shades of blue , mostly darker than the current , and the team donned navy blue during 1992 , and then the sky blue colour for the next decade . Indian team has got a new kit from 2009 which is feroza blue with India written on it in orange . Currently , from October 2010 , the team is once again using a light blue shade though not as light as the previous sky blue one , with India written in orange , and shades of the tricolour at the sides . The kit sponsor for the Indian cricket team is Nike , which in 2005 bought the kit rights in a $27.2 million contract with BCCI . Due to their love for blue colour Nike with Board for Control of Cricket in India launched the mega campaign called `` Bleed Blue '' for the support of Indian team in 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup which turned out to be a huge success and people over the internet and places adopted this to cheer for India . A new ultramarine blue coloured jersey of the one - day cricket team was released on 20 October 2010 for the upcoming tours and ICC Cricket World Cup . The jersey has been designed by team 's apparel and kit sponsor Nike . Previously , the Indian cricket team has worn a darker shade of blue and before that the team has worn sky blue . The vertical tricolour band has been made on both sides in comparison to just one side in previous shirt . OPPO , the manufacturer of Chinese electronics is the official team sponsor logo is on the central part of the jersey ( above orange coloured INDIA logo and on the right arm Nike logo is visible . The name and jersey number of the player is printed in orange at the back while on the chest the logo of BCCI is on the left side . The one - day cap was also sky blue with the BCCI logo on the front . When playing first - class cricket , in addition to their cricket whites , Indian fielders sometimes wear a sunhat , which is dark blue and has a wide brim , with the BCCI logo in the middle of the front of the hat . Helmets are coloured similarly . Some players sport the Indian flag on their helmet . The current kit sponsor for the Indian team is Nike , Inc. and current team sponsor is Oppo Electronics . International Grounds Main article : List of international cricket grounds in India See also : List of international cricket centuries on Indian cricket grounds and List of international cricket five - wicket hauls in Indian Grounds Barabati Barkatullah Roop ACA - VDCA Wankhede Brabourne / Gymkhana Eden Gardens Kotla Gandhi Noida Green LB Shastri Rajiv Chinnaswamy MAC Kaloor Mohali Indore Motera Jaipur Vidarbha Ranchi Locations of all stadiums which have hosted an international match within India There are numerous world - renowned cricket stadiums located in India . Most grounds are under the administration of various state cricket boards as opposed to being under the control of the BCCI . The Bombay Gymkhana was the first ground in India to host a full - scale cricket match featuring an Indian cricket team . This was between the Parsis and the Europeans in 1877 . The first stadium to host a Test match in India was also the Gymkhana Ground in Bombay in 1933 , the only Test it ever hosted . The second and third Tests in the 1933 series were hosted at Eden Gardens and Chepauk . The Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi was the first stadium to host a Test match after independence , a draw against the West Indies in 1948 , the first of a 5 - Test series . 21 stadiums in India have hosted at least one official Test match . In recent years , there has been an increase in the number of world - class cricket stadiums in India , with multiple Test venues in Indore , Chandigarh Mohali , Chennai , Mumbai , Hyderabad , Rajkot , Ranchi , Pune , Dharamshala and Nagpur . Eden Gardens in Kolkata has hosted the most Tests , and also has the second - largest seating capacity of any cricket stadium in the world , being capable of holding more than 66,000 spectators . Founded in 1864 , it is one of the most historical stadiums in India , having hosted numerous historical and controversial matches . Other major stadiums in India include the Feroz Shah Kotla , which was established in 1883 and hosted memorable matches including Anil Kumble 's ten wickets in an innings haul against Pakistan . For the last two years , the ground has been undergoing renovation . The Bombay Gymkhana hosted the first ever Test match in India which is the only Test it has hosted to date . Wankhede Stadium , established in 1974 , has a capacity to hold 33,000 spectators and is currently the most popular venue in the city . It has hosted 24 Test matches . It was the unofficial successor of the Brabourne Stadium , which is also located in Mumbai . Mumbai is often considered the cricketing capital of India because of its fans and the talent it produces ( see Mumbai cricket team ) and thus the stadium regularly hosts major Test matches . The M.A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chepauk is also considered to be an important historical Indian cricket ground , established in the early 1900s it was the site of India 's first Test victory . Stadium City Test matches Ref Eden Gardens Kolkata 40 Feroz Shah Kotla Ground Delhi 33 M.A. Chidambaram Stadium Chepauk , Chennai 32 Wankhede Stadium Mumbai 25 Green Park Kanpur 22 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium Bangalore 22 Brabourne Stadium Mumbai 18 Punjab Cricket Association Stadium Mohali , Chandigarh 13 Sardar Patel Stadium ( Gujarat ) Motera , Ahmedabad 12 Nehru Stadium Chennai 9 Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground Nagpur 9 Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium Nagpur 5 Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium Hyderabad Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium Hyderabad Barabati Stadium Cuttack Holkar Stadium Indore Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium Rajkot ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium Visakhapatnam Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium Pune JSCA International Stadium Complex Ranchi Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium Dharamshala Bombay Gymkhana Mumbai Gandhi Stadium Jalandhar K.D. Singh Babu Stadium Lucknow Sawai Mansingh Stadium Jaipur Sector 16 Stadium Chandigarh University Ground Lucknow Captains Main article : List of India national cricket captains Thirty - two men have captained the Indian cricket team in at least one Test match , although only six have led the team in more than 25 matches , and six have captained the team in ODIs but not Tests . India 's first captain was CK Nayudu , who led the team in four matches against England : one in England in 1932 and a series of three matches at home in 1933 -- 34 . Lala Amarnath , India 's fourth captain , led the team in its first Test match after Indian independence . He also captained the side to its first Test victory and first series win , both in a three - match series at home against Pakistan in 1952 -- 53 . From 1952 until 1961 -- 62 , India had a number of captains such as Vijay Hazare , Polly Umrigar and Nari Contractor . The Nawab of Pataudi , Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi , was the team 's captain for 36 Test matches from 1961 -- 62 to 1969 -- 70 , returning for another four matches against West Indies in 1974 -- 75 . In the early years of his captaincy tenure , the team was whitewashed in the West Indies , England and Australia . However , in 1967 -- 68 , Pataudi led India on its maiden New Zealand tour , which ended in India winning the Test series 3 -- 1 . In 1970 -- 71 , Ajit Wadekar took over the captaincy from Pataudi . Under Wadekar 's captaincy , India registered its first Test series wins in the West Indies and England . India played its first ODI in 1974 , also under his captaincy . India won its first ODI under the captaincy of Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan in the 1975 Cricket World Cup , against East Africa . Between 1975 -- 76 and 1978 -- 79 , Bishen Singh Bedi captained the team in 22 Tests and 4 ODIs , winning 6 Tests and one ODI . Sunil Gavaskar took over as Test and ODI captain in 1978 -- 79 , leading India in 47 Test matches and 37 ODIs , winning 9 Tests and 14 ODIs . He was succeeded by Kapil Dev in the 1980s , who continued for 34 Test matches , including 4 victories . Kapil Dev led India to victory in 39 of his 74 ODIs in charge , including the 1983 Cricket World Cup . Kapil Dev also captained India 's 2 -- 0 Test series victory in England in 1986 . Between 1987 -- 88 and 1989 -- 90 , India had three captains in Dilip Vengsarkar , Ravi Shastri and Krishnamachari Srikkanth . Vengsarkar took over the captaincy from Kapil Dev after the 1987 Cricket World Cup . Although he started with two centuries in his first series as captain , his captaincy period was turbulent and he lost the job following a disastrous tour of the West Indies in early - 1989 and a stand - off with the Indian cricket board ( BCCI ) . India has had six regular Test captains since Mohammad Azharuddin took charge in 1989 . Azharuddin led the team in 47 Test matches from 1989 -- 90 to 1998 -- 99 , winning 14 , and in 174 ODIs , winning 90 . He was followed by Sachin Tendulkar , who captained the team in 25 Test matches and 73 ODIs in the late 1990s ; Tendulkar was relatively unsuccessful as a captain , winning only 4 Test matches and 23 ODIs . He was replaced as ODI captain by Ajay Jadeja and then by Sourav Ganguly . Mahendra Singh Dhoni holds the record for most Tests wins ( 27 ) by an Indian captain . Ganguly became the regular captain of the team in both Tests and ODIs in 2000 . He remained captain until 2005 -- 06 and became the then most successful Indian captain , winning 21 of his 49 Test matches in charge and 76 of his 146 ODIs . Under his captaincy , India became the joint - winners of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka , and the runners - up of the 2003 Cricket World Cup . India lost only three Tests at home under Ganguly and managed to draw Test series in England and Australia . Rahul Dravid took over as Test captain in 2005 . In 2006 , he led India to its first Test series victory in the West Indies in more than 30 years . In September 2007 , Mahendra Singh Dhoni was named as the new captain of the ODI and T20I teams , after Dravid stepped down from the post . Soon after taking up the captaincy , Dhoni led the team to the inaugural World Twenty20 title . Anil Kumble was appointed Test captain in November 2007 , but retired from international cricket in November 2008 after captaining in 14 Tests . Dhoni succeeded him as the Test captain , making him the captain in all formats . Under the captaincy of Dhoni , the Indian team held the number one position in the Test rankings for 21 months ( from November 2009 to August 2011 ) , and set a national record for most back - to - back ODI wins ( nine straight wins ) . Dhoni also led the team to victory in 2011 Cricket World Cup and 2013 ICC Champions Trophy . Thus , Dhoni became the first captain in history to win all three major ICC trophies , namely - ICC Cricket World Cup in 2011 , ICC World Twenty20 in 2007 and ICC Champions Trophy in 2013 . He is widely regarded as India 's best ever captain . However , the team performed poorly in away Tests from 2011 to 2014 and Dhoni retired from Test cricket in December 2014 , with Virat Kohli being named as the new Test captain . Dhoni resigned as captain of the ODI and T20 teams in January 2017 and Kohli succeeded him at the position . Under Kohli 's captaincy , India were unbeaten in 19 Test matches starting from a 3 -- 0 series win over New Zealand and ending with a 2 -- 1 series win over Australia . India have an unbeaten streak of winning 7 consecutive Test series as of May 2017 , starting with a 2 -- 1 series win over Sri Lanka . India also became only the third team after Australia and South Africa to have won their most recent Test series simultaneously against all the other Test playing nations . As per winning percentage in Test matches , Kohli is India 's most successful test captain having won more than 61 % of Test matches ( at least 2 games ) . Results and fixtures The recent results and forthcoming fixtures of India in international cricket : Bilateral series and tours Date Against H / A / N Results ( Matches ) Test ODI T20I September -- October 2016 New Zealand Home 3 -- 0 ( 3 ) 3 -- 2 ( 5 ) -- November 2016 -- February 2017 England Home 4 -- 0 ( 5 ) 2 -- 1 ( 3 ) 2 -- 1 ( 3 ) February 2017 Bangladesh Home 1 -- 0 ( 1 ) -- -- February -- March 2017 Australia Home 2 -- 1 ( 4 ) -- -- June -- July 2017 West Indies Away -- 3 -- 1 ( 5 ) 0 -- 1 ( 1 ) July -- September 2017 Sri Lanka Away 3 -- 0 ( 3 ) 5 -- 0 ( 5 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1 ) September -- October 2017 Australia Home -- ( 5 ) ( 3 ) October -- November 2017 New Zealand Home -- ( 3 ) ( 3 ) November -- December 2017 Sri Lanka Home ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) January 2018 -- South Africa Away ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 3 ) Multiteam series and tournaments Date Series Format Position Results ( Matches ) June 2017 2017 ICC Champions Trophy ODI Runner - up 3 -- 2 ( 5 ) March 2018 Tri-series vs Sri Lanka and Bangladesh T20I 2018 2018 Asia Cup ODI Personnel Squad This lists all the players who have played for India in the past 12 months and the forms in which they have played . Correct as of 10 September 2017 . Key C / G = Contract grade S / N = Shirt number Name Age Batting style Bowling style Domestic team Zone C / G Forms S / N Captain and middle - order batsman Virat Kohli 28 Right - handed Right medium Delhi North Test , ODI , T20I 18 Test vice-captain and middle - order batsman Ajinkya Rahane 29 Right - handed Right medium Mumbai West Test , ODI 27 Opening batsmen Shikhar Dhawan 31 Left - handed Off break Delhi North Test , ODI , T20I 25 Gautam Gambhir 35 Left - handed Leg break Delhi North -- Test Abhinav Mukund 27 Left - handed Leg break Tamil Nadu South -- Test K.L. Rahul 25 Right - handed Off break Karnataka South Test , ODI , T20I Murali Vijay 33 Right - handed Off break Tamil Nadu South Test 8 Middle - order batsmen Kedar Jadhav 32 Right - handed Off break Maharashtra West ODI , T20I 81 Karun Nair 25 Right - handed Off break Karnataka South Test 69 Manish Pandey 28 Right - handed Right medium Karnataka South ODI , T20I 9 Cheteshwar Pujara 29 Right - handed Leg break Saurashtra West Test 16 Suresh Raina 30 Left - handed Off break Uttar Pradesh Central -- T20I Rohit Sharma 30 Right - handed Off break Mumbai West Test , ODI , T20I 45 All - rounders Ravichandran Ashwin 31 Right - handed Off break Tamil Nadu South Test , ODI , T20I 99 Ravindra Jadeja 28 Left - handed Slow left arm Saurashtra West Test , ODI , T20I 8 Hardik Pandya 23 Right - handed Right medium - fast Baroda West Test , ODI , T20I 33 Axar Patel 23 Left - handed Slow left arm Gujarat West ODI , T20I 20 Parvez Rasool 28 Right - handed Off break Jammu and Kashmir North -- T20I Yuvraj Singh 35 Left - handed Slow left arm Punjab North ODI , T20I 12 Jayant Yadav 27 Right - handed Off break Haryana North Test , ODI 22 Wicket - keepers Mahendra Singh Dhoni 36 Right - handed Right medium Jharkhand East ODI , T20I 7 Dinesh Karthik 32 Right - handed Off break Tamil Nadu South -- ODI , T20I 21 Rishabh Pant 19 Left - handed Delhi North T20I 77 Parthiv Patel 32 Left - handed Gujarat West Test 42 Wriddhiman Saha 32 Right - handed Bengal East Test 24 Pace bowlers Jasprit Bumrah 23 Right - handed Right fast - medium Gujarat West ODI , T20I 93 Dhawal Kulkarni 28 Right - handed Right medium - fast Mumbai West ODI 91 Bhuvneshwar Kumar 26 Right - handed Right medium - fast Uttar Pradesh Central Test , ODI , T20I 15 Ashish Nehra 38 Right - handed Left medium - fast Delhi North T20I 64 Mohammed Shami 27 Right - handed Right fast - medium Bengal East Test , ODI , T20I 11 Ishant Sharma 29 Right - handed Right fast - medium Delhi North Test Shardul Thakur 25 Right - handed Right medium - fast Mumbai West ODI 10 Umesh Yadav 29 Right - handed Right fast Vidarbha Central Test , ODI 19 Spin bowlers Yuzvendra Chahal 26 Right - handed Leg break Haryana North ODI , T20I Amit Mishra 34 Right - handed Leg break Haryana North Test , ODI , T20I 9 Kuldeep Yadav 22 Left - handed Left arm chinaman Uttar Pradesh Central -- Test , ODI , T20I 23 Other players with a central contract who have not played for India in the past 12 months : Ambati Rayudu , Mandeep Singh ( both Grade C ) The BCCI awards central contracts to its players , its pay graded according to the importance of the player . Players ' salaries are as follows : Grade A -- ₹ 2 crore per annum ( $316,000 ) Grade B -- ₹ 1 crore per annum ( $158,000 ) Grade C -- ₹ 50 lakh per annum ( $79,000 ) Players also receive a match fee of ₹ 15 lakh ( US $23,000 ) per Test match , ₹ 6 lakh ( US $9,400 ) per ODI , and ₹ 3 lakh ( US $4,700 ) per T20I . Coaching staff Head coach : Ravi Shastri Assistant head / Batting coach : Sanjay Bangar Overseas Batting Consultant : Rahul Dravid Bowling coach : Bharat Arun Bowling Consultant : Zaheer Khan Fielding coach : Ramakrishan Sridhar Trainer : Basu Shanker Physio : Patrick Farhart Tournament history See also : India at the Cricket World Cup World Cup record Host Year Round Position GP NR England Round 1 6 / 8 0 0 England 1979 7 / 8 0 0 0 England Champions 1 / 8 8 6 0 0 India / Pakistan Semi-finals 4 / 8 7 5 0 0 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Round 1 7 / 9 8 5 0 India / Pakistan / Sri Lanka Semi-finals 4 / 12 7 0 0 England 1999 R2 ( Super 6s ) 6 / 12 8 0 0 South Africa / Zimbabwe / Kenya 2003 Runners - up 2 / 14 11 9 0 0 West Indies 2007 Round 1 10 / 16 0 0 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Champions 1 / 14 9 7 0 Australia / New Zealand 2015 Semi-finals 3 / 14 8 7 0 0 England 2019 - -- -- -- -- -- -- India 2023 - -- -- -- -- -- -- Total 12 / 12 2 titles 75 46 27 World Twenty20 record Host Year Round Position GP NR South Africa 2007 Champions 1 / 12 7 England 2009 Super 8s 7 / 12 5 0 0 West Indies 8 / 12 5 0 0 Sri Lanka 2012 5 / 12 5 0 0 Bangladesh 2014 Runners - up 2 / 16 6 5 0 0 India 2016 Semi-finals 3 / 16 5 0 0 Total 6 / 6 1 title 33 20 11 Other Major Tournaments ICC Champions Trophy Asia Cup 1998 : Semi-finals 2000 : Runners - up 2002 : Joint Champions with Sri Lanka 2004 : Round 1 2006 : Round 1 2009 : Round 1 2013 : Champions 2017 : Runners - up 1984 : Champions 1986 : Boycott 1988 : Champions 1990 / 1991 : Champions 1995 : Champions 1997 : Runners - up 2000 : 3rd place 2004 : Runners - up 2008 : Runners - up 2010 : Champions 2012 : 3rd place 2014 : 3rd place 2016 : Champions Defunct Tournaments Commonwealth Games Hero Cup Asian Test Championship Austral - Asia Cup World Championship of Cricket 1998 : Round 1 1993 Hero Cup : Champions 1999 : 3rd place 2001 : Boycott 1986 : Runners - up 1990 : Round 1 1994 : Runners - up 1985 World Championship of Cricket : Champions † Cricket was played only at the 1998 Commonwealth Games . † The Indian team that won the 1985 World Championship of Cricket was adjudged by Wisden as the ' Team of the Century ' . Individual records Sachin Tendulkar celebrates his 38th Test century during a match against Australia in 2008 . Tendulkar holds multiple world records including the world 's leading run - scorer and century maker in both Tests and ODIs . Main article : Indian cricket team records See also : List of Indian Test cricketers and List of Indian ODI cricketers Sachin Tendulkar , who began playing for India as a 16 - year - old in 1989 and has since become the most prolific run - scorer in the history of both Test and ODI cricket , holds a large number of national batting records . He holds the record of most appearances in both Tests and ODIs , most runs in both Tests and ODIs and most centuries in Tests and ODIs . The highest score by an Indian is the 319 scored by Virender Sehwag in Chennai . It is the second triple century in Test cricket by an Indian , the first being a 309 also made by Sehwag although against Pakistan . The team 's highest ever score was a 759 / 7 against England at MA Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai in 2016 , while its lowest was 42 against England in 1974 . In ODIs , the team 's highest score is 418 / 5 against West Indies at Indore in 2011 -- 12 . India score 413 -- 5 in a match against Bermuda in 2007 World Cup which is the highest score ever in Cricket World Cup history . In the same match , India set a world record of the highest winning margin in an ODI match of 257 runs . India has also had some very strong bowling figures , with spin bowler Anil Kumble being a member of the elite group of 3 bowlers who have taken 600 Test wickets . In 1999 , Anil Kumble emulated Jim Laker to become the second bowler to take all ten wickets in a Test match innings when he took 10 wickets for 74 runs against Pakistan at the Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi . Many of the Indian cricket team 's records are also world records , for example Sachin Tendulkar 's century tally ( in Tests and ODIs ) and run tally ( also in both Tests and ODIs ) . Mahendra Singh Dhoni 's 183 not out against Sri Lanka in 2005 is the world record score by a wicketkeeper in ODIs . The Indian cricket team also holds the record sequence of 17 successful run - chases in ODIs , which ended in a dramatic match against the West Indies in May 2006 , which India lost by just 1 run when Yuvraj Singh was bowled by Dwayne Bravo 's full toss . Sachin Tendulkar was the first batsman to score 200 runs ( he was unbeaten on 200 from 147 deliveries including 25x4 and 3x6 ) in a single ODI innings , on 24 February 2010 against South Africa in Gwalior . On 8 December 2011 , this achievement was eclipsed by compatriot Virender Sehwag , who scored 219 runs from 149 deliveries ( 25x4 7x6 ) versus West Indies in Indore . On 13 November 2014 the record was broken by another Indian opening batsmen , Rohit Sharma , who scored 264 runs from 173 deliveries ( 33x4 9x6 ) against Sri Lanka in Kolkata . In 2013 , MS Dhoni became the first captain in history to win all three major ICC trophies - ICC Cricket World Cup in 2011 , ICC World Twenty20 in 2007 and ICC Champions Trophy in 2013 . In 2014 , Virat Kohli became the first cricketer to win back - to - back man of the series awards in the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 and 2014 ICC World Twenty20 . In 2017 , Ravichandran Ashwin became the fastest cricketer in history to reach 250 wickets . He and Ravindra Jadeja are considered to be the best bowlers in Test cricket and occupy the top two spots in the rankings for Test bowlers as of May 2017 . Virat Kohli became the first captain in history to score double tons in three consecutive series , against New Zealand , England and Bangladesh in 2017 . Statistics Main article : Indian cricket team records Further information : India national cricket team record by opponent Tests Main article : List of India Test cricket records Test record versus other nations Opponent Matches Won Lost Tied Draw W / L Ratio First Last Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 0 - - - Australia 94 26 41 26 0.63 1947 2017 Bangladesh 9 7 0 0 - 2000 2017 England 117 25 43 0 49 0.58 1932 2016 Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 - - - New Zealand 57 21 10 0 26 2.10 1955 2016 Pakistan 59 9 12 0 38 0.75 1952 2007 South Africa 33 10 13 0 10 0.76 1992 2015 Sri Lanka 41 19 7 0 15 2.71 1982 2017 West Indies 94 18 30 0 46 0.60 1948 2016 Zimbabwe 11 7 0 3.50 1992 2005 Total 515 142 158 214 0.89 1932 2017 Statistics are correct as of India v Sri Lanka at Pallekele International Cricket Stadium , Pallekele , 3rd Test , Aug 12 - 14 , 2017 . Most Test runs for India Player Runs Average Sachin Tendulkar 15,921 53.78 Rahul Dravid 13,265 52.63 Sunil Gavaskar 10,122 51.12 VVS Laxman 8,781 45.97 Virender Sehwag 8,586 49.34 Sourav Ganguly 7,212 42.17 Dilip Vengsarkar 6,868 42.13 Mohammad Azharuddin 6,215 45.03 Gundappa Vishwanath 6,080 41.93 Kapil Dev 5,248 31.05 Most Test wickets for India Player Wickets Average Anil Kumble 619 29.65 Kapil Dev 434 29.64 Harbhajan Singh 417 32.46 Zaheer Khan 311 32.94 Ravichandran Ashwin 292 25.26 Bishan Singh Bedi 266 28.71 Bhagwat Chandrasekhar 242 29.74 Javagal Srinath 236 30.49 Ishant Sharma 218 36.93 Erapalli Prasanna 189 30.38 One - Day Internationals Main article : List of India One Day International cricket records ODI record versus other nations Opponent Matches Won Lost Tied No Result % Won First Last ICC Full Members Afghanistan 0 0 0 100.00 2014 2014 Australia 126 44 72 0 10 37.93 1980 2017 Bangladesh 33 27 5 0 84.37 1988 2017 England 96 52 39 56.98 2017 Ireland 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2015 New Zealand 98 49 43 5 53.22 2016 Pakistan 129 52 73 0 41.60 1978 2017 South Africa 77 29 45 0 39.18 1988 2017 Sri Lanka 155 88 55 11 61.45 1979 2017 West Indies 121 56 61 47.88 1979 2017 Zimbabwe 63 51 10 0 82.53 2016 Others Bermuda 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007 East Africa 0 0 0 100.00 Hong Kong 0 0 0 100.00 2008 2008 Kenya 13 11 0 0 84.61 Namibia 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2003 Netherlands 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2011 Scotland 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 100.00 1994 2015 Total 925 473 405 7 40 53.84 2017 Statistics are correct as of India v Australia at Holkar Cricket Stadium , Indore , 24 September 2017 . Most ODI runs for India Player Runs Average Sachin Tendulkar 18,426 44.83 Sourav Ganguly 11,221 40.95 Rahul Dravid 10,768 39.15 MS Dhoni 9,571 51.73 Mohammad Azharuddin 9,378 36.92 Virat Kohli 8,707 55.46 Yuvraj Singh 8,609 36.47 Virender Sehwag 8,273 35.05 Rohit Sharma 5,843 43.28 Suresh Raina 5,568 35.46 Most ODI wickets for India Player Wickets Average Anil Kumble 334 30.83 Javagal Srinath 315 28.08 Ajit Agarkar 288 27.85 Zaheer Khan 283 30.11 Harbhajan Singh 265 33.47 Kapil Dev 253 27.45 Venkatesh Prasad 196 32.30 Irfan Pathan 173 29.72 Manoj Prabhakar 157 28.87 Ashish Nehra 155 31.60 Ravindra Jadeja 155 35.87 Twenty20 Internationals T20I record versus other nations Opponent Matches Won Lost Tie + Win Tie + Loss No Result % Won First Last ICC Full Members Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 100.00 2012 Australia 13 9 0 0 0 69.23 2007 2016 Bangladesh 5 5 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2016 England 11 5 6 0 0 0 45.45 2007 2017 Ireland 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2009 New Zealand 5 0 5 0 0 0 00.00 2007 2016 Pakistan 8 6 0 0 81.25 2007 2016 South Africa 10 6 0 0 0 60.00 2006 2015 Sri Lanka 11 7 0 0 0 63.63 2009 2017 West Indies 8 5 0 0 28.57 2009 2017 Zimbabwe 7 5 0 0 0 71.42 2016 ICC Associate members Scotland 0 0 0 0 -- 2007 2007 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 100.00 2016 2016 Total 83 49 31 0 61.11 2006 2017 Statistics are correct as of India v Sri Lanka at R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo , 6 September 2017 . Most T20I runs for India Player Runs Average Virat Kohli 1830 53.82 Rohit Sharma 1373 31.20 Suresh Raina 1307 29.70 MS Dhoni 1212 35.65 Yuvraj Singh 1177 28.02 Most T20I wickets for India Player Wickets Average R Ashwin 52 22.19 Jasprit Bumrah 34 18.38 Ashish Nehra 34 21.44 Ravindra Jadeja 31 30.38 Yuvraj Singh 28 17.82 Players in bold text are still active with India . Fan following Main article : Cricket in India Supporters of the Indian cricket team wave the Indian flag during match between India and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary a fan of the Indian Cricket team , travels to all Indian home games with his body painted as the Indian Flag . Due to the massive Indian diaspora in nations like Australia , England and South Africa , a large Indian fan turnout is expected whenever India plays in each of these nations . There have been a number of official fan groups that have been formed over the years , including the Swami Army or Bharat Army , the Indian equivalent of the Barmy Army , that were very active in their support when India toured Australia in 2003 / 2004 . They are known to attribute a number of popular Indian songs to the cricket team . Fan rivalry and cross-border tension has created a strong rivalry between the Indian and the Pakistani cricket teams . In tours between these two nations , cricket visas are often employed to accommodate for the tens of thousands of fans wishing to cross the border to watch cricket . This intense fan dedication is one of the major causes of the BCCI 's financial success . However , there are downsides to having such a cricket - loving population . Many Indians hold cricket very close to their hearts and losses are not received well by the Indian population . In some cases , particularly after losses to Pakistan or after a long string of weak performances , there have been reports of player effigies being burnt in the streets and vandalism of player homes . In many cases , players have come under intense attention from the media for negative reasons , this has been considered as one of the reasons for Sourav Ganguly being left out of the Indian team . At times , when a match is surrounded by controversy , it has resulted in a debacle . For example , when India slid to defeat against Australia at Brabourne Stadium in 1969 , fans began throwing stones and bottles onto the field as well as setting fire to the stands , before laying siege to the Australian dressing rooms . During the same tour , a stampede occurred at Eden Gardens when tickets were oversold and India fell to another loss ; the Australian team bus was later stoned with bricks . A similar event occurred during the 1996 Cricket World Cup , where India were losing the semi-final to Sri Lanka at Eden Gardens . In this case , the fan behaviour was directed at the Indian team in disappointment at their lacklustre performance . An armed guard had to be placed at the home of captain Mohammad Azharuddin to ensure his safety . Indian fans have also been passionate in their following of Sachin Tendulkar , who has been commonly thought of as one of the best batsmen in the world . Glorified for the bulk of his career , a riot occurred in early 1999 in a Test against Pakistan at Eden Gardens after a collision with Pakistani paceman Shoaib Akhtar saw him run out , forcing police to eject spectators and the game to be played in an empty stadium . Although in 2006 , a string of low scores resulted in Tendulkar being booed by the Mumbai crowd when he got out against England Often , fans engage in protests regarding players if they believe that regionalism has affected selection , or because of regional partisan support for local players . In 2005 , when Sourav Ganguly was dropped due to lack of form , Ganguly 's home state of West Bengal erupted in protests . India later played a match against South Africa in Kolkata , West Bengal . The Indian team was booed by the Bengali crowd who supported South Africa instead of India in response to Ganguly 's dropping . Similar regional divisions in India regarding selection have also caused protests against the team , with political activists from the regional Kalinga Kamgar Sena party in Odisha disrupting the arrival of the team in Cuttack for an ODI over the lack of a local player in the team , with one activist manhandling coach Greg Chappell . Similar treatment was handed to India 's Marathi captain Sunil Gavaskar in the 1980s by Bengali crowds , with consecutive Tests in Calcutta requiring police intervention due to crowd rioting . However , it should be noted that a successful string of results , victories against arch - rivals Pakistan or victory in major tournaments such as the World Cup are greeted with particular ecstasy from the Indian fans . Indian women 's cricket team Main article : India women 's national cricket team Members of the Indian cricket team before a Women 's Cricket World Cup game in Sydney The Indian women 's cricket team has a much lower profile than the men 's team . For all national women 's cricket teams , the female players are paid much less their male counterparts , and the women 's teams do not receive as much popular support or recognition as the men 's team . The women 's teams also have a less packed schedule compared to men 's teams and play fewer matches . The Indian women 's cricket team played its first Test match in 1976 / 7 , when they drew with the West Indies in a six - match series . The Women 's Cricket World Cup was held in India in 1978 and featured 4 teams . India lost both the matches they have played . Their next appearance in the Test and ODI circuit was against Australia in 1984 , in which the Test series was tied but the ODI series was lost in a whitewash . The Indian women 's cricket team has since picked up their form , reaching the finals in the World Cup , but then losing to Australia . The Women 's Asia Cup of 2005 -- 06 was won by India , who beat Sri Lanka in the final . They also beat the West Indies in the 2004 -- 05 season , winning the 5 ODI series 5 -- 0 . They were knocked out in the group stage of the 2013 Women 's Cricket World Cup held in India . India reached the final of the 2017 World Cup but lost to England by 9 runs , following which the team was praised by many including Prime Minister Narendra Modi . Jhulan Goswami is the world 's leading ODI wicket - taker while Mithali Raj , the captain , is the leading run - scorer in ODI cricket . See also Cricket portal Cricket in India Indian Premier League References Jump up ^ `` ICC Rankings '' . icc-cricket.com . Jump up ^ `` Test matches - Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo.com . Jump up ^ `` Test matches - 2017 Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo.com . Jump up ^ `` ODI matches - Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo.com . Jump up ^ `` ODI matches - 2017 Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo.com . Jump up ^ `` T20I matches - Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo.com . Jump up ^ `` T20I matches - 2017 Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo.com . Jump up ^ Sheringham , Sam ( 2 April 2011 ) . `` India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . 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who is listed on the vietnam war memorial

The wall originally listed 57,939 names when it was dedicated in 1982 ; but other names have since been added and as of May 2017 there were 58,318 names , including eight women . The number of names on the wall is different than the official number of U.S. Vietnam War deaths , which is 58,220 . The names inscribed are not a complete list of those who are eligible for inclusion as some were omitted at the request of their families .

Vietnam Veterans Memorial

vietnam veterans memorial

Vietnam Veterans Memorial

U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Monument Architect Maya Lin NRHP reference # 01000285 Added to NRHP November 13 , 1982 The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a 2 - acre ( 8,000 m2 ) U.S. national memorial in Washington , D.C. It honors service members of the U.S. armed forces who fought in the Vietnam War , service members who died in service in Vietnam / South East Asia , and those service members who were unaccounted for ( missing in action , MIA ) during the war . Its construction and related issues have been the source of controversies , some of which have resulted in additions to the memorial complex . The memorial currently consists of three separate parts : the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall , completed first and the best - known part of the memorial ; the Three Servicemen Memorial , and the Vietnam Women 's Memorial . The main part of the memorial , which was completed in 1982 , is in Constitution Gardens adjacent to the National Mall , just northeast of the Lincoln Memorial . The memorial is maintained by the U.S. National Park Service , and receives around 3 million visitors each year . The Memorial Wall was designed by American architect Maya Lin . In 2007 , it was ranked tenth on the `` List of America 's Favorite Architecture '' by the American Institute of Architects . As a National Memorial , it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 1.1 Memorial Wall 1.1. 1 Names 1.2 The Three Servicemen 1.3 Women 's Memorial 1.4 In Memory memorial plaque 2 Ritual 3 History 3.1 Opposition to design and compromise 3.2 Building the memorial 3.2. 1 Timeline for those listed on the wall 3.3 Addition of the Women 's Memorial 3.4 Memorial plaque 3.5 Education center 4 Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection 5 Inspired works 5.1 Traveling replicas 5.2 Fixed replicas 5.3 As a memorial genre 6 Vandalism 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Works cited 9 Further reading 10 External links Appearance ( edit ) An aerial photograph of `` The Wall '' taken on April 26 , 2002 by the United States Geological Survey . The dots visible along the length of the angled wall are visitors . For a satellite view of the Wall in relation to other monuments , see Constitution Gardens . Memorial Wall ( edit ) The Memorial Wall is made up of two 246 - foot - 9 - inch ( 75.21 m ) long gabbro walls , etched with the names of the servicemen being honored in 144 panels of horizontal rows with regular typeface and spacing . The walls are sunken into the ground , with the earth behind them . At the highest tip ( the apex where they meet ) , they are 10.1 feet ( 3.1 m ) high , and they taper to a height of 8 inches ( 200 mm ) at their extremities . Symbolically , this is described as a `` wound that is closed and healing '' . The stone for the 144 panels was quarried in Bangalore , India . When a visitor looks upon the wall , his or her reflection can be seen simultaneously with the engraved names , which is meant to symbolically bring the past and present together . One wall points toward the Washington Monument , the other in the direction of the Lincoln Memorial , meeting at an angle of 125 ° 12 ′ . Each wall has 72 panels , 70 listing names ( numbered 1E through 70E and 70W through 1W ) and two very small blank panels at the extremities . There is a pathway along the base of the Wall where visitors may walk . The wall originally listed 57,939 names when it was dedicated in 1982 ; but other names have since been added and as of May 2017 there were 58,318 names , including eight women . The number of names on the wall is different than the official number of U.S. Vietnam War deaths , which is 58,220 . The names inscribed are not a complete list of those who are eligible for inclusion as some were omitted at the request of their families . Directories containing all of the names are located on nearby podiums at both ends of the monument where visitors may locate specific names . The memorial has had some unforeseen maintenance issues . In 1984 cracks were detected in the marble and , as a result , two of the panels were temporarily removed in 1986 for study . More cracks were discovered in 2010 . There are many theories about the cause of the cracks , and one often forwarded is that thermal cycling is to blame . In 1990 , the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund purchased several blank panels to use in case any were ever destroyed . They placed them in storage at Quantico Marine Base . Two of the blank panels were shattered by the 2011 Virginia earthquake . Names ( edit ) One panel of ' The Wall ' , displaying some of the names of fallen U.S. service members from the Vietnam War . On the memorial are the names of service members classified as `` declared dead '' ( as the memorial contains names of individuals that died of circumstances other than KIA ( Killed in Action ) , including murder , jeep accidents , drowning , heart attack , tiger attack , snake bites , etc . ) and the names of those whose status is unknown , which typically means `` missing in action '' ( MIA ) . The names are inscribed in Optima typeface . Information about rank , unit , and decorations is not given . Those who are declared dead are denoted by a diamond , and those who are status unknown are denoted with a cross . When the death of one who was previously missing is confirmed , a diamond is superimposed over the cross . If the missing were to return alive , which has never occurred to date , the cross is to be circumscribed by a circle . The earliest date of eligibility for a name to be included on the memorial is November 1 , 1955 , which corresponds to President Eisenhower deploying the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam . The last date of eligibility is May 15 , 1975 , which corresponds to the final day of the Mayaguez incident ( 1 ) . There are circumstances that allow for a name to be added to the memorial , but the death must be directly attributed to a wound received within the combat zone while on active duty . In such cases , the determination is made by the Department of Defense . In these cases , the name is added according to the date of injury -- not the date of death . The names are listed in chronological order , starting at the apex on panel 1E in July 8 , 1959 , moving day by day to the end of the eastern wall at panel 70E , which ended on May 25 , 1968 , starting again at panel 70W at the end of the western wall which completes the list for May 25 , 1968 , and returning to the apex at panel 1W in 1975 . There are some deaths that predate July 8 , 1959 including the death of Richard B. Fitzgibbon Jr. in 1956 . The names of 32 men were erroneously included in the memorial , and while those names remain on the wall , they have been removed from the databases and printed directories . The extra names resulted from a deliberate decision to err on the side of inclusiveness , with 38 questionable names being included . One person , whose name was added as late as 1992 , had gone AWOL immediately upon his return to the United States after his second completed tour of duty . His survival only came to the attention of government authorities in 1996 . These survivor names could be removed if the panel their name is on is replaced in the future . The Three servicemen ( edit ) Main article : The Three Soldiers A short distance away from the wall is another Vietnam memorial , a bronze statue named The Three Servicemen ( sometimes called The Three Soldiers ) . The statue depicts three soldiers , purposefully identifiable as European American , African American , and Hispanic American . In their final arrangement , the statue and the Wall appear to interact with each other , with the soldiers looking on in solemn tribute at the names of their fallen comrades . The distance between the two allows them to interact while minimizing the effect of the addition on Lin 's design . The Three Soldiers by Frederick Hart Wreaths placed around the Three Soldiers Statue Women 's Memorial ( edit ) Main article : Vietnam Women 's Memorial The Vietnam Women 's Memorial is a memorial dedicated to the women of the United States who served in the Vietnam War , most of whom were nurses . It serves as a reminder of the importance of women in the conflict . It depicts three uniformed women with a wounded soldier . It is part of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , and is located on National Mall in Washington , D.C. , a short distance south of The Wall , north of the Reflecting Pool . In Memory Memorial Plaque ( edit ) A memorial plaque , authorized by Pub. L. 106 -- 214 , was dedicated on November 10 , 2004 , at the northeast corner of the plaza surrounding the Three Soldiers statue to honor veterans who died after the war as a direct result of injuries suffered in Vietnam , but who fall outside Department of Defense guidelines . The plaque is a carved block of black granite , 3 by 2 feet ( 0.91 by 0.61 m ) , inscribed `` In memory of the men and women who served in the Vietnam War and later died as a result of their service . We honor and remember their sacrifice . '' Ruth Coder Fitzgerald , founder of The Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project , worked for years and struggled against opposition to have the In Memory Memorial Plaque completed . The organization was disbanded , but their web site is maintained by the Vietnam War Project at Texas Tech University . Ritual ( edit ) Visitors to the Wall will take a piece of paper and place it over a name on the wall and rub wax crayon or graphite pencil over it as a memento of their loved ones . This is called `` rubbing '' . Visitors to the memorial began leaving sentimental items at the memorial at its opening . One story claims that this practice began during construction , when a Vietnam veteran threw the Purple Heart his brother received posthumously into the concrete of the memorial 's foundation . Several thousand items are left at the memorial each year . The largest item left at the memorial was a sliding glass storm door with a full - size replica `` tiger cage '' . The door was painted with a scene in Vietnam and the names of U.S. POWs and MIAs from the conflict . Other items left include a Harley - Davidson motorcycle with the license plate HERO , a plain brown teddy bear which was dressed by other unconnected visitors , a 6 ' abstract sculpture titled `` After the Holocaust '' , and an experimental W.R. Case `` jungle survival knife '' of which only 144 were made . History ( edit ) The Main Navy and Munitions Buildings site , with the Munitions building behind the Navy building On April 27 , 1979 , four years after the Fall of Saigon , The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund , Inc . ( VVMF ) , was incorporated as a non-profit organization to establish a memorial to veterans of the Vietnam War . Much of the impetus behind the formation of the fund came from a wounded Vietnam veteran , Jan Scruggs , who was inspired by the film The Deer Hunter , with support from fellow Vietnam veterans such as retired Navy chaplain Arnold Resnicoff . Eventually , $8.4 million was raised by private donations . A year later , a site near the Lincoln Memorial was chosen and authorized by Congress on the site of a demolished World War I Munitions Building . Congress announced that the winner of a design competition will design the park . By the end of the year 2,573 registered for the design competition with a prize of $20,000 . On March 30 , 1981 , 1,421 designs were submitted . The designs were displayed at an airport hangar at Andrews Air Force Base for the selection committee , in rows covering more than 35,000 square feet ( 3,300 m ) of floor space . Each entry was identified by number only , to preserve the anonymity of their authors . All entries were examined by each juror ; the entries were narrowed down to 232 , then 39 . Finally , the jury selected entry number 1026 , designed by Maya Lin . Opposition to design and compromise ( edit ) See also : Maya Lin § Vietnam Veterans Memorial The selected design was very controversial , in particular its unconventional design , its black color and its lack of ornamentation . Some public officials voiced their displeasure , calling the wall `` a black gash of shame . '' Two prominent early supporters of the project , H. Ross Perot and James Webb , withdrew their support once they saw the design . Said Webb , `` I never in my wildest dreams imagined such a nihilistic slab of stone . '' James Watt , Secretary of the Interior under President Ronald Reagan , initially refused to issue a building permit for the memorial due to the public outcry about the design . Since its early years , criticism of the Memorial 's design faded . In the words of Scruggs , `` It has become something of a shrine . '' Negative reactions to Maya Lin 's design created a controversy ; a compromise was reached by commissioning Frederick Hart ( who had placed third in the original design competition ) to produce a bronze figurative sculpture in the heroic tradition . Opponents of Lin 's design had hoped to place this sculpture of three soldiers at the apex of the wall 's two sides . Lin objected strenuously to this , arguing that this would make the soldiers the focal point of the memorial , and her wall a mere backdrop . A compromise was reached , and the sculpture was placed off to one side to minimize the impact of the addition on Lin 's design . On October 13 , 1982 , the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts approved the erection of a flagpole to be grouped with sculptures . Building the Memorial ( edit ) On March 11 , 1982 , the revised design was formally approved , and on March 26 , 1982 , ground was formally broken . Stone for the wall came from Bangalore , Karnataka , India . It was chosen because of its reflective quality and also because of opposition to Swedish and Canadian stone , as those countries were destinations for draft evaders . Stone cutting and fabrication was done in Barre , Vermont . The typesetting of the original 57,939 names on the wall was performed by Datalantic in Atlanta , Georgia . Stones were then shipped to Memphis , Tennessee where the names were etched . The etching was completed using a photoemulsion and sandblasting process . The negatives used in the process are in storage at the Smithsonian Institution . The memorial was dedicated on November 13 , 1982 , after a march to its site by thousands of Vietnam War veterans . About two years later the Three Soldiers statue was dedicated . Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall with Christmas ornaments Timeline for those listed on the Wall ( edit ) A Marine at Vietnam Memorial on July 4 , 2002 November 1 , 1955 -- Dwight D. Eisenhower deployed the Military Assistance Advisory Group , referred to now as MAAG , to train the South Vietnamese military units and secret police . However , the U.S. Department of Defense does not recognize this date since the men were supposedly training only the Vietnamese , so the officially recognized date is the formation of the Military Assistance Command Viet Nam , better known as MACV . This marked the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the memorial . June 8 , 1956 -- The first official death in Vietnam was United States Air Force Technical Sergeant Richard Bernard Fitzgibbon Jr. of Stoneham , Massachusetts , who was murdered by another U.S.A.F. airman . July 8 , 1959 -- Chester M. Ovnand and Dale R. Buis were killed by guerrillas at Bien Hoa while watching the film The Tattered Dress . They are listed Nos. 1 and 2 at the wall 's dedication . Ovnand 's name is spelled on the memorial as `` Ovnard , '' due to conflicting military records of his surname . April 30 , 1975 -- Fall of Saigon . The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs uses May 7 , 1975 , as the official end date for the Vietnam War era as defined by 38 U.S.C. § 101 . May 15 , 1975 -- 18 U.S. servicemen ( 14 Marines , two Navy corpsmen , and two Air Force crewmen ) are killed on the last day of a rescue operation known as the Mayagüez incident with troops from the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia . They are the last servicemen listed on the timeline . Since 1982 , over 400 names have been added to the memorial , but not necessarily in chronological order . Some were men who died in Vietnam but were left off the list due to clerical errors . Others died after 1982 , and their deaths were determined by the Department of Defense to be the direct result of their Vietnam service . For those who died during the war , their name is placed in a position that relates to their date of death . For those who died after the war , their name is placed in a position that relates to the date of their injury . Because space is usually not available in the exact right place , names are places as close to their correct chronological position as possible , but usually not in the exact spot . The order could be corrected as panels are replaced . Furthermore , over 100 names have been identified as misspelled . In some cases , the correction could be done in place . In others , the name had to be chiseled again elsewhere , moving them out of chronological order . Others have remained in place , with the misspelling , at the request of their family . Addition of the Women 's Memorial ( edit ) The Women 's Memorial was designed by Glenna Goodacre for the women of the United States who served in the Vietnam War . The original winning entry of the Women 's Memorial design contest was deemed unsuitable . Glenna Goodacre 's entry received an honorable mention in the contest and she was asked to submit a modified maquette ( design model ) . Goodacre 's original design for the Women 's Memorial statue included a standing figure of a nurse holding a Vietnamese baby , which although not intended as such , was deemed a political statement , and it was asked that this be removed . She replaced them with a figure of a kneeling woman holding an empty helmet . On November 11 , 1993 , the Vietnam Women 's Memorial was dedicated . There is a smaller replica of that memorial at Vietnam Veterans Memorial State Park in Angel Fire , New Mexico . Memorial Plaque ( edit ) On November 10 , 2000 , a memorial plaque , authorized by Pub. L. 106 -- 214 , honoring veterans who died after the war as a direct result of injuries suffered in Vietnam , but who fall outside Department of Defense guidelines was dedicated . Ruth Coder Fitzgerald , founder of The Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project , worked for years and struggled against opposition to have the In Memory Memorial Plaque completed . The organization was disbanded , but their web site is maintained by the Vietnam War Project at Texas Tech University . Education center ( edit ) In 2003 , after some years of lobbying , the National Park Service and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund won permission from Congress to build The Education Center at The Wall . This 37,000 - square - foot ( 3,400 m ) , two - story museum , located belowground just west of the Maya Lin - designed memorial , highlights the history of the Vietnam War and the multiple design competitions and artworks which make up the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , Vietnam Women 's Memorial , and the Memorial Plaque . The center will also provide biographical details on and photographs of many of the 58,000 names listed on the Wall as well as the more than 6,600 servicemembers killed since 2001 fighting the War on Terror . The $115 - million museum will be jointly operated by the Park Service and the Fund . Groundbreaking for the project occurred in November 2012 , with the center expected to open in 2020 . Vietnam Veterans Memorial collection ( edit ) Various items left at `` The Wall '' . Flags and flowers Items left at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial are collected by National Park Service employees and transferred to the NPS Museum Resource Center , which catalogs and stores all items except perishable organic matter ( such as fresh flowers ) and unaltered U.S. flags . The flags are redistributed through various channels . From 1992 to 2003 , selected items from the collection were placed on exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History as `` Personal Legacy : The Healing of a Nation '' including the Medal of Honor of Charles Liteky , who renounced it in 1986 by placing the medal at the memorial in an envelope addressed to then - President Ronald Reagan . Inspired works ( edit ) Traveling replicas ( edit ) The Moving Wall at Mount Trashmore Park in Virginia There are several transportable replicas of the Vietnam Veteran 's Memorial created so those who are not able to travel to Washington , D.C. , would be able to simulate an experience of visiting the Wall . Using personal finances , John Devitt founded Vietnam Combat Veterans , Ltd . With the help of friends , the half - size replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , named The Moving Wall , was built and first put on display to the public in Tyler , Texas , in 1984 . The Moving Wall visits hundreds of small towns and cities throughout the U.S. , staying five or six days at each site . Local arrangements for each visit are made months in advance by veterans ' organizations and other civic groups . Desire for a hometown visit of The Moving Wall was so high that the waiting list became very long . Vietnam Combat Veterans built a second structure of The Moving Wall . A third structure was added in 1989 . In 2001 , one of the structures was retired due to wear . By 2006 , there had been more than 1,000 hometown visits of The Moving Wall . The count of people who visited The Moving Wall at each display ranges from 5,000 to more than 50,000 ; the total estimate of visitors is in the tens of millions . As the wall moves from town to town on interstates , it is often escorted by state troopers and up to thousands of local citizens on motorcycles . Many of these are Patriot Guard Riders , who consider escorting The Moving Wall to be a `` special mission '' , which is coordinated on their website . As it passes towns , even when it is not planning a stop in those towns , local veterans organizations sometimes plan for local citizens to gather by the highway and across overpasses to wave flags and salute the Wall . `` The Wall That Heals '' at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2016 The Wall That Heals is a traveling half - scale replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial started in 1996 by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund . A 53 - foot ( 16 m ) tractor - trailer transports the 250 - foot ( 76 m ) wall replica and converts to a mobile Education Center at each stop , showing letters and memorabilia left at The Wall in Washington , D.C. and more details about those whose names are shown . This half - scale replica has been retired to permanent display in front of the James E. Van Zandt VA Medical Center in Altoona , PA . The VVMF has resumed a half - scale replica touring throughout the U.S. of The Wall That Heals . Their 2015 schedule can be found at www.vvmf.org/twth Created by the American Veterans Traveling Tribute , The Traveling Wall is an 80 % replica Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall and is 360 feet ( 110 m ) long and 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) tall at its apex . It claims to be the largest traveling replica . Created by Vietnam and All Veterans of Brevard , Inc , The Vietnam Traveling Memorial Wall is a ​ ⁄ scale of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and is almost 300 feet ( 91 m ) long and 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) tall at the center . Created by Dignity Memorial , the Dignity Memorial Vietnam Wall is ​ ⁄ scale of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Fixed replicas ( edit ) Located at 200 S. 9th Ave in Pensacola , FL the first permanent replica of the National Vietnam Memorial was unveiled on October 24 , 1992 . Now known as `` Wall South , '' the half - size replica bears the names of all Americans killed or missing in Southeast Asia and is updated each Mother 's Day . It is the centerpiece of Veterans Memorial Park Pensacola , a five - and - one - half acre site overlooking Pensacola Bay , which also includes a World War I Memorial , a World War II Memorial , a Korean War Memorial , a Revolutionary War Memorial and a running series of plaques to honor local warriors who have fallen in the Global War on Terror . There is also a Purple Heart Memorial , a Marine Corps Aviation Bell Tower and a monument to the submarine lifeguards who rescued Navy pilots in World War II . A Global War on Terror Memorial is planned to be completed in 2017 and will include an artifact from the World Trade Center as a component of the sculpture . Located in Fox Park in Wildwood , New Jersey , The Wildwoods Vietnam Memorial Wall was unveiled and dedicated on May 29 , 2010 . The memorial wall is an almost half - size granite replica of the National Vietnam Memorial , and the only permanent memorial north of the nation 's capital . Located 401 East Ninth Street in Winfield , Kansas . Plans for the Vietnam War Memorial in Winfield began in 1987 when friends who had gathered for a class reunion wanted to find a way to honor their fallen classmates . The project quickly grew from honoring only Cowley County servicemen to representing all 777 servicemen and nurses from Kansas who lost their lives or are missing in action from the Vietnam War . The memorial is a replica of the Vietnam War memorial in Washington D.C. It was also created as a tribute to servicemen and nurses who served in any world war . Located at Freedom Park in South Sioux City , Nebraska exists a half - scale replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall that duplicates the original design in Washington , DC . Dedicated in 2014 , the 250 foot wall is constructed with black granite mined from the same quarry in India as the original memorial wall and bears the names of the 58,000 US servicemen who lost their lives in the Vietnam War . As a Memorial genre ( edit ) The first US memorial to an ongoing war , the Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial in Irvine , California , is modeled on the Vietnam Veterans memorial in that it includes a chronological list of the dead engraved in dark granite . As the memorialized wars ( in Iraq and Afghanistan ) have not concluded , the Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial will be updated yearly . It has space for about 8000 names , of which 5,714 were engraved as of the Dedication of the Memorial on November 14 , 2010 . Vandalism ( edit ) There have been hundreds of incidents of vandalism at the memorial wall . Some of the most notable cases are In April 1988 , when a swastika and various scratches were found etched in two of the panels . In 1993 , someone burned one of the directory stands at the entrance to the memorial . On September 7 , 2007 , an oily substance was found by park rangers on the memorial 's wall panels and paving stones . It was spread over an area of 50 -- 60 feet ( 15 -- 18 m ) . Memorial Fund founder Jan Scruggs deplored the scene , calling it an `` act of vandalism on one of America 's sacred places '' . The removal process took a few weeks to complete . Panorama of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial See also ( edit ) List of public art in Washington , D.C. , Ward 2 Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial Vietnam Forces National Memorial , Canberra Vietnam Veterans Memorial ( The Wall - USA ) , an online memorial Vietnam Veterans of America , chartered by Congress and campaigns on issues important to Vietnam veterans Vietnam War Memorial , Hanoi The Virtual Wall , an online memorial The Wall That Heals , a 1997 film List of Vietnam War memorials References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Robbins , Eleanora I. ( 2001 ) . Building Stones and Geomorphology of Washington , D.C. : The Jim O'Connor Memorial Field Trip . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.124. 7887 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Kenneth ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` The Post Could Have Better Explained Cracks in the Wall '' . Opinions . The Washington Post ( Letter to the Editor ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund Frequently Asked Questions '' . www.vvmf.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Wars Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagopian , Patrick ( 2011 ) . The Vietnam War in American Memory : Veterans , Memorials , and the Politics of Healing . Univ of Massachusetts Press . p. 474 . ISBN 1558499024 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` New cracks discovered in Wall at Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Shannon , Don ( 7 February 1990 ) . `` Vietnam Memorial Develops Thin Cracks : Veterans : The project 's main fund - raiser starts a $1 - million campaign to pay for unanticipated repairs . Who is at fault has yet to be determined '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL -- A MODEL PARTNERSHIP ON AMERICA 'S MALL BY JAN C. SCRUGGS , ESQ '' . 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund - Founders of The Wall '' . www.vvmf.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Survivied '' . The Virtual Wall . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On Memorial To the Dead , 14 Who Live '' . 11 February 1991 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Castaneda , Ruben ( 15 February 1991 ) . `` 38 VETERANS LISTED ON WALL MAY HAVE SURVIVED VIETNAM '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam Memorial Fund : FAQs '' . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Vietnam War Project at Texas Tech University . ^ Jump up to : `` MRCE : Frequently Asked Questions ( continued ) '' . National Park Service . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vietnam Veterans ' Memorial Founder : Monument Almost Never Got Built ^ Jump up to : Garber , Kent ( November 3 , 2007 ) . `` A Milestone for a Memorial that Has Touched Millions '' . U.S. News and World Report . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wills , Denise ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` The Vietnam Memorial 's History '' . The Washingtonian . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Names Added '' . The Virtual Wall . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam Memorial Has Spelling Errors Set In Stone '' . 24 February 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Neibauer , Michael ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Decade - long saga over $115 M underground National Mall construction project nears resolution '' . Washington Business Journal . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lin , C.j. ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Ground is broken for education center at Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MRCE : Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Local AMVETS to Salute Wall '' . Greenville Advocate . July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Wall That Heals Jump up ^ Giberson , Art ( 2015 ) . Wall South : Veterans Memorial Park . Pensacola , FL : CreateSpace . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Memorial Park Pensacola '' . Veterans Memorial Park Foundation . Jump up ^ `` The Wildwoods Vietnam Memorial Wall '' . Wildwood , NJ . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Vietnam War Memorial '' . Winfield , KS . Jump up ^ http://www.omaha.com/news/military/vietnam-memorial-replica-dedicated-in-south-sioux-city/article_60a2c990-e767-11e3-b1bf-001a4bcf6878.html Jump up ^ `` The Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial '' . northwoodmemorial.com . Jump up ^ Kang , Sukhee ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` Letter '' . City of Irvine . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vandals Scratch Swastika on Face of Viet Veterans Memorial '' . Los Angeles Times . United Press International . May 3 , 1988 . ^ Jump up to : `` Substance on Vietnam Memorial is Vandalism '' . Oswego , NY : WTOP - TV . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 ... Works cited ( edit ) Vietnam Veterans Memorial ( Leaflet ) . National Park Service . GPO : 2004 -- 304 -- 377 / 00203 . The National Parks : Index 2001 -- 2003 . Washington : United States Department of the Interior . Further reading ( edit ) Ashabranner , Brent K. ( 1989 ) . Always to Remember : The Story of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York : Putnam . -- -- -- ( 1998 ) . Their Names to Live : What the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Means to America . Brookfield , CT : Twenty - first Century Press . Berdahl , Daphne . `` Voices at the Wall : Discourses of Self , History and National Identity at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . History & Memory : Studies in Representation of the Past. 6 ( Fall -- Winter 1994 ) : 88 -- 124 . Blair , Carole ; Jeppeson , Marsha S. & Pucci , Enrico Jr . ( August 1991 ) . `` Public Memorializing in Postmodernity : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial as Prototype '' . Quarterly Journal of Speech. 77 : 263 -- 288 . doi : 10.1080 / 00335639109383960 . Capasso , Nicholas ( 1998 ) . The National Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Context : Commemorative Public Art in America , 1960 -- 1997 ( PhD Thesis ) . Rutgers University . Carlson , A. Cheree & Hocking , John E. ( September 1988 ) . `` Strategies of Redemption at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Western Journal of Speech Communication . 52 : 203 -- 215 . doi : 10.1080 / 10570318809389636 . Carney , Lora S. ( 1993 ) . `` Not Telling Us What to Think : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Metaphor and Symbolic Activity . 8 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 219 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327868ms0803_6 . Danto , Arthur ( August 31 , 1985 ) . `` The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . The Nation . pp. 152 -- 155 . Ellis , Caron S. ( Summer 1992 ) . `` So Old Soldiers Do n't Fade Away : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Journal of American Culture . 15 : 25 -- 28 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734x. 1992. t01 - 1 - 00025. x . Ehrenhaus , Peter ( March 1988 ) . `` Silence and Symbolic Expression '' . Communication Monographs. 55 : 41 -- 57 . doi : 10.1080 / 03637758809376157 . Foss , Sonja K. ( Summer 1986 ) . `` Ambiguity as Persuasion : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Communication Quarterly . 34 : 326 -- 340 . doi : 10.1080 / 01463378609369643 . Friedman , Daniel S. ( November 1995 ) . `` Public Things in the Modern City : Belated Notes on Tilted Arc and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . JAE : Journal of Architectural Education . 49 : 62 -- 78 . doi : 10.1080 / 10464883.1995. 10734669 . Giberson , Art ( 2015 ) . Wall South : Veterans Memorial Park . Pensacola , FL : CreateSpace . Griswold , Charles L. ( Summer 1986 ) . `` The Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the Washington Mall : Philosophical Thoughts on Political Iconography '' . Critical Inquiry. 12 : 688 -- 719 . doi : 10.1086 / 448361 . Haines , Harry ( 1986 ) . `` ' What Kind of War ? ' : An Analysis of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Critical Studies in Mass Communucation. 3 : 1 -- 20 . doi : 10.1080 / 15295038609366626 . Hass , Kristin Ann ( 1998 ) . Carried to the Wall : American Memory and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Berkeley : University of California Press . Hass , Kristin Ann ( 2015 ) . Sacrificing Soldiers on the National Mall . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . Hess , Elizabeth ( 1987 ) . `` Vietnam : Memorials of Misfortune '' . In Williams , Reese . Unwinding the Vietnam War : From War into Peace . Seattle : Real Comet Press . pp. 261 -- 270 . Hubbard , William ( Winter 1984 ) . `` A Meaning for Monuments '' . The Public Interest . 74 : 17 -- 30 . Katakis , Michael ( 1988 ) . The Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York : Crown . Lopes , Sal ( 1987 ) . The Wall : Images and Offerings from the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York : Collins . McLeod , Mary ( 1989 ) . `` The Battle for the Monument : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . In Lipstadt , Helene . The Experimental Tradition . New York : Rizzoli . pp. 115 -- 137 . Morrissey , Thomas F. ( 2000 ) . Between the Lines : Photographs from the National Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . Ochsner , Jeffrey Karl ( February 1997 ) . `` A Space of Loss : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . JAE : Journal of Architectural Education . 50 : 156 -- 171 . doi : 10.1080 / 10464883.1997. 10734719 . Palmer , Laura ( 1987 ) . Shrapnel in the Heart : Letters and Remembrances from the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York : Random House . Resnicoff , Arnold E. ( 2009 ) . `` Dedication Prayer for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . In Moore , James P. Jr . The Treasury of American Prayer . Doubleday . p. 317 . Scott , Grant F. ( Fall 1990 ) . `` Meditations in Black : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Journal of American Culture . 13 : 37 -- 40 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734x. 1990.1303 _37. x . Scruggs , Jan C. & Swerdlow , Joel L. ( 1985 ) . To Heal a Nation : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York : Harper & Row . Sturken , Marita ( Summer 1991 ) . `` The Wall , the Screen , and the Image : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Representations. 35 : 118 -- 142 . doi : 10.1525 / rep. 1991.35. 1.99 p00683 . Wagner - Pacific , Robin & Schwartz , Barry ( 1991 ) . `` The Vietnam Veterans Memorial : Commemorating a Difficult Past '' . The American Journal of Sociology. 97 : 376 -- 420 . doi : 10.1086 / 229783 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Maya Lin 's original competition submission for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial `` Tenth Anniversary Commemoration '' . C - SPAN . 11 November 1992 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . A number of dignitaries spoke at a ceremony marking the tenth anniversary of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial on a rainy day in Washington , DC . The keynote speakers , former Lebanese hostage Terry Anderson and Vice President - elect Al Gore , Jr. , honored the Vietnam veterans living and dead for their service to their country . Sen. Gore also pledged to investigate every POW and MIA from the Vietnam War , and also improve the veterans health care system . Following the speeches , Sen. Gore and Mr. Scruggs placed a wreath at the base of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , and a lone bugle player played ' Taps ' . ( hide ) Landmarks of Washington , D.C. Memorials Adams African American Civil War American Veterans Disabled for Life Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument Mary McLeod Bethune Boy Scout James Buchanan D.C. War Albert Einstein Emancipation John Ericsson First Division James A. Garfield Samuel Gompers Ulysses S. Grant Holocaust Museum Holodomor Genocide Japanese American Patriotism During World War II Jefferson Memorial Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove John Paul Jones Marquis de Lafayette Law Enforcement Officers Lincoln Memorial Martin Luther King , Jr . Korean War Veterans George Mason George Meade National Statuary Hall Collection Navy -- Merchant Marine Nuns of the Battlefield Peace Monument Pentagon Second Division Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Extra Mile The Three Soldiers Jean de Rochambeau Franklin Delano Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Island Taras Shevchenko Statues of the Liberators Oscar Straus Robert A. Taft Titanic United States Air Force United States Navy Victims of Communism Vietnam Veterans Vietnam Women 's Washington Monument Daniel Webster World War II Rainbow Pool Other Capitol Reflecting Pool Immaculate Conception Basilica Ford 's Theatre Petersen House Healy Hall Islamic Center Jefferson Pier John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Library of Congress National Arboretum National Building Museum National Gallery of Art Lincoln 's Cottage at Soldiers ' Home Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool National Archives Newseum National Cathedral National Mall Old Post Office Pavilion Old Stone House Smithsonian Institution The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace Tidal Basin Treasury Building Tudor Place Union Station United States Capitol United States Supreme Court Building White House Willard Hotel Parks and plazas Constitution Gardens Dupont Circle East Potomac Park Freedom Plaza Lafayette Square L'Enfant Plaza Meridian Hill Park National Arboretum Pershing Park Rock Creek Park The Ellipse United States Botanic Garden West Potomac Park Boundaries Anacostia River Arlington Memorial Bridge Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Constitution Avenue Francis Scott Key Bridge Pennsylvania Avenue Potomac River Zero Milestone Planned Adams Memorial Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial General Francis Marion Memorial Gold Star Mothers Monument National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial National Liberty Memorial Peace Corps Monument World War I Related National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission National Mall and Memorial Parks List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. Public art in Washington , D.C. ( Outdoor sculpture , American Revolution Statuary , Civil War Monuments , commemorating African - Americans ) VIAF : 210229529 GND : 4491270 - 5 SUDOC : 121832406 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial&oldid=825321025 '' Categories : IUCN Category V Vietnam Veterans Memorial 1982 establishments in Washington , D.C. Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1982 Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. 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Vietnam War monuments and memorials in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 19 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%20Veterans%20Memorial

a trade union that exists within the sfr industry

Australian Council of trade unions

australian council of trade unions

The Australian Council of Trade Unions ( ACTU ) is the largest peak body representing workers in Australia . It is a national trade union centre of 46 affiliated unions and nine trades and labour councils . The ACTU is a member of the International Trade Union Confederation .

The current President of the ACTU is Ged Kearney , and the current Secretary is Sally McManus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organisation 2 Objectives 3 Current campaigns 4 History 5 Past campaigns 6 Affiliated trades and labour councils 7 Current affiliated organisations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Organisation ( edit ) The ACTU holds a biennial congress that is attended by approximately 800 delegates from affiliated organisations . Between congresses the ACTU is governed by an executive of 60 members : the president , the two vice-presidents , the secretary , the assistant secretaries , Trades and Labour Council representatives from each capital city and elected delegates from affiliated unions . Objectives ( edit ) The objectives of the ACTU , as stated in its constitution , are as follows : The socialisation of industry ; Organisation of wage and salary earners in the Australian workforce ( within the trade union movement ) ; The utilisation of Australian resources to maintain full employment , establish equitable living standards which increase inline with output , and create opportunities for the development of talent . Current campaigns ( edit ) The ACTU 's main focus since the 2007 Australian federal election has been its campaign to restore workers rights under the banner of the Your Rights at Work campaign In addition to this campaign the ACTU is also running a number of other campaigns , including workplace health and safety , working with other unions on the Your Rights at Telstra campaign and supporting the Rights on Site campaign . The ACTU has also launched a service by which workers can join their applicable union directly through the ACTU . This self - titled `` one stop shop '' for union membership is Australian Unions . In 2008 , the ACTU launched a campaign to make paid maternity leave a new national employment standard . In 2011 , the ACTU launched a campaign to address the spread of casual , contract and other forms of insecure work in Australian workplaces . Part of this involved an inquiry into insecure work . History ( edit ) Melbourne Trades Hall in Victoria is the `` birthplace '' of the ACTU In Australia , agitation for One Big Union took place from 1911 from two different sectors : from the revolutionary Australian section of the IWW and from the pro-arbitration Australian Workers Union ( AWU ) . At that time the AWU was the largest single Australian union . In 1918 after the collapse of the Australian IWW , a group of militant trade unions ( which were opposed to the AWU ) attempted to form One Big Union under the name Workers Industrial Union of Australia ( WIUA ) . The hostility between the WIUA and the AWU prevented the formation of One Big Union in Australia . The ACTU was formed in 1927 and was one of the earliest attempts by trade unions to apply the principles of One Big Union earlier explored by more radical syndicalist unions like the CNT or revolutionary industrial unions like the IWW . The ACTU has not achieved the ideals expressed for One Big Union : it remains a council organisation , but it does however represent the majority of Australian trade unions . At its formation in 1927 the ACTU was only seen as representing blue collar trades unions , and only managed to achieve the support of trades unions . Attempts of Nationalist Stanley Bruce 's federal government in 1927 to dismantle the Australian Industrial Relations Commission impelled Australian trade unions to form a national council . The ACTU 's Australian trade union `` peak body '' precursors include state labour councils like the Victorian Trades Hall Council ( originating in 1856 as the ' Melbourne Trades Hall Committee ' ) , the Labor Council of New South Wales ( originally formed in 1870 as the ' Sydney Trades and Labor Council ' ) and the Inter-Colonial Trade Union Congress ( formed in 1879 ) . From 1948 peak bodies of white collar associations existed , and from 1969 peak bodies of government employees . The white collar bodies were : the Council of Professional and Commercial Employees Association ( 1948 ) , which became the Council of White Collar Associations ( 1954 ) , which amalgamated with the Salaried Employees Consultative Council of New South Wales ( 1954 ) to become the Australian Council of Salaried and Professional Associations ( ACSPA ) in 1956 . The government employee bodies were : the Council of Commonwealth Public Service Organisations ( 1969 ) which became the Council of Australian Government Employee Organisations ( CAGEO ) in 1975 . The ACTU successfully integrated these bodies in 1981 . After 1981 the ACTU was generally viewed by the Australian media and public as the organisation representing all workers ' organisations . Greg Combet , Former Secretary of the ACTU , speaking on 2 November 2005 shortly after the Government introduced its WorkChoices legislation into the Australian Parliament . The ACTU and Labour Councils have often united Australian working class opinion behind certain initiatives like the eight - hour day or compulsory arbitration . In the early 1980s this unifying impulse created an accord between government , capital and labour on wages and prices . The ACTU retains a close relationship with the Australian Labor Party : former ACTU President Bob Hawke went on to become the leader of the ALP and then Prime Minister of Australia . Other former ACTU Presidents who went on to become members of Federal Parliament are : Simon Crean ( president 1985 - 90 ) , Martin Ferguson ( 1990 -- 96 ) , and Jennie George ( 1996 -- 99 ) . The November 2007 election win by the Labor Party , saw the election of a number of union officials to the parliament ( Commonwealth ) including Bill Shorten ( Australian Workers Union ) and Greg Combet ( former ACTU Secretary ) . In the late 1980s and early 1990s the ACTU was influential in a move to forcibly amalgamate smaller unions into so called `` super unions '' . The ACTU 's plans envisaged 20 super unions organised on an industrial basis . While a large number of amalgamations occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s ( in part under the influence of changed industrial law ) , there are still a large number of unions , and union coverage is often organised by historical amalgamation , not by industry . Past campaigns ( edit ) In the lead up to the 2007 federal election , the ACTU campaigned actively against the Howard Government 's WorkChoices legislation , which included an advertising campaign and public rallies . This campaign was originally called `` Your Rights at Work '' but is now known as `` Secure Jobs . Better Future '' and was considered a success in making industrial relations an important election issue by both marketing companies and even Joe Hockey MP , the Federal Workplace Relations Minister , who said `` This is the most sophisticated political plan that we have seen in Australia . '' . One of the rallies was called Fill the `` G '' , attended by 50,000 people at the Melbourne Cricket Ground and broadcast to other similar rallies throughout the country . A previous national rally had a reported attendance of 500,000 around Australia . Affiliated trades and labour councils ( edit ) Queensland Council of Unions SA Unions Unions ACT Labor Council of New South Wales ( UnionsNSW ) Newcastle Trades Hall Council Unions NT Unions Tasmania Unions WA Victorian Trades Hall Council Current affiliated organisations ( edit ) Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union Australian Education Union Australian Institute of Marine and Power Engineers Australian and International Pilots Association Australian Licensed Aircraft Engineers Association Australian Manufacturing Workers Union Australian Maritime Officers Union Australian Nursing Federation Australian Professional Footballers ' Association Australian Rail Tram and Bus Industry Union Australian Salaried Medical Officers Federation Australian Services Union Australian Workers Union Australian Writers ' Guild Blind Workers Union of Victoria Breweries & Bottleyards Employees Industrial Union of Workers WA Civil Air Operations Officers Association of Australia Club Managers Association Australia Communications , Electrical and Plumbing Union of Australia Community and Public Sector Union Construction , Forestry , Mining and Energy Union Electrical Trades Union of Australia Finance Sector Union Flight Attendants ' Association of Australia Funeral and Allied Industries Union of NSW Health Services Union Independent Education Union of Australia Maritime Union of Australia Media , Entertainment and Arts Alliance National Tertiary Education Union National Union of Workers Police Federation of Australia Professionals Australia Rugby League Professionals Association Salaried Pharmacists Association of WA Union of Workers Shop , Distributive and Allied Employees Association Textile , Clothing and Footwear Union of Australia Transport Workers Union of Australia Union of Christmas Island Workers United Firefighters Union of Australia United Voice Western Australian Prison Officers Union of Workers Woolclassers Association of Australia See also ( edit ) Australia portal Organized labour portal 1998 Australian waterfront dispute Australian Industrial Relations Law Reform 2005 Australian labour law Australian Workplace Agreement Employers ' organization Enterprise Bargaining Agreement Fair Pay Commission Trades Hall Trade Practices Act Transport Workers Act 1928 Unions ACT List of unregistered Australian unions Workplace Relations Act 1996 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Your Rights at Work - Home Jump up ^ ACTU Health and Safety pages Archived 2 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rights on Site website '' . Rightsonsite.org.au . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Australian Unions . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Paid Parental Leave Archived 13 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ACTU . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 16 May 2012 ) Joe Kelly. ACTU out to reverse work ' casualisation ' , improve bargaining power . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Stoush brews over full - time job orders Jump up ^ ( 14 July 2005 ) Heather Ewart . Ads argue the case for and against IR changes . 7 : 30 Report . Australian Broadcasting Corporation Jump up ^ - Rally information from Campaign website Archived 12 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Secure Jobs . Better Future Jump up ^ Campaign Results Archived 30 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ABC transcript of radio interview with Joe Hockey '' . Abc.net.au. 13 June 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Holroyd , Jane ( 30 November 2006 ) . `` IR laws ' just not cricket ' '' . Melbourne : `` The Age '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 30 November 2006 ) Reko Rennie . March stops city traffic . The Age . Jump up ^ Thousands protest against IR laws . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 15 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Protesters engulf Melbourne CBD . The Age . 15 November 2005 . Cites 175,000 as Melbourne crowd size . External links ( edit ) Official website ACTU Congress Unions Australia Industrial relations and the trade unions under Labor : from Whitlam to Rudd -- World Socialist Website Presidents of the Australian Council of Trade Unions Billy Duggan ( 1927 - 1934 ) Albert Monk ( 1934 - 1943 ; 1949 - 1969 ) Percy Clarey ( 1943 - 1949 ) Bob Hawke ( 1969 - 1980 ) Cliff Dolan ( 1980 - 1985 ) Simon Crean ( 1985 - 1990 ) Martin Ferguson ( 1990 - 1996 ) Jennie George ( 1996 - 2000 ) Sharan Burrow ( 2000 - 2010 ) Ged Kearney ( 2010 - ) Secretaries of the Australian Council of Trade Unions Charlie Crofts ( 1927 - 1943 ) Albert Monk ( 1943 - 1949 ) Reg Broadby ( 1949 - 1956 ) Harold Souter ( 1956 - 1977 ) Peter Nolan ( 1977 - 1983 ) Bill Kelty ( 1983 - 2000 ) Greg Combet ( 2000 - 2007 ) Jeff Lawrence ( 2007 - 2012 ) Dave Oliver ( 2012 - 2017 ) Sally McManus ( 2017 - ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Council_of_Trade_Unions&oldid=815961370 '' Categories : 1927 establishments in Australia Australian labour movement Bob Hawke ICFTU Asia and Pacific Regional Organisation National federations of trade unions Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD Trade unions established in 1927 Trade unions in Australia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Australian English from July 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 09 : 50 . 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who was thrown in the pit in the bible

The story of Daniel in the lions ' den ( chapter 6 in the Book of Daniel ) tells how Daniel is raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede , but jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree which condemns Daniel to death . Hoping for Daniel 's deliverance , but unable to save him , the king has him cast into the pit of lions . At daybreak he hurries back , asking if God had saved his friend . Daniel replies that God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions , `` because I was found blameless before him . '' The king has those who had conspired against Daniel , and their wives and children , thrown to the lions in his place , and commands to all the people of the whole world to `` tremble and fear before the God of Daniel '' .

Daniel

Daniel in the lions ' den

daniel in the lions'den

The story of Daniel in the lions ' den ( chapter 6 in the Book of Daniel ) tells how Daniel is raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede , but jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree which condemns Daniel to death . Hoping for Daniel 's deliverance , but unable to save him , the king has him cast into the pit of lions . At daybreak he hurries back , asking if God had saved his friend . Daniel replies that God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions , `` because I was found blameless before him . '' The king has those who had conspired against Daniel , and their wives and children , thrown to the lions in his place , and commands to all the people of the whole world to `` tremble and fear before the God of Daniel '' .

Modern scholarship agrees that Daniel is a legendary figure . The book of which he is the hero comprises two parts , a set of tales in chapters 1 -- 6 , and the series of visions in chapters 7 -- 12 : the tales are no earlier than the Hellenistic period , and the visions date from the Maccabean era ( the mid-2nd century BC ) . The stories were probably originally independent , but were collected in the mid-2nd century by the author of chapter 7 and expanded again shortly afterwards with the visions in chapters 8 - 12 to produce the modern book . Chapter 6 , the story of Daniel in the lions ' den , parallels chapter 3 , the story of the `` fiery furnace '' : each begins with the jealousy of non-Jews towards successful Jews and an imperial edict requiring the Jews to compromise their religion , and concludes with divine deliverance and a king who confesses the greatness of the God of the Jews and issues an edict of royal protection . Contents 1 Summary 2 Composition and structure 3 Rabbinic literature 4 Artistic representations 4.1 In visual arts 4.2 In music 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Bibliography Summary ( edit ) Chapters of the Book of Daniel Chapter 1 : Induction into Babylon Chapter 2 : Nebuchadnezzar 's Dream Chapter 3 : The Fiery Furnace Chapter 4 : Nebuchadnezzar 's Madness Chapter 5 : Belshazzar 's Feast Chapter 6 : Daniel in the Lions 's Den Chapter 7 : The Four Beasts Chapter 8 : The Ram , He - Goat and Horn Chapter 9 : The Seventy Weeks Chapters 10 - 12 : Daniel 's final vision Additions to Daniel Song of the Three Holy Children Susanna and the Elders Bel and the Dragon Daniel is raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede . Daniel 's jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree that for thirty days no prayers should be addressed to any god or man but Darius himself ; any who break this are to be thrown to the lions . Daniel continues to pray to the God of Israel , and the king , although deeply distressed , must condemn Daniel to death , for the edicts of the Medes and Persians can not be altered . Hoping for Daniel 's deliverance , he has him cast into the pit . At daybreak the king hurries to the place and cries out anxiously , asking if God had saved his friend . Daniel replies that his God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions , `` because I was found blameless before him . '' The king commands that those who had conspired against Daniel should be thrown to the lions in his place , along with their wives and children , and writes to all the people of the whole world commanding that all should tremble and fear before the God of Daniel . Composition and structure ( edit ) It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Babylonian diaspora , the Jewish community living in Babylon and Mesopotamia in the Persian and Hellenistic periods ( 5th to 2nd centuries BC ) . Chapters 4 -- 6 , which includes the tale of Daniel in the lions ' den , may belong to the earliest stage , as these differ quite markedly in the oldest texts . Although the entire book is traditionally ascribed to Daniel the seer , the tales of chapters 1 - 6 , including the story of the lion 's den , are the voice of an anonymous narrator ( except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar ) . It is possible that the name of Daniel was chosen for the hero because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition . Chapters 2 - 7 are in Aramaic , and are in the clear form of a chiasm ( a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side ) : A. ( 2 : 4b - 49 ) -- A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth B. ( 3 : 1 -- 30 ) -- Daniel 's three friends in the fiery furnace C. ( 4 : 1 -- 37 ) -- Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar C '. ( 5 : 1 -- 31 ) -- Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar B '. ( 6 : 1 -- 28 ) -- Daniel in the lions ' den A '. ( 7 : 1 -- 28 ) -- A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifth The story of Daniel in the lions ' den in chapter 6 is paired with the story of Shadrach , Meshach , and Abednego and the `` fiery furnace '' in Daniel 3 . The parallels include the jealousy of non-Jews , an imperial edict requiring Jews to compromise their religion on pain of death , and divine deliverance . Each story climaxes with the king confessing the greatness of the God of the Jews and issuing an edict of royal protection . In each case life is preserved through divine presence in the fire or the pit . The structure of Daniel 6 itself is also in the form of a chiasm : A. Introduction : Daniel 's success ( vv. 1 - 3 ) B. Darius 's edict and Daniel 's response ( vv. 4 - 10 ) C. Daniel 's opponents plot his death ( vv. 11 - 15 ) D. Darius hopes for Daniel 's deliverance ( vv. 16 - 18 ) D ' . Darius witnesses Daniel 's deliverance ( vv. 19 - 23 ) C ' . Daniel 's opponents sentenced to death ( v. 24 ) B ' . Darius 's edict and doxology ( v. 25 - 27 ) A ' . Conclusion : Daniel 's success ( v. 28 ) Rabbinic literature ( edit ) Daniel in the lions ' den saved by Habakkuk , as described in rabbinic literature ( France , 15th century ) . Further information : Daniel in rabbinic literature According to Josippon , `` the beasts in the den received Daniel as faithful dogs might receive their returning master , wagging their tails and licking him . '' The Midrash Tehillim says that `` the mouth of the den was closed with a huge stone , which had rolled of itself from Palestine to Babylon for that purpose '' and that `` upon this stone sat an angel in the shape of a lion , so that Daniel 's enemies might not harass him . '' Artistic representations ( edit ) In visual arts ( edit ) Although Daniel is sometimes depicted as a young man in illustrations of the incident , James Montgomery Boice points out that he would have been over eighty years old at the time . Painters who have depicted this incident include : Jan Brueghel the Younger , Daniel in the Lions ' Den Briton Rivière , Daniel 's Answer to the King Peter Paul Rubens , Daniel in the Lions ' Den Henry Ossawa Tanner , Daniel in the Lions ' Den David Teniers the Younger , Daniel in the Lions ' Den In music ( edit ) The 1929 gospel blues song `` I 've Got the Key to the Kingdom '' by Washington Phillips retells the story The 1964 Broadway Musical Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick includes a song called `` Miracle of Miracles '' , in which Motel , the tailor , sings `` Wonder of wonders ; miracle of miracles ; God took a Daniel once again , turned him around and , miracle of miracles , walked him through the lion 's den . '' The front sleeve of the 1981 album by The Sound ( band ) From the Lions Mouth is the painting `` Daniel in the Lion 's Den '' by Briton Riviere The 1982 song `` Daniel '' by Raffi on his Rise and Shine album The 1982 song `` Lion 's Den '' by Bruce Springsteen , first released on the 1998 album Tracks , alludes to the story The 2011 song `` Us Against The World '' by Coldplay includes the line ' My drunken hazard Daniel in a lion 's den ' , as a reference to being in a bad place . The 2013 album Bad Blood by Bastille includes a track called `` Daniel in the Den '' The 2016 album Arts & Leisure by Walter Martin ( formerly of The Walkmen ) includes a track called `` Daniel in the Lion 's Den '' The 2017 album Fear Not Fantasy by Joe Ransom ( an unknown songwriter of Australia , residing in Honduras ) will include a track called `` Science Teacher '' which begins with a reference to Daniel in the Lions ' Den Paul White 's ' Accelerator ' EP features a track called Lion 's Den . In the chorus featuring rapper Danny Brown references `` Daniel in the lion 's den '' . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniel in the lions ' den . List of Hebrew Bible events References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Daniel in the Lions ' Den '' . National Gallery of Art . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Boice . ^ Jump up to : Seow 2003 , p. 85 - 86 . ^ Jump up to : Collins 1984 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Collins 2002 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Seow 2003 , p. 7 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Seow 2003 , p. 86 - 88 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 29 , 34 - 35 . Jump up ^ Redditt 2008 , p. 176 - 177 . Jump up ^ Wesselius 2002 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Redditt 2008 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Redditt 2009 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Goldingay 1989 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Jewish Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Boice 2006 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ `` Us Against the World - Coldplay '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Bibliography ( edit ) Boice , James Montgomery ( 2006 ) . Daniel : An Expositional Commentary . Baker Books . ISBN 9780801066412 . Collins , John J. ( 1984 ) . Daniel : With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802800206 . Collins , John J. ( 2002 ) . `` Current Issues in the Study of Daniel '' . In Collins , John J. ; Flint , Peter W. ; VanEpps , Cameron . The Book of Daniel : Composition and Reception . BRILL . ISBN 9004116753 . Goldingay , John E. ( 1989 ) . Daniel . Word Books . Redditt , Paul L. ( 2009 ) . Introduction to the Prophets . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802828965 . Redditt , Paul L. ( 1999 ) . Daniel : based on the New Revised Standard Version . Sheffield : Sheffield Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84127 - 009 - 8 . Seow , C.L. ( 2003 ) . Daniel . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664256753 . Wesselius , Jan - Wim ( 2002 ) . `` The Writing of Daniel '' . In Collins , John J. ; Flint , Peter W. ; VanEpps , Cameron . The Book of Daniel : Composition and Reception . BRILL . ISBN 0391041282 . Book of Daniel Bible Daniel 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Additions to Daniel Places Babylon Susa People Abednego Belshazzar Cyrus Daniel Darius Gabriel Meshach Michael Nebuchadnezzar Shadrach Jehoiakim Terms Abomination of desolation Belshazzar 's feast Four kingdoms Lion 's den Prophecy of Seventy Weeks Territorial spirit Writing on the wall Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Ezekiel ( chapter 48 ) Book of Hosea ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den&oldid=853404943 '' Categories : Angelic apparitions in the Bible Book of Daniel Daniel ( biblical figure ) Lions in art Darius the Mede Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Português Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 15 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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where was the adventures of sherlock holmes filmed

Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 TV series )

sherlock holmes ( 1984 tv series )

Sherlock Holmes is the name given to the TV series of Sherlock Holmes adaptations produced by British television company Granada Television between 1984 and 1994 , with the first two series bearing the title The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes on screen and being followed by subsequent sub-series bearing the titles of other short story collections by Arthur Conan Doyle . The series was broadcast on the ITV network in the UK and starred Jeremy Brett ( who had earlier portrayed Dr. Watson on stage in the Los Angeles production of The Crucifer of Blood ) as the famous detective . His portrayal remains very popular and is accepted by some as the definitive on - screen version of Sherlock Holmes .

In addition , Holmes 's faithful friend and companion Dr. Watson is portrayed as the kind of thoroughly competent sidekick that Holmes would want . Initially , Watson was portrayed by David Burke ( who had earlier played the villain in an adaptation of `` The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet '' for the 1965 BBC series starring Douglas Wilmer and Nigel Stock ) . Burke appeared in the first year of the Adventures series before leaving to join the Royal Shakespeare Company . He was replaced by Edward Hardwicke , who played Watson for the remainder of the run . Of the 60 Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , 42 were adapted in the series spanning 36 one - hour episodes and five feature - length specials . ( The elements of two stories were combined in one episode , accounting for the different numbers . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 4 Episodes 4.1 The Four Oaks Mystery 5 Home media 5.1 Region 1 5.2 Region 2 6 In other media 6.1 Theatre 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Set in the Victorian era , Sherlock Holmes is a brilliant consultant detective , as well as a private detective . He is consulted by the police and by other private detectives to aid them in solving crimes . He also takes private cases himself , and his clients range from paupers to kings . His deductive abilities and encyclopedic knowledge help him solve the most complex cases . He is assisted in his work by military veteran , Dr. John Watson , whom he shares a flat with at 221b Baker Street . Cast ( edit ) Jeremy Brett as Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 - 1994 ) David Burke as Dr. John H. Watson ( 1984 - 1985 ) Edward Hardwicke as Dr. John H. Watson ( 1986 - 1994 ) Rosalie Williams as Mrs Hudson ( 1984 - 1994 ) Colin Jeavons as Inspector Lestrade ( 1984 - 1992 ) Eric Porter as Professor Moriarty ( 1985 , 1986 , 1988 , 1993 ) Charles Gray as Mycroft Holmes ( 1985 , 1988 , 1994 ) Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The Baker Street set at Granada Studios The series was initially produced by Michael Cox , with later episodes produced by June Wyndham Davies . It was developed for television by screenwriter John Hawkesworth , who also wrote many of the episodes ( all based on individual Conan Doyle stories ) . Other writers to adapt Doyle 's stories in the series included Alexander Baron , Jeremy Paul , T.R. Bowen , and Alan Plater . A full - scale outdoor replica of Baker Street was constructed at Granada 's studios in Quay Street , Manchester , which later formed a central part of the Granada Studios Tour tourist attraction , before that venue 's closure in 1999 . In addition to Brett , Burke and Hardwicke , other regular cast members included Rosalie Williams as housekeeper Mrs. Hudson , and Colin Jeavons as Inspector Lestrade of Scotland Yard . Also appearing in several episodes was Charles Gray as Holmes ' brother Mycroft Holmes ( who played the same character in the 1976 film The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ) , and Eric Porter who portrayed Holmes 's nemesis Professor Moriarty in the second series of Adventures . The role of the servant Joe Barnes who impersonates Lady Beatrice in the 1991 episode The Adventure of Shoscombe Old Place was played by Jude Law , who later played Dr. Watson in the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes and its 2011 sequel Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows . Helen Ryan made two guest appearances in the show as different characters , appearing in The Adventure of the Norwood Builder as Mrs McFarlane , and in The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone as the Princess of Wales ( a role she previously played in Edward the Seventh ) . Tatton Hall , Cheshire has been used as a location for many episodes The series came to an end owing to the death of Brett at the age of 61 from heart failure in 1995 . It has , however , been reported that by that stage he had already decided not to play the role of Holmes again -- he had been gravely ill during the making of the final run of the series , The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes , and even collapsed on set during the making of one episode . The series presents the most faithful screen adaptations of many of the Holmes stories , although liberties were taken with some plotlines and characters , particularly later in the run during the 1990s episodes ( for instance The Mazarin Stone , filmed in 1994 , combined the plot elements of two separate Conan Doyle stories ) . A big change was Holmes quitting his cocaine habit in the episode `` The Devil 's Foot , '' which was done with the approval of Conan Doyle 's daughter , when it was discovered that the series had a considerable child audience . Nonetheless , the series has been highly praised for the performance of Jeremy Brett , its adherence to Doyle 's original concept in the characterisation of Watson , its high production values , and its close attention to period detail . As well as being broadcast by ITV in the UK , the series was also seen overseas , particularly in the United States , where the episodes initially ran on PBS stations in the Mystery ! strand . Later series gained co-production funding from Boston PBS broadcaster WGBH . The shows have also been transmitted on two US cable television stations , Disney Channel and A&E Network , and on CBC in Canada . In the UK , the series has often been repeated : on Granada Plus ; on ITV3 ; and on BBC Two , which ran the complete series on Saturday afternoons from 2003 to 2005 . This makes it one of the very few programmes originally produced by an ITV company for broadcast on their own channel to have subsequently been shown on the BBC . In March 2006 , the series returned to its original channel for the first time in over a decade , as part of the daytime television line - up on weekday afternoons . The complete series has also been released on VHS and on DVD , twice on the latter medium , with the most recent 2005 release taking advantage of the digitally remastered film prints originally prepared for the BBC Two repeat run . In December 2012 the series was released on Blu - ray in Japan , in Spain in May 2013 in France in October 2013 and in the USA in September 2014 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Sherlock Holmes episodes The series ran for 41 episodes as The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 -- 1985 ) , The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1986 -- 1988 ) , The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes ( 1991 -- 1993 ) and The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes ( 1994 ) ; 36 ran for 50 minutes , and 5 were feature - length specials . The four Oaks mystery ( edit ) In 1992 Brett and Hardwicke appeared in a mini-episode ( about ten minutes in length ) as part of The Four Oaks Mystery , shown as part of the ITV network 's Telethon 92 charity telethon . This episode formed one of a four - part sequence of stories featuring the stars of four ITV detective shows of the time all separately working to solve the same mystery , broadcast at two episodes a night across one weekend . The other shows that produced mini-episodes for the special were Taggart , Van der Valk and Inspector Wexford . Home media ( edit ) Region 1 ( edit ) MPI Home Video has released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 , in various incarnations . MPI released The Adventures & The Return in single disc volumes as well as complete collections . The Casebook & The Memoirs were released as a single collection box sets . In addition , on 25 September 2007 , a complete series set was released featuring all 41 episodes in one complete collection for the very first time . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes : Boxed Set Collection 13 30 April 2002 The Return of Sherlock Holmes DVD Collection 13 26 August 2003 The Casebook of Sherlock Holmes DVD Collection 9 28 September 2004 The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes DVD Collection 6 26 October 2004 Sherlock Holmes : The Complete Granada Television Series 41 25 September 2007 Region 2 ( edit ) ITV DVD has released the entire series in various collections as well as a complete series box set . DVD Name Ep # Release Date Sherlock Holmes : The Adventures / The Return 26 21 February 2005 Sherlock Holmes : The Case Book / The Memoirs 15 21 February 2005 Sherlock Holmes - The Complete Collection 41 21 February 2005 and 24 August 2009 The Complete Collection mentioned above has English subtitles only . The complete series was released on Blu - ray in Spain in 2013 . Though native to Spain , the Blu - rays are region - free and thus can be played in any region of the world . In other media ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) During 1988 -- 89 Brett and Hardwicke appeared in a West End play , The Secret of Sherlock Holmes , a two - hander written specially for them by the television series screenwriter Jeremy Paul . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eyles , Alan ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . Jump up ^ The wide world of Sherlock Holmes : Jeremy Brett ( 1933 - 1995 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Brett : The Definitive Sherlock Holmes review Jump up ^ Sherlock Holmes on Screen Jump up ^ Daniel Smith ( 2011 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Companion : An Elementary Guide . Castle Books . pp. 81 , 108 . ISBN 9780785827849 . Jump up ^ Peter Haining ( 1994 ) . The Television Sherlock Holmes . Virgin Books . p. 172 . ISBN 0863697933 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Barnes ( 2002 ) . Sherlock Holmes on Screen . Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. p. 118 . ISBN 1903111048 . Jump up ^ A Not So Elementary List of Filming Locations , retrieved 29 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes ( Jeremy Brett ) Blu - ray releases '' . M2N Limited . 27 May 2013 . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes - Complete Collection ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Jeremy Brett , David Burke , Edward Hardwicke , Eric Porter , Charles Gray , Rosalie Williams , David Carson , Alan Grint , John Bruce , Paul Annett : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Sherlock Holmes : The Complete ITV Series Blu - ray ( Spain ) Bibliography ( edit ) Peter Haining , The Television Sherlock Holmes , W.H. Allen , London , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 491 - 03055 - X . Keith Frankel , `` Granada 's Greatest Detective , a Guide to the classic Sherlock Holmes television series '' , Fantom Publishing , Coventry England 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78196 - 267 - 1 . External links ( edit ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes at the BFI 's Screenonline The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes at TV.com The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes on IMDb The Return of Sherlock Holmes on IMDb The Sign of Four on IMDb The Hound of the Baskervilles on IMDb The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes on IMDb The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes on IMDb Interview with producer June Wyndham Davies ( 1996 ) Jeremy Brett : Interview ( date not specified ) , retrieved 7 January 2018 Screen adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Silent films Sherlock Holmes Baffled ( 1900 ) Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ; or , Held for Ransom ( 1905 ) Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery ( 1908 ) Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes ( 1910 ) Der Hund von Baskerville ( 1914 ) Detektiv Braun ( 1914 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 British film ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 US film ) The Valley of Fear ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1922 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1929 ) Stoll series The Dying Detective ( 1921 ) The Devil 's Foot ( 1921 ) The Man with the Twisted Lip ( 1921 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1921 ) The Sign of Four ( 1923 ) Wontner series The Sleeping Cardinal ( 1931 ) The Missing Rembrandt ( 1932 , lost ) The Sign of Four ( 1932 ) The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes ( 1935 ) Silver Blaze ( 1937 ) Rathbone -- Bruce series The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1939 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 ) Voice of Terror ( 1942 ) Secret Weapon ( 1942 ) Sherlock Holmes in Washington ( 1943 ) Sherlock Holmes Faces Death ( 1943 ) The Spider Woman ( 1944 ) The Scarlet Claw ( 1944 ) The Pearl of Death ( 1944 ) The House of Fear ( 1945 ) The Woman in Green ( 1945 ) Pursuit to Algiers ( 1945 ) Terror by Night ( 1946 ) Dressed to Kill ( 1946 ) By actor Clive Brook The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1929 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1932 ) Peter Cushing The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1959 ) The Masks of Death ( 1984 ) ( TV ) Christopher Plummer Silver Blaze ( 1977 ) ( TV ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Christopher Lee The Deadly Necklace ( 1962 ) The Leading Lady ( 1991 ) ( TV ) Incident at Victoria Falls ( 1991 ) ( TV ) Robert Downey Jr . Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) Other films The Speckled Band ( 1931 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1932 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1933 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1937 ) A Study in Terror ( 1965 ) The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes ( 1970 ) The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ( 1976 ) The Case of Marcel Duchamp ( 1984 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Holmes & Watson . Madrid Days ( 2012 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Television films Ian Richardson The Sign of Four ( 1983 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1983 ) Maslennikov series Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1979 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1980 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1981 ) The Treasures of Agra ( 1983 ) The Twentieth Century Approaches ( 1986 ) Matt Frewer The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2000 ) The Sign of Four ( 2001 ) The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire ( 2002 ) The Royal Scandal ( 2003 ) Ian Hart ( as Watson ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2002 ) The Case of the Silk Stocking ( 2004 ) Other films The Three Garridebs ( 1937 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1972 ) The Longing of Sherlock Holmes ( 1972 ) Sherlock Holmes in New York ( 1976 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1982 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse ( 1983 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1987 ) Hands of a Murderer ( 1990 ) The Crucifer of Blood ( 1991 ) 1994 Baker Street : Sherlock Holmes Returns ( 1993 ) The Hound of London ( 1993 ) Sherlock : Case of Evil ( 2002 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars ( 2007 ) Comedies , pastiches , and parodies The Mystery of the Leaping Fish ( 1916 ) The Limejuice Mystery or Who Spat in Grandfather 's Porridge ? ( 1930 ) Lelíček ve službách Sherlocka Holmese ( 1932 ) The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes ( 1937 ) Deduce , You Say ! ( 1956 ) They Might Be Giants ( 1971 ) The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes ' Smarter Brother ( 1975 ) The Return of the World 's Greatest Detective ( 1976 ) Sherlock Pink ( 1976 ) The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It ( 1977 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1978 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Without a Clue ( 1988 ) The Adventures of Shirley Holmes ( 1997 ) Zero Effect ( 1998 ) A Samba for Sherlock ( 2001 ) Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler ( 2006 ) Aria the Scarlet Ammo ( 2008 ) Tantei Opera Milky Holmes ( 2009 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Holmes and Watson ( 2018 ) Television series Sherlock Holmes ( 1951 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1954 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1965 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1967 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1968 ) Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson ( 1979 -- 80 ) Young Sherlock : The Mystery of the Manor House ( 1982 ) The Baker Street Boys ( 1983 ) Sherlock Hound ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 -- 94 ) episodes Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Sherlock ( 2010 -- present ) Elementary ( 2012 -- present ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2013 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2014 ) others articles List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes List of actors who have played Dr. Watson List of actors who have played Inspector Lestrade List of actors who have played Mycroft Holmes List of actors who have played Professor Moriarty Minor Sherlock Holmes characters VIAF : 219198853 GND : 4719693 - 2 BNF : cb16460540j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlock_Holmes_(1984_TV_series)&oldid=819131095 '' Categories : 1980s British drama television series 1990s British drama television series 1984 British television programme debuts 1994 British television programme endings ITV television dramas Television series set in the 19th century Sherlock Holmes television series Television programs based on novels British mystery television series Television series by ITV Studios Television programmes produced by Granada Television English - language television programs 1980s British mystery television series 1990s British mystery television series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 17 : 09 . 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who sings between the moon and new york city

Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do )

arthur's theme ( best that you can do )

`` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' is a song performed and co-written by American singer - songwriter Christopher Cross , which was the main theme for the 1981 film Arthur starring Dudley Moore and Liza Minnelli . The song won the Oscar for Best Original Song in 1982 . In the US , it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and on the Hot Adult Contemporary charts during October 1981 , remaining at the top on the Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks . Overseas , it also went to number one on the VG - lista chart in Norway , and was a top ten hit in several other countries . The song became the second and last American number one hit by Christopher Cross . It was included as a bonus track only on the CD & Cassette versions of his second album Another Page , released in 1983 .

The B - side of record , `` Minstrel Gigolo , '' was the same song used on the back of Cross 's debut single , `` Ride Like the Wind . '' Indie pop band Fitz and The Tantrums recorded a cover of this song for the soundtrack to the 2011 remake of the film . Contents 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Personnel 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Charts 4.2 Certifications 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The song was written in collaboration between Cross , pop music composer Burt Bacharach , and Bacharach 's frequent writing partner and then wife Carole Bayer Sager . A fourth writing credit went to Minnelli 's ex-husband and Australian songwriter Peter Allen , also a frequent collaborator with Bayer Sager : the line `` When you get caught between the moon and New York City '' from the chorus was taken from an unreleased song Allen and Bayer Sager had previously written together . Allen came up with the line while his plane was in a holding pattern during a night arrival at John F. Kennedy International Airport . The song won the 1981 Academy Award for Best Original Song , and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . In 2004 it finished at # 79 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of the top tunes in American cinema . In 2008 , Barry Manilow released a cover version . Music video ( edit ) The music video consisted of two acts , which are edited together in fade outs . Christopher Cross in one offers the song with some studio musicians in a recording studio and the other is the story the song illustrates . Personnel ( edit ) Christopher Cross -- lead vocals , guitar Michael Omartian -- keyboards , synthesizer , string arrangements David Hungate -- bass guitar Steve Lukather -- guitar Eric Johnson -- guitar Jeff Porcaro -- drums Ernie Watts -- saxophone Michael Boddicker -- synthesizer programming Lenny Castro -- percussion Paulinho da Costa -- percussion Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 -- 1982 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 13 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok SA Top 20 ) 7 Spain ( AFYVE ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 7 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 13 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1981 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1981 ( U.S. ) List of number - one hits in Norway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Cross Artist Biography by Jason Ankeny - Awards '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bremer , K. ( 2013 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Peter Allen '' . Blue Desert Music . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Song Facts '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Arthur ( 1981 ) Awards , IMDb.com Jump up ^ Rachid ( 2006 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Christopher Cross - Arthur 's Theme '' . Dailymotion . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : C '' . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Christopher Cross -- Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Christopher Cross -- Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ > `` SA Charts 1965 - 1989 ( As presented on Springbok Radio / Radio Orion ) '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Christopher Cross -- Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Cross Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Cross Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Cross Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cross , Christopher -- Arthur_s Theme ( The Best You Can Do ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . External links ( edit ) 1980s portal Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Christopher Cross Studio albums Christopher Cross Another Page Every Turn of the World Back of My Mind Walking in Avalon Singles `` Ride Like the Wind '' `` Sailing '' `` Never Be the Same '' `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' `` All Right '' `` Think of Laura '' Book : Christopher Cross Peter Allen Studio albums Peter Allen ( 1971 ) Tenterfield Saddler ( 1972 ) Continental American ( 1974 ) Taught by Experts ( 1976 ) I Could Have Been a Sailor ( 1979 ) Bi-Coastal ( 1980 ) Not the Boy Next Door ( 1983 ) Making Every Moment Count ( 1990 ) Compilation albums It Is Time for Peter Allen ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Peter Allen ( 1982 ) Captured Live at Carnegie Hall ( 1985 ) The Very Best of Peter Allen : The Boy from Down Under ( 1992 ) The Ultimate Peter Allen ( 2006 ) Notable singles `` Tenterfield Saddler '' ( 1972 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' ( 1975 ) `` The More I See You '' ( 1976 ) `` I Go to Rio '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Cry Out Loud '' ( 1978 ) `` I Still Call Australia Home '' ( 1980 ) Productions Soon ( 1971 ) Legs Diamond ( 1988 ) The Boy from Oz ( 1998 ) Peter Allen : Not the Boy Next Door ( 2015 ) Related articles The Allen Brothers Liza Minnelli Bernadette Peters `` I 'd Rather Leave While I 'm in Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' ( 1980 ) `` I Do n't Go Shopping '' ( 1981 ) ARIA Hall of Fame Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1960s `` Town Without Pity '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) `` Circus World '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) `` Forget Domani '' Lyrics by Norman Newell , Music by Riz Ortolani ( 1965 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' Lyrics by Charles Singleton , Eddie Snyder , Music by Bert Kaempfert ( 1966 ) `` If Ever I Would Leave You '' Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner , Music by Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Michel Legrand ( 1968 ) `` Jean '' Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Whistling Away the Dark '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Henry Mancini ( 1970 ) `` Life Is What You Make It '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1971 ) `` Ben '' Lyrics by Don Black , Music by Walter Scharf ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) `` I Feel Love '' Lyrics by Betty Box , Music by Euel Box ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen '' Lyrics by Paul Williams , Music by Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` The Rose '' Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Fame '' Lyrics by Dean Pitchford , Music by Michael Gore ( 1980 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen , Burt Bacharach , Christopher Cross , & Carole Bayer Sager ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte - Marie ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Lyrics by Irene Cara , Keith Forsey , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Lyrics by Tom Whitlock , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Lyrics by Franke Previte , Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon / `` Two Hearts '' Lyrics by Phil Collins , Music by Lamont Dozier ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) `` Until ... '' Music and lyrics by Sting ( 2001 ) `` The Hands That Built America '' Music and lyrics by Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox , Howard Shore & Frances Walsh ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart ( 2004 ) `` A Love That Will Never Grow Old '' Lyrics by Bernie Taupin , Music by Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) `` The Song of the Heart '' Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson ( 2006 ) `` Guaranteed '' Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren ( 2010 ) `` Masterpiece '' Music & Lyrics by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Ordinary Love '' by U2 and Danger Mouse ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' by Common and John Legend ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' by Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` This Is Me '' by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%27s_Theme_(Best_That_You_Can_Do)&oldid=858595622 '' Categories : 1981 songs 1981 singles Christopher Cross songs Liza Minnelli songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written for films Songs about fictional male characters Songs with music by Burt Bacharach Songs written by Carole Bayer Sager Songs written by Christopher Cross Songs written by Peter Allen ( musician ) Songs about New York City Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2018 , at 08 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%2527s%20Theme%20%28Best%20That%20You%20Can%20Do%29

who jesus is in the books of the bible

List of Books about Jesus

list of books about jesus

This is a bibliography of works with information or interpretations of the life and teachings of Jesus . The list is grouped by date , and sorted within each group ( except for the very earliest works ) alphabetically by name of author .

Jesus of Nazareth ( / ˈdʒiːzəs / ; 7 -- 2 BC / BCE to 30 -- 36 AD / CE ) , commonly referred to as Jesus Christ or simply as Jesus or Christ , is the central figure of Christianity . Most Christian denominations venerate him as God the Son incarnated and believe that he rose from the dead after being crucified . The principal sources of information regarding Jesus are the four canonical gospels . Contents ( hide ) 1 1st and 2nd centuries 2 17th century 3 18th century 4 19th century 5 20th century 5.1 1901 -- 1950 5.2 1951 -- 2000 6 21st century 7 Unknown date 8 Jesus as different from Paul the Apostle 9 Jesus Married ? 10 See also 11 External links 12 References 1st and 2nd Centuries ( edit ) The New Testament of the Bible , especially the Gospels ( see List of Gospels ) . Editions include The Greek New Testament , Aland , United Bible Societies . The Nag Hammadi Library The Diatessaron by Tatian , a harmonisation of the four canonical Gospels . Miller , Robert J. , ed. ( September 1 , 2010 ) . The Complete Gospels ( 4th ed . ) . Salem , OR : Polebridge Press . ISBN 978 - 1598150186 . Holmes , Michael W. , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Apostolic Fathers : Greek texts and English Translations ( 3rd ed . ) . Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Books . 1st edition 1890 , translated and edited by Lightfoot , J.B. ; 1891 , revised by Harmer , J.R. Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews 18.63 - 64 ( 18.3. 3 in the numbering system of older editions ) . The authenticity of this passage is disputed . 17th century ( edit ) Browne , Sir Thomas ( 1672 ) . Pseudodoxia Epidemica ( `` Vulgar Errors '' ) ( 6th ed . ) . Link to online text in Wikipedia article . 18th century ( edit ) Dupuis , Charles François ( 1872 ) . The Origin of All Religious Worship . archive.org . Translated from the French . New Orleans . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . First French edition 1798 , abridged from a 12 - volume work of 1795 . Reimarus , Hermann Samuel ( 1970 ) ( c. 1750 -- 60 ) . Buchanan , George Wesley , ed . The Goal of Jesus and His Disciples . Translated from the German by Buchanan , George Wesley . Leiden : E.J. Brill . The English title does not correspond to that of any work by Reimarius in either German or English Wikipedia . Volney , C.F. ( 1890 ) ( 1802 ) . The Ruins , or Meditations on the Revolutions of Empires : and the Law of Nature . gutenberg.org . Translated from the French by Thomas Jefferson and Joel Barlow . New York , NY : Twentieth Century Publishing Co . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Original French publication 1791 . 19th century ( edit ) Bauer , Bruno ( May 2002 ) ( 1843 ) . Trejo , Paul , ed . An English Edition of Bruno Bauer 's 1843 Christianity Exposed : A Recollection of the Eighteenth Century and a Contribution to the Crisis of the Nineteenth Century . Translated from the German by Ziegler , Esther . Lewiston , NY : Edwin Mellen Press . ISBN 978 - 0773471832 . Carlyle , Thomas ( 1896 ) . On Heroes and Hero - Worship : and the Heroic in History . London : Ward , Lock & Bowden Ltd . Edersheim , Alfred ( 1883 ) . The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Kierkegaard , Søren ( 1941 ) ( 1850 ) . Training in Christianity , and the Edifying Discourse Which ' Accompanied ' It . Translated from the Danish . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Notovitch , Nicolas ( 1890 ) . The Unknown Life of Jesus Christ . gutenberg.org . Translated from the Russian by J.H. Connelly and L. Landsberg . New York , NY : R.F. Fenno . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Original Russian publication 1887 . Renan , Joseph Ernest ( 1864 ) . The Life of Jesus . London : Trübner & Co . Strauss , David Friedrich ( June 1 , 2010 ) ( 1846 ) . The Life of Jesus , Critically Examined . Translated from the 4th German edition by George Eliot . Cosimo Classics . ISBN 978 - 1616403096 . Original German publication 1835 -- 36 . Strauss , David Friedrich ( 1879 ) . The Life of Jesus for the People . archive.org . Authorised translation ( 2nd ed . ) . London and Edinburgh : Williams and Norgate . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Original German publication 1864 . Strauss , David Friedrich ( January 1 , 1977 ) . The Christ of Faith and the Jesus of History : A Critique of Schleiermacher 's The Life of Jesus . Translated from the German by Keck , Leander E. Minneapolis , MN : Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0800612733 . Original German publication 1865 . Tolstoy , Leo ( 1894 ) . The Kingdom of God is Within You . gutenberg.org . Translated from the Russian by Garnett , Constance . New York , NY : Cassell Publishing Co . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . , Wikipedia article The Kingdom of God is Within You . Original Russian publication 1894 . White , Ellen G. ( 1898 ) . The Desire of Ages . Written by a founder of the Seventh - day Adventist Church . Link to online text in main Wikipedia article . 20th century ( edit ) 1901 -- 1950 ( edit ) Brandes , Georg ( 1926 ) . Jesus : A Myth . Translated from the Danish by Björkman , Edwin . New York : Albert & Charles Boni . Dobson , Rev. C.C. ( May 29 , 2008 ) ( 1936 ) . Did Our Lord Visit Britain : As They Say in Cornwall and Somerset ? ( 9th ed . ) . London : Covenant Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0852050514 . Dowling , Levi H. ( 1911 ) ( 1908 ) . The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ . The Philosophic and Practical Basis of the Religion of the Aquarian Age of the World and of the Church Universal . London : L.N. Fowler & Co . The main Wikipedia article contains links to the online text . Drews , Arthur ( 1909 ) . The Christ Myth . Translated from the German by Burns , C. Delisle . London and Leipsic : T. Fisher Unwin . Link to online text in Wikipedia article . Eisler , Robert ( 1931 ) . The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist , According to Flavius Josephus ' ' Capture of Jerusalem ' . London : Methuen . Gibran , Kahlil ( March 1995 ) ( 1928 ) . Jesus , the Son of Man . New York , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0679439226 . Graves , Robert ( October 1981 ) ( 1946 ) . King Jesus : A Novel . New York , NY : Farrar Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0374181147 . Hoskyns , Sir Edwyn ; Davey , Noel ( 1931 ) . The Riddle of the New Testament . London : Faber and Faber . Jack , James William ( 1933 ) . The Historic Christ . An Examination of Dr. Robert Eisler 's Theory According to the Slavonic version of Josephus and the Other Sources . London : J. Clarke & Co . Kalthoff , Albert ( 1907 ) ( 1904 ) . The Rise of Christianity . archive.org . Translated from the German by McCabe , Joseph . London : Watts & Co . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Lewis , C.S. ( March 3 , 2009 ) ( 1942 -- 44 ) . Mere Christianity ( Revised and enlarged ed . ) . San Francisco : Harper . ISBN 978 - 0060652920 . A book on Christianity and logical support for Jesus as God , from an Anglo - Catholic perspective . Morison , Frank ( 1930 ) . Who Moved the Stone ? A Discussion of the Trial , Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ . London : Faber & Faber . Pyle , Howard ( 1903 ) , Rejected of Men : A Story of To - day , New York : Harper . A novel about Jesus ' coming to early twentieth century America . Remsburg , John E. ( 1909 ) . The Christ : A Critical Review and Analysis of the Evidences of His Existence . archive.org . New York : The Truth Seeker Company . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Robertson , J.M. , M.P. ( 1917 ) . The Jesus Problem : A Restatement of the Myth Theory . archive.org . London : Watts & Co . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Schweitzer , Albert ( 1910 ) . The Quest of the Historical Jesus : A Critical Study of Its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede . archive.org . Translated from the German by Montgomery , W. London : Adam and Charles Black . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Talmage , James E. ( 1922 ) ( 1915 ) . Jesus the Christ . gutenberg.org ( 6th ed . ) . Salt Lake City , UT : The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Main Wikipedia article Jesus the Christ ( book ) . Urantia Foundation ( 1924 -- 55 ) . The Urantia Book . Link to online text in the main Wikipedia article . 1951 -- 2000 ( edit ) Albright , William F. ( 1968 ) . Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan : An Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 0 - 931464 - 01 - 3 . Allegro , John M. ( May 18 , 1970 ) . The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross : A Study of the Nature and Origins of Christianity Within the Fertility Cults of the Ancient Near East . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0340128756 . Andrews , Richard ; Schellenberger , Paul ( November 1996 ) . The Tomb of God : The Body of Jesus and the Solution to a 2,000 - Year - Old Mystery . New York , NY : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0316042758 . Badenas , Robert ( 1985 ) . Christ the End of the Law , Romans 10.4 in Pauline Perspective . Sheffield : JSOT Publishers . ISBN 0 - 905774 - 93 - 0 . Baigent , Michael ; Leigh , Richard ; Lincoln , Henry ( September 7 , 2006 ) ( 1982 ) . The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail ( New ed . ) . New York , NY : Arrow Books . ISBN 978 - 0099503095 . Baigent , Michael ; Leigh , Richard ; Lincoln , Henry ( October 1987 ) . The Messianic Legacy . New York , NY : Henry Holt & Company . ISBN 978 - 0805005684 . Blomberg , Craig L. ( November 10 , 2007 ) ( 1987 ) . The Historical Reliability of the Gospels ( 2nd ed . ) . Downer 's Grove , Illinois : InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0830828074 . Bornkamm , Gunther ( 1960 ) . Jesus of Nazareth . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0340011256 . Brandon , S.G.F. ( 1967 ) . Jesus and the Zealots : a Study of the Political Factor in Primitive Christianity . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0684310107 . Brandon , S.G.F. ( 1968 ) . The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth . London : Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0713412505 . Brown , Raymond E. ( October 13 , 1997 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0300140163 . Bultmann , Rudolf ( 1958 ) . Jesus Christ and Mythology . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Bultman was a prominent figure in early 20th century historical Jesus research . Carmichael , Joel ( 1963 ) . The Death of Jesus . London : Victor Gollancz Ltd . Cohen , Shaye J.D. ( 1987 ) . From the Maccabees to the Mishnah . Louisville , KY : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0664250171 . Craig , William Lane ( 2000 ) . The Son Rises : The Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus . Eugene , OR : Wipf and Stock . ISBN 978 - 1579104641 . Craig , William Lane ( January 1 , 1998 ) . Will the Real Jesus Please Stand Up ? A Debate Between William Lane Craig and John Dominic Crossan . Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0801021756 . Crossan , John Dominic ( August 3 , 1996 ) . Who Killed Jesus ? Exposing the Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Gospel Story of the Death of Jesus . New York City : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0060614805 . Crossan is a prominent figure in contemporary historical Jesus research . Cupitt , Don ; Armstrong , Peter ( December 1977 ) . Who Was Jesus ? . London : BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0563174134 . Davenport , Guy ; Urrutia , Benjamin ( June 1 , 1998 ) . The Logia of Yeshua : The Sayings of Jesus . Berkeley , CA : Counterpoint . ISBN 978 - 1887178709 . Dibelius , Martin ( 1963 ) . Jesus : A Study of the Gospels . UK : SCM Press . Dibelius a prominent figure in 20th century historical Jesus research . Doherty , Earl ( 2005 ) ( 1999 ) . The Jesus Puzzle : Did Christianity Begin with a Mythical Christ ? Challenging the Existence of an Historical Jesus . Ottawa : Age of Reason Publications . ISBN 978 - 0968925911 . Dundes , Alan ( November 1 , 1990 ) ( 1976 ) . The Hero Pattern and the Life of Jesus . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . In In Quest of the Hero . ISBN 978 - 0691020624 . Dunn , James D.G. ( April 1 , 1990 ) . Jesus , Paul and the Law . Louisville , KY : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0664250959 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1997 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . archive.org . New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508481 - 0 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1999 ) . Jesus : Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium . New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195124743 . Faber - Kaiser , A. ( April 1977 ) . Jesus died in Kashmir : Jesus , Moses and the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel . Translated from the Spanish by M.G. Horwood . London : Gordon and Cremonesi . ISBN 978 - 0860330417 . Original Spanish publication 1976 . Fredriksen , Paula ( July 1 , 1988 ) . From Jesus to Christ : The Origins of the New Testament Images of Christ . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0300040180 . Fredriksen , Paula ( November 1999 ) . Jesus of Nazareth , King of the Jews : A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity . New York , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0679446750 . Freke , Timothy ; Gandy , Peter ( January 1 , 1999 ) . The Jesus Mysteries : Was the `` Original Jesus '' a Pagan God ? . London : Thorsons . ISBN 978 - 0722536766 . Funk , Robert W. ; Hoover , Roy W. ; Jesus Seminar ( January 17 , 1994 ) . The Five Gospels : What Did Jesus Really Say ? The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus . New York , NY : Macmillan USA . ISBN 978 - 0025419490 . Funk was an expert on parables , and Crossan ( a founding member of the Jesus Seminar ) is a major figure in contemporary historical Jesus research . Crossan promotes the view that Jesus was more of a Cynic sage , an important current viewpoint but secondary to the view that he was an apocalyptic prophet . Graves , Robert ; Podro , Joshua ( 1953 ) . The Nazarene Gospel Restored . London : Cassell & Co . ASIN B005VN4RCS . Graves , Robert ( 1957 ) . Jesus in Rome : A Historical Conjecture . London : Cassell & Co . ASIN B000J2KBMG . Hinnels , John R. , ed. ( 1975 ) . Mithraic Studies : Proceedings of the First International Congress of Mithraic Studies . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0719005367 . Johnson , Luke Timothy ( 1996 ) . The Real Jesus : The Misguided Quest for the Historical Jesus and the Truth of the Traditional Gospels . San Francisco : Harper . ISBN 978 - 0060641771 . Joyce , Donovan ( January 1973 ) ( 1972 ) . The Jesus Scroll : A Time Bomb for Christianity ? . New York , NY : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0803743007 . Käsemann , Ernst ( 2013 ) ( 1969 ) . Jesus Means Freedom : A Polemical Survey of the New Testament . London : SCM Press . ISBN 9780334007753 . Käsemann is a prominent figure in historical Jesus research . Kazantzakis , Nikos ( 1960 ) ( 1953 ) . The Last Temptation of Christ . Translated from the Greek . Simon & Schuster . ASIN B00M53Z3A2 . Laidler , Keith ( August 31 , 1998 ) . The Head of God -- The Lost Treasure of the Templars . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0297841296 . Leidner , Harold ( April 2 , 2000 ) . The Fabrication of the Christ Myth . Survey Press . ISBN 978 - 0967790107 . Maccoby , Hyam Zoundell ( 1973 ) . Revolution in Judea . Jesus and the Jewish Resistance . London : Ocean Books . Maccoby , Hyam Zoundell ( September 5 , 2000 ) . Jesus the Pharisee . London : SCM Press . ISBN 978 - 0334029144 . McDowell , Josh ( October 22 , 1999 ) ( 1972 ) . The New Evidence that Demands a Verdict : Fully Updated to Answer the Questions Challenging Christians Today . Nashville , TN : Thomas Nelson . ISBN 978 - 0785243632 . Meier , John P. ( December 31 , 1996 ) ( 1991 ) . A Marginal Jew : Rethinking the Historical Jesus . Volume 1 . New York , NY : Bantam Doubleday Dell . ISBN 978 - 0385264259 . Meier , John P. ( December 31 , 1996 ) ( 1994 ) . A Marginal Jew : Rethinking the Historical Jesus . Volume 2 . New York , NY : Bantam Doubleday Dell . ISBN 978 - 0385469920 . Volumes 3 and 4 : 21st century . Mendenhall , George E. ( 1973 ) . The Tenth Generation : The Origins of the Biblical Tradition . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9780801812675 . A study of the earliest traditions of Israel from linguistic and archaeological evidence which treats the teachings and followers of Jesus in that context . Messori , Vittorio ( November 1978 ) . Jesus Hypotheses . Translated from the Italian by Smith , M. St Paul Publications . ISBN 978 - 0854391554 . Italian title , Ipotesi su Gesù ( 1976 ) . A book which initially explores the question of Jesus from two secular points of view , mythical ( Jesus never lived ) and critical ( Jesus was not God ) , and finally considers a third hypothesis - faith . Mitchell , Stephen ( October 1991 ) . The Gospel According to Jesus : A New Translation and Guide to His Essential Teaching for Believers and Unbelievers . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0060166410 . Pelikan , Jaroslav ( July 1 , 1985 ) . Jesus Through the Centuries : His Place in the History of Culture . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0300034967 . Phipps , William E. ( February 28 , 1986 ) ( 1970 ) . Was Jesus Married ? The Distortion of Sexuality in the Christian Tradition ( New ed . ) . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0819151919 . Picknett , Lynn ; Prince , Clive ( August 1 , 1997 ) . The Templar Revelation : Secret Guardians of the True Identity of Christ . London : Bantam Press . ISBN 978 - 0593038703 . Prophet , Elizabeth Clare ( January 1 , 1986 ) . The Lost Years of Jesus : On the Discoveries of Notovich , Abhedananda , Roerich and Caspari . Washington , DC : Summit University Press . ISBN 978 - 0916766795 . Rieser , Max ( June 1979 ) . The True Founder of Christianity and the Hellenistic Philosophy . Amsterdam : Graduate Press . ISBN 978 - 9062960811 . Roberts , Michèle ( June 1984 ) . The Wild Girl . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0413529206 . A novel . Robinson , John ( September 4 , 2013 ) ( 1963 ) . Honest to God . London : SCM Press . ISBN 978 - 0334047339 . Runeberg , Arne ( 1952 ) . Jesu korsfästelse i religionshistorisk belysning ( in Swedish ) . Helsingfors : Söderström . Employs evolutionary anthropology . Sanders , E.P. ( 1985 ) . Jesus and Judaism . Minneapolis , MN : Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0800607432 . A specialist book , but not inaccessible . Sanders , E.P. ( November 30 , 1995 ) ( 1993 ) . The Historical Figure of Jesus ( New ed . ) . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0140144994 . An up - to - date , popular , but thoroughly scholarly book . Sanders is a prominent figure in contemporary historical Jesus research . Schaberg , Jane ( October 17 , 2006 ) ( 1987 ) . Illegitimacy of Jesus : A Feminist Theological Interpretation of the Infancy Narratives ( 20th anniversary ed . ) . Sheffield : Sheffield Phoenix Press . ISBN 978 - 1905048847 . Schillebeeckx , Edward ( June 1 , 1987 ) ( 1963 ) . Christ , the Sacrament of the Encounter with God . New York , NY : Sheed and Ward . ISBN 978 - 0934134729 . Sheen , Fulton J. ( December 31 , 1977 ) ( 1958 ) . Life of Christ ( New ed . ) . Bantam Doubleday Dell . ISBN 978 - 0385132206 . Shorto , Russell ( March 17 , 1997 ) . Gospel Truth , The New Image of Jesus Emerging from Science and History and Why It Matters . New York : Riverhead Books . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 056 - 6 . Smith , Morton ( 1978 ) . Jesus the Magician : Charlatan or Son of God ? . Harper & Row . Spong , John Shelby ( May 11 , 1994 ) . Resurrection : Myth or Reality ? A Bishop 's Search for the Origins of Christianity . Australia : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0060675462 . Theissen , Gerd ( May 1 , 2007 ) ( 1987 ) . The Shadow of the Galilean : The Quest of the Historical Jesus in Narrative Form ( 20th anniversary ed . ) . Minneapolis , MN : Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0800639006 . Theissen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( May 1 , 1998 ) ( 1996 ) . The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Minneapolis , MN : Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0800631222 . An amazing book , tough but rewarding , exceptionally detailed . Thiering , Barbara ( May 1992 ) . Jesus & the Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls : Unlocking the Secrets of His Life Story . Toronto : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0060677824 . Thiering , Barbara ( September 17 , 1992 ) . Jesus The Man : A New Interpretation from the Dead Sea Scrolls , Decoding the Real Story of Jesus and Mary Magdalene . London : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0385403344 . Thiering , Barbara ( January 4 , 1996 ) . Jesus of the Apocalypse : The Life of Jesus After the Crucifixion . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0385405591 . Thiering , Barbara ( 1998 ) . The Book That Jesus Wrote : John 's Gospel . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0868247120 . Vermes , Géza ( 1973 ) . Jesus the Jew : A Historian 's Reading of the Gospels . Minneapolis , MN : Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0800614430 . Vermes is a prominent figure in contemporary historical Jesus research . Wallace - Murphy , Tim ; Hopkins , Marilyn ; Simmans , Graham ( March 30 , 2000 ) . Rex Deus : The True Mystery of Rennes - le - Château and the Dynasty of Jesus . Element . ISBN 978 - 1862044722 . Walvoord , John F. ( 1969 ) . Jesus Christ Our Lord . Moody Press . ISBN 978 - 0802443250 . Watchtower Bible ( 1991 ) . The Greatest Man Who Ever Lived . jw.org . New York , NY : Watch Tower Bible Tract Society of NY . ASIN B000FDXHFC . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Official doctrine of the Jehovah 's Witnesses . Wells , G.A. ( 1971 ) . The Jesus of the Early Christians , a Study of Christian Origins . Pemberton Books . ISBN 978 - 0301710143 . Wells , G.A. ( December 19 , 1994 ) ( 1974 ) . Did Jesus Exist ? ( 2nd ed . ) . Amherst , NY : Prometheus Books . ISBN 978 - 0879753955 . Wells , G.A. ( 1988 ) ( 1982 ) . The Historical Evidence for Jesus ( 2nd ed . ) . Amherst , NY : Prometheus Books . ISBN 978 - 0879754297 . Wells , G.A. ( April 1 , 1989 ) . Who Was Jesus ? A Critique of the New Testament Record . Chicago , IL : Open Court Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0812690965 . Wells , G.A. ( November 1 , 1996 ) . The Jesus Legend . Chicago , IL : Open Court Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0812693348 . Wells , G.A. ( December 30 , 1998 ) . The Jesus Myth . Chicago , IL : Open Court Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0812693928 . Wilson , A.N. , Jesus : A Life ( 1992 ) Wilson , Ian ( January 1997 ) . Jesus : The Evidence . San Francisco , CA : Harper San Francisco . ISBN 978 - 0062514721 . Witherington , Ben III ( December 1995 ) . The Jesus Quest : The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0830818617 . Wrede , William ( December 1971 ) . The Messianic Secret . Translated from the German by J.C.G. Greig . Cambridge : James Clarke & Co. Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0227677179 . Original German publication 1901 . Wrede was a prominent figure in early 20th century historical Jesus research . Wright , N.T. ( November 14 , 1996 ) . Jesus and the Victory of God . London : SPCK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0281050536 . The second in a projected five or six volume series on Christian origins , dealing with the life and death of Christ from a very open Evangelical perspective . Yancey , Philip ( September 9 , 1995 ) . The Jesus I Never Knew . Nashville , TN : Thomas Nelson . ISBN 978 - 0310385707 . Yoder , John H. ( December 31 , 1996 ) ( 1972 ) . The Politics of Jesus ( 2nd ed . ) . Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 0734 - 8 . Zacharias , Ravi ( August 8 , 2000 ) . Jesus Among Other Gods . W Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0849914379 . 21st century ( edit ) Akers , Keith ( February 1 , 2001 ) . The Lost Religion of Jesus . New York , NY : Lantern Books . ISBN 978 - 1930051263 . Baigent , Michael ( May 2 , 2006 ) . The Jesus Papers : Exposing the Greatest Cover - up in History . San Francisco , CA : Harper Element . ISBN 978 - 0007236428 . Bellinger , Gerhard J. ( April 2009 ) . Jesus : Leben -- Wirken -- Schicksal ( in German ) . Books on Demand GmbH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 3964 - 1 . Benedict XVI , Pope ( May 15 , 2007 ) . Jesus of Nazareth . New York City : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 52341 - 6 . Browne , Sylvia ( November 7 , 2006 ) . The Mystical Life of Jesus : An Uncommon Perspective on the Life of Christ . New York , NY : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0525950011 . Browne , Sylvia ( November 6 , 2007 ) . The Two Marys : The Hidden History of the Mother and Wife of Jesus . USA : Dutton Adult . ISBN 978 - 0525950431 . Carotta , Francesco ( August 31 , 2003 ) . Jesus Was Caesar . On the Julian Origin of Christianity . An Investigative Report . Soesterberg , NL : Aspekt BV . ISBN 978 - 9059113961 . Caruana , Laurence ( January 1 , 2013 ) ( 2007 ) . The Hidden Passion : A Novel of the Gnostic Christ , Based on the Nag Hammadi Texts ( 2nd ed . ) . Recluse Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0978263706 . Freke , Timothy ; Gandy , Peter ( October 25 , 2007 ) . The Gospel of the Second Coming . London : Hay House . ISBN 978 - 1401915520 . Gardner , Laurence ( June 1 , 2001 ) ( 1996 ) . Bloodline of the Holy Grail -- The Hidden Lineage of Jesus Revealed ( 2nd ed . ) . Ottery St Mary , UK : Multi MediaQuest International . ISBN 978 - 1903773062 . Gardner , Laurence ( February 7 , 2005 ) . The Magdalene Legacy . The Jesus and Mary Bloodline Conspiracy , Revelations Beyond the Da Vinci Code . London : Harper Element . ISBN 978 - 0007200849 . Gardner , Laurence ( March 3 , 2008 ) . The Grail Enigma : The Hidden Heirs of Jesus and Mary Magdalene . London : Harper Element . ISBN 978 - 0007266944 . Harpur , Tom ( November 14 , 2005 ) . The Pagan Christ : Recovering the Lost Light . Canada : Thomas Allen & Son Limited . ISBN 978 - 0887621451 . Hassnain , Fida ( October 1 , 2004 ) ( 1994 ) . A Search for the Historical Jesus . Down - to - Earth Books . ISBN 978 - 1878115171 . Jacobovici , Simcha ; Pellegrino , Charles ( February 27 , 2007 ) . The Jesus Family Tomb : The Discovery , the Investigation , and the Evidence That Could Change History . New York , NY : HarperOne . ISBN 978 - 0061192029 . Jordan Anthony J. Title A Jesus biography 2015 . September 2015 . ISBN 9780957622913 westportbooks@yahoo.co.uk Longfellow , Ki ( March 27 , 2007 ) . The Secret Magdalene : A Novel . Crown Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0307346667 . A Gnostic view of His relationship with Mary Magdalene as well as His ministry . McLaren , Brian ( April 4 , 2006 ) . The Secret Message of Jesus : Uncovering the Truth That Could Change Everything . Thomas Nelson . ISBN 978 - 0849900006 . Meier , John P. ( October 1 , 2001 ) . A Marginal Jew : Rethinking the Historical Jesus . Volume 3 . New York , NY : Bantam Doubleday Dell . ISBN 978 - 0385469937 . Volumes 1 and 2 : 20th century . Meier , John P. ( June 2 , 2009 ) . A Marginal Jew : Rethinking the Historical Jesus . Volume 4 . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0300140965 . Mendenhall , George E. ( April 1 , 2001 ) . Ancient Israel 's Faith and History : An Introduction to the Bible in Context . Louisville , KY : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0664223137 . A less technical study than The Tenth Generation of the earliest traditions of Israel from linguistic and archaeological evidence which also treats the teachings and followers of Jesus in that context . Montgomery , Hugh ( July 1 , 2006 ) . The God - Kings of Europe : The Descendents of Jesus Traced Through the Odonic and Davidic Dynasties . USA : Book Tree . ISBN 978 - 1585091096 . O'Collins , Gerald ( April 4 , 2008 ) . Jesus : A Portrait . Maryknoll , NY : Orbis Books . ISBN 978 - 1570757839 . O'Collins , Gerald ( July 9 , 2009 ) . Christology : A Biblical , Historical , and Systematic Study of Jesus ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199557875 . Price , Robert M. ( December 20 , 2003 ) . The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man : How Reliable Is the Gospel Tradition ? . Amherst , NY : Prometheus Books . ISBN 978 - 1591021216 . Pullman , Philip ( April 1 , 2010 ) . The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ . Edinburgh : Canongate Books . ISBN 978 - 1847678256 . Schonfield , Hugh Joseph ( April 1 , 2004 ) ( 1965 ) . The Passover Plot . New Light on the History of Jesus ( 40th anniversary ed . ) . Disinformation Books . ISBN 978 - 1932857092 . Shanks , Hershel ; Witherington , Ben III ( March 18 , 2003 ) . The Brother of Jesus : The Dramatic Story & Meaning of the First Archaeological Link to Jesus & His Family . San Francisco : HarperOne . ISBN 978 - 0060556600 . Strobel , Lee ( August 19 , 2007 ) . The Case for the Real Jesus . Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0310242109 . Swanson , Vern Grosvenor ( October 15 , 2013 ) ( 2006 ) . Dynasty of the Holy Grail : Mormonism 's Sacred Bloodline ( Revised and expanded ed . ) . Cedar Fort . ISBN 978 - 1462111749 . Tabor , James D. ( April 4 , 2006 ) . The Jesus Dynasty : The Hidden History of Jesus , His Royal Family , and the Birth of Christianity . New York , NY : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0743287234 . Thiede , Carsten Peter ( May 18 , 2003 ) . Jesus : Man or Myth ? . Oxford : Lion Books . ISBN 978 - 0745951478 . Verhoeven , Paul ( May 6 , 2010 ) . Jesus of Nazareth : A Realistic Portrait . Translated from the Dutch by Susan Massotty . New York , NY : Seven Stories Press . ISBN 978 - 1583229057 . Original Dutch publication 2007 . Wallace - Murphy , Tim ; Hopkins , Marilyn ( 2005 ) . Custodians Of Truth : The Continuance Of Rex Deus . Newburyport , MA : Red Wheel / Weiser . ASIN B000KBNAY2 . Wills , Garry ( March 2 , 2006 ) . What Jesus Meant . New York , NY : Viking Books . ISBN 978 - 0670034963 . Wilson , Barrie ( March 30 , 2008 ) . How Jesus Became Christian . Toronto : Random House of Canada . ISBN 978 - 0679314936 . Yogananda , Paramahansa ( September 30 , 2004 ) . The Second Coming of Christ : The Resurrection of the Christ Within You . USA : Self - Realization Fellowship . ISBN 978 - 0876125557 . Aslan , Reza . Zealot : The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth . USA : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6922 - 4 . Unknown date ( edit ) Putenis , A.K. Jesus , the Messiah . Minneapolis , MN : Fortress Press . Not before 1988 , the date of foundation of Fortress Press . No further bibliographical information found online . Jesus as different from Paul the apostle ( edit ) Maccoby , Hyam ( March 6 , 1986 ) . The Mythmaker : Paul and the Invention of Christianity . NY , NY : Littlehampton Book Services . ISBN 978 - 0297788058 . Wilson , Barrie A. ( March 13 , 2008 ) . How Jesus Became Christian . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0297852001 . Jesus Married ? ( edit ) Jacobovici , Simcha ( 2014 ) . The Lost Gospel . NY : Pegasus . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60598 - 610 - 4 . See also ( edit ) Cultural depictions of Jesus External links ( edit ) The Four in One Gospel of Jesus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newbigin ( 1989 ) p. 66 `` the whole of Christian teaching would fall to the ground if it were the case that the life , death , and resurrection of Jesus were not events in real history but stories told to illustrate truths which are valid apart from these happenings . '' Jump up ^ Grudem ( 1994 ) pp. 568 -- 603 Jump up ^ Funk , Robert W. ; Seminar , Jesus ( 1998 ) . Introduction . The acts of Jesus : the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus . San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco . pp. 1 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 062978 - 6 . Jump up ^ Varner , Will . `` Review of The Apostolic Fathers : Greek texts and English Translations , 3rd edn '' . tms.edu . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kasper , Walter ( 1976 ) . Jesus the Christ . New Jersey : Paulist Press . p. 289 . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 2081 - X . Jump up ^ `` Review of Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan '' . Journal of the American Academy of Religion . 38 ( 1 ) : 84 -- 85 . March 1970 . JSTOR 1461704 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Christ the End of the Law '' . Journal of Biblical Literature. 107 ( 1 ) : 145 -- 146 . March 1988 . JSTOR 3267846 . ^ Jump up to : Theissen , Gerd and Annette Merz . The historical Jesus : a comprehensive guide . Fortress Press . 1998 . translated from German ( 1996 edition ) Jump up ^ `` Review of The Hero Pattern and the Life of Jesus '' . Western Folklore. 38 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 57 . January 1979 . JSTOR 1498986 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Proceedings of the First International Congress of Mithraic Studies '' . Britannia. 7 : 396 -- 397 . 1976 . JSTOR 525789 . Jump up ^ Bogs , Christopher R. `` Critical Review Paper on Jesus the Magician : Charlatan or Son of God ? '' ( PDF ) . upenn.edu . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ( hide ) Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_books_about_Jesus&oldid=808051660 '' Categories : Perspectives on Jesus Christian bibliographies Bibliographies of people Books about Christianity Lists of lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 16 : 00 . 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what is the most common language in mexico

Many different languages are spoken in Mexico . The indigenous languages are from eleven distinct language families , including four isolates and one that immigrated from the United States . The Mexican government recognizes 68 national languages , 63 of which are indigenous , including around 350 dialects of those languages . The large majority of the population is monolingual in Spanish . Some immigrant and indigenous populations are bilingual , while some indigenous people are monolingual in their languages . Mexican Sign Language is spoken by much of the deaf population , and there are one or two indigenous sign languages as well .

Spanish

Languages of Mexico

languages of mexico

Many different languages are spoken in Mexico . The indigenous languages are from eleven distinct language families , including four isolates and one that immigrated from the United States . The Mexican government recognizes 68 national languages , 63 of which are indigenous , including around 350 dialects of those languages . The large majority of the population is monolingual in Spanish . Some immigrant and indigenous populations are bilingual , while some indigenous people are monolingual in their languages . Mexican Sign Language is spoken by much of the deaf population , and there are one or two indigenous sign languages as well .

The government of Mexico uses Spanish for most official purposes , but in terms of legislation , its status is not that of an official primary language . The Law of Linguistic Rights establishes Spanish as one of the country 's national languages , along with 63 distinct indigenous languages ( from seven large families , and four considered language isolates ) . The law , promulgated in 2003 , requires the state to offer all of its services to its indigenous citizens in their mother tongues , but in practice this is not yet the case . Note that , as defined by mutual intelligibility , the number of spoken languages in Mexico is much greater than the 63 national languages , because National Institute of Indigenous Languages ( INALI ) counts distinct ethnic groups for the purposes of political classification . For instance , the Mixtec are a single ethnicity and therefore count as a single language for governmental / legal purposes , but there are a dozen distinct Mixtec dialect regions , each of which includes at least one variety that is not mutually intelligible with those of the other dialect regions ( Josserand , 1983 ) , and Ethnologue counts 52 varieties of Mixtec that require separate literature . Ethnologue currently counts 282 indigenous languages currently spoken in Mexico , plus a number of immigrant languages ( Lewis et al. 2018 ) . Due to the long history of marginalization of indigenous groups , most indigenous languages are endangered , with some languages expected to become extinct within years or decades , and others simply having populations that grow slower than the national average . According to the Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples ( CDI ) and National Institute of Indigenous Languages ( INALI ) , while 10 -- 14 % of the population identifies as belonging to an indigenous group , around 6 % speak an indigenous language . There are other languages not native to Mexico that are spoken in the country . Besides Spanish , the most populous are probably English , German ( Plautdietsch ) , Arabic , Chinese and Japanese . Contents 1 Language history 2 Indigenous languages 3 Language endangerment 4 Language tables 4.1 Classification 5 Other languages 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Language history ( edit ) A page of the Florentine Codex written in romanized Nahuatl ( Nahuatl is not known to have been a written language prior to its romanization ) . From the arrival of the first Franciscan missionaries , Spanish , Latin , and indigenous languages played parts in the evangelization of Mexico . Many sixteenth - century churchmen studied indigenous languages in order to instruct native peoples in Christian doctrine . The same men also found Castilian and Latin appropriate in certain contexts . All told , there existed a kind of `` linguistic coexistence '' from the beginning of the colonial period . Some monks and priests attempted to describe and classify indigenous languages with Spanish . Philip II of Spain decreed in 1570 that Nahuatl become the official language of the colonies of New Spain in order to facilitate communication between the natives of the colonies . In 1696 Charles II reversed that policy and banned the use of any languages other than Spanish throughout New Spain . Beginning in the 18th century , decrees ordering the Hispanization of indigenous populations became more numerous and Mexican colonizers no longer learned the indigenous languages . After the independence the government initiated an educational system with the primary aim of Hispanization of the native populations . This policy was based on the idea that this would help the indigenous peoples become a more integrated part of the new Mexican nation . Except for the Second Mexican Empire , led by the Habsburg Maximilian I , no Mexican government tried to prevent the loss of indigenous languages during the 19th century . In 1889 , Antonio García Cubas estimated that 38 % of Mexicans spoke an indigenous language , down from 60 % in 1820 . By the end of the 20th century , this figure had fallen to 6 % . For most of the 20th century successive governments denied native tongues the status of valid languages . Indigenous students were forbidden to speak their native languages in school and were often punished for doing so . In 2002 , Mexico 's constitution was amended to reinforce the nation 's pluricultural nature by giving the State the obligation to protect and nurture the expressions of this diversity . On June 14 , 1999 , the Council of Writers in Indigenous Languages presented Congress with a document entitled `` Suggested legal initiatives towards linguistic rights of indigenous peoples and communities '' , with the goal of beginning to protect the linguistic rights of indigenous communities . The Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas was passed in March 2003 , establishing a framework for the conservation , nurturing and development of indigenous languages . Critics claim that the law 's complexity makes enforcement difficult . Indigenous languages ( edit ) Spanish is the de facto national language spoken by the vast majority of Mexicans , though it is not defined as an official language in legislation . The second article of the 1917 Constitution defines the country as multicultural , recognizes the right of the indigenous peoples to `` preserve and enrich their languages '' and promotes `` bilingual and intercultural education '' . In 2003 , the Mexican Congress approved the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples , which recognizes that Mexico 's history makes its indigenous languages , `` national languages '' . Accordingly , they `` have the same validity ( as Spanish ) in their territory , location and context '' . At the same time , legislators made no specific provisions for the official or legal status of the Spanish language . This law means that indigenous peoples can use their native language in communicating with government officials and request official documents in that language . The Mexican state supports the preservation and promotion of the use of the national languages through the activities of the National Institute of Indigenous Languages . Mexico has about six million citizens who speak indigenous languages . That is the second - largest group in the Americas after Peru . However , a relatively small percentage of Mexico 's population speaks an indigenous language compared to other countries in the Americas , such as Guatemala ( 42.8 % ) , Peru ( 35 % ) , and even Ecuador ( 9.4 % ) , Panama ( 8.3 % ) , Paraguay and Bolivia . The only single indigenous language spoken by more than a million people in Mexico is the Nahuatl language ; the other Native American language with a large population of native speakers include Yucatec Maya . Language endangerment ( edit ) According to the Law of Linguistic Rights , Mexico recognizes sixty - two indigenous languages as co-official National languages with Spanish being the dominant language , Mexico has become a site for endangered languages . `` Indigenous people 's disadvantaged socioeconomic status and the pressure of assimilation into mestizo or Ladino society have been influential on indigenous language loss . '' The result of the conflict between indigenous languages and Spanish has been a language shift in Mexico from indigenous languages being spoken to more people using Spanish in every domain . Due to this situation there have been many different language revitalization strategies put in place in Mexico to try to reverse this language shift . See literature on projects done with the Nahua people and the experiences of language revitalization in the South of Mexico . Language tables ( edit ) Indigenous languages of Mexico Language Speakers Nahuatl ( Nahuatl , Nahuat , Nahual , Macehualtlahtol , Melatahtol ) 1,740,026 Yucatec Maya ( Maaya t'aan ) 792,000 Mixtec ( Tu'un sávi ) 480,216 Zapotec ( Diidxaza ) 450,000 Tzeltal Maya ( K'op o winik atel ) 445,856 Tzotzil Maya ( Batsil k'op ) 404,704 Otomí ( Hñä hñü ) 290,000 Totonac ( Tachihuiin ) 240,000 Mazatec ( Ha shuta enima ) 220,000 Ch'ol ( Mayan ) ( Winik ) 212,117 Huastec ( Téenek ) 161,120 Mazahua ( Jñatho ) 140,840 Chinantec ( Tsa jujmí ) 125,153 Mixe ( Ayüük ) 133,482 Purépecha ( P'urhépecha ) 124,494 Tlapanec ( Me'phaa ) 120,000 Tarahumara ( Rarámuri ) 85,018 Amuzgo ( Tzañcue ) 51,761 Chatino ( Cha'cña ) 45,791 Tojolab'al ( Tojolwinik otik ) 51,733 Popoluca ( Zoquean ) ( Tuncápxe ) 54,004 Chontal de Tabasco ( Yokot t'an ) 43,850 Huichol ( Wixárika ) 44,800 Mayo ( Yoreme ) 32,702 Tepehuán ( O'otham and Ódami ) 39,681 Trique ( Tinujéi ) 26,491 Cora ( Naáyarite ) 20,100 Popoloca ( Oto - manguean ) 18,926 Huave ( Ikoods ) 18,900 Cuicatec ( Nduudu yu ) 13,610 Yaqui ( Yoem Noki or Hiak Nokpo ) 17,546 Q'anjob'al 10,833 Tepehua ( Hamasipini ) 36,000 Pame ( Xigüe ) 11,768 Mam ( Qyool ) 9,739 Chontal de Oaxaca ( Slijuala sihanuk ) 5,534 Chuj 3,143 Tacuate ( Mixtec de Santa María Zacatepec ) ( Tu'un Va'a ) 2,067 Chichimeca jonaz ( Úza ) 2,287 Guarijío ( Warihó ) 2,136 Chocho ( Runixa ngiigua ) 1,078 Pima Bajo ( Oob No'ok ) 836 Q'eqchí ( Q'eqchí ) 835 Lacandón ( Hach t'an ) 731 Jakaltek ( Poptí ) ( Abxubal ) 584 Matlatzinca / Ocuilteco ( Tlahuica ) 522 Seri ( Cmiique iitom ) 518 Ixcatec 406 K'iche ' 286 Kaqchikel 230 Paipai ( Jaspuy pai ) 221 Cucapá ( Kuapá ) 206 Mototzintleco ( Qatok ) 186 Kumiai ( Ti'pai ) 185 Pápago ( O'odham ) 153 Kikapú ( Kikapoa ) 144 Ixil 108 Cochimí ( Laymón , mti'pá ) 96 Kiliwa language ( Ko'lew ) Aguacatec 27 Other languages 337 Including : Òpata , Soltec , and Papabucan Only includes population 5 and older . Source : INEGI ( 2005 ) Classification ( edit ) Main articles : Indigenous languages of the Americas and List of endangered languages in Mexico The following is a classification of the 65 indigenous languages grouped by family : Language families with members north of Mexico Algonquian languages : Kikapú Yuman -- Cochimí languages : Paipai , Kiliwa , Cucapá , Cochimi and Kumiai Uto - Aztecan languages : Tepiman branch : Pápago , Pima Bajo , Northern and Southern Tepehuán Taracahita branch : Tarahumara , Guarijio language , Yaqui and Mayo Corachol branch : Cora and Huichol Nahuan branch : Nahuatl , Nahuan dialects Language families with all known members in Mexico Totonacan languages : Totonac ( different varieties ) Tepehua ( different varieties ) Oto - Manguean languages : Oto - pamean branch : Northern Pame , Southern Pame , Chichimeca Jonaz , Otomí , Mazahua , Matlatzinca and Ocuiltec . Popolocan branch : Popoloca language , Chocho , Ixcatec language * , Mazatecan languages Tlapanec -- Subtiaban branch : Me'phaa Amuzgoan branch : Amuzgo de Guerrero , Amuzgo de Oaxaca Mixtecan branch : Mixtecan languages , Cuicatec and Trique language . Zapotecan branch : Chatino ( and its dialects ) , Zapotec languages . Chinantec branch : Chinantec ( and its dialects ) Chiapaneca -- Mangue branch : Chiapaneco * Mixe -- Zoquean languages : Zoque languages Mixe languages Popoluca ( Texistepec Popoluca , Sierra Popoluca ( Both Zoquean ) and Sayula Popoluca Oluta Popoluca ( Both Mixean ) ) Language family with members south of Mexico Mayan languages : Huastecan branch : Wastek language , Yucatecan branch : Yukatek Maya , Lacandón , Cholan branch : Ch'ol language , Chontal Maya language , Tzeltal language , Tzotzil language , Qanjobalan -- Chujean branch : Chuj language , Tojolabal language , Q'anjob'al language , Jakaltek , Motozintlec , Akatek language Quichean -- Mamean branch : Mam language , Tektitek language , Ixil , K'iche ' language , Kaqchikel and Q'eqchi ' . Language isolates : Seri Tequistlatecan languages : Lowland Chontal , Highland Chontal Purépecha Huave * In danger of extinction . Other languages ( edit ) The deaf community uses Mexican Sign Language , Yucatan Sign Language , and , in northern Baja California , American Sign Language . The non-indigenous languages spoken in Mexico include English ( by English - speaking as well as by the residents of border states ) . One example of this group is of the American Mormon colony of Nueva Casas Grandes in Chihuahua , which settled in the late 19th century . German ( spoken mainly in Mexico City and Puebla ) , Greek ( spoken mainly in Mexico City , Guadalajara and especially in Sinaloa state ) , Arabic , Venetian ( in Chipilo ) , Italian , French , Occitan , Catalan , Basque , Galician , Asturian , Filipino , Polish , Hebrew , Korean , Ladino , Plautdietsch , Armenian , Japanese , Chinese and other languages are spoken by smaller numbers . Some of these languages ( Venetian and Plautdietsch ) are spoken in isolated communities or villages . The rest are spoken by immigrants or their descendants who tend to live in the larger cities and towns . As far as second languages go , many educated Mexicans ( and those with little education who have immigrated to the US and returned ) have different degrees of fluency in English . Many Mexicans working in the tourist industry can speak some English . Romani is spoken by the Mexican gypsies . See also ( edit ) Mexico portal Language portal List of Mexican states by indigenous - speaking population References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wasserman - Soler , Daniel ( 2016 ) . `` '' Lengua de los indios , lengua española : Religious Conversion and the Languages of New Spain , ca . 1520 -- 1585 `` '' . Church History . 85 ( 4 ) : 690 -- 723 . ^ Jump up to : Cifuentes , Bárbara ( 1998 ) : Letras sobre voces . Multilingüismo a través de la historia . Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social -- Instituto Nacional Indigenista . Historia de los Pueblos Indígenas de México . México . ISBN 968 - 496 - 338 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Suaréz , Jorge A. ( 1983 ) . The Mesoamerican Indian Languages . Cambridge Language Surveys . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22834 - 4 . OCLC 8034800 . ^ Jump up to : Stavenhagen , Rodolfo ( 1990 ) , `` Linguistic Minorities and Language Policy in Latin America : The Case of Mexico '' , in Florian Coulmas ( ed . ) , Linguistic Minorities and Literacy : Language Policy Issues in Developing Countries , Mouton Publishers , Berlin , pp. 56 -- 62 , at pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ G.G. Patthey - Chavez ( 1994 ) . Language Policy and Planning in Mexico : Indigenous Language Policy . Annual Review of Applied Linguistics , 14 , pp 200 -- 219 Jump up ^ Grinevald , Colette . `` Endangered Languages of Mexico and Central America '' . Language Diversity , Endangered , Matthias Brenzinger . Berlin : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co , 2007 . 50 -- 86 . Jump up ^ `` Is education destroying indigenous languages in Chiapas ? '' . Hist.umn.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sánchez , L. ( 2011 ) , Mexican Indigenous Languages at the Dawn of the Twenty - First Century edited by Margarita Hidalgo . Journal of Sociolinguistics , 15 : 422 -- 425 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Margarita Hidalgo ( ed . ) . Mexican Indigenous Languages at the Dawn of the Twenty - First Century ( Contributions to the Sociology of Language , 91 ) . 2006 . Berlin , Germany : Mouton de Gruyter Jump up ^ Hamel , Rainer Enrique . `` Indigenous Language Policy and Education in Mexico . '' Encyclopedia of Language and Education . Vol. 1 : Language Policy and Political Issues in Education . 2nd ed . New York : Springer , 2008 . 301 -- 313 . Gail Virtual Reference Library . Amer . Univ . Bender Library . 5 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Hamel , Rainer Enrique and Communities in Mexico . `` Bilingual Education for Indigenous Communities in Mexico '' . Encyclopedia of Language and Education . Vol. 5 : Bilingual Education . 2nd ed . New York : Springer , 2008 . 311 -- 322 . Gail Cambronne 42 Virtual Reference Library . Amer . Univ . Bender Library . 5 April 2009 Jump up ^ * Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas ( INALI ) ( 14 January 2008 ) . `` Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales : Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas '' ( PDF online reproduction ) . Diario Oficial de la Federación ( in Spanish ) . México , D.F. : Imprenta del Gobierno Federal , SEGOB. 652 ( 9 ) . OCLC 46461036 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived June 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` LEY GENERAL DE DERECHOS LINGÜÍSTICOS DE LOS PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 27 , 2006 . Retrieved February 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` PROGRAMA DE REVITALIZACIÓN , FORTALECIMIENTO Y DESARROLLO DE LAS LENGUAS INDÍGENAS NACIONALES : 2008 - 2012 : PINALI '' ( PDF ) . Inali.gob.mx . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE LENGUAS INDIGENAS '' ( PDF ) . Inali.gob.mx . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Información estadística '' . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2005 . Retrieved August 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Terborg , Roland ; Landa , Laura García ; Moore , Pauline ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) . `` The Language Situation in Mexico '' . Current Issues in Language Planning . 7 ( 4 ) : 415 -- 518 . doi : 10.2167 / cilp109. 0 . ISSN 1466 - 4208 . Jump up ^ Yoshioka , Hirotoshi ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE USAGE AND MAINTENANCE PATTERNS AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THE ERA OF NEOLIBERAL MULTICULTURALISM IN MEXICO AND GUATEMALA '' . Latin American Research Review . 45 ( 3 ) : 5 -- 34 . JSTOR 40926268 . Jump up ^ Farfán , José Antonio Flores . `` Keeping the fire alive : a decade of language revitalization in Mexico '' . International Journal of the Sociology of Language . 2011 ( 212 ) . doi : 10.1515 / ijsl. 2011.052 . Jump up ^ Hernández , Lorena Córdova ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Consumo literario en lenguas indígenas : experiencias de revitalización desde el Sur de México '' . Revista CS ( in Spanish ) . 0 ( 18 ) : 37 -- 61 . doi : 10.18046 / recs. i18. 2053 . ISSN 2011 - 0324 . Jump up ^ Mexico 's Hidden Romani Heritage Josserand , Judith K ( 1983 ) . Mixtec Dialect History , PhD Thesis . Tulane University . Lewis , P.M. ; Simons , G.F. ; Fennig , C.D. ( editors ) ( 2013 ) . Ethnologue : Languages of the World ( 16th edition ) . Dallas , TX ( http://www.ethnologue.com ) : SIL International . ISBN 978 - 1556712166 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) CDI `` ¿ Qué lengua hablas ? '' , a portal that contains multimedia files of phrases spoken in some of the national indigenous languages National Institute of Indigenous Languages / in Spanish Ethnologue report for Mexico General Law of Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Peoples ( in Spanish ) Languages of Mexico Official / Indigenous 100,000 + speakers Spanish Nahuatl Yucatec Maya Mixtec Zapotec Tzeltal Maya Tzotzil Maya Otomí Totonac Mazatec Ch'ol Huastec Chinantec Mixe Mazahua Purépecha 10,000 - 100,000 speakers Tlapanec Tarahumara Amuzgo Chatino Tojolab'al Sierra Popoluca Chontal de Tabasco Huichol Mayo Tepehuán Trique Cora Popolocan Huave Cuicatec Yaqui Q'anjob'al Tepehua Under 10,000 speakers Pame Mam Chontal of Oaxaca Chuj Tacuate Chichimeca Jonaz Huarijío Chocho Pima Bajo Q'eqchí Lacandón Jakaltek Matlatzinca Seri Ixcatec K'iche ' Kaqchikel Paipai Cucapá Mototzintleco Kumiai Pápago Kikapú Ixil Cochimí Kiliwa Aguacatec Non-official Plautdietsch Venetian English French Basque Catalan Hebrew Arabic Chinese Sign Mexican Sign Language Mayan Sign Language Note : The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population . Mexico History Pre-Columbian era Colonial era War of Independence First Mexican Empire Provisional Government of Mexico ( 1823 - 1824 ) First Mexican Republic Centralist Republic of Mexico Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican -- American War Second Mexican Republic La Reforma French intervention Second Mexican Empire Porfiriato Mexican Revolution Cristero War Maximato Institutional Revolutionary Party Mexican miracle Chiapas conflict Mexican Drug War Geography Borders Cities Climate Earthquakes Extreme points Forests Islands Lakes Metropolitan areas Mountains Protected Natural Areas Rivers States Territorial evolution Time Volcanos Water resources Wettest - known tropical cyclones Politics Administrative divisions Congress Senate Chamber of Deputies Constitution Elections Federal government Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT Law Law enforcement Military Political parties President Cabinet State legislatures Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Automotive market Central bank Companies Economic history Energy Irrigation Labor law North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Oil Pension system Peso ( currency ) Petroleum Science and technology States by GDP States by unemployment Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Water scarcity Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Indigenous peoples Nationality law People Poverty Religion States by HDI Water supply and sanitation Welfare Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Flags Folklore Handcrafts and folk art Languages Literature Monuments Music National symbols Public holidays Radio Sports Television World Heritage Sites Outline Index Book Portal Languages of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Mexico&oldid=861517185 '' Categories : Languages of Mexico Languages of North America Mexican culture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Català Español Français Galego Italiano Norsk Polski Русский Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2018 , at 00 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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queen of the iceni who revolted against the romans codycross

In 60 -- 61 , while Governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus was campaigning in Wales , the southeast of Britain rose in revolt under the leadership of Boudica . Boudica was the widow of the recently deceased king of the Iceni , Prasutagus . The Roman historian Tacitus reports that Prasutagus had left a will leaving half his kingdom to Nero in the hope that the remainder would be left untouched . He was wrong . When his will was enforced , Rome responded by violently seizing the tribe 's lands in full . Boudica protested . In consequence , Rome punished her and her daughters by flogging and rape . In response , the Iceni , joined by the Trinovantes , destroyed the Roman colony at Camulodunum ( Colchester ) and routed the part of the IXth Legion that was sent to relieve it . Suetonius Paulinus rode to London ( then called Londinium ) , the rebels ' next target , but concluded it could not be defended . Abandoned , it was destroyed , as was Verulamium ( St. Albans ) . Between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed in the three cities . But Suetonius regrouped with two of the three legions still available to him , chose a battlefield , and , despite being heavily outnumbered , defeated the rebels in the Battle of Watling Street . Boudica died not long afterwards , by self - administered poison or by illness . During this time , the Emperor Nero considered withdrawing Roman forces from Britain altogether .

Boudica

Roman Britain

roman britain

Roman Britain ( Latin : Britannia or , later , Britanniae , `` the Britains '' ) was the area of the island of Great Britain that was governed by the Roman Empire , from 43 to 410 AD . It comprised all of England , the majority of Wales and , for short periods of time , parts of eastern Scotland .

Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC as part of his Gallic Wars . According to Caesar , the Britons had been overrun or culturally assimilated by other Celtic tribes during the British Iron Age and had been aiding Caesar 's enemies . He received tribute , installed a friendly king over the Trinovantes , and returned to Gaul . Planned invasions under Augustus were called off in 34 , 27 , and 25 BC . In 40 AD , Caligula assembled 200,000 men at the Channel , only to have them gather seashells . Three years later , Claudius directed four legions to invade Britain and restore an exiled king over the Atrebates . The Romans defeated the Catuvellauni , and then organized their conquests as the Province of Britain ( Latin : Provincia Britannia ) . By the year 47 , the Romans held the lands southeast of the Fosse Way . Control over Wales was delayed by reverses and the effects of Boudica 's uprising , but the Romans expanded steadily northward . Under the 2nd century emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius , two walls were built to defend the Roman province from the Caledonians , whose realms in the Scottish Highlands were never controlled . Around 197 , the Severan Reforms divided Britain into two provinces : Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior . During the Diocletian Reforms , at the end of the 3rd century , Britannia was divided into four provinces under the direction of a vicarius , who administered the Diocese of the Britains . A fifth province , Valentia , is attested in the later 4th century . For much of the later period of the Roman occupation , Britannia was subject to barbarian invasions and often came under the control of imperial usurpers and imperial pretenders . The final Roman withdrawal from Britain occurred around 410 ; the native kingdoms are considered to have formed Sub-Roman Britain after that . Following the conquest of the Britons , a distinctive Romano - British culture emerged as the Romans introduced improved agriculture , urban planning , industrial production , and architecture . The Roman goddess Britannia became the female personification of Britain . After the initial invasions , Roman historians generally only mention Britain in passing . Thus , most present knowledge derives from archaeological investigations and occasional epigraphic evidence lauding the Britannic achievements of an emperor . Roman citizens settled in Britain from many parts of the Empire . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early contact 1.2 Roman invasion 1.3 Roman rule is established 1.4 Occupation and retreat from southern Scotland 1.5 3rd century 1.6 Diocletian 's reforms 1.7 4th century 1.8 End of Roman rule 1.9 Sub-Roman Britain 2 Trade 3 Economy 4 Government 5 Demographics 5.1 Town and country 6 Religion 6.1 Pagan 6.2 Christianity 7 Environmental changes 8 Legacy 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Iron Age background 11.2 General works on Roman Britain 11.3 Historical sources and inscriptions 11.4 Trade 11.5 Economy 11.6 Provincial government 11.7 Provincial development 11.8 The Roman military in Britain 11.9 Urban life 11.10 Rural life 11.11 Religion 11.12 Art 12 External links History ( edit ) Early contact ( edit ) Main article : Caesar 's invasions of Britain Britain was known to the Classical world ; the Greeks , Phoenicians and Carthaginians traded for Cornish tin in the 4th century BC . The Greeks referred to the Cassiterides , or `` tin islands '' , and placed them near the west coast of Europe . The Carthaginian sailor Himilco is said to have visited the island in the 5th century BC and the Greek explorer Pytheas in the 4th . However , it was regarded as a place of mystery , with some writers refusing to believe it existed at all . The first direct Roman contact was when Julius Caesar undertook two expeditions in 55 and 54 BC , as part of his conquest of Gaul , believing the Britons were helping the Gallic resistance . The first expedition was more a reconnaissance than a full invasion and gained a foothold on the coast of Kent but was unable to advance further because of storm damage to the ships and a lack of cavalry . Despite the military failure it was a political success , with the Roman Senate declaring a 20 - day public holiday in Rome to honour the unprecedented achievement of obtaining hostages from Britain and defeating Belgian tribes on returning to the continent . The second invasion involved a substantially larger force and Caesar coerced or invited many of the native Celtic tribes to pay tribute and give hostages in return for peace . A friendly local king , Mandubracius , was installed , and his rival , Cassivellaunus , was brought to terms . Hostages were taken , but historians disagree over whether any tribute was paid after Caesar returned to Gaul . Caesar conquered no territory and left no troops behind but he established clients and brought Britain into Rome 's sphere of influence . Augustus planned invasions in 34 , 27 and 25 BC , but circumstances were never favourable , and the relationship between Britain and Rome settled into one of diplomacy and trade . Strabo , writing late in Augustus 's reign , claimed that taxes on trade brought in more annual revenue than any conquest could . Archaeology shows that there was an increase in imported luxury goods in southeastern Britain . Strabo also mentions British kings who sent embassies to Augustus and Augustus 's own Res Gestae refers to two British kings he received as refugees . When some of Tiberius 's ships were carried to Britain in a storm during his campaigns in Germany in 16 AD , they came back with tales of monsters . Rome appears to have encouraged a balance of power in southern Britain , supporting two powerful kingdoms : the Catuvellauni , ruled by the descendants of Tasciovanus , and the Atrebates , ruled by the descendants of Commius . This policy was followed until 39 or 40 AD , when Caligula received an exiled member of the Catuvellaunian dynasty and planned an invasion of Britain that collapsed in farcical circumstances before it left Gaul . When Claudius successfully invaded in 43 AD , it was in aid of another fugitive British ruler , Verica of the Atrebates . Roman invasion ( edit ) Main article : Roman conquest of Britain Landing of the Romans on the Coast of Kent ( Cassell 's History of England , Vol . I - anonymous author and artists , 1909 ) . The invasion force in 43 AD was led by Aulus Plautius , but it is unclear how many legions were sent . The Legio II Augusta , commanded by future emperor Vespasian , was the only one directly attested to have taken part . The IX Hispana , the XIV Gemina ( later styled Martia Victrix ) and the XX ( later styled Valeria Victrix ) are known to have served during the Boudican Revolt of 60 / 61 , and were probably there since the initial invasion . However this is not certain because the Roman army was flexible , with units being moved around whenever necessary . The Legio IX Hispana may have been permanently stationed with records showing it at Eboracum ( York ) in 71 and on a building inscription there dated 108 , before being destroyed in the east of the Empire , possibly during the Bar Kokhba revolt . The invasion was delayed by a troop mutiny until an imperial freedman persuaded them to overcome their fear of crossing the Ocean and campaigning beyond the limits of the known world . They sailed in three divisions , and probably landed at Richborough in Kent , although at least part of the force may have landed near Fishbourne , West Sussex . Conquests under Aulus Plautius , focused on the commercially valuable southeast of Britain . The Catuvellauni and their allies were defeated in two battles : the first , assuming a Richborough landing , on the river Medway , the second on the river Thames . One of their leaders , Togodumnus , was killed , but his brother Caratacus survived to continue resistance elsewhere . Plautius halted at the Thames and sent for Claudius , who arrived with reinforcements , including artillery and elephants , for the final march to the Catuvellaunian capital , Camulodunum ( Colchester ) . Vespasian subdued the southwest , Cogidubnus was set up as a friendly king of several territories , and treaties were made with tribes outside direct Roman control . Roman rule is established ( edit ) Roman invasion of Britain Roman campaigns 43 -- 60 Agricola 's campaigns Further information : Romano - British culture After capturing the south of the island , the Romans turned their attention to what is now Wales . The Silures , Ordovices and Deceangli remained implacably opposed to the invaders and for the first few decades were the focus of Roman military attention , despite occasional minor revolts among Roman allies like the Brigantes and the Iceni . The Silures were led by Caratacus , and he carried out an effective guerrilla attack campaign against Governor Publius Ostorius Scapula . Finally , in 51 , Ostorius lured Caratacus into a set - piece battle and defeated him . The British leader sought refuge among the Brigantes , but their queen , Cartimandua , proved her loyalty by surrendering him to the Romans . He was brought as a captive to Rome , where a dignified speech he made during Claudius 's triumph persuaded the emperor to spare his life . However , the Silures were still not pacified , and Cartimandua 's ex-husband Venutius replaced Caratacus as the most prominent leader of British resistance . In 60 -- 61 , while Governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus was campaigning in Wales , the southeast of Britain rose in revolt under the leadership of Boudica . Boudica was the widow of the recently deceased king of the Iceni , Prasutagus . The Roman historian Tacitus reports that Prasutagus had left a will leaving half his kingdom to Nero in the hope that the remainder would be left untouched . He was wrong . When his will was enforced , Rome responded by violently seizing the tribe 's lands in full . Boudica protested . In consequence , Rome punished her and her daughters by flogging and rape . In response , the Iceni , joined by the Trinovantes , destroyed the Roman colony at Camulodunum ( Colchester ) and routed the part of the IXth Legion that was sent to relieve it . Suetonius Paulinus rode to London ( then called Londinium ) , the rebels ' next target , but concluded it could not be defended . Abandoned , it was destroyed , as was Verulamium ( St. Albans ) . Between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed in the three cities . But Suetonius regrouped with two of the three legions still available to him , chose a battlefield , and , despite being heavily outnumbered , defeated the rebels in the Battle of Watling Street . Boudica died not long afterwards , by self - administered poison or by illness . During this time , the Emperor Nero considered withdrawing Roman forces from Britain altogether . Play media Templeborough Roman fort in Yorkshire . The reconstruction was created for Rotherham Museums and Galleries . There was further turmoil in 69 , the `` Year of the Four Emperors '' . As civil war raged in Rome , weak governors were unable to control the legions in Britain , and Venutius of the Brigantes seized his chance . The Romans had previously defended Cartimandua against him , but this time were unable to do so . Cartimandua was evacuated , and Venutius was left in control of the north of the country . After Vespasian secured the empire , his first two appointments as governor , Quintus Petillius Cerialis and Sextus Julius Frontinus , took on the task of subduing the Brigantes and Silures respectively . Frontinus extended Roman rule to all of South Wales , and initiated exploitation of the mineral resources , such as the gold mines at Dolaucothi . In the following years , the Romans conquered more of the island , increasing the size of Roman Britain . Governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola , father - in - law to the historian Tacitus , conquered the Ordovices in 78 . With the XX Valeria Victrix legion , Agricola defeated the Caledonians in 84 at the Battle of Mons Graupius , in northern Scotland . This was the high - water mark of Roman territory in Britain : shortly after his victory , Agricola was recalled from Britain back to Rome , and the Romans retired to a more defensible line along the Forth -- Clyde isthmus , freeing soldiers badly needed along other frontiers . For much of the history of Roman Britain , a large number of soldiers were garrisoned on the island . This required that the emperor station a trusted senior man as governor of the province . As a result , many future emperors served as governors or legates in this province , including Vespasian , Pertinax , and Gordian I . Roman military organisation in the north In 84 AD In 155 AD Occupation and retreat from southern Scotland ( edit ) There is no historical source describing the decades that followed Agricola 's recall . Even the name of his replacement is unknown . Archaeology has shown that some Roman forts south of the Forth -- Clyde isthmus were rebuilt and enlarged , although others appear to have been abandoned . Roman coins and pottery have been found circulating at native settlement sites in the Scottish Lowlands in the years before 100 , indicating growing Romanisation . Some of the most important sources for this era are the writing tablets from the fort at Vindolanda in Northumberland , mostly dating to 90 -- 110 . These tablets provide vivid evidence for the operation of a Roman fort at the edge of the Roman Empire , where officers ' wives maintained polite society while merchants , hauliers and military personnel kept the fort operational and supplied . Around 105 , however , there appears to have been a serious setback at the hands of the tribes of the Picts of Alba : several Roman forts were destroyed by fire , with human remains and damaged armour at Trimontium ( at modern Newstead , in SE Scotland ) indicating hostilities at least at that site . There is also circumstantial evidence that auxiliary reinforcements were sent from Germany , and an unnamed British war of the period is mentioned on the gravestone of a tribune of Cyrene . However , Trajan 's Dacian Wars may have led to troop reductions in the area or even total withdrawal followed by slighting of the forts by the Picts rather than an unrecorded military defeat . The Romans were also in the habit of destroying their own forts during an orderly withdrawal , in order to deny resources to an enemy . In either case , the frontier probably moved south to the line of the Stanegate at the Solway -- Tyne isthmus around this time . Hadrian 's Wall viewed from Vercovicium Prima Europe tabula . A 1486 copy of Ptolemy 's 2nd century map of Roman Britain A new crisis occurred at the beginning of Hadrian 's reign ( 117 ) : a rising in the north which was suppressed by Quintus Pompeius Falco . When Hadrian reached Britannia on his famous tour of the Roman provinces around 120 , he directed an extensive defensive wall , known to posterity as Hadrian 's Wall , to be built close to the line of the Stanegate frontier . Hadrian appointed Aulus Platorius Nepos as governor to undertake this work who brought the Legio VI Victrix legion with him from Germania Inferior . This replaced the famous Legio IX Hispana , whose disappearance has been much discussed . Archaeology indicates considerable political instability in Scotland during the first half of the 2nd century , and the shifting frontier at this time should be seen in this context . In the reign of Antoninus Pius ( 138 -- 161 ) the Hadrianic border was briefly extended north to the Forth -- Clyde isthmus , where the Antonine Wall was built around 142 following the military reoccupation of the Scottish lowlands by a new governor , Quintus Lollius Urbicus . The first Antonine occupation of Scotland ended as a result of a further crisis in 155 -- 157 , when the Brigantes revolted . With limited options to despatch reinforcements , the Romans moved their troops south , and this rising was suppressed by Governor Gnaeus Julius Verus . Within a year the Antonine Wall was recaptured , but by 163 or 164 it was abandoned . The second occupation was probably connected with Antoninus 's undertakings to protect the Votadini or his pride in enlarging the empire , since the retreat to the Hadrianic frontier occurred not long after his death when a more objective strategic assessment of the benefits of the Antonine Wall could be made . The Romans did not entirely withdraw from Scotland at this time , however : the large fort at Newstead was maintained along with seven smaller outposts until at least 180 . During the twenty - year period following the reversion of the frontier to Hadrian 's Wall , Rome was concerned with continental issues , primarily problems in the Danubian provinces . Increasing numbers of hoards of buried coins in Britain at this time indicate that peace was not entirely achieved . Sufficient Roman silver has been found in Scotland to suggest more than ordinary trade , and it is likely that the Romans were reinforcing treaty agreements by paying tribute to their implacable enemies , the Picts . In 175 , a large force of Sarmatian cavalry , consisting of 5,500 men , arrived in Britannia , probably to reinforce troops fighting unrecorded uprisings . In 180 , Hadrian 's Wall was breached by the Picts and the commanding officer or governor was killed there in what Cassius Dio described as the most serious war of the reign of Commodus . Ulpius Marcellus was sent as replacement governor and by 184 he had won a new peace , only to be faced with a mutiny from his own troops . Unhappy with Marcellus 's strictness , they tried to elect a legate named Priscus as usurper governor ; he refused , but Marcellus was lucky to leave the province alive . The Roman army in Britannia continued its insubordination : they sent a delegation of 1,500 to Rome to demand the execution of Tigidius Perennis , a Praetorian prefect who they felt had earlier wronged them by posting lowly equites to legate ranks in Britannia . Commodus met the party outside Rome and agreed to have Perennis killed , but this only made them feel more secure in their mutiny . The future emperor Pertinax was sent to Britannia to quell the mutiny and was initially successful in regaining control . However , a riot broke out among the troops . Pertinax was attacked and left for dead , and asked to be recalled to Rome , where he briefly succeeded Commodus as emperor in 192 . 3rd century ( edit ) The death of Commodus put into motion a series of events which eventually led to civil war . Following the short reign of Pertinax , several rivals for the emperorship emerged , including Septimius Severus and Clodius Albinus . The latter was the new governor of Britannia , and had seemingly won the natives over after their earlier rebellions ; he also controlled three legions , making him a potentially significant claimant . His sometime rival Severus promised him the title of Caesar in return for Albinus 's support against Pescennius Niger in the east . Once Niger was neutralised however , Severus turned on his ally in Britannia -- though it is likely that Albinus saw he would be the next target and was already preparing for war . Albinus crossed to Gaul in 195 , where the provinces were also sympathetic to him , and set up at Lugdunum . Severus arrived in February 196 , and the ensuing battle was decisive . Although Albinus came close to victory , Severus 's reinforcements won the day , and the British governor committed suicide . Severus soon purged Albinus 's sympathisers and perhaps confiscated large tracts of land in Britain as punishment . Albinus had demonstrated the major problem posed by Roman Britain . In order to maintain security , the province required the presence of three legions ; but command of these forces provided an ideal power base for ambitious rivals . Deploying those legions elsewhere , however , would strip the island of its garrison , leaving the province defenceless against uprisings by the native Celtic tribes and against invasion by the Picts and Scots . The traditional view is that northern Britain descended into anarchy during Albinus 's absence . Cassius Dio records that the new Governor , Virius Lupus , was obliged to buy peace from a fractious northern tribe known as the Maeatae . The succession of militarily distinguished governors who were subsequently appointed suggests that enemies of Rome were posing a difficult challenge , and Lucius Alfenus Senecio 's report to Rome in 207 describes barbarians `` rebelling , over-running the land , taking loot and creating destruction '' . In order to rebel , of course , one must be a subject -- although the Maeatae clearly did not consider themselves such . Senecio requested either reinforcements or an Imperial expedition , and Severus chose the latter , despite being 62 years old . Archaeological evidence shows that Senecio had been rebuilding the defences of Hadrian 's Wall and the forts beyond it , and Severus 's arrival in Britain prompted the enemy tribes to sue for peace immediately . The emperor had not come all that way to leave without a victory , however , and it is likely that he wished to provide his teenage sons Caracalla and Geta with first - hand experience of controlling a hostile barbarian land . Northern campaigns , 208 -- 211 An invasion of Caledonia led by Severus and probably numbering around 20,000 troops moved north in 208 or 209 , crossing the Wall and passing through eastern Scotland on a route similar to that used by Agricola . Harried by punishing guerrilla raids by the northern tribes and slowed by an unforgiving terrain , Severus was unable to meet the Caledonians on a battlefield . The emperor 's forces pushed north as far as the River Tay , but little appears to have been achieved by the invasion , as peace treaties were signed with the Caledonians . By 210 Severus had returned to York , and the frontier had once again become Hadrian 's Wall . He assumed the title Britannicus but the title meant little with regard to the unconquered north , which clearly remained outside the authority of the Empire . Almost immediately , another northern tribe , the Maeatae , again went to war . Caracalla left with a punitive expedition , but by the following year his ailing father had died and he and his brother left the province to press their claim to the throne . As one of his last acts , Severus tried to solve the problem of powerful and rebellious governors in Britain by dividing the province into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior . This kept the potential for rebellion in check for almost a century . Historical sources provide little information on the following decades , a period known as the Long Peace . Even so , the number of buried hoards found from this period rises , suggesting continuing unrest . A string of forts were built along the coast of southern Britain to control piracy ; and over the following hundred years they increased in number , becoming the Saxon Shore Forts . During the middle of the 3rd century , the Roman Empire was convulsed by barbarian invasions , rebellions and new imperial pretenders . Britannia apparently avoided these troubles , although increasing inflation had its economic effect . In 259 a so - called Gallic Empire was established when Postumus rebelled against Gallienus . Britannia was part of this until 274 when Aurelian reunited the empire . Around the year 280 , a half - British officer named Bonosus was in command of the Roman 's Rhenish fleet when the Germans managed to burn it at anchor . To avoid punishment , he proclaimed himself emperor at Colonia Agrippina ( Cologne ) but was crushed by Marcus Aurelius Probus . Soon afterwards , an unnamed governor of one of the British provinces also attempted an uprising . Probus put it down by sending irregular troops of Vandals and Burgundians across the Channel . The Carausian Revolt led to a short - lived Britannic Empire from 286 to 296 . Carausius was a Menapian naval commander of the Britannic fleet ; he revolted upon learning of a death sentence ordered by the emperor Maximian on charges of having abetted Frankish and Saxon pirates and having embezzled recovered treasure . He consolidated control over all the provinces of Britain and some of northern Gaul while Maximian dealt with other uprisings . An invasion in 288 failed to unseat him and an uneasy peace ensued , with Carausius issuing coins and inviting official recognition . In 293 , the junior emperor Constantius Chlorus launched a second offensive , besieging the rebel port of Gesoriacum ( Boulogne - sur - Mer ) by land and sea . After it fell , Constantius attacked Carausius 's other Gallic holdings and Frankish allies and Carausius was usurped by his treasurer , Allectus . Julius Asclepiodotus landed an invasion fleet near Southampton and defeated Allectus in a land battle . Diocletian 's reforms ( edit ) One possible arrangement of the late Roman provinces , with Valentia between the walls . Another possible arrangement , with other possible placements of Valentia noted . Main articles : Britannia I , Britannia II , Flavia Caesariensis , Maxima Caesariensis , and Valentia ( Roman province ) As part of Diocletian 's reforms , the provinces of Roman Britain were organized as a diocese subordinate to a praetorian prefect resident with an emperor and from 318 a prefect based at Augusta Treverorum ( Trier ) , Julius Bassus , prefect to Constantine 's son Crispus . Prior to this appointment , two was the canonical number of prefects ( not counting those of usurpers ) . The territorial prefectures first appear circa 325 . Four are listed in 331 . It is certain that the diocesan vicar was based at Londinium as the principal city of the diocese , as it had been for 250 years ; that Londinium and Eboracum continued as provincial capitals ; and that the territory was divided up into smaller provinces for administrative efficiency and presence as the governors , heretofore mainly judicial and administrative officials , assumed more financial duties ( as the procurators of the Treasury ministry were slowly phased out in the first three decades of the 4th century ) . The governors were stripped of military command ( a process completed by 314 ) , which was handed over to duces . Civilian and military authority would no longer be exercised by one official , with rare exceptions until the mid-5th century , when a dux / governor was appointed for Upper Egypt . The tasks of the vicar were to control and coordinate the activities of governors ; monitor but not interfere with the daily functioning of the Treasury and Crown Estates , which had their own administrative infrastructure ; and act as the regional quartermaster - general of the armed forces . In short , as the sole civilian official with superior authority , he had general oversight of the administration , as well as direct control , while not absolute , over governors who were part of the prefecture ; the other two fiscal departments were not . The early - 4th century Verona List , the late - 4th century work of Sextus Rufus , and the early - 5th century List of Offices and work of Polemius Silvius all list four provinces by some variation of the names Britannia I , Britannia II , Maxima Caesariensis , and Flavia Caesariensis ; all of these seem to have initially been directed by a governor ( praeses ) of equestrian rank . The 5th - century sources , however , list a fifth province named Valentia and give its governor and Maxima 's a consular rank . Ammianus mentions Valentia as well , describing its creation by Count Theodosius in 369 after the quelling of the Great Conspiracy . Ammianus considered it a re-creation of a formerly lost province , leading some to think there had been an earlier fifth province under another name , and leading others to place Valentia beyond Hadrian 's Wall , in the territory abandoned south of the Antonine Wall . Reconstructions of the provinces and provincial capitals during this period partially rely on ecclesiastical records . On the assumption that the early bishoprics mimicked the imperial hierarchy , scholars use the list of bishops for the 314 Council of Arles . Unfortunately , the list is patently corrupt : the British delegation is given as including a Bishop `` Eborius '' of Eboracum and two bishops `` from Londinium '' ( one de civitate Londinensi and the other de civitate colonia Londinensium ) . The error is variously emended : Bishop Ussher proposed Colonia , Selden Col. or Colon . Camalodun. , and Spelman Colonia Cameloduni ( all various names of Colchester ) ; Gale and Bingham offered colonia Lindi and Henry Colonia Lindum ( both Lincoln ) ; and Bishop Stillingfleet and Francis Thackeray read it as a scribal error of Civ . Col. Londin . for an original Civ . Col. Leg. II ( Caerleon ) . On the basis of the Verona List , the priest and deacon who accompanied the bishops in some manuscripts are ascribed to the fourth province . In the 12th century , Gerald of Wales described the supposedly metropolitan sees of the early British church established by the legendary SS Fagan and `` Duvian '' . He placed Britannia Prima in Wales and western England with its capital at `` Urbs Legionum '' ( Caerleon ) ; Britannia Secunda in Kent and southern England with its capital at `` Dorobernia '' ( Canterbury ) ; Flavia in Mercia and central England with its capital at `` Lundonia '' ( London ) ; `` Maximia '' in northern England with its capital at Eboracum ( York ) ; and Valentia in `` Albania which is now Scotland '' with its capital at St Andrews . Modern scholars generally dispute the last : some place Valentia at or beyond Hadrian 's Wall but St Andrews is beyond even the Antonine Wall and Gerald seems to have simply been supporting the antiquity of its church for political reasons . A common modern reconstruction places the consular province of Maxima at Londinium , on the basis of its status as the seat of the diocesan vicar ; places Prima in the west according to Gerald 's traditional account but moves its capital to Corinium of the Dobunni ( Cirencester ) on the basis of an artifact recovered there referring to Lucius Septimius , a provincial rector ; places Flavia north of Maxima , with its capital placed at Lindum Colonia ( Lincoln ) to match one emendation of the bishops list from Arles ; and places Secunda in the north with its capital at Eboracum ( York ) . Valentia is placed variously in northern Wales around Deva ( Chester ) ; beside Hadrian 's Wall around Luguvalium ( Carlisle ) ; and between the walls along Dere Street . 4th century ( edit ) Constantius Chlorus returned in 306 , despite his poor health , aiming to invade northern Britain , with the provincial defences having been rebuilt in the preceding years . Little is known of his campaigns with scant archaeological evidence , but fragmentary historical sources suggest he reached the far north of Britain and won a major battle in early summer before returning south . He died in York in July 306 with his son Constantine I at his side . Constantine then successfully used Britain as the starting point of his march to the imperial throne , unlike the earlier usurper , Albinus . In the middle of the century , for a few years the province was loyal to the usurper Magnentius , who succeeded Constans following the latter 's death . After the defeat and death of Magnentius in the Battle of Mons Seleucus in 353 , Constantius II dispatched his chief imperial notary Paulus Catena to Britain to hunt down Magnentius 's supporters . The investigation deteriorated into a witch - hunt , which forced the vicarius Flavius Martinus to intervene . When Paulus retaliated by accusing Martinus of treason , the vicarius attacked Paulus with a sword , with the aim of assassinating him , but in the end he committed suicide . As the 4th century progressed , there were increasing attacks from the Saxons in the east and the Scoti ( Irish ) in the west . A series of forts was already being built , starting around 280 , to defend the coasts , but these preparations were not enough when a general assault of Saxons , Scoti and Attacotti , combined with apparent dissension in the garrison on Hadrian 's Wall , left Roman Britain prostrate in 367 . This crisis , sometimes called the Barbarian Conspiracy or the Great Conspiracy , was settled by Count Theodosius with a string of military and civil reforms . Another imperial usurper , Magnus Maximus , raised the standard of revolt at Segontium ( Caernarfon ) in north Wales in 383 , and crossed the English Channel . Maximus held much of the western empire , and fought a successful campaign against the Picts and Scots around 384 . His continental exploits required troops from Britain , and it appears that forts at Chester and elsewhere were abandoned in this period , triggering raids and settlement in north Wales by the Irish . His rule was ended in 388 , but not all the British troops may have returned : the Empire 's military resources were struggling after the catastrophic battle of Adrianople in 378 . Around 396 there were increasing barbarian incursions into Britain , and an expedition -- possibly led by Stilicho -- brought naval action against the raiders . It seems peace was restored by 399 , although it is likely that no further garrisoning was ordered ; and indeed by 401 more troops were withdrawn , to assist in the war against Alaric I . End of Roman rule ( edit ) Main article : End of Roman rule in Britain Roman Britain in 410 The traditional view of historians , informed by the work of Michael Rostovtzeff , was of a widespread economic decline at the beginning of the 5th century . However , consistent archaeological evidence has told another story , and the accepted view is undergoing re-evaluation , though some features are agreed : more opulent but fewer urban houses , an end to new public building and some abandonment of existing ones , with the exception of defensive structures , and the widespread formation of `` dark earth '' deposits indicating increased horticulture within urban precincts . Turning over the basilica at Silchester to industrial uses in the late 3rd century , doubtless officially condoned , marks an early stage in the de-urbanisation of Roman Britain . The abandonment of some sites is now believed to be later than had formerly been thought . Many buildings changed use but were not destroyed . There were growing barbarian attacks , but these were focused on vulnerable rural settlements rather than towns . Some villas such as Great Casterton in Rutland and Hucclecote in Gloucestershire had new mosaic floors laid around this time , suggesting that economic problems may have been limited and patchy , although many suffered some decay before being abandoned in the 5th century ; the story of Saint Patrick indicates that villas were still occupied until at least 430 . Exceptionally , new buildings were still going up in this period in Verulamium and Cirencester . Some urban centres , for example Canterbury , Cirencester , Wroxeter , Winchester and Gloucester , remained active during the 5th and 6th centuries , surrounded by large farming estates . Urban life had generally grown less intense by the fourth quarter of the 4th century , and coins minted between 378 and 388 are very rare , indicating a likely combination of economic decline , diminishing numbers of troops , problems with the payment of soldiers and officials or with unstable conditions during the usurpation of Magnus Maximus 383 -- 87 . Coinage circulation increased during the 390s , although it never attained the levels of earlier decades . Copper coins are very rare after 402 , although minted silver and gold coins from hoards indicate they were still present in the province even if they were not being spent . By 407 there were no new Roman coins going into circulation , and by 430 it is likely that coinage as a medium of exchange had been abandoned . Pottery mass production probably ended a decade or two previously ; the rich continued to use metal and glass vessels , while the poor probably adopted leather or wooden ones . Sub-Roman Britain ( edit ) Main article : Sub-Roman Britain King Arthur is a legendary figure of Sub-Roman Britain who is said to have fought the invading Saxons Towards the end of the 4th century Britain came under increasing pressure from barbarian attacks , and there were not enough troops to mount an effective defence . After elevating two disappointing usurpers , the army chose a soldier , Constantine III , to become emperor in 407 . He crossed to Gaul but was defeated by Honorius ; it is unclear how many troops remained or ever returned , or whether a commander - in - chief in Britain was ever reappointed . A Saxon incursion in 408 was apparently repelled by the Britons , and in 409 Zosimus records that the natives expelled the Roman civilian administration . However , Zosimus may be referring to the Bacaudic rebellion of the Breton inhabitants of Armorica since he describes how , in the aftermath of the revolt , all of Armorica and the rest of Gaul followed the example of the Brettaniai . A letter from Emperor Honorius in 410 has traditionally been seen as rejecting a British appeal for help , but it may have been addressed to Bruttium or Bologna . With the imperial layers of the military and civil government gone , administration and justice fell to municipal authorities , and local warlords gradually emerged all over Britain , still utilizing Romano - British ideals and conventions . Laycock has investigated this process and emphasised elements of continuity from the British tribes in the pre-Roman and Roman periods , through to the native post-Roman kingdoms . In British tradition , pagan Saxons were invited by Vortigern to assist in fighting the Picts and Irish , though Germanic migration into Roman Britannia may have begun much earlier . There is recorded evidence , for example , of Germanic auxiliaries supporting the legions in Britain in the 1st and 2nd centuries . The new arrivals rebelled , plunging the country into a series of wars that eventually led to the Saxon occupation of Lowland Britain by 600 . Around this time , many Britons fled to Brittany ( hence its name ) , Galicia and probably Ireland . A significant date in sub-Roman Britain is the Groans of the Britons , an unanswered appeal to Aetius , leading general of the western Empire , for assistance against Saxon invasion in 446 . Another is the Battle of Deorham in 577 , after which the significant cities of Bath , Cirencester and Gloucester fell and the Saxons reached the western sea . Most scholars reject the historicity of the later legends of King Arthur , which seem to be set in this period , but some such as John Morris think there may be some truth to them . Trade ( edit ) See also : Trade between Iron Age Britain and the Roman world During the Roman period Britain 's continental trade was principally directed across the Southern North Sea and Eastern Channel , focusing on the narrow Strait of Dover , though there were also more limited links via the Atlantic seaways . The most important British ports were London and Richborough , whilst the continental ports most heavily engaged in trade with Britain were Boulogne and the sites of Domburg and Colijnsplaat at the mouth of the river Scheldt . During the Late Roman period it is likely that the shore forts played some role in continental trade alongside their defensive functions . Exports to Britain included : coin ; pottery , particularly red - gloss terra sigillata ( samian ware ) from southern , central and eastern Gaul , as well as various other wares from Gaul and the Rhine provinces ; olive oil from southern Spain in amphorae ; wine from Gaul in amphorae and barrels ; salted fish products from the western Mediterranean and Brittany in barrels and amphorae ; preserved olives from southern Spain in amphorae ; lava quern - stones from Mayen on the middle Rhine ; glass ; and some agricultural products . Britain 's exports are harder to detect archaeologically , but will have included metals , such as silver and gold and some lead , iron and copper . Other exports probably included agricultural products , oysters and salt , whilst large quantities of coin would have been re-exported back to the continent as well . These products moved as a result of private trade and also through payments and contracts established by the Roman state to support its military forces and officials on the island , as well as through state taxation and extraction of resources . Up until the mid-3rd century , the Roman state 's payments appear to have been unbalanced , with far more products sent to Britain , to support its large military force ( which had reached c. 53,000 by the mid-2nd century ) , than were extracted from the island . It has been argued that Roman Britain 's continental trade peaked in the late 1st century AD and thereafter declined as a result of an increasing reliance on local products by the population of Britain , caused by economic development on the island and by the Roman state 's desire to save money by shifting away from expensive long - distance imports . Evidence has , however , been outlined that suggests that the principal decline in Roman Britain 's continental trade may have occurred in the late 2nd century AD , from c. 165 AD onwards . This has been linked to the economic impact of contemporary Empire - wide crises : the Antonine Plague and the Marcomannic Wars . From the mid-3rd century onwards , Britain no longer received such a wide range and extensive quantity of foreign imports as it did during the earlier part of the Roman period ; however , vast quantities of coin from continental mints reached the island , whilst there is historical evidence for the export of large amounts of British grain to the continent during the mid-4th century . During the latter part of the Roman period British agricultural products , paid for by both the Roman state and by private consumers , clearly played an important role in supporting the military garrisons and urban centres of the northwestern continental Empire . This came about as a result of the rapid decline in the size of the British garrison from the mid-3rd century onwards ( thus freeing up more goods for export ) , and because of ' Germanic ' incursions across the Rhine , which appear to have reduced rural settlement and agricultural output in northern Gaul . Economy ( edit ) See also : Roman economy and Mining in Roman Britain Industrial production in Roman Britain Development of Dolaucothi Gold Mines Mineral extraction sites such as the Dolaucothi gold mine was probably first worked by the Roman army from c. 75 , and at some later stage passed to civilian operators . The mine developed as a series of opencast workings , mainly by the use of hydraulic mining methods . They are described by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History in great detail . Essentially , water supplied by aqueducts was used to prospect for ore veins by stripping away soil to reveal the bedrock . If veins were present , they were attacked using fire - setting and the ore removed for crushing and comminution . The dust was washed in a small stream of water and the heavy gold dust and gold nuggets collected in riffles . The diagram at right shows how Dolaucothi developed from c. 75 through to the 1st century . When opencast work was no longer feasible , tunnels were driven to follow the veins . The evidence from the site shows advanced technology probably under the control of army engineers . The Wealden ironworking zone , the lead and silver mines of the Mendip Hills and the tin mines of Cornwall seem to have been private enterprises leased from the government for a fee . Although mining had long been practised in Britain ( see Grimes Graves ) , the Romans introduced new technical knowledge and large - scale industrial production to revolutionise the industry . It included hydraulic mining to prospect for ore by removing overburden as well as work alluvial deposits . The water needed for such large - scale operations was supplied by one or more aqueducts , those surviving at Dolaucothi being especially impressive . Many prospecting areas were in dangerous , upland country , and , although mineral exploitation was presumably one of the main reasons for the Roman invasion , it had to wait until these areas were subdued . Although Roman designs were most popular , rural craftsmen still produced items derived from the Iron Age La Tène artistic traditions . Local pottery rarely attained the standards of the Gaulish industries although the Castor ware of the Nene Valley was able to withstand comparison with the imports . Most native pottery was unsophisticated however and intended only for local markets . By the 3rd century , Britain 's economy was diverse and well established , with commerce extending into the non-Romanised north . The design of Hadrian 's Wall especially catered to the need for customs inspections of merchants ' goods . Government ( edit ) Under the Roman Empire , administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the Senate , but those , like Britain , that required permanent garrisons were placed under the Emperor 's control . In practice imperial provinces were run by resident governors who were members of the Senate and had held the consulship . These men were carefully selected , often having strong records of military success and administrative ability . In Britain , a governor 's role was primarily military , but numerous other tasks were also his responsibility such as maintaining diplomatic relations with local client kings , building roads , ensuring the public courier system functioned , supervising the civitates and acting as a judge in important legal cases . When not campaigning he would travel the province hearing complaints and recruiting new troops . To assist him in legal matters he had an adviser , the legatus juridicus , and those in Britain appear to have been distinguished lawyers perhaps because of the challenge of incorporating tribes into the imperial system and devising a workable method of taxing them . Financial administration was dealt with by a procurator with junior posts for each tax - raising power . Each legion in Britain had a commander who answered to the governor and in time of war probably directly ruled troublesome districts . Each of these commands carried a tour of duty of two to three years in different provinces . Below these posts was a network of administrative managers covering intelligence gathering , sending reports to Rome , organising military supplies and dealing with prisoners . A staff of seconded soldiers provided clerical services . Colchester was probably the earliest capital of Roman Britain , but it was soon eclipsed by London with its strong mercantile connections . The different forms of municipal organisation in Britannia were known as civitas ( which were subdivided , amongst other forms , into colonies such as York , Colchester , Gloucester and Lincoln and municipalities such as Verulamium ) , and were each governed by a senate of local landowners , whether Brythonic or Roman , who elected magistrates concerning judicial and civic affairs . The various civitates sent representatives to a yearly provincial council in order to profess loyalty to the Roman state , to send direct petitions to the Emperor in times of extraordinary need , and to worship the imperial cult . Demographics ( edit ) Roman Britain had an estimated population between 2.8 million and 3 million people at the end of the second century . At the end of the fourth century , it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people , of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents . The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century . The capital city of Londinium is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people . Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from across the Roman Empire , including natives of Britannia , continental Europe , the Middle East , and North Africa . There was also cultural diversity in other Roman - British towns , which were sustained by considerable migration , both within Britannia and from other Roman territories , including North Africa , Roman Syria , the Eastern Mediterranean , and continental Europe . Town and country ( edit ) Further information : List of Roman place names in Britain Britannia as shown on the Tabula Peutingeriana ( copy from 1897 ) During their occupation of Britain the Romans founded a number of important settlements , many of which still survive . The towns suffered attrition in the later 4th century , when public building ceased and some were abandoned to private uses . Though place names survived the deurbanised Sub-Roman and early Anglo - Saxon periods , and historiography has been at pains to signal the expected survivals , archaeology shows that a bare handful of Roman towns were continuously occupied . According to S.T. Loseby , the very idea of a town as a centre of power and administration was reintroduced to England by the Roman Christianising mission to Canterbury , and its urban revival was delayed to the 10th century . Roman public baths ( thermae ) in Bath ( Aquae Sulis ) . Roman towns can be broadly grouped in two categories . Civitates , `` public towns '' were formally laid out on a grid plan , and their role in imperial administration occasioned the construction of public buildings . The much more numerous category of vici , `` small towns '' grew on informal plans , often round a camp or at a ford or crossroads ; some were not small , others were scarcely urban , some not even defended by a wall , the characteristic feature of a place of any importance . Cities and towns which have Roman origins , or were extensively developed by them are listed with their Latin names in brackets ; civitates are marked C Alcester ( Alauna ) Alchester Aldborough , North Yorkshire ( Isurium Brigantum ) C Bath ( Aquae Sulis ) Brough ( Petuaria ) C Buxton ( Aquae Arnemetiae ) Caerleon ( Isca Augusta ) Caernarfon ( Segontium ) Caerwent ( Venta Silurum ) C Caister - on - Sea C Canterbury ( Durovernum Cantiacorum ) C Carlisle ( Luguvalium ) C Carmarthen ( Moridunum ) C Chelmsford ( Cesaromagus ) C Chester ( Deva Victrix ) Chester - le - Street ( Concangis ) Chichester ( Noviomagus Reginorum ) C Cirencester ( Corinium ) C Colchester ( Camulodunum ) C Corbridge ( Coria ) C Dorchester ( Durnovaria ) C Dover ( Portus Dubris ) Exeter ( Isca Dumnoniorum ) C Gloucester ( Glevum ) C Great Chesterford ( the name of this vicus is unknown ) Ilchester ( Lindinis ) C Leicester ( Ratae Corieltauvorum ) C Lincoln ( Lindum Colonia ) C London ( Londinium ) C Manchester ( Mamucium ) Newcastle upon Tyne ( Pons Aelius ) Northwich ( Condate ) St Albans ( Verulamium ) C Silchester ( Calleva Atrebatum ) C Towcester ( Lactodurum ) Whitchurch ( Mediolanum ) Winchester ( Venta Belgarum ) C Wroxeter ( Viroconium Cornoviorum ) C York ( Eboracum ) C Religion ( edit ) Pagan ( edit ) Artist 's reconstruction of Pagans Hill Roman Temple , Somerset The druids , the Celtic priestly caste who were believed to originate in Britain , were outlawed by Claudius , and in 61 they vainly defended their sacred groves from destruction by the Romans on the island of Mona ( Anglesey ) . However , under Roman rule the Britons continued to worship native Celtic deities , such as Ancasta , but often conflated with their Roman equivalents , like Mars Rigonemetos at Nettleham . The degree to which earlier native beliefs survived is difficult to gauge precisely . Certain European ritual traits such as the significance of the number 3 , the importance of the head and of water sources such as springs remain in the archaeological record , but the differences in the votive offerings made at the baths at Bath , Somerset , before and after the Roman conquest suggest that continuity was only partial . Worship of the Roman emperor is widely recorded , especially at military sites . The founding of a Roman temple to Claudius at Camulodunum was one of the impositions that led to the revolt of Boudica . By the 3rd century , Pagans Hill Roman Temple in Somerset was able to exist peaceably and it did so into the 5th century . Pagan religious practices were supported by priests , represented in Britain by votive deposits of priestly regalia such as chain crowns from West Stow and Willingham Fen . Eastern cults such as Mithraism also grew in popularity towards the end of the occupation . The London Mithraeum is one example of the popularity of mystery religions among the soldiery . Temples to Mithras also exist in military contexts at Vindobala on Hadrian 's Wall ( the Rudchester Mithraeum ) and at Segontium in Roman Wales ( the Caernarfon Mithraeum ) . Christianity ( edit ) Main article : Christianity in Roman Britain Fourth century Chi - Rho fresco from Lullingstone Roman Villa , Kent , which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain . It is not clear when or how Christianity came to Britain . A 2nd - century `` word square '' has been discovered in Mamucium , the Roman settlement of Manchester . It consists of an anagram of PATER NOSTER carved on a piece of amphora . There has been discussion by academics whether the `` word square '' is actually a Christian artefact , but if it is , it is one of the earliest examples of early Christianity in Britain . The earliest confirmed written evidence for Christianity in Britain is a statement by Tertullian , c. 200 AD , in which he described `` all the limits of the Spains , and the diverse nations of the Gauls , and the haunts of the Britons , inaccessible to the Romans , but subjugated to Christ '' . Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries . Small timber churches are suggested at Lincoln and Silchester and baptismal fonts have been found at Icklingham and the Saxon Shore Fort at Richborough . The Icklingham font is made of lead , and visible in the British Museum . A Roman Christian graveyard exists at the same site in Icklingham . A possible Roman 4th century church and associated burial ground was also discovered at Butt Road on the south - west outskirts of Colchester during the construction of the new police station there , overlying an earlier pagan cemetery . The Water Newton Treasure is a hoard of Christian silver church plate from the early 4th century and the Roman villas at Lullingstone and Hinton St Mary contained Christian wall paintings and mosaics respectively . A large 4th century cemetery at Poundbury with its east - west oriented burials and lack of grave goods has been interpreted as an early Christian burial ground , although such burial rites were also becoming increasingly common in pagan contexts during the period . The Church in Britain seems to have developed the customary diocesan system , as evidenced from the records of the Council of Arles in Gaul in 314 : represented at the Council were bishops from thirty - five sees from Europe and North Africa , including three bishops from Britain , Eborius of York , Restitutus of London , and Adelphius , possibly a bishop of Lincoln . No other early sees are documented , and the material remains of early church structures are far to seek . The existence of a church in the forum courtyard of Lincoln and the martyrium of Saint Alban on the outskirts of Roman Verulamium are exceptional . Alban , the first British Christian martyr and by far the most prominent , is believed to have died in the early 4th century ( although some date him in the middle 3rd century ) , followed by Saints Julius and Aaron of Isca Augusta . Christianity was legalised in the Roman Empire by Constantine I in 313 . Theodosius I made Christianity the state religion of the empire in 391 , and by the 5th century it was well established . One belief labelled a heresy by the church authorities -- Pelagianism -- was originated by a British monk teaching in Rome : Pelagius lived c. 354 to c. 420 / 440 . A letter found on a lead tablet in Bath , Somerset , datable to c. 363 , had been widely publicised as documentary evidence regarding the state of Christianity in Britain during Roman times . According to its first translator , it was written in Wroxeter by a Christian man called Vinisius to a Christian woman called Nigra , and was claimed as the first epigraphic record of Christianity in Britain . However , this translation of the letter was apparently based on grave paleographical errors , and the text , in fact , has nothing to do with Christianity , and in fact relates to pagan rituals . Environmental changes ( edit ) The Romans introduced a number of species to Britain , including possibly the now - rare Roman nettle ( Urtica pilulifera ) , said to have been used by soldiers to warm their arms and legs , and the edible snail Helix pomatia . There is also some evidence they may have introduced rabbits , but of the smaller southern mediterranean type . The European rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) prevalent in modern Britain is assumed to have been introduced from the continent after the Norman invasion of 1066 . Legacy ( edit ) Roman roads around 150 AD . During their occupation of Britain the Romans built an extensive network of roads which continued to be used in later centuries and many are still followed today . The Romans also built water supply , sanitation and sewage systems . Many of Britain 's major cities , such as London ( Londinium ) , Manchester ( Mamucium ) and York ( Eboracum ) , were founded by the Romans , though the original Roman settlements were abandoned not long after the Romans left . However , unlike many other areas of the Western Roman Empire , the current majority language is not a Romance language - or a language descended from the pre-Roman inhabitants . See also ( edit ) Ancient Rome portal Celtic Studies portal United Kingdom portal Prehistoric Britain Britannia ( disambiguation ) End of Roman rule in Britain Governors of Roman Britain Roman client kingdoms in Britain History of the British Isles Romano - British culture Sub-Roman Britain Roman sites in the United Kingdom Mining in Roman Britain Dolaucothi Gold Mines Scotland during the Roman Empire Romano - Celtic temple References ( edit ) Jump up ^ English : / brɪˈtæniə / ^ Jump up to : Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth , eds. ( 1998 ) . The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860165 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Alan and Veronica Palmer ( 1992 ) . The Chronology of British History . Century Ltd . pp. 20 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 5616 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Julius Caesar , Commentarii de Bello Gallico ( Commentaries on the Gallic War ) ( in Latin ) , IV 20 -- 38 , abridged by Cassius Dio , Historia Romana ( in Latin ) , 39.51 -- 53 ; cf . Tacitus , Agricola ( in Latin ) , 13 . Jump up ^ Julius Caesar , Commentarii de bello Gallico ( in Latin ) , V 1 -- 23 , abridged by Cassius Dio , Historia Romana ( in Latin ) , 40.1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` C. Julius Caesar , De bello Gallico , COMMENTARIUS QUINTUS , chapter 12 , section 1 '' . The Perseus Project . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Claudius , 17 ; cf . Cassius Dio , Historia Romana ( in Latin ) , 40.19 , 1 . Jump up ^ Herodian , Τῆς μετὰ Μάρκον βασιλείας ἱστορία ( History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus ) ( in Ancient Greek ) , III , 8 , 2 . The precise dating is uncertain ; the province does not appear to have been divided until the reign of Caracalla . Jump up ^ The reorganisation is usually attributed to Constantine the Great ; it first appears in the Verona List , of c. 314 . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of Roman Britain '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 August 2017 Jump up ^ George Patrick Welsh ( 1963 ) . Britannia : the Roman Conquest and Occupation of Britain . pp. 27 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , Histories , 3.115 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Life of Caesar , 23.2 Jump up ^ Julius Caesar , Commentarii de Bello Gallico ( in Latin ) , IV 20 -- 36 Jump up ^ Julius Caesar , Commentarii de Bello Gallico ( in Latin ) , V 8 -- 23 Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , Historia Romana ( Roman History ) ( in Latin ) , 49.38 , 53.22 , 53.25 Jump up ^ Strabo , Geographica , 4.5 Jump up ^ Keith Branigan ( 1985 ) . Peoples of Roman Britain : The Catuvellauni . Sutton Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86299 - 255 - 2 . Jump up ^ Augustus , Res Gestae Divi Augusti ( The Deeds of the Divine Augustus ) ( in Latin ) , 32 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals , 2.24 Jump up ^ John Creighton ( 2000 ) . Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 43172 - 9 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Caligula , 44 -- 46 Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , Historia Romana ( in Latin ) , 59.25 Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , Historia Romana ( in Latin ) , 60.19 -- 22 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Histories , 3.44 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals , 14.32 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals , 14.34 Jump up ^ Graham Webster ( 1998 ) . The Roman Imperial Army of the first and second centuries AD ( New ed of 3rd revised ed . ) . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3000 - 2 . Jump up ^ John Manley ( 2002 ) . AD 43 : The Roman Invasion of Britain : a Reassessment . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 1959 - 6 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Vespasian , 4 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Agricola , 14 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals , 12 : 31 -- 38 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Agricola , 14.17 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals , 14.29 -- 39 Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , Historia Romana ( in Latin ) , 62.1 -- 12 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Nero , 18 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Agricola ( in Latin ) , 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Histories , 1.60 , 3.45 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Agricola ( in Latin ) , 18.38 Jump up ^ Anonymous , Panegyrici Latini , VIII. 10 Jump up ^ Aurelius Victor . Liber de Caesaribus ( Book of Caesars ) ( in Latin ) . 39 . Jump up ^ Eutropius . Breviarium historiae Romanae ( Abridgement of Roman History ) ( in Latin ) . 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Orosius , Historiae Adversus Paganos ( Seven Books of History Against the Pagans ) ( in Latin ) , 7.25 Jump up ^ The Verona List actually includes a note that the Diocese of the Britains had six provinces , but then lists four . Sextus Rufus listed six provinces , including the highly dubious `` province of the Orcades '' ( Orkneys ) . Some scholars argue that the initial reforms established three provinces : Britannia I , Britannia II , and Britannia Caesariensis , which was subsequently divided into Flavia and Maxima . Jump up ^ Ammianus Marcellinus . Rerum gestarum Libri XXXI ( 31 Books of Deeds ) . a . 391 AD. ( in Latin ) Translated by Charles Yonge . Roman History , Vol . XXVIII , Ch . III . Bohn ( London ) , 1862 . Hosted at Wikisource . Jump up ^ Labbé , Philippe & Gabriel Cossart ( eds . ) Sacrosancta Concilia ad Regiam Editionem Exacta : quae Nunc Quarta Parte Prodit Actior ( The Sancrosanct Councils Exacted for the Royal Edition : which the Editors Now Produce in Four Parts ) , Vol . I : `` Ab Initiis Æræ Christianæ ad Annum CCCXXIV '' ( `` From the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Year 324 '' ) , col. 1429 . The Typographical Society for Ecclesiastical Books ( Paris ) , 1671 . ^ Jump up to : Thackery , Francis . Researches into the Ecclesiastical and Political State of Ancient Britain under the Roman Emperors : with Observations upon the Principal Events and Characters Connected with the Christian Religion , during the First Five Centuries , pp. 272 ff . T. Cadell ( London ) , 1843 . Jump up ^ `` Nomina Episcoporum , cum Clericis Suis , Quinam , et ex Quibus Provinciis , ad Arelatensem Synodum Convenerint '' ( `` The Names of the Bishops with Their Clerics who Came Together at the Synod of Arles and from which Province They Came '' ) from the Consilia in Thackery ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Usserius , Jacobus ( James Ussher ) . Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates , Quibus Inserta Est Pestiferæ adversus Dei Gratiam a Pelagio Britanno in Ecclesiam Inductæ Hæreseos Historia ( Antiquities of the Britannic Churches , into Which Is Inserted a History of the Pestilent Heretics Introduced against the Grace of God by Pelagius the Briton into the Church ) , Vol . I. , Ch . VIII , ( Dublin ) , 1639 . Reprinted as The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher , D. D. Lord Archbishop of Armagh , and Primate of All Ireland , Vol . V , Ch . VIII , p. 236 . Hodges , Smith , & Co . ( Dublin ) , 1864 . ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Eutychius Ægyptius ( Eutychius the Egyptian ) . Edited , translated , & with commentary by Ioannes Seldenus ( John Selden ) . Ecclesiæ suæ Origines ( Origins of His Church ) , p. 118 . R. & T. Whitaker for Richard Bishop ( London ) , 1642 . ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Henricus Spelman ( Henry Spelman ) Concilia , Decreta , Leges , Constitutiones , in Re Ecclesiarum Orbis Britannici . Viz . Pambritannica , Pananglica , Scotica , Hibernica , Cambrica , Mannica , Provincialia , Dioecesana . Ab initio Christianæ ibidem Religionis , ad nostram usque ætatem ( Councils , Decrees , Laws , Constitutions , Regarding the Churches of the Britannic Sphere . To wit , Great Britain , England , Scotland , Ireland , Wales , Man , Provincial , Diocesan . From the start of the Christian Religion there to our very age ) , Vol . I , Index , p. 639 . Richard Badger ( London ) , 1639 . ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Usserius , Vol . I , Ch . V , reprinted as Ussher , Vol . V , p. 82 . ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Although Ussher refers the reader to his earlier discussion of the 28 Cities of Britain , which notes that `` Cair Colun '' may refer to either Colchester in Essex or to a settlement in Merionethshire . Jump up ^ Gale , Thomæ ( Thomas Gale ) . Antonini Iter Britanniarum ( Antoninus 's Route of the Britains ) , `` Iter V. A Londinio Lugvvallium Ad Vallum '' ( Route 5 : From Londinium to Luguvalium at the Wall ) , p. 96 . Published posthumously & edited by R. Gale . M. Atkins ( London ) , 1709 . ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Bingham , Joseph . Origines Ecclesiasticæ : The Antiquities of the Christian Church . With Two Sermons and Two Letters on the Nature and Necessity of Absolution . Reprinted from the Original Edition , MDCCVIII. -- MDCCXXII . With an Enlarged Analytical Index . Vol . I , Book IX , Ch . VI , § 20 : `` Of the British church in England and Wales '' , p. 396 . Henry G. Bohn ( London ) , 1856 . Jump up ^ Henry , Robert . The History of Great Britain , from the First Invasion of It by the Romans under Julius Cæsar . Written on a New Plan , 2nd ed. , Vol . I , Ch. 2 , s2 , p. 143 . 1st ed. published by T. Cadell ( London ) , 1771 . Reprinted by P. Byrne & J. Jones ( Dublin ) , 1789 . Jump up ^ Stillingfleet , Edward . Origines Britannicæ : or , the Antiquities of the British Churches with a Preface , concerning Some Pretended Antiquities Relating to Britain , in Vindication of the Bishop of St. Asaph , New Ed. , pp. 77 ff . Wm . Straker ( London ) , 1840 . Jump up ^ Giraldus Cambriensis ( Gerald of Wales ) . De Inuectionibus ( On Invectives ) , Vol. II , Ch . I , in Y Cymmrodor : The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion , Vol . XXX , pp. 130 -- 1 . George Simpson & Co . ( Devizes ) , 1920 . ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Gerald of Wales . Translated by W.S. Davies as The Book of Invectives of Giraldus Cambrensis in Y Cymmrodor : The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion , Vol . XXX , p. 16 . George Simpson & Co . ( Devizes ) , 1920 . Jump up ^ Beda Venerabilis ( The Venerable Bede ) . Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum ( The Ecclesiastical History of the English People ) , Vol. II , Ch . XVI. 731 . Hosted at Latin Wikisource. ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Bede . Translated by Lionel Cecil Jane as The Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation , Vol. 2 , Ch. 16 . J.M. Dent & Co . ( London ) , 1903 . Hosted at Wikisource . Jump up ^ Bede also references a Provincia Lindisi or prouinciae Lindissi , although this was a later Saxon territory at the time of the Gregorian mission . Jump up ^ Archaeological evidence of late 4th - century urban collapse is analysed by Simon Esmonde Cleary ( 1989 ) . The Ending of Roman Britain . ; the `` de-romanisation '' of Britain is the subject of several accounts by Richard Reece , including `` Town and country : the end of Roman Britain '' , World Archaeology 12 ( 1980 : 77 -- 92 ) and `` The end of the city in Roman Britain '' , in J. Rich ( ed . ) , The City in Antiquity ( 1992 : 136 - 44 ) ; Simon T. Loseby , ( 2000 ) . `` Power and towns in Late Roman Britain and early Anglo - Saxon England '' . In Gisela Ripoll and Josep M. Gurt . Sedes regiae ( ann. 400 -- 800 ) ( in Latin ) . Barcelona . 326f . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) makes a strong case for discontinuity of urban life . Jump up ^ Michael Fulford ( 1985 ) . `` Excavations ... '' . Antiquaries. 65 : 39 -- 81 . , noted in Loseby ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Sam Moorhead and David Stuttard ( 2012 ) . The Romans who Shaped Britain . London : Thames & Hudson . p. 238 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 25189 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Stuart Laycock ( 2008 ) . Britannia : the Failed State . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4614 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Francis Morris ( 2010 ) . North Sea and Channel Connectivity during the Late Iron Age and Roman Period ( 175 / 150 BC -- 409 AD ) . British Archaeological Reports International Series . Oxford : Archaeopress . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fulford ( 2007 ) , `` Coasting Britannia : Roman trade and traffic around the shores of Britain '' , in Chris Gosden , Helena Hamerow , Philip de Jersey , and Gary Lock , Communities and Connections : Essays in Honour of Barry Cunliffe , Oxford University Press , pp. 54 -- 74 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923034 - 1 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Barry Cunliffe ( 2002 ) . Facing the Ocean : the Atlantic and its Peoples 8000 BC -- 1500 AD . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 285354 - 7 . Jump up ^ Andrew Pearson ( 2002 ) . The Roman Shore Forts : Coastal Defences of Southern Britain . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 1949 - 7 . Jump up ^ Paul Tyers ( 1996 ) . Roman Pottery in Britain . London : Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 7412 - 1 . Jump up ^ Paul Tyers ( 1996 ) . `` Roman amphoras in Britain '' . Internet Archaeology . Council for British Archaeology. 1 . doi : 10.11141 / ia. 1.6 . Jump up ^ D.P.S. Peacock and D.F. Williams ( 1986 ) . Amphorae in the Roman Economy . London : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 06555 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ César Carreras Monfort and P.P.A. Funari ( 1998 ) . Britannia y el Mediterráneo : Estudios Sobre el Abastecimiento de Aceite Bético y africano en Britannia ( Britain and the Mediterranean : Studies on the Betic and African oil supply in Britannia ) ( in Spanish ) . Barcelona : Publicacions Universitat de Barcelona . ISBN 978 - 84 - 475 - 1950 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fulford ( 1991 ) , `` Britain and the Roman Empire : the evidence for regional and long distance trade '' , in R.F.J. Jones , Roman Britain : Recent Trends , Sheffield : J.R. Collis Publications , pp. 35 -- 47 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 906090 - 39 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Michael Fulford ( 2004 ) , `` Economic Structures '' , in Malcolm Todd , A Companion to Roman Britain , Oxford : Blackwell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21823 - 4 ^ Jump up to : David Mattingly ( 2006 ) . An Imperial Possession : Britain in the Roman Empire . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014822 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fulford ( 1984 ) , `` Demonstrating Britannia 's economic dependence in the first and second centuries '' , in T.F.C. Blagg and Anthony King , Military and Civilian in Roman Britain : Cultural Relationships in a Frontier Province , Oxford : British Archaeological Reports , pp. 129 -- 142 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Michael Fulford ( 1989 ) , `` The economy of Roman Britain '' , in Malcolm Todd , Research on Roman Britain 1960 -- 89 , London : Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , pp. 175 -- 201 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 907764 - 13 - 7 Jump up ^ Michael Fulford ( 1977 ) , `` Pottery and Britain 's foreign trade in the Later Roman period '' , in D.P.S. Peacock , Pottery and Early Commerce . Characterization and Trade in Roman and Later Ceramics , London : Academic Press , pp. 35 -- 84 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 547850 - 2 Jump up ^ Michael Fulford ( 1978 ) , `` The interpretation of Britain 's late Roman trade : the scope of medieval historical and archaeological analogy '' , in Joan du Plat Taylor and Henry Cleere , Roman Shipping and Trade : Britain and the Rhine Provinces , London : Council for British Archaeology , pp. 59 -- 69 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 900312 - 62 - 5 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Fulford ( 1996 ) , `` Economic hotspots and provincial backwaters : modelling the late Roman economy '' , in Cathy E. King and David G. Wigg , Coin Finds and Coin Use in the Roman World , Studien zu Fundmünzen der Antike , Berlin : Mann Verlag , pp. 153 -- 177 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 7861 - 1628 - 8 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Anthony R. Birley ( 2005 ) . The Roman Government of Britain . Oxford University Press . pp. 423 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925237 - 4 . Jump up ^ Julian , Epistula ad senatum populumque Atheniorum ( Letter to the senate of Athens ) ( in Latin ) , 279D , 280A , B , C Jump up ^ Libanius , Orations , 18.82 -- 83 , 87 Jump up ^ Ammianus Marcellinus , Res Gestae ( in Latin ) , 18.2. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Eunapius , Fragmenta Hist . Graecorum ( Fragments of Greek History ) ( in Latin ) , 12 Jump up ^ Zosimus , Historia Nova ( New History ) ( in Latin ) , 3.5. 2 ^ Jump up to : Michael E. Jones ( 1998 ) . The End of Roman Britain . Cornell University Press . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8530 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Joan P. Alcock , A Brief History of Roman Britain , page 260 , Hachette UK Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 7 June 2011 ) . Caesar and Christ : The Story of Civilization . Simon and Schuster . pp. 468 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 4760 - 0 . Jump up ^ Anne Lancashire ( 2002 ) . London Civic Theatre : City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558 . Cambridge University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 5216 - 3278 - 2 . Jump up ^ DNA study finds London was ethnically diverse from start , BBC , 23 November 2015 Jump up ^ Ray Laurence ( 2012 ) , Roman Archaeology for Historians , page 121 , Routledge Jump up ^ David Shotter ( 2012 ) , Roman Britain , page 37 , Routledge ^ Jump up to : Simon T. Loseby , ( 2000 ) . `` Power and towns in Late Roman Britain and early Anglo - Saxon England '' . In Gisela Ripoll and Josep M. Gurt . Sedes regiae ( ann. 400 -- 800 ) ( in Latin ) . Barcelona . p. 326f . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Martin Millet ( 1992 ) ( first published in 1990 ) . The Romanization of Britain : an essay in archaeological interpretation . Cambridge University Press . 102f . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42864 - 4 . , lists 22 `` public towns '' ; Gildas , De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae ( On the ruin and conquest of Britain ) ( in Latin ) , 3.2 lists 28 ; discussion is mooted whether Gildas possessed a written or conventional list ( Nick Higham ( 1991 ) . `` Old light on the Dark Age landscape : the description of Britain in the de Excidio Britanniae of Gildas '' . Journal of Historical Geography ( in Latin ) . 17 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 72 . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 7488 ( 91 ) 90022 - N. ) . Jump up ^ Barry C. Burnham and J.S. Wacher ( 1990 ) . The ' Small Towns ' of Roman Britain . Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 6175 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Noviomagus Reginorum : meaning `` new field '' or `` new clearing '' of the Regni ( John Wacher ( 1995 ) . The Towns of Roman Britain ( 2nd revised ed . ) . Routledge . p. 262 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 7319 - 3. ) Jump up ^ Julius Caesar . Commentarii de Bello Gallico . 6.13 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Claudius , 25.5 Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals , 14.30 Jump up ^ Esposito , A. ( 2016 ) . `` A Context for Roman Priestly Regalia : Depositional Practices and Spatial Distribution of Assemblages from Roman Britain '' . In Mandichs , M.J. ; Derrick , T.J. ; Gonzalez Sanchez , S. ; Savani , G. ; Zampieri , E. Proceedings of the Twenty - Fifth Annual Theoeretical Roman Archaeology Conference . Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference . pp. 92 -- 110 . Jump up ^ `` From Paganism to Christianity '' . Lullingstone Roman Villa , English Heritage . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ G.H.R. Horsley ( 1987 ) . New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity : a Review of the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri Published in 1979 . William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85837 - 599 - 4 . Jump up ^ David Shotter ( 2004 ) ( first published in 1993 ) . Romans and Britons in North - West England . Lancaster : Centre for North - West Regional Studies . pp. 129 -- 130 . ISBN 1 - 86220 - 152 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De Adversus Judaeos ( An Answer to the Jews ) , 7.4 Jump up ^ Charles Thomas ( 1981 ) . Christianity in Roman Britain to 500 AD . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16634 - 8 . Jump up ^ R.S.O. Tomlin ( 1994 ) . `` Vinisius to Nigra : Evidence from Oxford of Christianity in Roman Britain '' ( PDF ) . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 100 : 93 -- 108 . Retrieved 13 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Gulsel M. Kavalali ( 2003 ) . Urtica : therapeutic and nutritional aspects of stinging nettles . CRC Press . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30833 - 5 . Jump up ^ Homer Nearing , Jr ( 1949 ) . `` Local Caesar Traditions in Britain '' . Speculum . Medieval Academy of America . 24 ( 2 ) : 218 -- 227 . doi : 10.2307 / 2848562 . JSTOR 2848562 . Jump up ^ Tim R. New ( 1995 ) . Introduction to invertebrate conservation biology . Oxford University Press . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 854051 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Unearthing the ancestral rabbit '' , British Archaeology ( 86 ) , 2006 Jump up ^ Although Welsh exists as a living minority language , and fragmentary use of Cornish lasted into the early modern period . The current majority language , English , is based on the languages of the Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe in the 5th century . Further reading ( edit ) Iron Age background ( edit ) John Creighton ( 2000 ) . Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 43172 - 9 . Barry Cunliffe ( 2005 ) . Iron Age Communities in Britain ( 4th ed . ) . London : Routledge . General works on Roman Britain ( edit ) Joan P Alcock ( 2011 ) . A Brief History of Roman Britain Conquest and Civilization . London : Constable & Robinson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84529 - 728 - 2 . Guy de la Bédoyère ( 2006 ) . Roman Britain : a New History . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05140 - 5 . Simon Esmonde - Cleary ( 1989 ) . The Ending of Roman Britain . London : Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23898 - 4 . Sheppard Frere ( 1987 ) . Britannia . A History of Roman Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 5027 - 4 . Barri Jones and David Mattingly ( 2002 ) ( first published in 1990 ) . An Atlas of Roman Britain ( New ed . ) . Oxford : Oxbow . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 067 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Stuart Laycock ( 2008 ) . Britannia : the Failed State . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4614 - 1 . David Mattingly ( 2006 ) . An Imperial Possession : Britain in the Roman Empire . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014822 - 0 . Martin Millet ( 1992 ) ( first published in 1990 ) . The Romanization of Britain : an essay in archaeological interpretation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42864 - 4 . Patricia Southern ( 2012 ) . Roman Britain : A New History 55 BC -- 450 AD . Stroud : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 0146 - 5 . Sam Moorhead and David Stuttard ( 2012 ) . The Romans who Shaped Britain . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 25189 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Peter Salway ( 1993 ) . A History of Roman Britain . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280138 - 8 . Malcolm Todd , ed. ( 2004 ) . A Companion to Roman Britain . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21823 - 4 . Charlotte Higgins ( 2014 ) . Under Another Sky . London : Vintage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 955209 - 3 . Historical sources and Inscriptions ( edit ) V.A. Maxfield and B. Dobson ( 2006 ) ( first published 1969 ) . Inscriptions of Roman Britain . LACTOR 4 ( 4th ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 903625 - 32 - 6 . Anthony R. Birley ( 2005 ) . The Roman Government of Britain . Oxford University Press . R.G. Collingwood and R.P. Wright , with RSO Tomlin ( 1995 ) ( first published 1965 ) . Vol . I : Inscriptions on Stone . Roman Inscriptions of Britain ( Revised ed . ) . Stroud . ASIN B00F45BDAM . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) R.G. Collingwood and R.P. Wright ( 1990 ) . Sheppard Frere and RSO Tomlin , eds . Roman Inscriptions of Britain . Vol. II : Instrumentum Domesticum . Fasc . I . The Military diplomata ; metal ingots ; tesserae ; dies ; labels ; and lead sealings ( in Latin ) . Stroud . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Sheppard Frere and R.S.O. Tomlin , eds. ( 1991 -- 1995 ) . Roman Inscriptions of Britain . Vol. II . Fascs. 2 - 8 . Stroud . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Stanley Ireland ( 2008 ) ( first published 1986 ) . Roman Britain : a Sourcebook . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 47178 - 7 . Andreas Kakoschke ( 2011 ) . Die Personennamen im römischen Britannien ( Personal names in Roman Britain ) . Hildesheim : Olms - Weidmann . ISBN 978 - 3 - 487 - 14628 - 7 . A.L.F. Rivet and C. Smith ( 1979 ) . The Place - names of Roman Britain . London : Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 2077 - 7 . Trade ( edit ) César Carreras Monfort and P.P.A. Funari ( 1998 ) . Britannia y el Mediterráneo : Estudios Sobre el Abastecimiento de Aceite Bético y africano en Britannia ( Britain and the Mediterranean : Studies on the Betic and African oil supply in Britannia ) ( in Spanish ) . Barcelona : Publicacions Universitat de Barcelona . ISBN 978 - 84 - 475 - 1950 - 7 . Joan du Plat Taylor and Henry Cleere , eds. ( 1978 ) . Roman Shipping and Trade : Britain and the Rhine Provinces . London : Council for British Archaeology . ISBN 978 - 0 - 900312 - 62 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Michael Fulford ( 1977 ) , `` Pottery and Britain 's foreign trade in the Later Roman period '' , in D.P.S. Peacock , Pottery and Early Commerce . Characterization and Trade in Roman and Later Ceramics , London : Academic Press , pp. 35 -- 84 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 547850 - 2 Michael Fulford ( 1984 ) , `` Demonstrating Britannia 's economic dependence in the first and second centuries '' , in T.F.C. Blagg and Anthony King , Military and Civilian in Roman Britain : Cultural Relationships in a Frontier Province , Oxford : British Archaeological Reports , pp. 129 -- 142 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Michael Fulford ( 1991 ) , `` Britain and the Roman Empire : the evidence for regional and long distance trade '' , in R.F.J. Jones , Roman Britain : Recent Trends , Sheffield : J.R. Collis Publications , pp. 35 -- 47 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 906090 - 39 - 8 Michael Fulford ( 2007 ) , `` Coasting Britannia : Roman trade and traffic around the shores of Britain '' , in Chris Gosden , Helena Hamerow , Philip de Jersey , and Gary Lock , Communities and Connections : Essays in Honour of Barry Cunliffe , Oxford University Press , pp. 54 -- 74 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923034 - 1 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Francis Morris ( 2010 ) . North Sea and Channel Connectivity during the Late Iron Age and Roman Period ( 175 / 150 BC -- 409 AD ) . British Archaeological Reports International Series . Oxford : Archaeopress . D.P.S. Peacock and D.F. Williams ( 1986 ) . Amphorae in the Roman Economy . London : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 06555 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Paul Tyers ( 1996 ) . Roman Pottery in Britain . London : Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 7412 - 1 . Paul Tyers ( 1996 ) . `` Roman amphoras in Britain '' . Internet Archaeology . Council for British Archaeology. 1 . doi : 10.11141 / ia. 1.6 . Economy ( edit ) L. Allason - Jones ( 2002 ) . `` The jet industry and allied trades in Roman Britain '' . In Peter R. Wilson and Jennifer Price . Aspects of Industry in Roman Yorkshire and the North . Oxford : Oxbow . pp. 125 -- 132 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 078 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) J.R.L. Allen and Michael Fulford ( 1996 ) . `` The distribution of South - East Dorset Black Burnished Category I Pottery in South - West Britain '' . Britannia . Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies . 27 : 223 -- 281 . doi : 10.2307 / 527045 . JSTOR 527045 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) J.R.L. Allen , Michael Fulford and J.A. Todd ( 2007 ) . `` Burnt Kimmeridgian shale at Early Roman Silchester , south - east England , and the Roman Poole - Purbeck complex - agglomerated geomaterials industry '' . Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 26 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 191 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0092.2007. 00279. x . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Henry Cleere and D. Crossley ( 1995 ) . Jeremy Hodgkinson , ed . The Iron Industry of the Weald ( 2nd ed . ) . Merton Priory Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898937 - 04 - 3 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Michael Fulford ( 1989 ) , `` The economy of Roman Britain '' , in Malcolm Todd , Research on Roman Britain 1960 -- 89 , London : Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , pp. 175 -- 201 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 907764 - 13 - 7 Michael Fulford ( 2004 ) , `` Economic Structures '' , in Malcolm Todd , A Companion to Roman Britain , Oxford : Blackwell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21823 - 4 C.J. Going ( 1992 ) . `` Economic ' Long Waves ' in the Roman Period ? A Reconnaissance of the Romano - British Ceramic Evidence '' . Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 11 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 117 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0092.1992. tb00259. x . Barri Jones and David Mattingly ( 2002 ) ( first published in 1990 ) . An Atlas of Roman Britain ( New ed . ) . Oxford : Oxbow . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 067 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ( see pp. 179 -- 232 ) . David Mattingly ( 2006 ) . An Imperial Possession : Britain in the Roman Empire . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014822 - 0 . ( see pp. 491 -- 528 ) . Richard Reece ( 2002 ) . The Coinage of Roman Britain . Stroud : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2523 - 8 . Paul Tyers ( 1996 ) . Roman Pottery in Britain . London : Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 7412 - 1 . Christopher J. Young ( 1977 ) . The Roman Pottery Industry of the Oxford Region . British Archaeological Reports . Oxford : Archaeopress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86054 - 001 - 4 . Provincial Government ( edit ) Anthony R. Birley ( 2005 ) . The Roman Government of Britain . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925237 - 4 . Provincial development ( edit ) Alfonso Burgers ( 2001 ) . The Water Supplies and Related Structures of Roman Britain . British Archaeological Reports . Oxford : Archaeopress . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84171 - 189 - 8 . Barri Jones and David Mattingly ( 2002 ) ( first published in 1990 ) . An Atlas of Roman Britain ( New ed . ) . Oxford : Oxbow . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 067 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ( see pp. 141 -- 178 ) . Ivan D. Margary ( 1973 ) ( first published 1967 ) . Roman Roads in Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : J. Baker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 212 - 97001 - 8 . OCLC 491650913 . David Mattingly ( 2006 ) . An Imperial Possession : Britain in the Roman Empire . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014822 - 0 . Martin Millet ( 1992 ) ( first published 1990 ) . The Romanization of Britain : an essay in archaeological interpretation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42864 - 4 . The Roman military in Britain ( edit ) Yvette and D.W. Rathbone ( 2012 ) . Literary Sources for Roman Britain . LACTOR 11 ( 4th ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 903625 - 35 - 7 . Julius Caesar . Commentaries on the Gallic War . 58 -- 54 BC . Alan K. Bowman ( 2004 ) . Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier : Vindolanda and its People ( 2nd revised ed . ) . London : British Museum Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7141 - 2246 - 5 . Barri Jones and David Mattingly ( 2002 ) ( first published in 1990 ) . An Atlas of Roman Britain ( New ed . ) . Oxford : Oxbow . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 067 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ( see pp. 64 -- 140 ) . John Manley ( 2002 ) . AD 43 : The Roman Invasion of Britain : a Reassessment . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 1959 - 6 . David J.P. Mason ( 2009 ) . Roman Britain and the Roman Navy ( Paperback 1st ed . ) . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2541 - 2 . David Mattingly ( 2006 ) . An Imperial Possession : Britain in the Roman Empire . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014822 - 0 . ( see pp. 85 -- 252 ) . Andrew Pearson ( 2002 ) . The Roman Shore Forts : Coastal Defences of Southern Britain . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 1949 - 7 . Urban life ( edit ) David Mattingly ( 2006 ) . An Imperial Possession : Britain in the Roman Empire . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014822 - 0 . ( see pp. 253 -- 350 ) . Martin Millet ( 1992 ) ( first published in 1990 ) . The Romanization of Britain : an essay in archaeological interpretation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42864 - 4 . John Wacher ( 1995 ) . The Towns of Roman Britain ( 2nd revised ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 7319 - 3 . Rural life ( edit ) Barri Jones and David Mattingly ( 2002 ) ( first published in 1990 ) . An Atlas of Roman Britain ( New ed . ) . Oxford : Oxbow . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 067 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ( see pp. 233 -- 263 ) . David Mattingly ( 2006 ) . An Imperial Possession : Britain in the Roman Empire . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014822 - 0 . ( see pp. 351 -- 427 ) . Martin Millet ( 1992 ) ( first published in 1990 ) . The Romanization of Britain : an essay in archaeological interpretation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42864 - 4 . John Percival ( 1976 ) . The Roman Villa : A Historical Introduction . Batsford Studies in Archaeology . London : Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 3238 - 1 . Religion ( edit ) Martin Henig ( 1984 ) . Religion in Roman Britain . London : Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 1220 - 8 . Barri Jones and David Mattingly ( 2002 ) ( first published in 1990 ) . An Atlas of Roman Britain ( New ed . ) . Oxford : Oxbow . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 067 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ( see pp. 264 -- 305 ) . Art ( edit ) Martin Henig ( 1995 ) . The Art of Roman Britain . London : Batsford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 5430 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman Britannia . Roman Britain on In Our Time at the BBC . Timeline of Roman Britain at BBC The Romans in Britain - Information on the Romans in Britain , including everyday life Roman Britain - everything to do with Roman Britain , especially geographic , military , and administrative The Roman Army and Navy in Britain , by Peter Green Roman Britain , by Guy de la Bédoyère Roman Britain at LacusCurtius `` Roman London : `` In their own words '' '' ( PDF ) . by Kevin Flude Roman Britain -- History Roman Colchester Roman Wales RCAHMW Provinces of Roman Britain AD 43 -- c. 197 Britannia Camulodunum ( Colchester ) Londinium ( London ) c. 197 -- c. 296 Britannia Superior Londinium ( London ) Britannia Inferior Eboracum ( York ) c. 296 -- c. 410 Britannia I Corinium Dobunnorum ? ( Cirencester ) Britannia II Eboracum ? ( York ) Flavia Caesariensis Lindum Colonia ? ( Lincoln ) Maxima Caesariensis Londinium ? ( London ) c. 369 -- c. 410 Valentia Luguvalium ? ( Carlisle ) Deva Victrix ? ( Chester ) Habitancum ? ( Risingham ) Apocryphal provinces Vespasiana Orcades Placenames in brackets are present - day names Question marks denote uncertain associations Major towns of Roman Britain Placenames in brackets are either present - day names or counties where the towns formerly existed . Capitals Britannia Superior Londinium ( London ) Britannia Inferior Eboracum ( York ) Camulodunum ( Colchester ) Surviving Caesaromagus ( Chelmsford ) Corinium Dobunnorum ( Cirencester ) Deva Victrix ( Chester ) Durnovaria ( Dorchester ) Durovernum Cantiacorum ( Canterbury ) Glevum ( Gloucester ) Isca Augusta ( Caerleon ) Isca Dumnoniorum ( Exeter ) Isurium Brigantum ( Aldborough ) Lactodurum ( Towcester ) Lindum Colonia ( Lincoln ) Luguvalium ( Carlisle ) Moridunum ( Carmarthen ) Noviomagus Reginorum ( Chichester ) Petuaria ( Brough ) Ratae Corieltauvorum ( Leicester ) Venta Belgarum ( Winchester ) Venta Silurum ( Caerwent ) Verulamium ( St Albans ) Viroconium Cornoviorum ( Wroxeter ) Extinct Alchester ( Wendlebury ) Bannaventa ( Northamptonshire ) Calleva Atrebatum ( Hampshire ) Cunetio ( Wiltshire ) Venta Icenorum ( Norfolk ) List of Roman place names in Britain Provinces of the early Roman Empire ( 117 AD ) Achaea Aegyptus Africa proconsularis Alpes Cottiae Alpes Maritimae Alpes Poeninae Arabia Petraea Armenia Asia Assyria Bithynia and Pontus Britannia Cappadocia Cilicia Corsica and Sardinia Crete and Cyrenaica Cyprus Dacia Dalmatia Epirus Galatia Gallia Aquitania Gallia Belgica Gallia Lugdunensis Gallia Narbonensis Germania Inferior Germania Superior Hispania Baetica Hispania Tarraconensis Italia Iudaea Lusitania Lycia et Pamphylia Macedonia Mauretania Caesariensis Mauretania Tingitana Mesopotamia Moesia Inferior Moesia Superior Noricum Pannonia Inferior Pannonia Superior Raetia Sicilia Syria Thracia Italy was never constituted as a province , instead retaining a special juridical status until Diocletian 's reforms . Late Roman provinces ( 4th -- 7th centuries AD ) ( hide ) History As found in the Notitia Dignitatum . Provincial administration reformed and dioceses established by Diocletian , c. 293 . Permanent praetorian prefectures established after the death of Constantine I. Empire permanently partitioned after 395 . Exarchates of Ravenna and Africa established after 584 . After massive territorial losses in the 7th century , the remaining provinces were superseded by the theme system in c. 640 -- 660 , although in Asia Minor and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century . ( hide ) Western Empire ( 395 -- 476 ) Praetorian Prefecture of Gaul Diocese of Gaul Alpes Poeninae et Graiae Belgica I Belgica II Germania I Germania II Lugdunensis I Lugdunensis II Lugdunensis III Lugdunensis IV Maxima Sequanorum Diocese of Vienne Alpes Maritimae Aquitanica I Aquitanica II Narbonensis I Narbonensis II Novempopulania Viennensis Diocese of Spain Baetica Balearica Carthaginensis Gallaecia Lusitania Mauretania Tingitana Tarraconensis Diocese of the Britains Britannia I Britannia II Flavia Caesariensis Maxima Caesariensis Valentia ( ? ) Praetorian Prefecture of Italy Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy Apulia et Calabria Campania Corsica Lucania et Bruttii Picenum Suburbicarium Samnium Sardinia Sicilia Tuscia et Umbria Valeria Diocese of Annonarian Italy Alpes Cottiae Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium Liguria et Aemilia Raetia I Raetia II Venetia et Istria Diocese of Africa Africa proconsularis ( Zeugitana ) Byzacena Mauretania Caesariensis Mauretania Sitifensis Numidia Cirtensis Numidia Militiana Tripolitania Diocese of Pannonia Dalmatia Noricum mediterraneum Noricum ripense Pannonia I Pannonia II Savia Valeria ripensis ( hide ) Eastern Empire ( 395 -- c. 640 ) Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum Diocese of Dacia Dacia Mediterranea Dacia Ripensis Dardania Moesia I Praevalitana Diocese of Macedonia Achaea Creta Epirus Nova Epirus Vetus Macedonia Prima Macedonia II Salutaris Thessalia Praetorian Prefecture of the East Diocese of Thrace Europa Haemimontus Moesia II Rhodope Scythia Thracia Diocese of Asia Asia Caria Hellespontus Insulae Lycaonia ( 370 ) Lycia Lydia Pamphylia Pisidia Phrygia Pacatiana Phrygia Salutaris Diocese of Pontus Armenia I Armenia II Armenia Maior Armenian Satrapies Armenia III ( 536 ) Armenia IV ( 536 ) Bithynia Cappadocia I Cappadocia II Galatia I Galatia II Salutaris Helenopontus Honorias Paphlagonia Pontus Polemoniacus Diocese of the East Arabia Cilicia I Cilicia II Cyprus Euphratensis Isauria Mesopotamia Osroene Palaestina I Palaestina II Palaestina III Salutaris Phoenice I Phoenice II Libanensis Syria I Syria II Salutaris Theodorias ( 528 ) Diocese of Egypt Aegyptus I Aegyptus II Arcadia Augustamnica I Augustamnica II Libya Superior Libya Inferior Thebais Superior Thebais Inferior ( hide ) Other territories Taurica Quaestura exercitus ( 536 ) Spania ( 552 ) Later the Septem Provinciae Re-established after reconquest by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate Prefecture of Africa Later the Diocese of Illyricum Placed under the Quaestura exercitus in 536 Affected ( i.e. boundaries modified , abolished or renamed ) by Justinian I 's administrative reorganization in 534 -- 536 History of the Roman - 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what caused the greatest loss of life and property during hurricane katrina

In the City of New Orleans , the storm surge caused approximately 23 breaches in drainage canal and navigational canal levees and floodwalls . As mandated in the Flood Control Act of 1965 , responsibility for the design and construction of the city 's levees belongs to the United States Army Corps of Engineers and responsibility for their maintenance belongs to the Orleans Levee Board . The failures of levees and floodwalls during Katrina are considered by experts to be the worst engineering disaster in the history of the United States . By August 31 , 2005 , 80 % of New Orleans was flooded , with some parts under 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) of water . The famous French Quarter and Garden District escaped flooding because those areas are above sea level . The major breaches included the 17th Street Canal levee , the Industrial Canal levee , and the London Avenue Canal floodwall . These breaches caused the majority of the flooding , according to a June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers . The flood disaster halted oil production and refining which increased oil prices worldwide .

The failures of levees and floodwalls

Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans

effects of hurricane katrina in new orleans

As the center of Hurricane Katrina passed southeast of New Orleans on August 29 , 2005 , winds downtown were in the Category 1 range with frequent intense gusts and tidal surge . Hurricane - force winds were experienced throughout the city , although the most severe portion of Katrina missed the city , hitting nearby St. Bernard and Plaquemines parishes . Hurricane Katrina made its final landfall in eastern St. Tammany Parish . The western eye wall passed directly over St. Tammany Parish , Louisiana as a Category 3 hurricane at about 9 : 45 am Central Time , August 29 , 2005 . The communities of Slidell , Avery Estates , Lakeshore Estates , Oak Harbor , Eden Isles and Northshore Beach were inundated by the storm surge that extended over six miles inland . The storm surge affected all 57 miles ( 92 km ) of St. Tammany Parish 's coastline , including Lacombe , Mandeville and Madisonville . The storm surge in the area of the Rigolets Pass was estimated to be 16 feet , not including wave action , declining to 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) at Madisonville . The surge had a second peak in eastern St. Tammany as the westerly winds from the southern eye wall pushed the surge to the east , backing up at the bottleneck of the Rigolets Pass .

In the City of New Orleans , the storm surge caused approximately 23 breaches in drainage canal and navigational canal levees and floodwalls . As mandated in the Flood Control Act of 1965 , responsibility for the design and construction of the city 's levees belongs to the United States Army Corps of Engineers and responsibility for their maintenance belongs to the Orleans Levee Board . The failures of levees and floodwalls during Katrina are considered by experts to be the worst engineering disaster in the history of the United States . By August 31 , 2005 , 80 % of New Orleans was flooded , with some parts under 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) of water . The famous French Quarter and Garden District escaped flooding because those areas are above sea level . The major breaches included the 17th Street Canal levee , the Industrial Canal levee , and the London Avenue Canal floodwall . These breaches caused the majority of the flooding , according to a June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers . The flood disaster halted oil production and refining which increased oil prices worldwide . Between 80 and 90 percent of the residents of New Orleans were evacuated before the hurricane struck , testifying to some of the success of the evacuation measures . Despite this , many remained in the city , mainly those who did not have access to personal vehicles or who were isolated from the dissemination of news from the local governments . The Louisiana Superdome was used to house and support some of those who were unable to evacuate . Television shots frequently focused on the Superdome as a symbol of the flooding occurring in New Orleans . The disaster had major implications for a large segment of the population , economy , and politics of the entire United States . It has prompted a Congressional review of the Army Corps of Engineers and the failure of portions of the federally built flood protection system which experts agree should have protected the city 's inhabitants from Katrina 's surge . Katrina has also stimulated significant research in the academic community into urban planning , real estate finance , and economic issues in the wake of a natural disaster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Pre-Katrina preparations 2.1 Evacuation order 3 Direct effects 3.1 Communications failures 3.2 Damage to buildings and roads 3.3 Levee failures 3.4 Loss of life 4 Aftermath 4.1 Civil disturbances 4.2 Gretna controversy 4.3 Re-establishing governance 4.4 The Superdome 4.5 New Orleans Convention Center 4.6 Evacuation efforts 4.7 Health effects 4.8 Economy 5 Racial disparities 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Flooding in the Lower Ninth Ward of New Orleans after Hurricane Betsy in 1965 . New Orleans was settled on a natural high ground along the Mississippi River . Later developments that eventually extended to nearby Lake Pontchartrain were built on fill to bring them above the average lake level . Navigable commercial waterways extended from the lake into the interior of the city to promote waterborne commerce . After the construction of the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal in 1940 , the state closed these waterways causing the town 's water table to lower drastically . In 1965 , heavy flooding caused by Hurricane Betsy brought concerns regarding flooding from hurricanes to the forefront . That year Congress passed the Flood Control Act of 1965 which , among other issues , gave authority for design and construction of the flood protection in the New Orleans metropolitan area to the United States Army Corps of Engineers , subject to cost sharing principles , some of which were waived by later legislation . The local municipalities were charged with maintenance once the projects were completed . After 1965 , the corps built a levee system around a much larger geographic footprint that included previous marshland and swamp . Many new subdivisions were developed to cater to those who preferred a more suburban lifestyle but were open to remaining within the city limits of New Orleans . Historians question why the area farthest east was developed , since it was viable wetlands and because ringing this region with levees did nothing significant toward protecting the city . What expansion accomplished was to increase the amount of land that could be developed , and it was a reason for the Army Corps to expand the size of its project . In addition the structures caused subsidence of up to 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) in some areas due to the consolidation of the underlying organic soils . A 1999 -- 2001 study Richard Camapanella , Tulane School of Architecture , using LIDAR technology found that 51 % of the terrestrial surface of the contiguous urbanized portions of Orleans , Jefferson , and St. Bernard parishes lie at or above sea level , with the highest neighborhoods at 10 -- 12 feet ( 3.0 -- 3.7 m ) above mean sea level . Forty nine percent lies below sea level , in places to equivalent depths . When authorized , the flood control design and construction were projected to take 13 years to complete . When Katrina made landfall in 2005 , the project was between 60 -- 90 % complete with a projected date of completion estimated for 2015 , nearly 50 years after authorization . Hurricane Georges in September 1998 galvanized some scientists , engineers and politicians into collective planning , Scientific American declared that `` New Orleans is a disaster waiting to happen '' in October 2001 . However , even the most insistent calls from officials to evacuate ahead of Katrina did not warn that the levees could breach . On August 29th 2005 , flood walls and levees catastrophically failed throughout the metro area . Many collapsed well below design thresholds ( 17th Street and London Canals ) . Others collapsed after a brief period of overtopping ( Industrial Canal ) caused `` scouring '' or erosion of the earthen levee walls . In eastern New Orleans , levees along the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway failed in several places because they were built with sand and erodible materials instead of clay , an obvious construction flaw . Pre-Katrina Preparations ( edit ) Main article : Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans The eye of Hurricane Katrina was forecast to pass through the city of New Orleans . In that event , the wind was predicted to come from the north as the storm passed , forcing large volumes of water from Lake Pontchartrain against the levees and possibly into the city . It was also forecast that the storm surge in Lake Pontchartrain would reach 14 -- 18 feet ( 4.3 -- 5.5 m ) , with waves reaching 7 feet ( 2 m ) above the storm surge . On August 28 , at 10 : 00 a.m. CDT , the National Weather Service ( NWS ) field office in New Orleans issued a bulletin predicting catastrophic damage to New Orleans and the surrounding region . Anticipated effects included , at the very least , the partial destruction of half of the well - constructed houses in the city , severe damage to most industrial buildings , rendering them inoperable , the `` total destruction '' of all wood - framed low - rise apartment buildings , all windows blowing out in high - rise office buildings , and the creation of a huge debris field of trees , telephone poles , cars , and collapsed buildings . Lack of clean water was predicted to `` make human suffering incredible by modern standards . '' It was also predicted that the standing water caused by the storm surge would render most of the city uninhabitable for weeks and that the destruction of oil and petrochemical refineries in the surrounding area would spill waste into the flooding . The resulting mess would coat every surface , converting the city into a toxic marsh until water could be drained . Some experts said that it could take six months or longer to pump all the water out of the city . Evacuation order ( edit ) On Saturday night , Max Mayfield , director of the National Hurricane Center , did something he had done only once before . He called the governors of Alabama , Louisiana , and Mississippi to warn them of the severity of the coming storm . He issued a special warning to Mayor Ray Nagin , telling him that some levees in the greater New Orleans area could be overtopped . Later , Mr. Mayfield would tell Brian Williams with NBC Nightly News that he went to bed that night believing he had done what he could . On Sunday , he made a video call to U.S. President George W. Bush at his farm in Crawford , Texas about the severity of the storm . Carnival Cruise Ships Ecstasy and Sensation docked in Port of New Orleans while used for housing purposes for victims . Many New Orleans residents took precautions to secure their homes and prepare for possible evacuation on Friday the 26th and Saturday the 27th . On August 27 the state of Louisiana was declared an emergency area by the Federal Government , and by mid morning of that day , many local gas stations which were not yet out of gas had long lines . Nagin first called for a voluntary evacuation of the city at 5 : 00 p.m. on August 27 and subsequently ordered a citywide mandatory evacuation at 9 : 30 a.m. on August 28 , the first such order in the city 's history . In a live news conference , Mayor Nagin predicted that , `` the storm surge most likely will topple our levee system '' , and warned that oil production in the Gulf of Mexico would be shut down . Many neighboring areas and parishes also called for evacuations . By mid-afternoon , officials in Plaquemines , St. Bernard , St. Charles , Lafourche , Terrebonne , Jefferson , St. Tammany , and Washington parishes had called for voluntary or mandatory evacuations . '' Although Mayor Ray Nagin ordered a mandatory evacuation of the city , many people refused to leave or were unable to do so . In Plaquemines Parish , an official described those remaining behind as `` gambling with their own lives . '' Reasons were numerous , including a belief that their homes or the buildings in which they planned to stay offered sufficient protection , lack of financial resources or access to transportation , or a feeling of obligation to protect their property . These reasons were complicated by the fact that an evacuation the previous year for Hurricane Ivan had resulted in gridlocked traffic for six to ten hours . The fact that Katrina occurred at the end of the month , before pay checks were in the hands of many was also significant . A `` refuge of last resort '' was designated at the Louisiana Superdome . Beginning at noon on August 28 and running for several hours , city buses were redeployed to shuttle local residents from 12 pickup points throughout the city to the `` shelters of last resort . '' By the time Hurricane Katrina came ashore early the next morning , Mayor Nagin estimated that approximately one million people had fled the city and its surrounding suburbs . By the evening of August 28 , over 100,000 people remained in the city , with 20,000 taking shelter at the Louisiana Superdome , along with 300 National Guard troops . The Superdome had been used as a shelter in the past , such as during 1998 's Hurricane Georges , because it was estimated to be able to withstand winds of up to 200 miles per hour ( 320 km / h ) and water levels of 35 feet ( 11 m ) . While supplies of MREs ( Meals ready to eat ) and bottled water were available at the Superdome , Nagin told survivors to bring blankets and enough food for several days , warning that it would be a very uncomfortable place . Direct effects ( edit ) The flood of New Orleans from a boat on Canal Street ( early September , 2005 ) . Checkpoint in the Ninth Ward at the Industrial Canal . Residents were allowed in to examine and salvage from their property during daylight . October 25 , 2005 . Hurricane Katrina made its second and third landfalls in the Gulf Coast region on August 29 , 2005 as a Category 3 hurricane . On Monday August 29 area affiliates of local television station WDSU reported New Orleans was experiencing widespread flooding due to breaches of several Army Corps - built levees , was without power , and that there were several instances of catastrophic damage in residential and business areas . Entire neighborhoods on the south shore of Lake Pontchartrain were flooded . The extensive flooding stranded many residents who were forced to stay in place long after Hurricane Katrina had passed . Stranded survivors dotted the tops of houses citywide . Some were trapped inside attics and were unable to escape . Many people chopped their way onto their roofs with hatchets and sledge hammers , which Mayor Nagin had residents urged to store in their attics in case of such events . Clean water was unavailable , and power outages were expected to last for weeks . By 11 : 00 p.m. August 29 , Mayor Nagin described the loss of life as `` significant '' with reports of bodies floating on the water throughout the city , though primarily in the eastern portions . Some hotels and hospitals reported diesel fuel shortages . The National Guard began setting up temporary morgues in select locations . Communications failures ( edit ) Coordination of rescue efforts August 29 and August 30 were made difficult by disruption of the communications infrastructure . Many telephones , including most cell phones , and Internet access were inoperable because of line breaks , destruction of base stations , or power failures , even though some base stations had their own back - up generators . In a number of cases , reporters were asked to brief public officials on the conditions in areas where information was not reaching them any other way . All local television stations were disrupted . Local television stations , and newspapers , moved quickly to sister locations in nearby cities . New Orleans CBS - affiliate WWL - TV was the only local station to remain on the air during and after the storm , broadcasting from Baton Rouge . Broadcasting and publishing on the Internet became an important means of distributing information to evacuees and the rest of the world , with news networks citing blogs like Interdictor and Gulfsails for reports of what was happening in the city . Amateur radio provided tactical and emergency communications and handled health - and - welfare enquiries . By September 4 , a temporary communications hub was set up at the Hyatt Hotel in downtown New Orleans . The first television pictures out of New Orleans shown on national TV were from Houston 's ABC owned and operated KTRK which flew its helicopter to New Orleans in the days after the storm . Damage to buildings and roads ( edit ) An aerial view of the flooding in part of the Central Business District . The Superdome is at the center where many people stayed through the course of Katrina . Most of the city 's major roads were damaged . The only route out of the city was east to the east bank of New Orleans on the Crescent City Connection bridge . The I - 10 Twin Span Bridge traveling east towards Slidell , suffered severe damage ; 473 spans were separated from their supports and 64 spans dropped into the lake . The 24 - mile ( 39 km ) long Lake Pontchartrain Causeway escaped unscathed but was only carrying emergency traffic . On August 29 , at 7 : 40 a.m. CDT , it was reported that most of the windows on the north side of the Hyatt Regency New Orleans had been blown out , and many other high rise buildings had extensive window damage . The Hyatt was the most severely damaged hotel in the city , with beds reported to be flying out of the windows . Insulation tubes were exposed as the hotel 's glass exterior was completely sheared off . Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport was closed before the storm but reported no flooding in airplane movement areas or inside of the building itself . By August 30 , it was reopened to humanitarian and rescue operations . Commercial cargo flights resumed on September 10 , and commercial passenger service resumed on September 13 . The Superdome sustained significant damage , including two sections of the roof when waterproof membrane had essentially been peeled off by wind . On August 30 , Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco ordered the complete evacuation of the remaining people that sought shelter in the Superdome . They were then transported to the Astrodome in Houston , Texas . Levee failures ( edit ) Main article : Levee failures in Greater New Orleans , 2005 Flooded I - 10 / I - 610 interchange and surrounding area of northwest New Orleans and Metairie , Louisiana As of mid-day Monday , August 29 , the eye of Hurricane Katrina passed east of the City subjecting it to hurricane wind conditions , but sparing New Orleans the worst impact . The City seemed to have escaped most of the catastrophic wind damage and heavy rain that had been predicted . Most buildings came through well structurally . Satellite photos of New Orleans taken in March 2004 , then on August 31 , 2005 , after the levee failures . However , the city 's levee and flood walls designed and built by the US Army Corps of Engineers breached in over fifty locations . Storm surge breached the levees of the Mississippi River - Gulf Outlet Canal ( `` MR - GO '' ) in approximately 20 places and flooded all of Saint Bernard Parish , the east bank of Plaquemines Parish and the historic Lower Ninth Ward . The major levee breaches in the city included breaches at the 17th Street Canal levee , the London Avenue Canal , and the wide , navigable Inner Harbor Navigation Canal , which left approximately 80 % of New Orleans flooded . There were three major breaches at the Industrial Canal ; one on the upper side near the junction with MR - GO , and two on the lower side along the Lower Ninth Ward , between Florida Avenue and Claiborne Avenue . The 17th Street Canal levee was breached on the lower ( New Orleans West End ) side inland from the Old Hammond Highway Bridge , and the London Avenue Canal breached in two places , on the upper side just back from Robert E. Lee Boulevard , and on the lower side a block in from the Mirabeau Avenue Bridge . Flooding from the breaches put the majority of the city under water for days , in many places for weeks . Many roads and buildings were damaged by Hurricane Katrina . In a June 2006 report on the disaster , the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers admitted that faulty design specifications , incomplete sections , and substandard construction of levee segments , contributed to the damage done to New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina . A report released by the American Society of Civil Engineers in June 2007 concluded that two - thirds of the flooding in the city could have been avoided if the levees had held . The failure of the Hurricane Protection Project of New Orleans has prompted many government officials to call for many congressional committee hearings and investigations . The group Levees.org led by Sandy Rosenthal called for 8 / 29 Commission to investigate both the engineering and decision - making behind the collapse of a flood protection system that should have held against Katrina 's storm surge . Six Flags New Orleans still flooded 2 weeks after the levee failures Loss of life ( edit ) A U.S. Coast Guard aircrew searches for survivors in New Orleans during the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina . Final reports indicate that the official death toll , according to the Louisiana Department of Health , was 1,464 people . The first deaths were reported shortly before midnight on August 28 , 2005 , as three nursing home patients died during an evacuation to Baton Rouge . On September 4 , Mayor Nagin speculated that the death toll could rise as high as ten thousand after the clean - up was completed . Some survivors and evacuees reported seeing bodies lying in city streets and floating in still - flooded sections , especially in the east of the city . The advanced state of decomposition of many corpses , some of which were left in the water or sun for days before being collected , hindered efforts by coroners to identify many of the dead . Successful rescue of a pregnant woman There were six deaths confirmed at the Superdome . Four of these were from natural causes , one was the result of a drug overdose , and one was a suicide . At the Convention Center , four bodies were recovered . One of these four is believed to be the result of a homicide . Body collection throughout the city began on approximately September 9 . Prior to that date , the locations of corpses were recorded , but most were not retrieved . Later studies determined that most of New Orleans ' Katrina dead were elderly persons living near levee breaches in the Lower Ninth Ward and Lakeview neighborhoods . Aftermath ( edit ) Civil disturbances ( edit ) A fire raged in a downtown business the morning of September 2 . The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina was characterized by extensive reporting of looting , violence , shooting against rescuers , murder and rape . While some criminal acts did occur , such as the emptying of an entire Walmart , many reports were also exaggerated , inflated , or simply fabricated . Several news organizations went on to issue retractions . There were reports of snipers taking potshots at rescue helicopters ; these were false . Reports of gangs roving the city shooting police officers and survivors were also false , as only one policeman was shot in the aftermath of Katrina and no indictments were brought forward against the supposed gang members . Many reported instances of `` looting '' were in fact stranded survivors scavenging necessary supplies such as food , water , clothing , and shelter . Some instances of looting were later found out to have been carried out by a small number of NOPD officers . Rebecca Solnit , writing in The Nation , reported that `` Several weeks after Hurricane Katrina , community organizer and former Black Panther Malik Rahim had told Amy Goodman on her nationally syndicated program DemocracyNow ! , `` During the aftermath , directly after the flooding , in New Orleans hunting season began on young African American men . In Algiers , I believe , approximately around 18 African American males were killed . No one really know ( s ) what 's the overall count . '' '' These investigations led to at least one indictment by the Department of Justice . Civil disturbances in post-Hurricane Katrina were consistent with all existing research on disaster sociology , which concludes that `` ( post-disaster ) widespread looting ( is ) a myth '' , and were vastly overstated by the media , ultimately fueling a climate of suspicion and paranoia which greatly hampered rescue efforts and further worsened the conditions of the survivors . Some initial reports of mass chaos , particularly in stories about the Superdome , were later found to be exaggerated or rumor . In the Superdome for example , the New Orleans sex crimes unit investigated every report of rape or atrocity and found only two verifiable incidents , both of sexual assault . The department head told reporters , `` I think it was urban myth . Any time you put 25,000 people under one roof , with no running water , no electricity and no information , stories get told . '' Based on these reports , government officials expected hundreds of dead to be found in the Superdome , but instead found only six dead : four natural deaths , one drug overdose , and one suicide . In a case of reported sniper fire , the `` sniper '' turned out to be the relief valve of a gas tank popping every few minutes . A Lincoln Town Car disabled by the flooding from Katrina . Additional acts of unrest occurred following the storm , particularly with the New Orleans Police Department . In the aftermath , a tourist asked a police officer for assistance , and got the response , `` Go to hell , it 's every man for himself . '' Also , one - third of New Orleans police officers deserted the city in the days before the storm , many of them escaping in their department - owned patrol cars . This added to the chaos by stretching law enforcement thin . Additionally , several NOPD officers were arrested weeks after Katrina for suspicion of vehicle theft . Gretna controversy ( edit ) Further information : Gretna , Louisiana § Hurricane Katrina controversy The City of Gretna on the West Bank of the Mississippi River received considerable press coverage when , in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina ( late August 2005 ) , displaced and dehydrated survivors who attempted to escape from New Orleans by walking over the Crescent City Connection bridge over the Mississippi River were turned back at gunpoint by City of Gretna Police , along with Crescent City Connection Police and Jefferson Parish Sheriff 's deputies , who set up a roadblock on the bridge in the days following the hurricane . Re-establishing governance ( edit ) A United States National Guard humvee patrols Poydras Street outside of the Superdome . U.S. Army Infantry on patrol in New Orleans in an area previously underwater , September 2005 . On August 31 , New Orleans 's 1,500 - member police force was ordered to abandon search and rescue missions and turn its attention toward controlling the widespread looting . The city also ordered a mandatory curfew . Mayor Nagin called for increased federal assistance in a `` desperate S.O.S. '' , following the city 's inability to control looting . He was often misquoted as declaring `` martial law '' in the city , despite there being no such term in Louisiana state law ( a declaration of a state of emergency was instead made ) . On the same day , Governor Kathleen Blanco announced the arrival of a military presence , stating that `` they have M - 16s and are locked and loaded . These troops know how to shoot and kill and I expect they will . '' Despite the increased law enforcement presence , crime continued to be a problem . Relief efforts were constantly disrupted by violence , and there were reports of groups of armed men running rampant through the streets , looting and pillaging unattended buildings and stores . Charity Hospital , one of several facilities attempting to evacuate patients , was forced to halt the effort after coming under gunfire . By September 1 , 6,500 National Guard troops had arrived in New Orleans , and on September 2 Blanco requested a total of 40,000 for assistance in evacuation and security efforts in Louisiana . In addition , the Louisiana State Guard and state defense forces from several states were activated to aid the National Guard in sheltering the large number of refugees leaving Louisiana and assist in other disaster recovery operations . Some concern over the availability and readiness of the Louisiana National Guard to help stabilize the security situation was raised . Guardsman Lieutenant Colonel Pete had commented that `` dozens of high water vehicles , humvees , refuelers , and generators were abroad . '' At the time of the hurricane , approximately 3,000 members of the Guard were serving a tour of duty in Iraq . With total personnel strength of 11,000 , this meant that 27 % of the Louisiana National Guard was abroad . However , both the White House and the Pentagon argued that the depletion of personnel and equipment did not impact the ability of the Guard to perform its mission -- rather , impassable roads and flooded areas were the major factors impeding the Guardsmen from securing the situation in New Orleans . Before Hurricane Katrina , the murder rate in New Orleans was ten times higher than the U.S. average . After the situation in New Orleans was brought under control , criminal activity in New Orleans dropped significantly . In response to the increase in criminal activity in New Orleans , makeshift prisons were constructed to house prisoners for short periods of time . Camp Greyhound was a temporary prison that housed more than 200 suspected looters in New Orleans until they could be transferred to other institutions . With room for 700 prisoners , the facility was guarded by officers from one of the United States ' toughest prisons , the Louisiana State Penitentiary at Angola . The station 's bus terminals were converted into chain - link prison cells that could hold up to fifteen prisoners each . These prisoners were kept in conditions that included a portable toilet and military issued meals , but excluded a mattress or cot . Law enforcement constructed the necessary offices of a police station in the general areas of the bus station , which included the offices of the District Attorney and the Justice Department . Camp Greyhound did have several issues with police records due to flooding , and prisoners who had committed minor infractions were kept in the same areas as those with more serious allegations . The facility was run on backup generators and outdated fingerprinting methods were used , which added to the confusion of the facility . The Superdome ( edit ) Main article : Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome See also : Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints Displaced people bringing their belongings and lining up to get into the Superdome . Damage to the Superdome as a result of Katrina . As one of the largest structures in the city , evacuees were brought to the Superdome to wait out the storm or to await further evacuation . Many others made their way to the Superdome on their own , hoping to find food , water , shelter , or transport out of town . On August 29 , Katrina passed over New Orleans with such force that it ripped two holes in the Superdome roof . On the evening of August 30 , Maj. Gen. Bennett C. Landreneau , of the Louisiana National Guard , said that the number of people taking shelter in the Superdome had risen to around 15,000 to 20,000 as search and rescue teams brought more people to the Superdome from areas hard - hit by the flooding . As conditions worsened and flood waters continued to rise , on August 31 , Governor Blanco ordered that all of New Orleans , including the Superdome , be evacuated . The area outside the Superdome was flooded to a depth of 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) , with a possibility of 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) if the area equalized with Lake Pontchartrain . Governor Blanco had the state send in 68 school buses on Monday to begin evacuating people . Despite increasingly squalid conditions , the population inside continued to grow . The situation inside the building was described as chaotic ; reports of rampant drug use , fights , rape , and filthy living conditions were widespread . At the time , as many as 100 were reported to have died in the Superdome , with most deaths resulting from heat exhaustion , but other reported incidents included an accused rapist who was beaten to death by a crowd and an apparent suicide . Despite these reports , though , the final official death toll was significantly less : six people died inside ( 4 of natural causes , one overdose , and an apparent suicide ) and a few more in the general area outside the stadium . FEMA had announced that , in conjunction with Greyhound , the National Guard , and Houston Metro , the 25,000 people at the Superdome would be relocated across state lines to the Houston Astrodome . Roughly 475 buses were promised by FEMA to ferry evacuees with the entire evacuation expected to take two days . By September 4 , the Superdome had been completely evacuated . Although the Superdome suffered damage by water and wind to the overall interior and exterior structures , as well as interior damage from human waste and trash , the facility was repaired at a cost of US $140 million and was ready for games by the autumn of 2006 . New Orleans convention center ( edit ) Because of Hurricane Katrina , the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center suffered a loss of water pressure and electricity , and one of its convention halls had a large hole in its ceiling . The center was otherwise only lightly damaged . On August 29 , as people were being turned away at the Superdome and rescues continued , rescuers began dropping people off at the Convention Center , which , at 8 feet ( 2 m ) above sea level , easily escaped the flood . Captain M.A. Pfeiffer of the NOPD was quoted as saying , `` It was supposed to be a bus stop where they dropped people off for transportation . The problem was , the transportation never came . '' By the afternoon of the 29th , the crowd had grown to about 1,000 people . The convention center 's president ( who was there with a small group of convention center employees at this time ) addressed the crowd near dark , informing them that there was no food , water , medical care , or other services . By late on the evening of the 29th , the convention center had been broken into , and evacuees began occupying the inside of the convention center . A contingent of 250 National Guard engineering units occupied one part of the convention center beginning August 30 and remained there until September 1 , at times barricaded in their location . The units were never given orders to control the crowd , and were not expected to be prepared for such a task , as engineering units . The number of people at the convention center continued to grow over the next three days by some estimates to as many as 20,000 people . Reasons for arriving included being sent to the convention center from the overwhelmed Superdome , being dropped off there by rescuers , or hearing about the convention center as a shelter via word of mouth . No checking for weapons was done among the crowd as was done at the Superdome , and a large store of alcohol kept at the Convention Center was looted . Reports of robberies , murder , and rape began to surface . In general , those who died , regardless of cause of death , were not moved or removed and were left to decompose . By September 1 , the facility , like the Superdome , was completely overwhelmed and declared unsafe and unsanitary . However , even though there were thousands of people who were evacuating at the center , along with network newscasters , pleading desperately for help on CNN , FOX , and other broadcast outlets , FEMA head Michael Brown and Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff both claimed to have no knowledge of the use of the Convention Center as a shelter until the afternoon of September 1 . A sizable contingent of National Guard arrived on September 2 to establish order and provide essential provisions , and on September 3 , buses began arriving at the convention center to pick up the refugees there . The Convention Center was completely evacuated by September 4 . Evacuation efforts ( edit ) Hurricane evacuees in Metairie , Louisiana , being helped by the US Air National Guard on September 3 . On August 31 , a public health emergency was declared for the entire Gulf Coast , and Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco ordered a mandatory evacuation of all those remaining in New Orleans . Relief organizations scrambled to locate suitable areas for relocating evacuees on a large scale . Many of the survivors in the Superdome were bussed to the Reliant Astrodome in Houston , Texas . Houston agreed to shelter an additional 25,000 evacuees beyond those admitted to the Astrodome , including one `` renegade bus '' that was commandeered by private citizen Jabbar Gibson , who had been released on bond from the Orleans Parish Prison just days before the storm hit , and had a previous criminal conviction . By September 1 , the Astrodome was declared full and could not accept any more evacuees . The George R. Brown Convention Center nearby was opened to house additional evacuees . San Antonio , Texas also agreed to house 25,000 refugees , beginning relocation efforts in vacant office buildings on the grounds of KellyUSA , a former air force base , and Reunion Arena in Dallas , Texas was mobilized to house incoming evacuees , and smaller shelters were established in towns across Texas and Oklahoma . Arkansas also opened various shelters and state parks throughout the state for evacuees . Expected to last only two days , the evacuation of remaining evacuees proved more difficult than rescue organizations anticipated as transportation convoys struggled with damaged infrastructure and a growing number of evacuees . By the morning of September 1 , Governor Blanco reported that the number of evacuees in the Superdome was down to 2,500 . However , by evening , eleven hours after evacuation efforts began , the Superdome held 10,000 more people than it did at dawn . Evacuees from across the city swelled the crowd to about 30,000 , believing the arena was the best place to get a ride out of town . Evacuation efforts were hastened on September 2 by the wider dispersal of evacuees among newly opened shelters . Louis Armstrong International Airport was reopened to allow flights related to relief efforts , and began to load evacuees onto planes as well . Elements of the 82nd Airborne Division arrived in New Orleans September 3 . The flooding was a challenge for the paratroopers when they first arrived . The division had just four boats at the time , however , the division quickly started getting Coast Guard , Navy and Marine assets placed under their control . Army Maj. Gen. William B. Caldwell IV , the 82nd 's commanding general , noted : `` We eventually became the 82nd ' Waterborne ' Division , '' the general said , `` and that really was our forte '' during search - and - rescue and security missions in flooded sections of the city . Rescue teams evacuating residents from flooded areas . Task Force Katrina Commander Army Lt. Gen. Russel Honore also charged the paratroopers to straighten out the evacuation situations at Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport , the New Orleans Convention Center and the Superdome . In all , 3,600 of the division 's paratroopers were deployed to New Orleans to participate in Task Force All - American . The unit worked in tandem with state , local and other federal authorities to feed , process and transport evacuees to other accommodations ; the division 's soldiers helped evacuate 6,000 New Orleans residents . By September 18 , the 82nd Division medical personnel had treated 1,352 people and given 2,047 immunizations , according to unit documents . By September 19 , 82nd Division military engineers had cleared 185 city blocks of debris , cleared 113 streets , and removed 218 trees , according to unit documents . On September 3 , some 42,000 evacuees were evacuated from New Orleans , including those remaining in the Superdome and Convention Center . Efforts turned to the hundreds of people still trapped in area hotels , hospitals , schools and private homes . On September 6 , Mayor Ray Nagin ordered a forced evacuation of everyone from the city who was not involved in clean up work , citing safety and health concerns . The order was given not only as an attempt to restore law and order , but also out of concern about the hazardous living conditions in the city . Eviction efforts escalated three days later , when door - to - door searches were conducted to advise remaining residents to leave the city . Despite this , a number of residents defied the eviction order . While initially lax in enforcing evictions , National Guard troops eventually began to remove residents by force . Health effects ( edit ) Sick and injured people being evacuated aboard a C - 17 Globemaster III There was a concern that the prolonged flooding would lead to an outbreak of health problems for those who remained in the city . In addition to dehydration and food poisoning , there was also potential for the spread of hepatitis A , cholera , tuberculosis , and typhoid fever , all related to the growing contamination of food and drinking water supplies in the city compounded by the city 's characteristic heat and stifling humidity . Survivors could also face long - term health risks due to prolonged exposure to the petrochemical tainted flood waters and mosquito - borne diseases such as yellow fever , malaria and West Nile Virus . On September 2 , an emergency triage center was set up at the airport . A steady stream of helicopters and ambulances brought in the elderly , sick , and injured . Baggage equipment was used as gurneys to transport people from the flight line to the hospital , which was set up in the airport terminal . The scene could be described as , `` organized chaos '' , but efficient . By September 3 , the situation started to stabilize . Up to 5,000 people had been triaged and fewer than 200 remained at the medical unit . Hospital evacuations continued from other area hospitals that were flooded or damaged . Reports from the Methodist Hospital indicated that people were dying of dehydration and exhaustion while the staff worked unendingly in horrendous conditions . The first floor of the hospital flooded and the dead were stacked in a second floor operating room . Patients requiring ventilators were kept alive with hand - powered resuscitation bags . Among the many hospitals shut down by damage related to the hurricane was the public hospital serving New Orleans , Charity Hospital , which was also the only trauma center serving that region . The destruction of the hospital 's structure has forced the continued closure as funding for a new building is sought out . On September 6 , E. coli was detected in the water supply . According to the CDC , five people died from bacterial infections caused by the toxic waters . The deaths appear to have been caused by Vibrio vulnificus bacteria , of the Cholera family . Economy ( edit ) Before Katrina 's landfall in 2005 , the economy of New Orleans relied heavily on its usefulness and income derived from being a port city . The population grew and the economy peaked in the late 19th century . However , in the recent years , after rapid industrialization and the development of faster methods of transporting goods , the economy of New Orleans has been in a steady decline . As a result , New Orleans came to rely on three major industries for economic revenue : transportation , entertainment , and public services . However , after Katrina 's landfall , these sectors , including the overall economy , were reduced and heavily affected by the natural disaster . After the hurricane , the labor force diminished and wages decreased by staggering amounts . In July 2005 , 9,592 people applied for unemployment services and the payroll of metropolitan firms declined by 13.6 % between July 2005 and July 2007 , indicating an estimated loss of 70,000 jobs . The sectors most affected were service - related industries , fluctuating with the population . The only sector to truly thrive after landfall was construction , which was in high demand to make needed repairs and rebuild destroyed homes . In the first initial months following Katrina , the labor force reduced faster than the demand and unemployment rates skyrocketed . However , as of September 2006 , the unemployment rates have never fallen below national average , indicating improvement . In the second quarters of both 2005 and 2007 , the firms ' wages were increased by 21 % , twice more than national increases , indicating even further improvement , although the gains were varied across the sectors . There have been some suggestions concerning the usage of natural capital to further aid New Orleans 's economy . One such is that , as opposed to rebuilding on flooded lands , restoring acres of wetlands to profit from the economic wealth . The Mississippi delta provides the United States with one of the largest fisheries and the most important flyway terminus , enabling New Orleans to profit from these ecological industries . Furthermore , by increasing the wetlands , it would help create a natural barrier that could aid New Orleans in future storms . It is estimated that if New Orleans were to restore 1,700 square miles ( 4,400 km ) of wetland lost before 2005 , the natural capital would be worth an estimated $6 billion / year , or $200 billion at the present value . While New Orleans has made numerous efforts in rebuilding their economy , and has been successful with tourist - attracting events such as Mardi Gras , the natural capital provided could further assist the city in returning to its pre-Katrina wealth and economy . Racial disparities ( edit ) See also : Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina Following Katrina , many said that the hurricane had greater impact on black and less economically privileged people , and that it had relatively less impact on predominantly white , and wealthier people . `` The city 's remarkable recovery has , to a troubling degree , left behind the African - Americans who still make up the majority of its population , '' according to FiveThirtyEight . They based this on statistics showing that black residents of New Orleans are more likely to be unemployed than when the storm hit , and more likely to be living in poverty . Household incomes of blacks have also fallen , and the wage gap between black and whites has grown . All these changes are attributed in some way to Katrina . About 175,000 black residents departed New Orleans over the year following the storm , while only 100,000 returned , pushing the African American population to 59 percent , from 66 percent previously . The biggest impact has been on the middle - class blacks , given that most black professionals are older and more advanced in their careers , and the majority of the affluent and middle class are white . These setbacks to the black population in New Orleans corresponded with a large number of educated white arrivals , contributing to a high rate of business formation in the city . These newcomers have had the effect of driving up housing prices , making rent less affordable for the majority black residents . The influence of blacks in the city receded politically , too : in 2010 New Orleans elected its first white mayor in 32 years , a white majority ( 5 - 2 ) took control of the City Council , which had previously been black , and a white police chief and district attorney were elected . Lance Hill of Tulane University said : `` The perception among most African - Americans is that they are living politically as a defeated group in their own city . '' After Hurricane Katrina , many African - American 's suffered from mental illnesses -- such as PTSD -- at higher rates than their Caucasian counterparts . Populations experiencing mental illnesses , especially after a natural disaster , is not uncommon . African - Americans , however , `` had approximately two-fold greater odds of screening positive for PTSD '' after Hurricane Katrina than whites . It is deduced that African - Americans exhibit PTSD at higher frequencies than whites because they `` were more likely to experience frequent mental distress . '' For example , African - American 's `` report more negative events and chronic stressors -- witnessing violence , receiving bad news , death events , lifetime major discrimination , daily discrimination -- than whites , which negatively affects their mental health . '' African - Americans `` are more segregated than any other racial / ethnic group in the United States , and racial segregation is associated with poorer quality housing and neighborhoods that have limited resources to enhance health and well - being . '' Another study found that the `` ( b ) lack race was associated with greater symptom severity '' of PTSD than other races . It is known that `` ( m ) inority status itself has been shown to increase the risk of PTSD after trauma , though this effect may be largely because of differential exposure to poverty in violence . '' Additionally , the `` largely Black population of New Orleans bore a disproportionally heavy burden of predisaster chronic disease complicated by inadequate health care access . '' See also ( edit ) New Orleans portal Disasters portal Tropical cyclones portal Disaster Recovery Personal Protection Act of 2006 Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Mississippi Hurricane on the Bayou ( film ) New Orleans diaspora Posse Comitatus Act Reconstruction of New Orleans Seabrook Floodgate Six Flags New Orleans U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies ( New Orleans ) When the Levees Broke ( film ) Zeitoun ( book ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Richard D. Knabb , Jamie R. 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Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( 8 September 2005 ) . `` ' Camp Greyhound ' outpost of law and order '' . USA Today . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( September 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Camp Greyhound ' outpost of law and order '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Dan ( September 8 , 2005 ) . `` Camp Greyhound New Orleans bus station serving as make - shift jail '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Governor : Evac Superdome , Rescue Centers Archived October 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Fox News / Associated Press . August 30 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ed . `` School buses used to evacuate Archived October 12 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Times - Picayune . September 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Britons describe hurricane ordeal Archived March 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' BBC News . September 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Frank , Thomas ( August 31 , 2005 ) . `` Astrodome to become new home for storm refugees '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ed ; Moller , Jan . `` Update on Superdome Evacuation Archived November 12 , 2005 , at Archive - It . '' Times - Picayune . August 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` NFL , at Saints ' urging , kicks in $20 million for dome repairs Archived August 24 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' KCEN - TV . January 31 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Haygood , Wil and Tyson , Ann Scott . `` It Was as if All of Us Were Already Pronounced Dead Archived December 28 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Washington Post . September 15 , 2005 . Retrieved on November 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Borger , Julian ( September 3 , 2005 ) . `` It reminds me of Baghdad in the worst of times '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gifford , Alec . `` 40 Rapes Reported in Hurricane Katrina , Rita Aftermath Archived December 29 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' WDSU . December 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Burnett , John . `` More Stories Emerge of Rapes in Post-Katrina Chaos Archived March 14 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' National Public Radio . December 21 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` The big disconnect on New Orleans Archived March 9 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' CNN . September 2 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Gerry J. Gilmore , American Forces Press Service . `` Airborne Division Becomes Waterborne in New Orleans . '' Retrieved on July 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` House - to - house rescues under way in New Orleans Archived February 8 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' CNN . September 5 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` New Orleans will force evacuations Archived June 15 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' CNN . September 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Timothy ; Tyson , Ann Scott . `` Troops Escalate Urgency of Evacuation Archived September 15 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Washington Post . September 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Ruger , Jennifer P. ( October 22 , 2005 ) . `` Book Review : Disease and Democracy : The Industrialised World Faces AIDS '' . British Medical Journal . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2006 . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vince , Gaia ( September 6 , 2005 ) . `` Gauging the health crisis in Katrina 's wake '' . New Scientist . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2006 . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hogue , Cherly ( September 19 , 2005 ) . `` Katrina 's Aftermath : Petroleum , Bacteria Are Primary Pollutants '' . American Chemical Society . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Breed , Allen G. ( September 4 , 2005 ) . `` New Orleans left to the dead and dying '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2006 . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` The latest on Katrina 's aftermaths Archived September 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' CNN . September 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Jacob , `` The Economic Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , '' ' The Journal of Economic Perspectives ' 22 ( 2008 ) : 135 -- 138 . ^ Jump up to : Vigdor , Jacob , `` The Economic Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , '' ' The Journal of Economic Perspectives ' 22 ( 2008 ) : 141 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Jacob , `` The Economic Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , '' ' The Journal of Economic Perspectives ' 22 ( 2008 ) : 148 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Jacob , `` The Economic Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , '' ' The Journal of Economic Perspective ' 22 ( 2008 ) : 149 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Jacob , `` The Economic Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , '' ' The Journal of Economic Perspectives ' 22 ( 2008 ) : 149 . ^ Jump up to : Costanza , Robert , et al , `` A New Vision for New Orleans and the Mississippi Delta : Applying Ecological Economics and Ecological Engineering , '' ' Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment ' 4 ( 2006 ) : 470 ^ Jump up to : DETAILS OF REF ^ Jump up to : `` Katrina Washed Away New Orleans 's Black Middle Class '' . FiveThirtyEight . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rivlin , Gary ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Why New Orleans 's Black Residents Are Still Underwater After Katrina '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Adam C. ; Ali , Jeanelle ; McDevitt - Murphy , Meghan E. ; Forde , David R. ; Stockton , Michelle ; Read , Mary ; Ward , Kenneth D. ( 2017 - 2 ) . `` Racial Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Vulnerability Following Hurricane Katrina Among a Sample of Adult Ever Smokers from New Orleans '' . Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities. 4 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 103 . doi : 10.1007 / s40615 - 015 - 0206 - 8 . PMC 4965333 . PMID 26823065 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Mills , Mary Alice ; Edmondson , Donald ; Park , Crystal L. ( 2007 ) . `` Trauma and Stress Response Among Hurricane Katrina Evacuees '' . American Journal of Public Health . 97 ( Suppl 1 ) : S116 -- S123 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2006.086678 . PMC 1854990 . PMID 17413068 . External links ( edit ) Levees.Org ( non-profit flood protection group in New Orleans ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Katrina aftermath in New Orleans . Photos taken of Hurricane Katrina 's aftermath Video , aftermath of Hurricane Katrina NOVA scienceNOW : Hurricanes : New Orleans ' unique vulnerability to hurricanes . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Levee Maps Independent Levee Investigation Team Draft Report Orleans Parish Prison Before and After Katrina Sexual Assault During and After Hurricane Katrina 2005 Village Voice essay on the flood GiveThemBack.com A National Rifle Association documentary spotlighting firearm seizures following Hurricane Katrina . Chicago Tribune article on Katrina 's destructive impact on jazz memorabilia `` Hurricane Katrina : The Catastrophe that Uncovered America 's Race and Class Issues '' from Tulane University Graduate `` The X-Codes : A Post-Katrina Postscript '' , by Dorothy Moye , Southern Spaces , August 26 , 2009 Four Years After Katrina , New Orleans Still Struggling to Recover from the Storm -- video report by Democracy Now ! News Coverage , critical 26min . video compilation of cable news coverage as Katrina makes landfall -- by Cultural Farming . hide Hurricane Katrina Timeline Meteorological history Tornado outbreak Preparations New Orleans preparations Economic effects Political effects Criticism Social effects Effects by region Mississippi New Orleans Louisiana Superdome New Orleans Hornets New Orleans Saints Florida Levee failures Infrastructural repair Reconstruction Disaster relief International response Media coverage Diaspora Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans&oldid=840919186 '' Categories : Floods in the United States Effects of Hurricane Katrina History of New Orleans 2005 in Louisiana 21st century in New Orleans Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template other archives All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Ido Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 23 : 20 . 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whats the standard size of a business card

Credit card

credit card

A credit card is a payment card issued to users ( cardholders ) to enable the cardholder to pay a merchant for goods and services based on the cardholder 's promise to the card issuer to pay them for the amounts so paid plus the other agreed charges . The card issuer ( usually a bank ) creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the cardholder , from which the cardholder can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance . In other words , credit cards combine payment services with extensions of credit . Complex fee structures in the credit card industry may limit customers ' ability to comparison shop , help ensure that the industry is not price - competitive and help maximize industry profits . Because of this , legislatures have regulated credit card fees .

A credit card is different from a charge card , where it requires the balance to be repaid in full each month . In contrast , credit cards allow the consumers a continuing balance of debt , subject to interest being charged . A credit card also differs from a cash card , which can be used like currency by the owner of the card . A credit card differs from a charge card also in that a credit card typically involves a third - party entity that pays the seller and is reimbursed by the buyer , whereas a charge card simply defers payment by the buyer until a later date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Technical specifications 2 History 2.1 Edward Bellamy 's Looking Backward 2.2 Charge coins , medals , and so on 2.3 Early charge cards 2.3. 1 Charga - Plate 2.3. 2 Air Travel Card 2.3. 3 Early general purpose charge cards : Diners Club , Carte Blanche , and American Express 2.4 BankAmericard and Master Charge 2.5 Development outside North America 2.6 Vintage , old , and unique credit cards as collectibles 3 Usage 3.1 Advertising , solicitation , application and approval 3.2 Interest charges 3.3 Grace period 3.4 Parties involved 3.5 Transaction steps 3.6 Credit card register 4 Features 4.1 Consumers ' limited liability 5 Types 5.1 Business credit cards 5.2 Secured credit cards 5.3 Prepaid cards 5.4 Digital cards 6 Benefits and drawbacks 6.1 Benefits to cardholder 6.1. 1 Comparison of credit card benefits in the US 6.2 Detriments to cardholders 6.2. 1 High interest and bankruptcy 6.2. 2 Weakens self regulation 6.3 Detriments to society 6.3. 1 Inflated pricing for all consumers 6.4 Benefits to merchants 6.5 Costs to merchants 7 Security 7.1 Code 10 8 Costs 8.1 Interest expenses 8.2 Operating costs 8.3 Charge offs 8.4 Rewards 8.5 Fraud 9 Revenues 9.1 Interchange fee 9.2 Interest on outstanding balances 9.3 Fees charged to customers 10 Over limit charges 10.1 United States 10.2 United Kingdom 11 Neutral consumer resources 11.1 Canada 12 Controversy 12.1 Hidden costs 13 Credit cards in ATMs 14 Credit cards as funding for entrepreneurs 15 Problems 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Technical specifications ( edit ) The size of most credit cards is 85.60 mm × 53.98 mm ( 3.370 in × 2.125 in ) and rounded corners with a radius of 2.88 -- 3.48 mm , conforming to the ISO / IEC 7810 ID - 1 standard , the same size as ATM cards and other payment cards , such as debit cards . Credit cards have a printed or embossed bank card number complying with the ISO / IEC 7812 numbering standard . The card number 's prefix , called the Bank Identification Number , is the sequence of digits at the beginning of the number that determine the bank to which a credit card number belongs . This is the first six digits for MasterCard and Visa cards . The next nine digits are the individual account number , and the final digit is a validity check code . Both of these standards are maintained and further developed by ISO / IEC JTC 1 / SC 17 / WG 1 . Credit cards have a magnetic stripe conforming to the ISO / IEC 7813 . Many modern credit cards have a computer chip embedded in them as a security feature . In addition to the main credit card number , credit cards also carry issue and expiration dates ( given to the nearest month ) , as well as extra codes such as issue numbers and security codes . Not all credit cards have the same sets of extra codes nor do they use the same number of digits . History ( edit ) Edward Bellamy 's looking Backward ( edit ) The concept of using a card for purchases was described in 1887 by Edward Bellamy in his utopian novel Looking Backward . Bellamy used the term credit card eleven times in this novel , although this referred to a card for spending a citizen 's dividend from the government , rather than borrowing . Charge coins , medals , and so on ( edit ) Charge coins and other similar items were used from the late 19th century to the 1930s . They came in various shapes and sizes ; with materials made out of celluloid ( an early type of plastic ) , copper , aluminum , steel , and other types of whitish metals . Each charge coin usually had a little hole , enabling it to be put in a key ring , like a key . These charge coins were usually given to customers who had charge accounts in department stores , hotels , and so on . A charge coin usually had the charge account number along with the merchant 's name and logo . The charge coin offered a simple and fast way to copy a charge account number to the sales slip , by imprinting the coin onto the sales slip . This sped the process of copying , previously done by handwriting . It also reduced the number of errors , by having a standardised form of numbers on the sales slip , instead of various kind of handwriting style . Because the customer 's name was not on the charge coin , almost anyone could use it . This sometimes led to a case of mistaken identity , either accidentally or intentionally , by acting on behalf of the charge account owner or out of malice to defraud both the charge account owner and the merchant . Beginning in the 1930s , merchants started to move from charge coins to the newer Charga - Plate . Early charge cards ( edit ) Charga - plate ( edit ) The Charga - Plate , developed in 1928 , was an early predecessor of the credit card and was used in the U.S. from the 1930s to the late 1950s . It was a 21⁄2 '' × 11⁄4 '' rectangle of sheet metal related to Addressograph and military dog tag systems . It was embossed with the customer 's name , city , and state . It held a small paper card on its back for a signature . In recording a purchase , the plate was laid into a recess in the imprinter , with a paper `` charge slip '' positioned on top of it . The record of the transaction included an impression of the embossed information , made by the imprinter pressing an inked ribbon against the charge slip . Charga - Plate was a trademark of Farrington Manufacturing Co . Charga - Plates were issued by large - scale merchants to their regular customers , much like department store credit cards of today . In some cases , the plates were kept in the issuing store rather than held by customers . When an authorized user made a purchase , a clerk retrieved the plate from the store 's files and then processed the purchase . Charga - Plates speeded back - office bookkeeping and reduced copying errors that were done manually in paper ledgers in each store . Air Travel card ( edit ) In 1934 , American Airlines and the Air Transport Association simplified the process even more with the advent of the Air Travel Card . They created a numbering scheme that identified the issuer of the card as well as the customer account . This is the reason the modern UATP cards still start with the number 1 . With an Air Travel Card , passengers could `` buy now , and pay later '' for a ticket against their credit and receive a fifteen percent discount at any of the accepting airlines . By the 1940s , all of the major US airlines offered Air Travel Cards that could be used on 17 different airlines . By 1941 about half of the airlines ' revenues came through the Air Travel Card agreement . The airlines had also started offering installment plans to lure new travelers into the air . In October 1948 , the Air Travel Card became the first internationally valid charge card within all members of the International Air Transport Association . Early general purpose charge cards : Diners Club , Carte Blanche , and American Express ( edit ) The concept of customers paying different merchants using the same card was expanded in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank McNamara , founders of Diners Club , to consolidate multiple cards . The Diners Club , which was created partially through a merger with Dine and Sign , produced the first `` general purpose '' charge card and required the entire bill to be paid with each statement . That was followed by Carte Blanche and in 1958 by American Express which created a worldwide credit card network ( although these were initially charge cards that later acquired credit card features ) . BankAmericard and Master charge ( edit ) Until 1958 , no one had been able to successfully establish a revolving credit financial system in which a card issued by a third - party bank was being generally accepted by a large number of merchants , as opposed to merchant - issued revolving cards accepted by only a few merchants . There had been a dozen attempts by small American banks , but none of them were able to last very long . In September 1958 , Bank of America launched the BankAmericard in Fresno , California , which would become the first successful recognizably modern credit card . This card succeeded where others failed by breaking the chicken - and - egg cycle in which consumers did not want to use a card that few merchants would accept and merchants did not want to accept a card that few consumers used . Bank of America chose Fresno because 45 % of its residents used the bank , and by sending a card to 60,000 Fresno residents at once , the bank was able to convince merchants to accept the card . It was eventually licensed to other banks around the United States and then around the world , and in 1976 , all BankAmericard licensees united themselves under the common brand Visa . In 1966 , the ancestor of MasterCard was born when a group of banks established Master Charge to compete with BankAmericard ; it received a significant boost when Citibank merged its own Everything Card , launched in 1967 , into Master Charge in 1969 . Early credit cards in the U.S. , of which BankAmericard was the most prominent example , were mass - produced and mass mailed unsolicited to bank customers who were thought to be good credit risks . They have been mailed off to unemployables , drunks , narcotics addicts and to compulsive debtors , a process President Johnson 's Special Assistant Betty Furness found very like `` giving sugar to diabetics '' . These mass mailings were known as `` drops '' in banking terminology , and were outlawed in 1970 due to the financial chaos they caused . However , by the time the law came into effect , approximately 100 million credit cards had been dropped into the U.S. population . After 1970 , only credit card applications could be sent unsolicited in mass mailings . Before the computerization of credit card systems in America , using a credit card to pay at a merchant was significantly more complicated than it is today . Each time a consumer wanted to use a credit card , the merchant would have to call their bank , who in turn had to call the credit card company , which then had to have an employee manually look up the customer 's name and credit balance . This system was computerized in 1973 under the leadership of Dee Hock , the first CEO of Visa , allowing transaction time to decrease substantially to less than one minute . However , until always - connected payment terminals became ubiquitous at the beginning of the 21st century , it was common for a merchant to accept a charge , especially below a threshold value or from a known and trusted customer , without verifying it by phone . Books with lists of stolen card numbers were distributed to merchants who were supposed in any case to check cards against the list before accepting them , as well as verifying the signature on the charge slip against that on the card . Merchants who failed to take the time to follow the proper verification procedures were liable for fraudulent charges , but because of the cumbersome nature of the procedures , merchants would often simply skip some or all of them and assume the risk for smaller transactions . Development outside North America ( edit ) The fractured nature of the U.S. banking system under the Glass -- Steagall Act meant that credit cards became an effective way for those who were traveling around the country to move their credit to places where they could not directly use their banking facilities . There are now countless variations on the basic concept of revolving credit for individuals ( as issued by banks and honored by a network of financial institutions ) , including organization - branded credit cards , corporate - user credit cards , store cards and so on . In 1966 , Barclaycard in the United Kingdom launched the first credit card outside the United States . Although credit cards reached very high adoption levels in the US , Canada and the UK during the latter 20th century , many cultures were more cash - oriented or developed alternative forms of cashless payments , such as Carte bleue or the Eurocard ( Germany , France , Switzerland , and others ) . In these places , adoption of credit cards was initially much slower . Due to strict regulations regarding bank overdrafts , some countries , France in particular , were much quicker to develop and adopt chip - based credit cards which are seen as major anti-fraud credit devices . Debit cards and online banking ( using either ATMs or PCs ) are used more widely than credit cards in some countries . It took until the 1990s to reach anything like the percentage market penetration levels achieved in the US , Canada , and UK . In some countries , acceptance still remains low as the use of a credit card system depends on the banking system of each country ; while in others , a country sometimes had to develop its own credit card network , e.g. UK 's Barclaycard and Australia 's Bankcard . Japan remains a very cash - oriented society , with credit card adoption being limited mainly to the largest of merchants ; although stored value cards ( such as telephone cards ) are used as alternative currencies , the trend is toward RFID - based systems inside cards , cellphones , and other objects . Vintage , old , and unique credit cards as collectibles ( edit ) The design of the credit card itself has become a major selling point in recent years . The value of the card to the issuer is often related to the customer 's usage of the card , or to the customer 's financial worth . This has led to the rise of Co-Brand and Affinity cards , where the card design is related to the `` affinity '' ( a university or professional society , for example ) leading to higher card usage . In most cases a percentage of the value of the card is returned to the affinity group . A growing field of numismatics ( study of money ) , or more specifically exonumia ( study of money - like objects ) , credit card collectors seek to collect various embodiments of credit from the now familiar plastic cards to older paper merchant cards , and even metal tokens that were accepted as merchant credit cards . Early credit cards were made of celluloid plastic , then metal and fiber , then paper , and are now mostly polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) plastic . However the chip part of credit cards is not made from plastic but from metals . Usage ( edit ) A credit card issuing company , such as a bank or credit union , enters into agreements with merchants for them to accept their credit cards . Merchants often advertise which cards they accept by displaying acceptance marks -- generally derived from logos -- or this may be communicated in signage in the establishment or in company material ( e.g. , a restaurant 's menu may indicate which credit cards are accepted ) . Merchants may also communicate this orally , as in `` We take ( brands X , Y , and Z ) '' or `` We do n't take credit cards '' . Visa , MasterCard , American Express The credit card issuer issues a credit card to a customer at the time or after an account has been approved by the credit provider , which need not be the same entity as the card issuer . The cardholders can then use it to make purchases at merchants accepting that card . When a purchase is made , the cardholder agrees to pay the card issuer . The cardholder indicates consent to pay by signing a receipt with a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be paid or by entering a personal identification number ( PIN ) . Also , many merchants now accept verbal authorizations via telephone and electronic authorization using the Internet , known as a card not present transaction ( CNP ) . Electronic verification systems allow merchants to verify in a few seconds that the card is valid and the cardholder has sufficient credit to cover the purchase , allowing the verification to happen at time of purchase . The verification is performed using a credit card payment terminal or point - of - sale ( POS ) system with a communications link to the merchant 's acquiring bank . Data from the card is obtained from a magnetic stripe or chip on the card ; the latter system is called Chip and PIN in the United Kingdom and Ireland , and is implemented as an EMV card . For card not present transactions where the card is not shown ( e.g. , e-commerce , mail order , and telephone sales ) , merchants additionally verify that the customer is in physical possession of the card and is the authorized user by asking for additional information such as the security code printed on the back of the card , date of expiry , and billing address . Each month , the cardholder is sent a statement indicating the purchases made with the card , any outstanding fees , and the total amount owed . In the US , after receiving the statement , the cardholder may dispute any charges that he or she thinks are incorrect ( see 15 U.S.C. § 1643 , which limits cardholder liability for unauthorized use of a credit card to $50 ) . The Fair Credit Billing Act gives details of the US regulations . The cardholder must pay a defined minimum portion of the amount owed by a due date , or may choose to pay a higher amount . The credit issuer charges interest on the unpaid balance if the billed amount is not paid in full ( typically at a much higher rate than most other forms of debt ) . In addition , if the cardholder fails to make at least the minimum payment by the due date , the issuer may impose a late fee or other penalties . To help mitigate this , some financial institutions can arrange for automatic payments to be deducted from the cardholder 's bank account , thus avoiding such penalties altogether , as long as the cardholder has sufficient funds . Many banks now also offer the option of electronic statements , either in lieu of or in addition to physical statements , which can be viewed at any time by the cardholder via the issuer 's online banking website . Notification of the availability of a new statement is generally sent to the cardholder 's email address . If the card issuer has chosen to allow it , the cardholder may have other options for payment besides a physical check , such as an electronic transfer of funds from a checking account . Depending on the issuer , the cardholder may also be able to make multiple payments during a single statement period , possibly enabling him or her to utilize the credit limit on the card several times . Advertising , solicitation , application and approval ( edit ) Credit card advertising regulations in the US include the Schumer box disclosure requirements . A large fraction of junk mail consists of credit card offers created from lists provided by the major credit reporting agencies . In the United States , the three major US credit bureaus ( Equifax , TransUnion and Experian ) allow consumers to opt out from related credit card solicitation offers via its Opt Out Pre Screen program . Interest charges ( edit ) Credit card issuers usually waive interest charges if the balance is paid in full each month , but typically will charge full interest on the entire outstanding balance from the date of each purchase if the total balance is not paid . For example , if a user had a $1,000 transaction and repaid it in full within this grace period , there would be no interest charged . If , however , even $1.00 of the total amount remained unpaid , interest would be charged on the $1,000 from the date of purchase until the payment is received . The precise manner in which interest is charged is usually detailed in a cardholder agreement which may be summarized on the back of the monthly statement . The general calculation formula most financial institutions use to determine the amount of interest to be charged is ( APR / 100 x ADB ) / 365 x number of days revolved . Take the annual percentage rate ( APR ) and divide by 100 then multiply to the amount of the average daily balance ( ADB ) . Divide the result by 365 and then take this total and multiply by the total number of days the amount revolved before payment was made on the account . Financial institutions refer to interest charged back to the original time of the transaction and up to the time a payment was made , if not in full , as a residual retail finance charge ( RRFC ) . Thus after an amount has revolved and a payment has been made , the user of the card will still receive interest charges on their statement after paying the next statement in full ( in fact the statement may only have a charge for interest that collected up until the date the full balance was paid , i.e. when the balance stopped revolving ) . The credit card may simply serve as a form of revolving credit , or it may become a complicated financial instrument with multiple balance segments each at a different interest rate , possibly with a single umbrella credit limit , or with separate credit limits applicable to the various balance segments . Usually this compartmentalization is the result of special incentive offers from the issuing bank , to encourage balance transfers from cards of other issuers . In the event that several interest rates apply to various balance segments , payment allocation is generally at the discretion of the issuing bank , and payments will therefore usually be allocated towards the lowest rate balances until paid in full before any money is paid towards higher rate balances . Interest rates can vary considerably from card to card , and the interest rate on a particular card may jump dramatically if the card user is late with a payment on that card or any other credit instrument , or even if the issuing bank decides to raise its revenue . Grace period ( edit ) A credit card 's grace period is the time the cardholder has to pay the balance before interest is assessed on the outstanding balance . Grace periods may vary , but usually range from 20 to 55 days depending on the type of credit card and the issuing bank . Some policies allow for reinstatement after certain conditions are met . Usually , if a cardholder is late paying the balance , finance charges will be calculated and the grace period does not apply . Finance charges incurred depend on the grace period and balance ; with most credit cards there is no grace period if there is any outstanding balance from the previous billing cycle or statement ( i.e. interest is applied on both the previous balance and new transactions ) . However , there are some credit cards that will only apply finance charge on the previous or old balance , excluding new transactions . Parties involved ( edit ) Cardholder : The holder of the card used to make a purchase ; the consumer . Card - issuing bank : The financial institution or other organization that issued the credit card to the cardholder . This bank bills the consumer for repayment and bears the risk that the card is used fraudulently . American Express and Discover were previously the only card - issuing banks for their respective brands , but as of 2007 , this is no longer the case . Cards issued by banks to cardholders in a different country are known as offshore credit cards . Merchant : The individual or business accepting credit card payments for products or services sold to the cardholder . Acquiring bank : The financial institution accepting payment for the products or services on behalf of the merchant . Independent sales organization : Resellers ( to merchants ) of the services of the acquiring bank . Merchant account : This could refer to the acquiring bank or the independent sales organization , but in general is the organization that the merchant deals with . Credit Card association : An association of card - issuing banks such as Discover , Visa , MasterCard , American Express , etc. that set transaction terms for merchants , card - issuing banks , and acquiring banks . Transaction network : The system that implements the mechanics of the electronic transactions . May be operated by an independent company , and one company may operate multiple networks . Affinity partner : Some institutions lend their names to an issuer to attract customers that have a strong relationship with that institution , and get paid a fee or a percentage of the balance for each card issued using their name . Examples of typical affinity partners are sports teams , universities , charities , professional organizations , and major retailers . Insurance providers : Insurers underwriting various insurance protections offered as credit card perks , for example , Car Rental Insurance , Purchase Security , Hotel Burglary Insurance , Travel Medical Protection etc . The flow of information and money between these parties -- always through the card associations -- is known as the interchange , and it consists of a few steps . Transaction steps ( edit ) Authorization : The cardholder presents the card as payment to the merchant and the merchant submits the transaction to the acquirer ( acquiring bank ) . The acquirer verifies the credit card number , the transaction type and the amount with the issuer ( card - issuing bank ) and reserves that amount of the cardholder 's credit limit for the merchant . An authorization will generate an approval code , which the merchant stores with the transaction . Batching : Authorized transactions are stored in `` batches '' , which are sent to the acquirer . Batches are typically submitted once per day at the end of the business day . If a transaction is not submitted in the batch , the authorization will stay valid for a period determined by the issuer , after which the held amount will be returned to the cardholder 's available credit ( see authorization hold ) . Some transactions may be submitted in the batch without prior authorizations ; these are either transactions falling under the merchant 's floor limit or ones where the authorization was unsuccessful but the merchant still attempts to force the transaction through . ( Such may be the case when the cardholder is not present but owes the merchant additional money , such as extending a hotel stay or car rental . ) Clearing and Settlement : The acquirer sends the batch transactions through the credit card association , which debits the issuers for payment and credits the acquirer . Essentially , the issuer pays the acquirer for the transaction . Funding : Once the acquirer has been paid , the acquirer pays the merchant . The merchant receives the amount totaling the funds in the batch minus either the `` discount rate '' , `` mid-qualified rate '' , or `` non-qualified rate '' which are tiers of fees the merchant pays the acquirer for processing the transactions . Chargebacks : A chargeback is an event in which money in a merchant account is held due to a dispute relating to the transaction . Chargebacks are typically initiated by the cardholder . In the event of a chargeback , the issuer returns the transaction to the acquirer for resolution . The acquirer then forwards the chargeback to the merchant , who must either accept the chargeback or contest it . Credit card register ( edit ) A credit card register is a transaction register used to ensure the increasing balance owed from using a credit card is enough below the credit limit to deal with authorization holds and payments not yet received by the bank and to easily look up past transactions for reconciliation and budgeting . The register is a personal record of banking transactions used for credit card purchases as they affect funds in the bank account or the available credit . In addition to check number and so forth the code column indicates the credit card . The balance column shows available funds after purchases . When the credit card payment is made the balance already reflects the funds were spent . In a credit card 's entry , the deposit column shows the available credit and the payment column shows total owed , their sum being equal to the credit limit . Each check written , debit card transaction , cash withdrawal , and credit card charge is entered manually into the paper register daily or several times per week . Credit card register also refers to one transaction record for each credit card . In this case the booklets readily enable the location of a card 's current available credit when ten or more cards are in use . Features ( edit ) As well as convenient credit , credit cards offer consumers an easy way to track expenses , which is necessary for both monitoring personal expenditures and the tracking of work - related expenses for taxation and reimbursement purposes . Credit cards are accepted in larger establishments in almost all countries , and are available with a variety of credit limits , repayment arrangements . Some have added perks ( such as insurance protection , rewards schemes in which points earned by purchasing goods with the card can be redeemed for further goods and services or cashback ) . Consumers ' limited liability ( edit ) Some countries , such as the United States , the United Kingdom , and France , limit the amount for which a consumer can be held liable in the event of fraudulent transactions with a lost or stolen credit card . Types ( edit ) Business credit cards ( edit ) See also : Stored - value card Business credit cards are specialized credit cards issued in the name of a registered business , and typically they can only be used for business purposes . Their use has grown in recent decades . In 1998 , for instance , 37 % of small businesses reported using a business credit card ; by 2009 , this number had grown to 64 % . Business credit cards offer a number of features specific to businesses . They frequently offer special rewards in areas such as shipping , office supplies , travel , and business technology . Most issuers use the applicant 's personal credit score when evaluating these applications . In addition , income from a variety of sources may be used to qualify , which means these cards may be available to businesses that are newly established . In addition , most major issuers of these cards do not report account activity to the owner 's personal credit unless there is a default . This may have the effect of protecting the owner 's personal credit from the activity of the business . Business credit cards are offered by almost all major card issuers -- like American Express , Visa , and MasterCard in addition to local banks and credit unions . Charge cards for businesses , however , are currently only offered by American Express . Secured credit cards ( edit ) A secured credit card is a type of credit card secured by a deposit account owned by the cardholder . Typically , the cardholder must deposit between 100 % and 200 % of the total amount of credit desired . Thus if the cardholder puts down $1,000 , they will be given credit in the range of $500 -- 1,000 . In some cases , credit card issuers will offer incentives even on their secured card portfolios . In these cases , the deposit required may be significantly less than the required credit limit , and can be as low as 10 % of the desired credit limit . This deposit is held in a special savings account . Credit card issuers offer this because they have noticed that delinquencies were notably reduced when the customer perceives something to lose if the balance is not repaid . The cardholder of a secured credit card is still expected to make regular payments , as with a regular credit card , but should they default on a payment , the card issuer has the option of recovering the cost of the purchases paid to the merchants out of the deposit . The advantage of the secured card for an individual with negative or no credit history is that most companies report regularly to the major credit bureaus . This allows building a positive credit history . Although the deposit is in the hands of the credit card issuer as security in the event of default by the consumer , the deposit will not be debited simply for missing one or two payments . Usually the deposit is only used as an offset when the account is closed , either at the request of the customer or due to severe delinquency ( 150 to 180 days ) . This means that an account which is less than 150 days delinquent will continue to accrue interest and fees , and could result in a balance which is much higher than the actual credit limit on the card . In these cases the total debt may far exceed the original deposit and the cardholder not only forfeits their deposit but is left with an additional debt . Most of these conditions are usually described in a cardholder agreement which the cardholder signs when their account is opened . Secured credit cards are an option to allow a person with a poor credit history or no credit history to have a credit card which might not otherwise be available . They are often offered as a means of rebuilding one 's credit . Fees and service charges for secured credit cards often exceed those charged for ordinary non-secured credit cards . For people in certain situations , ( for example , after charging off on other credit cards , or people with a long history of delinquency on various forms of debt ) , secured cards are almost always more expensive than unsecured credit cards . Sometimes a credit card will be secured by the equity in the borrower 's home . Prepaid cards ( edit ) See also : Stored - value card A `` prepaid credit card '' is not a true credit card , since no credit is offered by the card issuer : the cardholder spends money which has been `` stored '' via a prior deposit by the cardholder or someone else , such as a parent or employer . However , it carries a credit - card brand ( such as Discover , Visa , MasterCard , American Express , or JCB ) and can be used in similar ways just as though it were a credit card . Unlike debit cards , prepaid credit cards generally do not require a PIN . An exception are prepaid credit cards with an EMV chip . These cards do require a PIN if the payment is processed via Chip and PIN technology . After purchasing the card , the cardholder loads the account with any amount of money , up to the predetermined card limit and then uses the card to make purchases the same way as a typical credit card . Prepaid cards can be issued to minors ( above 13 ) since there is no credit line involved . The main advantage over secured credit cards ( see above section ) is that the cardholder is not required to come up with $500 or more to open an account . With prepaid credit cards purchasers are not charged any interest but are often charged a purchasing fee plus monthly fees after an arbitrary time period . Many other fees also usually apply to a prepaid card . Prepaid credit cards are sometimes marketed to teenagers for shopping online without having their parents complete the transaction . Teenagers can only use funds that are available on the card which helps promote financial management to reduce the risk of debt problems later in life . Prepaid cards can be used globally . The prepaid card is convenient for payees in developing countries like Brazil , Russia , India , and China , where international wire transfers and bank checks are time consuming , complicated and costly . Because of the many fees that apply to obtaining and using credit - card - branded prepaid cards , the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada describes them as `` an expensive way to spend your own money '' . The agency publishes a booklet entitled Pre-paid Cards which explains the advantages and disadvantages of this type of prepaid card . Digital cards ( edit ) A digital card is a digital cloud - hosted virtual representation of any kind of identification card or payment card , such as a credit card . Benefits and drawbacks ( edit ) Benefits to cardholder ( edit ) The main benefit to the cardholder is convenience . Compared to debit cards and checks , a credit card allows small short - term loans to be quickly made to a cardholder who need not calculate a balance remaining before every transaction , provided the total charges do not exceed the maximum credit line for the card . Different countries offer different levels of protection . In the UK , for example , the bank is jointly liable with the merchant for purchases of defective products over £ 100 . Many credit cards offer rewards and benefits packages , such as enhanced product warranties at no cost , free loss / damage coverage on new purchases , various insurance protections , for example , rental car insurance , common carrier accident protection , and travel medical insurance . Credit cards can also offer a loyalty program , where each purchase is rewarded with points , which may be redeemed for cash or products . Research has examined whether competition among card networks may potentially make payment rewards too generous , causing higher prices among merchants , thus actually impacting social welfare and its distribution , a situation potentially warranting public policy interventions . Currently , there are credit cards with 0 % intro APR on Balance Transfers and no late fees . Comparison of credit card Benefits in the U.S. ( edit ) The table below contains a list of benefits offered in the United States for consumer credit cards . Benefits may vary in other countries or business credit cards . MasterCard Visa American Express Discover Return Extension 60 days up to $250 90 days up to $250 90 days up to $300 90 days up to $500 Extended Warranty 2x Original up to 1 year depends 1 Additional Year 6 years max 1 Additional Year 4 years max Price Protection 60 days Varies 90 days up to $500 Loss / Damage Coverage 90 days depends 90 days up to $1,000 90 days up to $500 Rental Car Insurance Main article : Damage waiver 15 days : Collision , theft , vandalism 15 days : Collision , theft 30 days : Collision , theft , vandalism 31 days : Collision Detriments to cardholders ( edit ) High interest and Bankruptcy ( edit ) Low introductory credit card rates are limited to a fixed term , usually between 6 and 12 months , after which a higher rate is charged . As all credit cards charge fees and interest , some customers become so indebted to their credit card provider that they are driven to bankruptcy . Some credit cards often levy a rate of 20 to 30 percent after a payment is missed . In other cases , a fixed charge is levied without change to the interest rate . In some cases universal default may apply : the high default rate is applied to a card in good standing by missing a payment on an unrelated account from the same provider . This can lead to a snowball effect in which the consumer is drowned by unexpectedly high interest rates . Further , most card holder agreements enable the issuer to arbitrarily raise the interest rate for any reason they see fit . First Premier Bank at one point offered a credit card with a 79.9 % interest rate ; however , they discontinued this card in February 2011 because of persistent defaults . Complex fee structures in the credit card industry limit customers ' ability to comparison shop , help ensure that the industry is not price - competitive and help maximize industry profits . Research shows that a substantial fraction of consumers ( about 40 percent ) choose a sub-optimal credit card agreement , with some incurring hundreds of dollars of avoidable interest costs . Weakens self regulation ( edit ) Several studies have shown that consumers are likely to spend more money when they pay by credit card . Researchers suggest that when people pay using credit cards , they do not experience the abstract pain of payment . Furthermore , researchers have found that using credit cards can increase consumption of unhealthy food . Detriments to society ( edit ) Inflated pricing for all consumers ( edit ) Merchants that accept credit cards must pay interchange fees and discount fees on all credit - card transactions . In some cases merchants are barred by their credit agreements from passing these fees directly to credit card customers , or from setting a minimum transaction amount ( no longer prohibited in the United States , United Kingdom or Australia ) . The result is that merchants are induced to charge all customers ( including those who do not use credit cards ) higher prices to cover the fees on credit card transactions . The inducement can be strong because the merchant 's fee is a percentage of the sale price , which has a disproportionate effect on the profitability of businesses that have predominantly credit card transactions , unless compensated for by raising prices generally . In the United States in 2008 credit card companies collected a total of $48 billion in interchange fees , or an average of $427 per family , with an average fee rate of about 2 % per transaction . Benefits to merchants ( edit ) An example of street markets accepting credit cards . Most simply display the acceptance marks ( stylized logos , shown in the upper - left corner of the sign ) of all the cards they accept . For merchants , a credit card transaction is often more secure than other forms of payment , such as cheques , because the issuing bank commits to pay the merchant the moment the transaction is authorized , regardless of whether the consumer defaults on the credit card payment ( except for legitimate disputes , which are discussed below , and can result in charges back to the merchant ) . In most cases , cards are even more secure than cash , because they discourage theft by the merchant 's employees and reduce the amount of cash on the premises . Finally , credit cards reduce the back office expense of processing checks / cash and transporting them to the bank . Prior to credit cards , each merchant had to evaluate each customer 's credit history before extending credit . That task is now performed by the banks which assume the credit risk . Credit cards can also aid in securing a sale especially if the customer does not have enough cash on hand or in a checking account . Extra turnover is generated by the fact that the customer can purchase goods and services immediately and is less inhibited by the amount of cash in pocket and the immediate state of the customer 's bank balance . Much of merchants ' marketing is based on this immediacy . For each purchase , the bank charges the merchant a commission ( discount fee ) for this service and there may be a certain delay before the agreed payment is received by the merchant . The commission is often a percentage of the transaction amount , plus a fixed fee ( interchange rate ) . Costs to merchants ( edit ) Merchants are charged several fees for accepting credit cards . The merchant is usually charged a commission of around 1 to 4 percent of the value of each transaction paid for by credit card . The merchant may also pay a variable charge , called a merchant discount rate , for each transaction . In some instances of very low - value transactions , use of credit cards will significantly reduce the profit margin or cause the merchant to lose money on the transaction . Merchants with very low average transaction prices or very high average transaction prices are more averse to accepting credit cards . In some cases merchants may charge users a `` credit card supplement '' ( or surcharge ) , either a fixed amount or a percentage , for payment by credit card . This practice was prohibited by most credit card contracts in the United States until 2013 , when a major settlement between merchants and credit card companies allowed merchants to levy surcharges . Most retailers have not started using credit card surcharges , however , for fear of losing customers . Merchants in the United States have been fighting what they consider to be unfairly high fees charged by credit card companies in a series of lawsuits that started in 2005 . Merchants charged that the two main credit card processing companies , MasterCard and Visa , used their monopoly power to levy excessive fees in a class - action lawsuit involving the National Retail Federation and major retailers such as Wal - Mart . In December 2013 , a federal judge approved a $5.7 billion settlement in the case that offered payouts to merchants who had paid credit card fees , the largest antitrust settlement in U.S. history . Some large retailers , such as Wal - Mart and Amazon , chose to not participate in this settlement , however , and have continued their legal fight against the credit card companies . Merchants are also required to lease or purchase processing equipment , in some cases this equipment is provided free of charge by the processor . Merchants must also satisfy data security compliance standards which are highly technical and complicated . In many cases , there is a delay of several days before funds are deposited into a merchant 's bank account . Because credit card fee structures are very complicated , smaller merchants are at a disadvantage to analyze and predict fees . Finally , merchants assume the risk of chargebacks by consumers . Security ( edit ) Main article : Credit card fraud See also : Wireless identity theft Credit card security relies on the physical security of the plastic card as well as the privacy of the credit card number . Therefore , whenever a person other than the card owner has access to the card or its number , security is potentially compromised . Once , merchants would often accept credit card numbers without additional verification for mail order purchases . It 's now common practice to only ship to confirmed addresses as a security measure to minimise fraudulent purchases . Some merchants will accept a credit card number for in - store purchases , whereupon access to the number allows easy fraud , but many require the card itself to be present , and require a signature . A lost or stolen card can be cancelled , and if this is done quickly , will greatly limit the fraud that can take place in this way . European banks can require a cardholder 's security PIN be entered for in - person purchases with the card . The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard ( PCI DSS ) is the security standard issued by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council ( PCI SSC ) . This data security standard is used by acquiring banks to impose cardholder data security measures upon their merchants . The goal of the credit card companies is not to eliminate fraud , but to `` reduce it to manageable levels '' . This implies that fraud prevention measures will be used only if their cost are lower than the potential gains from fraud reduction , whereas high - cost low - return measures will not be used -- as would be expected from organizations whose goal is profit maximisation . Internet fraud may be by claiming a chargeback which is not justified ( `` friendly fraud '' ) , or carried out by the use of credit card information which can be stolen in many ways , the simplest being copying information from retailers , either online or offline . Despite efforts to improve security for remote purchases using credit cards , security breaches are usually the result of poor practice by merchants . For example , a website that safely uses SSL to encrypt card data from a client may then email the data , unencrypted , from the webserver to the merchant ; or the merchant may store unencrypted details in a way that allows them to be accessed over the Internet or by a rogue employee ; unencrypted card details are always a security risk . Even encrypted data may be cracked . Controlled payment numbers ( also known as virtual credit cards or disposable credit cards ) are another option for protecting against credit card fraud where presentation of a physical card is not required , as in telephone and online purchasing . These are one - time use numbers that function as a payment card and are linked to the user 's real account , but do not reveal details , and can not be used for subsequent unauthorised transactions . They can be valid for a relatively short time , and limited to the actual amount of the purchase or a limit set by the user . Their use can be limited to one merchant . If the number given to the merchant is compromised , it will be rejected if an attempt is made to use it a second time . A similar system of controls can be used on physical cards . Technology provides the option for banks to support many other controls too that can be turned on and off and varied by the credit card owner in real time as circumstances change ( i.e. , they can change temporal , numerical , geographical and many other parameters on their primary and subsidiary cards ) . Apart from the obvious benefits of such controls : from a security perspective this means that a customer can have a Chip and PIN card secured for the real world , and limited for use in the home country . In this eventuality a thief stealing the details will be prevented from using these overseas in non chip and pin EMV countries . Similarly the real card can be restricted from use on - line so that stolen details will be declined if this tried . Then when card users shop online they can use virtual account numbers . In both circumstances an alert system can be built in notifying a user that a fraudulent attempt has been made which breaches their parameters , and can provide data on this in real time . Additionally , there are security features present on the physical card itself in order to prevent counterfeiting . For example , most modern credit cards have a watermark that will fluoresce under ultraviolet light . Most major credit cards have a hologram . A Visa card has a letter V superimposed over the regular Visa logo and a MasterCard has the letters MC across the front of the card . Older Visa cards have a bald eagle or dove across the front . In the aforementioned cases , the security features are only visible under ultraviolet light and are invisible in normal light . The United States Secret Service , Federal Bureau of Investigation , U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement , and U.S. Postal Inspection Service are responsible for prosecuting criminals who engage in credit card fraud in the United States . However , they do not have the resources to pursue all criminals , and in general they only prosecute cases exceeding $5,000 . Three improvements to card security have been introduced to the more common credit card networks , but none has proven to help reduce credit card fraud so far . First , the cards themselves are being replaced with similar - looking tamper - resistant smart cards which are intended to make forgery more difficult . The majority of smart card ( IC card ) based credit cards comply with the EMV ( Europay MasterCard Visa ) standard . Second , an additional 3 or 4 digit card security code ( CSC ) is now present on the back of most cards , for use in card not present transactions . Stakeholders at all levels in electronic payment have recognized the need to develop consistent global standards for security that account for and integrate both current and emerging security technologies . They have begun to address these needs through organisations such as PCI DSS and the Secure POS Vendor Alliance . Code 10 ( edit ) Code 10 calls are made when merchants are suspicious about accepting a credit card . The operator then asks the merchant a series of YES or NO questions to find out whether the merchant is suspicious of the card or the cardholder . The merchant may be asked to retain the card if it is safe to do so . The merchant may receive a reward for returning a confiscated card to the issuing bank , especially if an arrest is made . Costs ( edit ) Credit card issuers ( banks ) have several types of costs : Interest expenses ( edit ) Banks generally borrow the money they then lend to their customers . As they receive very low - interest loans from other firms , they may borrow as much as their customers require , while lending their capital to other borrowers at higher rates . If the card issuer charges 15 % on money lent to users , and it costs 5 % to borrow the money to lend , and the balance sits with the cardholder for a year , the issuer earns 10 % on the loan . This 10 % difference is the `` net interest spread '' and the 5 % is the `` interest expense '' . Operating costs ( edit ) This is the cost of running the credit card portfolio , including everything from paying the executives who run the company to printing the plastics , to mailing the statements , to running the computers that keep track of every cardholder 's balance , to taking the many phone calls which cardholders place to their issuer , to protecting the customers from fraud rings . Depending on the issuer , marketing programs are also a significant portion of expenses . Charge offs ( edit ) When a cardholder becomes severely delinquent on a debt ( often at the point of six months without payment ) , the creditor may declare the debt to be a charge - off . It will then be listed as such on the debtor 's credit bureau reports . ( Equifax , for instance , lists `` R9 '' in the `` status '' column to denote a charge - off . ) A charge - off is considered to be `` written off as uncollectable '' . To banks , bad debts and fraud are part of the cost of doing business . However , the debt is still legally valid , and the creditor can attempt to collect the full amount for the time periods permitted under state law , which is usually three to seven years . This includes contacts from internal collections staff , or more likely , an outside collection agency . If the amount is large ( generally over $1,500 -- 2,000 ) , there is the possibility of a lawsuit or arbitration . Rewards ( edit ) Many credit card customers receive rewards , such as frequent flyer points , gift certificates , or cash back as an incentive to use the card . Rewards are generally tied to purchasing an item or service on the card , which may or may not include balance transfers , cash advances , or other special uses . Depending on the type of card , rewards will generally cost the issuer between 0.25 % and 2.0 % of the spread . Networks such as Visa or MasterCard have increased their fees to allow issuers to fund their rewards system . Some issuers discourage redemption by forcing the cardholder to call customer service for rewards . On their servicing website , redeeming awards is usually a feature that is very well hidden by the issuers . With a fractured and competitive environment , rewards points cut dramatically into an issuer 's bottom line , and rewards points and related incentives must be carefully managed to ensure a profitable portfolio . Unlike unused gift cards , in whose case the breakage in certain US states goes to the state 's treasury , unredeemed credit card points are retained by the issuer . Fraud ( edit ) In relative numbers the values lost in bank card fraud are minor , calculated in 2006 at 7 cents per 100 dollars worth of transactions ( 7 basis points ) . In 2004 , in the UK , the cost of fraud was over £ 500 million . When a card is stolen , or an unauthorized duplicate made , most card issuers will refund some or all of the charges that the customer has received for things they did not buy . These refunds will , in some cases , be at the expense of the merchant , especially in mail order cases where the merchant can not claim sight of the card . In several countries , merchants will lose the money if no ID card was asked for , therefore merchants usually require ID card in these countries . Credit card companies generally guarantee the merchant will be paid on legitimate transactions regardless of whether the consumer pays their credit card bill . Most banking services have their own credit card services that handle fraud cases and monitor for any possible attempt at fraud . Employees that are specialized in doing fraud monitoring and investigation are often placed in Risk Management , Fraud and Authorization , or Cards and Unsecured Business . Fraud monitoring emphasizes minimizing fraud losses while making an attempt to track down those responsible and contain the situation . Credit card fraud is a major white collar crime that has been around for many decades , even with the advent of the chip based card ( EMV ) that was put into practice in some countries to prevent cases such as these . Even with the implementation of such measures , credit card fraud continues to be a problem . Revenues ( edit ) Offsetting the costs are the following revenues : Interchange fee ( edit ) Main article : Interchange fee In addition to fees paid by the card holder , merchants must also pay interchange fees to the card - issuing bank and the card association . For a typical credit card issuer , interchange fee revenues may represent about a quarter of total revenues . These fees are typically from 1 to 6 percent of each sale , but will vary not only from merchant to merchant ( large merchants can negotiate lower rates ) , but also from card to card , with business cards and rewards cards generally costing the merchants more to process . The interchange fee that applies to a particular transaction is also affected by many other variables including : the type of merchant , the merchant 's total card sales volume , the merchant 's average transaction amount , whether the cards were physically present , how the information required for the transaction was received , the specific type of card , when the transaction was settled , and the authorized and settled transaction amounts . In some cases , merchants add a surcharge to the credit cards to cover the interchange fee , encouraging their customers to instead use cash , debit cards , or even cheques . Interest on outstanding balances ( edit ) Interest charges vary widely from card issuer to card issuer . Often , there are `` teaser '' rates in effect for initial periods of time ( as low as zero percent for , say , six months ) , whereas regular rates can be as high as 40 percent . In the U.S. there is no federal limit on the interest or late fees credit card issuers can charge ; the interest rates are set by the states , with some states such as South Dakota , having no ceiling on interest rates and fees , inviting some banks to establish their credit card operations there . Other states , for example Delaware , have very weak usury laws . The teaser rate no longer applies if the customer does not pay their bills on time , and is replaced by a penalty interest rate ( for example , 23.99 % ) that applies retroactively . Fees charged to customers ( edit ) The major fees are for : Late or overdue payments Charges that result in exceeding the credit limit on the card ( whether deliberately or by mistake ) , called overlimit fees Returned cheque fees or payment processing fees ( e.g. phone payment fee ) Cash advances and convenience cheques ( often 3 % of the amount ) Transactions in a foreign currency ( as much as 3 % of the amount ) . A few financial institutions do not charge a fee for this . Membership fees ( annual or monthly ) , sometimes a percentage of the credit limit . Exchange rate loading fees ( sometimes these might not be reported on the customer 's statement , even when applied ) . The variation of exchange rates applied by different credit cards can be very substantial , as much as 10 % according to a Lonely Planet report in 2009 . In the U.S. , the Credit CARD Act of 2009 specifies that credit card companies must send cardholders a notice 45 days before they can increase or change certain fees . This includes annual fees , cash advance fees , and late fees . Over limit charges ( edit ) Consumers who keep their account in good order by always staying within their credit limit , and always making at least the minimum monthly payment will see interest as the biggest expense from their card provider . Those who are not so careful and regularly surpass their credit limit or are late in making payments are exposed to multiple charges that were typically as high as £ 25 -- 35 until a ruling from the Office of Fair Trading that they would presume charges over £ 12 to be unfair which led the majority of card providers to reduce their fees to £ 12 . United States ( edit ) The Credit CARD Act of 2009 requires that consumers opt into over-limit charges . Some card issuers have therefore commenced solicitations requesting customers to opt into overlimit fees , presenting this as a benefit as it may avoid the possibility of a future transaction being declined . Other issuers have simply discontinued the practice of charging overlimit fees . Whether a customer opts into the overlimit fee or not , banks will in practice have discretion as to whether they choose to authorize transactions above the credit limit or not . Of course , any approved over limit transactions will only result in an overlimit fee for those customers who have opted into the fee . This legislation took effect on 22 February 2010 . Following this Act , the companies are now required by law to show on a customer 's bills how long it would take them to pay off the balance . United Kingdom ( edit ) The higher fees originally charged were claimed to be designed to recoup the card operator 's overall business costs and to try to ensure that the credit card business as a whole generated a profit , rather than simply recovering the cost to the provider of the limit breach , which has been estimated as typically between £ 3 -- £ 4 . Profiting from a customer 's mistakes is arguably not permitted under UK common law , if the charges constitute penalties for breach of contract , or under the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 . Subsequent rulings in respect of personal current accounts suggest that the argument that these charges are penalties for breach of contract is weak , and given the Office of Fair Trading 's ruling it seems unlikely that any further test case will take place . Whilst the law remains in the balance , many consumers have made claims against their credit card providers for the charges that they have incurred , plus interest that they would have earned had the money not been deducted from their account . It is likely that claims for amounts charged in excess of £ 12 will succeed , but claims for charges at the OFT 's £ 12 threshold level are more contentious . Neutral consumer resources ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) The Government of Canada maintains a database of the fees , features , interest rates and reward programs of nearly 200 credit cards available in Canada . This database is updated on a quarterly basis with information supplied by the credit card issuing companies . Information in the database is published every quarter on the website of the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada ( FCAC ) . Information in the database is published in two formats . It is available in PDF comparison tables that break down the information according to type of credit card , allowing the reader to compare the features of , for example , all the student credit cards in the database . The database also feeds into an interactive tool on the FCAC website . The interactive tool uses several interview - type questions to build a profile of the user 's credit card usage habits and needs , eliminating unsuitable choices based on the profile , so that the user is presented with a small number of credit cards and the ability to carry out detailed comparisons of features , reward programs , interest rates , etc . Controversy ( edit ) Credit card debt has increased steadily . Since the late 1990s , lawmakers , consumer advocacy groups , college officials and other higher education affiliates have become increasingly concerned about the rising use of credit cards among college students . The major credit card companies have been accused of targeting a younger audience , especially college students , many of whom are already in debt with college tuition fees and college loans and who typically are less experienced at managing their own finances . Credit card debt may also negatively affect their grades as they are likely to work more both part and full - time positions . Another controversial area is the universal default feature of many North American credit card contracts . When a cardholder is late paying a particular credit card issuer , that card 's interest rate can be raised , often considerably . With universal default , a customer 's other credit cards , for which the customer may be current on payments , may also have their rates and credit limit changed . The universal default feature allows creditors to periodically check cardholders ' credit portfolios to view trade , allowing these other institutions to decrease the credit limit or increase rates on cardholders who may be late with another credit card issuer . Being late on one credit card will potentially affect all the cardholder 's credit cards . Citibank voluntarily stopped this practice in March 2007 and Chase stopped the practice in November 2007 . The fact that credit card companies can change the interest rate on debts that were incurred when a different rate of interest was in place is similar to adjustable rate mortgages where interest rates on current debt may rise . However , in both cases , this is agreed to in advance , and is a trade off that allows a lower initial rate as well as the possibility of an even lower rate ( mortgages , if interest rates fall ) or perpetually keeping a below - market rate ( credit cards , if the user makes their debt payments on time ) . The universal default practice was encouraged by federal regulators , particularly those at the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( OCC ) , as a means of managing the changing risk profiles of cardholders . Another controversial area is the trailing interest issue . Trailing interest is the practice of charging interest on the entire bill no matter what percentage of it is paid . US Senator Carl Levin raised the issue of millions of Americans affected by hidden fees , compounding interest and cryptic terms . Their woes were heard in a Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations hearing which was chaired by Senator Levin , who said that he intends to keep the spotlight on credit card companies and that legislative action may be necessary to purge the industry . In 2009 , the C.A.R.D. Act was signed into law , enacting protections for many of the issues Levin had raised . In the United States , some have called for Congress to enact additional regulations on the industry to expand the disclosure box clearly disclosing rate hikes , use plain language , incorporate balance payoff disclosures , and also to outlaw universal default . At a congress hearing around 1 March 2007 , Citibank announced it would no longer practice this , effective immediately . Opponents of such regulation argue that customers must become more proactive and self - responsible in evaluating and negotiating terms with credit providers . Some of the nation 's influential top credit card issuers , which are among the top fifty corporate contributors to political campaigns , successfully opposed it . Hidden costs ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , merchants won the right through The Credit Cards ( Price Discrimination ) Order 1990 to charge customers different prices according to the payment method . As of 2007 , the United Kingdom was one of the world 's most credit card - intensive countries , with 2.4 credit cards per consumer , according to the UK Payments Administration Ltd . In the United States until 1984 , federal law prohibited surcharges on card transactions . Although the federal Truth in Lending Act provisions that prohibited surcharges expired that year , a number of states have since enacted laws that continue to outlaw the practice ; California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Kansas , Massachusetts , Maine , New York , Oklahoma , and Texas have laws against surcharges . As of 2006 , the United States probably had one of the world 's highest if not the top ratio of credit cards per capita , with 984 million bank - issued Visa and MasterCard credit card and debit card accounts alone for an adult population of roughly 220 million people . The credit card per US capita ratio was nearly 4 : 1 as of 2003 and as high as 5 : 1 as of 2006 . Credit cards in ATMs ( edit ) Many credit cards can also be used in an ATM to withdraw money against the credit limit extended to the card , but many card issuers charge interest on cash advances before they do so on purchases . The interest on cash advances is commonly charged from the date the withdrawal is made , rather than the monthly billing date . Many card issuers levy a commission for cash withdrawals , even if the ATM belongs to the same bank as the card issuer . Merchants do not offer cashback on credit card transactions because they would pay a percentage commission of the additional cash amount to their bank or merchant services provider , thereby making it uneconomical . Discover is a notable exception to the above . A customer with a Discover card may get up to $120 cash back if the merchant allows it . This amount is simply added to the card holder 's cost of the transaction and no extra fees are charged as the transaction is not considered a cash advance . Many credit card companies will also , when applying payments to a card , do so , for the matter at hand , at the end of a billing cycle , and apply those payments to everything before cash advances . For this reason , many consumers have large cash balances , which have no grace period and incur interest at a rate that is ( usually ) higher than the purchase rate , and will carry those balances for years , even if they pay off their statement balance each month . Credit cards as funding for entrepreneurs ( edit ) Credit cards are a risky way for entrepreneurs to acquire capital for their start ups when more conventional financing is unavailable . Len Bosack and Sandy Lerner used personal credit cards to start Cisco Systems . Larry Page and Sergey Brin 's start up of Google was financed by credit cards to buy the necessary computers and office equipment , more specifically `` a terabyte of hard disks '' . Similarly , filmmaker Robert Townsend financed part of Hollywood Shuffle using credit cards . Director Kevin Smith funded Clerks in part by maxing out several credit cards . Actor Richard Hatch also financed his production of Battlestar Galactica : The Second Coming partly through his credit cards . Famed hedge fund manager Bruce Kovner began his career ( and , later on , his firm Caxton Associates ) in financial markets by borrowing from his credit card . UK entrepreneur James Caan ( as seen on Dragons ' Den ) financed his first business using several credit cards . Problems ( edit ) Travellers from the U.S. had encountered problems abroad because many countries have introduced smart cards , but the U.S. had not . As of 2010 , the U.S. banking system had not updated the cards and associated readers in the U.S. , stating that the costs were prohibitive . As of 2015 , the smart cards had been introduced and put into use in the United States . Other problems with credit cards have involved mis - sold policies on top of the products , such as the additional mis - sold policies which is still causing problems for clients in the UK . See also ( edit ) ATM card Accountable Fundraising Bank card number Credit card associations American Express China UnionPay Diners Club Discover Card Entrust Bankcard Japan Credit Bureau MasterCard Visa Credit card fraud Credit card hijacking Credit history Credit rating agency Credit reference agency Compulsive shopping Dynamic currency conversion , or DCC Electronic money Fair Credit Reporting Act Identity theft Interchange fee International Card Manufacturers Association Merchant account Payment card Point of sale Reimbursement Revolving account Statement date Stoozing Stored - value card References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Steven M. Sheffrin ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Effect of BAPCPA on Credit Card Industry Profits and Prices '' . American Bankruptcy Law Journal . 83 . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Credit Card Reform and Bankruptcy Reform '' . Norton Bankruptcy Advisor . Jump up ^ Schneider , Gary ( 2010 ) . Electronic Commerce . Cambridge : Course Technology . p. 497 . ISBN 0 - 538 - 46924 - 2 . Jump up ^ ISO / IEC 7810 : 2003 , clause 5 , Dimensions of card Jump up ^ ISO / IEC 7810 : 2003 Identification cards -- Physical characteristics Jump up ^ `` For Merchants - MasterCard Unembossed '' . MasterCard . Jump up ^ ( Chapters 9 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 25 and 26 ) and three times ( Chapters 4 , 8 and 19 ) in its sequel , Equality Jump up ^ `` Life before plastic : Historical look at credit card materials '' . creditcards.com . Jump up ^ Charles Boston . `` Shopping Days In Retro Boston '' . shoppingdaysinretroboston.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` The Department Store Museum : Charge Cards '' . departmentstoremuseum.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` Credit card imprinter '' . Cultureandcommunication.org . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hartford Charga - plate Associates , Incorporated , Plaintiff - appellant , v. Youth Centre - cinderella Stores , Inc. , Defendant - respondent , 215 F. 2d 668 ( 1954 ) '' . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . The only approach to any of this was an original contention by plaintiff 's manufacturer , the Farrington Manufacturing Company , that defendant was violating its registered trade - mark ' Charga - Plate . ' But defendant thereafter instructed its clerks to use some other term , e.g. , ' charge plate ' or ' credit plate , ' and no claim of trade - mark infringement is before us . Jump up ^ Flying Magazine : 11 . June 1953 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` History Of The Credit Card '' . www.creditcardprocessingspace.com . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mayyasi , Alex . `` How Credit Cards Tax America '' . Pricenomics . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Paul ( 27 April 1970 ) . `` A Little Gift from Your Friendly Banker '' . LIFE . Jump up ^ Little , Ken . 2007 . Personal Finance At Your Fingertips , p. 35 Penguin . ISBN 144062562X , 9781440625626 Jump up ^ `` Report to the Congress on the Use of Credit Cards by Small Businesses and the Credit Card Market for Small Businesses '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . May 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Business Credit Card Myths That Can Cost Your Business AllBusiness.com '' . AllBusiness.com. 2016 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Best Business Credit Cards '' . Fundera . August 2016 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Credit Cards and You -- About Pre-paid Cards '' . Financial Consumer Agency of Canada . Archived from the original on 7 March 2007 . Retrieved 9 January 2008 . document : `` Pre-paid Cards '' ( PDF ) . Financial Consumer Agency of Canada . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 9 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Buy prepaid credit cards without an ID or age limits ? ... What could go wrong ? '' . NetworkWorld.com Community Jump up ^ `` Prepaid Cards for Teenagers '' . Compare Prepaid Jump up ^ McDonald , Christina ; Bélanger , Martine , eds. ( 19 October 2006 ) , FCAC Launches Pre-paid Payment Card Guide ( press release ) , Financial Consumer Agency of Canada , archived from the original on 12 June 2013 , retrieved 17 March 2013 Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . UK Cards Association . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City , The Economics of Payment Card Fee Structure : What Drives Payment Card Rewards ? , March 2009 Jump up ^ `` Compare Credit Cards '' . CreditCards.com . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Credit Card protection , assistance and savings '' . MasterCard . Jump up ^ `` Card Benefits '' . Visa . Jump up ^ `` Retail , Entertainment and Travel Protection Benefit Guides '' . Jump up ^ `` Exploring Credit Card Benefits '' . Discoverer . Jump up ^ `` Return Protection Personal Visa USA '' . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Return Guarantee - Credit Card Benefits Discover Card '' . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Extended Product Warranty -- Credit Card Benefits Discover Card '' . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Price Protection - Credit Card Benefits Discover Card '' . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Purchase Protection - Credit Card Benefits Discover Card '' . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Car Rental Loss Damage Insurance - American Express '' . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Auto Rental Insurance - Credit Card Benefits Discover Card '' . Jump up ^ CreditCards.com ( 27 January 2010 ) . `` Credit card penalty rates can top 30 percent ; how to avoid them '' . Creditcards.com . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Prater , Connie ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Issuer of 79.9 % interest rate credit card defends its product '' . FoxBusiness.com . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Blake ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` First Premier Bank removes credit card with 59.9 % APR '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Simkovic , Michael . `` The Effect of BAPCPA on Credit Card Industry Profits and Prices '' Berkeley Business Law Journal , Vol. 6 , No. 1 , Spring 2009 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago , Do Consumers Choose the Right Credit Contracts ? , October 2006 Jump up ^ Drazen Prelec & George Loewenstein ( 21 December 1998 ) . `` The Red and the Black : Mental Accounting of Savings and Debt '' . Mktsci.journal.informs.org . Archived from the original on 10 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Finally , Money Advice That Will Make You Skinnier '' . Time . 7 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Andrew ( 4 January 2010 ) . `` How Visa , Using Card Fees , Dominates a Market '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . The fees , roughly 1 to 3 percent of each purchase , are forwarded to the cardholder 's bank to cover costs and promote the issuance of more Visa cards . ^ Jump up to : Dickler , Jessica ( 31 July 2008 ) . `` Hidden credit card fees are costing you '' . CNN . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ted ( 2 September 2010 ) . `` Minimizing Confusion Over Minimums '' . Blog.visa.com . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Gensler , Lauren ( April 2013 ) , `` You ( Probably ) Wo n't Pay More to Swipe '' , Money , New York , p. 14 Jump up ^ `` Example of a supplement chargeable to the customer when paying by credit card '' . Bmibaby.com. 5 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Danielle . `` Judge approves Visa , MasterCard $5.7 billion settlement with retailers '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` PCI Compliance '' . Thrive Business Solutions . Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Secure POS Vendor Alliance is launched by Hypercom , Ingenico and VeriFone '' . ECommerce Journal . 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Code 10 '' . Visa Inc . Archived from the original on 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MasterCard Card Identification Features '' . MasterCard . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CARD_ID_FEATURES_MERCHANT. PDF '' ( PDF ) . Discover Card . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Express Fraud Prevention Handbook '' ( PDF ) . American Express . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Credit Card Issuer Fraud Management , Report Highlights , December , 2008 Jump up ^ Plastic fraud loss on UK - issued cards 2004 / 2005 Archived 16 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Cardwatch.org.uk . site retrieved 7 July 2006 Jump up ^ United States Securities and Exchange Commission FORM S - 1 , 9 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Debit Cards Cash In On Rewards Riches Tampa Tribune , 15 February 2008 . Archived 28 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Interchange Debate : Issues and Economics James Lyon , 19 January 2006 Archived 22 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gracia , Mike ( 9 May 2008 ) . `` credit cards abroad '' . creditchoices.co.uk . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison of exchange rates using Visa and Diners Club cards in Bali '' . Lonelyplanet.com. 3 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board : Credit Card Rules '' . U.S. Federal Reserve Board . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This is Money Card charges to be slashed '' . Thisismoney.co.uk. 13 March 2006 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current credit card default charges unfair '' . Oft.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 27 March 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FCAC - Interactive Tools - Credit Card Selector Tool '' . FCAC . Archived from the original on 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Report Says Credit Scores Used To Justify Card Rate Hikes '' . CNN . 3 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Joseph S. Enoch . `` Credit Card Executives Tough Out Senate Hearing '' . Consumeraffairs.com . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statutory Instrument 1990 No. 2159 : The Credit Cards ( Price Discrimination ) Order 1990 '' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Plastic cards in the UK and how we used them in 2007 '' Archived 25 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . `` US Census : 2005 -- 2007 American Community Survey 3 - Year Estimates '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Experian 's National Score Index '' . Nationalscoreindex.com . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Numbers : The Plastic Revolution '' . Foreign Policy . 19 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A start - up 's true tale '' . Pdp10.nocrew.org . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Google About Page under 1998 page retrieved 30 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Hollywood Shuffle trivia at IMDB page retrieved 7 July 2006 Jump up ^ Yu , Roger ( 2 June 2010 ) . `` Americans abroad run into trouble using credit cards '' . USA Today . Further reading ( edit ) Klein , Lloyd . It 's in the cards : consumer credit and the American experience ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 1999 ) ; s the first comprehensive account of the development of consumer credit . Lee , Jinkook , and Kyoung ‐ Nan Kwon . `` Consumers ' use of credit cards : Store credit card usage as an alternative payment and financing medium . '' Journal of Consumer Affairs 36.2 ( 2002 ) : 239 - 262 . Mandell , Lewis . The credit card industry : a history ( Twayne Publishers , 1990 ) . Manning , Robert D. Credit card nation : The consequences of America 's addiction to credit ( Basic Books , 2001 ) . Marron , Donncha . Consumer credit in the United States : A sociological perspective from the 19th century to the present ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2009 ) . Montgomerie , Johnna . `` The financialization of the American credit card industry . '' Competition & Change 10 # 3 ( 2006 ) : 301 - 319 . Scott , Robert H. `` Credit card use and abuse : a Veblenian analysis . '' Journal of Economic Issues ( 2007 ) : 567 - 574 . online External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Credit cards . Choosing Credit Cards -- Money Matters -- Consumer credit card advice from the Federal Trade Commission Avoiding Credit and Charge Card Fraud -- More advice from the Federal Trade Commission Credit Cards at DMOZ American Express Payment products Accolades Cards Charge cards Credit cards ExpressPay Traveler 's cheques Centurion Card Plum Card Spun - off companies Ameriprise Financial First Data Corp . Lehman Brothers Merchants Despatch Railway Express Agency Warner - Amex Satellite Entertainment Notable current and former executives Henry Wells William Fargo J.C. Fargo Howard L. Clark Sr . Ralph Reed James D. Robinson III Louis V. Gerstner Jr . Sanford I. Weill Harvey Golub Kenneth Chenault Gary Crittenden Corporate directors Kenneth Chenault ( Chairman ) Daniel Akerson Charlene Barshefsky Ursula Burns Peter Chernin Vernon Jordan Jr . Jan Leschly Rick Levin Edward D. Miller Frank Popoff Robert D. Walter Ron Williams Other The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman American Express Incentive Services Salad Oil Scandal World Monuments Watch 65 Broadway Falmer Stadium ( The American Express Community Stadium ) Small Business Saturday Three World Financial Center Credit , charge and debit cards Major cards American Express Diners Club MasterCard Debit MasterCard Maestro Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron Regional and specialty cards Bancomat BC Card BCA Card Carte Bleue China UnionPay Dankort Discover EFTPOS Electronic Payment Services ( EPS ) Girocard Interac JCB Mir MEPS NETS RuPay UATP V Pay Verve Defunct cards Access Bankcard Carte Blanche Choice enRoute Eurocard Everything Laser Rail Travel Card Revolution Card Solo Switch Accounts Payment card number Card enclosure Credit card balance transfer Credit limit Installment credit Revolving account Deposit account Current / checking account Savings account ATM card Debt Cash advance Charge - off Maxed out Interest Grace period Introductory rate Universal default Payment Card not present transaction Chargeback Controlled payment number Dispute Interchange fee Interchange fee Surcharge Security Card security code Chargeback fraud Credit card fraud Credit card hijacking Enculturation Technology Cash machine Chip and PIN Contactless payment Credit card terminal EMV Interbank network Magnetic stripe card Smart card GND : 4032937 - 9 NDL : 00567024 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Credit_card&oldid=811628081 '' Categories : Credit cards Payment systems American inventions Products introduced in 1950 Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2011 Use dmy dates from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 21 : 26 . 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when was the last time a non european team won the world cup

List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States

2002

List of FIFA World Cup finals

list of fifa world cup finals

List of FIFA World Cup finals France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Six nations have won the final as host : Uruguay , Italy , England , Germany , Argentina and France . Two nations have lost the final as host : Brazil and Sweden . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results ( edit ) Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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mountain ranges in the us on a map

Category : mountain ranges of the United States

category : mountain ranges of the united states

This category includes articles on mountain ranges of the United States .

Mountain ranges that exist in multiple states are included directly in this category , as well as in the ' by state ' category . ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Related categories ( edit ) Category : Mountains of the United States If you are looking for a map , try looking it up in Google images . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mountain ranges of the United States . This category has the following 5 subcategories , out of 5 total . ► Mountain ranges of the United States by state ‎ ( 38 C ) * ► Mountain ranges of the United States by county ‎ ( 6 C ) ► Appalachian Mountains ‎ ( 8 C , 41 P ) U ► U.S. Interior Highlands ‎ ( 5 C , 11 P ) ► Mountain ranges of the Western United States ‎ ( 23 C , 5 P ) Pages in category `` mountain ranges of the United States '' The following 3 pages are in this category , out of 3 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . Appalachian Mountains North American Cordillera U U.S. Interior Highlands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Mountain_ranges_of_the_United_States&oldid=641019646 '' Categories : Mountain ranges of North America Landforms of the United States Mountain ranges by country Talk Help About Wikipedia Afrikaans Башҡортса Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2015 , at 00 : 59 . About Wikipedia

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a nash equilibrium is an outcome in game theory in which

In game theory , the Nash equilibrium , named after American mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr. , is a solution concept of a non-cooperative game involving two or more players in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players , and no player has anything to gain by changing only their own strategy . If each player has chosen a strategy and no player can benefit by changing strategies while the other players keep theirs unchanged , then the current set of strategy choices and the corresponding payoffs constitutes a Nash equilibrium . The Nash equilibrium is one of the foundational concepts in game theory . The reality of the Nash equilibrium of a game can be tested using experimental economics methods .

Nash equilibrium

nash equilibrium

In game theory , the Nash equilibrium , named after American mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr. , is a solution concept of a non-cooperative game involving two or more players in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players , and no player has anything to gain by changing only their own strategy . If each player has chosen a strategy and no player can benefit by changing strategies while the other players keep theirs unchanged , then the current set of strategy choices and the corresponding payoffs constitutes a Nash equilibrium . The Nash equilibrium is one of the foundational concepts in game theory . The reality of the Nash equilibrium of a game can be tested using experimental economics methods .

Stated simply , Alice and Bob are in Nash equilibrium if Alice is making the best decision she can , taking into account Bob 's decision while Bob 's decision remains unchanged , and Bob is making the best decision he can , taking into account Alice 's decision while Alice 's decision remains unchanged . Likewise , a group of players are in Nash equilibrium if each one is making the best decision possible , taking into account the decisions of the others in the game as long as the other parties ' decisions remain unchanged . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 2 History 3 Definitions 3.1 Informal definition 3.2 Formal definition 3.3 Nash 's Existence Theorem 4 Examples 4.1 Coordination game 4.2 Prisoner 's dilemma 4.3 Network traffic 4.4 Competition game 4.5 Nash equilibria in a payoff matrix 5 Stability 6 Occurrence 6.1 Where the conditions are not met 6.2 Where the conditions are met 7 NE and non-credible threats 8 Proof of existence 8.1 Proof using the Kakutani fixed - point theorem 8.2 Alternate proof using the Brouwer fixed - point theorem 9 Computing Nash equilibria 9.1 Examples 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Game theory textbooks 12.2 Original Nash papers 12.3 Other references 13 External links Applications ( edit ) Game theorists use the Nash equilibrium concept to analyze the outcome of the strategic interaction of several decision makers . In other words , it provides a way of predicting what will happen if several people or several institutions are making decisions at the same time , and if the outcome depends on the decisions of the others . The simple insight underlying John Nash 's idea is that one can not predict the result of the choices of multiple decision makers if one analyzes those decisions in isolation . Instead , one must ask what each player would do , taking into account the decision - making of the others . Nash equilibrium has been used to analyze hostile situations like war and arms races ( see prisoner 's dilemma ) , and also how conflict may be mitigated by repeated interaction ( see tit - for - tat ) . It has also been used to study to what extent people with different preferences can cooperate ( see battle of the sexes ) , and whether they will take risks to achieve a cooperative outcome ( see stag hunt ) . It has been used to study the adoption of technical standards , and also the occurrence of bank runs and currency crises ( see coordination game ) . Other applications include traffic flow ( see Wardrop 's principle ) , how to organize auctions ( see auction theory ) , the outcome of efforts exerted by multiple parties in the education process , regulatory legislation such as environmental regulations ( see tragedy of the Commons ) , natural resource management , analysing strategies in marketing , and even penalty kicks in football ( see matching pennies ) . History ( edit ) The Nash equilibrium was named after American mathematician John Forbes Nash , Jr . A version of the Nash equilibrium concept was first known to be used in 1838 by Antoine Augustin Cournot in his theory of oligopoly . In Cournot 's theory , firms choose how much output to produce to maximize their own profit . However , the best output for one firm depends on the outputs of others . A Cournot equilibrium occurs when each firm 's output maximizes its profits given the output of the other firms , which is a pure - strategy Nash equilibrium . Cournot also introduced the concept of best response dynamics in his analysis of the stability of equilibrium . However , Nash 's definition of equilibrium is broader than Cournot 's . It is also broader than the definition of a Pareto - efficient equilibrium , since the Nash definition makes no judgements about the optimality of the equilibrium being generated . The modern game - theoretic concept of Nash equilibrium is instead defined in terms of mixed strategies , where players choose a probability distribution over possible actions . The concept of the mixed - strategy Nash equilibrium was introduced by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern in their 1944 book The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior . However , their analysis was restricted to the special case of zero - sum games . They showed that a mixed - strategy Nash equilibrium will exist for any zero - sum game with a finite set of actions . The contribution of Nash in his 1951 article Non-Cooperative Games was to define a mixed - strategy Nash equilibrium for any game with a finite set of actions and prove that at least one ( mixed - strategy ) Nash equilibrium must exist in such a game . The key to Nash 's ability to prove existence far more generally than von Neumann lay in his definition of equilibrium . According to Nash , `` an equilibrium point is an n - tuple such that each player 's mixed strategy maximizes his payoff if the strategies of the others are held fixed . Thus each player 's strategy is optimal against those of the others . '' Just putting the problem in this framework allowed Nash to employ the Kakutani fixed - point theorem in his 1950 paper , and a variant upon it in his 1951 paper used the Brouwer fixed - point theorem to prove that there had to exist at least one mixed strategy profile that mapped back into itself for finite - player ( not necessarily zero - sum ) games , namely , a strategy profile that did not call for a shift in strategies that could improve payoffs . Since the development of the Nash equilibrium concept , game theorists have discovered that it makes misleading predictions ( or fails to make a unique prediction ) in certain circumstances . They have proposed many related solution concepts ( also called ' refinements ' of Nash equilibria ) designed to overcome perceived flaws in the Nash concept . One particularly important issue is that some Nash equilibria may be based on threats that are not ' credible ' . In 1965 Reinhard Selten proposed subgame perfect equilibrium as a refinement that eliminates equilibria which depend on non-credible threats . Other extensions of the Nash equilibrium concept have addressed what happens if a game is repeated , or what happens if a game is played in the absence of complete information . However , subsequent refinements and extensions of the Nash equilibrium concept share the main insight on which Nash 's concept rests : all equilibrium concepts analyze what choices will be made when each player takes into account the decision - making of others . Definitions ( edit ) Informal definition ( edit ) Informally , a strategy profile is a Nash equilibrium if no player can do better by unilaterally changing his or her strategy . To see what this means , imagine that each player is told the strategies of the others . Suppose then that each player asks themselves : `` Knowing the strategies of the other players , and treating the strategies of the other players as set in stone , can I benefit by changing my strategy ? '' If any player could answer `` Yes '' , then that set of strategies is not a Nash equilibrium . But if every player prefers not to switch ( or is indifferent between switching and not ) then the strategy profile is a Nash equilibrium . Thus , each strategy in a Nash equilibrium is a best response to all other strategies in that equilibrium . The Nash equilibrium may sometimes appear non-rational in a third - person perspective . This is because a Nash equilibrium is not necessarily Pareto optimal . The Nash equilibrium may also have non-rational consequences in sequential games because players may `` threaten '' each other with non-rational moves . For such games the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium may be more meaningful as a tool of analysis . Formal definition ( edit ) Let ( S , f ) ( \ displaystyle ( S , f ) ) be a game with n ( \ displaystyle n ) players , where S i ( \ displaystyle S_ ( i ) ) is the strategy set for player i ( \ displaystyle i ) , S = S 1 × S 2 × ⋯ × S n ( \ displaystyle S = S_ ( 1 ) \ times S_ ( 2 ) \ times \ dotsb \ times S_ ( n ) ) is the set of strategy profiles and f ( x ) = ( f 1 ( x ) , ... , f n ( x ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( f_ ( 1 ) ( x ) , \ dotsc , f_ ( n ) ( x ) ) ) is its payoff function evaluated at x ∈ S ( \ displaystyle x \ in S ) . Let x i ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) ) be a strategy profile of player i ( \ displaystyle i ) and x − i ( \ displaystyle x_ ( - i ) ) be a strategy profile of all players except for player i ( \ displaystyle i ) . When each player i ∈ ( 1 , ... , n ) ( \ displaystyle i \ in \ ( 1 , \ dotsc , n \ ) ) chooses strategy x i ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) ) resulting in strategy profile x = ( x 1 , ... , x n ) ( \ displaystyle x = ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ dotsc , x_ ( n ) ) ) then player i ( \ displaystyle i ) obtains payoff f i ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( i ) ( x ) ) . Note that the payoff depends on the strategy profile chosen , i.e. , on the strategy chosen by player i ( \ displaystyle i ) as well as the strategies chosen by all the other players . A strategy profile x ∗ ∈ S ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( * ) \ in S ) is a Nash equilibrium ( NE ) if no unilateral deviation in strategy by any single player is profitable for that player , that is ∀ i , x i ∈ S i : f i ( x i ∗ , x − i ∗ ) ≥ f i ( x i , x − i ∗ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ forall i , x_ ( i ) \ in S_ ( i ) : f_ ( i ) ( x_ ( i ) ^ ( * ) , x_ ( - i ) ^ ( * ) ) \ geq f_ ( i ) ( x_ ( i ) , x_ ( - i ) ^ ( * ) ) . ) When the inequality above holds strictly ( with > instead of ≥ ) for all players and all feasible alternative strategies , then the equilibrium is classified as a strict Nash equilibrium . If instead , for some player , there is exact equality between x i ∗ ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) ^ ( * ) ) and some other strategy in the set S ( \ displaystyle S ) , then the equilibrium is classified as a weak Nash equilibrium . A game can have a pure - strategy or a mixed - strategy Nash equilibrium . ( In the latter a pure strategy is chosen stochastically with a fixed probability ) . Nash 's existence theorem ( edit ) Nash proves that if we allow mixed strategies , then every game with a finite number of players in which each player can choose from finitely many pure strategies has at least one Nash equilibrium . Nash equilibrium need not exist if the set of choices is infinite and noncompact . An example is when two players simultaneously name a natural number with the player naming the larger number wins . However , Nash equilibrium exists if the set of choices is compact with continuous payoff . An example ( with the equilibrium being a mixture of continuously many pure strategies ) is if two players simultaneously pick a real number between 0 and 1 ( inclusive ) with player one winnings ( paid by the second player ) equaling square root of the distance between the two numbers . Examples ( edit ) Coordination game ( edit ) Main article : Coordination game A sample coordination game showing relative payoff for player 2 ( row ) / player 1 ( column ) with each combination Player 2 Player 1 Player 2 adopts strategy A Player 2 adopts strategy B Player 1 adopts strategy A 4 / 4 1 / 3 Player 1 adopts strategy B 3 / 1 2 / 2 The coordination game is a classic ( symmetric ) two player , two strategy game , with an example payoff matrix shown to the right . The players should thus coordinate , both adopting strategy A , to receive the highest payoff ; i.e. , 4 . If both players chose strategy B though , there is still a Nash equilibrium . Although each player is awarded less than optimal payoff , neither player has incentive to change strategy due to a reduction in the immediate payoff ( from 2 to 1 ) . A famous example of this type of game was called the stag hunt ; in the game two players may choose to hunt a stag or a rabbit , the former providing more meat ( 4 utility units ) than the latter ( 1 utility unit ) . The caveat is that the stag must be cooperatively hunted , so if one player attempts to hunt the stag , while the other hunts the rabbit , he will fail in hunting ( 0 utility units ) , whereas if they both hunt it they will split the payload ( 2 , 2 ) . The game hence exhibits two equilibria at ( stag , stag ) and ( rabbit , rabbit ) and hence the players ' optimal strategy depend on their expectation on what the other player may do . If one hunter trusts that the other will hunt the stag , they should hunt the stag ; however if they suspect that the other will hunt the rabbit , they should hunt the rabbit . This game was used as an analogy for social cooperation , since much of the benefit that people gain in society depends upon people cooperating and implicitly trusting one another to act in a manner corresponding with cooperation . Another example of a coordination game is the setting where two technologies are available to two firms with comparable products , and they have to elect a strategy to become the market standard . If both firms agree on the chosen technology , high sales are expected for both firms . If the firms do not agree on the standard technology , few sales result . Both strategies are Nash equilibria of the game . Driving on a road against an oncoming car , and having to choose either to swerve on the left or to swerve on the right of the road , is also a coordination game . For example , with payoffs 10 meaning no crash and 0 meaning a crash , the coordination game can be defined with the following payoff matrix : The driving game Driver 2 Driver 1 Drive on the Left Drive on the Right Drive on the Left 10 , 10 0 , 0 Drive on the Right 0 , 0 10 , 10 In this case there are two pure - strategy Nash equilibria , when both choose to either drive on the left or on the right . If we admit mixed strategies ( where a pure strategy is chosen at random , subject to some fixed probability ) , then there are three Nash equilibria for the same case : two we have seen from the pure - strategy form , where the probabilities are ( 0 % , 100 % ) for player one , ( 0 % , 100 % ) for player two ; and ( 100 % , 0 % ) for player one , ( 100 % , 0 % ) for player two respectively . We add another where the probabilities for each player are ( 50 % , 50 % ) . Prisoner 's dilemma ( edit ) Main article : Prisoner 's dilemma Example PD payoff matrix Prisoner 2 Prisoner 1 Cooperate ( with other ) Defect ( betray other ) Cooperate ( with other ) 2 , 2 0 , 3 Defect ( betray other ) 3 , 0 1 , 1 Imagine two prisoners held in separate cells , interrogated simultaneously , and offered deals ( lighter jail sentences ) for betraying their fellow criminal . They can `` cooperate '' ( with the other prisoner ) by not snitching , or `` defect '' by betraying the other . However , there is a catch ; if both players defect , then they both serve a longer sentence than if neither said anything . Lower jail sentences are interpreted as higher payoffs ( shown in the table ) . The prisoner 's dilemma has a similar matrix as depicted for the coordination game , but the maximum reward for each player ( in this case , a minimum loss of 0 ) is obtained only when the players ' decisions are different . Each player improves their own situation by switching from `` cooperating '' to `` defecting '' , given knowledge that the other player 's best decision is to `` defect '' . The prisoner 's dilemma thus has a single Nash equilibrium : both players choosing to defect . What has long made this an interesting case to study is the fact that this scenario is globally inferior to `` both cooperating '' . That is , both players would be better off if they both chose to `` cooperate '' instead of both choosing to defect . However , each player could improve their own situation by breaking the mutual cooperation , no matter how the other player possibly ( or certainly ) changes their decision . Network traffic ( edit ) See also : Braess 's paradox Sample network graph . Values on edges are the travel time experienced by a ' car ' traveling down that edge . x is the number of cars traveling via that edge . An application of Nash equilibria is in determining the expected flow of traffic in a network . Consider the graph on the right . If we assume that there are x `` cars '' traveling from A to D , what is the expected distribution of traffic in the network ? This situation can be modeled as a `` game '' where every traveler has a choice of 3 strategies , where each strategy is a route from A to D ( either ABD , ABCD , or ACD ) . The `` payoff '' of each strategy is the travel time of each route . In the graph on the right , a car travelling via ABD experiences travel time of ( 1 + x / 100 ) + 2 , where x is the number of cars traveling on edge AB . Thus , payoffs for any given strategy depend on the choices of the other players , as is usual . However , the goal , in this case , is to minimize travel time , not maximize it . Equilibrium will occur when the time on all paths is exactly the same . When that happens , no single driver has any incentive to switch routes , since it can only add to their travel time . For the graph on the right , if , for example , 100 cars are travelling from A to D , then equilibrium will occur when 25 drivers travel via ABD , 50 via ABCD , and 25 via ACD . Every driver now has a total travel time of 3.75 ( to see this , note that a total of 75 cars take the AB edge , and likewise , 75 cars take the CD edge ) . Notice that this distribution is not , actually , socially optimal . If the 100 cars agreed that 50 travel via ABD and the other 50 through ACD , then travel time for any single car would actually be 3.5 , which is less than 3.75 . This is also the Nash equilibrium if the path between B and C is removed , which means that adding another possible route can decrease the efficiency of the system , a phenomenon known as Braess 's paradox . Competition game ( edit ) A competition game Player 2 Player 1 Choose ' 0 ' Choose ' 1 ' Choose ' 2 ' Choose ' 3 ' Choose ' 0 ' 0 , 0 2 , − 2 2 , − 2 2 , − 2 Choose ' 1 ' − 2 , 2 1 , 1 3 , − 1 3 , − 1 Choose ' 2 ' − 2 , 2 − 1 , 3 2 , 2 4 , 0 Choose ' 3 ' − 2 , 2 − 1 , 3 0 , 4 3 , 3 This can be illustrated by a two - player game in which both players simultaneously choose an integer from 0 to 3 and they both win the smaller of the two numbers in points . In addition , if one player chooses a larger number than the other , then they have to give up two points to the other . This game has a unique pure - strategy Nash equilibrium : both players choosing 0 ( highlighted in light red ) . Any other strategy can be improved by a player switching their number to one less than that of the other player . In the adjacent table , if the game begins at the green square , it is in player 1 's interest to move to the purple square and it is in player 2 's interest to move to the blue square . Although it would not fit the definition of a competition game , if the game is modified so that the two players win the named amount if they both choose the same number , and otherwise win nothing , then there are 4 Nash equilibria : ( 0 , 0 ) , ( 1 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , and ( 3 , 3 ) . Nash equilibria in a payoff matrix ( edit ) There is an easy numerical way to identify Nash equilibria on a payoff matrix . It is especially helpful in two - person games where players have more than two strategies . In this case formal analysis may become too long . This rule does not apply to the case where mixed ( stochastic ) strategies are of interest . The rule goes as follows : if the first payoff number , in the payoff pair of the cell , is the maximum of the column of the cell and if the second number is the maximum of the row of the cell - then the cell represents a Nash equilibrium . A payoff matrix -- Nash equilibria in bold Player 2 Player 1 Option A Option B Option C Option A 0 , 0 25 , 40 5 , 10 Option B 40 , 25 0 , 0 5 , 15 Option C 10 , 5 15 , 5 10 , 10 We can apply this rule to a 3 × 3 matrix : Using the rule , we can very quickly ( much faster than with formal analysis ) see that the Nash equilibria cells are ( B , A ) , ( A , B ) , and ( C , C ) . Indeed , for cell ( B , A ) 40 is the maximum of the first column and 25 is the maximum of the second row . For ( A , B ) 25 is the maximum of the second column and 40 is the maximum of the first row . Same for cell ( C , C ) . For other cells , either one or both of the duplet members are not the maximum of the corresponding rows and columns . This said , the actual mechanics of finding equilibrium cells is obvious : find the maximum of a column and check if the second member of the pair is the maximum of the row . If these conditions are met , the cell represents a Nash equilibrium . Check all columns this way to find all NE cells . An N × N matrix may have between 0 and N × N pure - strategy Nash equilibria . Stability ( edit ) The concept of stability , useful in the analysis of many kinds of equilibria , can also be applied to Nash equilibria . A Nash equilibrium for a mixed - strategy game is stable if a small change ( specifically , an infinitesimal change ) in probabilities for one player leads to a situation where two conditions hold : the player who did not change has no better strategy in the new circumstance the player who did change is now playing with a strictly worse strategy . If these cases are both met , then a player with the small change in their mixed strategy will return immediately to the Nash equilibrium . The equilibrium is said to be stable . If condition one does not hold then the equilibrium is unstable . If only condition one holds then there are likely to be an infinite number of optimal strategies for the player who changed . In the `` driving game '' example above there are both stable and unstable equilibria . The equilibria involving mixed strategies with 100 % probabilities are stable . If either player changes their probabilities slightly , they will be both at a disadvantage , and their opponent will have no reason to change their strategy in turn . The ( 50 % , 50 % ) equilibrium is unstable . If either player changes their probabilities , then the other player immediately has a better strategy at either ( 0 % , 100 % ) or ( 100 % , 0 % ) . Stability is crucial in practical applications of Nash equilibria , since the mixed strategy of each player is not perfectly known , but has to be inferred from statistical distribution of their actions in the game . In this case unstable equilibria are very unlikely to arise in practice , since any minute change in the proportions of each strategy seen will lead to a change in strategy and the breakdown of the equilibrium . The Nash equilibrium defines stability only in terms of unilateral deviations . In cooperative games such a concept is not convincing enough . Strong Nash equilibrium allows for deviations by every conceivable coalition . Formally , a strong Nash equilibrium is a Nash equilibrium in which no coalition , taking the actions of its complements as given , can cooperatively deviate in a way that benefits all of its members . However , the strong Nash concept is sometimes perceived as too `` strong '' in that the environment allows for unlimited private communication . In fact , strong Nash equilibrium has to be Pareto efficient . As a result of these requirements , strong Nash is too rare to be useful in many branches of game theory . However , in games such as elections with many more players than possible outcomes , it can be more common than a stable equilibrium . A refined Nash equilibrium known as coalition - proof Nash equilibrium ( CPNE ) occurs when players can not do better even if they are allowed to communicate and make `` self - enforcing '' agreement to deviate . Every correlated strategy supported by iterated strict dominance and on the Pareto frontier is a CPNE . Further , it is possible for a game to have a Nash equilibrium that is resilient against coalitions less than a specified size , k . CPNE is related to the theory of the core . Finally in the eighties , building with great depth on such ideas Mertens - stable equilibria were introduced as a solution concept . Mertens stable equilibria satisfy both forward induction and backward induction . In a game theory context stable equilibria now usually refer to Mertens stable equilibria . Occurrence ( edit ) If a game has a unique Nash equilibrium and is played among players under certain conditions , then the NE strategy set will be adopted . Sufficient conditions to guarantee that the Nash equilibrium is played are : The players all will do their utmost to maximize their expected payoff as described by the game . The players are flawless in execution . The players have sufficient intelligence to deduce the solution . The players know the planned equilibrium strategy of all of the other players . The players believe that a deviation in their own strategy will not cause deviations by any other players . There is common knowledge that all players meet these conditions , including this one . So , not only must each player know the other players meet the conditions , but also they must know that they all know that they meet them , and know that they know that they know that they meet them , and so on . Where the conditions are not met ( edit ) Examples of game theory problems in which these conditions are not met : The first condition is not met if the game does not correctly describe the quantities a player wishes to maximize . In this case there is no particular reason for that player to adopt an equilibrium strategy . For instance , the prisoner 's dilemma is not a dilemma if either player is happy to be jailed indefinitely . Intentional or accidental imperfection in execution . For example , a computer capable of flawless logical play facing a second flawless computer will result in equilibrium . Introduction of imperfection will lead to its disruption either through loss to the player who makes the mistake , or through negation of the common knowledge criterion leading to possible victory for the player . ( An example would be a player suddenly putting the car into reverse in the game of chicken , ensuring a no - loss no - win scenario ) . In many cases , the third condition is not met because , even though the equilibrium must exist , it is unknown due to the complexity of the game , for instance in Chinese chess . Or , if known , it may not be known to all players , as when playing tic - tac - toe with a small child who desperately wants to win ( meeting the other criteria ) . The criterion of common knowledge may not be met even if all players do , in fact , meet all the other criteria . Players wrongly distrusting each other 's rationality may adopt counter-strategies to expected irrational play on their opponents ' behalf . This is a major consideration in `` chicken '' or an arms race , for example . Where the conditions are met ( edit ) In his Ph. D. dissertation , John Nash proposed two interpretations of his equilibrium concept , with the objective of showing how equilibrium points ( ... ) can be connected with observable phenomenon . One interpretation is rationalistic : if we assume that players are rational , know the full structure of the game , the game is played just once , and there is just one Nash equilibrium , then players will play according to that equilibrium . This idea was formalized by Aumann , R. and A. Brandenburger , 1995 , Epistemic Conditions for Nash Equilibrium , Econometrica , 63 , 1161 - 1180 who interpreted each player 's mixed strategy as a conjecture about the behaviour of other players and have shown that if the game and the rationality of players is mutually known and these conjectures are commonly know , then the conjectures must be a Nash equilibrium ( a common prior assumption is needed for this result in general , but not in the case of two players . In this case , the conjectures need only be mutually known ) . A second interpretation , that Nash referred to by the mass action interpretation , is less demanding on players : ( i ) t is unnecessary to assume that the participants have full knowledge of the total structure of the game , or the ability and inclination to go through any complex reasoning processes . What is assumed is that there is a population of participants for each position in the game , which will be played throughout time by participants drawn at random from the different populations . If there is a stable average frequency with which each pure strategy is employed by the average member of the appropriate population , then this stable average frequency constitutes a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium . For a formal result along these lines , see Kuhn , H. and et al. , 1996 , `` The Work of John Nash in Game Theory , '' Journal of Economic Theory , 69 , 153 - 185 . Due to the limited conditions in which NE can actually be observed , they are rarely treated as a guide to day - to - day behaviour , or observed in practice in human negotiations . However , as a theoretical concept in economics and evolutionary biology , the NE has explanatory power . The payoff in economics is utility ( or sometimes money ) , and in evolutionary biology is gene transmission ; both are the fundamental bottom line of survival . Researchers who apply games theory in these fields claim that strategies failing to maximize these for whatever reason will be competed out of the market or environment , which are ascribed the ability to test all strategies . This conclusion is drawn from the `` stability '' theory above . In these situations the assumption that the strategy observed is actually a NE has often been borne out by research . NE and non-credible threats ( edit ) Extensive and Normal form illustrations that show the difference between SPNE and other NE . The blue equilibrium is not subgame perfect because player two makes a non-credible threat at 2 ( 2 ) to be unkind ( U ) . The Nash equilibrium is a superset of the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium . The subgame perfect equilibrium in addition to the Nash equilibrium requires that the strategy also is a Nash equilibrium in every subgame of that game . This eliminates all non-credible threats , that is , strategies that contain non-rational moves in order to make the counter-player change their strategy . The image to the right shows a simple sequential game that illustrates the issue with subgame imperfect Nash equilibria . In this game player one chooses left ( L ) or right ( R ) , which is followed by player two being called upon to be kind ( K ) or unkind ( U ) to player one , However , player two only stands to gain from being unkind if player one goes left . If player one goes right the rational player two would de facto be kind to him in that subgame . However , The non-credible threat of being unkind at 2 ( 2 ) is still part of the blue ( L , ( U , U ) ) Nash equilibrium . Therefore , if rational behavior can be expected by both parties the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium may be a more meaningful solution concept when such dynamic inconsistencies arise . Proof of existence ( edit ) Proof using the Kakutani fixed - point theorem ( edit ) Nash 's original proof ( in his thesis ) used Brouwer 's fixed - point theorem ( e.g. , see below for a variant ) . We give a simpler proof via the Kakutani fixed - point theorem , following Nash 's 1950 paper ( he credits David Gale with the observation that such a simplification is possible ) . To prove the existence of a Nash equilibrium , let r i ( σ − i ) ( \ displaystyle r_ ( i ) ( \ sigma _ ( - i ) ) ) be the best response of player i to the strategies of all other players . r i ( σ − i ) = arg ⁡ max σ i u i ( σ i , σ − i ) ( \ displaystyle r_ ( i ) ( \ sigma _ ( - i ) ) = \ arg \ max _ ( \ sigma _ ( i ) ) u_ ( i ) ( \ sigma _ ( i ) , \ sigma _ ( - i ) ) ) Here , σ ∈ Σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma \ in \ Sigma ) , where Σ = Σ i × Σ − i ( \ displaystyle \ Sigma = \ Sigma _ ( i ) \ times \ Sigma _ ( - i ) ) , is a mixed - strategy profile in the set of all mixed strategies and u i ( \ displaystyle u_ ( i ) ) is the payoff function for player i . Define a set - valued function r : Σ → 2 Σ ( \ displaystyle r \ colon \ Sigma \ rightarrow 2 ^ ( \ Sigma ) ) such that r = ( r i ( σ − i ) , r − i ( σ i ) ) ( \ displaystyle r = ( r_ ( i ) ( \ sigma _ ( - i ) ) , r_ ( - i ) ( \ sigma _ ( i ) ) ) ) . The existence of a Nash equilibrium is equivalent to r ( \ displaystyle r ) having a fixed point . Kakutani 's fixed point theorem guarantees the existence of a fixed point if the following four conditions are satisfied . Σ ( \ displaystyle \ Sigma ) is compact , convex , and nonempty . r ( σ ) ( \ displaystyle r ( \ sigma ) ) is nonempty . r ( σ ) ( \ displaystyle r ( \ sigma ) ) is convex . r ( σ ) ( \ displaystyle r ( \ sigma ) ) is upper hemicontinuous Condition 1 . is satisfied from the fact that Σ ( \ displaystyle \ Sigma ) is a simplex and thus compact . Convexity follows from players ' ability to mix strategies . Σ ( \ displaystyle \ Sigma ) is nonempty as long as players have strategies . Condition 2 . is satisfied because players maximize expected payoffs which is a continuous function over a compact set . The Weierstrass extreme value theorem guarantees that there is always a maximum value . Condition 3 . is satisfied as a result of mixed strategies . Suppose σ i , σ i ′ ∈ r ( σ − i ) ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( i ) , \ sigma ' _ ( i ) \ in r ( \ sigma _ ( - i ) ) ) , then λ σ i + ( 1 − λ ) σ i ′ ∈ r ( σ − i ) ( \ displaystyle \ lambda \ sigma _ ( i ) + ( 1 - \ lambda ) \ sigma ' _ ( i ) \ in r ( \ sigma _ ( - i ) ) ) . i.e. if two strategies maximize payoffs , then a mix between the two strategies will yield the same payoff . Condition 4 . is satisfied by way of Berge 's maximum theorem . Because u i ( \ displaystyle u_ ( i ) ) is continuous and compact , r ( σ i ) ( \ displaystyle r ( \ sigma _ ( i ) ) ) is upper hemicontinuous . Therefore , there exists a fixed point in r ( \ displaystyle r ) and a Nash equilibrium . When Nash made this point to John von Neumann in 1949 , von Neumann famously dismissed it with the words , `` That 's trivial , you know . That 's just a fixed - point theorem . '' ( See Nasar , 1998 , p. 94 . ) Alternate proof using the Brouwer fixed - point theorem ( edit ) We have a game G = ( N , A , u ) ( \ displaystyle G = ( N , A , u ) ) where N ( \ displaystyle N ) is the number of players and A = A 1 × ⋯ × A N ( \ displaystyle A = A_ ( 1 ) \ times \ cdots \ times A_ ( N ) ) is the action set for the players . All of the action sets A i ( \ displaystyle A_ ( i ) ) are finite . Let Δ = Δ 1 × ⋯ × Δ N ( \ displaystyle \ Delta = \ Delta _ ( 1 ) \ times \ cdots \ times \ Delta _ ( N ) ) denote the set of mixed strategies for the players . The finiteness of the A i ( \ displaystyle A_ ( i ) ) s ensures the compactness of Δ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta ) . We can now define the gain functions . For a mixed strategy σ ∈ Δ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma \ in \ Delta ) , we let the gain for player i ( \ displaystyle i ) on action a ∈ A i ( \ displaystyle a \ in A_ ( i ) ) be Gain i ( σ , a ) = max ( 0 , u i ( a , σ − i ) − u i ( σ i , σ − i ) ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma , a ) = \ max \ ( 0 , u_ ( i ) ( a , \ sigma _ ( - i ) ) - u_ ( i ) ( \ sigma _ ( i ) , \ sigma _ ( - i ) ) \ ) . ) The gain function represents the benefit a player gets by unilaterally changing their strategy . We now define g = ( g 1 , ... , g N ) ( \ displaystyle g = ( g_ ( 1 ) , \ dotsc , g_ ( N ) ) ) where g i ( σ ) ( a ) = σ i ( a ) + Gain i ( σ , a ) ( \ displaystyle g_ ( i ) ( \ sigma ) ( a ) = \ sigma _ ( i ) ( a ) + ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma , a ) ) for σ ∈ Δ , a ∈ A i ( \ displaystyle \ sigma \ in \ Delta , a \ in A_ ( i ) ) . We see that ∑ a ∈ A i g i ( σ ) ( a ) = ∑ a ∈ A i σ i ( a ) + Gain i ( σ , a ) = 1 + ∑ a ∈ A i Gain i ( σ , a ) > 0 . ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( a \ in A_ ( i ) ) g_ ( i ) ( \ sigma ) ( a ) = \ sum _ ( a \ in A_ ( i ) ) \ sigma _ ( i ) ( a ) + ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma , a ) = 1 + \ sum _ ( a \ in A_ ( i ) ) ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma , a ) > 0 . ) Next we define : ( f = ( f 1 , ⋯ , f N ) : Δ → Δ f i ( σ ) ( a ) = g i ( σ ) ( a ) ∑ b ∈ A i g i ( σ ) ( b ) a ∈ A i ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) f = ( f_ ( 1 ) , \ cdots , f_ ( N ) ) : \ Delta \ to \ Delta \ \ f_ ( i ) ( \ sigma ) ( a ) = ( \ frac ( g_ ( i ) ( \ sigma ) ( a ) ) ( \ sum _ ( b \ in A_ ( i ) ) g_ ( i ) ( \ sigma ) ( b ) ) ) &a \ in A_ ( i ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) It is easy to see that each f i ( \ displaystyle f_ ( i ) ) is a valid mixed strategy in Δ i ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( i ) ) . It is also easy to check that each f i ( \ displaystyle f_ ( i ) ) is a continuous function of σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ) , and hence f ( \ displaystyle f ) is a continuous function . As the cross product of a finite number of compact convex sets , Δ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta ) is also compact and convex . Applying the Brouwer fixed point theorem to f ( \ displaystyle f ) and Δ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta ) we conclude that So f ( \ displaystyle f ) has a fixed point in Δ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta ) , call it σ ∗ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ^ ( * ) ) . We claim that σ ∗ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ^ ( * ) ) is a Nash equilibrium in G ( \ displaystyle G ) . For this purpose , it suffices to show that ∀ i ∈ ( 1 , ⋯ , N ) , ∀ a ∈ A i : Gain i ( σ ∗ , a ) = 0 . ( \ displaystyle \ forall i \ in \ ( 1 , \ cdots , N \ ) , \ forall a \ in A_ ( i ) : \ quad ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , a ) = 0 . ) This simply states that each player gains no benefit by unilaterally changing their strategy , which is exactly the necessary condition for a Nash equilibrium . Now assume that the gains are not all zero . Therefore , ∃ i ∈ ( 1 , ⋯ , N ) , ( \ displaystyle \ exists i \ in \ ( 1 , \ cdots , N \ ) , ) and a ∈ A i ( \ displaystyle a \ in A_ ( i ) ) such that Gain i ( σ ∗ , a ) > 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , a ) > 0 ) . Note then that ∑ a ∈ A i g i ( σ ∗ , a ) = 1 + ∑ a ∈ A i Gain i ( σ ∗ , a ) > 1 . ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( a \ in A_ ( i ) ) g_ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , a ) = 1 + \ sum _ ( a \ in A_ ( i ) ) ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , a ) > 1 . ) So let C = ∑ a ∈ A i g i ( σ ∗ , a ) . ( \ displaystyle C = \ sum _ ( a \ in A_ ( i ) ) g_ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , a ) . ) Also we shall denote Gain ( i , ⋅ ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Gain ) ) ( i , \ cdot ) ) as the gain vector indexed by actions in A i ( \ displaystyle A_ ( i ) ) . Since σ ∗ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ^ ( * ) ) is the fixed point we have : σ ∗ = f ( σ ∗ ) ⇒ σ i ∗ = f i ( σ ∗ ) ⇒ σ i ∗ = g i ( σ ∗ ) ∑ a ∈ A i g i ( σ ∗ ) ( a ) ⇒ σ i ∗ = 1 C ( σ i ∗ + Gain i ( σ ∗ , ⋅ ) ) ⇒ C σ i ∗ = σ i ∗ + Gain i ( σ ∗ , ⋅ ) ⇒ ( C − 1 ) σ i ∗ = Gain i ( σ ∗ , ⋅ ) ⇒ σ i ∗ = ( 1 C − 1 ) Gain i ( σ ∗ , ⋅ ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ sigma ^ ( * ) = f ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) ) & \ Rightarrow \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) = f_ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) ) \ \ & \ Rightarrow \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) = ( \ frac ( g_ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) ) ) ( \ sum _ ( a \ in A_ ( i ) ) g_ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) ) ( a ) ) ) \ \ ( 6pt ) & \ Rightarrow \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( C ) ) \ left ( \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) + ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , \ cdot ) \ right ) \ \ ( 6pt ) & \ Rightarrow C \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) = \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) + ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , \ cdot ) \ \ & \ Rightarrow \ left ( C - 1 \ right ) \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) = ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , \ cdot ) \ \ & \ Rightarrow \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( C - 1 ) ) \ right ) ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , \ cdot ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Since C > 1 ( \ displaystyle C > 1 ) we have that σ i ∗ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) ) is some positive scaling of the vector Gain i ( σ ∗ , ⋅ ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , \ cdot ) ) . Now we claim that ∀ a ∈ A i : σ i ∗ ( a ) ( u i ( a i , σ − i ∗ ) − u i ( σ i ∗ , σ − i ∗ ) ) = σ i ∗ ( a ) Gain i ( σ ∗ , a ) ( \ displaystyle \ forall a \ in A_ ( i ) : \ quad \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) ( a ) ( u_ ( i ) ( a_ ( i ) , \ sigma _ ( - i ) ^ ( * ) ) - u_ ( i ) ( \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) , \ sigma _ ( - i ) ^ ( * ) ) ) = \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) ( a ) ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , a ) ) To see this , we first note that if Gain i ( σ ∗ , a ) > 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , a ) > 0 ) then this is true by definition of the gain function . Now assume that Gain i ( σ ∗ , a ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , a ) = 0 ) . By our previous statements we have that σ i ∗ ( a ) = ( 1 C − 1 ) Gain i ( σ ∗ , a ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) ( a ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( C - 1 ) ) \ right ) ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , a ) = 0 ) and so the left term is zero , giving us that the entire expression is 0 ( \ displaystyle 0 ) as needed . So we finally have that 0 = u i ( σ i ∗ , σ − i ∗ ) − u i ( σ i ∗ , σ − i ∗ ) = ( ∑ a ∈ A i σ i ∗ ( a ) u i ( a i , σ − i ∗ ) ) − u i ( σ i ∗ , σ − i ∗ ) = ∑ a ∈ A i σ i ∗ ( a ) ( u i ( a i , σ − i ∗ ) − u i ( σ i ∗ , σ − i ∗ ) ) = ∑ a ∈ A i σ i ∗ ( a ) Gain i ( σ ∗ , a ) by the previous statements = ∑ a ∈ A i ( C − 1 ) σ i ∗ ( a ) 2 > 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) 0& = u_ ( i ) ( \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) , \ sigma _ ( - i ) ^ ( * ) ) - u_ ( i ) ( \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) , \ sigma _ ( - i ) ^ ( * ) ) \ \ & = \ left ( \ sum _ ( a \ in A_ ( i ) ) \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) ( a ) u_ ( i ) ( a_ ( i ) , \ sigma _ ( - i ) ^ ( * ) ) \ right ) - u_ ( i ) ( \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) , \ sigma _ ( - i ) ^ ( * ) ) \ \ & = \ sum _ ( a \ in A_ ( i ) ) \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) ( a ) ( u_ ( i ) ( a_ ( i ) , \ sigma _ ( - i ) ^ ( * ) ) - u_ ( i ) ( \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) , \ sigma _ ( - i ) ^ ( * ) ) ) \ \ & = \ sum _ ( a \ in A_ ( i ) ) \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) ( a ) ( \ text ( Gain ) ) _ ( i ) ( \ sigma ^ ( * ) , a ) && ( \ text ( by the previous statements ) ) \ \ & = \ sum _ ( a \ in A_ ( i ) ) \ left ( C - 1 \ right ) \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) ( a ) ^ ( 2 ) > 0 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where the last inequality follows since σ i ∗ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( i ) ^ ( * ) ) is a non-zero vector . But this is a clear contradiction , so all the gains must indeed be zero . Therefore , σ ∗ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ^ ( * ) ) is a Nash equilibrium for G ( \ displaystyle G ) as needed . Computing Nash equilibria ( edit ) If a player A has a dominant strategy s A ( \ displaystyle s_ ( A ) ) then there exists a Nash equilibrium in which A plays s A ( \ displaystyle s_ ( A ) ) . In the case of two players A and B , there exists a Nash equilibrium in which A plays s A ( \ displaystyle s_ ( A ) ) and B plays a best response to s A ( \ displaystyle s_ ( A ) ) . If s A ( \ displaystyle s_ ( A ) ) is a strictly dominant strategy , A plays s A ( \ displaystyle s_ ( A ) ) in all Nash equilibria . If both A and B have strictly dominant strategies , there exists a unique Nash equilibrium in which each plays their strictly dominant strategy . In games with mixed - strategy Nash equilibria , the probability of a player choosing any particular strategy can be computed by assigning a variable to each strategy that represents a fixed probability for choosing that strategy . In order for a player to be willing to randomize , their expected payoff for each strategy should be the same . In addition , the sum of the probabilities for each strategy of a particular player should be 1 . This creates a system of equations from which the probabilities of choosing each strategy can be derived . Examples ( edit ) Matching pennies Player B Player A Player B plays H Player B plays T Player A plays H − 1 , + 1 + 1 , − 1 Player A plays T + 1 , − 1 − 1 , + 1 In the matching pennies game , player A loses a point to B if A and B play the same strategy and wins a point from B if they play different strategies . To compute the mixed - strategy Nash equilibrium , assign A the probability p of playing H and ( 1 − p ) of playing T , and assign B the probability q of playing H and ( 1 − q ) of playing T . E ( payoff for A playing H ) = ( − 1 ) q + ( + 1 ) ( 1 − q ) = 1 − 2q E ( payoff for A playing T ) = ( + 1 ) q + ( − 1 ) ( 1 − q ) = 2q − 1 E ( payoff for A playing H ) = E ( payoff for A playing T ) ⇒ 1 − 2q = 2q − 1 ⇒ q = 1 / 2 E ( payoff for B playing H ) = ( + 1 ) p + ( − 1 ) ( 1 − p ) = 2p − 1 E ( payoff for B playing T ) = ( − 1 ) p + ( + 1 ) ( 1 − p ) = 1 − 2p E ( payoff for B playing H ) = E ( payoff for B playing T ) ⇒ 2p − 1 = 1 − 2p ⇒ p = 1 / 2 Thus a mixed - strategy Nash equilibrium , in this game , is for each player to randomly choose H or T with p = 1 / 2 and q = 1 / 2 . See also ( edit ) Adjusted winner procedure Complementarity theory Conflict resolution research Cooperation Equilibrium selection Evolutionarily stable strategy Glossary of game theory Hotelling 's law Mexican standoff Minimax theorem Mutual assured destruction Extended Mathematical Programming for Equilibrium Problems Optimum contract and par contract Self - confirming equilibrium Solution concept Stackelberg competition Wardrop 's principle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Osborne , Martin J. , and Ariel Rubinstein . A Course in Game Theory . Cambridge , MA : MIT , 1994 . Print . Jump up ^ Schelling , Thomas , The Strategy of Conflict , copyright 1960 , 1980 , Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 84031 - 3 . Jump up ^ De Fraja , G. ; Oliveira , T. ; Zanchi , L. ( 2010 ) . `` Must Try Harder : Evaluating the Role of Effort in Educational Attainment '' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 92 ( 3 ) : 577 . doi : 10.1162 / REST_a_00013 . Jump up ^ Ward , H. ( 1996 ) . `` Game Theory and the Politics of Global Warming : The State of Play and Beyond '' . Political Studies . 44 ( 5 ) : 850 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9248.1996. tb00338. x . , Jump up ^ `` Risks and benefits of catching pretty good yield in multispecies mixed fisheries '' . ICES Journal of Marine Science . 2017 . doi : 10.1093 / icesjms / fsx062 . , Jump up ^ `` Marketing Lessons from Dr. Nash - Andrew Frank '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Chiappori , P. - A. ; Levitt , S. ; Groseclose , T. ( 2002 ) . `` Testing Mixed - Strategy Equilibria when Players Are Heterogeneous : The Case of Penalty Kicks in Soccer '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Review . 92 ( 4 ) : 1138 . doi : 10.1257 / 00028280260344678 . Jump up ^ Cournot A. ( 1838 ) Researches on the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth Jump up ^ J. Von Neumann , O. Morgenstern , Theory of Games and Economic Behavior , copyright 1944 , 1953 , Princeton University Press Jump up ^ Carmona , Guilherme ; Podczeck , Konrad ( 2009 ) . `` On the Existence of Pure Strategy Nash Equilibria in Large Games '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Economic Theory . 144 ( 3 ) : 1300 -- 1319 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jet. 2008.11. 009 . SSRN 882466 . ^ Jump up to : von Ahn , Luis . `` Preliminaries of Game Theory '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ MIT OpenCourseWare . 6.254 : Game Theory with Engineering Applications , Spring 2010 . Lecture 6 : Continuous and Discontinuous Games . ^ Jump up to : B.D. Bernheim ; B. Peleg ; M.D. Whinston ( 1987 ) , `` Coalition - Proof Equilibria I. Concepts '' , Journal of Economic Theory , 42 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 , doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 0531 ( 87 ) 90099 - 8 . Jump up ^ Aumann , R. ( 1959 ) . `` Acceptable points in general cooperative n - person games '' . Contributions to the Theory of Games . IV . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 1 - 4008 - 8216 - 8 . Jump up ^ D. Moreno ; J. Wooders ( 1996 ) , `` Coalition - Proof Equilibrium '' , Games and Economic Behavior , 17 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 112 , doi : 10.1006 / game. 1996.0095 . Jump up ^ T.L. Turocy , B. Von Stengel , Game Theory , copyright 2001 , Texas A&M University , London School of Economics , pages 141 - 144 . Nash proved that a perfect NE exists for this type of finite extensive form game -- it can be represented as a strategy complying with his original conditions for a game with a NE . Such games may not have unique NE , but at least one of the many equilibrium strategies would be played by hypothetical players having perfect knowledge of all 10 game trees . Jump up ^ J.C. Cox , M. Walker , Learning to Play Cournot Duoploy Strategies , copyright 1997 , Texas A&M University , University of Arizona , pages 141 - 144 Jump up ^ Fudenburg , Drew ; Tirole , Jean ( 1991 ) . Game Theory . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 06141 - 4 . References ( edit ) Game theory textbooks ( edit ) Dixit , Avinash , Susan Skeath and David Reiley . Games of Strategy . W.W. Norton & Company . ( Third edition in 2009 ) Dutta , Prajit K. ( 1999 ) , Strategies and games : theory and practice , MIT Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 04169 - 0 . Suitable for undergraduate and business students . Fudenberg , Drew and Jean Tirole ( 1991 ) Game Theory MIT Press . Leyton - Brown , Kevin ; Shoham , Yoav ( 2008 ) , Essentials of Game Theory : A Concise , Multidisciplinary Introduction , San Rafael , CA : Morgan & Claypool Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59829 - 593 - 1 . An 88 - page mathematical introduction ; see Chapter 2 . Free online at many universities . Morgenstern , Oskar and John von Neumann ( 1947 ) The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior Princeton University Press Myerson , Roger B. ( 1997 ) , Game theory : analysis of conflict , Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 34116 - 6 Papayoanou , Paul ( 2010 ) , Game Theory for Business : A Primer in Strategic Gaming , Probabilistic Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0964793873 Rubinstein , Ariel ; Osborne , Martin J. ( 1994 ) , A course in game theory , MIT Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 65040 - 3 . A modern introduction at the graduate level . Shoham , Yoav ; Leyton - Brown , Kevin ( 2009 ) , Multiagent Systems : Algorithmic , Game - Theoretic , and Logical Foundations , New York : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89943 - 7 . A comprehensive reference from a computational perspective ; see Chapter 3 . Downloadable free online . Gibbons , Robert ( 1992 ) , Game Theory for Applied Economists , Princeton University Press ( July 13 , 1992 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00395 - 5 . Lucid and detailed introduction to game theory in an explicitly economic context . Osborne , Martin ( 2004 ) , An introduction to game theory , Oxford University , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512895 - 6 . Introduction to Nash equilibrium . Original Nash papers ( edit ) Nash , John ( 1950 ) `` Equilibrium points in n - person games '' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 36 ( 1 ) : 48 - 49 . Nash , John ( 1951 ) `` Non-Cooperative Games '' The Annals of Mathematics 54 ( 2 ) : 286 - 295 . Other references ( edit ) Mehlmann , A. ( 2000 ) The Game 's Afoot ! Game Theory in Myth and Paradox , American Mathematical Society . Nasar , Sylvia ( 1998 ) , A Beautiful Mind , Simon & Schuster . External links ( edit ) Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Nash theorem ( in game theory ) '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Complete Proof of Existence of Nash Equilibria ( hide ) Topics in game theory Definitions Cooperative game Determinacy Escalation of commitment Extensive - form game First - player and second - player win Game complexity Graphical game Hierarchy of beliefs Information set Normal - form game Preference Sequential game Simultaneous game Simultaneous action selection Solved game Succinct game Equilibrium concepts Nash equilibrium Subgame perfection Mertens - stable equilibrium Bayesian Nash equilibrium Perfect Bayesian equilibrium Trembling hand Proper equilibrium Epsilon - equilibrium Correlated equilibrium Sequential equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Evolutionarily stable strategy Risk dominance Core Shapley value Pareto efficiency Gibbs equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Self - confirming equilibrium Strong Nash equilibrium Markov perfect equilibrium Strategies Dominant strategies Pure strategy Mixed strategy Strategy - stealing argument Tit for tat Grim trigger Collusion Backward induction Forward induction Markov strategy Classes of games Symmetric game Perfect information Repeated game Signaling game Screening game Cheap talk Zero - sum game Mechanism design Bargaining problem Stochastic game n - player game Large Poisson game Nontransitive game Global game Strictly determined game Potential game Games Chess Infinite chess Checkers Tic - tac - toe Prisoner 's dilemma Optional prisoner 's dilemma Traveler 's dilemma Coordination game Chicken Centipede game Volunteer 's dilemma Dollar auction Battle of the sexes Stag hunt Matching pennies Ultimatum game Rock -- paper -- scissors Pirate game Dictator game Public goods game Blotto game War of attrition El Farol Bar problem Fair division Fair cake - cutting Cournot game Deadlock Diner 's dilemma Guess 2 / 3 of the average Kuhn poker Nash bargaining game Prisoners and hats puzzle Trust game Princess and Monster game Rendezvous problem Theorems Minimax theorem Nash 's theorem Purification theorem Zermelo 's theorem Folk theorem Revelation principle Arrow 's impossibility theorem Key figures Albert W. Tucker Amos Tversky Ariel Rubinstein Claude Shannon Daniel Kahneman David K. Levine David M. Kreps Donald B. Gillies Drew Fudenberg Eric Maskin Harold W. Kuhn Herbert Simon Hervé Moulin Jean Tirole Jean - François Mertens John Harsanyi John Maynard Smith Antoine Augustin Cournot John Nash John von Neumann Kenneth Arrow Kenneth Binmore Leonid Hurwicz Lloyd Shapley Melvin Dresher Merrill M. Flood Oskar Morgenstern Paul Milgrom Peyton Young Reinhard Selten Robert Axelrod Robert Aumann Robert B. Wilson Roger Myerson Samuel Bowles Thomas Schelling William Vickrey See also All - pay auction Alpha -- beta pruning Bertrand paradox Bounded rationality Combinatorial game theory Confrontation analysis Coopetition First - move advantage in chess Game mechanics Glossary of game theory List of game theorists List of games in game theory No - win situation Solving chess Topological game Tragedy of the commons Tyranny of small decisions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nash_equilibrium&oldid=834297765 '' Categories : Game theory equilibrium concepts Fixed points ( mathematics ) 1951 in economics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 23 : 19 . 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the conquered city of constantinople became the capital of which empire

The capture of Constantinople ( and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter ) marked the end of the Byzantine Empire , a continuation of the Roman Empire dating to 27 BC , an imperial state lasting for nearly 1,500 years . The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople also dealt a massive blow to Christendom , as the Muslim Ottoman armies thereafter were left unchecked to advance into Europe without an adversary to their rear . After the conquest , Sultan Mehmed II transferred the capital of the Ottoman Empire from Edirne to Constantinople .

Ottoman

Fall of Constantinople

fall of constantinople

Decisive Ottoman victory

Fall of the Byzantine Empire Belligerents Byzantine Empire Republic of Genoa Republic of Venice Kingdom of Sicily Papal States Ottoman defectors Ottoman Empire Commanders and leaders Constantine XI † Loukas Notaras Theophilos Palaiologos † Giovanni Giustiniani Longo ( WIA ) Orhan Çelebi Mehmed II Zagan Pasha Suleiman Baltoghlu Hamza Bey Strength Byzantines Land forces : 7,000 -- 10,000 - 12,000 , many of whom were civilians 600 Ottoman defectors Naval forces : 26 ships Ottomans Land forces : 50,000 -- 80,000 100,000 -- 160,000 -- 200,000 70 cannons 14 large and 56 small caliber ) Naval forces : 70 ships , 20 galleys 90 -- 126 ships Casualties and losses 4,000 killed in total ( including combatants and civilians ) 30,000 enslaved or deported Unknown but heavy Jump up ^ More specifically , the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty Jump up ^ The Venetians decided to make a peace treaty with the Ottomans in September 1451 , because their Doge was on good terms already with the Ottomans and they did not want to ruin a relationship . They also did not want the Ottomans to interfere with their trade in the Black Sea and Mediterranean . The Venetians ' efforts mainly included giving Constantine XI ships and a total of 800 soldiers in February 1453 . The Venetians also promised that a larger fleet would arrive to save Constantine , this fleet would be full of ammunition , fresh soldiers and supplies . This fleet arrived too late . Jump up ^ The Kingdom of Sicily mainly donated ships and a few soldiers , it was not official however , and was done by several Cardinals . Jump up ^ The Genoese captain Giovanni Giustiniani Longo was wounded in battle , but managed to escape , he died during the early days of June 1453 . Jump up ^ By nationality , there were 5,000 Greeks and 2,000 foreigners , mostly of Genoese and Venetian origin . Jump up ^ Figures according to recent estimates and Ottoman archival data . The Ottoman Empire , for demographic reasons , would not have been able to put more than 80,000 men into the field at the time . Jump up ^ Figures according to contemporaneous Western / Christian estimates Byzantine -- Ottoman wars Bapheus Dimbos Catalan campaign Prusa Pelekanon Nicaea Nicomedia 1st Gallipoli 2nd Gallipoli Adrianople 1st Thessalonica Philadelphia 1st Constantinople 2nd Constantinople 2nd Thessalonica 3rd Constantinople Trebizond The Fall of Constantinople ( Greek : Ἃλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως , Halōsis tēs Kōnstantinoupoleōs ; Turkish : İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453 . The Ottomans were commanded by the then 21 - year - old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror , who defeated an army commanded by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos . The conquest of Constantinople followed a 53 - day siege that had begun on 6 April 1453 . The capture of Constantinople ( and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter ) marked the end of the Byzantine Empire , a continuation of the Roman Empire dating to 27 BC , an imperial state lasting for nearly 1,500 years . The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople also dealt a massive blow to Christendom , as the Muslim Ottoman armies thereafter were left unchecked to advance into Europe without an adversary to their rear . After the conquest , Sultan Mehmed II transferred the capital of the Ottoman Empire from Edirne to Constantinople . It was also a watershed moment in military history . Since ancient times , cities had used ramparts and city walls to protect themselves from invaders , and Constantinople 's substantial fortifications had been a model followed by cities throughout the Mediterranean region and Europe . The Ottomans ultimately prevailed due to the use of gunpowder ( which powered formidable cannons ) . The conquest of the city of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire was a key event in the Late Middle Ages which also marks , for some historians , the end of the Middle Ages . Contents ( hide ) 1 State of the Byzantine Empire 2 Preparations 2.1 Strength 2.1. 1 Ottoman dispositions and strategies 2.1. 2 Byzantine dispositions and strategies 3 Siege 3.1 Final assault 3.2 Plundering phase 4 Aftermath 4.1 Third Rome 4.2 Impact on the Churches 5 Cultural references 5.1 Legends 5.2 Cultural impact 5.3 Impact on the Renaissance 5.4 Megali idea 5.5 Renaming of the city 5.6 In historical fiction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links State of the Byzantine Empire ( edit ) Constantinople had been an imperial capital since its consecration in 330 under Roman Emperor , Constantine the Great . In the following eleven centuries , the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once : during the Fourth Crusade in 1204 . The crusaders established an unstable Latin state in and around Constantinople while the remaining empire splintered into a number of Byzantine successor states , notably Nicaea , Epirus and Trebizond . They fought as allies against the Latin establishments , but also fought among themselves for the Byzantine throne . The Nicaeans eventually reconquered Constantinople from the Latins in 1261 . Thereafter there was little peace for the much - weakened empire as it fended off successive attacks by the Latins , the Serbians , the Bulgarians , and , most importantly , the Ottoman Turks . The Black Plague between 1346 and 1349 killed almost half of the inhabitants of Constantinople . The city was severely depopulated due to the general economic and territorial decline of the empire , and by 1453 consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields encircled by the fifth - century Theodosian walls . By 1450 the empire was exhausted and had shrunk to a few square miles outside the city of Constantinople itself , the Princes ' Islands in the Sea of Marmara , and the Peloponnese with its cultural center at Mystras . The Empire of Trebizond , an independent successor state that formed in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade , also survived on the coast of the Black Sea . Preparations ( edit ) When Sultan Mehmed II succeeded his father in 1451 , it was widely believed that the young ruler , then 19 years old , would prove incapable -- and that he would pose no great threat to Christian possessions in the Balkans and the Aegean . This optimism was reinforced by friendly assurances made by Mehmed to envoys sent to his new court . But Mehmed 's actions spoke far louder than his mild words . Beginning early in 1452 , he built a second Ottoman fortress on the Bosphorus , on the European side several miles north of Constantinople , set directly across the strait from the similar fortress , Anadolu Hisarı , which his great - grandfather Bayezid I had previously built on the Asian side . This pair of fortresses gave the Turks complete control of sea traffic on the Bosphorus ; specifically , it prevented help from the north , the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea coast , from reaching Constantinople . ( The new fortress was also known as Boğazkesen , which held the dual meanings ' strait - blocker ' or ' throat - cutter ' , emphasizing its strategic position . ) In October 1452 , Mehmed ordered Turakhan Beg to lead a large force into the Peloponnese and remain there to keep Thomas and Demetrios from assisting their brother Constantine XI Palaiologos during the impending siege of Constantinople . Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI swiftly understood Mehmed 's true intentions and turned to Western Europe for help ; but now the price of centuries of war and enmity between the eastern and western churches had to be paid . Since the mutual excommunications of 1054 , the Pope in Rome was committed to establishing authority over the eastern church . Nominal union had been negotiated in 1274 , at the Second Council of Lyon , and indeed , some Palaiologoi emperors ( Latin , Palaeologan ) had since been received into the Latin church . Emperor John VIII Palaiologos had also recently negotiated union with Pope Eugene IV , with the Council of Florence of 1439 proclaiming a Bull of Union . These events , however , stimulated a propaganda initiative by anti-unionist Orthodox partisans in Constantinople ; the population , as well as the laity and leadership of the Byzantine Church , became bitterly divided . Latent ethnic hatred between Greeks and Italians , stemming from the events of the Massacre of the Latins in 1182 by the Greeks and the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by the Latins , played a significant role . Finally , the attempted Union failed , greatly annoying Pope Nicholas V and the hierarchy of the Roman church . The Byzantine Empire in the first half of the 15th century . Thessaloniki was captured by the Ottomans in 1430 . A few islands in the Aegean and the Propontis remained under Byzantine rule until 1453 ( not shown on the map ) . In the summer of 1452 , when Rumelı Hisari was completed and the threat had become imminent , Constantine wrote to the Pope , promising to implement the Union , which was declared valid by a half - hearted imperial court on 12 December 1452 . Although he was eager for an advantage , Pope Nicholas V did not have the influence the Byzantines thought he had over the Western kings and princes , some of whom were wary of increasing Papal control , and these had not the wherewithal to contribute to the effort , especially in light of the weakened state of France and England from the Hundred Years ' War , Spain being in the final part of the Reconquista , the internecine fighting in the German Principalities , and Hungary and Poland 's defeat at the Battle of Varna of 1444 . Although some troops did arrive from the mercantile city states in the north of Italy , the Western contribution was not adequate to counterbalance Ottoman strength . Some Western individuals , however , came to help defend the city on their own account . Cardinal Isidore , funded by the pope , arrived in 1452 with 200 archers One of these was an accomplished soldier from Genoa , Giovanni Giustiniani , who arrived with 400 men from Genoa and 300 men from Genoese Chios , in January 1453 . As a specialist in defending walled cities , he was immediately given the overall command of the defense of the land walls by the emperor . Around the same time , the captains of the Venetian ships that happened to be present in the Golden Horn offered their services to the Emperor , barring contrary orders from Venice , and Pope Nicholas undertook to send three ships laden with provisions , which set sail near the end of March . In Venice , meanwhile , deliberations were taking place concerning the kind of assistance the Republic would lend to Constantinople . The Senate decided upon sending a fleet in February 1453 , but there were delays , and when it finally set out late in April , it was already too late for it to be able to take part in the battle . Further undermining Byzantine morale , seven Italian ships with around 700 men slipped out of the capital at the moment when Giustiniani arrived , men who had sworn to defend the capital . At the same time , Constantine 's attempts to appease the Sultan with gifts ended with the execution of the Emperor 's ambassadors -- even Byzantine diplomacy could not save the city . Restored Walls of Constantinople Fearing a possible naval attack along the shores of the Golden Horn , Emperor Constantine XI ordered that a defensive chain be placed at the mouth of the harbour . This chain , which floated on logs , was strong enough to prevent any Turkish ship from entering the harbour . This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help . This strategy was enforced because in 1204 the armies of the Fourth Crusade successfully circumvented Constantinople 's land defenses by breaching the Golden Horn Wall . Another strategy employed by the Byzantines was the repair and fortification of the Land Wall ( Theodosian Walls ) . Emperor Constantine deemed it necessary to ensure that the Blachernae district 's wall were the most fortified because that section of the wall protruded northwards . The land fortifications comprised a 60 ft ( 18 m ) wide moat fronting inner and outer crenellated walls studded with towers every 45 -- 55 metres . Strength ( edit ) Map of Constantinople and the dispositions of the defenders and the besiegers The army defending Constantinople was relatively small , totaling about 7,000 men , 2,000 of whom were foreigners . At the onset of the siege , probably fewer than 50,000 people were living within the walls , including the refugees from the surrounding area . Turkish commander Dorgano , who was in Constantinople in the pay of the Emperor , was also guarding one of the quarters of the city on the seaward side with the Turks in his pay . These Turks kept loyal to the Emperor and perished in the ensuing battle . The defending army 's Genoese corps were well trained and equipped , while the rest of the army consisted of small numbers of well - trained soldiers , armed civilians , sailors and volunteer forces from foreign communities , and finally monks . The garrison used a few small - calibre artillery bullets , which nonetheless proved ineffective . The rest of the city repaired walls , stood guard on observation posts , collected and distributed food provisions , and collected gold and silver objects from churches to melt down into coins to pay the foreign soldiers . The Ottomans had a much larger force . Recent studies and Ottoman archival data state that there were about 50,000 -- 80,000 Ottoman soldiers including between 5,000 and 10,000 Janissaries , an elite infantry corps , and thousands of Christian troops , notably 1,500 Serbian cavalry that the Serbian lord Đurađ Branković was forced to supply as part of his obligation to the Ottoman sultan -- just a few months before , he had supplied the money for the reconstruction of the walls of Constantinople . Contemporaneous Western witnesses of the siege , who tend to exaggerate the military power of the Sultan , provide disparate and higher numbers ranging from 160,000 to 200,000 and to 300,000 ( Niccolò Barbaro : 160,000 ; the Florentine merchant Jacopo Tedaldi and the Great Logothete George Sphrantzes : 200,000 ; the Cardinal Isidore of Kiev and the Archbishop of Mytilene Leonardo di Chio : 300,000 ) . At this time cannons were being made . Ottoman dispositions and strategies ( edit ) The Dardanelles Gun , cast in 1464 and based on the Orban bombard that was used by the Ottoman besiegers of Constantinople in 1453 ( British Royal Armouries collection ) . Mehmed built a fleet to besiege the city from the sea ( partially manned by Greek sailors from Gallipoli ) . Contemporary estimates of the strength of the Ottoman fleet span between about 100 ships ( Tedaldi ) , 145 ( Barbaro ) , 160 ( Ubertino Pusculo ) , 200 -- 250 ( Isidore of Kiev , , Leonardo di Chio ) to 430 ( Sphrantzes ) . A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 126 ships comprising 6 large galleys , 10 ordinary galleys , 15 smaller galleys , 75 large rowing boats , and 20 horse - transports . Before the siege of Constantinople , it was known that the Ottomans had the ability to cast medium - sized cannons , but the range of some pieces they were able to field far surpassed the defenders ' expectations . Instrumental to this Ottoman advancement in arms production was a somewhat mysterious figure by the name of Orban ( Urban ) , a Hungarian ( though some suggest he was German ) . One cannon designed by Orban was named `` Basilica '' and was 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) long , and able to hurl a 600 lb ( 272 kg ) stone ball over a mile ( 1.6 km ) . Modern painting of Mehmed and the Ottoman Army approaching Constantinople with a giant bombard , by Fausto Zonaro The master founder initially tried to sell his services to the Byzantines , who were unable to secure the funds needed to hire him . Orban then left Constantinople and approached Mehmed II , claiming that his weapon could blast ' the walls of Babylon itself ' . Given abundant funds and materials , the Hungarian engineer built the gun within three months at Edirne , from which it was dragged by sixty oxen to Constantinople . In the meantime , Orban also produced other cannons for the Turkish siege forces . Orban 's cannon had several drawbacks : it took three hours to reload ; cannonballs were in very short supply ; and the cannon is said to have collapsed under its own recoil after six weeks ( this is disputed , however , given that it was only reported in the letter of Archbishop Leonardo di Chio and in the later and often unreliable Russian chronicle of Nestor Iskander ) . Having previously established a large foundry about 150 miles ( 240 km ) away , Mehmed now had to undergo the painstaking process of transporting his massive artillery pieces . Orban 's giant cannon was said to have been accompanied by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men . In preparation for the final assault , Mehmed had an artillery train of seventy large pieces dragged from his headquarters at Edirne , in addition to the bombards cast on the spot . Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosian Walls , the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the West , the only part of the city not surrounded by water . His army encamped outside the city on the Monday after Easter , 2 April 1453 . The bulk of the Ottoman army were encamped south of the Golden Horn . The regular European troops , stretched out along the entire length of the walls , were commanded by Karadja Pasha . The regular troops from Anatolia under Ishak Pasha were stationed south of the Lycus down to the Sea of Marmara . Mehmed himself erected his red - and - gold tent near the Mesoteichion , where the guns and the elite regiments , the Janissaries , were positioned . The Bashi - bazouks were spread out behind the front lines . Other troops under Zagan Pasha were employed north of the Golden Horn . Communication was maintained by a road that had been constructed over the marshy head of the Horn . Byzantine dispositions and strategies ( edit ) Painting of the Fall of Constantinople , by Theophilos Hatzimihail The city had about 20 km of walls ( land walls : 5.5 km ; sea walls along the Golden Horn : 7 km ; sea walls along the Sea of Marmara : 7.5 km ) , one of the strongest sets of fortified walls in existence . The walls had recently been repaired ( under John VIII ) and were in fairly good shape , giving the defenders sufficient reason to believe that they could hold out until help from the West arrived . In addition , the defenders were relatively well - equipped with a fleet of 26 ships : 5 from Genoa , 5 from Venice , 3 from Venetian Crete , 1 from Ancona , 1 from Aragon , 1 from France , and about 10 Byzantine . On 5 April , the Sultan himself arrived with his last troops , and the defenders took up their positions . As their numbers were insufficient to occupy the walls in their entirety , it had been decided that only the outer walls would be manned . Constantine and his Greek troops guarded the Mesoteichion , the middle section of the land walls , where they were crossed by the river Lycus . This section was considered the weakest spot in the walls and an attack was feared here most . Giustiniani was stationed to the north of the emperor , at the Charisian Gate ( Myriandrion ) ; later during the siege , he was shifted to the Mesoteichion to join Constantine , leaving the Myriandrion to the charge of the Bocchiardi brothers . Minotto and his Venetians were stationed in the Blachernae palace , together with Teodoro Caristo , the Langasco brothers , and Archbishop Leonardo of Chios . To the left of the emperor , further south , were the commanders Cataneo , with Genoese troops , and Theophilus Palaeologus , who guarded the Pegae Gate with Greek soldiers . The section of the land walls from the Pegae Gate to the Golden Gate ( itself guarded by a certain Genoese called Manuel ) was defended by the Venetian Filippo Contarini , while Demetrius Cantacuzenus had taken position on the southernmost part of the Theodosian wall . The sea walls were manned more sparsely , with Jacobo Contarini at Stoudion , a makeshift defense force of Greek monks to his left hand , and prince Orhan at the Harbour of Eleutherius . Pere Julià was stationed at the Great Palace with Genoese and Catalan troops ; Cardinal Isidore of Kiev guarded the tip of the peninsula near the boom . The sea walls at the southern shore of the Golden Horn were defended by Venetian and Genoese sailors under Gabriele Trevisano . Two tactical reserves were kept behind in the city , one in the Petra district just behind the land walls and one near the Church of the Holy Apostles , under the command of Loukas Notaras and Nicephorus Palaeologus , respectively . The Venetian Alviso Diedo commanded the ships in the harbor . Although the Byzantines also had cannons , they were much smaller than those of the Ottomans and the recoil tended to damage their own walls . According to David Nicolle , despite many odds , the idea that Constantinople was inevitably doomed is wrong , and the overall situation was not as one - sided as a simple glance at a map might suggest.It has also been claimed that Constantinople was `` the best - defended city in Europe '' at that time . Siege ( edit ) At the beginning of the siege , Mehmed sent out some of his best troops to reduce the remaining Byzantine strongholds outside the city of Constantinople . The fortress of Therapia on the Bosphorus and a smaller castle at the village of Studius near the Sea of Marmara were taken within a few days . The Princes ' Islands in the Sea of Marmara were taken by Admiral Baltoghlu 's fleet . Mehmed 's massive cannon fired on the walls for weeks , but due to its imprecision and extremely slow rate of reloading the Byzantines were able to repair most of the damage after each shot , limiting the cannon 's effect . The Ottoman Turks transport their fleet overland into the Golden Horn . Meanwhile , despite some probing attacks , the Ottoman fleet under Suleiman Baltoghlu could not enter the Golden Horn due to the chain the Byzantines had previously stretched across the entrance . Although one of the fleet 's main tasks was to prevent any ships from outside from entering the Golden Horn , on 20 April a small flotilla of four Christian ships managed to slip in after some heavy fighting , an event which strengthened the morale of the defenders and caused embarrassment to the Sultan . Baltoghlu 's life was spared after his subordinates testified to his bravery during the conflict . Mehmed ordered the construction of a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn , and dragged his ships over the hill , directly into the Golden Horn on 22 April , bypassing the chain barrier . This seriously threatened the flow of supplies from Genoese ships from the -- nominally neutral -- colony of Pera , and demoralized the Byzantine defenders . On the night of 28 April , an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using fire ships , but the Ottomans had been warned in advance and forced the Christians to retreat with heavy losses . Forty Italians escaped their sinking ships and swam to the northern shore . On orders of Mehmed , they were impaled on stakes , in sight of the city 's defenders on the sea walls across the Golden Horn . In retaliation , the defenders brought their Ottoman prisoners , 260 in all , to the walls , where they were executed , one by one , before the eyes of the Ottomans . With the failure of their attack on the Ottoman vessels , the defenders were forced to disperse part of their forces to defend the sea walls along the Golden Horn . The Ottoman army had made several frontal assaults on the land wall , but were always repelled with heavy losses . Venetian surgeon Niccolò Barbaro , describing in his diary one of such frequent land attacks especially by the Janissaries , wrote : `` They found the Turks coming right up under the walls and seeking battle , particularly the Janissaries ... and when one or two of them were killed , at once more Turks came and took away the dead ones ... without caring how near they came to the city walls . Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows , aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman , and both of them would fall to the ground dead , and then there came other Turks and took them away , none fearing death , but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls . '' Siege of Constantinople as depicted between 1453 and 1475 . After these inconclusive frontal offensives , the Ottomans sought to break through the walls by constructing underground tunnels in an effort to mine them from mid-May to 25 May . Many of the sappers were miners of Serbian origin sent from Novo Brdo by the Serbian despot . They were placed under the command of Zagan Pasha . However , an engineer named Johannes Grant , a German who came together with the Genoese contingent , had counter-mines dug , allowing Byzantine troops to enter the mines and kill the workers . The Byzantines intercepted the first Serbian tunnel on the night of 16 May . Subsequent tunnels were interrupted on 21 , 23 , and 25 May , and destroyed with Greek fire and vigorous combat . On 23 May , the Byzantines captured and tortured two Turkish officers , who revealed the location of all the Turkish tunnels , which were then destroyed . On 21 May , Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city . He promised he would allow the Emperor and any other inhabitant to leave with their possessions . Moreover , he would recognize the Emperor as governor of the Peloponese . Lastly , he guaranteed the safety of the population that would remain in the city . Constantine XI agreed to pay higher tributes to the sultan and recognized the status of all the conquered castles and lands in the hands of the Turks as Ottoman possession . `` Giving you though the city depends neither on me nor on anyone else among its inhabitants ; as we have all decided to die with our own free will and we shall not consider our lives . '' Around this time , Mehmed had a final council with his senior officers . Here he encountered some resistance ; one of his Viziers , the veteran Halil Pasha , who had always disapproved of Mehmed 's plans to conquer the city , now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity . Zagan Pasha argued against Halil Pasha , and insisted on an immediate attack . Mehmed planned to overpower the walls by sheer force , expecting that the weakened Byzantine defense by the prolonged siege would now be worn out before he ran out of troops and started preparations for a final all - out offensive . Final assault ( edit ) Painting by the Greek folk painter Theophilos Hatzimihail showing the battle inside the city , Constantine is visible on a white horse Preparations for the final assault were started in the evening of 26 May and continued to the next day . For 36 hours after the war council decision to attack , the Ottomans extensively mobilized their manpower in order to prepare for the general offensive . Prayer and resting would be then granted to the soldiers on the 28th , and then the final assault would be launched . On the Byzantine side , a small Venetian fleet of 12 ships , after having searched the Aegean , reached the Capital on May 27 and reported to the Emperor that no large Venetian relief fleet was on its way . On May 28 , as the Ottoman army prepared for the final assault , large - scale religious processions were held in the city . In the evening a last solemn ceremony was held in the Hagia Sophia , in which the Emperor and representatives of both the Latin and Greek church partook , together with nobility from both sides . Shortly after midnight on May 29 the all - out offensive began . The Christian troops of the Ottoman Empire attacked first , followed by the successive waves of the irregular azaps , who were poorly trained and equipped , and Anatolians who focused on a section of the Blachernae walls in the northwest part of the city , which had been damaged by the cannon . This section of the walls had been built earlier , in the eleventh century , and was much weaker . The Anatolians managed to breach this section of walls and entered the city but were just as quickly pushed back by the defenders . Finally , as the battle was continuing , the last wave , consisting of elite Janissaries , attacked the city walls . The Genoese general in charge of the land troops , Giovanni Giustiniani , was grievously wounded during the attack , and his evacuation from the ramparts caused a panic in the ranks of the defenders . Sultan Mehmed II 's entry into Constantinople , painting by Fausto Zonaro ( 1854 -- 1929 ) . With Giustiniani 's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbor , Constantine and his men , now left to their own devices , kept fighting and managed to successfully hold off the Janissaries for a while , but eventually they could not stop them from entering the city . The defenders were also being overwhelmed at several points in Constantine 's section . When Turkish flags were seen flying above a small postern gate , the Kerkoporta , which was left open , panic ensued , and the defense collapsed , as Janissary soldiers , led by Ulubatlı Hasan pressed forward . Many Greek soldiers ran back home to protect their families , the Venetians ran over to their ships , and a few of the Genoese got over to Galata . The rest committed suicide by jumping off the city walls or surrendered . The Greek houses nearest to the walls were the first to suffer from the Ottomans . It is said that Constantine , throwing aside his purple regalia , led the final charge against the incoming Ottomans , perishing in the ensuing battle in the streets just like his soldiers . On the other hand , Nicolò Barbaro , a Venetian eyewitness to the siege , wrote in his diary that it was said that Constantine hanged himself at the moment when the Turks broke in at the San Romano gate , although his ultimate fate remains unknown . After the initial assault , the Ottoman Army fanned out along the main thoroughfare of the city , the Mese , past the great forums , and past the Church of the Holy Apostles , which Mehmed II wanted to provide a seat for his newly appointed patriarch which would help him better control his Christian subjects . Mehmed II had sent an advance guard to protect key buildings such as the Church of the Holy Apostles . A small few lucky civilians managed to escape . When the Venetians retreated over to their ships , the Ottomans had already taken the walls of the Golden Horn , luckily for them , the Ottomans were not interested in killing them but more in the loot they could get from raiding the city 's houses , so they decided to attack the city and not them . The Venetian captain ordered his men to break open the gate of the Golden Horn , after they did , they left with ships filled with Venetian soldiers and refugees . Shortly after they left a few Genoese ships and even the Emperor 's ships followed them out of the Golden Horn . This was done in perfect timing because shortly after they had left , the Ottoman navy had control over the Golden Horn by midday . The Army converged upon the Augusteum , the vast square that fronted the great church of Hagia Sophia whose bronze gates were barred by a huge throng of civilians inside the building , hoping for divine protection . After the doors were breached , the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring in the slave markets . Ottoman casualties are unknown but they are believed by most historians to be very heavy due to several unsuccessful Ottoman attacks made during the siege and final assault . Barbaro described blood flowing in the city `` like rainwater in the gutters after a sudden storm '' , and bodies of the Turks and Christians floating in the sea `` like melons along a canal '' . Plundering phase ( edit ) Mehmed II had promised to his soldiers three days to plunder the city , to which they were entitled . Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war . According to the Venetian surgeon Nicolò Barbaro `` all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city '' . According to Philip Mansel , widespread persecution of the city 's civilian inhabitants took place , resulting in thousands of murders and rapes and 30,000 civilians being enslaved or forcibly deported . The looting was extremely thorough in certain parts of the city . Weeks later on 2 June , the Sultan would find the city largely deserted and half in ruins ; churches had been desecrated and stripped , houses were no longer habitable and stores and shops were emptied . He is famously reported to have been moved to tears by this , speaking `` What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction . '' Aftermath ( edit ) On the third day of the conquest , Mehmed II ordered all looting to stop and issued a proclamation that all Christians who had avoided capture or who had been ransomed could return to their homes without further molestation , although many had no homes to return to , and many more had been taken captive and not ransomed . Byzantine historian George Sphrantzes , an eyewitness to the fall of Constantinople , described the Sultan 's actions : `` On the third day after the fall of our city , the Sultan celebrated his victory with a great , joyful triumph . He issued a proclamation : the citizens of all ages who had managed to escape detection were to leave their hiding places throughout the city and come out into the open , as they were to remain free and no question would be asked . He further declared the restoration of houses and property to those who had abandoned our city before the siege , if they returned home , they would be treated according to their rank and religion , as if nothing had changed . '' The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque , but the Greek Orthodox Church was allowed to remain intact and Gennadius Scholarius was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople . This was once thought to be the origin of the Ottoman millet system , however , it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century . Following the city 's conquest , the Church of the Holy Wisdom ( the Hagia Sophia ) was converted into a mosque . After the sack , many feared other European Christian kingdoms would suffer the same fate as Constantinople . Two possible responses emerged amongst the humanists and churchmen of that era : Crusade or dialogue . Pope Pius II strongly advocated for another Crusade , while Nicholas of Cusa supported engaging in a dialogue with the Ottomans . The Morean ( Peloponnesian ) fortress of Mystras , where Constantine 's brothers Thomas and Demetrius ruled , constantly in conflict with each other and knowing that Mehmed would eventually invade them as well , held out until 1460 . Long before the fall of Constantinople , Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas , Constantine , and their other brothers John and Theodore. Thomas escaped to Rome when the Ottomans invaded Morea while Demetrius expected to rule a puppet state , but instead was imprisoned and remained there for the rest of his life . In Rome , Thomas and his family received some monetary support from the Pope and other Western rulers as Byzantine emperor in exile , until 1503 . In 1461 the independent Byzantine state in Trebizond fell to Mehmed . Constantine XI had died without producing an heir , and had Constantinople not fallen he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother , who were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople . The oldest boy , renamed to Murad , became a personal favorite of Mehmed and served as Beylerbey ( Governor - General ) of Rumeli ( the Balkans ) . The younger son , renamed Mesih Pasha , became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sancak Beg ( Governor ) of the Province of Gallipoli . He eventually served twice as Grand Vizier under Mehmed 's son , Bayezid II . With the capture of Constantinople , Mehmed II had acquired the `` natural '' capital of its kingdom , albeit one in decline due to years of war . The loss of the city was a crippling blow to Christendom , and it exposed the Christian west to a vigorous and aggressive foe in the east . The Christian re-conquest of Constantinople remained a goal in Western Europe for many years after its fall to the House of Osman . Rumors of Constantine XI 's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel led many to hope that the city would one day return to Christian hands . Pope Nicholas V called for an immediate counter-attack in the form of a crusade . When no European monarch was willing to lead the crusade , the Pope himself decided to go , but his early death stopped this plan . As Western Europe entered the 16th century , the age of Crusading began to come to an end . For some time Greek scholars had gone to Italian city - states , a cultural exchange begun in 1396 by Coluccio Salutati , chancellor of Florence , who had invited Manuel Chrysoloras , a Byzantine scholar to lecture at the University of Florence . After the conquest many Greeks , such as John Argyropoulos and Constantine Lascaris , fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West , bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco - Roman tradition to Italy and other regions that further propelled the Renaissance . Those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived in the Phanar and Galata districts of the city . The Phanariotes , as they were called , provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers . Third Rome ( edit ) Main article : Third Rome Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror , by Gentile Bellini Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire . In its time , the Empire ruled from Constantinople ( or `` New Rome '' as Constantine had officially named it ) was considered simply `` the Roman Empire . '' The fall of Constantinople led competing factions to lay claim to being the inheritors of the Imperial mantle . Russian claims to Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Ottoman Empire 's own claim . In Mehmed 's view , he was the successor to the Roman Emperor , declaring himself Kayser - i Rum , literally `` Caesar of Rome '' , that is , of the Roman Empire , though he was remembered as `` the Conqueror '' . He founded a political system that survived until 1922 with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey . Stefan Dušan , Tsar of Serbia , and Ivan Alexander , Tsar of Bulgaria both made similar claims , regarding themselves as legitimate heirs to the Roman Empire . Other potential claimants , such as the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire have disintegrated into history . Impact on the churches ( edit ) In 17th century Russia , the Fall of Constantinople had a role in the fierce theological and political controversy between adherents and opponents of the reforms in the Russian Orthodox Church , carried out by Patriarch Nikon and intended to bring the Russian Church closer to the norms and practices of other Orthodox churches . Avvakum and other of the `` Old Believers '' saw these reforms as a corruption of the Russian Church , which they considered to be the `` true '' Church of God . As the other Churches were more closely related to Constantinople in their liturgies , Avvakum argued that Constantinople fell to the Turks because of these heretical beliefs and practices . Cultural references ( edit ) Legends ( edit ) There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople . It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfillment of a prophecy of the city 's demise . Four days later , the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog , a condition unknown in that part of the world in May . When the fog lifted that evening , a strange light was seen playing about the dome of the Hagia Sophia , which some interpreted as the Holy Spirit departing from the city . `` This evidently indicated the departure of the Divine Presence , and its leaving the City in total abandonment and desertion , for the Divinity conceals itself in cloud and appears and again disappears . '' For others , there was still a distant hope that the lights were the campfires of the troops of John Hunyadi who had come to relieve the city . Another legend holds that two priests saying divine liturgy over the crowd disappeared into the cathedral 's walls as the first Turkish soldiers entered . According to the legend , the priests will appear again on the day that Constantinople returns to Christian hands . Another legend refers to the Marble King ( Constantine XI ) , holding that an angel rescued the emperor when the Ottomans entered the city , turning him into marble and placing him in a cave under the earth near the Golden Gate , where he waits to be brought to life again ( a variant of the sleeping hero legend ) . Cultural impact ( edit ) Guillaume Dufay composed several songs lamenting the fall of the Eastern church , and the duke of Burgundy , Philip the Good , avowed to take up arms against the Turks . However , as the growing Ottoman power from this date on coincided with the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Counter-Reformation , the recapture of Constantinople became an ever - distant dream . Even France , once a fervent participant of the Crusades , became an ally of the Ottomans . Nonetheless , depictions of Christian coalitions taking the city and of the late Emperor 's resurrection by Leo the Wise persisted . Impact on the Renaissance ( edit ) Main article : Greek scholars in the Renaissance The migration waves of Byzantine scholars and émigrés in the period following the sacking of Constantinople and the fall of Constantinople in 1453 is considered by many scholars key to the revival of Greek and Roman studies that led to the development of the Renaissance humanism and science . These émigrés were grammarians , humanists , poets , writers , printers , lecturers , musicians , astronomers , architects , academics , artists , scribes , philosophers , scientists , politicians and theologians . They brought to Western Europe the far greater preserved and accumulated knowledge of their own ( Greek ) civilization . Megali idea ( edit ) Between 1919 and 1922 , Greek politician Eleftherios Venizelos attempted to implement the Megali Idea ( recapture of Constantinople from the Ottoman Empire ) in the Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 1922 ) since the Ottoman Empire was severely weakened by its defeat in World War I and by the occupation of Constantinople by the British and French . However , in the course of the war Venizelos lost the election of 1920 and went into exile and Greece was defeated in the war by Turkey . Renaming of the city ( edit ) Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city 's name `` Kostantiniyye , '' ( القسطنطينية ) , as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents . Islambol ( اسلامبول , Full of Islam ) or Islambul ( find Islam ) or Islam ( b ) ol ( old Turkic : be Islam ) , both in Turkish Language , were folk - etymological adaptations of Istanbul created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city 's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire . It is first attested shortly after the conquest , and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself . The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase īs tīmbolī ( n ) ( Greek : εἰς τὴν πόλιν , translit . eis tēn pólin , `` to the City '' ) , and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest . However , Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law as part of Atatürk 's reforms . In historical fiction ( edit ) Lew Wallace , The Prince of India ; or , Why Constantinople Fell . New York : Harper & Brothers Publishers , 1893 . 2 volumes Mika Waltari , The Dark Angel ( Original title Johannes Angelos ) 1952 . Translated from the Finnish by Naomi Walford and pub. in English edition , New York : Putnam , 1953 Muharem Bazdulj , `` The Bridge on Land '' from The Second Book , 2000 . Translated from Bosnian by Oleg Andric and Andrew Wachtel and pub. in English edition , Evanston : Northwestern University Press , 2005 Andrew Novo , Queen of Cities , Seattle : Coffeetown Press , 2009 Jack Hight , Siege . London : John Murray Publisher Ltd , 2010 James Shipman , `` Constantinopolis '' , Amazon Digital Services , 2013 C.C. Humphreys , A Place called Armageddon . London : Orion , 2011 Emanuele Rizzardi , L'ultimo Paleologo . Brescia : Cavinato Editore , 2017 See also ( edit ) Byzantine Empire portal Military history of the Ottoman Empire portal Fetih 1453 `` How many angels can dance on the head of a pin ? '' , question linked to the imagery of pointless debate while the city was falling . Military of the Ottoman Empire Tursun Beg ( Turkish historian ) Ulubatlı Hasan Dolfin Dolfin , venetian , naval commander during the siege Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While Mehmed II had been steadily making preparations for the siege of Constantinople , he had sent the old general Turakhan and the letter 's two sons , Ahmed Beg and Omar Beg to invade the Morea and to remain there all winter to prevent the despots Thomas and Demetrius from coming to assistance to their brother Constantine XI . Jump up ^ According to Phrantzes , whom Constantine had ordered to make a census , the Emperor was appalled when the number of native men capable of bearing arms turned out to be only 4,983 . Leonardo di Chio gave a number of 6,000 Greeks . Jump up ^ The Spanish Cristóbal de Villalón claims there were ' 60,000 Turkish households , 40,000 Greek and Armenian , 10,000 Jewish . Jump up ^ Another expert who was employed by the Ottomans was Ciriaco de ' Pizzicolli , also known as Ciriaco of Ancona , a traveler and collector of antiquities . Jump up ^ These were the three Genoese ships sent by the Pope , joined by a large Imperial transport ship which had been sent on a foraging mission to Sicily previous to the siege and was on its way back to Constantinople . Jump up ^ Runciman speculates that he may have been Scottish Jump up ^ Original text : Τὸ δὲ τὴν πόλιν σοῖ δοῦναι οὔτ ' ἐμὸν ἐστίν οὔτ ' ἄλλου τῶν κατοικούντων ἐν ταύτῃ κοινῇ γὰρ γνώμῃ πάντες αὐτοπροαιρέτως ἀποθανοῦμεν καὶ οὐ φεισόμεθα τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν . Jump up ^ Sources hostile towards the Genoese ( such as the Venetian Nicolò Barbaro ) , however , report that Longo was only lightly wounded or not wounded at all , but , overwhelmed by fear , simulated the wound to abandon the battlefield , determining the fall of the city . These charges of cowardice and treason were so widespread that the Republic of Genoa had to deny them by sending diplomatic letters to the Chancelleries of England , France , the Duchy of Burgundy and others . Giustiniani was carried to Chios , where he succumbed to his wounds a few days later . Jump up ^ Barbaro added the description of the emperor 's heroic last moments to his diary based on information he received afterward . According to some Ottoman sources Constantine was killed in an accidental encounter with Turkish marines a little further to the south , presumably while making his way to the Sea of Marmara in order to escape by sea . Jump up ^ It is possible that all these phenomena were local effects of the cataclysmic Kuwae volcanic eruption in the Pacific Ocean . The `` fire '' seen may have been an optical illusion due to the reflection of intensely red twilight glow by clouds of volcanic ash high in the atmosphere . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tekbaşina . `` 1453'de İstanbul'u Fatih'e karşı savunan Osmanlı Şehzadesi kim ? '' ( Who Were the Ottoman Princes Defending Istanbul against the Conqueror in 1453 ? ) . Milliyet blog ( in Turkish ) . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Vasiliev , Alexander ( 1928 ) . A History of the Byzantine Empire , Vol. II. II . Translated by Ragozin , S. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . ^ Jump up to : Pertusi , Agostino , ed. ( 1976 ) . La Caduta di Costantinopoli , I : Le testimonianze dei contemporanei scrittori greci e latini ( The Fall of Constantinople , I : The Testimony of the Contemporary Greek and Latin Writers ) ( in Italian ) . I. Verona : Fondazione Lorenzo Valla . ^ Jump up to : Nicol , Donald M. ( 1993 ) . The Last Centuries of Byzantium , 1261 - 1453 ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Runciman , Steven ( 1965 ) . The Fall of Constantinople , 1453 ( Canto ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521398329 . ^ Jump up to : Severy , Merle ( December 1983 ) . `` Byzantine Empire '' . National Geographic . Vol. 164 no . 6 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2009 ) . A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East . ABL - CLIO . Jump up ^ Heath , Ian ( 1995 ) . Byzantine Armies AD 1118 -- 1461 ( Men - at - Arms ) . 287 . Oxford : Osprey Publishers . ISBN 1855323478 . Jump up ^ Bartusis , Mark C. ( 1997 ) . The Late Byzantine Army : Arms and Society , 1204 -- 1453 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy Hickman . `` Fall of Constantinople , 1453 -- Byzantine - Ottoman Wars '' . About.com Education . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` İstanbul'un fethinde 600 Türk askeri , Fatih'e karşı savaştı '' ( In the Conquest of Istanbul 600 Turkish Military Fought Against the Conqueror ) . Osmanlı Arauştırmalarlı ( in Turkish ) . ^ Jump up to : Nicolle , David ( 2000 ) . Constantinople 1453 : The End of Byzantium ( Campaign ) . 78 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 091 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Hatzopoulos , Dionysios . `` Fall of Constantinople , 1453 '' . Hellenic Electronic Center . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , J.E. ; Kaufmann , Hanna W. ( 2004 ) . The Medieval Fortress : Castles , Forts , and Walled Cities of the Middle Agess . Boston , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81358 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sehgal , Ikram ul - Majeed ( 2005 ) . `` Defence Journal '' ( 8 ) . Jump up ^ Goffman , Daniel ( 2002 ) . The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45908 - 7 . Jump up ^ Patrick , James ( 2007 ) . ' Renaissance And Reformation . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7650 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : İnalcıkt , Halil ( 2001 ) . Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ ( 1300 -- 1600 ) ( The Ottoman Empire , The Classical Age , 1300 - 1600 ) . Translated by Itzkouritz , Norman ; Imber , Colin . London : Orion . ^ Jump up to : Sphrantzes , George . Οικτρός Γεώργιος ο Φραντζής ο και Πρωτοβεσιαρίτης Γρηγόριος τάχα μοναχός ταύτα έγραψεν υπέρ των καθ ' αυτών και τινων μερικών γεγονότων εν τώ της αθλίας ζωής αυτε χρόνω ( The Pitiful George Frantzes Who was Protovestiaros , Now a Monk , Wrote This for the Βetterment of Others and as Recompense for Some Deeds in His Miserable Life , This Chronicle ) ( in Greek ) . Jump up ^ Pears , Edwin ( 1903 ) . The Destruction of the Greek Empire . London : Longman 's , Green & Co . Jump up ^ Lanning , Michael Lee ( 2005 ) . The Battle 100 : The Stories Behind History 's Most Influential Battles . Sourcebooks , Inc . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 2475 - 3 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Saul S. ( 2006 ) . A history of the Middle East . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 5134 - 3 . Jump up ^ Uyar , Mesut ; Erickson , Edward J. ( 2009 ) . A military history of the Ottomans : from Osman to Atatürk . Santa Barbara : Praeger . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98876 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Part II : Fall of Constantinople '' . The American Legion 's Burnpit . Jump up ^ Momigliano & Schiavone ( 1997 ) , Introduction ( `` La Storia di Roma '' ) , p . XXI Jump up ^ `` The fall of Constantinople '' . The Economist. 23 December 1999 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Frantzes , Georgios ; Melisseidis ( Melisseides ) , Ioannis ( Ioannes ) A. ; Zavolea - Melissidi , Pulcheria ( 2004 ) . Εάλω η ΠόλιςΤ ο χρονικό της άλωσης της Κωνσταντινούπολης : Συνοπτική ιστορία των γεγονότων στην Κωνσταντινούπολη κατά την περίοδο 1440 - 1453 ( The City has Fallen : Chronicle of the Fall of Constantinople : Concise History of Events in Constantinople in the Period 1440 - 1453 ) ( in Greek ) ( 5 ed . ) . Athens : Vergina Asimakopouli Bros. ISBN 9607171918 . Jump up ^ Foster , Charles ( 22 September 2006 ) . `` The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire '' . Contemporary Review . Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . It is the end of the Middle Ages ) ^ Jump up to : Norwich , John Julius ( 1997 ) . A Short History of Byzantium . New York : Vintage Books . Jump up ^ Madden , Thomas ( 2005 ) . Crusades : The Illustrated History . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan . Jump up ^ Haldon , John ( 2000 ) . Byzantium at War 600 -- 1453 . New York : Osprey . ^ Jump up to : Mango , Cyril ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of Byzantium . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` The Black Death '' . Archived from the original on 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Channel 4 -- History . Jump up ^ `` Bosphorus ( i.e. Bosporus ) , View from Kuleli , Constantinople , Turkey '' . World Digital Library . 1890 -- 1900 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Setton , Kenneth M. ( 1978 ) . The Papacy and the Levant ( 1204 -- 1571 ) : The Fifteenth Century . 2 . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87169 - 127 - 2 . Jump up ^ Crowley , Roger ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) . 1453 : The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West . Hachette Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0558 - 1 . Jump up ^ Michael Spilling , ed. , Battles That Changed History : Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London , Amber Books Ltd. 2010 ) p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolò Barbaro , Giornale dell'Assedio di Costantinopoli , 1453 . The autograph copy is conserved in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice . Barbaro 's diary has been translated into English by John Melville - Jones ( New York : Exposition Press , 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : ( in French ) Concasty , M. - L. , Les `` Informations '' de Jacques Tedaldi sur le siège et la prise de Constantinople ^ Jump up to : Rutheniae , Isidorus ( 6 July 1453 ) . `` Epistola reverendissimi patris domini Isidori cardinalis Ruteni scripta ad reverendissimum dominum Bisarionem episcopum Tusculanum ac cardinalem Nicenum Bononiaeque legatum ( Letter of the Most Reverend Lord Father Isidore of Ruthenia , Cardinal , Written to the Most Reverend Lord Bessarion Bishop of Tusculum and Cardinal of Nicaea and Bologna ) '' ( Letter ) ( in Latin ) . Letter to Bisarion . ^ Jump up to : ( in Latin ) Leonardo di Chio , Letter to Pope Nicholas V , dated 16 August 1453 , edited by J. - P. Migne , Patrologia Graeca , 159 , 923A -- 944B . Jump up ^ Leonardo di Chio , Letter , 927B : `` three hundred thousand and more '' . Jump up ^ Ubertino Pusculo , Constantinopolis , 1464 Jump up ^ Leonardo di Chio , Letter , 930C . Jump up ^ Davis , Paul ( 1999 ) . 100 Decisive Battles . Oxford . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514366 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arnold ( 2001 ) p. 111 Jump up ^ `` The fall of Constantinople '' . The Economist. 23 December 1999 . Jump up ^ Crowley ( 2005 ) , pp. 150 -- 54 Jump up ^ Marios Philippides and Walter K. Hanak , The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , ( Ashgate Publishing , 2011 ) , 520 . Jump up ^ From Jean Chartier , Chronicle of Charles VII , king of France , MS Bnf Français 2691 , f. 246v ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Crowley , Roger . 1453 : the holy war for Constantinople and the clash of Islam and the West . New York : Hyperion , 2005 . pp. 168 -- 171 . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0850 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 29 Μαϊου 1453 : Όταν `` η Πόλις εάλω ... '' ( 29 May 1453 : When the City Fell ... ) . `` iefemerida.com '' ( in Greek ) . 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Desimoni , C. ( 1874 ) . Adamo di Montaldo . Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria ( Proceedings of the Ligurian Society for Homeland History ) ( in Italian ) . X . Genoa . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael Llewellyn , The Fall of Constantinople , History Makers magazine No. 5 , Marshall Cavendish , Sidgwick & Jackson ( London ) . Jump up ^ Reinert , Stephen ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of Byzantium . New York : Oxford UP . Jump up ^ Mansel , Philip ( 1995 ) . Constantinople : City of the World 's Desire . Hachette UK . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5076 - 9 . Jump up ^ George Sphrantzes . The Fall of the Byzantine Empire : A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes 1401 -- 1477 . Translated by Marios Philippides . University of Massachusetts Press , 1980 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87023 - 290 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kritovoulos ( or Kritoboulos ) . History of Mehmed the Conqueror . Translated by Charles T. Riggs . Greenwood Press Reprint , 1970 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 3119 - 1 . Jump up ^ Braude , Benjamin ( 1982 ) . `` Foundation Myths of the Millet System '' . In Braude , Benjamin ; Bernard Lewis . Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire . 1 . New York : Holmes & Meier . pp. 69 -- 90 . ISBN 0841905193 . Jump up ^ Masters , Bruce ( 2009 ) . `` Millet '' . In Ágoston , Gábor ; Bruce Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . pp. 383 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Volf , Miroslav ( 2010 ) . `` Body counts : the dark side of Christian history '' . The Christian Century . 127 ( Journal Article ) : 11 -- . ISSN 0009 - 5281 . ^ Jump up to : Norwich , John Julius ( 1995 ) . Byzantium : The Decline and Fall . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41650 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Heath W. ( 2003 ) . The Nature of the Early Ottoman State . Albany , NY : SUNY Press . p. 115 - 116 . Jump up ^ N.G. Wilson , From Byzantium to Italy . Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance , London , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 2418 - 0 Jump up ^ `` John Argyropoulos . '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 2 October 2009 ... ^ Jump up to : Byzantines in Renaissance Italy Jump up ^ `` Saving the Third Rome . `` Fall of the Empire '' , Byzantium and Putin 's Russia `` . IWM . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Guillermier , Pierre ; Serge Koutchmy ( 1999 ) . Total Eclipses : Science , Observations , Myths , and Legends . Springer . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 160 - 7 . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Kritovoulos , Michael . History of Mehmed the Conqueror . Translated by C.T. Riggs . Princetone , NJ : Princeton University Press , 1954 . Pg. 59 . Jump up ^ `` # 1543 '' ( Press release ) . Pasadena , California : Public Information Office , Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , National Aeronautics & Space Administration ( NASA ) . 1993 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ The Marble King ( in Greek ) Archived 13 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Greeks in Italy Archived 7 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sakaoğlu , Necdet ( 1993 -- 94 ) . `` İstanbul'un adları '' ( The names of Istanbul ) . Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi ( in Turkish ) . Istanbul : Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ Robinson , Richard D. ( 1965 ) . The First Turkish Republic : A Case Study in National Development . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Room , Adrian , ( 1993 ) , Place Name changes 1900 -- 1991 , ( Metuchen , N.J. , & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc . ) , ISBN 0 - 8108 - 2600 - 3 pp. 46 , 86 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Turkey '' . BBC News . 10 December 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Babinger , Franz ( 1992 ) : Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01078 - 1 Crowley , Roger ( 2005 ) : 1453 : The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West . Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0558 - 1 Fletcher , Richard A. : The Cross and the Crescent ( 2005 ) Penguin Group ISBN 0 - 14 - 303481 - 2 Harris , Jonathan ( 2007 ) : Constantinople : Capital of Byzantium . Hambledon / Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84725 - 179 - 4 Harris , Jonathan ( 2010 ) : The End of Byzantium . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11786 - 8 Melville Jones , John , Th Siege of Constantinople 1453 : Seven Contemporary Accounts , Amsterdam 1972 Momigliano , Arnaldo ; Schiavone , Aldo ( 1997 ) . Storia di Roma , 1 ( in Italian ) . Turin : Einaudi . ISBN 88 - 06 - 11396 - 8 . Murr Nehme , Lina ( 2003 ) . 1453 : The Conquest of Constantinople . Aleph Et Taw . ISBN 2 - 86839 - 816 - 2 . Pertusi , Agostino , ed. ( 1976 ) . La Caduta di Costantinopoli , II : L'eco nel mondo ( The Fall of Constantinople , II : The Echo in the World ) ( in Italian ) . II . Verona : Fondazione Lorenzo Valla . Philippides , Marios and Walter K. Hanak , The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , Ashgate , Farnham and Burlington 2011 . Smith , Michael Llewellyn , `` The Fall of Constantinople '' , in History Makers magazine No. 5 ( London , Marshall Cavendish , Sidgwick & Jackson , 1969 ) p. 192 Wheatcroft , Andrew ( 2003 ) : The Infidels : The Conflict Between Christendom and Islam , 638 -- 2002 . Viking Publishing ISBN 0 - 670 - 86942 - 2 Wintle , Justin ( 2003 ) : The Rough Guide History of Islam . Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 018 - X External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fall of Constantinople . Byzantine Empire topics History Preceding Roman Empire Dominate ( 330 -- 717 ) Early Constantinian dynasty Valentinian dynasty Theodosian dynasty Leonid dynasty Justinian dynasty Heraclian dynasty Twenty Years ' Anarchy ( 717 -- 1204 ) Middle Isaurian dynasty Nikephorian dynasty Amorian dynasty Macedonian dynasty Doukas dynasty Komnenos dynasty Angelos dynasty ( 1204 -- 1453 ) Late Fourth Crusade Latin Empire / Nicaea / Epirus -- Thessalonica / Morea / Trebizond / others Palaiologos dynasty Fall of Constantinople Governance Central Emperors Basileus Autokrator Senate Imperial bureaucracy Eparch Early Praetorian prefects Magister officiorum Comes sacrarum largitionum Comes rerum privatarum Quaestor sacri palatii Middle Logothetes tou dromou Sakellarios Logothetes tou genikou Logothetes tou stratiotikou Chartoularios tou sakelliou Chartoularios tou vestiariou Epi tou eidikou Protasekretis Epi ton deeseon Late Megas logothetes Mesazon Provincial Early Praetorian prefectures Dioceses Provinces Quaestura exercitus Exarchate of Ravenna Exarchate of Africa Middle Themata Kleisourai Bandon Catepanates Late Kephale Despotates Diplomacy Treaties Diplomats Military Army Battle tactics Military manuals Wars Battles Revolts Siege warfare Generals Mercenaries Early Late Roman army East Roman army Foederati Bucellarii Scholae Palatinae Excubitors Middle Themata Kleisourai Tourma Droungos Bandon Tagmata Domestic of the Schools Hetaireia Akritai Varangian Guard Late Komnenian army Pronoia Vestiaritai Palaiologan army Allagion Paramonai Grand Domestic Navy Karabisianoi Maritime themata Cibyrrhaeot Aegean Sea Samos Dromon Greek fire Droungarios of the Fleet Megas doux Admirals Naval battles Religion and law Religion Eastern Orthodox Church Byzantine Rite Ecumenical councils Saints Patriarchate of Constantinople Arianism Monophysitism Paulicianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Bogomilism Hesychasm Mount Athos Missionary activity Bulgaria Moravia Serbs Kievan Rus ' Jews Muslims Law Codex Theodosianus Corpus Juris Civilis Ecloga Basilika Hexabiblos Mutilation Culture and society Architecture Secular Sacred Cross-in - square Domes Constantinople Great Palace of Constantinople Blachernae Palace Hagia Sophia Hagia Irene Chora Church Pammakaristos Church City Walls Thessalonica Arch of Galerius and Rotunda Hagios Demetrios Hagia Sophia Panagia Chalkeon Ravenna San Vitale Sant'Apollinare in Classe Sant'Apollinare Nuovo Other locations Daphni Monastery Hosios Loukas Nea Moni of Chios Saint Catherine 's Monastery Mystras Art Icons Enamel Glass Mosaics Painters Macedonian period art Komnenian renaissance Economy Agriculture Coinage Mints Trade silk Silk Road Varangians Dynatoi Literature Novel Acritic songs Digenes Akritas Alexander romance Historians Everyday life Calendar Cuisine Dance Dress Flags and insignia Hippodrome Music Octoechos People Byzantine Greeks Slavery Units of measurement Science Learning Encyclopedias Inventions Medicine Philosophy Neoplatonism Scholars University Impact Byzantine commonwealth Byzantine studies Museums Byzantinism Cyrillic script Neo-Byzantine architecture Greek scholars in the Renaissance Third Rome Megali Idea Byzantine Empire portal Major sieges by the Ottoman Empire by century 14th 1326 Prusa 1331 Nicaea 1333 Nicomedia 1360s Adrianople 1385 Sofia 1393 Tarnovo 15th 1422 Constantinople 1422 -- 30 Thessalonica 1448 Svetigrad 1453 Constantinople 1456 Belgrade 1461 Trebizond 1462 Mytilene 1470 Negroponte 1478 Scutari 1480 Rhodes 1481 Otranto 16th 1517 Cairo 1521 Belgrade 1522 Rhodes 1529 Algiers 1529 Vienna 1532 Güns ( Kőszeg ) 1532 Maribor 1534 Tunis 1534 Baghdad 1537 Klis 1537 Corfu 1538 Diu 1538 Aden 1539 Castelnuovo 1541 Buda 1543 Nice 1543 Esztergom 1547 Van 1551 Tripoli 1552 Muscat 1552 Hormuz 1552 Temesvár 1552 Eger 1556 Oran 1563 Oran 1565 Malta 1566 Szigetvar 1574 Tunis 1578 Gvozdansko 1593 Sisak 1596 Eger 17th 1638 Baghdad 1663 Uyvar 1664 Novi Zrin 1648 -- 69 Candia 1672 Kamenets 1683 Vienna 18th -- 19th 1739 Belgrade 1825 -- 26 Missolonghi Ottoman defeats shown in italics . GND : 4128316 - 8 Coordinates : 41 ° 01 ′ 00 '' N 28 ° 58 ′ 37 '' E  /  41.0167 ° N 28.9769 ° E  / 41.0167 ; 28.9769 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&oldid=804636553 '' Categories : Fall of Constantinople 1453 in the Ottoman Empire 1450s in the Byzantine Empire Battles of the Byzantine -- Ottoman wars Conflicts in 1453 East -- West Schism Sieges involving Serbia Sieges involving the Byzantine Empire Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire Sieges of Constantinople Battles of Mehmed the Conqueror History of Istanbul Massacres in the Byzantine Empire Last stand battles Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with French - language external links CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Articles with Latin - language external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Date format Use dmy dates from May 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014 Articles containing Ottoman Turkish - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 07 : 36 . 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what is radio 5 live extra frequency on fm

BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra

bbc radio 5 live sports extra

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Worldwide stream ( Shoutcast , 128 Kbps MP3 ) HLS Streams Worldwide stream ( 48 Kbps AAC+ ) Worldwide stream ( 96 Kbps AAC+ ) UK - only stream ( 128 Kbps AAC ) UK - only stream ( 320 Kbps AAC ) MPEG DASH Streams Worldwide stream ( 48 Kbps AAC+ ) UK - only stream ( 128 Kbps AAC ) Website BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra ( also known as just 5 Live Sports Extra or 5 Live Extra ) is a national digital radio station in the United Kingdom , operated by the BBC , and specialising only in extended additional sports coverage . It is a sister station to BBC Radio 5 Live and shares facilities , presenters and management , and is a department of the BBC North Group division . The station is only available on digital radio , television platforms and online . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Broadcast 3 Programming 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Radio Five Live Sports Extra logo 2002 - 07 BBC Radio Five Live Sports Extra launched as part of the BBC 's expansion into digital radio by launching several digital only stations that would complement existing coverage . At the time of launch , all radio sports coverage was included as part of BBC Radio 5 Live 's mix of news and sport , the longwave frequencies of BBC Radio 4 or on individual BBC Local Radio stations . As these platforms could n't appropriately accommodate any additional sports , a new service was launched : BBC Radio Five Live Sports Extra . The station began broadcasts at 2 : 30 pm on 2 February 2002 . Juliette Ferrington introduced the first programme -- commentary of Manchester United against Sunderland . Despite many television rights to sporting events being heavily fought over by commercial companies , such as Sky Sports and ITV Sport , radio sports coverage for many events are still held by the BBC : the main competitor being the commercial station Talksport . In 2007 , the station was rebranded in line with the rest of the network . The new BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra logo was turned into a circular based logo in the colour green ; according to research , the green colour was chosen as people associated it with sport . In addition , a new background of blue and red diagonal lines on the same green colour was adopted for promotions for the service . Along with the rebrand , Sports Extra began to become closer aligned with 5 Live . As a result , the online presence of the station was toned down with only an upcoming schedule remaining ; all other details were merged into the 5 Live website or the new BBC Radio online homepage . In 2011 the station , along with 5 Live , moved to MediaCityUK in Salford , Greater Manchester . Broadcast ( edit ) The remit of BBC Radio 5 live Sports Extra is to bring a greater choice of live action to sports fans by offering a part - time extension of BBC Radio 5 live . The service should aim to provide increased value for licence fee payers from the portfolio of sports rights already owned by the BBC by offering alternative coverage to that provided on other UK - wide BBC services . All output on 5 live Sports Extra should be live sports coverage . -- BBC Trust , BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra Remit BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra is broadcast only on digital platforms . Unlike sister station 5 Live , no analogue frequency is used . Instead , the service is only available on DAB Digital Radio and on Digital television through operators on satellite services , such as Sky , cable operators , such as Virgin Media , DTT services , such as Freeview , and on IPTV . The service is also available online through the BBC website , the sub-site BBC iPlayer service and the Radioplayer service part owned by the BBC . The BBC iPlayer service also re-broadcasts programmes for seven days after original broadcast . Due to rights restrictions , some programmes are only available to UK audiences or are not available on the BBC Website or iPlayer services . BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra 's base in Quay House , MediaCityUK . The station is notable in that it is a part - time service , only airing throughout sports broadcasts . These broadcasts themselves are also live and uninterrupted , unlike Radio 5 Live which adds news bulletins and Radio 4 Longwave which adds the Shipping Forecast into coverage . When the station goes off - air , all broadcasts cease as the station does not simulcast any other broadcast ; this is unusual on the BBC Radio network as nearly all radio stations now operate 24 hours a day or simulcast with another service - Radio 4 simulcasts with the BBC World Service and BBC Local Radio stations broadcast 5 Live when not on air . A side effect of this lack of simulcast is that those attempting to tune into the station with a DAB Digital Radio will often have difficulty finding the station . Internet stream , which earlier also used to go off air , now broadcasts station promo in a loop . The stations controller is Jonathan Wall , who is also responsible for 5 Live and is answerable to the BBC North and BBC Audio & Music departments . The station operates from Quay House in MediaCityUK on a single floor alongside 5 Live . Although 5 Live Sports Extra uses no studio space , the teams required to organise the match coverage are shared with 5 Live . The move to Salford took two months , and occurred alongside 5 Live , in a bid to create a northern media hub and to outsource major production from London . Previously , 5 Live Sports Extra had been located alongside 5 Live in BBC Television Centre and spread over several floors . Programming ( edit ) 5 Live Sports Extra broadcast a variety of sports including : Test Match Special Cricket World Cup , ICC Champions Trophy , and Twenty20 World Cup England cricket tests and One Day Internationals Friends Provident Trophy semi-finals and final and Twenty20 Cup Cricket 's County Championship Full broadcasts of Premier League and Home Nation football if games overlap , with 5 Live carrying first - choice in these cases Major League Baseball 's World Series , since 2004 Wimbledon Tennis championships , with the station providing extra court commentary for the first week of the tournament National Hockey League 's Stanley Cup Finals Tennis Grand Slam tournament coverage of non-final rounds and some other major tennis tournaments Action from any other competition broadcast on 5 Live Through the 2012 season , 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra carried NFL late games broadcast on Sunday evening , with coverage taken from Westwood One , except the NFL International Series and Super Bowl , which used BBC - produced commentaries . Absolute Radio 90s acquired the broadcast rights to the NFL beginning in 2013 . BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra reacquired the rights to NFL games for the 2014 -- 15 playoffs . See also ( edit ) BBC portal BBC Radio 5 Live BBC Radio 4 BBC Local Radio Talksport References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 8 August 2007 ) . `` New logos for BBC Radio - cool or balls ? '' . Organ Grinder Blog . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra Service Licence '' ( PDF ) . BBC Trust . April 2011 . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra Help '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Van Klaveren , Controller , Radio 5 Live '' . About the BBC - Inside the BBC . BBC . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Will . `` Tony Livesey 's guide to the 5 live studios '' . BBC Radio 5 Live Blog . BBC . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . Jump up ^ BBC 5 Live to air Super Bowl XLIX from Arizona . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . 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who plays merlin in transformers the last night

Mark Wahlberg as Cade Yeager , a single father and inventor , who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction . Josh Duhamel as William Lennox , a former NEST commander and U.S. Army Ranger captain , who partnered with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction , and now a U.S. Army Colonel and reluctant member of the Transformer Reaction Force ( TRF ) . Stanley Tucci as Merlin , King Arthur 's wizard and Viviane 's ancestor . Tucci was originally reported to be reprising his role as Joshua Joyce from Age of Extinction . Anthony Hopkins as Sir Edmund Burton , 12th Earl of Folgan , an astronomer and historian who knows about the history of the Transformers on Earth . Laura Haddock as Viviane Wembly , a Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford and a polo player , who turns out to be a descendant of Merlin . Minti Gorne portrays a younger Viviane . Isabela Moner as Izabella , a street-wise tomboy who was orphaned with Sqweeks and Canopy , her only friends , until meeting Cade . Jerrod Carmichael as Jimmy , a young man from South Dakota whom Cade hired through a want ad . Santiago Cabrera as Santos , a former Delta Force operative and commander of the TRF , who seeks to eradicate every Transformer and their human allies regardless of faction . John Turturro as Seymour Simmons , a former government agent with Sector Seven and NEST turned successful writer who hides out in Cuba , and was allied with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction . Glenn Morshower as General Morshower , the director of NEST in Revenge of the Fallen and Dark of the Moon who now supervises TRF operations . Liam Garrigan as King Arthur , the legendary knight who first fought with the Knights of Iacon .

Stanley Tucci

Transformers : the Last Knight

transformers : the last knight

Transformers : The Last Knight is a 2017 American science fiction action film based on the Transformers toy line created by Hasbro . It is the fifth installment of the live - action Transformers film series , the second film in the sequel trilogy and the sequel to 2014 's Transformers : Age of Extinction . Like its predecessors , the film is directed by Michael Bay , featuring Mark Wahlberg returning from Age of Extinction , with Josh Duhamel , John Turturro , and Glenn Morshower all reprising their roles from the first three films , with Laura Haddock and Anthony Hopkins both joining the cast . Bay has stated that he will not return for another sequel , though he will stand as producer .

The film premiered at Odeon Leicester Square in London on June 18 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on June 21 , 2017 , by Paramount Pictures in 2D , 3D , and IMAX 3D . Like its predecessors , the film received negative reviews from critics and , with an approval rating of 15 % on Rotten Tomatoes , it is the worst - reviewed film of the Transformers series . It underperformed at the domestic and international box office , grossing $605 million worldwide , making it the lowest of the franchise . Audiences alike had mixed reviews praising the action sequences and Mark Wahlberg 's performance while criticizing the plot , the hours of the movie spent , the amount of Autobots used in screentime and having Megatron as a side character . A spin - off / prequel , entitled Bumblebee : The Movie , is scheduled for release on December 21 , 2018 and an untitled sixth film , a direct sequel to The Last Knight , is set to release on June 28 , 2019 . Bay will produce both films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Transformers 2.2. 1 Autobots 2.2. 2 Dinobots 2.2. 3 Decepticons 2.2. 4 Others 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Controversy 8 Sequel and spin - off 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 484 AD , King Arthur and his knights struggle in a devastating battle against the Saxons . Meanwhile , Merlin begs for help from the Knights of Iacon , a group of twelve Transformers who have hidden on Earth . They give Merlin an alien staff and combine themselves into a huge robotic dragon named Dragonstorm to help Arthur triumph over the Saxons , but not before warning Merlin that a great evil will one day come for the staff . In the present , five years after the Hong Kong battle , all Transformers are declared outlaws by all governments on Earth , and the Transformer Reaction Force ( TRF ) is formed from the fallen Cemetery Wind faction to kill them , despite more Transformers continuously arriving on Earth . All the while , enormous metallic horns begin to rise from different parts of the world . In a part of war - torn Chicago , a group of children find a ship with a knight inside before being caught by a TRF drone . Izabella , a survivor of the Battle of Chicago , saves the children along with her Transformers companions Sqweeks and Canopy . The drone mistakes Canopy for a Decepticon and kills him before Bumblebee and Cade Yeager , who is also being hunted by the TRF , arrive and rescue the others . Cade finds the knight in the ship , who attaches a metallic talisman to his arm . The Decepticon Barricade observes this act and reports the discovery to Megatron . After a brief standoff with the TRF , Cade and Bumblebee return to their junkyard in South Dakota where the remaining Autobots are taking refuge from the TRF ; Izabella and Sqweeks stow away with them . TRF member and former Autobot ally William Lennox brokers a deal between the TRF and Megatron so he can find Cade and recover the talisman . In exchange , Megatron demands the release of a squad of Decepticons ; Nitro Zeus , Mohawk , Onslaught , and Dreadbot . Meanwhile , in deep space , Optimus Prime crash - lands on Cybertron , discovering that it is heading directly for Earth . He encounters Quintessa , the self - proclaimed creator of the Transformers , who brainwashes Optimus and renames him `` Nemesis Prime '' . Quintessa tasks him with recovering the staff from the Knights , who had stolen it from her after betraying her . She then reveals that Earth is actually Cybertron 's ancient enemy , Unicron , and she intends to drain its life force using the staff so that Cybertron can be restored . Back on Earth , Megatron and the TRF locate Cade , his coworker Jimmy , Izabella , Sqweeks , and the Autobots thanks to a tracker that had been planted on Bumblebee during the standoff . This forces them to flee to a nearby abandoned town . In the ensuing battle , Dreadbot , Onslaught , Mohawk , and several TRF soldiers are killed , forcing Megatron , Nitro Zeus , and Barricade to retreat . While fighting off a unit of TRF drones , Cade is approached by Cogman , a Transformer envoy who takes him and Bumblebee to England to meet his master , Sir Edmund Burton . There , Burton arranges a meeting between Cade and Viviane Wembly , an Oxford professor , who had been kidnapped by the Autobot Hot Rod ( who gains an alternate form along the way ) under Burton 's orders . Burton introduces himself as the last living member of the `` Witwiccan '' order , an ancient brotherhood dedicated to guarding the secret history of Transformers on Earth . He reveals that Cade 's talisman indicates he is the Last Knight of Iacon and that Viviane is Merlin 's last descendant , as well as revealing that Viviane must find and use his staff to prevent the impending destruction of Earth by Cybertron . MI6 and the TRF arrive at Burton 's mansion , forcing the group to flee . After escaping from MI6 , the TRF , and Barricade , Cade , Viviane , Bumblebee , and Cogman follow clues left by Viviane 's late father and take the museum submarine HMS Alliance ( after Burton shuts the attraction down and reveals that the submarine itself is actually a Transformer ) into the sea to find the Cybertronian Knights ' sunken ship ; the TRF pursue them with submarines of their own . Burton meets with the Prime Minister to dispatch the military to Stonehenge , which he deduces is Unicron 's access point . In the ship , Cade and Viviane discover the tomb of Merlin and the staff . Viviane activates the staff , which causes the ship to rise towards the surface . The TRF confronts the group and attempts to take the staff from them , before Optimus intervenes and forces them to hand over the staff . Bumblebee chases after Optimus and the two Autobots fight each other at the top of the ship . Before Optimus can kill Bumblebee , the mute Autobot finally speaks , freeing Optimus from Quintessa 's control . Suddenly , Megatron , revealed to be conspiring with Quintessa , arrives to steal the staff and flees while the Knights arrive and attack Optimus for his presumed betrayal . Cade stops the Knights with the talisman , which transforms into King Arthur 's sword Excalibur . The Knights yield to Cade , and he urges Optimus to fight for Earth once more . As Cybertron anchors itself to Earth , Megatron , Nitro Zeus , and Barricade deliver the staff to Quintessa , who begins draining the life force of Earth from Unicron . Burton and the British military intervene , and Megatron shoots Burton , who dies with Cogman by his side . The Autobots arrive to join the TRF , Cade , Viviane , Izabella , and Sqweeks . They land on Cybertron and battle the Decepticons and Quintessa 's minions , the Infernocons . After Optimus kills the Infernocons , the Autobots reach the chamber where the staff and Quintessa are . Optimus defeats Megatron by kicking him through the chamber 's wall , sending him flying to Earth , while Bumblebee kills Nitro Zeus . Together , Optimus and Bumblebee seemingly kill Quintessa . Viviane removes the staff , stopping Cybertron 's destruction of Earth but leaving both worlds connected . Optimus declares that humans and Transformers must now work together to rebuild their worlds and sends a message calling any surviving Autobots to come home . In a mid-credits scene , scientists inspect one of Unicron 's horns in a desert . Quintessa , who survived and is now disguised as a human , arrives and offers them a way to destroy Unicron . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Transformers film series characters Humans ( edit ) Mark Wahlberg as Cade Yeager , a single father and inventor , who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction . Josh Duhamel as William Lennox , a former NEST commander and U.S. Army Ranger captain , who partnered with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction , and now a U.S. Army Colonel and reluctant member of the Transformer Reaction Force ( TRF ) . Stanley Tucci as Merlin , King Arthur 's wizard and Viviane 's ancestor . Tucci was originally reported to be reprising his role as Joshua Joyce from Age of Extinction . Anthony Hopkins as Sir Edmund Burton , 12th Earl of Folgan , an astronomer and historian who knows about the history of the Transformers on Earth . Laura Haddock as Viviane Wembly , a Professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford and a polo player , who turns out to be a descendant of Merlin . Minti Gorne portrays a younger Viviane . Isabela Moner as Izabella , a street-wise tomboy who was orphaned with Sqweeks and Canopy , her only friends , until meeting Cade . Jerrod Carmichael as Jimmy , a young man from South Dakota whom Cade hired through a want ad . Santiago Cabrera as Santos , a former Delta Force operative and commander of the TRF , who seeks to eradicate every Transformer and their human allies regardless of faction . John Turturro as Seymour Simmons , a former government agent with Sector Seven and NEST turned successful writer who hides out in Cuba , and was allied with the Autobots prior to the events of Age of Extinction . Glenn Morshower as General Morshower , the director of NEST in Revenge of the Fallen and Dark of the Moon who now supervises TRF operations . Liam Garrigan as King Arthur , the legendary knight who first fought with the Knights of Iacon . Additionally , Mitch Pileggi , Tony Hale , and Gil Birmingham appear as a TRF group leader , a JPL engineer , and Chief Sherman , respectively . Nicola Peltz has a vocal cameo as Tessa Yeager , Cade 's daughter , who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction , while Shia LeBeouf is seen as Sam Witwicky in a photograph spotted in Burton 's mansion who allied with the Autobots in prior events of Age of Extinction . Tyrese Gibson was cast to return as Robert Epps , but was unable to appear in the film due to scheduling conflicts with The Fate of the Furious . Transformers ( edit ) Autobots ( edit ) Peter Cullen voices Optimus Prime , the leader of the Autobots , who transforms into a blue and red 2014 Western Star 5700 Custom semi-trailer truck while searching for the truth about his Creators . Erik Aadahl voices Bumblebee , an Autobot scout and Optimus Prime 's second - in - command , who transforms into a custom - built yellow and black 2016 Chevrolet Camaro . Jim Carter voices Cogman , a polite sociopathic , human - sized he serves as the faithful butler to Sir Edmund Burton , and while despite not even having a larger robot mode , he transforms into an Aston Martin DB11 in the toyline . Omar Sy voices Hot Rod , an Autobot who transforms into a Citroën DS , before upgrading into a 2017 Lamborghini Centenario LP770 - 4 . He is brother - in - arms with Bumblebee and speaks in a thick French accent . Ken Watanabe voices Drift , a Samurai - motif Autobot tactician and former Decepticon who transforms into a black and red 2017 Mercedes - AMG GT R . John Goodman voices Hound , a trigger - happy Autobot commando and field medic who transforms into an olive green Mercedes - Benz Unimog military tactical ambulance . John DiMaggio voices Crosshairs , a cocky Autobot paratrooper and sniper who transforms into a green and black 2016 Chevrolet Corvette C7 Stingray , equipped with a custom split - spoiler . His ego lends him a misplaced belief in his future command of the Autobots . Reno Wilson voices Sqweeks , a small Autobot and Izabella 's closest friend who ca n't transform and only says `` Chihuahua '' due to prior damage . Tom Kenny voices Wheelie , a former Decepticon turned Autobot who survived the Chicago battle in Dark of the Moon , and transforms into a blue monster truck toy . Steve Buscemi voices Daytrader , a Cybertronian scavenger who transforms into a cloaked rusty Mercedes - Benz LK Model 1920 dump truck . He is held in disregard by the Autobots for being annoying despite his skill in finding good material . Steven Barr voices Topspin , an Autobot Wrecker who resides in Cuba with Simmons that once transformed into a # 48 Hendrick Motorsports Lowe 's / Kobalt car . In the film he is credited as `` Volleybot '' and grew a metallic beard that resembles his fallen comrade , Leadfoot . Mark Ryan voices `` Bulldog '' , an Autobot veteran of World War I and World War II , and a sentry for Burton 's castle , who transforms into an army Mark IV tank and suffers from ' robot dementia ' . An uncredited actor voices Canopy , an Autobot refugee and a friend of Izabella who camouflages into a shielding pile of rubble . Additionally , an elderly Autobot that transforms into a Hawker Hurricane fighter plane cameos at Burton 's castle , whose voice actor is also uncredited . A Transformer who turns into the HMS Alliance appears , though not seen in robot mode . Trench , an Autobot who resembles the Constructicon Scrapper and transforms into an excavator , makes a cameo at Cade 's junkyard . Dinobots ( edit ) Grimlock , the leader of the Dinobots , who transforms into a mechanical horned , fire - breathing Tyrannosaurus . Slug , the savage Dinobot destroyer who transforms into a mechanical spiked and bestial Triceratops . Mini-Dinobots , the Mini versions of Grimlock , Slug , and Strafe . Decepticons ( edit ) Frank Welker voices Megatron , the reborn leader of the Decepticons , who possessed a KSI Drone in Age of Extinction and transforms into a Cybertronian jet . John DiMaggio voices Nitro Zeus , a Decepticon hunter who transforms into an JAS 39 Gripen Fighter Jet . Jess Harnell voices Barricade , a Decepticon scout who survived the Chicago War in Dark of the Moon . He transforms into a 2016 Ford Mustang police car , featuring a new robot mode . Reno Wilson voices Mohawk , a Decepticon foot soldier who transforms into a Confederate P51 Combat Fighter Motorcycle . Dreadbot , a Decepticon thug who transforms into a rusty Volkswagen Type 2 . Uncredited actors both voice Onslaught , a Decepticon tactician who transforms into a green Western Star 4900SF tow truck , and Berserker , a monstrous Decepticon commando who transforms into a Chevy Tahoe emergency vehicle , each speaking only a single line . Starscream 's severed head is shown being boasted by Daytrader , and later held by Megatron . In Sir Edmund Burton 's castle , a picture of Shockwave is seen ; both Shockwave and Soundwave are briefly mentioned by Viviane . Others ( edit ) Gemma Chan as Quintessa , a Cybertronian Sorceress , the `` Prime of Life '' and the creator of Cybertronians who wants to destroy Unicron and rebuild Cybertron . Various uncredited actors voice the Knights of Iacon , a group of twelve Cybertronian Knights who protects the Staff and merge to form the three - headed dragon , Dragonstorm . They include Dragonicus , Stormreign , Steelbane , and Skullitron . Infernocons , Quintessa 's demon - like guardians who combine to form Infernocus . Unicron , a giant planet - destroying Transformer who is mentioned at various points throughout the film ; six of his mechanical horns are seen on Earth . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Michael Bay announced that the film will be his last of the Transformers series before joining Illumination Entertainment to plan a film based on Japanese manga . In March 2015 , Deadline.com reported that Paramount Pictures was in talks with Oscar winner Akiva Goldsman ( A Beautiful Mind ) to pitch new ideas for the Transformers franchise 's future installments . The studio intends to do what James Cameron and 20th Century Fox have been doing in planning three Avatar sequels , and what Disney has done to revive Star Wars , with sequels and spin - offs . Paramount wants to have their own cinematic universe for Transformers , similar to Marvel 's / Disney 's Marvel Cinematic Universe ( which had been one of Paramount 's previous film series ) , and DC Comics / Warner Bros . ' DC Extended Universe . Goldsman is the head of the future projects , and worked with franchise director Michael Bay , executive producer Steven Spielberg , and producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura to organize a `` writers ' room '' that incubates ideas for potential Transformers sequels , prequels and spin - offs . The writers ' room members include : Christina Hodson , Lindsey Beer , Andrew Barrer , and Gabriel Ferrari ( Ant - Man ) , Robert Kirkman ( The Walking Dead ) , Art Marcum & Matt Holloway , Zak Penn ( Pacific Rim : Uprising ) , Jeff Pinkner ( The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ) , Ken Nolan , and Geneva Robertson - Dworet . Kirkman left the room after just one day to undergo throat surgery . In July 2015 , Akiva Goldsman and Jeff Pinkner were announced as the fifth Transformers film 's screenwriters . However , on November 20 , due to Goldsman 's commitments creating a writers ' room for G.I. Joe and Micronauts properties , Paramount began to negotiate with Art Marcum and Matt Holloway ( Iron Man ) , as well as Ken Nolan ( Black Hawk Down ) , to write the film . Lindsey Beer and Geneva Robertson - Dworet were also brought aboard for writing duties . `` I think I brought the concern to the movie studio and certainly to the writers . Perhaps ... Transformers 5 and 6 movies will go back more to its roots . There was an occasion where one line ( in Transformers : Age of Extinction ) which Optimus Prime had , I did not want to say . It was my gut instinct and certainly my commitment to the character ... not to say the line . But I was told to say . You ca n't fight the big boys . I think you all know what that line was . '' -- Peter Cullen on a question from a fan on the future of the franchise from Sac - Anime 2015 After Transformers : Age of Extinction , Bay had decided not to direct any future Transformers films . But in early January 2016 , in an interview with Rolling Stone , he stated that he would return to direct the fifth film , and that it will be his last Transformers film . Paramount Pictures spent $80 million on production in Michigan , in return for $21 million in state incentives , under agreements entered into before the state legislature eliminated the film office incentive program in July 2015 . In April 2016 , Paramount hired cinematographer Jonathan Sela . On May 17 , Bay revealed the official title of the film to be The Last Knight on his Instagram account , where he also posted a production video showing a close - up of Optimus Prime 's face with purple eyes instead of blue , and his face mostly discolored . The official Twitter account showed a 19 - second short video in morse code that translates to `` I 'm coming for you May 31 '' . On May 31 , it was revealed that Megatron would return in the sequel . Casting ( edit ) In December 2014 , Mark Wahlberg confirmed that he would return in the sequel . In February 2016 , there were casting calls for new lead and supporting roles in Los Angeles and London , and Peter Cullen was announced as returning to voice Optimus Prime . Approximately 850 cast and crew were hired , 450 of whom were Michigan residents , equating to 228 full - time positions . Additionally , 700 extras were hired from among Detroit residents , as part of Paramount 's incentive deal with the state . On April 13 , TheWrap reported that Isabela Moner was in talks to star as Izabella . The site also reported that Bay was eyeing Jean Dujardin , Stephen Merchant , and Jerrod Carmichael for supporting roles . On May 17 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Josh Duhamel would reprise his role in the film , and Jerrod Carmichael was cast . In June 2016 , Anthony Hopkins , Mitch Pileggi , Santiago Cabrera , and Laura Haddock joined the cast , and Tyrese Gibson stated that he will return as Robert Epps . In August 2016 , Liam Garrigan was confirmed to play King Arthur , a different version from his role as the same character on the television series Once Upon a Time . On September 4 , 2016 , Stanley Tucci confirmed his return . On October 14 , 2016 , Bay announced that John Turturro would reprise his role as Seymour Simmons from the first three films , and that John Goodman would return to voice Hound . A month before the film 's release , Bay revealed that the character Cogman would be voiced by Downton Abbey actor Jim Carter , at the request of co-writer Matt Holloway , who is a fan of the series . On June 9 , 2017 , Reno Wilson confirmed via Twitter that he would have a voice role in the film . On June 16 , 2017 , Gibson revealed that despite closing a deal for the film , he was unable to appear as Epps due to scheduling conflicts with The Fate of the Furious . Filming ( edit ) Alnwick Castle in Alnwick , Northumberland , one of the many locations used in the film Principal photography began on May 25 , 2016 , in Havana , Cuba , with a few scenes shot by a `` small team '' . Filming continued on June 6 , 2016 , in Phoenix , Arizona , and on June 19 , 2016 , in Detroit , Michigan , under the working title E75 , with additional filming taking place in Chicago , Illinois . In Detroit , filming took place in the Michigan Motion Pictures Studio , Packard Plant , Michigan Central Station , Cafe D'Mongo's Speakeasy , and MGM Grand Detroit . Production moved to Europe on August 21 , and filming commenced on August 22 in Scotland and Wales . In England , filming took place in North Yorkshire , Newcastle upon Tyne , Northumberland , London , Gosport and Stonehenge . Between August and October , filming occurred in Ireland , and Preikestolen , Trolltunga and Atlanterhavsveien in Norway . In early September 2016 , filming took place in Alnwick Castle in Alnwick Northumberland in England , including car chase scenes . Production continued at St Aidan 's Church , Seahouses , where Walhberg spent an hour inside the church and reportedly donated £ 200 . Rev Father Des McGiven said : `` I did n't even know he was in church until he left . One of my parishioners , Danielle Love , recognised him and explained who he was . It 's great that we had him in for the service , and we appreciate his generosity towards our church . '' Car chases were also filmed at the monument area of Newcastle upon Tyne , where Josh Duhamel was filming , while Wahlberg and Sir Anthony Hopkins continued at Alnwick , Seahouses and the Bamburgh Region of Northumberland . In late September 2016 , filming was spotted in Gosport , Hampshire at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum . On October 5 , 2016 filming was spotted at St Bartholomew - the - Great , London . London filming wrapped on October 27 , 2016 . Principal photography wrapped on December 4 , 2016 . Effects ( edit ) As with previous Transformers installments , Industrial Light & Magic served as the main visual effects company for Transformers : The Last Knight . In early 2016 , the company showed Bay an underwater rendering of a crash - landed alien spaceship and a new dump - truck Transformer with a cloak . Music ( edit ) Main article : Transformers : The Last Knight -- Music from the Motion Picture On September 27 , it was confirmed that Steve Jablonsky would return to write the score , having composed the music for the first four films . The score was released digitally on the film 's original release date , Friday June 23 , 2017 , and a limited - edition two - disc CD set of 3,000 units will be released by La - La Land Records on July 11 , 2017 . Unlike the previous films ' scores , which contained anywhere from fourteen to twenty - three tracks , the film 's soundtrack contains thirty - four tracks , amounting to over two hours of music . On the score , Jablonsky said , `` I met with Michael before he started shooting ' Transformers : The Last Knight . ' He showed me some amazing concept art and explained how the story connects the history of Transformers all the way back to the times of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table . I loved the idea because it gave me the opportunity to explore new musical ideas . The storyline allowed me to write melodies that are a bit more ' classical ' than I 've written for the other Transformers films , which was a lot of fun for me . Another important aspect of the story revolves around massive skyscraper - sized ' horns from hell ' that start emerging from the Earth . They look like gigantic animal horns , but no one knows what they are or why they have appeared . I wanted to create an unsettling sense of mystery and tension with the music . '' The film also featured the song Torches by X Ambassadors . Release ( edit ) Transformers : The Last Knight was released on June 21 , 2017 , after being moved up from its original June 23 release date . The teaser trailer of the film was released on December 5 , 2016 , and was later attached to Rogue One . Marketing ( edit ) The first teaser trailer aired on Monday , December 5 , during ESPN 's Monday Night Football , and was released online shortly thereafter . With 24 hours of its release , the trailer garnered a record - breaking 93.6 million views from social media platforms , such as Facebook , YouTube , Twitter and Instagram , making it the third - highest - viewed trailer of 2016 , falling behind Disney 's Beauty and the Beast remake ( 127.6 million views ) and Universal 's Fifty Shades Darker ( 114 million views in 24 hours ) , but surpassing Marvel Studios ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 trailer , which scored 81 million views in its first 24 hours online . Following the trailer 's release , the film trended on all major social media sites , including YouTube , Facebook , Twitter , and Reddit . It was Weibo 's No. 1 trending topic in China , where the preview was viewed 16 million times its first day of release . Television spots for the film started airing ahead of the Super Bowl spot on February 3 , 2017 . An extended TV spot for the Super Bowl aired during Super Bowl LI , on February 5 , 2017 . On March 11 , 2017 , a new TV spot and clip were shown at Nickelodeon 's 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards . A new trailer aired with the release of Beauty and the Beast on March 17 , 2017 , while the third trailer was released on April 13 , 2017 . The international trailer was released on May 17th , 2017 , and a smaller trailer was released shortly after , on June 4 , 2017 . After that , various TV spots were released . Home media ( edit ) Transformers : The Last Knight was released on Digital HD on September 12 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 4K , Blu - ray 3D and DVD on September 26 , 2017 in the United States . It was also released in a collection with the four previous films . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Transformers : The Last Knight grossed $130.2 million in the United States and Canada and $475.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $605.4 million , against a production budget of $217 million . It is the lowest grossing film of the Transformers film series . In North America , The Last Knight was originally projected to gross $70 -- 75 million from 4,069 theaters over its first five days , which would have been the lowest debut of the franchise . However , after the film grossed a franchise - low $15.7 million on its first day ( including $5.5 million from Tuesday night previews ) , opening estimates were lowered to $60 -- 65 million . On Thursday , it grossed $8.1 million , potentially dropping the five - day debut to under $60 million . It ended up having an opening weekend of $44.6 million , the lowest debut of the franchise by $25 million ( and lowest since the first film 's $70.5 million ) . The film 's five - day gross of $68.4 million was also lower than every three - day opening of the previous four films . The film grossed $16.9 million in its second weekend , dropping 62.2 % and finishing third at the box office , and $6.4 million in its third , dropping an identical 62.2 % and finishing 5th . The film closed from theatres on August 24 , 2017 with only $130 million domestic , failing to recoup it 's $217 million budget , thus making it the lowest grossing domestic film of the Transformers film series . Internationally , The Last Knight opened in its first 42 foreign territories alongside its United States debut , including major markets China , the UK , Russia , Australia , Germany , Italy , South Korea and Hong Kong , and was projected to have an opening of $167 -- 200 million . Due to its predecessor 's success in China , expectations were high for the film in the country . Box office observers and trackers believed the film would open to $80 -- 100 million , and end its run there with anywhere between $290 to $400 million . The film ended up having a global debut of $265.3 million ( $196.2 million from overseas ) , including $123.4 million from China , representing 63 % of the film 's foreign opening . In the film 's second week in China , it fell 76 % and had a running cume of $147.6 million . As of August 6 , 2017 , the film 's largest markets outside North America are : China ( $228.84 million ) , South Korea ( $19.24 million ) , Russia ( $15.89 million ) , Germany ( $15.42 million ) , Mexico ( $15.33 million ) , U.K. ( $12.19 million ) , Brazil ( $13.70 million ) , Indonesia ( $11.71 million ) , Japan ( $15.69 million ) and France ( $10.99 million ) . In India , the film was given an adult certificate and , hence , it was not successful at the Indian box office ( 4.87 million ) as compared to Age of Extinction ( 10.23 million ) and other Transformers movies ( 3.01 million TF1 , 2.80 million ROTF , 6.88 million DOTM ) . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 15 % based on 201 reviews , with an average rating of 3.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Cacophonous , thinly plotted , and boasting state - of - the - art special effects , The Last Knight is pretty much what you 'd expect from the fifth installment of the Transformers franchise . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 28 out of 100 based on 46 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a negative review , criticizing its running time and incoherent plot , writing : `` I have no proof Transformers : The Last Knight will kill your brain cells , but I would n't be surprised to learn that it does and I 'd proceed with caution just in case . But I can say with absolute certainty that after watching , your head will hurt . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was also critical of the film 's sloppiness , saying , `` ... fear not , fans of the franchise : if you 're here for the director 's trademark chaos editing ( where fights go from points A to D to Q ) , toxic masculinity ( and female objectification ) , comedy scenes rendered tragic ( and vice versa ) , and general full - volume confusion , you 'll get all those things in abundance . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave a rare zero - star review to the film ( as he did to the previous films ) , saying `` Every time Michael Bay directs another Transformers abomination ( this is the fifth ) , the movies die a little . This one makes the summer 's other blockbuster misfires look like masterpieces . '' Variety gave the film a lukewarm review stating , `` The fifth time may not quite be the charm , but the latest entry in Michael Bay 's crunched - metal robot - war mega-series is badder , and therefore better . '' The New Yorker acknowledged the film 's flaws but noted there was almost something impressive about them , saying : `` The absolute tastelessness of Bay 's images , their stultifying service to platitudes and to merchandise , does n't at all diminish their wildly imaginative power . '' Times Of India gave the movie 2.5 stars out of 5 stars . Controversy ( edit ) Blenheim Palace , where Britain 's former wartime Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill was born , was draped in huge Nazi flags . On September 21 , 2016 , shooting for a particular scene took place in Blenheim Palace , Woodstock , Oxfordshire in England , the home of Sir Winston Churchill , the British Prime Minister during World War II . The mansion was dressed as a Nazi swastika - draped headquarters for Adolf Hitler for filming . This evoked both anger and criticism for being `` symbolically disrespectful to Churchill '' , according to Colonel Richard Kemp , who said Churchill `` will be turning in his grave '' , while Tony Hayes of the UK Veterans Association stated that surviving World War II ex-servicemen and women would be `` appalled '' . Churchill 's grandson and British Parliament member Sir Nicholas Soames dismissed the controversy entirely , stating , `` They 've no idea what my grandfather would have thought ! '' Churchill was buried less than a mile away , at St Martin 's Church , Bladon . Sequel and spin - off ( edit ) A spin - off / prequel , entitled Bumblebee : The Movie which stars Hailee Steinfeld and John Cena is set for release on December 21 , 2018 . The movie 's working title is ' Brighton Falls ' and will wrap up shooting in November 2017 , while a direct sequel to The Last Knight , the yet - to - be-titled Transformers 6 is scheduled to be released on June 28 , 2019 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Steve Jablonsky Confirmed For Transformers : The Last Knight '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Cinematographer Jonathan Sela Joins Transformers 5 '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers The Last Knight Worldwide Premiere is 18 June in Leicester Square , London , UK '' . TFW 2005 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . 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August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Transformers : The Last Knight review -- as tinnitus - inducingly pointless as ever '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keslassy , Elsa ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stanley Tucci to Reprise ' Transformers ' Role in ' The Last Knight ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mia Galuppo ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Anthony Hopkins Joins ' Transformers 5 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DiLeo , Adam ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` The Future of the Transformers Cinematic Universe '' . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight Super Bowl Spot Online Tomorrow , Extended Spot on Sunday -- Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 2017 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laura J. Haddock on Twitter : `` VERY EXCITED to tell you guys ... # transformers '' `` . Twitter . June 20 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Santiago Cabrera keeping up with Navy Seals Transformers 5 '' . Santiagocabrera.net . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight -- Agent Santos Profile Online -- Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Optimus , Silver ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Bay Confirms John Turturro For TF5 . Teaser Trailer In November / December ? '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Sneider ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' finds its King Arthur ( Exclusive ) '' . Mashable . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mitch Pileggi on Twitter : `` Had the extreme pleasure of working on the new Transformers movie with @ michaelbay . It 's fascinating watching this cat work . '' '' ( Twitter post ) . June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 5 `` Tessa '' Trailer ( 2017 ) The Last Knight Movie HD `` . Jump up ^ `` More New Transformers : The Last Knight TV Spots Reveal a Returning Character - Transformers News - TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 9 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dosani , Rishma ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tyrese Gibson exclusively admits he was ' p * * * * d ' to miss out on filming Transformers : The Last Knight alongside original co-star Josh Duhamel '' . OK ! . Northern & Shell . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western Star 5700EX stars in next Transformers film '' . TruckersNews . August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Transformers Jun 4 , 2016 at 8 : 02pm UTC '' . Jump up ^ `` Mark Ryan Return To Voice In Transformers The Last Knight '' . TFW2005 . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers : The Last Knight Plot Roundup '' . 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TRANSFORMERS : THE LAST KNIGHT Motion Posters Feature Familiar Faces And The Debut Of Cogman '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Still From Transformers : The Last Knight And A Writers Room Interview -- Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Even More Images From The London Set Of Transformers : The Last Knight '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Even More New TLK Toy Reveals -- Hot Rod , Cogman and More ! - Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bacala , Tony ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Hot Rod Coming to Transformers The Last Knight '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prowl4 , Kurona ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Omar Sy to voice Hot Rod in Transformers : The Last Knight '' . Seibertron . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Transformers 5 : Barricade Vehicle Mode Revealed '' . TFW2005 . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( 2016 - 06 - 06 ) . `` New Vehicles Spotted On The Set Of Transformers : The Last Knight -- Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . News.tfw2005.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` More New Images Of Transformers 5 Principal Photography In Arizona '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers Reaction Force ( TRF ) Case File -- Dreadbot '' . TFW2005 . June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight -- Decepticon Onslaught Revealed '' . TFW2005 . July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` In - Package Image Of Transformers : The Last Knight Mission To Cybertron Infernocus - Transformers News - TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers Movie Toys Revealed -- Cybertron ( Planet ) , Leader Dragonstorm , Voyager Nitro and More ! - Transformers News -- TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Enlisting Akiva Goldsman To Ramp Up ' Transformers ' Output '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allison Keene ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Kirkman Reveals He Was Only in the ' Transformers ' Writers Room for One Day '' . Collider.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eric Goldman ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Daredevil 's Steven DeKnight on the Transformers Writers Room and Planning Ahead '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Akiva Goldsman ' Transformers ' Writers Room Leads Paramount & Hasbro To Set One For ' G.I. Joe , ' ' Micronauts ' '' . Deadline . November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Optimus , Silver ( January 10 , 2015 ) . `` Peter Cullen Says Transformers 5 & 6 Might Be Less Dark '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Josh Eells ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` 13 Hours ' : Can Michael Bay Pull Off a Gritty Movie About Benghazi ? '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tribune news services ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers 5 ' receives $21 million incentive to shoot in Detroit '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Caranicas ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Agencies Book Artisans on ' Fast 8 , ' ' Transformers 5 , ' ' To the Bone , ' ' MacGyver ' and ' Altered Carbon ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers 5 ' : Director Michael Bay Reveals Sequel 's Official Title '' . Yahoo ! Movies . May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # TRANSFORMERS on Twitter : `` Something wicked this way comes . # transformers '' `` . Twitter . May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Zalben ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Wahlberg Just Found A ' Transformers ' Sequel '' . MTV . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers 5 Casting Call Details Revealed '' . tfw2005.com . February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNarry ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers 5 ' Receives $21 Million Incentive to Shoot in Detroit '' . Variety . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers 5 ' To Bring Hundreds Of Jobs , $80 M To Metro Detroit '' . February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers 5 ' Eyes Nickelodeon Star Isabela Moner for Lead Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Jump up ^ Jeff Sneider ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Jerrod Carmichael in Talks to Join Mark Wahlberg in ' Transformers 5 ' '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Josh Duhamel to Return to the ' Transformers ' Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Willis , Jackie ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Tyrese Gibson Confirms He 's Shooting ' Transformers 5 , ' Says He Feels Paul Walker 's ' Energy ' on ' Fast 8 ' Set '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Reno Wilson Joins Transformers The Last Knight - Transformers News - TFW2005 '' . Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Filming in Cuba Starts for Transformers : The Last Knight '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on 6 July 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Transformers : The Last Knight Begins Filming in Cuba This Week '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ France - Presse , Agence ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers 5 ' to film in Cuba '' . Rappler . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alice Walker ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` Transformers 5 To Film in London & Detroit ; Casting Begins '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 5 casting calls for new lead roles '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christine ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Check out where ' Transformers 5 ' will be filming in Detroit this summer '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers The Last Knight filming moves to Europe in Scotland '' . tfw2005.com . August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TransformersLondonStoneHengeFilming '' . Daily Mail . October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TransformersNorway '' . nrk.no . October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danny Walker , Tom White ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Mark Wahlberg and Transformers 5 : The Last Knight stars descend on British castle as production heats up for blockbuster '' . The Mirror . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danny Walker , Tom White ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Transformers 5 : The Last Knight filming continues with dramatic explosions , car chases and a first look at Bumblebee '' . The Mirror . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UKParamountPictures ( 24 October 2016 ) . `` Transformers -- The Last Night -- Paramount Pictures UK '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` Transformers : The Last Knight teases new trailer in behind - the - scenes clip '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Hear an Exclusive Track from the ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' score '' . 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Paramount Dates A Trio Of ' Transformers ' Sequels ; Collides With ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Godzilla 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers 6 ' Will Be a Lower - Cost ' Bumblebee ' Spinoff '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' To Gallop Out Two Days Earlier In June '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( 19 November 2016 ) . `` Transformers : The Last Knight attached in theaters to Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Trailer Seizes 100M Views Online '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Transformers : The Last Knight trailer tallies 100 million views online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thorne , Will ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) . `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Gets Extended Super Bowl Trailer ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Michael ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) . `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Official Trailer Looks Fantastic ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Hoping To Catch Opening In The $100 M Vicinity '' . Deadline.com . June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight ' Running Out Of Gas With $15 M Opening Day ; 5 - Day Outlook Now At $63 M - $65 M '' . Deadline . June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline.com . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Despicable Me 3 Wins the Weekend '' . Rotten Tomatoes . July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Still Swinging In As Sony 's Second Best Domestic Opening Ever With $116 M - $118 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` China 's Weying Boards Paramount 's ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Transformers ' Gears Up For Another $1 Billion Box Office Bounty '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline.com . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight -- Foreign '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight Reviews '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Might Make Humanity Just A Little Dumber '' . Uproxx . June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Review : Michael Bay 's Latest Hot Mess Is Only Slightly Less Messy '' . TheWrap . June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Review : Meet 2017 's Most Toxic Movie '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' '' . Jump up ^ `` With ' Transformers : The Last Knight , ' Michael Bay Has Become an Experimental Filmmaker of Pure Sensation '' . The New Yorker . June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/movie-reviews/transformers-the-last-knight/movie-review/59366697.cms Jump up ^ Neil Syson , Ross Kempsall and David Willetts ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` War veterans fury as filmmakers stage Nazi invasion at Sir Winston Churchill 's home '' . The Sun . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Catherine Shoard ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Anger as Churchill 's home turned into Hitler HQ for Transformers 5 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Churchill 's grandson : Transformers 5 fallout is ' dismal , idiotic , preposterous ' Film The Guardian '' . 2017 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Aaron Couch ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers : The Last Knight ' Under Fire for Flying Nazi Flags at Winston Churchill 's Birthplace '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Film Studios Recast Writers ' Rooms '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Transformers : The Last Knight at Rotten Tomatoes Transformers : The Last Knight on IMDb Transformers : The Last Knight at the TCM Movie Database Watch online http://cinemacommander.us/m-movies-online/335988/transformers-the-last-knight.html Transformers Universe Autobots Optimus Prime Ultra Magnus Rodimus Optimus Primal Arcee Blaster Blurr Brawn Bulkhead Bumblebee Cliffjumper Drift Fireflight Grapple Grimlock Hoist Hot Shot Hound Inferno Ironhide Jazz Jetfire Kup Metroplex Mudflap Omega Supreme Perceptor Powerglide Quickmix Ratchet Red Alert Roadbuster Seaspray Sentinel Prime Sideswipe Skids Sky High Sky Lynx Skydive Sludge Smokescreen Snarl Sunstreaker Vector Prime Windblade Wheeljack Wreck - Gar Decepticons Megatron / Galvatron Starscream Barricade Blackout Blast Off Blitzwing Bludgeon Bombshell Brawl Demolishor Dirge The Fallen Frenzy Inferno Kickback Knock Out Lugnut Motormaster Octane Onslaught Over-Run Overbite Ramjet Ransack Ravage Rumble Scorponok Shrapnel Skyquake Slipstream Shockwave Soundwave Thrust Vortex Waspinator Wildrider Subgroups Dinobots Female Autobots Gobots Monsterbots Powermasters Predacons Pretenders Seacons Targetmasters Thirteen Primes Throttlebots Supporting characters Primus Unicron Scourge Circuit Breaker Spike Witwicky Sparkplug Carly Witwicky Marissa Faireborn Character lists Primes and Matrix holders Female Transformers Technology and physiology Cybertron Matrix of Leadership Spark List of planets List of spacecraft Media Toy lines Transformers : Generation 1 Battle Beasts Action Masters Transformers : Generation 2 Machine Wars Beast Wars Beast Machines Transtech ( unreleased ) Robots in Disguise Armada Robot Masters Energon Alternators Cybertron Legends Titanium Classics Film Animated Revenge of the Fallen Alternity Generations Dark of the Moon Prime Rescue Bots Crossovers Built to Rule Transformers Label Star Wars Transformers Comic series Marvel The Transformers Generation 2 New Avengers / Transformers Dreamwave Generation 1 Armada / Energon The War Within Micromasters IDW The Transformers Infiltration Strombringer Escalation Spotlight Megatron Origin Devastation All Hail Megatron Maximum Dinobots Bumblebee Last Stand of the Wreckers Ironhide Infestation Heart of Darkness The Death of Optimus Prime More than Meets the Eye Autocracy Robots in Disguise Monstrosity Windblade Primacy Revolution First Strike Beast Wars The Gathering The Ascending Generations Hearts of Steel Infestation 2 Transformers ( film comic series ) Lists Comics characters UK comics Animated series Main group Generation 1 Characters Episodes Scramble City Generation 2 Beast Wars Characters Episodes Beast Machines Episodes Robots in Disguise ( 2001 series ) Characters Armada Characters Episodes Energon Characters Episodes Cybertron Characters Episodes Animated Characters Episodes Prime Characters Episodes Rescue Bots Characters Episodes Robots in Disguise ( 2015 series ) Characters Episodes Cyberverse Japanese exclusive The Headmasters Characters Super-God Masterforce Characters Victory Characters Zone Characters Beast Wars II Characters Beast Wars Neo Characters Robot Masters Go ! Web series Cyber Missions Prime Wars Trilogy Combiner Wars Titans Return Feature films Animated films The Transformers : The Movie Beast Wars II : Lio Convoy 's Close Call ! Transformers Prime Beast Hunters : Predacons Rising Live - action films ( cast and characters ) Transformers Revenge of the Fallen Dark of the Moon Age of Extinction The Last Knight Bumblebee : The Movie Audio releases The Transformers : The Movie Theme Song Collection History of Music 1984 -- 1990 The Album Song Universe The Score Revenge of the Fallen -- The Album Revenge of the Fallen -- The Score Dark of the Moon -- The Album Dark of the Moon -- The Score Age of Extinction - The Score The Last Knight -- The Score Video games The Transformers ( 1986 ) Battle to Save the Earth Mystery of Convoy Beast Wars Beast Senshi Saikyō Ketteisen Beast Wars Transmetals DreamMix TV World Fighters Transformers ( 2003 ) Transformers ( 2004 ) The Game Autobots Decepticons Animated : The Game G1 : Awakening Revenge of the Fallen Autobots Decepticons War for Cybertron DS version Cybertron Adventures Dark of the Moon Universe Fall of Cybertron Prime -- The Game Rise of the Dark Spark Angry Birds Transformers Transformers : Devastation Novels Ghosts of Yesterday The Veiled Threat Exodus Dark of the Moon : The Junior Novel Exiles Retribution The Covenant of Primus Engagement BotCon Fun Publications Transformers : The Ride The Transformers Experience HASCON Michael Bay Filmography Films directed Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) The Island ( 2005 ) Transformers ( 2007 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) Pain & Gain ( 2013 ) Transformers : Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi ( 2016 ) Transformers : The Last Knight ( 2017 ) Producer only The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) The Amityville Horror ( 2005 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning ( 2006 ) The Hitcher ( 2007 ) The Unborn ( 2009 ) Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Horsemen ( 2009 ) A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) I Am Number Four ( 2011 ) The Purge ( 2013 ) The Purge : Anarchy ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Ouija ( 2014 ) Project Almanac ( 2015 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) The Purge : Election Year ( 2016 ) Ouija : Origin of Evil ( 2016 ) A Quiet Place ( 2018 ) The Purge : The Island ( 2018 ) Bumblebee : The Movie ( 2018 ) See also Platinum Dunes Works by Akiva Goldsman Films directed Winter 's Tale ( 2014 ) Stephanie ( 2017 ) Films written The Client ( 1994 ) Silent Fall ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) Lost in Space ( 1998 ) Practical Magic ( 1998 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) I , Robot ( 2004 ) Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) I Am Legend ( 2007 ) Angels & Demons ( 2008 ) Winter 's Tale ( 2014 ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) Rings ( 2017 ) Transformers : The Last Knight ( 2017 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) Films produced Lost in Space ( 1998 ) Deep Blue Sea ( 1999 ) Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) Mindhunters ( 2004 ) Constantine ( 2005 ) Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) Poseidon ( 2006 ) I Am Legend ( 2007 ) Hancock ( 2008 ) The Losers ( 2010 ) Fair Game ( 2010 ) Jonah Hex ( 2010 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Winter 's Tale ( 2014 ) King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transformers:_The_Last_Knight&oldid=816048188 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2017 3D films 2010s sequel films Science fiction adventure films American 3D films American science fiction action films Ancient astronauts in fiction American sequel films Apocalyptic films Arthurian films Chase films Di Bonaventura Pictures films Dinosaur films Drone films Films scored by Steve Jablonsky Films about dragons Films about orphans Films directed by Michael Bay Films produced by Akiva Goldsman Films produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura Films set in Chicago Films set in England Films set in Germany Films set in Havana Films set in London Films set in Namibia Films set in South Dakota Films set in the Middle Ages Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in Arizona Films shot in Havana Films shot in London Films shot in Michigan Films shot in Hampshire IMAX films Live - action films based on animated series Performance capture in film Robot films Submarine films Transformers films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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office of the united nations high commissioner for human rights mission and vision

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

office of the united nations high commissioner for human rights

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

Haut - Commissariat des Nations unies aux droits de l'homme ( in French ) Abbreviation OHCHR HCDH Formation 20 December 1993 Type Agency Legal status Active Head Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad , High Commissioner for Human Rights Website http://www.ohchr.org The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( commonly known as the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights ( OHCHR ) ) is a United Nations agency that works to promote and protect the human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 . The office was established by the UN General Assembly on 20 December 1993 in the wake of the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights . The office is headed by the High Commissioner for Human Rights , who co-ordinates human rights activities throughout the UN System and supervises the Human Rights Council in Geneva , Switzerland . As of 1 September 2014 , the current High Commissioner is Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad . The General Assembly approved on 16 June 2014 his appointment by the United Nations Secretary - General . He is the seventh individual to lead the OHCHR and the first Asian , Muslim , Arab and Prince to do so . In 2012 -- 2013 , the agency had a budget of US $ 177.3 million and 1,000 employees based in Geneva . It is an ex-officio member of the Committee of the United Nations Development Group . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions and organization 1.1 Mandate 1.2 Purpose 1.3 Organization 1.3. 1 High Commissioner for Human Rights ( Under - Secretary - General ) 1.3. 2 Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights ( Assistant Secretary - General ) 1.3. 3 Assistant Secretary - General for Human Rights ( New York ) 1.3. 4 Staff Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 1.3. 5 Administrative Section 1.3. 6 New York Office 1.3. 7 Research and Right to Development Branch 1.3. 8 Treaties and Commission Branch 1.3. 9 Capacity Building Branch 2 High Commissioners for Human Rights 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Functions and organization ( edit ) Mandate ( edit ) The mandate of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights derives from Articles 1 , 13 and 55 of the Charter of the United Nations , the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action and General Assembly resolution 48 / 141 of 20 December 1993 , by which the Assembly established the post of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . In connection with the programme for reform of the United Nations ( A / 51 / 950 , para. 79 ) , the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Centre for Human Rights were consolidated into a single Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on 15 September 1997 . Purpose ( edit ) The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights : Promotes universal enjoyment of all human rights by giving practical effect to the will and resolve of the world community as expressed by the United Nations Plays the leading role on human rights issues and emphasizes the importance of human rights at the international and national levels Promotes international cooperation for human rights Stimulates and coordinates action for human rights throughout the United Nations system Promotes universal ratification and implementation of international standards Assists in the development of new norms Supports human rights organs and treaty monitoring bodies Responds to serious violations of human rights Undertakes preventive human rights action Promotes the establishment of national human rights infrastructures Undertakes human rights field activities and operations Provides education , information advisory services and technical assistance in the field of human rights Organization ( edit ) The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is divided into organizational units , as described below . The Office is headed by a High Commissioner with the rank of Under - Secretary - General . High Commissioner for Human Rights ( under - Secretary - General ) ( edit ) The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is accountable to the Secretary - General . The High Commissioner is responsible for all the activities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights , as well as for its administration , and carries out the functions specifically assigned to him or her by the General Assembly in its resolution 48 / 141 of 20 December 1993 and subsequent resolutions of policy - making bodies ; advises the Secretary - General on the policies of the United Nations in the area of human rights ; ensures that substantive and administrative support is given to the projects , activities , organs and bodies of the human rights program ; represents the Secretary - General at meetings of human rights organs and at other human rights events ; and carries out special assignments as decided by the Secretary - General . As well as those human rights are currently included in legally binding treaties , the High Commissioner also promotes human rights yet to be recognized in international law ( such as the adoption of economic , social and cultural rights as a strategic priority , which are not all currently recognized in international legal instruments ) . The current High Commissioner is Jordan 's Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad . Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights ( Assistant Secretary - General ) ( edit ) The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights , in the performance of his or her activities , is assisted by a Deputy High Commissioner who acts as Officer - in - Charge during the absence of the High Commissioner . In addition , the Deputy High Commissioner carries out specific substantive and administrative assignments as decided by the High Commissioner . The Deputy is accountable to the High Commissioner . The current Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights is the Australian national Kate Gilmore . Assistant Secretary - General for Human Rights ( New York ) ( edit ) The Assistant Secretary - General for Human Rights ( not to be confused with the Deputy High Commissioner , who is also an Assistant Secretary - General ) based in New York heads the New York Office of the High Commissioner . He represents the High Commissioner in New York and promotes the integration of human rights in policy processes and activities undertaken by inter-governmental and inter-agency bodies at the United Nations headquarters . The current Assistant Secretary - General for Human Rights is Ivan Šimonović from Croatia . Staff Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( edit ) The Staff Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is headed by a Chief who is accountable to the High Commissioner . The core functions of the Staff Office are as follows : Assisting the High Commissioner in the overall direction and supervision of the activities of the human rights program Assisting the High Commissioner in the formulation , communication , implementation and evaluation of policies , practices and activities for the promotion and protection of human rights Assisting the High Commissioner in maintaining relations with Governments , other United Nations agencies and entities , international organizations , regional and national institutions , non-governmental organizations , the private sector and academia Assisting the High Commissioner in maintaining liaison on policy matters with the Executive Office of the Secretary - General and other relevant offices at Headquarters , as well as with the spokespersons of the Secretary - General at New York and Geneva and the media Carrying out fund - raising functions and special projects as assigned by the High Commissioner Assisting the High Commissioner in developing and maintaining a framework for the management and planning of the activities of the human rights program and facilitating the development of the overall work program , and in preparing annual management reports on activities and achievements Representing the High Commissioner at meetings and making statements on his or her behalf Administrative Section ( edit ) The Administrative Section is headed by a Chief , Kyle F. Ward , who is accountable to the Deputy High Commissioner . The core functions of the Administrative Section , in addition to those set out in section 7 of Secretary - General 's bulletin ST / SGB / 1997 / 5 , are as follows : Advising the High Commissioner on the budgetary , financial and personnel matters relating to the human rights program Assisting the High Commissioner and appropriate staff in the discharge of their financial , personnel and general administrative responsibilities and administering the associate expert and internship programs New York Office ( edit ) The New York Office is headed by an Assistant Secretary - General who is accountable to the High Commissioner . The core functions of the New York Office are as follows : Representing the High Commissioner at Headquarters , at meetings of policy - making bodies , with permanent missions of Member States , at interdepartmental and inter-agency meetings , with non-governmental organizations and professional groups , at academic conferences and with the media Providing policy advice and recommendations on substantive matters to the High Commissioner Supplying information and advice on human rights to the Executive Office of the Secretary - General Providing substantive support on human rights issues to the General Assembly , the Economic and Social Council and other policy - making bodies established in New York Providing materials and information to the permanent missions , United Nations departments , agencies and programs , non-governmental organizations , the media and others regarding the human rights program Providing support to the High Commissioner and other officials , and to Special Rapporteurs and Special Representatives when on mission in New York Undertaking other specific assignments as decided by the High Commissioner Research and right to development Branch ( edit ) The Research and Right to Development Branch is headed by a Chief who is accountable to the High Commissioner . The core functions of the Research and Right to Development Branch are as follows : Promoting and protecting the right to development , in particular by : Supporting intergovernmental groups of experts on the preparation of the strategy for the right to development Assisting in the analysis of the voluntary reports by States to the High Commissioner on the progress and steps taken for the realization of the right to development and on obstacles encountered Carrying out research projects on the right to development and preparing substantive outputs for submission to the General Assembly , the Commission on Human Rights and treaty bodies Assisting in the substantive preparation of advisory service projects and educational material on the right to development Providing substantive analysis and support to the High Commissioner in his or her mandate to enhance system - wide support for the right to development Carrying out substantive research projects on the whole range of human rights issues of interest to United Nations human rights bodies in accordance with the priorities established by the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action and resolutions of policy - making bodies Providing substantive services to human rights organs engaged in standard - setting activities Preparing documents , reports or draft reports , summaries and synthesis and position papers in response to particular requests , as well as substantive contributions to information materials and publications Providing policy analysis , advice and guidance on substantive procedures Managing the information services of the human rights program , including the documentation centre and library , enquiry services and the human rights databases Preparing studies on relevant articles of the Charter of the United Nations for the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs Treaties and Commission Branch ( edit ) The Treaties and Commission Branch ( formerly Support Services Branch ) is headed by a Chief who is accountable to the High Commissioner . The core functions of the Treaties and Commission Branch are as follows : Planning , preparing and servicing sessions / meetings of the Human Rights Council , the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities and related working groups and of the committees established by human rights treaty bodies and their working groups Ensuring that substantive support is provided in a timely manner to the human rights treaty body concerned , drawing on the appropriate resources of the human rights program Preparing state party reports for review by the treaty body concerned and following up on decisions and recommendations Preparing or coordinating the preparation and submission of all substantive and other documents and the support from other management units to the activities of treaty bodies serviced , and following up on decisions taken at meetings of those bodies Planning , preparing and servicing sessions of board of trustees of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture , and implementing relevant decisions Processing communications submitted to treaty bodies under optional procedures and communications under the procedures established by the Economic and Social Council in its resolution 1503 ( XLVIII ) of 27 May 1970 and ensuring follow - up Capacity Building Branch ( edit ) The Capacity Building Branch ( formerly Activities and Programmes Branch ) is headed by a Chief who is accountable to the High Commissioner . The core functions of the Capacity Building Branch are as follows : Developing , implementing , monitoring and evaluating advisory services and technical assistance projects at the request of Governments Managing the Voluntary Fund for Technical Cooperation in the Field of Human Rights Implementing the Plan of Action of the United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education , including the development of information and educational materials ; Providing substantive and administrative support to human rights fact - finding and investigatory mechanisms , such as special rapporteurs , representatives and experts and working groups mandated by the Commission on Human Rights and / or the Economic and Social Council to deal with specific country situations or phenomena of human rights violations worldwide , as well as the General Assembly 's Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories Planning , supporting and evaluating human rights field presences and missions , including the formulation and development of best practice , procedural methodology and models for all human rights activities in the field Managing voluntary funds for human rights field presences Managing the United Nations Voluntary Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery , United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Populations and United Nations Voluntary Fund for the International Decade of the World 's Indigenous People High commissioners for Human Rights ( edit ) Navanethem Pillay ( centre ) , High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2008 to 2014 . United Nations High Commissioners for Human Rights Nr Name Country Term Notes 6 . Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad Jordan 1 September 2014 -- Present Current High Commissioner 5 . Navanethem Pillay South Africa 1 September 2008 -- 31 August 2014 Her mandate was extended for an additional half term ( two years ) by the General Assembly on 1 September 2012 4 . Louise Arbour Canada 2004 -- 2008 Did not seek a second term Bertrand Ramcharan Guyana 2003 -- 2004 Acting High Commissioner 3 . Sérgio Vieira de Mello Brazil 2002 -- 2003 Killed in the Canal Hotel bombing in Baghdad on 19 August 2003 2 . Mary Robinson Ireland 1997 -- 2002 Term was not renewed by then UN Secretary - General Kofi Annan 1 . José Ayala - Lasso Ecuador 1994 -- 1997 See also ( edit ) United Nations Commission on Human Rights United Nations Human Rights Council United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` OHCHR REPORT 2013 p. 130 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonah Fisher ( 28 July 2008 ) . `` Profile : New UN human rights chief '' . BBC News . Retrieved on 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UNDG Members '' . Undg.org . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://a4id.org/sites/default/files/user/%5BA4ID%5D%20UN%20Human%20Rights%20System.pdf ; An overview of the United Nations Human Rights system ; Hogan Lovells International LLP ; Advocates for International Development ; 2012 ; accessed on 27 August 2013 Jump up ^ `` Deputy High Commissioner '' . Ohchr.org . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Šimonović Secretary - General for Human Rights '' . Ohchr.org. 2010 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights , Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad , by General Assembly approval on 16th June 2014 '' . Un.org. 2014 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights , Navi Pillay , to Serve Two More Years , by General Assembly Decision '' . Un.org. 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( 7 March 2008 ) . Louise Arbour will not be seeking a second term as High Commissioner . Retrieved on 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Power , Samantha ( 2008 ) . Chasing the Flame : One Man 's Fight to Save the World . USA : Penguin Books . p. 492 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311485 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Ramcharan , Bertrand G. ( 2004 ) . `` The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights -- The Challenges of International Protection '' . International Studies in Human Rights . Kluwer Publishers . 71 . Hobbins , A.J. ( 2001 ) . `` Humphrey and the High Commissioner : the Genesis of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights '' . Journal of the History of International Law ( III ) : 38 -- 74 . de Zayas , Alfred ( 2002 ) . `` Human Rights , United Nations High Commissioner for '' . In Helmut Volger . Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations . Kluwer . pp. 217 -- 223 . de Zayas , Alfred ( 2000 ) . `` United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights '' . In Rudolf Bernhardt . Encyclopaedia of Public International Law . IV . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 1129 -- 1132 . External links ( edit ) Official website United Nations Rule of Law : The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights , on the rule of law work conducted by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary - General Peter Thomson , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs General Assembly President Security Council Members Economic and Social Council Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General Under - Secretary - General International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Programmes and specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDAF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / Observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2006 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2012 2016 ) Security Council ( 2015 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact ICC International Years UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture ( hide ) United Nations Charter Text Preamble Chapter I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX Amendments History 1919 Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles Covenant of the League of Nations 1943 Moscow Conference 1943 Tehran Conference 1944 Dumbarton Oaks Conference 1945 Conference on International Organization Signatories Organs created Security Council General Assembly Economic and Social Council Trusteeship Council International Court of Justice ( statute ) Secretariat Military Staff Committee Complete text UN portal Global governance and identity Proposals United Nations Parliamentary Assembly World government Theories Anti-nationalism Cosmopolitanism Counter-hegemonic globalization Democratic globalization Democratic mundialization Global citizenship Global governance Globalism Internationalism Transnational governance World currency World taxation system Organisations Democratic World Federalists Global citizens movement World Federalist Movement World Service Authority World Passport International human rights organisations and institutions Types Human rights group Human rights commission Human rights institutions Truth and reconciliation commission International institutions Committee on the Rights of the Child Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities International Criminal Court Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights UN Human Rights Committee UN Human Rights Council UN Security Council Regional bodies African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights African Court on Human and Peoples ' Rights African Court of Justice European Court of Human Rights European Committee for the Prevention of Torture Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Inter-American Court of Human Rights Multi-lateral bodies European Union Council of Europe Organisation of American States ( OAS ) UN High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( UNOCHA ) International Labour Organization ( ILO ) World Health Organization ( WHO ) UN Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) Joint UN Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs ( UNDESA ) Commission on the Status of Women ( CSW ) UN Population Fund ( UNFPA ) UN Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) UN Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) UN Development Programme ( UNDP ) Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN ( FAO ) UN Human Settlements Programme ( UN-HABITAT ) Major NGOs Amnesty International FIDH Human Rights Watch International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) Emergency NGO Human Rights First United Nations portal Human rights portal VIAF : 127505546 LCCN : no95043719 ISNI : 0000 0001 2154 1306 GND : 5168367 - 2 SELIBR : 247168 SUDOC : 055321976 BNF : cb136075867 ( data ) NLA : 36579416 NDL : 01069179 NKC : kn20010711343 BNE : XX132120 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights&oldid=800266213 '' Categories : United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights United Nations Development Group Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 13 : 00 . 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how common is color blindness in the world

Color blindness

color blindness

Color blindness , also known as color vision deficiency , is the decreased ability to see color or differences in color . Color blindness can make some educational activities difficult . Buying fruit , picking clothing , and reading traffic lights can be more challenging , for example . Problems , however , are generally minor and most people adapt . People with total color blindness , however , may also have decreased visual acuity and be uncomfortable in bright environments .

The most common cause of color blindness is an inherited fault in the development of one or more of the three sets of color sensing cones in the eye . Males are more likely to be color blind than females , as the genes responsible for the most common forms of color blindness are on the X chromosome . As females have two X chromosomes , a defect in one is typically compensated for by the other , while males only have one X chromosome . Color blindness can also result from physical or chemical damage to the eye , optic nerve , or parts of the brain . Diagnosis is typically with the Ishihara color test ; however a number of other testing methods also exist . There is no cure for color blindness . Diagnosis may allow a person 's teacher to change their method of teaching to accommodate the decreased ability to recognize colors . Special lenses may help people with red -- green color blindness when under bright conditions . There are also mobile apps that can help people identify colors . Red -- green color blindness is the most common form , followed by blue -- yellow color blindness and total color blindness . Red -- green color blindness affects up to 8 % of males and 0.5 % of females of Northern European descent . The ability to see color also decreases in old age . Being color blind may make people ineligible for certain jobs in certain countries . This may include pilot , train driver , and armed forces . The effect of color blindness on artistic ability , however , is controversial . The ability to draw appears to be unchanged and a number of famous artists are believed to have been color blind . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Causes 2.1 Genetics 2.2 Other causes 3 Types 3.1 Red -- green color blindness 3.2 Blue -- yellow color blindness 3.3 Total color blindness 4 Mechanism 5 Diagnosis 6 Management 6.1 Lenses 6.2 Apps 7 Epidemiology 7.1 Red -- green color blindness 8 History 9 Society and culture 9.1 Design implications 9.2 Occupations 9.3 Driving 9.4 Piloting aircraft 9.5 Art 9.6 Rights of the color blind 9.6. 1 Brazil 9.6. 2 United States 10 Research 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Simulation of the normal ( above ) and dichromatic ( below ) perception of red and green apples Horizontal traffic light in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada In almost all cases , color blind people retain blue -- yellow discrimination , and most color - blind individuals are anomalous trichromats rather than complete dichromats . In practice , this means that they often retain a limited discrimination along the red -- green axis of color space , although their ability to separate colors in this dimension is reduced . Color blindness very rarely refers to complete monochromatism . Dichromats often confuse red and green items . For example , they may find it difficult to distinguish a Braeburn apple from a Granny Smith or red from green of traffic lights without other clues -- for example , shape or position . Dichromats tend to learn to use texture and shape clues and so may be able to penetrate camouflage that has been designed to deceive individuals with normal color vision . Colors of traffic lights are confusing to some dichromats as there is insufficient apparent difference between the red / amber traffic lights and sodium street lamps ; also , the green can be confused with a grubby white lamp . This is a risk on high - speed undulating roads where angular cues can not be used . British Rail color lamp signals use more easily identifiable colors : The red is blood red , the amber is yellow and the green is a bluish color . Most British road traffic lights are mounted vertically on a black rectangle with a white border ( forming a `` sighting board '' ) and so dichromats can more easily look for the position of the light within the rectangle -- top , middle or bottom . In the eastern provinces of Canada horizontally mounted traffic lights are generally differentiated by shape to facilitate identification for those with color blindness . In the United States , this is not done by shape but by position , as the red light is always on the left if the light is horizontal , or on top if the light is vertical . However , a single flashing light ( red indicating cars must stop , yellow for caution / yield ) is indistinguishable , but these are rare . Normal sight Deuteranopia sight Tritanopia sight Monochromacy sight Causes ( edit ) Color vision deficiencies can be classified as acquired or inherited . Acquired : Diseases , drugs ( e.g. , Plaquenil ) , and chemicals may cause color blindness . Inherited : There are three types of inherited or congenital color vision deficiencies : monochromacy , dichromacy , and anomalous trichromacy . Monochromacy , also known as `` total color blindness '' , is the lack of ability to distinguish colors ( and thus the person views everything as if it were on a black and white television ) ; caused by cone defect or absence . Monochromacy occurs when two or all three of the cone pigments are missing and color and lightness vision is reduced to one dimension . Rod monochromacy ( achromatopsia ) is an exceedingly rare , nonprogressive inability to distinguish any colors as a result of absent or nonfunctioning retinal cones . It is associated with light sensitivity ( photophobia ) , involuntary eye oscillations ( nystagmus ) , and poor vision . Cone monochromacy is a rare total color blindness that is accompanied by relatively normal vision , electroretinogram , and electrooculogram . Cone monochromacy can also be a result of having more than one type of dichromatic color blindness . People who have , for instance , both protanopia and tritanopia are considered to have cone monochromacy . Since cone monochromacy is the lack of / damage of more than one cone in retinal environment , having two types of dichromacy would be an equivalent . Dichromacy is a moderately severe color vision defect in which one of the three basic color mechanisms is absent or not functioning . It is hereditary and , in the case of protanopia or deuteranopia , sex - linked , affecting predominantly males . Dichromacy occurs when one of the cone pigments is missing and color is reduced to two dimensions . Dichromacy conditions are labeled based on whether the `` first '' ( Greek : prot - , referring to the red photoreceptors ) , `` second '' ( deuter - , the green ) , or `` third '' ( trit - , the blue ) photoreceptors are affected . Protanopia is a severe type of color vision deficiency caused by the complete absence of red retinal photoreceptors . Protans have difficulties distinguishing between blue and green colors and also between red and green colors . It is a form of dichromatism in which the subject can only perceive light wavelengths from 400 to 650 nm , instead of the usual 700 nm . Pure reds can not be seen , instead appearing black ; purple colors can not be distinguished from blues ; more orange - tinted reds may appear as very dim yellows , and all orange -- yellow -- green shades of too long a wavelength to stimulate the blue receptors appear as a similar yellow hue . It is hereditary , sex - linked , and present in 1 % of males . Deuteranopia is a type of color vision deficiency where the green photoreceptors are absent . It affects hue discrimination in the same way as protanopia , but without the dimming effect . Like protanopia , it is hereditary , sex - linked , and found in about 1 % of the male population . Tritanopia is a very rare color vision disturbance in which there are only two cone pigments present and a total absence of blue retinal receptors . Blues appear greenish , yellows and oranges appear pinkish , and purple colors appear deep red . It is related to chromosome 7 . Unlike protanopia and deuteranopia , tritanopia and tritanomaly are not sex - linked traits and can be acquired rather than inherited and can be reversed in some cases . Anomalous trichromacy is a common type of inherited color vision deficiency , occurring when one of the three cone pigments is altered in its spectral sensitivity . Protanomaly is a mild color vision defect in which an altered spectral sensitivity of red retinal receptors ( closer to green receptor response ) results in poor red -- green hue discrimination . It is hereditary , sex - linked , and present in 1 % of males . The difference with protanopia is that in this case the L - cone is present but malfunctioning , whereas in the earlier the L - cone is completely missing . Deuteranomaly , caused by a similar shift in the green retinal receptors , is by far the most common type of color vision deficiency , mildly affecting red -- green hue discrimination in 5 % of European males . It is hereditary and sex - linked . The difference with deuteranopia is that in this case the green sensitive cones are not missing but malfunctioning . Tritanomaly is a rare , hereditary color vision deficiency affecting blue -- green and yellow -- red / pink hue discrimination . It is related to chromosome `` 7 '' . The difference is that the S - cone is malfunctioning but not missing . Genetics ( edit ) X-linked recessive inheritance Color blindness is typically inherited . It is most commonly inherited from mutations on the X chromosome but the mapping of the human genome has shown there are many causative mutations -- mutations capable of causing color blindness originate from at least 19 different chromosomes and 56 different genes ( as shown online at the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) ) . Two of the most common inherited forms of color blindness are protanomaly ( and , more rarely , protanopia -- the two together often known as `` protans '' ) and deuteranomaly ( or , more rarely , deuteranopia -- the two together often referred to as `` deutans '' ) . Both `` protans '' and `` deutans '' ( of which the deutans are by far the most common ) are known as `` red -- green color - blind '' which is present in about 8 percent of human males and 0.6 percent of females of Northern European ancestry . Some of the inherited diseases known to cause color blindness are : cone dystrophy cone - rod dystrophy achromatopsia ( a.k.a. rod monochromatism , stationary cone dystrophy or cone dysfunction syndrome ) blue cone monochromatism ( a.k.a. blue cone monochromacy or X-linked achromatopsia ) Leber 's congenital amaurosis retinitis pigmentosa ( initially affects rods but can later progress to cones and therefore color blindness ) . Inherited color blindness can be congenital ( from birth ) , or it can commence in childhood or adulthood . Depending on the mutation , it can be stationary , that is , remain the same throughout a person 's lifetime , or progressive . As progressive phenotypes involve deterioration of the retina and other parts of the eye , certain forms of color blindness can progress to legal blindness , i.e. , an acuity of 6 / 60 ( 20 / 200 ) or worse , and often leave a person with complete blindness . Color blindness always pertains to the cone photoreceptors in retinas , as the cones are capable of detecting the color frequencies of light . About 8 percent of males , and 0.6 percent of females , are red - green color blind in some way or another , whether it is one color , a color combination , or another mutation . The reason males are at a greater risk of inheriting an X linked mutation is that males only have one X chromosome ( XY , with the Y chromosome carrying altogether different genes than the X chromosome ) , and females have two ( XX ) ; if a woman inherits a normal X chromosome in addition to the one that carries the mutation , she will not display the mutation . Men do not have a second X chromosome to override the chromosome that carries the mutation . If 8 % of variants of a given gene are defective , the probability of a single copy being defective is 8 % , but the probability that two copies are both defective is 0.08 × 0.08 = 0.0064 , or just 0.64 % . Other causes ( edit ) Other causes of color blindness include brain or retinal damage caused by shaken baby syndrome , accidents and other trauma which produce swelling of the brain in the occipital lobe , and damage to the retina caused by exposure to ultraviolet light ( 10 -- 300 nm ) . Damage often presents itself later on in life . Color blindness may also present itself in the spectrum of degenerative diseases of the eye , such as age - related macular degeneration , and as part of the retinal damage caused by diabetes . Another factor that may affect color blindness includes a deficiency in Vitamin A . Some subtle forms of colorblindness may be associated with chronic solvent - induced encephalopathy ( CSE ) , caused by longtime exposure to solvent vapors . Red -- green color blindness can be caused by ethambutol , a drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis . Types ( edit ) Based on clinical appearance , color blindness may be described as total or partial . Total color blindness is much less common than partial color blindness . There are two major types of color blindness : those who have difficulty distinguishing between red and green , and who have difficulty distinguishing between blue and yellow . Immunofluorescent imaging is a way to determine red -- green color coding . Conventional color coding is difficult for individuals with red -- green color blindness ( protanopia or deuteranopia ) to discriminate . Replacing red with magenta or green with turquoise improves visibility for such individuals . The different kinds of inherited color blindness result from partial or complete loss of function of one or more of the different cone systems . When one cone system is compromised , dichromacy results . The most frequent forms of human color blindness result from problems with either the middle or long wavelength sensitive cone systems , and involve difficulties in discriminating reds , yellows , and greens from one another . They are collectively referred to as `` red -- green color blindness '' , though the term is an over-simplification and is somewhat misleading . Other forms of color blindness are much more rare . They include problems in discriminating blues from greens and yellows from reds / pinks , and the rarest forms of all , complete color blindness or monochromacy , where one can not distinguish any color from grey , as in a black - and - white movie or photograph . Protanopes , deuteranopes , and tritanopes are dichromats ; that is , they can match any color they see with some mixture of just two primary colors ( whereas normally humans are trichromats and require three primary colors ) . These individuals normally know they have a color vision problem and it can affect their lives on a daily basis . Two percent of the male population exhibit severe difficulties distinguishing between red , orange , yellow , and green . A certain pair of colors , that seem very different to a normal viewer , appear to be the same color ( or different shades of same color ) for such a dichromat . The terms protanopia , deuteranopia , and tritanopia come from Greek and literally mean `` inability to see ( anopia ) with the first ( prot - ) , second ( deuter - ) , or third ( trit - ) ( cone ) '' , respectively . Anomalous trichromacy is the least serious type of color deficiency . People with protanomaly , deuteranomaly , or tritanomaly are trichromats , but the color matches they make differ from the normal . They are called anomalous trichromats . In order to match a given spectral yellow light , protanomalous observers need more red light in a red / green mixture than a normal observer , and deuteranomalous observers need more green . From a practical standpoint though , many protanomalous and deuteranomalous people have very little difficulty carrying out tasks that require normal color vision . Some may not even be aware that their color perception is in any way different from normal . Protanomaly and deuteranomaly can be diagnosed using an instrument called an anomaloscope , which mixes spectral red and green lights in variable proportions , for comparison with a fixed spectral yellow . If this is done in front of a large audience of males , as the proportion of red is increased from a low value , first a small proportion of the audience will declare a match , while most will see the mixed light as greenish ; these are the deuteranomalous observers . Next , as more red is added the majority will say that a match has been achieved . Finally , as yet more red is added , the remaining , protanomalous , observers will declare a match at a point where normal observers will see the mixed light as definitely reddish . Red -- green color blindness ( edit ) Protanopia , deuteranopia , protanomaly , and deuteranomaly are commonly inherited forms of red -- green color blindness which affect a substantial portion of the human population . Those affected have difficulty with discriminating red and green hues due to the absence or mutation of the red or green retinal photoreceptors . It is sex - linked : genetic red -- green color blindness affects males much more often than females , because the genes for the red and green color receptors are located on the X chromosome , of which males have only one and females have two . Females ( 46 , XX ) are red -- green color blind only if both their X chromosomes are defective with a similar deficiency , whereas males ( 46 , XY ) are color blind if their single X chromosome is defective . The gene for red -- green color blindness is transmitted from a color blind male to all his daughters who are heterozygote carriers and are usually unaffected . In turn , a carrier woman has a fifty percent chance of passing on a mutated X chromosome region to each of her male offspring . The sons of an affected male will not inherit the trait from him , since they receive his Y chromosome and not his ( defective ) X chromosome . Should an affected male have children with a carrier or colorblind woman , their daughters may be colorblind by inheriting an affected X chromosome from each parent . Because one X chromosome is inactivated at random in each cell during a woman 's development , deuteranomalous heterozygotes ( i.e. female carriers of deuteranomaly ) are potentially tetrachromats , because they will have the normal long wave ( red ) receptors , the normal medium wave ( green ) receptors , the abnormal medium wave ( deuteranomalous ) receptors and the normal autosomal short wave ( blue ) receptors in their retinas . The same applies to the carriers of protanomaly ( who have two types of short wave receptors , normal medium wave receptors , and normal autosomal short wave receptors in their retinas ) . If , by chance , a woman is heterozygous for both protanomaly and deuteranomaly she could be pentachromatic . This situation could arise if , for instance , she inherited the X chromosome with the abnormal long wave gene ( but normal medium wave gene ) from her mother who is a carrier of protanomaly , and her other X chromosome from a deuteranomalous father . Such a woman would have a normal and an abnormal long wave receptor , a normal and abnormal medium wave receptor , and a normal autosomal short wave receptor -- 5 different types of color receptors in all . The degree to which women who are carriers of either protanomaly or deuteranomaly are demonstrably tetrachromatic and require a mixture of four spectral lights to match an arbitrary light is very variable . In many cases it is almost unnoticeable , but in a minority the tetrachromacy is very outspoken . However , Jameson et al. have shown that with appropriate and sufficiently sensitive equipment all female carriers of red - green color blindness ( i.e. heterozygous protanomaly , or heterozygous deuteranomaly ) are tetrachromats to a greater or lesser extent . Since deuteranamoly is by far the most common form of red - green blindness among men of northwestern European descent ( with an incidence of 8 % ) , then the carrier frequency ( and of potential deuteranomalous tetrachromacy ) among the females of that genetic stock is 14.7 % ( = ( 92 % x 8 % ) x 2 ) . Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the fovea of an individual with normal color vision ( left ) , and a color blind ( protanopic ) retina . The center of the fovea holds very few blue - sensitive cones . Protanopia ( 1 % of males ) : Lacking the red cones for long - wavelength sensitive retinal cones , those with this condition are unable to distinguish between colors in the green -- yellow -- red section of the spectrum . They have a neutral point at a cyan - like wavelength around 492 nm ( see spectral color for comparison ) -- that is , they can not discriminate light of this wavelength from white . For a protanope , the brightness of red , orange , and yellow are much reduced compared to normal . This dimming can be so pronounced that reds may be confused with black or dark gray , and red traffic lights may appear to be extinguished . They may learn to distinguish reds from yellows primarily on the basis of their apparent brightness or lightness , not on any perceptible hue difference . Violet , lavender , and purple are indistinguishable from various shades of blue because their reddish components are so dimmed as to be invisible . For example , pink flowers , reflecting both red light and blue light , may appear just blue to the protanope . A very few people have been found who have one normal eye and one protanopic eye . These unilateral dichromats report that with only their protanopic eye open , they see wavelengths shorter than neutral point as blue and those longer than it as yellow . This is a rare form of color blindness . Deuteranopia ( 1 % of males ) : Lacking the green cones for medium - wavelength cones , those affected are again unable to distinguish between colors in the green -- yellow -- red section of the spectrum . Their neutral point is at a slightly longer wavelength , 498 nm , a more greenish hue of cyan . A deuteranope suffers the same hue discrimination problems as protanopes , but without the abnormal dimming . Purple colors are not perceived as something opposite to spectral colors ; all these appear similarly . This form of colorblindness is also known as Daltonism after John Dalton ( his diagnosis was confirmed as deuteranopia in 1995 , some 150 years after his death , by DNA analysis of his preserved eyeball ) . Equivalent forms for daltonism in Romanic languages such as daltonismo ( Spanish , Portuguese and Italian ) , daltonisme ( French ) , daltonism ( Romanian ) are still used to describe color blindess in a broad sense or deuteranopia in a more restricted sense . Deuteranopic unilateral dichromats report that with only their deuteranopic eye open , they see wavelengths shorter than neutral point as blue and longer than it as yellow . Protanomaly ( 1 % of males , 0.01 % of females ) : Having a mutated form of the long - wavelength ( red ) pigment , whose peak sensitivity is at a shorter wavelength than in the normal retina , protanomalous individuals are less sensitive to red light than normal . This means that they are less able to discriminate colors , and they do not see mixed lights as having the same colors as normal observers . They also suffer from a darkening of the red end of the spectrum . This causes reds to reduce in intensity to the point where they can be mistaken for black . Protanomaly is a fairly rare form of color blindness , making up about 1 % of the male population . Both protanomaly and deuteranomaly are carried on the X chromosome . Deuteranomaly ( most common -- 6 % of males , 0.4 % of females ) : These individuals have a mutated form of the medium - wavelength ( green ) pigment . The medium - wavelength pigment is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum resulting in a reduction in sensitivity to the green area of the spectrum . Unlike protanomaly the intensity of colors is unchanged . The deuteranomalous person is considered `` green weak '' . For example , in the evening , dark green cars appear to be black to Deuteranomalous people . Similar to the protanomates , deuteranomates are poor at discriminating small differences in hues in the red , orange , yellow , green region of the spectrum . They make errors in the naming of hues in this region because the hues appear somewhat shifted towards green . One very important difference between deuteranomalous individuals and protanomalous individuals is deuteranomalous individuals do not have the loss of `` brightness '' problem . Blue -- yellow color blindness ( edit ) Those with tritanopia and tritanomaly have difficulty discriminating between bluish and greenish hues , as well as yellowish and reddish hues . Color blindness involving the inactivation of the short - wavelength sensitive cone system ( whose absorption spectrum peaks in the bluish - violet ) is called tritanopia or , loosely , blue -- yellow color blindness . The tritanope 's neutral point occurs near a yellowish 570 nm ; green is perceived at shorter wavelengths and red at longer wavelengths . Mutation of the short - wavelength sensitive cones is called tritanomaly . Tritanopia is equally distributed among males and females . Jeremy H. Nathans ( with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute ) demonstrated that the gene coding for the blue receptor lies on chromosome 7 , which is shared equally by males and females . Therefore , it is not sex - linked . This gene does not have any neighbor whose DNA sequence is similar . Blue color blindness is caused by a simple mutation in this gene . Tritanopia ( less than 1 % of males and females ) : Lacking the short - wavelength cones , those affected see short - wavelength colors ( blue , indigo and a spectral violet ) greenish and drastically dimmed , some of these colors even as black . Yellow is indistinguishable from pink , and purple colors are perceived as various shades of red . This form of color blindness is not sex - linked . Tritanomaly ( equally rare for males and females ( 0.01 % for both ) ) : Having a mutated form of the short - wavelength ( blue ) pigment . The short - wavelength pigment is shifted towards the green area of the spectrum . This is the rarest form of anomalous trichromacy color blindness . Unlike the other anomalous trichromacy color deficiencies , the mutation for this color blindness is carried on chromosome 7 . Therefore , it is equally prevalent in both male and female populations . The OMIM gene code for this mutation is 304000 `` Colorblindness , Partial Tritanomaly '' . Total color blindness ( edit ) Total color blindness is defined as the inability to see color . Although the term may refer to acquired disorders such as cerebral achromatopsia also known as color agnosia , it typically refers to congenital color vision disorders ( i.e. more frequently rod monochromacy and less frequently cone monochromacy ) . In cerebral achromatopsia , a person can not perceive colors even though the eyes are capable of distinguishing them . Some sources do not consider these to be true color blindness , because the failure is of perception , not of vision . They are forms of visual agnosia . Monochromacy is the condition of possessing only a single channel for conveying information about color . Monochromats possess a complete inability to distinguish any colors and perceive only variations in brightness . It occurs in two primary forms : Rod monochromacy , frequently called achromatopsia , where the retina contains no cone cells , so that in addition to the absence of color discrimination , vision in lights of normal intensity is difficult . While normally rare , achromatopsia is very common on the island of Pingelap , a part of the Pohnpei state , Federated States of Micronesia , where it is called maskun : about 10 % of the population there has it , and 30 % are unaffected carriers . The island was devastated by a storm in the 18th century ( an example of a genetic bottleneck ) and one of the few male survivors carried a gene for achromatopsia . The population grew to several thousand before foreign troops introduced diseases to the island in the 1940s . Cone monochromacy is the condition of having both rods and cones , but only a single kind of cone . A cone monochromat can have good pattern vision at normal daylight levels , but will not be able to distinguish hues . Blue cone monochromacy ( X chromosome ) is caused by lack of functionality of L and M cones ( red and green ) . It is encoded at the same place as red -- green color blindness on the X chromosome . Peak spectral sensitivities are in the blue region of the visible spectrum ( near 440 nm ) . People with this condition generally show nystagmus ( `` jiggling eyes '' ) , photophobia ( light sensitivity ) , reduced visual acuity , and myopia ( nearsightedness ) . Visual acuity usually falls to the 20 / 50 to 20 / 400 range . Mechanism ( edit ) See also : Trichromatic color vision The typical human retina contains two kinds of light cells : the rod cells ( active in low light ) and the cone cells ( active in normal daylight ) . Normally , there are three kinds of cone cells , each containing a different pigment , which are activated when the pigments absorb light . The spectral sensitivities of the cones differ ; one is most sensitive to short wavelengths , one to medium wavelengths , and the third to medium - to - long wavelengths within the visible spectrum , with their peak sensitivities in the blue , green , and yellow - green regions of the spectrum , respectively . The absorption spectra of the three systems overlap , and combine to cover the visible spectrum . These receptors are known as short ( S ) , medium ( M ) , and long ( L ) wavelength cones , but are also often referred to as blue , green , and red cones , although this terminology is inaccurate . The receptors are each responsive to a wide range of wavelengths . For example , the long wavelength `` red '' receptor has its peak sensitivity in the yellow - green , some way from the red end ( longest wavelength ) of the visible spectrum . The sensitivity of normal color vision actually depends on the overlap between the absorption ranges of the three systems : different colors are recognized when the different types of cone are stimulated to different degrees . Red light , for example , stimulates the long wavelength cones much more than either of the others , and reducing the wavelength causes the other two cone systems to be increasingly stimulated , causing a gradual change in hue . Many of the genes involved in color vision are on the X chromosome , making color blindness much more common in males than in females because males only have one X chromosome , while females have two . Because this is an X-linked trait , an estimated 2 -- 3 % of women have a 4th color cone and can be considered tetrachromats . One such woman has been reported to be a true or functional tetrachromat , as she can discriminate colors most other people ca n't . Diagnosis ( edit ) An Ishihara test image as seen by subjects with normal color vision and by those with a variety of color deficiencies The Ishihara color test , which consists of a series of pictures of colored spots , is the test most often used to diagnose red -- green color deficiencies . A figure ( usually one or more Arabic digits ) is embedded in the picture as a number of spots in a slightly different color , and can be seen with normal color vision , but not with a particular color defect . The full set of tests has a variety of figure / background color combinations , and enable diagnosis of which particular visual defect is present . The anomaloscope , described above , is also used in diagnosing anomalous trichromacy . Position yourself about 75cm from your monitor so that the colour test image you are looking at is at eye level , read the description of the image and see what you can see ! ! It is not necessary in all cases to use the entire set of images . In a large scale examination the test can be simplified to 6 tests ; test , one of tests 2 or 3 , one of tests 4 , 5 , 6 or 7 , one of tests 8 or 9 , one of tests 10 , 11 , 12 or 13 and one of tests 14 or 15 . Because the Ishihara color test contains only numerals , it may not be useful in diagnosing young children , who have not yet learned to use numerals . In the interest of identifying these problems early on in life , alternative color vision tests were developed using only symbols ( square , circle , car ) . Besides the Ishihara color test , the US Navy and US Army also allow testing with the Farnsworth Lantern Test . This test allows 30 % of color deficient individuals , whose deficiency is not too severe , to pass . Another test used by clinicians to measure chromatic discrimination is the Farnsworth - Munsell 100 hue test . The patient is asked to arrange a set of colored caps or chips to form a gradual transition of color between two anchor caps . The HRR color test ( developed by Hardy , Rand , and Rittler ) is a red -- green color test that , unlike the Ishihara , also has plates for the detection of the tritan defects . Most clinical tests are designed to be fast , simple , and effective at identifying broad categories of color blindness . In academic studies of color blindness , on the other hand , there is more interest in developing flexible tests to collect thorough datasets , identify copunctal points , and measure just noticeable differences . Management ( edit ) There is generally no treatment to cure color deficiencies . '' The American Optometric Association reports a contact lens on one eye can increase the ability to differentiate between colors , though nothing can make you truly see the deficient color . '' Lenses ( edit ) Optometrists can supply colored spectacle lenses or a single red - tint contact lens to wear on the non-dominant eye , but although this may improve discrimination of some colors , it can make other colors more difficult to distinguish . A 1981 review of various studies to evaluate the effect of the X-chrom contact lens concluded that , while the lens may allow the wearer to achieve a better score on certain color vision tests , it did not correct color vision in the natural environment . A case history using the X-Chrom lens for a rod monochromat is reported and an X-Chrom manual is online . Lenses that filter certain wavelengths of light can allow people with a cone anomaly , but not dichromacy , to see better separation of colors , especially those with classic `` red / green '' color blindness . They work by notching out wavelengths that strongly stimulate both red and green cones in a deuter - or protanomalous person , improving the distinction between the two cones ' signals . As of 2013 , sunglasses that notch out color wavelengths are available commercially . Apps ( edit ) Many applications for iPhone and iPad have been developed to help colorblind people to view the colors in a better way . Many applications launch a sort of simulation of colorblind vision to make normal - view people understand how the color - blinds see the world . Others allow a correction of the image grabbed from the camera with a special `` daltonizer '' algorithm . The GNOME desktop environment provides colorblind accessibility using the gnome - mag and the libcolorblind software . Using a gnome applet , the user may switch a color filter on and off , choosing from a set of possible color transformations that will displace the colors in order to disambiguate them . The software enables , for instance , a colorblind person to see the numbers in the Ishihara test . Epidemiology ( edit ) Rates of color blindness Males Females Dichromacy 2.4 % 0.03 % Protanopia ( red deficient : L cone absent ) 1.3 % 0.02 % Deuteranopia ( green deficient : M cone absent ) 1.2 % 0.01 % Tritanopia ( blue deficient : S cone absent ) 0.001 % 0.03 % Anomalous trichromacy 6.3 % 0.37 % Protanomaly ( red deficient : L cone defect ) 1.3 % 0.02 % Deuteranomaly ( green deficient : M cone defect ) 5.0 % 0.35 % Tritanomaly ( blue deficient : S cone defect ) 0.0001 % 0.0001 % Color blindness affects a large number of individuals , with protanopia and deuteranopia being the most common types . In individuals with Northern European ancestry , as many as 8 percent of men and 0.4 percent of women experience congenital color deficiency . The number affected varies among groups . Isolated communities with a restricted gene pool sometimes produce high proportions of color blindness , including the less usual types . Examples include rural Finland , Hungary , and some of the Scottish islands . In the United States , about 7 percent of the male population -- or about 10.5 million men -- and 0.4 percent of the female population either can not distinguish red from green , or see red and green differently from how others do ( Howard Hughes Medical Institute , 2006 ) . More than 95 percent of all variations in human color vision involve the red and green receptors in male eyes . It is very rare for males or females to be `` blind '' to the blue end of the spectrum . Red -- green color blindness ( edit ) Population Number studied % Arabs ( Druzes ) 337 10.0 Aboriginal Australians 4,455 1.9 Belgians 9,540 7.4 Bosnians 4,836 6.2 Britons 16,180 6.6 Chinese 1,164 6.9 Dutch 3,168 8.0 Eskimo 297 2.5 Fiji Islanders 608 0.8 French 1,243 8.6 Germans 7,861 7.7 Hutu 1,000 2.9 Indians ( Andhra Pradesh ) 292 7.5 Iranians 16,180 6.6 Japanese 259,000 4.0 Navajo 571 2.3 Norwegians 9,047 9.0 Mexicans 571 2.3 Russians 1,343 9.2 Scots 463 7.8 Swiss 2,000 8.0 Tibetans 241 5.0 Tswana 407 2.0 Tutsi 1,000 2.5 Vojvodinians 4,750 7.4 DR Congolese 929 1.7 History ( edit ) An 1895 illustration of normal vision and various kinds of color blindness The first scientific paper on the subject of color blindness , Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours , was published by the English chemist John Dalton in 1798 after the realization of his own color blindness . Because of Dalton 's work , the general condition has been called daltonism , although in English this term is now used only for deuteranopia . Society and culture ( edit ) Design implications ( edit ) Testing the colors of a web chart , ( center ) , to ensure that no information is lost to the various forms of color - blindness . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Color codes present particular problems for those with color deficiencies as they are often difficult or impossible for them to perceive . Good graphic design avoids using color coding or using color contrasts alone to express information ; this not only helps color blind people , but also aids understanding by normally sighted people by providing them with multiple reinforcing cues . Designers need to take into account that color - blindness is highly sensitive to differences in material . For example , a red -- green colorblind person who is incapable of distinguishing colors on a map printed on paper may have no such difficulty when viewing the map on a computer screen or television . In addition , some color blind people find it easier to distinguish problem colors on artificial materials , such as plastic or in acrylic paints , than on natural materials , such as paper or wood . Third , for some color blind people , color can only be distinguished if there is a sufficient `` mass '' of color : thin lines might appear black , while a thicker line of the same color can be perceived as having color . Designers should also note that red -- blue and yellow -- blue color combinations are generally safe . So instead of the ever - popular `` red means bad and green means good '' system , using these combinations can lead to a much higher ability to use color coding effectively . This will still cause problems for those with monochromatic color blindness , but it is still something worth considering . When the need to process visual information as rapidly as possible arises , for example in an emergency situation , the visual system may operate only in shades of gray , with the extra information load in adding color being dropped . This is an important possibility to consider when designing , for example , emergency brake handles or emergency phones . Occupations ( edit ) Color blindness may make it difficult or impossible for a person to engage in certain occupations . Persons with color blindness may be legally or practically barred from occupations in which color perception is an essential part of the job ( e.g. , mixing paint colors ) , or in which color perception is important for safety ( e.g. , operating vehicles in response to color - coded signals ) . This occupational safety principle originates from the Lagerlunda train crash of 1875 in Sweden . Following the crash , Professor Alarik Frithiof Holmgren , a physiologist , investigated and concluded that the color blindness of the engineer ( who had died ) had caused the crash . Professor Holmgren then created the first test using different - colored skeins to exclude people from jobs in the transportation industry on the basis of color blindness . However , there is a claim that there is no firm evidence that color deficiency did cause the collision , or that it might have not been the sole cause . Color vision is important for occupations using telephone or computer networking cabling , as the individual wires inside the cables are color - coded using green , orange , brown , blue and white colors . Electronic wiring , transformers , resistors , and capacitors are color - coded as well , using black , brown , red , orange , yellow , green , blue , violet , gray , white , silver , gold . Driving ( edit ) Some countries have refused to grant driving licenses to individuals with color blindness . In Romania , there is an ongoing campaign to remove the legal restrictions that prohibit colorblind citizens from getting drivers ' licenses . The usual justification for such restrictions is that drivers of motor vehicles must be able to recognize color - coded signals , such as traffic lights or warning lights . Piloting aircraft ( edit ) While many aspects of aviation depend on color coding , only a few of them are critical enough to be interfered with by some milder types of color blindness . Some examples include color - gun signaling of aircraft that have lost radio communication , color - coded glide - path indications on runways , and the like . Some jurisdictions restrict the issuance of pilot credentials to persons who suffer from color blindness for this reason . Restrictions may be partial , allowing color - blind persons to obtain certification but with restrictions , or total , in which case color - blind persons are not permitted to obtain piloting credentials at all . In the United States , the Federal Aviation Administration requires that pilots be tested for normal color vision as part of their medical clearance in order to obtain the required medical certificate , a prerequisite to obtaining a pilot 's certification . If testing reveals color blindness , the applicant may be issued a license with restrictions , such as no night flying and no flying by color signals -- such a restriction effectively prevents a pilot from holding certain flying occupations , such as that of an airline pilot , although commercial pilot certification is still possible , and there are a few flying occupations that do not require night flight and thus are still available to those with restrictions due to color blindness ( e.g. , agricultural aviation ) . The government allows several types of tests , including medical standard tests ( e.g. , the Ishihara , Dvorine , and others ) and specialized tests oriented specifically to the needs of aviation . If an applicant fails the standard tests , they will receive a restriction on their medical certificate that states : `` Not valid for night flying or by color signal control '' . They may apply to the FAA to take a specialized test , administered by the FAA . Typically , this test is the `` color vision light gun test '' . For this test an FAA inspector will meet the pilot at an airport with an operating control tower . The color signal light gun will be shone at the pilot from the tower , and they must identify the color . If they pass they may be issued a waiver , which states that the color vision test is no longer required during medical examinations . They will then receive a new medical certificate with the restriction removed . This was once a Statement of Demonstrated Ability ( SODA ) , but the SODA was dropped , and converted to a simple waiver ( letter ) early in the 2000s . Research published in 2009 carried out by the City University of London 's Applied Vision Research Centre , sponsored by the UK 's Civil Aviation Authority and the US Federal Aviation Administration , has established a more accurate assessment of color deficiencies in pilot applicants ' red -- green and yellow -- blue color range which could lead to a 35 % reduction in the number of prospective pilots who fail to meet the minimum medical threshold . Art ( edit ) Inability to distinguish color does not necessarily preclude the ability to become a celebrated artist . The 20th century expressionist painter Clifton Pugh , three - time winner of Australia 's Archibald Prize , on biographical , gene inheritance and other grounds has been identified as a protanope . 19th century French artist Charles Méryon became successful by concentrating on etching rather than painting after he was diagnosed as having a red -- green deficiency . Rights of the color blind ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) A Brazilian court ruled that people with color blindness are protected by the Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Person with Disabilities . At trial , it was decided that the carriers of color blindness have a right of access to wider knowledge , or the full enjoyment of their human condition . United States ( edit ) In the United States , under federal anti-discrimination laws such as the Americans with Disabilities Act , color vision deficiencies have not been found to constitute a disability that triggers protection from workplace discrimination . A famous traffic light on Tipperary Hill in Syracuse , New York , is upside - down due to the sentiments of its Irish American community , but has been criticized due to the potential hazard it poses for color - blind persons . Research ( edit ) Some tentative evidence finds that color blind people are better at penetrating certain color camouflages . Such findings may give an evolutionary reason for the high rate of red -- green color blindness . There is also a study suggesting that people with some types of color blindness can distinguish colors that people with normal color vision are not able to distinguish . In World War II , color blind observers were used to penetrate camouflage . In September 2009 , the journal Nature reported that researchers at the University of Washington and University of Florida were able to give trichromatic vision to squirrel monkeys , which normally have only dichromatic vision , using gene therapy . In 2003 , a cybernetic device called eyeborg was developed to allow the wearer to hear sounds representing different colors . Achromatopsic artist Neil Harbisson was the first to use such a device in early 2004 ; the eyeborg allowed him to start painting in color by memorizing the sound corresponding to each color . In 2012 , at a TED Conference , Harbisson explained how he could now perceive colors outside the ability of human vision . See also ( edit ) Motion blindness RG color space Tetrachromacy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gordon , N ( March 1998 ) . `` Colour blindness '' . Public health . 112 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ph. 1900446 . PMID 9581449 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts About Color Blindness '' . NEI . February 2015 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Sembulingam , K. ; Sembulingam , Prema ( 2012 ) . Essentials of Medical Physiology . JP Medical Ltd. p. 1002 . ISBN 9789350259368 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , M.J. ; Adam , A. ; Mollon , J.D. 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Current Biology . 15 ( 23 ) : R950 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2005.11. 031 . PMID 16332521 . Jump up ^ `` Colour blindness not all it seems '' . BBC News . 6 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolgin , Elie ( 2009 ) . `` Colour blindness corrected by gene therapy '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / news. 2009.921 . Jump up ^ Alfredo M. Ronchi : Eculture : Cultural Content in the Digital Age . Springer ( New York , 2009 ) . p. 319 ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 75273 - 8 Jump up ^ `` I listen to color '' Archived 2012 - 08 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , Neil Harbisson at TED Global , 27 June 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Kaiser , Peter K. ; Boynton , Robert M. ( 1996 ) . Human color vision . Washington , DC : Optical Society of America . ISBN 1 - 55752 - 461 - 0 . OCLC 472932250 . McIntyre , Donald ( 2002 ) . Colour blindness : causes and effects . Chester : Dalton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9541886 - 0 - 8 . OCLC 49204679 . Rubin , Melvin L. ; Cassin , Barbara ; Solomon , Sheila ( 1984 ) . Dictionary of eye terminology . Gainesville , Fla : Triad Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 937404 - 07 - 1 . OCLC 10375427 . Shevell , Steven K. ( 2003 ) . The science of color . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 444 - 51251 - 9 . OCLC 52271315 . Hilbert , David ; Byrne , Alexander ( 1997 ) . Readings on color . Cambridge , Mass : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 52231 - 4 . OCLC 35762680 . Stiles , W.S. ; Wyszecki , Günter ( 2000 ) . Color science : concepts and methods , quantitative data and formulae . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 39918 - 3 . OCLC 799532137 . Kuchenbecker , J. ; Broschmann , D. ( 2014 ) . Plates for color vision testing . New York : Thieme . ISBN 978 - 3 - 13 - 175481 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : H53. 5 ICD - 9 - CM : 368.5 MeSH : D003117 DiseasesDB : 2999 External resources MedlinePlus : 001002 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Color blindness . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Color blindness Color blindness at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` A Glossary of Color Science . '' Physiology of vision Gaze Accommodation Intraocular pressure Visual field Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia Opponent process Monochromacy Dichromacy Trichromacy Tetrachromacy Pentachromacy ( hide ) Diseases of the human eye ( H00 -- H59 360 -- 379 ) Adnexa Eyelid Inflammation Stye Chalazion Blepharitis Entropion Ectropion Lagophthalmos Blepharochalasis Ptosis Blepharophimosis Xanthelasma Eyelash Trichiasis Madarosis Lacrimal apparatus Dacryoadenitis Epiphora Dacryocystitis Xerophthalmia Orbit Exophthalmos Enophthalmos Orbital cellulitis Orbital lymphoma Periorbital cellulitis Conjunctiva Conjunctivitis allergic Pterygium Pinguecula Subconjunctival hemorrhage Globe Fibrous tunic Sclera Scleritis Episcleritis Cornea Keratitis herpetic acanthamoebic fungal Corneal ulcer Photokeratitis Thygeson 's superficial punctate keratopathy Corneal dystrophy Fuchs ' Meesmann Corneal ectasia Keratoconus Pellucid marginal degeneration Keratoglobus Terrien 's marginal degeneration Post-LASIK ectasia Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Corneal neovascularization Kayser -- Fleischer ring Haab 's striae Arcus senilis Band keratopathy Vascular tunic Iris Ciliary body Uveitis Intermediate uveitis Hyphema Rubeosis iridis Persistent pupillary membrane Iridodialysis Synechia Choroid Choroideremia Choroiditis Chorioretinitis Lens Cataract Congenital cataract Childhood cataract Aphakia Ectopia lentis Retina Retinitis Chorioretinitis Cytomegalovirus retinitis Retinal detachment Retinoschisis Ocular ischemic syndrome / Central retinal vein occlusion Central retinal artery occlusion Retinopathy diabetic hypertensive Purtscher 's of prematurity Bietti 's crystalline dystrophy Coats ' disease Macular degeneration Retinitis pigmentosa Retinal haemorrhage Central serous retinopathy Macular edema Epiretinal membrane ( Macular pucker ) Vitelliform macular dystrophy Leber 's congenital amaurosis Birdshot chorioretinopathy Other Glaucoma / Ocular hypertension / Primary juvenile glaucoma Floater Leber 's hereditary optic neuropathy Red eye Globe rupture Keratomycosis Phthisis bulbi Persistent fetal vasculature / Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy Pathways Optic nerve Optic disc Optic neuritis optic papillitis Papilledema Foster Kennedy syndrome Optic atrophy Optic disc drusen Optic neuropathy Ischemic anterior ( AION ) posterior ( PION ) Kjer 's Leber 's hereditary Toxic and nutritional Strabismus Extraocular muscles Binocular vision Accommodation Paralytic strabismus Ophthalmoparesis Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia Kearns -- Sayre syndrome palsies Oculomotor ( III ) Fourth - 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what is the name of the dog in scooby-doo

Scoobert `` Scooby '' Doo is the eponymous character and protagonist of the animated television franchise of the same name created in 1969 by the American animation company Hanna - Barbera . Scooby - Doo is a male Great Dane and lifelong companion of amateur detective Shaggy Rogers , with whom he shares many personality traits . Named after a nonsense vocal line in Frank Sinatra 's hit song `` Strangers in the Night '' , he features a mix of both canine and human behaviors ( reminiscent of other funny animals in the Golden age of American animation ) , treated by his friends more or less as an equal while speaking in a famous ( and much parodied ) speech impediment . His catchphrase is `` Scooby - Dooby - Doo ! ''

Scoobert `` Scooby '' Doo

Scooby - Doo ( character )

scooby - doo ( character )

Scoobert `` Scooby '' Doo is the eponymous character and protagonist of the animated television franchise of the same name created in 1969 by the American animation company Hanna - Barbera . Scooby - Doo is a male Great Dane and lifelong companion of amateur detective Shaggy Rogers , with whom he shares many personality traits . Named after a nonsense vocal line in Frank Sinatra 's hit song `` Strangers in the Night '' , he features a mix of both canine and human behaviors ( reminiscent of other funny animals in the Golden age of American animation ) , treated by his friends more or less as an equal while speaking in a famous ( and much parodied ) speech impediment . His catchphrase is `` Scooby - Dooby - Doo ! ''

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Personality 3 Appearance and anatomy 4 Voice actors 5 Relatives 6 Love interests 7 Appearances in other media 8 Reception 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History Writers Joe Ruby and Ken Spears created the original Scooby - Doo series , Scooby - Doo , Where are You ! , for Hanna - Barbera for CBS 's 1969 -- 70 Saturday morning cartoon schedule . Originally titled Mysteries Five , the dog who later became Scooby was originally more of a sidekick character -- a bongo - playing dog named `` Too Much '' whose breed varied between Great Dane and sheepdog between treatments . By the time the series was pitched to the network as Who 's S-S - Scared ? in early 1969 , Too Much was solidified as a cowardly Great Dane . Both the dog and the series would be renamed Scooby - Doo by Fred Silverman , CBS 's head of daytime programming , between its unsuccessful first pitch and a second pitch which earned the show a green light . Silverman came up with the name from the syllables `` doo - be-doo - be-doo '' in Frank Sinatra 's hit song `` Strangers in the Night '' . Taking notes from a Hanna - Barbera colleague who was also a breeder of Great Danes , Production designer Iwao Takamoto designed the Scooby - Doo character with a sloping chin , spots , a long tail , a sloped back , and bow legs -- all traits in direct opposition to those of a prize - winning purebred Great Dane . In defining the personality of the dog , Ruby and Spears looked for inspiration to the characters played by Bob Hope in his horror - comedies -- a coward who shows traits of bravery when his friends are in danger . Veteran H-B voice artist Don Messick was the original voice of Scooby and spent decades working on the character . Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! premiered on CBS on September 13 , 1969 , at 10 : 30 am . EST and ran for two seasons , for a total of 25 episodes . Its final first - run episode aired on October 31 , 1970 . Personality In most incarnations of the series , Scooby is regarded as a unique Great Dane dog who is able to speak in broken English , and usually puts the letter `` R '' in front of words and noises made . Other incarnations , such as A Pup Named Scooby - Doo , present talking dogs as quite common in the larger fictional universe . In recent years ( most notably in Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated ) , Scooby is able to speak in complete sentences and has more dialogue , though partially retaining his speech impediment . He consistently shows about the same level of intelligence as his friends , while also being subject to the same knack for clumsiness and moments of being dimwitted as well . Different iterations of the character have been developed and expanded in the various series featuring the characters , many of them contradicting , such as the original series and recent live - action movies where Shaggy and Scooby first meet as older teenagers for the first time . This contradicts the animated series A Pup Named Scooby - Doo , where they know each other from almost infancy , though the films may be seen as having a different continuity altogether than the cartoon products . As an adult canine , Scooby is usually treated as a mix of a pet and a friend by his companions . In all versions of the character , Scooby and Shaggy share several personality traits , mostly being cowardly and perpetually hungry . Yet their friends ( Fred , Daphne , and Velma ) encourage them to go after the costumed villains , usually with `` Scooby Snacks '' . The biscuit - like dog treat or cookie snack is usually shaped like a bone or , in later versions of the cartoons , Scooby 's dog tag . However , Scooby 's inherent loyalty and courage do often force him to take a more heroic stance even without any prodding . Scooby is also extremely ticklish , and this is seen in many of the television series and movies . Scooby has a speech impediment and tends to pronounce most words as if they begin with an `` R '' ; however , most characters are able to understand him almost perfectly . In most iterations , he keeps his sentences relatively short , usually using charades for anything longer than three or four words . His catchphrase , usually howled at the end of every production , is `` Scooby - Dooby - Doo ! '' or `` Rooby - Rooby - Roo '' . Scooby was voiced by Don Messick through Arabian Nights in 1994 , after which point Messick quit smoking ; quitting smoking changed his voice and prevented him from achieving the same raspy vocal effect ( despite Messick 's efforts , he suffered a career - ending stroke in 1996 and died in 1997 , before any further Scooby - Doo productions were made ) . Messick is also known for providing the voice of the dogs Astro on The Jetsons and Muttley ( who snickered ) . The characteristic speech impediments of Scooby and Astro are so similar that Astro 's signature phrase , `` Ruh - roh ! '' , is popularly and improperly attributed to Scooby ( as in `` Ruh - roh , Raggy ! '' ) ; of the two voices , Scooby 's had a deeper and throatier timbre than Astro 's . Appearance and anatomy Scooby is brown from head to toe with several distinctive black spots on his upper body and does not seem to have a melanistic mask . He is generally a quadruped but displays bipedal ' human ' characteristics occasionally . Scooby also has opposable thumbs and can use his front paws like hands . He has a black nose and wears an off - yellow , diamond - shaped - tagged blue collar with an `` SD '' ( his initials ) and has four toes on each foot . Unlike other dogs , Scooby only has one pad on the sole of each of his feet ( so that it was easier to draw in the Scooby - Doo Annuals ) . Scooby has a fully prehensile tail he can use to swing from or press buttons . Both his head and tail are malleable and useful as a communication aid or creating a distraction . Creator Iwao Takamoto later explained that before he designed the character , he first spoke to a Great Dane breeder , who described to him the desirable characteristics of a pedigree dog . Takamoto then drew Scooby as the opposite of this . He said `` I decided to go the opposite ( way ) and gave him a hump back , bowed legs , small chin and such . Even his color is wrong . '' According to the official magazine that accompanied the 2002 movie , Scooby is seven years old . Voice actors Don Messick originated the character 's speech patterns and provided Scooby - Doo 's voice in every Scooby - Doo production from 1969 until 1994 's Scooby - Doo ! in Arabian Nights . Voice actor Hadley Kay voiced the character for a brief period in 1997 , for two episodes of Johnny Bravo , and a few television commercials . Scott Innes ( also the then - voice of Shaggy ) voiced Scooby - Doo in four late 1990s / early 2000s direct - to - video films and continued to voice the character regularly for toys and video games ( such as Scooby - Doo ! Night of 100 Frights ) until 2008 . Neil Fanning provided the voice of the computer - generated Scooby - Doo in the 2002 live - action film and its 2004 sequel . Frank Welker ( also the voice of Fred since 1969 ) has voiced Scooby since 2002 , taking over beginning with What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? and other spin - offs including the live - action prequels Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins and Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster . Dave Coulier and Seth Green have both voiced the character in Robot Chicken . Voiced By : Don Messick ( 1969 -- 1996 ; All Scooby - Doo media from Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! in 1969 until Scooby - Doo ! in Arabian Nights in 1994 , including 1995 video game Scooby - Doo Mystery and 1996 Burger King commercial ) Hadley Kay ( 1997 ; Johnny Bravo and some commercials ) Scott Innes ( 1998 -- 2008 , 2017 ; Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island , Scooby - Doo and the Witch 's Ghost , Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders , Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase , Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law , and various video games , specials , talking toys , and commercials ) Neil Fanning ( 2002 -- 2004 ; Scooby - Doo , Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed , video game ) Frank Welker ( 2002 -- present ; What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? , Sabrina the Teenage Witch , Looney Tunes : Back in Action , Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! , Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins , Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster , Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated , Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! , and various direct - to - DVD films , video games , and commercials ) Voiced by in unofficial material and other languages : Mark Hamill ( 2001 ; Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back ) Dave Coulier ( 2005 ; Robot Chicken ) Seth Green ( 2007 ; Robot Chicken ) In Brazil , the actor Orlando Drummond has been the voice of Scooby - Doo for 35 years , getting into Guinness World Records as the longest serving voice actor for one character . As of 2012 , Drummond still is the only voice for Scooby - Doo in the country . In Bulgaria , Scooby - Doo has been voiced by many different actors but mostly by Radoslav Rachev and Georgi Spasov . In France , Scooby - Doo is voiced by Pierre Collet , Jacques Torrens , Claude Bertrand , and Eric Missoffe . In Italy , Scooby - Doo is voiced by Sergio Gibello , Enzo Consoli , Pietro Ubaldi and Nanni Baldini . In Romania , Scooby - Doo is voiced by Florian Silaghi . In Albania , Scooby - Doo has been voiced by Genci Fuga and Lorenc Kaja . In Denmark , Scooby - Doo is voiced by Lars Thiesgaard . In Germany , Scooby - Doo is voiced by Willi Roebke and Thomas Piper . In Japan , Scooby - Doo has been voiced by Kazuo Kumakura and Naomi Kusumi . In Hungary , Scooby - Doo was voiced by Attila Hanko , in the first two seasons of The Scooby - Doo Show , and is now voiced by Gabor Vass and Gabor Melis . In Sri Lanka , Scooby - Doo is voiced by Gaminda Priyaviraj . In Spain , Scooby - Doo is voiced by David García Vázquez and Cristopher Santana . In Sweden , Scooby - Doo is voiced by Stefan Frelander . In Portugal , Scooby - Doo is voiced by Rui de Sá . In Poland , Scooby - Doo is voiced by Ryszard Olesiński in most movies and by Wiktor Zborowski , Jacek Jarosz and Jan Kulczycki in ' 89 version of Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo . In Russia , Scooby - Doo is voiced by Nikita Semenov - Prozorovskiy in cartoons and by Boris Bystrov in films . In Mexico , Scooby - Doo is voiced by Ismael Larumbe Sr. , Francisco Colmenero , and Antonio Gálvez . In Netherlands , Scooby - Doo is voiced by Huub Dikstaal . Relatives Over the course of Scooby - Doo 's various spin - offs , various relatives of Scooby were introduced : Scrappy - Doo : Scooby 's young nephew ( and son of Scooby 's sister Ruby - Doo ) , Scrappy is the bravest of Scooby 's relatives . Scrappy became a recurring character in the Scooby - Doo series beginning in 1979 and was noted for being quite headstrong and always wanting to face off in a fight with the various villains ( unlike his uncle ) . He has one or two catch phrases , the one he uses the most is `` Puppy Power ! '' Scooby and Shaggy were present at Scrappy 's birth . Yabba - Doo : According to Scrappy and Yabba - Doo , Yabba is Scooby 's brother , a white dog owned by Deputy Dusty in the American Southwest . Unlike Scooby , Yabba is brave . Unlike Scooby 's and Scrappy 's , his typical custom catchphrase at the end is `` Yippity - Yabbity - Doooo ! ! ! '' ( and not `` Yabba - Dabba - Doo ! '' , presumably due to Fred Flintstone 's usage of that phrase ) . Scooby - Dum : Scooby 's cousin ( according to Shaggy in `` Headless Horseman of Halloween ) , a blue - grey dog . A Mortimer Snerd-esque dog who longed to be a detective . Was rather dimwitted ( he would keep looking for clues even after the mystery was solved ) . His catchphrase was also different than Scooby 's and Scrappy 's . Instead of `` Scooby - Dooby - Dum '' his typical custom catchphrase is `` Dum dum Dum DUM ! '' , an intoning the opening four notes of Beethoven 's Fifth Symphony , which he would do after someone said the word `` clue '' . Scooby - Dee : Scooby 's distant cousin , a white dog . Spoke with a Southern accent , and was an actress . Dooby - Doo : Scooby 's cousin , a singer . He is one of Scooby 's few relatives to have hair on his head . Only appeared in `` The ' Dooby Dooby Doo ' Ado '' . Momsy and Dada Doo : Scooby 's parents . His mother is the only one who calls him by his full name , `` Scoobert '' . Whoopsy - Doo : Scooby 's cousin , a clown . Owned by Shaggy ( Norville ) 's uncle , Gaggy Rogers . Ruby - Doo : Scooby 's sister , and mother of Scrappy - Doo . Skippy - Doo : Scooby 's brother . Highly intelligent ; he wears glasses . Howdy - Doo : Scooby 's brother . Enjoyed reading supermarket tabloid newspapers . He appears to become a redhead . Horton - Doo : Scooby 's uncle . Interested in monsters and science . Dixie - Doo : Scooby 's cousin and the pet of Betty Lou , Shaggy 's Southern cousin . Grandad Scooby : Scooby 's grandfather . Great - Grandpa Scooby : Scooby 's great - grandfather . Yankee - Doodle - Doo : Scooby 's ancestor . He was owned by McBaggy Rogers . He also appears to be a pilgrim . Little is known about him . Spooky - Doo : Scooby 's uncle . He was the former owner of Doo Manor . Love interests Amber : In Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders , Shaggy and Scooby are abducted by the `` aliens '' and abandoned in the desert . There they meet a wildlife photographer , Crystal and her dog Amber . Scooby was heartbroken when it is revealed that Amber and Crystal are actually aliens from another planet and must go home , though he and Shaggy quickly forget about them at the film 's ending when they found out there was one more Scooby Snack box left . Amber and Crystal did seem to have actual feelings for Shaggy and Scooby but do not pursue them due to `` long distance relationships never working out '' . Amber 's disguised form is that of a golden retriever wearing a red bandana while her true form is a large , blue reptilian creature with a beak - like mouth . Like Scooby , she is capable of speech but only shows so at the film 's ending and unlike Scooby , she speaks like a normal human . Scooby - Dee : In The Scooby - Doo Show episode `` The Chiller Diller Movie Thriller '' , Scooby and his cousin Scooby - Dum compete for the affections of canine movie star Scooby - Dee , who is also their cousin . Chiquita : In Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico , Scooby meets up with Chiquita , Alejo 's son 's pet chihuahua , when the gang arrives at Alejo 's family hotel . Sandy Duncan : In The New Scooby - Doo Movies episode : `` Sandy Duncan 's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde '' , Scooby fell for Sandy Duncan at a studio . Sled dog : In The Scooby - Doo Show episode A Scary Night With a Snow Beast Fright , Scooby falls in love with a siberian husky . In the ending , she kisses him . Chrissie : Mr. B 's prize golden retriever and mother of the Secret Six ( Maize , Flax , Jingle , Knox , 14 - Carat , and Bling - Bling ) appeared in the What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? episode `` Homeward Hound '' . Roxanne : An old italian greyhound girlfriend that Scooby meets again in the What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? episode , `` A Scooby - Doo Valentine '' . In the ending , she leaves Scooby for singer JC Chasez 's pet bulldog Reeko . Nova : In the Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated episode `` The Hodag of Horror '' , Scooby falls in love with Fred 's parents ' female dog Nova , a cocker spaniel . In the second season , she falls from a plane and goes into a coma , where she is then possessed by the Anunnaki , who warns Scooby of Nibiru and advises him on what to do . Lady Annabelle : In the Be Cool Scooby - Doo ! episode , `` Poodle Justice '' , Scooby falls for the star of his favorite television series `` Poodle Justice '' . Appearances in other media Scooby - Doo and Shaggy made a non-speaking cameo in Teen Titans Go ! episode , `` I See You '' when Cyborg and Beast Boy were rapping . Scooby - Doo appeared twice in Cartoon Network 's The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy as a character who is described as being on the `` wrong show '' along with the other principal members of Mystery Inc . Scooby - Doo has appeared in Johnny Bravo in the episodes `` Bravo Dooby - Doo '' and `` ' Twas the Night '' during the first season voiced both times by Hadley Kay . In an episode of Yin Yang Yo ! called `` Slumber Party of Doom '' , Scooby and Shaggy make two cameos . The first being Shaggy complaining about Yin and Yang stealing their montages and Scooby saying , `` It sucks ! '' Scooby - Doo and Shaggy made a cameo appearance in Looney Tunes : Back in Action complaining to Matthew Lillard ( who played Shaggy ) about his performance in the first live - action Scooby - Doo movie . They both threaten to come after Lillard if he ruins the sequel . Scooby - Doo states that he will give him a `` Scooby snack '' and begins growling viciously . Scooby - Doo appears as a guest in a 1996 video called Kids for Character . Scooby - Doo also appears in an episode of Drawn Together . Scooby - Doo was once impersonated by David Beckham in an animated Scooby - Doo promo from the United Kingdom . Scooby - Doo appears in the Robot Chicken episode `` Operation : Rich in Spirit '' voiced by Dave Coulier ( who previously imitated Scooby 's voice in Full House ) . He is amongst Mystery Inc. members who end up killed by Jason Voorhees except Velma . Seth Green voices him in the episode `` Ban on the Fun '' when in the segment that parodies the Laff - A-Lympics in the style of the Munich massacre . This time , Scooby did not get killed . In an episode of Robotboy , when Robotboy and his ' mother ' escape from police with a big speaker , a dog which looks like Scooby hangs on to the speaker and follows them home . In an episode of Batman : The Brave and the Bold , this alludes to The New Scooby - Doo Movies where Batman originally starred in . However , with some meddling from Bat - Mite , not only were the dynamic duo able to fight unlike in the original appearance , but he also removed Shaggy and Scooby 's cowardice allowing them to , for the first time , fight the villains toe to toe . In the episode `` Saturday Morning Fun Pit '' ( 7ACV19 ) , on the Futurama series , Bender is re-conceived as a parody of Scooby - Doo , they call him Bendee Boo . Scooby - Doo is a playable character alongside Shaggy in the crossover video game Lego Dimensions . His character includes a large sandwich called the `` Scooby Snack '' . Frank Welker reprises the role . Scooby - Doo makes a cameo in the 1988 Disney film Oliver & Company . During the song `` Perfect Is n't Easy '' , he appears on a black - and - white photo at the right front of Georgette 's portrait collection . Reception Casey Kasem , the previous voice actor for Shaggy Rogers , said that Scooby is `` the star of the show -- the Shaquille O'Neal of the show . '' Kasem explained `` People love animals more than they love people . Am I right or wrong ? They give more love to their pets than they give to people . Scooby is vulnerable and lovable and not brave , and very much like the kids who watch . But like kids , he likes to think that he 's brave . '' See also Joe Ruby Ken Spears Iwao Takamoto Don Messick Scooby - Doo William Hanna Joseph Barbera List of fictional dogs Cartoon portal Television in the United States portal Fictional characters portal References Jump up ^ Scooby - Doo 's Snack Tracks : The Ultimate Collection ( Compact disc liner notes ) . Rhino Records . p. 4 . R2 75505 . ^ Jump up to : Shostak , Stu ( February 5 , 2012 ) . `` Interview with Joe Ruby and Ken Spears '' . Stu 's Show . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruby and Spears ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Scooby Doo : Scooby History Cinema.com Jump up ^ ( 2006 ) . Interview with Iwao Takamoto . Eerie Mystery of Scooby - Doo and Dynomutt 's History ( documentary featurette from The Scooby - Doo / Dynomut Hour : The Complete Series DVD bonus features ) . New York , Los Angeles , CA : Warner Bros. Entertainment , Inc . Excerpt : `` The Great Dane was supposed to be the biggest dog around ... and there was a woman ( at the studio ) who actually bred and reared Great Danes . So , she came over , and spent a solid hour describing all of the positive things that makes a prize - winning Great Dane . And I selected about five things , I think , and went in the opposite direction . For instance , a good , strong straight back , so I sloped his back . A strong chin , so I under - swung his chin ... and I think straight hind legs she mentioned . So I bowed them ... '' Jump up ^ Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! : The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons : `` Scooby - Doo Facts '' interior Jump up ^ `` Scooby - Doo creator dies aged 81 '' . BBC . January 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sigesmund , B.J. `` The Inside Dope . '' Newsweek . June 14 , 2002 . Available at Lexis - Nexis . External links Scooby - Doo Characters Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers Daphne Blake Fred Jones Velma Dinkley Scrappy - Doo Television shows Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! episodes ( 1969 -- 1970 ) The New Scooby - Doo Movies episodes ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Scooby - Doo Show episodes ( 1976 -- 78 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1980 -- 82 ) The New Scooby and Scrappy - Doo Show / The New Scooby - Doo Mysteries ( 1983 -- 84 ) The 13 Ghosts of Scooby - Doo ( 1985 ) A Pup Named Scooby - Doo episodes ( 1988 -- 1991 ) What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? episodes ( 2002 -- 06 ) Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! episodes ( 2006 -- 08 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated episodes ( 2010 -- 13 ) Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2015 -- 18 ) Package shows and programming blocks The Scooby - Doo / Dynomutt Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) Scooby 's All - Star Laff - A-Lympics / Scooby 's All - Stars ( 1977 -- 78 ) The Richie Rich / Scooby - Doo Show ( 1980 -- 81 ) The Scooby & Scrappy - Doo / Puppy Hour ( 1982 ) Scary Scooby Funnies ( 1984 -- 85 ) Scooby 's Mystery Funhouse ( 1985 -- 86 ) Television films and specials Hanna - Barbera 's All - Star Comedy Ice Revue ( 1978 ) Scooby Goes Hollywood ( 1979 ) Scooby - Doo Meets the Boo Brothers ( 1987 ) Scooby - Doo and the Ghoul School ( 1988 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf ( 1988 ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( 1989 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Arabian Nights ( 1994 ) Scooby - Doo : Behind the Scenes ( 1998 ) Night of the Living Doo ( 2001 ) Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie ( 2015 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror ( 2015 ) Direct - to - video films Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost ( 1999 ) Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Loch Ness Monster ( 2004 ) Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2006 ) Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2007 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) Big Top Scooby - Doo ! ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery ( 2015 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood ( 2016 ) Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon ( 2016 ) Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown ( 2017 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2018 ) Live - action films Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) The Mystery Begins ( 2009 ) Curse of the Lake Monster ( 2010 ) Daphne & Velma ( 2018 ) Video games Scooby - Doo ( 1986 ) Mystery ( 1995 ) Mystery of the Fun Park Phantom ( 1999 ) Mystery Adventures ( 2000 ) Classic Creep Capers ( 2000 ) The Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Night of 100 Frights ( 2002 ) Mystery Mayhem ( 2004 ) Unmasked ( 2005 ) Who 's Watching Who ? ( 2006 ) First Frights ( 2009 ) Spooky Swamp ( 2010 ) Amusement rides The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera ( 1990 ) Ghoster Coaster ( 1998 ) Haunted Mansion ( 2001 ) Spooky Coaster ( 2002 ) Comic books Scooby Apocalypse ( 2016 ) Soundtracks Snack Tracks : The Ultimate Collection ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Miscellaneous Scooby Snacks `` Scoobynatural '' Hanna - Barbera Founders William Hanna Joseph Barbera Original productions The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show Birdman Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels CB Bears The Flintstones The Funky Phantom Grape Ape Hong Kong Phooey Huckleberry Hound Jabberjaw The Jetsons Jonny Quest Loopy De Loop Magilla Gorilla The Hanna - Barbera New Cartoon Series Peter Potamus Quick Draw McGraw The Ruff and Reddy Show Scooby - Doo Smurfs Snorks Space Ghost Tom and Jerry Top Cat Yogi Bear Wacky Races Amusement attractions Hanna -- Barbera Land The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera Comics Hanna - Barbera Beyond Other media Films Video games See also Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scooby-Doo_(character)&oldid=829977393 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1969 Hanna - Barbera characters Fictional anthropomorphic characters Fictional dogs Scooby - Doo characters Fictional detectives Comedy film characters Male characters in animation Male characters in film Male characters in television Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from September 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 23 : 50 . 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fall out boy - save rock and rol

Save Rock and Roll

save rock and roll

Save Rock and Roll is the fifth studio album by American rock band Fall Out Boy . It was produced by Butch Walker and released April 12 , 2013 , through Island Records . On October 15 , the album was re-released with PAX AM Days , an extended play the band recorded shortly after Save Rock and Roll 's release .

Following multiple touring stints , the members of Fall Out Boy decided to take a break at the end of 2009 . During the hiatus , each member of the group pursued individual musical interests . The band felt it necessary to `` decompress '' and refrained from referring to the hiatus as a `` breakup '' , acknowledging a possible return in the future . After several reformation attempts the album was recorded in secrecy at Rubyred Recordings in Santa Monica , California , beginning in the fall of 2012 . The album sessions were marked by a desire to reinvent the band 's sound in a more modern form . The band brought in producer Butch Walker for a fresh approach , marking the group 's first time without longtime producer Neal Avron . In the band 's new form , each member of the quartet was involved in crafting the compositions , although sessions were initially difficult as the band members struggled to reconnect . Save Rock and Roll features guest vocals from Foxes , Big Sean , Courtney Love , and Elton John ( who sings on the album 's title track ) . The band filmed music videos for every song on the album , which were eventually compiled and released as The Young Blood Chronicles in 2014 . Save Rock and Roll debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 with 154,000 first week sales , earning the band its second career number one . Its top 20 lead single , `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' , has achieved triple - platinum certification in the U.S. and charted worldwide . Rolling Stone described the band 's comeback as a `` rather stunning renaissance '' , and the record received positive reviews upon its release , although most music critics were hesitant to refer to the album as solely a rock record . The group followed the record release with the Save Rock and Roll arena tour in promotion , with multiple European , US and Australian legs announced , as well as worldwide promotional shows , festival appearances and TV performances . In 2014 , Fall Out Boy and Paramore headlined Monumentour , a US arena concert tour before releasing the first single from the band 's next album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Recording 4 Packaging 5 Promotion 5.1 Singles 5.2 The Young Blood Chronicles 5.3 Save Rock and Roll Tour and Save Rock and Roll Arena Tour 5.4 Monumentour 6 Critical reception 7 Commercial performance 8 Track listing 9 Personnel 10 Chart performance 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 10.3 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) In 2009 , following two nationwide tours and the release of a greatest hits compilation Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits , the members of Fall Out Boy decided to take a break . The band 's decision stemmed from disillusionment with the music industry and the constant promotion of fourth record Folie à Deux . The band 's , specifically bassist / lyricist Pete Wentz , every movement had become fodder for gossip in tabloids , and lead vocalist / guitarist Patrick Stump recalled that `` We found ourselves running on fumes a little bit -- creatively and probably as people , too . '' In addition , the constant touring schedule had become difficult for the band due to conflicting fan opinion regarding Folie à Deux : concertgoers would `` boo the band for performing numbers from the record in concert '' , leading Stump to describe touring in support of Folie as like `` being the last act at the vaudeville show : We were rotten vegetable targets in Clandestine hoods . '' `` Some of us were miserable onstage , '' said guitarist Joe Trohman . `` Others were just drunk . '' Stump realized the band was desperate to take a break ; he sat the group down and explained that a hiatus was in order if the band wanted to continue in the future . All involved felt the dynamic of the group had changed as personalities developed . Rumors and misquotes led to confusion as to what such a break truly meant ; Wentz preferred to not refer to the break as a `` hiatus '' , instead explaining that the band was just `` decompressing '' . Fall Out Boy played its last show at Madison Square Garden on October 4 , 2009 . Near the end , Blink - 182 's Mark Hoppus shaved Wentz 's head in a move Rolling Stone would later describe as a `` symbolic cleansing of the past , but also the beginning of a very dark chapter for the band . '' By the time the break began , Stump was the heaviest he had ever been and loathed the band 's image as an `` emo '' band . Drummer Andy Hurley `` went through the darkest depression ( I 've ) ever felt . I looked at my calendar and it was just empty . '' Wentz , who had been abusing Xanax and Klonopin , was divorced by his wife Ashlee Simpson and returned to therapy . Wentz recalled : `` I 'd basically gone from being the guy in Fall Out Boy to being the guy who , like , hangs out all day '' . Previously known as the `` overexposed , despised '' leader of the band , Wentz `` simply grew up '' , sharing custody of his son and embracing maturity : `` There was a jump - cut in my life . I started thinking -- like , being old would be cool . '' During the hiatus , the band members each pursued individual musical interests , which were met with `` varying degrees of failure . '' Stump was the only member of the quartet to take on a solo project while Fall Out Boy was on hiatus , recording debut album Soul Punk entirely on his own : he wrote , produced , and played every instrument for all tracks on the record . In addition , he married his longtime girlfriend and lost over sixty pounds through portion control and exercise . Stump blew through most of his savings putting together a large band to tour behind Soul Punk , but ticket sales were sparse and the album stalled commercially . During a particularly dark moment in February 2012 , Stump poured his heart out in a 1500 - word blog entry called `` We Liked You Better Fat : Confessions of a Pariah '' . In the post , Stump lamented the harsh reception of the record and his status as a `` has - been '' at 27 . Stump revealed that fans harassed him on his solo tour , hurling insults such as `` We liked you better fat '' , and noted : `` Whatever notoriety Fall Out Boy used to have prevents me from having the ability to start over from the bottom again . '' Aside from Soul Punk and personal developments , Stump moonlighted as a professional songwriter / producer , co-writing tracks with Bruno Mars and All Time Low , and pursued acting . Wentz formed electronic duo Black Cards with vocalist Bebe Rexha in July 2010 . The project released one single before album delays led to Rexha 's departure in 2011 . Black Cards added Spencer Peterson to complete the Use Your Disillusion EP in 2012 . Wentz also completed writing a novel , Gray , that he had been working on for six years outside the band , and began hosting the reality tattoo competition show Best Ink . Hurley ventured farther into rock during the hiatus , drumming with multiple bands over the three - year period . He continued to manage his record label , Fuck City , and drummed for bands Burning Empires and Enabler . He also formed heavy metal outfit The Damned Things with Trohman , Scott Ian and Rob Caggiano of Anthrax , and Keith Buckley of Every Time I Die . Despite this , the members all remained cordial to one another , and Wentz was Stump 's best man at his wedding . The hiatus was , all things considered , beneficial for the group and its members , according to Hurley . `` The hiatus helped them all kind of figure themselves out '' , he explained in 2013 . `` Especially Joe and Patrick , who were so young . And Pete is a million times better . '' Composition ( edit ) Save Rock and Roll is a pop rock album that mixes elements of rock , pop , and R&B . `` The Phoenix '' was inspired by Soviet Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich and drum loops , both of which Stump was interested in at one point in the recording process . While listening to the fourth movement ( Allegro non troppo ) of Shostakovich 's Symphony No. 7 , Stump became entranced by a certain string moment and proceeded to build an entirely new song influenced by it . The same orchestral snippet was employed as a sample by German hip - hop artist Peter Fox in his 2008 single `` Alles Neu '' from the album Stadtaffe . Save Rock and Roll has been described to contain `` pulsating disco grooves ( and ) stacked - harmony hair - metal singing . '' The title track , `` Save Rock and Roll '' , samples a vocal track of `` Chicago Is So Two Years Ago '' , from Take This to Your Grave . Recording ( edit ) It was starting at square one again . Where it 's like , ' Hey , I guess we 're a new band . ' And it was fearless , because we did n't have anything to lose . `` '' Patrick Stump on the band 's pop - based reinvention The album 's earliest origins lie in unsuccessful writing sessions between Patrick Stump and Pete Wentz . The two met up in early 2012 to write for the first time in nearly four years . Wentz reached out to Stump after he penned his letter , as he too felt he was in a dark place and needed a creative outlet . He was at first reluctant to approach Stump , likening the phone call to reconnecting with a lover after years of acrimony . Wentz told Stump `` I know what you need -- you need your band '' , and said : `` I think it 's kind of weird that we have n't really seen each other this year . We paid for each others houses and you do n't know my kid '' . The duo recorded demos on GarageBand at Stump 's personal home studio in Hollywood Hills . The result , `` three or four '' new songs , were shelved with near immediacy , with the two concluding that `` it just was n't right and did n't feel right . '' Several months later , the two reconvened and wrote tracks that they felt truly represented the band in a modern form . After writing `` Where Did the Party Go '' , both musicians became excited as momentum continued to grow . The band decided that if a comeback was in order , it must represent the band in its current form : `` We did n't want to come back just to bask in the glory days and , like , and collect a few checks and pretend ... and do our best 2003 impersonation '' , said Stump . Afterwards , the quartet held an all - day secret meeting at their manager 's home in New York City where they discussed ideas and the mechanics of getting together to record . Trohman was the last to be contacted , through a three - hour phone call from Stump . As Trohman was arguably the most excited to begin other projects , he had a list of stipulations for rejoining the band . `` If I 'm not coming back to this band writing music ( ... ) then I do n't want to '' , he remarked , and Stump disarmed him : `` He said I needed to be writing more . '' Save Rock and Roll was recorded primarily at Rubyred Recordings in Santa Monica , California from October 2012 to March 2013 . The band 's main goal was to reinvent the sound of the group from scratch , creating what Trohman called a `` reimagining of the band '' , which focuses more on pop . Sessions were not without their difficulties , as the band struggled initially to produce new material . Walker had doubts about the band 's volatility , feeling the record would not be made following `` meltdown after meltdown '' . When the band members learned that Elton John was a fan of their music , they jokingly suggested that he might want to record with them . John complied , and Stump flew to Atlanta late in production , halting the mixing process , to record with him . He was very positive regarding the album 's direction : `` He actually spoke up for the album 's title . He came in and was like , ' Love the album title . Love where this is going . This is great ' '' , said Stump . The entire album was recorded in secrecy from the music industry , critics , and fans of the band . Stump recalled : `` There was a couple times there was paparazzi that got us outside and did n't put two and two together '' . The decision to keep recording a secret was partially so that the group members had the option to not make the record if the sessions did not work out . Keeping the secret was difficult , especially for a group so visible on social media ; Hurley stayed away from Twitter , and all members got as far away from one another in public as possible . Rumors began to swirl in late 2012 after a friend of the band tweeted that the band was in the process of recording new material , though each member of the band was quick to deny any chance of a reunion . The band remained tight - lipped until the very end ; when the Chicago Tribune asked Wentz a week prior to the announcement whether a Fall Out Boy reunion was happening , he replied : `` It 's not . '' Plans nearly went sideways when Wentz went to dinner with rapper 2 Chainz to discuss plans for the `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' video . Following the conversation , 2 Chainz posted to Instagram a photo of Wentz and himself with the caption `` Fall Out Boyz feat . 2 Chainz ? '' To the members of Fall Out Boy 's surprise and relief , fans of the band denied the possibility , finding the idea too absurd . Stump recalls he wrote `` somewhere near 25 % '' of the lyrics , the most since on Take This to Your Grave . Packaging ( edit ) The title originated as a tongue - in - cheek remark after Wentz envisioned album reviews that would sarcastically state that the band `` came back to save rock and roll . '' It was also partially inspired by the return of rock - based acts on contemporary hit radio , such as the success of recent Fun and Gotye singles . The cover of Save Rock and Roll features a photograph of two young boys -- one wearing traditional Buddhist monk robes , the other in jeans and a T - shirt , smoking a cigarette -- taken by Roger Stonehouse in Burma . The image was found early on in the production process , as the band scoured the Internet for inspirational images . The band members felt that the photo `` really solidified what ( they ) were trying to get across on the record : The idea of old and new clashing . Tradition and change coming together '' . Promotion ( edit ) While specifically denying that the announcement was a reunion because `` ( we ) never broke up '' , the band announced a reunion tour and details of Save Rock and Roll on February 4 , 2013 . The quartet 's announcement included a photo of them , taken earlier that morning , huddled around a bonfire , tossing copies of the band 's back catalog into the flames at the original location of 1979 's Disco Demolition Night . The band performed an `` intimate '' show the same night at Chicago 's Subterranean , followed by two more club slots in New York City and Los Angeles the same week . Stump playfully chided the hometown crowd at the Subterranean : `` I told you we were gon na come back ! Why did n't you believe me ? '' Save Rock and Roll was originally slated for release on May 7 in order to coincide with the 10th anniversary of the band 's Take This to Your Grave album but the date was pulled forward to April after the lead single and the band 's comeback were met with commercial and critical success . The album was posted in its entirety on the band 's official website eight days prior to its release , as to avoid a leak . Singles ( edit ) The record 's lead single , `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' , shot up to number two on iTunes within hours of its release . It peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 , marking the band 's first top twenty single since the group 's 2008 cover of Michael Jackson 's `` Beat It '' . `` My Songs '' would shortly sell 5 million downloads in the US to be certified 5x Platinum by the RIAA , and also peak at number five on the UK Singles Chart . The band promoted the song with TV performances and in acoustic version at radio interviews . Fall Out Boy announced on June 24 that the next single would be `` The Phoenix '' via the group 's Facebook page . It was released to American modern rock radio on July 16 . A month later , the band announced that `` Alone Together '' would be the album 's third single , with a release to pop radio set for August 6 , 2013 . The single peaked at number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent 8 weeks on the chart , and was certified Platinum by the RIAA . `` Young Volcanoes '' was later announced as the fourth single from the album . It officially impacted radio in the United Kingdom on November 4 , coinciding with the band 's performance at the O2 Academy Islington , and later peaked at number 64 on the UK Singles Chart . The young Blood Chronicles ( edit ) Main article : The Young Blood Chronicles Inspired in part by Daft Punk 's Interstella 5555 : The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem , the band released a music video for all eleven songs on the album in a series titled The Young Blood Chronicles between February 2013 and May 2014 . All eleven videos were shown as one continuous film on May 21 , 2014 on Palladia . Save Rock and Roll tour and Save Rock and Roll arena tour ( edit ) As soon as Fall Out Boy came off of its hiatus , a tour supporting Save Rock and Roll was announced for the summer of 2013 , in addition to the one - off comeback dates in selected cities . Fall Out Boy played in various small concert venues and clubs for this tour . On May 13 , it was announced that Fall Out Boy would go on a Save Rock and Roll Arena Tour for the fall of 2013 with support from Panic ! at the Disco and Twenty One Pilots . The band also played headlining concerts and festivals worldwide , including dates in Europe and Asia . On July 29 , Fall Out Boy announced a Save Rock And Roll Australian tour with British India , beginning October 22 and spanning four dates across four cities ; Fall Out Boy had played two Australian dates seven months earlier . Throughout 2013 , Fall Out Boy guest performed on many TV shows and music award ceremonies . It was later announced that the band would also host the Save Rock & Roll European Tour , playing at sixteen cities between February and March 2014 . Seven of the dates were in the UK . The support acts were announced on December 2 , 2013 ; they were The Pretty Reckless and New Politics . On September 13 , 2013 Fall Out Boy headlined Riot Fest in the group 's hometown of Chicago . The band 's set featured a guest appearance from Jeff Pezzati of Naked Raygun and the appearance of the Stanley Cup won earlier that summer by the hometown Blackhawks . Monumentour ( edit ) Fall Out Boy and Paramore co-headlined the Monumentour North American arena concert tour , announced in January 2014 and beginning April 2014 , marking the first time the bands toured together since 2005 . It was supported by New Politics as the opening band . The tour consisted of 44 concerts over the course of four months . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 75 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Alternative Press The A.V. Club B+ Billboard Entertainment Weekly The Guardian The Independent NME 7 / 10 Rolling Stone USA Today Save Rock and Roll has received mostly positive reviews from music critics , making the band 's reformation a critical success . At Metacritic , a website which assigns a rating out of 100 from reviews by mainstream critics , it currently holds a rating of 75 based on 18 reviews , citing `` generally favorable reviews '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic commended the record 's compositions as `` ambitious , admirable , and sometimes thrilling , particularly because the group never fears to tread into treacherous waters , happy to blur the distinctions between pop and rock , mainstream and underground . '' Kyle Ryan of The A.V. Club called the record `` the band 's most personal album yet , a tribute to being passionate and young when time makes the former difficult and the latter impossible . It 's an arena album that longs for small punk clubs . '' Annie Zaleski of Alternative Press also gave the album a positive review , calling it `` a blast of an album '' , and stating : It 's also gutsy : No matter what direction Fall Out Boy went , people would be disappointed . So to release a collection of music that 's a noticeable progression from their past albums -- but one done entirely on their own terms -- is brave . Save Rock and Roll might not actually , well , save rock and roll -- but it certainly has brought Fall Out Boy back from the brink . Dave Simpson of The Guardian was positive in his description of the music on the album : `` Each track fuses punk - pop , boyband production values and heart - style power - balladry to make a big enough noise to accompany fireworks in stadiums . '' Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly described Save Rock and Roll as a stairway to a new era for the band , writing : `` There 's not much psychological processing on Save Rock and Roll , but it does advance FOB 's vision of an über - inclusive guitar - pop utopia . '' Rolling Stone 's Simon Vozick - Levinson characterized the record as full of `` over-the - top ambitions '' , summarizing by saying : `` Does rock 's future depend on this overheated nonsense ? Of course not . But life is more fun with Fall Out Boy than without them . '' At USA Today , Brian Mansfield concluded with `` Fall Out Boy may not be rock and roll 's saviors , but they make sure it 's got a little life left . '' Johan Wippsson of Melodic gave a more critical review , writing that `` Fall Out Boy is not the band that will save rock and roll '' . He added that `` like many other bands , they have added some more electronic elements , which makes Save Rock and Roll a bit too well produced and non-organic . '' Andy Baber of musicOMH called the album both the group 's `` softest '' and the group 's `` least memorable . '' At The Oakland Press , Gary Graff found that the `` 11 - song set has more in common with Rihanna than the Ramones , which will undoubtedly polarize those faithful '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) Save Rock and Roll debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart , with first week sales of 154,000 copies in the United States , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Fall Out Boy had been in a sales race with rapper Kid Cudi , whose Indicud was released the same day and debuted at number two . Initially , industry sources had forecast both albums to sell around 150,000 , but Save Rock and Roll pulled ahead by the end of the tracking week . The arrival of Save Rock and Roll posted the quartet 's then - third biggest sales week , and earned the band its second career number one on the chart . The album also debuted at number one on Billboard 's Top Rock Albums and Top Alternative Albums charts . In its second week , it fell to number five on the Billboard 200 with 36,000 sales , a 76 % decline . As of January 2015 , Save Rock and Roll has sold over 670,000 copies . The week ending April 4 , 2015 marked its 100th chart week at No. 95 . On the UK album chart , it debuted at No. 2 with 24,809 copies , while the No. 1 album that week -- Michael Bublé 's To Be Loved -- debuted with five times as many copies . It was later certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry for 100,000 copies shipped . On the Canadian Albums Chart , Save Rock and Roll debuted at No. 1 with 8,000 first week sales , and later achieved Gold status for 40,000 shipments . It opened at No. 2 in both Australia and New Zealand . The band 's chart success was best described as unexpected by music journalists . Rolling Stone called the band 's comeback a `` rather stunning renaissance '' , and Entertainment Weekly called the number one a `` major accomplishment for a band whom many in the industry had dismissed as kings of a genre whose time had passed . '' Track listing ( edit ) All songs written and composed by Fall Out Boy ( Andy Hurley , Joe Trohman , Patrick Stump and Pete Wentz ) , except where noted . No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Phoenix '' 4 : 04 2 . `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' Hurley Stump Trohman Wentz Butch Walker John Hill 3 : 09 3 . `` Alone Together '' 3 : 23 4 . `` Where Did the Party Go '' 4 : 03 5 . `` Just One Yesterday '' ( featuring Foxes ) 4 : 04 6 . `` The Mighty Fall '' ( featuring Big Sean ) Hurley Stump Trohman Wentz Walker Hill Sean Anderson 3 : 32 7 . `` Miss Missing You '' 3 : 30 8 . `` Death Valley '' 3 : 46 9 . `` Young Volcanoes '' 3 : 24 10 . `` Rat a Tat '' ( featuring Courtney Love ) Hurley Stump Trohman Wentz Courtney Love 4 : 02 11 . `` Save Rock and Roll '' ( featuring Elton John ) 4 : 41 Total length : 41 : 37 ( show ) PAX AM Days edition disc 2 No . Title Length 1 . `` We Were Doomed from the Start ( The King Is Dead ) '' 1 : 35 2 . `` Art of Keeping Up Disappearances '' 1 : 03 3 . `` Hot to the Touch , Cold on the Inside '' 1 : 24 4 . `` Love , Sex , Death '' 1 : 23 5 . `` Eternal Summer '' 1 : 45 6 . `` Demigods '' 1 : 50 7 . `` American Made '' 1 : 38 8 . `` Caffeine Cold '' 2 : 41 Total length : 13 : 19 ( show ) Japanese bonus track No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 12 . `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' ( 2 Chainz remix ) Hurley Stump Trohman Wentz Walker Hill Tauheed Epps 3 : 31 ( show ) Japanese deluxe DVD No . Title Length 1 . `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' ( music video ) 3 : 08 2 . `` Track - by - track commentary '' ( show ) Japanese PAX AM Days edition disc 1 bonus tracks No . Title Length 12 . `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' ( 2 Chainz remix ) 3 : 31 13 . `` Alone Together '' ( Jump Smokers remix ) 3 : 42 14 . `` Alone Together '' ( Krewella remix ) 3 : 21 `` Save Rock and Roll '' contains an interpolation of the band 's own song `` Chicago Is So Two Years Ago '' , which appeared on the group 's debut album Take This to Your Grave . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes Fall Out Boy Patrick Stump -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , keyboards , piano , additional programming and production Joe Trohman -- lead guitar , backing vocals , keyboards , additional production and programming Pete Wentz -- bass guitar , backing vocals , additional production Andy Hurley -- drums , percussion , backing vocals , additional production Additional musicians Big Sean -- guest vocals on `` The Mighty Fall '' Courtney Love -- guest vocals on `` Rat a Tat '' Elton John -- guest vocals on `` Save Rock and Roll '' Foxes -- guest vocals on `` Just One Yesterday '' Artwork Roger Stonehouse -- cover photography Pamela Littky -- band photography Marjan Malakpour -- styling Todd Russell -- art direction and design Kristen Yiengst -- art and photography production Carol Corless -- package production Production Butch Walker -- producer , additional backing vocals , percussion , programming , keyboards Jake Sinclair -- engineer , additional backing vocals , percussion , programming , keyboards Produced by Mike Viola and Ryan Adams Vocal producing ( Elton John vocals ) by Peter Asher Todd Stopera -- assistant engineer Laura Sisk -- engineer on `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' and `` The Mighty Fall '' Grant Wndrbrd Michaels -- engineer `` Rat a Tat '' ( Courtney Love vocals ) Matt Still -- engineer on `` Save Rock and Roll '' ( Elton John vocals ) Manny Sanchez -- additional engineering and production on `` Miss Missing You '' and `` Rat a Tat '' Engineered and mixed by David Labrel Dave Sardy -- mixing Mark `` Spike '' Stent -- mixing on `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' Matty Green -- assistant mixing on `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' Greg Calbi -- mastering Joe Laporta -- mastering on `` The Mighty Fall '' , `` Rat a Tat '' and `` Save Rock and Roll '' Mastered by Bernie Grundman Rob Mathes -- orchestral arrangement and conductor on `` The Phoenix '' and `` Save Rock and Roll '' The London Symphony Orchestra -- orchestration on `` The Phoenix '' and `` Save Rock and Roll '' Additional composers : John Hill , Butch Walker , Courtney Love ( 10 ) and Sean Anderson ( 6 ) A&R by Leesa D. Brunson , Elizabeth Vago and Evan Lipschutz Todd Russell -- art direction and design Kristen Yiengst -- art and photo - production Carol Corless -- package production Roger Stonehouse -- cover photo Pamela Littky -- band photo Marjan Malakpour -- styling Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 10 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 41 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 60 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 27 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 48 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 37 French Albums ( SNEP ) 25 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 15 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 40 Scottish Albums Chart ( OCC ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 67 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 31 UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Billboard Alternative Albums US Billboard Rock Albums US Billboard Digital Albums US Billboard Vinyl Albums Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position US Billboard 200 59 US Billboard Alternative Albums 9 US Billboard Rock Albums 12 Chart ( 2014 ) Position US Billboard 200 81 US Billboard Alternative Albums 14 US Billboard Rock Albums 17 Chart ( 2015 ) Position US Billboard 200 91 US Billboard Catalog Albums 19 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Label Format Australia / Europe April 12 , 2013 Island Records Digital download CD vinyl United Kingdom April 15 , 2013 United States April 16 , 2013 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Dave ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : Save Rock and Roll -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Save Rock and Roll '' . Jump up ^ Punknews.org . `` Fall Out Boy - Save Rock and Roll '' . www.punknews.org . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Pete Wentz Says Fall Out Boy Not Broken Up , Just ' Decompressing ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Greene ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` How Fall Out Boy Beat the Odds and Rose Again '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kia Makarechi ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy On Save Rock And Roll , Working With Elton John And Why Everything Is Different This Time Around '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rolling Stone staff ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Patrick Stump : I 'm a 27 - Year - Old Has - Been '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Greene ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Surprise Return '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . pp. 19 -- 20 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Hiatt ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : Life After Emo '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crow , Sarah ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Report : Pete Wentz Does n't Want to Divorce Ashlee Simpson '' . PopEater . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Us Weekly staff ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Patrick Stump Explains 60 Pound Weight Loss '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Maloy ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Reunion : Looking Back at the Hiatus , Side Projects & Rumors '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard staff ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Patrick Stump Lets the Bastards Get Him Down in New Blog Post '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lily Rothman ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A : Pete Wentz on How Fall Out Boy Can Save Rock '' . Time . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan J. Downey ( June 2013 ) . `` Cynics , You 're Going Down '' . Alternative Press . No. 299 . Alternative Magazines Inc . pp. 70 -- 76 . ISSN 1065 - 1667 . Jump up ^ `` Huffington Post - Fall Out Boy ' Save Rock and Roll ' '' . 7 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Save Rock and Roll -- Fall Out Boy '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle Anderson ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Patrick Stump on being back at No. 1 , hanging with Elton John , and why he loves Shostakovich '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mikael Wood ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy and Paramore : Coming back on top '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Lipshutz ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Pete Wentz Q&A : Why Fall Out Boy 's Reunion Needed To Be A Secret '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jocelyn Vena ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Say Reunion Wo n't Be ' Our Best 2003 Impersonation ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Save Rock and Roll ( liner notes ) . Fall Out Boy . United States : Island . 2013 . 001822802 . Jump up ^ Mesfin Fekadu ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy , Courtney Love And More Collaborate On Save Rock And Roll '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Hyman ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Return to the Stage in Chicago '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` We 're just better at it these days '' -- Patrick Stump talks ' American Beauty / American Psycho ' . Alternative Press . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : James Montgomery ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Reveal Striking Save Rock And Roll Album Cover '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NME staff ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy unveil Save Rock and Roll album artwork featuring a ' punk and monk ' '' . NME . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gil Kaufman ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Reunite , Will Save Rock And Roll In May '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Save Rock and Roll Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Week Ending April 28 , 2013 . Songs : Rihanna Ties Mariah '' . Yahoo ! Music ( Chart Watch ) . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fall Out Boy ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Facebook '' . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Future Releases on Alternative Radio '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy - Chart history - Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . ^ Jump up to : Vevo ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` VEVO Presents : Fall Out Boy -- Live from London '' . Pressparty . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/fall%20out%20boy/ '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Save Rock And Roll Storyline : We Know What Happens Next ! '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philip Obenschain ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's `` Young Blood Chronicles '' to conclude on Palladia , feature Elton John cameo `` . Alternative Press . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews for Save Rock and Roll by Fall Out Boy '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Zaleski , Annie ( April 7 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock And Roll '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Kyle ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : Save Rock and Roll '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy , ' Save Rock and Roll ' : Track - By - Track Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Kyle ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Save Rock and Roll '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Price , Simon ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` Album : Fall Out Boy , Save Rock and Roll ( Island ) '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodwyn , Tom ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy -- ' Save Rock And Roll ' '' . NME . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vozick - Levinson , Simon ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` Save Rock and Roll '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy has fun , wo n't slow its ' Roll ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wippsson , Johan . `` Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock and Roll '' . Melodic . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baber , Andy ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock And Roll '' . musicOMH . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Listening Room : Yeah Yeah Yeahs practice restraint on `` Mosquito '' `` . The Oakland Press . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keith Caulfield ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Tops Kid Cudi on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Buble Tops Billboard 200 , Fantasia Arrives at No. 2 Billboard . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FALL OUT BOY : SET TO GO PSYCHO www.hitsdailydouble.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Analysis : Ronson first artist to top singles and albums charts since 2013 / Music Week : Home Stream '' . http://mediaor.com . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Analysis : Ronson first artist to top singles and albums charts since 2013 '' . musicweek.com . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Nielsen - CANADIAN MARKET MUSIC UPDATES Nielson SoundScan official Tumblr . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielson Tweet on official accounts Nielson official Twitter . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 日本 語 タイトル : セイヴ ・ ロック ンロール ‐ FOB の ロック ンロール 宣言 ! デラックス ・ エディション ( DVD 付 初回 限定 盤 ) / フォール ・ アウト ・ ボーイ '' . CD Japan . April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy - Save Rock and Roll ( PAX AM Edition ) ( CD , Album ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weekly Chart Notes : Fall Out Boy Covers ... Fall Out Boy ; Taylor Swift , Pink Floyd Set Marks Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Joined By Courtney Love On ' Save Rock And Roll ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock And Roll '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock And Roll '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock And Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock And Roll '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock And Roll '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock And Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy : Save Rock And Roll '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock And Roll '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock And Roll '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock And Roll '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock And Roll '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock And Roll '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vinyl Albums : May 4 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Charts - Top Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Albums : 2013 Year - End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Charts - Top Billboard Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts - Top Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Albums : 2014 Year - End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts - Top Billboard Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Year End Charts - Top Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Catalog Albums : Dec 31 , 2015 Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock and Roll '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock and Roll '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Save Rock and Roll in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Fall Out Boy -- Save Rock and Roll '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Save Rock and Roll at YouTube ( streamed copy where licensed ) Fall Out Boy Patrick Stump Pete Wentz Joe Trohman Andy Hurley Ben Rose Mike Pareskuwicz T.J. Kunasch Brandon Hamm Studio albums Take This to Your Grave From Under the Cork Tree Infinity on High Folie à Deux Save Rock and Roll American Beauty / American Psycho Mania Extended plays Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue Leaked in London America 's Suitehearts : Remixed , Retouched , Rehabbed and Retoxed PAX AM Days Live albums Live in Phoenix Compilation albums Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits Remix albums Make America Psycho Again Demo albums Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend Singles `` Dead on Arrival '' `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' `` Saturday '' `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' `` Dance , Dance '' `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' '' `` The Carpal Tunnel of Love '' `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' `` '' The Take Over , the Breaks Over `` '' `` I 'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I 'm Always Trying to Get You Off ( Me & You ) '' `` Beat It '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` America 's Suitehearts '' `` Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet '' `` What a Catch , Donnie '' `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' `` The Phoenix '' `` Alone Together '' `` Young Volcanoes '' `` Centuries '' `` Immortals '' `` American Beauty / American Psycho '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` Uma Thurman '' `` Irresistible '' `` Ghostbusters ( I 'm Not Afraid ) '' `` Young and Menace '' `` Champion '' `` The Last of the Real Ones '' `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' Concert tours Honda Civic Tour 2007 Young Wild Things Tour Believers Never Die Tour Part Deux Monumentour American Beauty / American Psycho Tour Wintour is Coming The Mania Tour Related articles Discography List of songs Arma Angelus Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares Racetraitor The Damned Things Black Cards Welcome to the New Administration Fall Out Toy Works The Young Blood Chronicles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Save_Rock_and_Roll&oldid=811913130 '' Categories : 2013 albums Fall Out Boy albums Island Records albums Albums produced by Butch Walker Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 20 : 14 . 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when is anne with an e season two coming out

On August 3 , 2017 , both CBC and Netflix renewed the series for a 10 - episode second season to premiere in 2018 . Season 2 began production in November 2017 .

in 2018

Anne ( TV series )

anne ( tv series )

Anne ( titled Anne with an E for international distribution on Netflix ) is a Canadian drama television series based on the 1908 novel Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery , and adapted by Emmy Award - winning writer and producer Moira Walley - Beckett . It airs on CBC in Canada , and elsewhere in the world it is available for streaming on Netflix . The first season consists of seven episodes , with Niki Caro directing the 90 - minute season premiere . The series premiered on March 19 , 2017 , on CBC , the season finale airing on April 30 , 2017 .

On August 3 , 2017 , both CBC and Netflix renewed the series for a 10 - episode second season to premiere in 2018 . Season 2 began production in November 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Others 3 Production 3.1 Personnel 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming locations 3.4 Music 4 Themes 5 Broadcast and release 6 Episodes 6.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) In the late 19th century , brother and sister Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert , both in their old age by that historical period 's standards ( Matthew is 60 ) , decide to take on an orphan boy to help out around their ancestral farm of Green Gables , on the outskirts of the town of Avonlea , on Prince Edward Island . When Matthew goes to pick the child up at the railway station , he finds not a boy , but a high - spirited and talkative girl , Anne Shirley . At first , the Cuthberts are inclined to send her back , particularly after Marilla 's brooch goes missing , and Anne , in despair , runs away . Reconciled and settled in her new home and school , Anne once again displays boundless enthusiasm which is nevertheless easily turned into despair when things go wrong , which they often do . Slowly , her ebullient nature wins over those around her . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Amybeth McNulty as Anne Shirley Geraldine James as Marilla Cuthbert R.H. Thomson as Matthew Cuthbert Dalila Bela as Diana Barry Lucas Jade Zumann as Gilbert Blythe Corrine Koslo as Rachel Lynde Aymeric Jett Montaz as Jerry Baynard Others ( edit ) Jonathan Holmes as Mr. William Barry Helen Johns as Mrs. Eliza Barry Ryan Kiera Armstrong as Minnie Mary Barry Deborah Grover as Josephine Barry Wayne Best as John Blythe Phillip Williams as Thomas Lynde David Ingram as Mr. Harmon Andrews Janet Porter as Mrs. Andrews Christian Martyn as Billy Andrews Lia Pappas - Kemps as Jane Andrews Ella Jonas Farlinger as Prissy Andrews Jim Annan as Mr. Gillis Fiona Byrne as Mrs. Gillis Kyla Matthews as Ruby Gillis Jacob Ursomarzo as Moody Spurgeon Stephen Tracey as Mr. Phillips Cory Gruter - Andrew as Cole Mackenzie Miranda McKeon as Josie Pye Glenna Walters as Tillie Boulter Katelyn Wells as Mary Joe Jacob Horsley as Charlie Sloane Production ( edit ) According to executive producer Miranda de Pencier , this adaptation of the novel has a different look and feel to past productions , aiming for a `` documentary level of realism '' , as reflected in the extraordinary detail which has gone into the design of sets and costumes . Personnel ( edit ) Besides the show itself having a larger number of female characters than male , women serving as executive producer and showrunner , the series has several female directors . For the second season , showrunner and scriptwriter Moira Walley - Beckett is joined by a team of women writers . Casting ( edit ) Approximately 1800 girls on three continents auditioned for the role of Anne Shirley . Amybeth McNulty was chosen for her ability to deliver dialogue which is `` incredibly thick and dynamic and beautiful '' , according to Miranda de Pencier . Walley - Beckett describes her as at once `` luminous , '' transparent , smart , soulful and emotional . Filming locations ( edit ) The series is filmed partially in Prince Edward Island as well as locations in Southern Ontario ( including Millbrook and Caledon ) . Music ( edit ) The opening theme is the song `` Ahead by a Century '' performed and originally composed by Canadian band The Tragically Hip . Themes ( edit ) Moira Walley - Beckett had this to say about her treatment , which is darker than the previous productions : `` In this day and age , themes of identity , prejudice , bullying , being an outsider , searching for a way to be accepted and how to belong are entirely topical and super relevant , and those are themes that are built into the story of ' Anne . ' '' She went on to call Anne Shirley an `` accidental feminist '' , and how she `` really wanted to tell this story now . '' Broadcast and Release ( edit ) The series initially premiered on March 19 , 2017 , on CBC and aired on a weekly basis , the season finale airing on April 30 , 2017 . The series debuted on Netflix on May 12 , 2017 , under the title Anne with an E . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) `` Your Will Shall Decide Your Destiny '' Niki Caro Moira Walley - Beckett March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 0.999 When a miscommunication brings a girl , Anne Shirley , to Green Gables instead of a boy , Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert are faced with a life - changing decision . `` I Am No Bird , and No Net Ensnares Me '' Helen Shaver Moira Walley - Beckett March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 0.780 Hoping all is not lost , Matthew races to catch up with Anne while Marilla anxiously hopes and waits for their return to Green Gables . `` But What Is So Headstrong as Youth ? '' Sandra Goldbacher Moira Walley - Beckett April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 0.994 Anne is excited to begin school and make friends , but is unprepared for the bullying that occurs when she does n't fit in . Marilla too , is testing new waters as she accepts an invitation to join a `` Progressive Mothers '' group . `` An Inward Treasure is Born '' David Evans Moira Walley - Beckett April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 0.654 Anne is faced with the decision of whether or not to return to school . But a fire at the Gillis house and Anne 's generous actions help her in her choice . 5 `` Tightly Knotted to a Similar String '' Patricia Rozema Moira Walley - Beckett April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) N / A Anne must deal with the inevitability of womanhood when she gets her first period . At the same time , Marilla and Matthew acclimatize to parenthood and revisit moments of their youth through Anne . 6 `` Remorse Is the Poison of Life '' Paul Fox Moira Walley - Beckett April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 0.656 When her little sister Minnie May becomes ill , Diana runs to Anne for help . Meanwhile , the Blythe farm sees change , as Marilla is reminded of what she gave up and Matthew receives some unsettling news . 7 `` Wherever You Are Is My Home '' Amanda Tapping Moira Walley - Beckett April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) N / A The Cuthberts vow to do whatever it takes to save the farm which reminds Anne of the strength of friendship and love . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The series has achieved a rating of 88 % on Rotten Tomatoes , the site 's critical consensus stating : `` Anne with an E uses its complex central character to offer a boldly stylish , emotionally resonant spin on classic source material that satisfies in its own right . '' The series has received a rating of 79 on Metacritic based on fifteen reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Emily Ashby , writing for Common Sense Media , calls the series an `` exceptional '' and `` spectacular '' interpretation , giving it four out of five stars . Tasha Cerny , contributor for the Tracking Board , praises the cinematography as lush and colourful , the characters vibrant , and the plot `` surprisingly thrilling for a story about a young girl living in a small secluded community in the late nineteenth century . I laughed , I cried , and I did n't expect either from a show about a little girl . '' Gwen Inhat of the A.V. Club , calls the series `` at once darker and sweeter than the original '' novel , praising the core cast , reserving the highest for the series lead : `` Amybeth McNulty defies her youth with a performance that 's less a portrayal of Anne than an absolute possession . It ca n't be easy to make Anne 's fanciful language sing the way she does , and McNulty captures the endearing awkwardness that enables Anne to win over everyone she comes in contact with . '' Writing of the 90 - minute premiere episode for the Toronto Star , Johanna Schneller was appreciative of Walley - Beckett 's departures from the novel , bringing its subtext to the fore : `` Reading between the novel 's lines and adding verisimilitude , she gives us quick but potent glimpses of the miseries many orphans faced in 1890s imperialist culture . '' Hanh Nguyen , reviewing the series for IndieWire , concurs with this assessment , saying : `` Rather than ruining the series , they give the context for why Anne would be filled with gratitude for the beauties of nature , basic human decency and having a family to call her own . Montgomery had based much of Anne 's need for escape into imagination on her own lonely childhood , and her stories have always had an underlying poignancy that made them all the sweeter . '' Jen Chaney , writing for Vulture.com , agrees , saying : `` What distinguishes it from other previous Anne iterations is its willingness to harden some of the story 's softness , just enough , to create an element of realism that period pieces , Gables - related or not , can be inclined to avoid . '' Neil Genzlinger writing for The New York Times , commenting on reports of darkness and grittiness , goes so far as to call the adaptation `` richer '' than the source material : `` Ms. McNulty 's Anne is still wonderfully ebullient and eminently likable ; she 's just not the one - dimensional figure of other adaptations '' . Annie Hirschlag , writing for Mic , suggests that a genuinely contemporary Anne is bound to reflect the current television landscape and wider culture of its times ( the 2010s ) : `` Since today 's entertainment is peppered with antiheroes -- characters who are far from perfect , even occasionally villainous -- it makes sense that Anne 's familiar idealism is fringed with darkness and agony . '' Some reviewers were more ambivalent , mainly about Walley - Beckett 's changes to the story . Canadian novelist Saleema Nawaz , who reviewed the 90 - minute first episode for Toronto Life , said she enjoyed it more than she expected , particularly the set designs and costumes , as well as the performances by McNulty and Thomson , and she approved of the choice of theme song as reflective of the continued relevance of the source material . She was less sure about how far the series intended to stray from that source material , and disapproved of the `` manufactured drama , such as Matthew 's wild horse ride '' . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Isabella Beidenharn expressed similar feelings , but , `` putting the source material aside , it 's a fine show on its own '' , and she conceded that `` inventing a dark side might help Anne With an E fit into today 's TV landscape '' . Allison Keene , writing for Collider , agrees that Anne is a good drama on its own terms , but allows it is `` only a fair adaptation '' of the novel , at its best in the home scenes : `` Anne with an E is undeniably the most stylish adaptation we 've ever seen of Anne of Green Gables . But its desire to reveal more of Anne 's miserable past in order to be more true to what the desperation of an orphan is like feels at odds with Montgomery 's story . '' Writing for Variety , critic Sonia Saraiya is even more ambivalent , describing the series as on the one hand `` a brilliant adaptation '' which `` succeeds admirably '' , but on the other hand , `` the show ca n't quite sustain the brilliance , veering first into maudlin territory and then into the oddly saccharine as it tests out its tone '' , contending that `` the show gets a bit bogged down in telling the story of Anne 's dysfunction '' , presenting `` a slightly soapy view of Anne 's trials and tribulations that at times really humanize her and in others , are rather infantilizing '' . Sarah Larson , writing for The New Yorker , was not at all impressed with changes made to the story , arguing that they alter Anne 's character to the point of non-recognition . While she acknowledges that bringing subtext to the fore is a fine idea , she is not pleased with the execution , saying that the result is part `` the Anne we know and love '' and part `` untrustworthy stranger '' , calling the alteration and addition of scenes a `` betrayal '' of Montgomery 's novel , comparing the treatment unfavourably to Patricia Rozema 's 1999 adaptation of Jane Austen 's Mansfield Park . For Joanna Robinson , writing for Vanity Fair , a central problem with the show is that it `` seems to think that in order for Anne to be a feminist figure , she has to butt up against a straw - man - filled patriarchy , '' and so it turned many of the male characters into misogynists , most notably the Reverend Allan , who is considered by Anne to be a `` kindred spirit '' in the book : `` Anne with an E seems to think Anne 's triumphs are only noteworthy if she 's continually told she ca n't succeed , when in fact her unfettered brilliance needs no such clumsy opposition . It also seems to think that Anne needs a radical feminist makeover when , in fact , the story of her success was feminist in its own right . '' This is part of a more general problem Robinson notes , that conflicts are exaggerated and overdone : `` this series thrives on non-stop tragedy . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC - TV '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards CBC 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation ; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere '' . Deadline . August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katie Rogers . `` Oh , Gilbert ! ' Anne of Green Gables ' Is Coming to Netflix '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` CBC and Netflix renew reimagined Anne of Green Gables '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anne ( with an E ) : Season Two Filming Begins for CBC and Netflix Series '' . TV Series Finale . November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Anne of Green Gables ' Adaptation Finds Its Anne Shirley , Casts 2 Other Roles '' . Deadline . October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation Adds Three To Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maureen McCormick To Guest In ' The Guest Book ' ; Lucas Jade Zumann Joins ' Anne ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Nigel ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ai n't your grandmother 's Anne ' : new series gives gritty Green Gables amid glut of Anne adaptations '' . CBC News . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ahearn , Victoria ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` VIDEO : CBC 's ' Anne ' shows darker past of ' accidental feminist ' from Green Gables '' . Chronicle Herald . Canadian Press . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV and Netflix renew Anne series for 2nd season : Episodes will be written by team of female writers '' . CBC News Prince Edward Island . Canadian Press . 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Lance ( 8 November 2016 ) . `` New series based on Anne of Green Gables filmed in Millbrook on Tuesday - MyKawartha.com '' . Jump up ^ Fraser , Sara ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Behind the scenes on the newest Anne of Green Gables series '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Red - dy ! Netflix 's ' Anne ' Now Has a Release Date '' . EW.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 13 , 2017 - March 19 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` LAST SUN o'nites CBC Heartland 859k Anne 780k Story of Us 745k CTV Saving Hope 665k GLO NCIS : LA 1127k SNet NHL Van - Peg 473k '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 27 , 2017 - April 2 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` SUN onites SNET NHL TOR - COL 1181k VAN -- EDM 766k TSN CURL 1026k GLO NCISLA 1Mk CBC ANNE 654k STORY US 546k CITY SHOTS 623k CTV SAVE HOPE 548k '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` SJN o'nites SNet NHL TOR - WASH Game 6 3467k OTT - BOS 1284k OMNI2 TOR - WASH 121k CTV SAVE HOPE 686K CBC ANNE 656K STORY OF US 450K '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E ( 2017 - ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` Anne with an E '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cerny , Tasha . `` ANNE WITH AN E Review : `` Episodes 1 - 3 '' `` . www.thetrackingboard.com . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Inhat , Gwen . `` Anne With An E offers a winning , darker take on a familiar tale '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneller , Johanna ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` This Anne of Green Gables hints at miseries : What I 'm Watching '' . Toronto Star . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : A ' Breaking Bad ' Producer Updates ' Anne of Green Gables ' for Our Darker Times '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen . `` Anne of Green Gables Fans , You Will Love Netflix 's Anne With an E '' . Vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Anne With an E ' Is a Rewarding Return to Green Gables '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hirschlag , Annie . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : The Neflix Adpatation Hits the Nostalgia Button and More '' . Mic.com . Mic ( media Company ) . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Nawaz , Saleema ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` We asked an Anne of Green Gables superfan to review the first episode of CBC 's new TV series '' . Toronto Life . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Beidenharn , Isabella ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Anne With an E : EW review Netflix 's new series has a different take on the pleasant Avonlea you may have grown up with '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : Netflix 's Green Gables Adaptation Has Grit '' . Collider . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : ' Anne With an E , ' Based on the Book ' Anne of Green Gables ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Sarah ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Not to Adapt `` Anne of Green Gables '' `` . The New Yorker . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Depths of Despair : Anne of Green Gables : Netflix 's Bleak Adaptation Gets It All So Terribly Wrong '' . Vanity Fair magazine . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Television in Canada portal Anne on CBC Anne with an E on Netflix Anne on IMDb The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. 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where did they film harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film )

harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban ( film )

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban British theatrical release poster Directed by Alfonso Cuarón Produced by David Heyman Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe Screenplay by Steve Kloves Based on Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson Robbie Coltrane Michael Gambon Richard Griffiths Gary Oldman Alan Rickman Fiona Shaw Maggie Smith Timothy Spall David Thewlis Emma Thompson Julie Walters Music by John Williams Cinematography Michael Seresin Edited by Steven Weisberg Production companies Warner Bros. Pictures Heyday Films 1492 Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 23 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 23 ) ( Radio City Music Hall ) 31 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 31 ) ( United Kingdom ) 4 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 142 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $130 million Box office $796.7 million Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is a 2004 fantasy film directed by Alfonso Cuarón and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on the 1999 novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film , which is the third instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by Chris Columbus ( director of the first two instalments ) , David Heyman , and Mark Radcliffe . The story follows Harry Potter 's third year at Hogwarts as he is informed that a prisoner named Sirius Black has escaped from Azkaban intending to kill him . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It also features well - known actors in supporting roles , including Gary Oldman as Sirius Black , David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , Michael Gambon ( in his debut in the role of Albus Dumbledore ) , Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney and Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and is followed by Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The film was released on 31 May 2004 in the United Kingdom and on 4 June 2004 in North America , as the first Harry Potter film released into IMAX theatres and to be using IMAX Technology . It was also the last Harry Potter film to be released on VHS . The film was nominated for two Academy Awards , Best Original Music Score and Best Visual Effects at the 77th Academy Awards in 2005 . Prisoner of Azkaban grossed a total of $796.7 million worldwide , making it the second highest - grossing film of 2004 and received praise for Cuarón 's direction , and the performances of the lead actors . It marked a notable change in the film series 's tone and direction and is considered by many critics and fans to be one of the best Harry Potter films . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Effects 3.4 Music 4 Differences from the book 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Theatrical release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Harry Potter has been spending another dissatisfying summer with The Dursleys . When Aunt Marge insults Harry 's parents , Harry loses his temper and silently wills her to bloat up and float away . Harry flees with his luggage , fed up with his life with the Dursleys . The Knight Bus delivers Harry to the Leaky Cauldron , where he is forgiven by Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge for using magic outside of Hogwarts . After reuniting with his best friends Ron and Hermione , Harry learns that Sirius Black , a convicted supporter of the dark wizard Voldemort , who murdered Harry 's parents , has escaped Azkaban prison , intending to kill Harry . The trio are returning to Hogwarts for the school year on the Hogwarts Express , when dementors suddenly board the train , searching for Sirius . One enters the trio 's compartment , causing Harry to pass out . New Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher Professor Lupin repels the dementor with a Patronus Charm . At Hogwarts , headmaster Albus Dumbledore announces that dementors will be guarding the school while Sirius is at large . Hogwarts groundskeeper Hagrid is announced as the new Care of Magical Creatures teacher ; his first class goes awry when Draco Malfoy deliberately provokes a hippogriff , Buckbeak , who attacks him . Draco exaggerates his injury , and Draco 's father Lucius Malfoy later has Buckbeak sentenced to death . The Fat Lady 's portrait , which guards the Gryffindor quarters , is found ruined and empty . Terrified and hiding in another painting , the Fat Lady tells Dumbledore that Sirius Black has entered the castle . During a stormy Quidditch match against Hufflepuff , dementors attack Harry , causing him to fall off his broomstick . At Hogsmeade , Harry is shocked to learn that not only had Sirius Black been his father 's best friend and apparently betrayed them to Voldemort , but that Sirius is also his godfather . Lupin privately teaches Harry to defend himself against dementors , using the Patronus Charm . After Harry , Ron and Hermione witness Buckbeak 's execution , Ron 's pet rat Scabbers bites him and escapes . When Ron gives chase , a large dog appears and drags both Ron and Scabbers into a hole at the Whomping Willow 's base , which leads to an underground passage to the Shrieking Shack . The trio discover that the dog is actually Sirius , who is an Animagus . Lupin arrives and embraces Sirius as an old friend . He admits to being a werewolf , and explains that Sirius is innocent . Sirius was falsely accused of betraying the Potters to Voldemort , and murdering twelve Muggles and their mutual friend , Peter Pettigrew . It is revealed that Scabbers is actually Pettigrew , an Animagus who committed the crime for which Sirius was convicted , and had betrayed the Potters . After forcing him back into human form , Lupin and Sirius prepare to kill him , but Harry convinces them to turn Pettigrew over to the dementors . As the group departs , the full moon rises ; Lupin transforms into a werewolf , and Sirius transforms into his dog form to fight him off . In the chaos , Pettigrew transforms back into a rat and escapes . Sirius and Harry are attacked by dementors and Harry sees a figure in the distance save them by casting a powerful Patronus spell . He believes the mysterious figure is his deceased father , and passes out . He awakens to discover that Sirius has been captured and sentenced to the Dementor 's Kiss . Acting on Dumbledore 's advice , Harry and Hermione travel back in time with Hermione 's Time Turner , and watch themselves and Ron repeat the night 's events . They save Buckbeak from execution and witness the Dementors overpower Sirius and Harry . The present Harry realises that it was actually he who conjured the Patronus , and does so again . Harry and Hermione rescue Sirius , who escapes with Buckbeak . Lupin resigns to prevent an uproar from parents over a werewolf teaching their children . Sirius sends Harry a Firebolt broom , and Harry happily takes it for a ride . Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Harry Potter cast members Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , a 13 - year - old British wizard famous for surviving his parents ' murder at the hands of the evil dark wizard Lord Voldemort as an infant , who now enters his third year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , Harry 's best friend at Hogwarts . Emma Watson as Hermione Granger , Harry 's Muggle - born best friend and the trio 's brains . Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , the gamekeeper and new Care of Magical Creatures teacher at Hogwarts . Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore , the headmaster of Hogwarts and one of the greatest wizards of the age . Gambon assumed the role after Richard Harris , who played Dumbledore in the previous two films , died on 25 October 2002 , 3 weeks before the 2nd film 's release . Despite his illness , Harris was determined to film his part , telling a visiting David Heyman not to recast the role . Four months after Harris 's death , Cuarón chose Gambon as his replacement . Gambon was unconcerned with bettering or copying Harris , instead giving his own interpretation , putting on a slight Irish accent for the role , as well as completing his scenes in three weeks . Rumours of Ian McKellen being offered the role started to spread , but when asked he rejected the rumours and stated he had played a similar character in Gandalf of The Lord of the Rings trilogy . He also stated it would have been inappropriate to take Harris 's role , as the late actor had called McKellen a `` dreadful '' actor . Harris 's family had expressed an interest in seeing Harris 's close friend Peter O'Toole being chosen as his replacement . Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Harry 's Muggle uncle . Gary Oldman as Sirius Black , Harry 's infamous godfather , who escapes from the Wizarding prison Azkaban after serving twelve years there for being falsely accused of being the Death Eater who betrayed Harry 's parents to Voldemort . Oldman accepted the part because he needed the money , as he had not taken on any major work in several years after deciding to spend more time with his children . He was `` surprised by how difficult it was to pull off '' , comparing the role to Shakespearean dialogue . Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , the Potions teacher at Hogwarts and head of Slytherin . Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Harry 's Muggle aunt . Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall , Deputy Headmistress of Hogwarts , the Transfiguration teacher at Hogwarts and head of Gryffindor . Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy , Harry 's arch rival and a Slytherin house student . Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew , a friend of Harry 's parents said to have been killed by Sirius Black , but was later revealed to have been the real Death Eater who betrayed Harry 's parents to Voldemort . David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts and a werewolf . Thewlis , who had previously auditioned for the role of Quirinus Quirrell in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was Cuarón 's first choice for the role of Professor Lupin . He accepted the role on advice from Ian Hart , who was cast as Quirrell , and had told him that Professor Lupin was `` the best part in the book . '' Thewlis had seen the first two films and had only read part of the first book , although after taking the role he read the third . Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney , the Divination teacher at Hogwarts . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) With Prisoner of Azkaban , production of the Harry Potter films switched to an eighteen - month cycle , which producer David Heyman explained was `` to give each ( film ) the time it required . '' Chris Columbus , the director of the previous two films , decided not to return to helm the third instalment as he `` had n't seen ( his ) own kids for supper in the week for about two and a half years . '' Even so , he remained on as a producer alongside Heyman . Guillermo del Toro was approached to direct , but considered the film `` so bright and happy and full of light , that ( he ) was n't interested . '' Marc Forster turned down the film because he had made Finding Neverland and did not want to direct child actors again . M. Night Shyamalan was considered to direct but turned it down because he was working on his own film , The Village . Warner Bros. then composed a three - name short list for Columbus 's replacement , which comprised Callie Khouri , Kenneth Branagh ( who played Gilderoy Lockhart in Chamber of Secrets ) and eventual selection Alfonso Cuarón . Cuarón was initially nervous about accepting as he had not read any of the books , or seen the films . After reading the series , he changed his mind and signed on to direct , as he had immediately connected to the story . Cuarón 's appointment pleased J.K. Rowling who loved his film Y Tu Mamá También and was impressed with his adaptation of A Little Princess . Heyman found that `` tonally and stylistically , ( Cuarón ) was the perfect fit . '' As his first exercise with the actors who portray the central trio , Cuarón assigned Radcliffe , Grint and Watson to write an autobiographical essay about their character , written in the first person , spanning birth to the discovery of the magical world , and including the character 's emotional experience . Of Rupert Grint 's essay , Cuarón recalls , `` Rupert did n't deliver the essay . When I questioned why he did n't do it , he said , ' I 'm Ron ; Ron would n't do it . ' So I said , ' Okay , you do understand your character . ' That was the most important piece of acting work that we did on Prisoner of Azkaban , because it was very clear that everything they put in those essays was going to be the pillars they were going to hold on to for the rest of the process . '' Filming ( edit ) Loch Shiel , where scenes from Prisoner of Azkaban were filmed . Principal photography began on 24 February 2003 , at Leavesden Film Studios , and wrapped in October 2003 . The third film was the first to extensively utilise real - life locations , as much of the first two films had been shot in the studio . Some sets for the film were built in Glen Coe , Scotland , near the Clachaig Inn . The indoor sets , including ones built for the previous two films , are mainly in Leavesden Film Studios . The Hogwarts Lake was filmed from Loch Shiel , Loch Eilt and Loch Morar in the Scottish Highlands . Incidentally , the train bridge , which was also featured in the Chamber of Secrets , is opposite Loch Shiel and was used to film the sequences when the Dementor boarded the train . A small section of the triple - decker bus scene , where it weaves in between traffic , was filmed in North London 's Palmers Green . Some parts were also filmed in and around Borough Market and Lambeth Bridge in London . Hogwarts grew and expanded significantly with the third film . For the first time , the Hogwarts courtyard and bridge were seen . At the end of the bridge , rock monoliths were placed onto the hillside to evoke a Celtic feeling . The use of live - action also significantly changed the look of Hagrid 's hut . In the first two films , it appeared at the end of a flat stretch , right in front of the Forbidden Forest . The third film utilised the more rugged Scottish locations to place Hagrid 's hut at the bottom of a steep hillside . A large pumpkin patch was added behind the hut . The Honeydukes set in this film is a redress of the set of Flourish & Blotts that was seen in Chamber of Secrets , which , in turn , was a redress of the Ollivanders set from the first film . Rowling allowed Cuarón to make minor changes to the book , on the condition that he stuck to the book 's spirit . She allowed him to place a sundial on Hogwarts ' grounds , but rejected a graveyard , as that would play an important part in the then unreleased sixth book . Rowling said she `` got goosebumps '' when she saw several moments in the film , as they inadvertently referred to events in the final two books , she stated `` people are going to look back on the film and think that those were put in deliberately as clues . '' When filming concluded , Cuarón found that it had `` been the two sweetest years of my life , '' and expressed his interest in directing one of the sequels . Effects ( edit ) Cuarón originally wanted to move away from CGI toward puppetry . He hired master underwater puppeteer Basil Twist to help , using puppets to study the potential movement of the Dementors . Once it became apparent that puppetry would be too expensive and unable to portray the specific elements of the Dementors , Cuarón turned to CGI ; however , he and his team did use footage of Dementor puppets underwater as a basis for the flowing movements of the computer - generated Dementors . The Knight Bus segment when Harry is being taken to The Leaky Cauldron uses the technique known as bullet time , popularised in The Matrix series of films . This segment takes humorous advantage of the magic quality of the Harry Potter world by having the Muggle world go into bullet time while inside the Knight Bus , Harry , Stan Shunpike and Ernie Prang ( and the talking shrunken head ) keep moving in real time . Music ( edit ) John Williams Main article : Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( soundtrack ) The Academy Award - nominated score was the third and final score in the series to be composed and conducted by John Williams . It was released on CD on 25 May 2004 . In general , this film 's music is not as bright as that of the previous films , with distinct medieval influences in the instrumentation . One of the new themes , `` Double Trouble , '' was written during production so that a children 's choir could perform it in Hogwarts 's Great Hall in one of the film 's earlier scenes . The lyrics of `` Double Trouble '' are from a ritual performed by the Weïrd Sisters in Act 4 , Scene 1 of Shakespeare 's Macbeth . The film 's trailer prominently features the cues `` Anticipation '' and `` Progeny '' by Brand X Music , a trailer music band . Differences from the book ( edit ) Prisoner of Azkaban was , at the time of publication , the series ' longest book . The increasing plot complexity necessitated a looser adaptation of the book 's finer plot lines and back - story . The film opens with Harry using magic to light his wand in short bursts , whereas in the same scene in the book , he uses a torch / flashlight , as performing magic outside the wizard world is illegal for wizards under the age of seventeen . The connection between Harry 's parents and the Marauder 's Map is only briefly mentioned , as is Remus Lupin 's association to both the map and James Potter . Additionally , it was never mentioned who the Marauders were or who the nicknames Moony , Wormtail , Padfoot , and Prongs referred to . Some exposition was removed for dramatic effect : both the Shrieking Shack and Scabbers the rat are mentioned only very briefly in the film , while they receive a more thorough coverage in the novel . Most of Sirius Black 's back story is also cut , with no mention of the manner of his escape from Azkaban . Only the first Quidditch game was kept in the film , due to its importance to the storyline ; the second ( Gryffindor / Ravenclaw ) and third ( Gryffindor / Slytherin ) were cut . Thus , Harry receives the Firebolt at the film 's end , while in the book he receives it anonymously at Christmas and it is confiscated for a few weeks to be checked for possible jinxes by Professor Flitwick and Madam Hooch . On account of pace and time considerations , the film glosses over detailed descriptions of magical education . Only one Hippogriff , Buckbeak , is seen , and only Malfoy and Harry are seen interacting with the Hippogriff during Care of Magical Creatures lessons , and most other lessons , including all of Snape 's potions classes , were cut from the film . The Fidelius Charm 's complicated description is removed entirely from the film , with no explanation given of exactly how Black `` betrayed '' the Potters to Lord Voldemort . Many of this scene 's lines are redistributed amongst Cornelius Fudge and Minerva McGonagall ; in compensation , McGonagall 's exposition of the Animagus transformation is instead given by Snape . In the film , where Harry and Hermione have travelled back in time and are hiding outside of Hagrid 's hut , it is heavily implied that Dumbledore somehow knows that they are there , as he distracts the other characters at key moments or slows down the proceedings ( such as by suggesting that he sign Buckbeak 's execution order as well , then after Fudge agrees he says it will take some time as he has an extremely long name ) , which allows Harry and Hermione time to free Buckbeak unseen . In the book , Dumbledore merely comments that the executioner must sign the order , right before he is about to leave the cabin to execute Buckbeak . The embryonic romantic connection between Ron and Hermione is more prominent in the film than the book ; in response to criticism of the first two films for sacrificing character development for mystery and adventure , the emotional development of all three lead characters is given more attention in the third film . That said , any mention of the beginnings of Harry 's crush on Cho Chang is removed . Chang herself is not even seen until the next film . Harry 's darker side is first glimpsed in this film , when Harry proclaims , `` I hope he ( Black ) finds me . Cause when he does , I 'm going to be ready . When he does , I 'm going to kill him ! '' Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) As with the series ' previous instalments , Prisoner of Azkaban was a large merchandising opportunity . The video game version , designed by EA UK , was released 25 May 2004 in North America and 29 May 2004 in Europe . Mattel released film tie - ins that included the Harry Potter Championship Quidditch board game and character action figures . Lego also expanded on its previous merchandising for the first two films with the release of sets ranging from the Knight Bus to the Shrieking Shack . Theatrical release ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban held its New York premiere at Radio City Music Hall on 23 May 2004 , followed by its London premiere at Leicester Square on 30 May 2004 . The film then opened in the United Kingdom on 31 May 2004 and on 4 June 2004 in the United States . It was the first film in the series to be released in both conventional and IMAX theatres . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Upon release , the film broke the record for biggest single day in the United Kingdom 's box office history making £ 5.3 million on a Monday . It went on to break records both with and without previews making a stunning £ 23.9 million including previews and £ 9.3 million excluding them . Prisoner of Azkaban had the highest - opening weekend at the UK 's box office , until Spectre beat the record in 2015 . It went on to make a total of £ 45.6 million in the UK . The film made $93.7 million during its opening weekend in the United States and Canada at 3,855 theatres , achieving , at the time , the third biggest - opening weekend of all time . This opening also broke Hulk 's record ( $62.1 million ) for the highest - opening weekend for a film released in June . Prisoner of Azkaban held this record for five years until Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen topped it in 2009 with $108.9 million . The film was also No. 1 at the North American box office for two consecutive weekends . Prisoner of Azkaban made a total of $796.7 million worldwide , which made it 2004 's second - highest - grossing film worldwide behind Shrek 2 . In the U.S. and Canada , it was only the year 's sixth - highest - grossing film , making $249.5 million . Everywhere else in the world , however , it was the year 's number one film , making $547 million compared to Shrek 2 's $478.6 million . Despite its successful box office run , Azkaban is the lowest - grossing Harry Potter film ( all the others have grossed more than US $800 million worldwide ) and the lowest - grossing film of J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Series . Critical response ( edit ) Prisoner of Azkaban is often regarded by critics and fans as one of the best films in the franchise . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 91 % based on 250 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Under the assured direction of Alfonso Cuarón , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban triumphantly strikes a delicate balance between technical wizardry and complex storytelling . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle lauded the film 's more mature tone and said it was `` darker , more complex , rooted in character . '' The Hollywood Reporter called the film `` a deeper , darker , visually arresting and more emotionally satisfying adaptation of the J.K. Rowling literary phenomenon , '' especially compared to the first two installments . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars : `` Not only is this dazzler by far the best and most thrilling of the three Harry Potter movies to date , it 's a film that can stand on its own even if you never heard of author J.K. Rowling and her young wizard hero . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com asserts it to be `` one of the greatest fantasy films of all time . '' Nicole Arthur of The Washington Post praised the film as `` complex , frightening , ( and ) nuanced . '' Roger Ebert gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars , saying that the film was not quite as good as the first two , but still called it `` delightful , amusing and sophisticated '' Claudia Puig from USA Today found the film to be `` a visual delight , '' and added that `` Cuarón is not afraid to make a darker film and tackle painful emotions . '' while Richard Roeper called the film `` a creative triumph . '' Sean Smith from Newsweek said : `` The Prisoner of Azkaban boasts a brand - new director and a bold new vision , '' he also called the film `` moving , '' praising the performances by the three main leads , while Entertainment Weekly praised the film for being more mature than its predecessors . Accolades ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for Best Original Music Score ( John Williams ) and Best Visual Effects at the 77th Academy Awards held in 2005 . This was the second film in the series to be nominated for an Oscar . The film also ranks at No. 471 in Empire magazine 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . IGN designated Prisoner of Azkaban as the fifth best fantasy film . Additionally , Moviefone designated the film as the tenth best of the decade . In 2011 , the film was voted Film of the Decade at the First Light Awards by children aged 5 -- 15 . American Film Institute recognition AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Fantasy Film show List of awards and nominations Award Category Recipient ( s ) Outcome Ref . 77th Academy Awards Best Original Music Score John Williams Nominated Best Visual Effects Tim Burke , Roger Guyett , Bill George , John Richardson Amanda Awards Best Foreign Feature Film 58th British Academy Film Awards Best British Film Best Production Design Stuart Craig Best Makeup & Hair Nick Dudman , Eithne Fennel , Amanda Knight Best Visual Effects Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Family Film ( Live Action ) Best Young Actor Daniel Radcliffe Best Young Actress Emma Watson 47th Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media John Williams Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation 2005 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie 2002 MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Male Performance Daniel Radcliffe Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Live Action Family Film Won 31st Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Director Alfonso Cuarón Best Supporting Actor Gary Oldman Best Performance by a Younger Actor Daniel Radcliffe Best Writer Steve Kloves Best Music John Williams Best Costumes Jany Temime Best Make - Up Nick Dudman , Amanda Knight Best Special Effects Roger Guyett , Tim Burke , Bill George , John Richardson Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Action Won Choice Summer Movie Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Motion Picture Roger Guyett , Tim Burke , Theresa Corrao , Emma Norton Won Best Single Visual Effect of the Year Bill George , David Andrews , Sandra Scott , Dorne Huebler Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Animated Character in a Live Action Motion Picture Michael Eames , David Lomax , Felix Balbas , Pablo Grillo Won Outstanding Models and Miniatures in a Motion Picture Jose Granell , Nigel Stone Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Motion Picture Dorne Huebler , Jay Cooper , Patrick Brennan , Anthony Shafer See also ( edit ) Book : Harry Potter List of films featuring time loops Harry Potter portal Film portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` HARRY POTTER AND THE PRISONER OF AZKABAN ( 2004 ) '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 13 May 2004 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Film Forever ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 5 February 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Ebert & Roeper . Archived from the original on 7 March 2008 . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sean ( 31 May 2004 ) . `` The Harry Potter books have finally gotten the wondrous movie they deserve . The Prisoner of Azkaban boasts a brand - new director and a bold new vision '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 77th Academy Awards ( 2005 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's Greatest Movies of all Time '' . Empire . Retrieved 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Pirrello , Phil ( 4 April 2011 ) . `` IGN 's Top 25 Fantasy Films '' . IGN . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner of Azkaban named film of the decade '' . 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Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 PHOENIX FILM CRITICS SOCIETY AWARD WINNERS '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Saturn Awards . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2005 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards for 2005 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Annual VES Awards '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film ) Official Warner Bros. Page Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban on IMDb Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at AllMovie Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at Rotten Tomatoes Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at Box Office Mojo Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at Metacritic The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Category Portal Films directed by Alfonso Cuarón Sólo con Tu Pareja ( 1991 ) A Little Princess ( 1995 ) Great Expectations ( 1998 ) Y Tu Mamá También ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Roma ( 2018 ) Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( 2018 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 -- present ) See also Wizarding World Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Harry Potter : Hogwarts Mystery Harry Potter : Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Portkey Games Book Category Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Action The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Abduction ( 2012 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) LCCN : no2004061093 VIAF : 227703490 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)&oldid=853695085 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 1492 Pictures films 2000s fantasy films 2000s sequel films American films American fantasy adventure films American sequel films British films British adventure films British sequel films British fantasy adventure films Films about shapeshifting Films directed by Alfonso Cuarón Films produced by Chris Columbus Films produced by David Heyman Films scored by John Williams Films set in England Films set in Scotland Films set in London Films using computer - generated imagery Harry Potter ( film series ) Heyday Films films High fantasy films IMAX films Size change in fiction Time travel films Warner Bros. films Werewolves in film Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 EngvarB from June 2014 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Pages with editnotices Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 12 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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short essay on importance of computer in urdu

Computer

computer

A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out arbitrary sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically . The ability of computers to follow generalized sets of operations , called programs , enables them to perform an extremely wide range of tasks .

Such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices . This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls , factory devices such as industrial robots and computer assisted design , but also in general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones . The Internet is run on computers and it connects millions of other computers . Since ancient times , simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations . Early in the Industrial Revolution , some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks , such as guiding patterns for looms . More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century . The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II . The speed , power , and versatility of computers has increased continuously and dramatically since then . Conventionally , a modern computer consists of at least one processing element , typically a central processing unit ( CPU ) , and some form of memory . The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations , and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information . Peripheral devices include input devices ( keyboards , mice , joystick , etc . ) , output devices ( monitor screens , printers , etc . ) , and input / output devices that perform both functions ( e.g. , the 2000s - era touchscreen ) . Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and they enable the result of operations to be saved and retrieved . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-20th century 2.2 First computing device 2.3 Analog computers 2.4 Digital computers 2.4. 1 Electromechanical 2.4. 2 Vacuum tubes and digital electronic circuits 2.5 Modern computers 2.5. 1 Concept of modern computer 2.5. 2 Stored programs 2.5. 3 Transistors 2.5. 4 Integrated circuits 2.6 Mobile computers become dominant 3 Types 3.1 Based on uses 3.2 Based on sizes 4 Hardware 4.1 History of computing hardware 4.2 Other hardware topics 4.3 Input devices 4.4 Output devices 4.5 Control unit 4.6 Central processing unit ( CPU ) 4.7 Arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) 4.8 Memory 4.9 Input / output ( I / O ) 4.10 Multitasking 4.11 Multiprocessing 5 Software 5.1 Operating systems 5.2 Languages 5.3 Application Software 5.4 Programs 5.4. 1 Stored program architecture 5.4. 2 Machine code 5.4. 3 Programming language 5.4. 3.1 Low - level languages 5.4. 3.2 High - level languages / third generation language 5.4. 4 Fourth generation languages 5.4. 5 Program design 5.4. 6 Bugs 6 Firmware 7 Networking and the Internet 8 Unconventional computers 9 Unconventional computing 10 Future 10.1 Computer architecture paradigms 10.2 Artificial intelligence 11 Professions and organizations 12 See also 13 References 14 Notes 15 External links Etymology According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first known use of the word `` computer '' was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait : `` I haue ( sic ) read the truest computer of Times , and the best Arithmetician that euer ( sic ) breathed , and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number . '' This usage of the term referred to a person who carried out calculations or computations . The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century . From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning , a machine that carries out computations . The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the first attested use of `` computer '' in the `` 1640s , ( meaning ) `` one who calculates , '' ; this is an `` ... agent noun from compute ( v . ) '' . The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the use of the term to mean `` calculating machine '' ( of any type ) is from 1897 . '' The Online Etymology Dictionary indicates that the `` modern use '' of the term , to mean `` programmable digital electronic computer '' dates from `` ... 1945 under this name ; ( in a ) theoretical ( sense ) from 1937 , as Turing machine '' . History Main article : History of computing hardware Pre-20th century The Ishango bone Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years , mostly using one - to - one correspondence with fingers . The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick . Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi ( clay spheres , cones , etc . ) which represented counts of items , probably livestock or grains , sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers . The use of counting rods is one example . The Chinese Suanpan ( 算盘 ) ( the number represented on this abacus is 6,302,715,408 ) The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks . The Roman abacus was developed from devices used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC . Since then , many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented . In a medieval European counting house , a checkered cloth would be placed on a table , and markers moved around on it according to certain rules , as an aid to calculating sums of money . The ancient Greek - designed Antikythera mechanism , dating between 150 and 100 BC , is the world 's oldest analog computer . The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog `` computer '' , according to Derek J. de Solla Price . It was designed to calculate astronomical positions . It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera , between Kythera and Crete , and has been dated to circa 100 BC . Devices of a level of complexity comparable to that of the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until a thousand years later . Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use . The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī in the early 11th century . The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus . A combination of the planisphere and dioptra , the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy . An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear - wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan , Persia in 1235 . Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe , an early fixed - wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear - wheels , circa 1000 AD . The sector , a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion , trigonometry , multiplication and division , and for various functions , such as squares and cube roots , was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery , surveying and navigation . The planimeter was a manual instrument to calculate the area of a closed figure by tracing over it with a mechanical linkage . A slide rule The slide rule was invented around 1620 -- 1630 , shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm . It is a hand - operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division . As slide rule development progressed , added scales provided reciprocals , squares and square roots , cubes and cube roots , as well as transcendental functions such as logarithms and exponentials , circular and hyperbolic trigonometry and other functions . Aviation is one of the few fields where slide rules are still in widespread use , particularly for solving time -- distance problems in light aircraft . To save space and for ease of reading , these are typically circular devices rather than the classic linear slide rule shape . A popular example is the E6B . In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet - Droz , a Swiss watchmaker , built a mechanical doll ( automata ) that could write holding a quill pen . By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters , and hence different messages , could be produced . In effect , it could be mechanically `` programmed '' to read instructions . Along with two other complex machines , the doll is at the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire of Neuchâtel , Switzerland , and still operates . The tide - predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters . It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location . The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration , used wheel - and - disc mechanisms to perform the integration . In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators , but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball - and - disk integrators . In a differential analyzer , the output of one integrator drove the input of the next integrator , or a graphing output . The torque amplifier was the advance that allowed these machines to work . Starting in the 1920s , Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers . First computing device A portion of Babbage 's Difference engine . Charles Babbage , an English mechanical engineer and polymath , originated the concept of a programmable computer . Considered the `` father of the computer '' , he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century . After working on his revolutionary difference engine , designed to aid in navigational calculations , in 1833 he realized that a much more general design , an Analytical Engine , was possible . The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards , a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom . For output , the machine would have a printer , a curve plotter and a bell . The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later . The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit , control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops , and integrated memory , making it the first design for a general - purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing - complete . The machine was about a century ahead of its time . All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand -- this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts . Eventually , the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding . Babbage 's failure to complete the analytical engine can be chiefly attributed to difficulties not only of politics and financing , but also to his desire to develop an increasingly sophisticated computer and to move ahead faster than anyone else could follow . Nevertheless , his son , Henry Babbage , completed a simplified version of the analytical engine 's computing unit ( the mill ) in 1888 . He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906 . Analog computers Sir William Thomson 's third tide - predicting machine design , 1879 -- 81 During the first half of the 20th century , many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers , which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation . However , these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers . The first modern analog computer was a tide - predicting machine , invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 . The differential analyser , a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel - and - disc mechanisms , was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson , the brother of the more famous Lord Kelvin . The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer , built by H.L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927 . This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H.W. Nieman . A dozen of these devices were built before their obsolescence became obvious . By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines , but analog computers remained in use during the 1950s in some specialized applications such as education ( control systems ) and aircraft ( slide rule ) . Digital computers It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Digital computer . ( Discuss ) ( May 2017 ) Electromechanical By 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine . This was the Torpedo Data Computer , which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target . During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well . Replica of Zuse 's Z3 , the first fully automatic , digital ( electromechanical ) computer . Early digital computers were electromechanical ; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation . These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all - electric computers , originally using vacuum tubes . The Z2 , created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939 , was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer . In 1941 , Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3 , the world 's first working electromechanical programmable , fully automatic digital computer . The Z3 was built with 2000 relays , implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5 -- 10 Hz . Program code was supplied on punched film while data could be stored in 64 words of memory or supplied from the keyboard . It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects , pioneering numerous advances such as floating point numbers . Rather than the harder - to - implement decimal system ( used in Charles Babbage 's earlier design ) , using a binary system meant that Zuse 's machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable , given the technologies available at that time . The Z3 was Turing complete . Vacuum tubes and digital electronic circuits Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents , at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog . The engineer Tommy Flowers , working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s , began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange . Experimental equipment that he built in 1934 went into operation five years later , converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system , using thousands of vacuum tubes . In the US , John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed and tested the Atanasoff -- Berry Computer ( ABC ) in 1942 , the first `` automatic electronic digital computer '' . This design was also all - electronic and used about 300 vacuum tubes , with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory . Colossus was the first electronic digital programmable computing device , and was used to break German ciphers during World War II . During World War II , the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications . The German encryption machine , Enigma , was first attacked with the help of the electro - mechanical bombes . To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40 / 42 machine , used for high - level Army communications , Max Newman and his colleagues commissioned Flowers to build the Colossus . He spent eleven months from early February 1943 designing and building the first Colossus . After a functional test in December 1943 , Colossus was shipped to Bletchley Park , where it was delivered on 18 January 1944 and attacked its first message on 5 February . Colossus was the world 's first electronic digital programmable computer . It used a large number of valves ( vacuum tubes ) . It had paper - tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data , but it was not Turing - complete . Nine Mk II Colossi were built ( The Mk I was converted to a Mk II making ten machines in total ) . Colossus Mark I contained 1,500 thermionic valves ( tubes ) , but Mark II with 2,400 valves , was both 5 times faster and simpler to operate than Mark I , greatly speeding the decoding process . ENIAC was the first electronic , Turing - complete device , and performed ballistics trajectory calculations for the United States Army . The U.S. - built ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer ) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US . Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus , it was much faster , more flexible , and it was Turing - complete . Like the Colossus , a `` program '' on the ENIAC was defined by the states of its patch cables and switches , a far cry from the stored program electronic machines that came later . Once a program was written , it had to be mechanically set into the machine with manual resetting of plugs and switches . It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems . It could add or subtract 5000 times a second , a thousand times faster than any other machine . It also had modules to multiply , divide , and square root . High speed memory was limited to 20 words ( about 80 bytes ) . Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania , ENIAC 's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945 . The machine was huge , weighing 30 tons , using 200 kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes , 1,500 relays , and hundreds of thousands of resistors , capacitors , and inductors . Modern computers Concept of modern computer The principle of the modern computer was proposed by Alan Turing in his seminal 1936 paper , On Computable Numbers . Turing proposed a simple device that he called `` Universal Computing machine '' and that is now known as a universal Turing machine . He proved that such a machine is capable of computing anything that is computable by executing instructions ( program ) stored on tape , allowing the machine to be programmable . The fundamental concept of Turing 's design is the stored program , where all the instructions for computing are stored in memory . Von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to this paper . Turing machines are to this day a central object of study in theory of computation . Except for the limitations imposed by their finite memory stores , modern computers are said to be Turing - complete , which is to say , they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine . Stored programs A section of the Manchester Small - Scale Experimental Machine , the first stored - program computer . Early computing machines had fixed programs . Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine . With the proposal of the stored - program computer this changed . A stored - program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions ( a program ) that details the computation . The theoretical basis for the stored - program computer was laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper . In 1945 Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and began work on developing an electronic stored - program digital computer . His 1945 report `` Proposed Electronic Calculator '' was the first specification for such a device . John von Neumann at the University of Pennsylvania also circulated his First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC in 1945 . The Manchester Small - Scale Experimental Machine , nicknamed Baby , was the world 's first stored - program computer . It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams , Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill , and ran its first program on 21 June 1948 . It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube , the first random - access digital storage device . Although the computer was considered `` small and primitive '' by the standards of its time , it was the first working machine to contain all of the elements essential to a modern electronic computer . As soon as the SSEM had demonstrated the feasibility of its design , a project was initiated at the university to develop it into a more usable computer , the Manchester Mark 1 . The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1 , the world 's first commercially available general - purpose computer . Built by Ferranti , it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951 . At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957 , one of them to Shell labs in Amsterdam . In October 1947 , the directors of British catering company J. Lyons & Company decided to take an active role in promoting the commercial development of computers . The LEO I computer became operational in April 1951 and ran the world 's first regular routine office computer job . Transistors A bipolar junction transistor The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947 . From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs , giving rise to the `` second generation '' of computers . Compared to vacuum tubes , transistors have many advantages : they are smaller , and require less power than vacuum tubes , so give off less heat . Silicon junction transistors were much more reliable than vacuum tubes and had longer , indefinite , service life . Transistorized computers could contain tens of thousands of binary logic circuits in a relatively compact space . At the University of Manchester , a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves . Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world , was operational by 1953 , and a second version was completed there in April 1955 . However , the machine did make use of valves to generate its 125 kHz clock waveforms and in the circuitry to read and write on its magnetic drum memory , so it was not the first completely transistorized computer . That distinction goes to the Harwell CADET of 1955 , built by the electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell . Integrated circuits The next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the integrated circuit . The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence , Geoffrey W.A. Dummer . Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated circuit at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington , D.C. on 7 May 1952 . The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor . Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958 , successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958 . In his patent application of 6 February 1959 , Kilby described his new device as `` a body of semiconductor material ... wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated '' . Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby . His chip solved many practical problems that Kilby 's had not . Produced at Fairchild Semiconductor , it was made of silicon , whereas Kilby 's chip was made of germanium . This new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor . While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious , partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term `` microprocessor '' , it is largely undisputed that the first single - chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004 , designed and realized by Ted Hoff , Federico Faggin , and Stanley Mazor at Intel . Mobile computers become dominant With the continued miniaturization of computing resources , and advancements in portable battery life , portable computers grew in popularity in the 2000s . The same developments that spurred the growth of laptop computers and other portable computers allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources into cellular phones . These so - called smartphones and tablets run on a variety of operating systems and have become the dominant computing device on the market , with manufacturers reporting having shipped an estimated 237 million devices in 2Q 2013 . Types Computers are typically classified based on their uses : Based on uses Analog computer Digital computer Hybrid computer Based on sizes Smartphone Micro computer Personal computer Laptop Minicomputer Mainframe computer Super computer Hardware Main articles : Computer hardware , Personal computer hardware , Central processing unit , and Microprocessor Play media Video demonstrating the standard components of a `` slimline '' computer The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible physical objects . Circuits , computer chips , graphic cards , sound cards , memory ( RAM ) , motherboard , displays , power supplies , cables , keyboards , printers and `` mice '' input devices are all hardware . History of computing hardware Main article : History of computing hardware First generation ( mechanical / electromechanical ) Calculators Pascal 's calculator , Arithmometer , Difference engine , Quevedo 's analytical machines Programmable devices Jacquard loom , Analytical engine , IBM ASCC / Harvard Mark I , Harvard Mark II , IBM SSEC , Z1 , Z2 , Z3 Second generation ( vacuum tubes ) Calculators Atanasoff -- Berry Computer , IBM 604 , UNIVAC 60 , UNIVAC 120 Programmable devices Colossus , ENIAC , Manchester Small - Scale Experimental Machine , EDSAC , Manchester Mark 1 , Ferranti Pegasus , Ferranti Mercury , CSIRAC , EDVAC , UNIVAC I , IBM 701 , IBM 702 , IBM 650 , Z22 Third generation ( discrete transistors and SSI , MSI , LSI integrated circuits ) Mainframes IBM 7090 , IBM 7080 , IBM System / 360 , BUNCH Minicomputer HP 2116A , IBM System / 32 , IBM System / 36 , LINC , PDP - 8 , PDP - 11 Desktop Computer Programma 101 , HP 9100 Fourth generation ( VLSI integrated circuits ) Minicomputer VAX , IBM System i 4 - bit microcomputer Intel 4004 , Intel 4040 8 - bit microcomputer Intel 8008 , Intel 8080 , Motorola 6800 , Motorola 6809 , MOS Technology 6502 , Zilog Z80 16 - bit microcomputer Intel 8088 , Zilog Z8000 , WDC 65816 / 65802 32 - bit microcomputer Intel 80386 , Pentium , Motorola 68000 , ARM 64 - bit microcomputer Alpha , MIPS , PA - RISC , PowerPC , SPARC , x86 - 64 , ARMv8 - A Embedded computer Intel 8048 , Intel 8051 Personal computer Desktop computer , Home computer , Laptop computer , Personal digital assistant ( PDA ) , Portable computer , Tablet PC , Wearable computer Theoretical / experimental Quantum computer , Chemical computer , DNA computing , Optical computer , Spintronics based computer Other hardware topics Peripheral device ( input / output ) Input Mouse , keyboard , joystick , image scanner , webcam , graphics tablet , microphone Output Monitor , printer , loudspeaker Both Floppy disk drive , hard disk drive , optical disc drive , teleprinter Computer buses Short range RS - 232 , SCSI , PCI , USB Long range ( computer networking ) Ethernet , ATM , FDDI A general purpose computer has four main components : the arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) , the control unit , the memory , and the input and output devices ( collectively termed I / O ) . These parts are interconnected by buses , often made of groups of wires . Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch . Each circuit represents a bit ( binary digit ) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a `` 1 '' , and when off it represents a `` 0 '' ( in positive logic representation ) . The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits . Input devices When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices , the data is processed and sent to output devices . The input devices may be hand - operated or automated . The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU . Some examples of hand - operated input devices are : Computer keyboard Digital camera Digital video Graphics tablet Image scanner Joystick Microphone Mouse Overlay keyboard Trackball Touchscreen Output devices The means through which computer gives output are known as output devices . Some examples of output devices are : Computer monitor Printer PC speaker Projector Sound card Video card Control unit Main articles : CPU design and Control unit Diagram showing how a particular MIPS architecture instruction would be decoded by the control system The control unit ( often called a control system or central controller ) manages the computer 's various components ; it reads and interprets ( decodes ) the program instructions , transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the computer . Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of execution of some instructions to improve performance . A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter , a special memory cell ( a register ) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from . The control system 's function is as follows -- note that this is a simplified description , and some of these steps may be performed concurrently or in a different order depending on the type of CPU : Read the code for the next instruction from the cell indicated by the program counter . Decode the numerical code for the instruction into a set of commands or signals for each of the other systems . Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction . Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory ( or perhaps from an input device ) . The location of this required data is typically stored within the instruction code . Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register . If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete , instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation . Write the result from the ALU back to a memory location or to a register or perhaps an output device . Jump back to step ( 1 ) . Since the program counter is ( conceptually ) just another set of memory cells , it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU . Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program . Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as `` jumps '' and allow for loops ( instructions that are repeated by the computer ) and often conditional instruction execution ( both examples of control flow ) . The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program , and indeed , in some more complex CPU designs , there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer , which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen . Central processing unit ( CPU ) The control unit , ALU , and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit ( CPU ) . Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor . Arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) Main article : Arithmetic logic unit The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations : arithmetic and logic . The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to addition and subtraction , or might include multiplication , division , trigonometry functions such as sine , cosine , etc. , and square roots . Some can only operate on whole numbers ( integers ) whilst others use floating point to represent real numbers , albeit with limited precision . However , any computer that is capable of performing just the simplest operations can be programmed to break down the more complex operations into simple steps that it can perform . Therefore , any computer can be programmed to perform any arithmetic operation -- although it will take more time to do so if its ALU does not directly support the operation . An ALU may also compare numbers and return boolean truth values ( true or false ) depending on whether one is equal to , greater than or less than the other ( `` is 64 greater than 65 ? '' ) . Logic operations involve Boolean logic : AND , OR , XOR , and NOT . These can be useful for creating complicated conditional statements and processing boolean logic . Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs , allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously . Graphics processors and computers with SIMD and MIMD features often contain ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices . Memory Main article : Computer data storage Magnetic core memory was the computer memory of choice throughout the 1960s , until it was replaced by semiconductor memory . A computer 's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read . Each cell has a numbered `` address '' and can store a single number . The computer can be instructed to `` put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357 '' or to `` add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595 . '' The information stored in memory may represent practically anything . Letters , numbers , even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease . Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information , it is the software 's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers . In almost all modern computers , each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits ( called a byte ) . Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers ( 2 = 256 ) ; either from 0 to 255 or − 128 to + 127 . To store larger numbers , several consecutive bytes may be used ( typically , two , four or eight ) . When negative numbers are required , they are usually stored in two 's complement notation . Other arrangements are possible , but are usually not seen outside of specialized applications or historical contexts . A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically . Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory . The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area . There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU . Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed . As data is constantly being worked on , reducing the need to access main memory ( which is often slow compared to the ALU and control units ) greatly increases the computer 's speed . Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties : random - access memory or RAM read - only memory or ROM RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it , but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes , therefore the CPU can only read from it . ROM is typically used to store the computer 's initial start - up instructions . In general , the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off , but ROM retains its data indefinitely . In a PC , the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer 's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset . In embedded computers , which frequently do not have disk drives , all of the required software may be stored in ROM . Software stored in ROM is often called firmware , because it is notionally more like hardware than software . Flash memory blurs the distinction between ROM and RAM , as it retains its data when turned off but is also rewritable . It is typically much slower than conventional ROM and RAM however , so its use is restricted to applications where high speed is unnecessary . In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories , which are slower than registers but faster than main memory . Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically , often without the need for any intervention on the programmer 's part . Input / output ( I / O ) Main article : Input / output Hard disk drives are common storage devices used with computers . I / O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world . Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals . On a typical personal computer , peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse , and output devices such as the display and printer . Hard disk drives , floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices . Computer networking is another form of I / O. I / O devices are often complex computers in their own right , with their own CPU and memory . A graphics processing unit might contain fifty or more tiny computers that perform the calculations necessary to display 3D graphics . Modern desktop computers contain many smaller computers that assist the main CPU in performing I / O. A 2016 - era flat screen display contains its own computer circuitry . Multitasking Main article : Computer multitasking While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory , in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously . This is achieved by multitasking i.e. having the computer switch rapidly between running each program in turn . One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt , which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead . By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt , the computer can return to that task later . If several programs are running `` at the same time '' . then the interrupt generator might be causing several hundred interrupts per second , causing a program switch each time . Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception , it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant . This method of multitasking is sometimes termed `` time - sharing '' since each program is allocated a `` slice '' of time in turn . Before the era of inexpensive computers , the principal use for multitasking was to allow many people to share the same computer . Seemingly , multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly , in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running , but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input / output devices to complete their tasks . If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard , then it will not take a `` time slice '' until the event it is waiting for has occurred . This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run simultaneously without unacceptable speed loss . Multiprocessing Main article : Multiprocessing Cray designed many supercomputers that used multiprocessing heavily . Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration , a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers , mainframe computers and servers . Multiprocessor and multi-core ( multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit ) personal and laptop computers are now widely available , and are being increasingly used in lower - end markets as a result . Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored - program architecture and from general purpose computers . They often feature thousands of CPUs , customized high - speed interconnects , and specialized computing hardware . Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once . Supercomputers usually see usage in large - scale simulation , graphics rendering , and cryptography applications , as well as with other so - called `` embarrassingly parallel '' tasks . Software Main article : Computer software Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form , such as programs , data , protocols , etc . Software is that part of a computer system that consists of encoded information or computer instructions , in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built . Computer software includes computer programs , libraries and related non-executable data , such as online documentation or digital media . Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own . When software is stored in hardware that can not easily be modified , such as with BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible computer , it is sometimes called `` firmware '' . Operating systems Operating system / System Software Unix and BSD UNIX System V , IBM AIX , HP - UX , Solaris ( SunOS ) , IRIX , List of BSD operating systems GNU / Linux List of Linux distributions , Comparison of Linux distributions Microsoft Windows Windows 95 , Windows 98 , Windows NT , Windows 2000 , Windows Me , Windows XP , Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8 / 8.1 , Windows 10 DOS 86 - DOS ( QDOS ) , IBM PC DOS , MS - DOS , DR - DOS , FreeDOS Mac OS Classic Mac OS , macOS ( previously OS X and Mac OS X ) Embedded and real - time List of embedded operating systems Experimental Amoeba , Oberon / Bluebottle , Plan 9 from Bell Labs Library Multimedia DirectX , OpenGL , OpenAL , Vulkan ( API ) Programming library C standard library , Standard Template Library Data Protocol TCP / IP , Kermit , FTP , HTTP , SMTP File format HTML , XML , JPEG , MPEG , PNG User interface Graphical user interface ( WIMP ) Microsoft Windows , GNOME , KDE , QNX Photon , CDE , GEM , Aqua Text - based user interface Command - line interface , Text user interface Application Software Office suite Word processing , Desktop publishing , Presentation program , Database management system , Scheduling & Time management , Spreadsheet , Accounting software Internet Access Browser , Email client , Web server , Mail transfer agent , Instant messaging Design and manufacturing Computer - aided design , Computer - aided manufacturing , Plant management , Robotic manufacturing , Supply chain management Graphics Raster graphics editor , Vector graphics editor , 3D modeler , Animation editor , 3D computer graphics , Video editing , Image processing Audio Digital audio editor , Audio playback , Mixing , Audio synthesis , Computer music Software engineering Compiler , Assembler , Interpreter , Debugger , Text editor , Integrated development environment , Software performance analysis , Revision control , Software configuration management Educational Edutainment , Educational game , Serious game , Flight simulator Games Strategy , Arcade , Puzzle , Simulation , First - person shooter , Platform , Massively multiplayer , Interactive fiction Misc Artificial intelligence , Antivirus software , Malware scanner , Installer / Package management systems , File manager Languages There are thousands of different programming languages -- some intended to be general purpose , others useful only for highly specialized applications . Programming languages Lists of programming languages Timeline of programming languages , List of programming languages by category , Generational list of programming languages , List of programming languages , Non-English - based programming languages Commonly used assembly languages ARM , MIPS , x86 Commonly used high - level programming languages Ada , BASIC , C , C++ , C# , COBOL , Fortran , PL / 1 , REXX , Java , Lisp , Pascal , Object Pascal Commonly used scripting languages Bourne script , JavaScript , Python , Ruby , PHP , Perl Application Software Programs The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be programmed . That is to say that some type of instructions ( the program ) can be given to the computer , and it will process them . Modern computers based on the von Neumann architecture often have machine code in the form of an imperative programming language . In practical terms , a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions , as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example . A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second ( gigaflops ) and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation . Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write , and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors . Stored program architecture Main articles : Computer program and Computer programming Replica of the Small - Scale Experimental Machine ( SSEM ) , the world 's first stored - program computer , at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester , England This section applies to most common RAM machine - based computers . In most cases , computer instructions are simple : add one number to another , move some data from one location to another , send a message to some external device , etc . These instructions are read from the computer 's memory and are generally carried out ( executed ) in the order they were given . However , there are usually specialized instructions to tell the computer to jump ahead or backwards to some other place in the program and to carry on executing from there . These are called `` jump '' instructions ( or branches ) . Furthermore , jump instructions may be made to happen conditionally so that different sequences of instructions may be used depending on the result of some previous calculation or some external event . Many computers directly support subroutines by providing a type of jump that `` remembers '' the location it jumped from and another instruction to return to the instruction following that jump instruction . Program execution might be likened to reading a book . While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence , they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest . Similarly , a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met . This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention . Comparatively , a person using a pocket calculator can perform a basic arithmetic operation such as adding two numbers with just a few button presses . But to add together all of the numbers from 1 to 1,000 would take thousands of button presses and a lot of time , with a near certainty of making a mistake . On the other hand , a computer may be programmed to do this with just a few simple instructions . The following example is written in the MIPS assembly language : begin : addi $8 , $0 , 0 # initialize sum to 0 addi $9 , $0 , 1 # set first number to add = 1 loop : slti $10 , $9 , 1000 # check if the number is less than 1000 beq $10 , $0 , finish # if odd number is greater than n then exit add $8 , $8 , $9 # update sum addi $9 , $9 , 1 # get next number j loop # repeat the summing process finish : add $2 , $8 , $0 # put sum in output register Once told to run this program , the computer will perform the repetitive addition task without further human intervention . It will almost never make a mistake and a modern PC can complete the task in a fraction of a second . Machine code In most computers , individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number ( its operation code or opcode for short ) . The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode ; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode , and so on . The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions ; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from , each with a unique numerical code . Since the computer 's memory is able to store numbers , it can also store the instruction codes . This leads to the important fact that entire programs ( which are just lists of these instructions ) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data . The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer 's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann , or stored program , architecture . In some cases , a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on . This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer . Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs , such as in CPU caches . While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers ( machine language ) and while this technique was used with many early computers , it is extremely tedious and potentially error - prone to do so in practice , especially for complicated programs . Instead , each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember -- a mnemonic such as ADD , SUB , MULT or JUMP . These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer 's assembly language . Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand ( machine language ) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler . A 1970s punched card containing one line from a FORTRAN program . The card reads : `` Z ( 1 ) = Y + W ( 1 ) '' and is labeled `` PROJ039 '' for identification purposes . Programming language Main article : Programming language Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run . Unlike natural languages , programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise . They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud . They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run , or translated directly at run time by an interpreter . Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques . Low - level languages Main article : Low - level programming language Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them ( collectively termed low - level programming languages ) tend to be unique to a particular type of computer . For instance , an ARM architecture computer ( such as may be found in a smartphone or a hand - held videogame ) can not understand the machine language of an x86 CPU that might be in a PC . High - level languages / third generation language Main article : High - level programming language Though considerably easier than in machine language , writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and is also error prone . Therefore , most practical programs are written in more abstract high - level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more conveniently ( and thereby help reduce programmer error ) . High level languages are usually `` compiled '' into machine language ( or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language ) using another computer program called a compiler . High level languages are less related to the workings of the target computer than assembly language , and more related to the language and structure of the problem ( s ) to be solved by the final program . It is therefore often possible to use different compilers to translate the same high level language program into the machine language of many different types of computer . This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various video game consoles . Fourth generation languages These 4G languages are less procedural than 3G languages . The benefit of 4GL is that they provide ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer . An example of a 4GL is SQL . Program design This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Program design of small programs is relatively simple and involves the analysis of the problem , collection of inputs , using the programming constructs within languages , devising or using established procedures and algorithms , providing data for output devices and solutions to the problem as applicable . As problems become larger and more complex , features such as subprograms , modules , formal documentation , and new paradigms such as object - oriented programming are encountered . Large programs involving thousands of line of code and more require formal software methodologies . The task of developing large software systems presents a significant intellectual challenge . Producing software with an acceptably high reliability within a predictable schedule and budget has historically been difficult ; the academic and professional discipline of software engineering concentrates specifically on this challenge . Bugs Main article : Software bug The actual first computer bug , a moth found trapped on a relay of the Harvard Mark II computer Errors in computer programs are called `` bugs '' . They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program , or have only subtle effects . But in some cases , they may cause the program or the entire system to `` hang '' , becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes , to completely fail , or to crash . Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an exploit , code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a computer 's proper execution . Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer . Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given , bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program 's design . Admiral Grace Hopper , an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler , is credited for having first used the term `` bugs '' in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947 . Firmware Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software such as BIOS chip inside a computer . This chip ( hardware ) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up ( software ) stored in it . Networking and the Internet Main articles : Computer networking and Internet Visualization of a portion of the routes on the Internet Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s . The U.S. military 's SAGE system was the first large - scale example of such a system , which led to a number of special - purpose commercial systems such as Sabre . In the 1970s , computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology . The effort was funded by ARPA ( now DARPA ) , and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET . The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved . In time , the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet . The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer . Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network , such as peripheral devices , stored information , and the like , as extensions of the resources of an individual computer . Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high - tech environments , but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web , combined with the development of cheap , fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous . In fact , the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally . A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information . `` Wireless '' networking , often utilizing mobile phone networks , has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments . Unconventional computers Main article : Human computer See also : Harvard Computers A computer does not need to be electronic , nor even have a processor , nor RAM , nor even a hard disk . While popular usage of the word `` computer '' is synonymous with a personal electronic computer , the modern definition of a computer is literally : `` A device that computes , especially a programmable ( usually ) electronic machine that performs high - speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles , stores , correlates , or otherwise processes information . '' Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer , especially if the processing is purposeful . Unconventional computing Further information : Unconventional computing Historically , computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors . However , conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything . For example , a computer can be made out of billiard balls ( billiard ball computer ) ; an often quoted example . More realistically , modern computers are made out of transistors made of photolithographed semiconductors . Future There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology , such as optical computers , DNA computers , neural computers , and quantum computers . Most computers are universal , and are able to calculate any computable function , and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed . However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems ; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms ( by quantum factoring ) very quickly . Computer architecture paradigms There are many types of computer architectures : Quantum computer vs. Chemical computer Scalar processor vs. Vector processor Non-Uniform Memory Access ( NUMA ) computers Register machine vs. Stack machine Harvard architecture vs. von Neumann architecture Cellular architecture Of all these abstract machines , a quantum computer holds the most promise for revolutionizing computing . Logic gates are a common abstraction which can apply to most of the above digital or analog paradigms . The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile , distinguishing them from calculators . The Church -- Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility : any computer with a minimum capability ( being Turing - complete ) is , in principle , capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform . Therefore , any type of computer ( netbook , supercomputer , cellular automaton , etc . ) is able to perform the same computational tasks , given enough time and storage capacity . Artificial intelligence A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to , without regard to efficiency , alternative solutions , possible shortcuts , or possible errors in the code . Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning . Professions and organizations As the use of computers has spread throughout society , there are an increasing number of careers involving computers . Computer - related professions Hardware - related Electrical engineering , Electronic engineering , Computer engineering , Telecommunications engineering , Optical engineering , Nanoengineering Software - related Computer science , Computer engineering , Desktop publishing , Human -- computer interaction , Information technology , Information systems , Computational science , Software engineering , Video game industry , Web design The need for computers to work well together and to be able to exchange information has spawned the need for many standards organizations , clubs and societies of both a formal and informal nature . Organizations Standards groups ANSI , IEC , IEEE , IETF , ISO , W3C Professional societies ACM , AIS , IET , IFIP , BCS Free / open source software groups Free Software Foundation , Mozilla Foundation , Apache Software Foundation See also Information technology portal Glossary of computers Computability theory Computer insecurity Computer security Glossary of computer hardware terms History of computer science List of computer term etymologies List of fictional computers List of pioneers in computer science Pulse computation TOP500 ( list of most powerful computers ) References Jump up ^ `` computer , n . '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1989 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` computer ( n . ) '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ According to Schmandt - Besserat 1981 , these clay containers contained tokens , the total of which were the count of objects being transferred . The containers thus served as something of a bill of lading or an accounts book . In order to avoid breaking open the containers , first , clay impressions of the tokens were placed on the outside of the containers , for the count ; the shapes of the impressions were abstracted into stylized marks ; finally , the abstract marks were systematically used as numerals ; these numerals were finally formalized as numbers . Eventually ( Schmandt - Besserat estimates it took 4000 years Archived 30 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ) the marks on the outside of the containers were all that were needed to convey the count , and the clay containers evolved into clay tablets with marks for the count . Jump up ^ Robson , Eleanor ( 2008 ) , Mathematics in Ancient Iraq , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09182 - 2 . p. 5 : calculi were in use in Iraq for primitive accounting systems as early as 3200 -- 3000 BCE , with commodity - specific counting representation systems . 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Jump up ^ `` Crash ! The Story of IT : Zuse '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rojas , R. ( 1998 ) . `` How to make Zuse 's Z3 a universal computer '' . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 20 ( 3 ) : 51 -- 54 . doi : 10.1109 / 85.707574 . Jump up ^ Rojas , Raúl . `` How to Make Zuse 's Z3 a Universal Computer '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ 15 January 1941 notice in the Des Moines Register , Jump up ^ Arthur W. Burks . The First Electronic Computer . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , Jack ( 2006 ) , Colossus : The Secrets of Bletchley Park 's Codebreaking Computers , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 101 -- 115 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 284055 - X Jump up ^ Bletchley 's code - cracking Colossus , BBC News , 2 February 2010 , retrieved 19 October 2012 Jump up ^ `` Colossus -- The Rebuild Story '' . The National Museum of Computing . Jump up ^ Randell , Brian ; Fensom , Harry ; Milne , Frank A. ( 15 March 1995 ) , `` Obituary : Allen Coombs '' , The Independent , retrieved 18 October 2012 Jump up ^ Fensom , Jim ( 8 November 2010 ) , Harry Fensom obituary , retrieved 17 October 2012 Jump up ^ John Presper Eckert Jr. and John W. Mauchly , Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer , United States Patent Office , US Patent 3,120,606 , filed 26 June 1947 , issued 4 February 1964 , and invalidated 19 October 1973 after court ruling on Honeywell v. Sperry Rand . Jump up ^ `` Generations of Computer '' . techiwarehouse.com . Jump up ^ Turing , A.M. ( 1937 ) . `` On Computable Numbers , with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem '' . Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society . 2 . 42 ( 1 ) : 230 -- 265 . doi : 10.1112 / plms / s2 - 42.1. 230 . Jump up ^ `` von Neumann ... firmly emphasized to me , and to others I am sure , that the fundamental conception is owing to Turing -- insofar as not anticipated by Babbage , Lovelace and others . '' Letter by Stanley Frankel to Brian Randell , 1972 , quoted in Jack Copeland ( 2004 ) The Essential Turing , p22 . Jump up ^ Enticknap , Nicholas ( Summer 1998 ) , `` Computing 's Golden Jubilee '' , Resurrection , The Computer Conservation Society ( 20 ) , ISSN 0958 - 7403 , retrieved 19 April 2008 Jump up ^ `` Early computers at Manchester University '' , Resurrection , The Computer Conservation Society , 1 ( 4 ) , Summer 1992 , ISSN 0958 - 7403 , retrieved 7 July 2010 Jump up ^ Early Electronic Computers ( 1946 -- 51 ) , University of Manchester , archived from the original on 5 January 2009 , retrieved 16 November 2008 Jump up ^ Napper , R.B.E. , Introduction to the Mark 1 , The University of Manchester , archived from the original on 26 October 2008 , retrieved 4 November 2008 Jump up ^ Computer Conservation Society , Our Computer Heritage Pilot Study : Deliveries of Ferranti Mark I and Mark I Star computers. , archived from the original on 11 December 2016 , retrieved 9 January 2010 Jump up ^ Lavington , Simon . `` A brief history of British computers : the first 25 years ( 1948 -- 1973 ) . '' . British Computer Society . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Lavington , Simon ( 1998 ) , A History of Manchester Computers ( 2 ed . ) , Swindon : The British Computer Society , pp. 34 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : Cooke - Yarborough , E.H. ( June 1998 ) , `` Some early transistor applications in the UK '' , Engineering and Science Education Journal , London , UK : IEE , 7 ( 3 ) : 100 -- 106 , ISSN 0963 - 7346 , doi : 10.1049 / esej : 19980301 , retrieved 7 June 2009 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Cooke - Yarborough , E.H. ( 1957 ) . Introduction to Transistor Circuits . Edinburgh : Oliver and Boyd . p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` The Hapless Tale of Geoffrey Dummer '' Archived 11 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , ( n.d. ) , ( HTML ) , Electronic Product News , accessed 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Kilby , Jack ( 2000 ) , Nobel lecture ( PDF ) , Stockholm : Nobel Foundation , retrieved 15 May 2008 Jump up ^ The Chip that Jack Built , ( c. 2008 ) , ( HTML ) , Texas Instruments , Retrieved 29 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Jack S. Kilby , Miniaturized Electronic Circuits , United States Patent Office , US Patent 3,138,743 , filed 6 February 1959 , issued 23 June 1964 . Jump up ^ Winston , Brian ( 1998 ) . Media Technology and Society : A History : From the Telegraph to the Internet . Routledge . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14230 - 4 . Jump up ^ Robert Noyce 's Unitary circuit , US patent 2981877 , `` Semiconductor device - and - lead structure '' , issued 1961 - 04 - 25 , assigned to Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Jump up ^ Intel_4004 ( November 1971 ) , Intel 's First Microprocessor -- the Intel 4004 , Intel Corp. , archived from the original on 13 May 2008 , retrieved 17 May 2008 Jump up ^ The Intel 4004 ( 1971 ) die was 12 mm , composed of 2300 transistors ; by comparison , the Pentium Pro was 306 mm , composed of 5.5 million transistors , according to Patterson , David ; Hennessy , John ( 1998 ) , Computer Organization and Design , San Francisco : Morgan Kaufmann , pp. 27 -- 39 , ISBN 1 - 55860 - 428 - 6 Jump up ^ Chartier , David ( 23 December 2008 ) . `` Global notebook shipments finally overtake desktops '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ IDC ( 25 July 2013 ) . `` Growth Accelerates in the Worldwide Mobile Phone and Smartphone Markets in the Second Quarter , According to IDC '' . Archived from the original on 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Most major 64 - bit instruction set architectures are extensions of earlier designs . All of the architectures listed in this table , except for Alpha , existed in 32 - bit forms before their 64 - bit incarnations were introduced . Jump up ^ The control unit 's role in interpreting instructions has varied somewhat in the past . Although the control unit is solely responsible for instruction interpretation in most modern computers , this is not always the case . Some computers have instructions that are partially interpreted by the control unit with further interpretation performed by another device . For example , EDVAC , one of the earliest stored - program computers , used a central control unit that only interpreted four instructions . All of the arithmetic - related instructions were passed on to its arithmetic unit and further decoded there . Jump up ^ Instructions often occupy more than one memory address , therefore the program counter usually increases by the number of memory locations required to store one instruction . Jump up ^ David J. Eck ( 2000 ) . The Most Complex Machine : A Survey of Computers and Computing . AK Peters , Ltd. p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56881 - 128 - 4 . Jump up ^ Erricos John Kontoghiorghes ( 2006 ) . Handbook of Parallel Computing and Statistics . CRC Press . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 4067 - 2 . Jump up ^ Flash memory also may only be rewritten a limited number of times before wearing out , making it less useful for heavy random access usage . ( Verma & Mielke 1988 ) Jump up ^ Donald Eadie ( 1968 ) . Introduction to the Basic Computer . Prentice - Hall . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Arpad Barna ; Dan I. Porat ( 1976 ) . Introduction to Microcomputers and the Microprocessors . Wiley . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 05051 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jerry Peek ; Grace Todino ; John Strang ( 2002 ) . Learning the UNIX Operating System : A Concise Guide for the New User . O'Reilly . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 596 - 00261 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gillian M. Davis ( 2002 ) . Noise Reduction in Speech Applications . CRC Press . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 0949 - 6 . Jump up ^ However , it is also very common to construct supercomputers out of many pieces of cheap commodity hardware ; usually individual computers connected by networks . These so - called computer clusters can often provide supercomputer performance at a much lower cost than customized designs . While custom architectures are still used for most of the most powerful supercomputers , there has been a proliferation of cluster computers in recent years . ( TOP500 2006 ) Jump up ^ Even some later computers were commonly programmed directly in machine code . Some minicomputers like the DEC PDP - 8 could be programmed directly from a panel of switches . However , this method was usually used only as part of the booting process . Most modern computers boot entirely automatically by reading a boot program from some non-volatile memory . Jump up ^ However , there is sometimes some form of machine language compatibility between different computers . An x86 - 64 compatible microprocessor like the AMD Athlon 64 is able to run most of the same programs that an Intel Core 2 microprocessor can , as well as programs designed for earlier microprocessors like the Intel Pentiums and Intel 80486 . This contrasts with very early commercial computers , which were often one - of - a-kind and totally incompatible with other computers . Jump up ^ High level languages are also often interpreted rather than compiled . Interpreted languages are translated into machine code on the fly , while running , by another program called an interpreter . Jump up ^ It is not universally true that bugs are solely due to programmer oversight . Computer hardware may fail or may itself have a fundamental problem that produces unexpected results in certain situations . For instance , the Pentium FDIV bug caused some Intel microprocessors in the early 1990s to produce inaccurate results for certain floating point division operations . This was caused by a flaw in the microprocessor design and resulted in a partial recall of the affected devices . Jump up ^ Taylor , Alexander L. , III ( 16 April 1984 ) . `` The Wizard Inside the Machine '' . TIME . Retrieved 17 February 2007 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Agatha C. Hughes ( 2000 ) . Systems , Experts , and Computers . MIT Press . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 08285 - 3 . The experience of SAGE helped make possible the first truly large - scale commercial real - time network : the SABRE computerized airline reservations system ... Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Internet '' . Internet Society . Retrieved 20 September 2008 . Jump up ^ According to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed , 2007 ) , the word computer dates back to the mid 17th century , when it referred to `` A person who makes calculations ; specifically a person employed for this in an observatory etc . '' Jump up ^ `` Definition of computer '' . Thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ II , Joseph D. Dumas ( 2005 ) . Computer Architecture : Fundamentals and Principles of Computer Design . CRC Press . p. 340 . ISBN 9780849327490 . Notes Fuegi , J. ; Francis , J. ( 2003 ) . `` Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 ' notes ' '' . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 25 ( 4 ) . doi : 10.1109 / MAHC. 2003.1253887 . Kempf , Karl ( 1961 ) . `` Historical Monograph : Electronic Computers Within the Ordnance Corps '' . Aberdeen Proving Ground ( United States Army ) . Phillips , Tony ( 2000 ) . `` The Antikythera Mechanism I '' . American Mathematical Society . Retrieved 5 April 2006 . Shannon , Claude Elwood ( 1940 ) . `` A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Digital Equipment Corporation ( 1972 ) . PDP - 11 / 40 Processor Handbook ( PDF ) . Maynard , MA : Digital Equipment Corporation . Verma , G. ; Mielke , N. ( 1988 ) . `` Reliability performance of ETOX based flash memories '' . IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium . Doron D. Swade ( February 1993 ) . `` Redeeming Charles Babbage 's Mechanical Computer '' . Scientific American : 89 . Meuer , Hans ; Strohmaier , Erich ; Simon , Horst ; Dongarra , Jack ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` Architectures Share Over Time '' . TOP500 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2007 . Retrieved 27 November 2006 . Lavington , Simon ( 1998 ) . A History of Manchester Computers ( 2 ed . ) . Swindon : The British Computer Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 902505 - 01 - 8 . Stokes , Jon ( 2007 ) . Inside the Machine : An Illustrated Introduction to Microprocessors and Computer Architecture . San Francisco : No Starch Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59327 - 104 - 6 . Zuse , Konrad ( 1993 ) . The Computer -- My life . Berlin : Pringler - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 56453 - 5 . Felt , Dorr E. ( 1916 ) . Mechanical arithmetic , or The history of the counting machine . Chicago : Washington Institute . Ifrah , Georges ( 2001 ) . The Universal History of Computing : From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 39671 - 0 . Berkeley , Edmund ( 1949 ) . Giant Brains , or Machines That Think . John Wiley & Sons . Cohen , Bernard ( 2000 ) . Howard Aiken , Portrait of a computer pioneer . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 53179 - 5 . Ligonnière , Robert ( 1987 ) . Préhistoire et Histoire des ordinateurs . Paris : Robert Laffont . ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 05261 - 7 . Couffignal , Louis ( 1933 ) . Les machines à calculer ; leurs principes , leur évolution . Paris : Gauthier - Villars . Essinger , James ( 2004 ) . Jacquard 's Web , How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280577 - 0 . Hyman , Anthony ( 1985 ) . Charles Babbage : Pioneer of the Computer . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 02377 - 9 . Cohen , Bernard ( 2000 ) . Howard Aiken , Portrait of a computer pioneer . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 53179 - 5 . Bowden , B.V. ( 1953 ) . Faster than thought . New York , Toronto , London : Pitman publishing corporation . Moseley , Maboth ( 1964 ) . Irascible Genius , Charles Babbage , inventor . London : Hutchinson . Collier , Bruce ( 1970 ) . The little engine that could 've : The calculating machines of Charles Babbage . Garland Publishing Inc . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 0043 - 9 . Randell , Brian ( 1982 ) . `` From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer : The Contributions of Ludgate , Torres , and Bush '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . 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cast of kill me heal me korean drama

Kill Me , Heal Me

kill me, heal me

Kill Me , Heal Me ( Hangul : 킬미 , 힐미 ; RR : Kilmi , Hilmi ) is a 2015 South Korean television series starring Ji Sung , Hwang Jung - eum , Park Seo - joon , Oh Min - suk , and Kim Yoo - ri . It aired on MBC from January 7 to March 12 , 2015 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21 : 55 for 20 episodes . The series incorporates dissociative identity disorder and child abuse elements as pivotal topics . It reunited Ji Sung and Hwang Jung - eum , who previously starred together in Secret Love ( 2013 ) .

Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.3 Special appearances 3 Original soundtrack 4 Ratings 5 Awards and nominations 6 International Broadcasts 7 Remake 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The human body is capable of all sorts of things to survive difficult situations . Cha Do Hyun ( Ji Sung ) is a third - generation business heir who developed dissociative identity disorder ( previously known as multiple personality disorder ) in the aftermath of several life - threatening traumatic events . He tries to regain control over his life with the help of Oh Ri Jin ( Hwang Jung - eum ) , a first - year psychiatric resident who helps him secretly . But Ri Jin 's twin brother , Oh Ri On ( Park Seo - joon ) , is a writer who is determined to uncover the unscrupulous lives of the rich and starts following Do Hyun around . Can Do Hyun take control over his condition before one of his seven personalities takes control of him instead ? Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ji Sung as Cha Do - hyun ( Cha Joon - young ) and as child form for Cha Do - hyun is ( Kim ye - Joon ) Lee Do - hyun as child Cha Do - hyun ( Cha Joon - young ) A wealthy businessman with a warmhearted personality who loves to help others . He is the main personality of the body . However , after realizing that he suffers from dissociative identity disorder ( DID ) 11 years ago , he has been desperately trying to hide this fact from his families and friends . In Episode 17 , it was revealed that Cha Joon - young is his real name . He has six other identities : Shin Se - gi : A vehement guy with a devil - may - care demeanor who appears when Cha Do - hyun experiences violence . He may be violent , but he never hurts children and women . Se - gi endures all of Do - hyun 's pain as he is the only identity to have all of Do - hyun 's memories . His first love is Oh Ri - jin . Perry Park : A 40 - year - old man with an affinity for fishing and building bombs . He appears when Cha Do - hyun reminisces the sweetside of his father before they came back into the mansion . The name `` Perry Park '' came from the promise Do - hyun ( Joon - young ) made to his father , which is to buy a boat named Perry Park Boat for him . He speaks with a Jeolla dialect . Ahn Yo - seob : A suicidal , intelligent 17 - year - old boy who is an artist . He first appeared when Cha Do - hyun attempted to commit suicide when he was in High School . He is Yo - na 's twin brother . Ahn Yo - na : An extrovert and mischievous 17 - year - old girl who loves idols . She appears when Cha Do - hyun undergoes a great deal of pain or mental stress , and needs to endure it clandestinely . She has a crush on Oh Ri - on . She is Yo - seob 's twin sister . Na - na ( Cha Do - hyun ) : A 7 year - old girl who owns a teddy bear named Nana and revealed that her name is Cha Do - hyun . She is the embodiment of Do - hyun 's childhood fears as well as Ri - jin 's younger self . Mr. X : A mysterious guy who is later revealed as the father of Na - na . Hwang Jung - eum as Oh Ri - jin ( Cha Do - hyun ) Kim Amy as child Oh Ri - jin ( Cha Do - hyun ) Oh Ri - on 's twin sister . A first - year psychiatry resident who tries hard to maintain her seemingly perfect image to cover for her real personality . At first glance , she looks elegant and gentle , but she is actually messy and short - tempered . Ri - jin then becomes Do - hyun 's secret psychiatrist , and slowly falls in love with him . In Episode 16 , it was revealed that Cha Do - hyun is her real name . Park Seo - joon as Oh Ri - on ( Omega / Oh Hwi ) Kim Ye - joon as child Oh Ri - on Oh Ri - jin 's twin older brother . Ri - on often gets mistaken for a goofy simpleton , but he is actually a famous mystery novelist under the pseudonym Omega who investigates about the Seungjin Family . His other name is Oh Hwi which he used to flirt with girls . Oh Min - suk as Cha Ki - joon President of ID Entertainment , he is Do - hyun 's confident and competent cousin . Ki - joon and Do - hyun are rivals , with both competing to inherit their family 's company . Kim Yoo - ri as Han Chae - yeon She is Do - hyun 's first love and Ki - joon 's fiancée , a cold and prideful woman . Supporting ( edit ) Choi Won - young as Ahn Gook , Do - hyun 's Secretary . Ko Chang - seok as Suk Ho - pil ( Dr. Schofield ) , Do - hyun 's physician and Ri - jin 's professor . Seungjin Family Kim Young - ae as Seo Tae - im , Chairwoman of Seungjin Group and Do - hyun 's grandmother Shim Hye - jin as Shin Hwa - ran , Do - hyun 's birth mother Ahn Nae - sang as Cha Joon - pyo , Do - hyun 's father Kim Il - woo as Cha Young - pyo , President of Seungjin Group and Ki - joon 's father Kim Na - woon as Yoon Ja - kyung , Ki - joon 's mother Myung Se - bin as Min Seo - yeon , Do - hyun 's registered mother Kim Yong - gun as Cha Gun - ho , First Chairman of Seungjin Group Family of Ri - jin and Ri - on Kim Hee - jung as Ji Soon - young , Ri - jin and Ri - on 's mother Park Jun - gyu as Oh Dae - oh , Ri - jin and Ri - on 's father Others Kim Hyung - bum as Section Chief Choi Baek Chul - min as Alex Kang Kim Hyun - joo as Baek Jin - sook , Chae - yeon 's mother Lee Si - eon as Chief Park Min - jae Kang Bong - sung as Doctor Shin Sun - jo Jo Chang - geun as Doctor Kang In - gyu Choi Hyo - eun as Nurse Joo Mi - ro Heo Ji - woong as Omega 's editor Special appearances ( edit ) Jung Eun - pyo as U.S. psychiatrist who was afraid of Do - hyun ( Episode 1 ) Kan Mi - youn as Shin Se - gi 's girlfriend in the U.S. ( Episode 1 ) Woo Hyun as Alcohol - dependent , mental patient ( Episode 1 ) Koo Jun - yup as Club Paradise DJ ( Episode 1 ) Kim Seul - gi as Patient Heo Sook - hee ( Episode 1 - 4 ) Jo Yoon - ho as The biker with leather jacket ( Episode 1 - 3 ) Seo Yi - ahn as Hong Ji - sun , Do - hyun 's arranged date ( Episode 7 ) LU : KUS as Idol group Rocking ( Episode 8 ) Park Seul - gi as The MC ( Episode 8 ) J. One ( LU : KUS ) as J.I. ( Rocking ) ( Episode 11 - 12 ) Ahn Young - mi as Tarot card reader ( Episode 13 ) Kwon Yuri as Ahn Yo - na ( Episode 20 ) Original soundtrack ( edit ) Kill Me , Heal Me : Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released March 5 , 2015 Genre Pop , K - pop , soundtrack , R&B Language Korean , English Label Pan Entertainment Recording Industry Association of Korea , Inc . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` 환청 '' ( Auditory Hallucination ) Jang Jae - in feat . NaShow 3 : 29 2 . `` Healing Love '' Luna and Cho - yi ( LU : KUS ) 4 : 11 3 . `` 말할 수 없는 비밀 '' ( Unspeakable Secret ) Moon Myung - jin 4 : 26 4 . `` 이런 기분 '' ( This Feeling ) Lee Yoo - rim 3 : 34 5 . `` 너를 보낸다 '' ( Letting You Go ) Park Seo - joon 4 : 07 6 . `` 제비꽃 '' ( Violet ) Ji Sung 3 : 54 7 . `` 환청 ( Inst . ) '' ( Auditory Hallucination ( Inst . ) ) Various Artists 3 : 29 8 . `` Healing Love ( Inst . ) '' Various Artists 4 : 11 9 . `` 말할 수 없는 비밀 ( Inst . ) '' ( Unspeakable Secret ( Inst . ) ) Various Artists 4 : 26 10 . `` 이런 기분 ( Inst . ) '' ( This Feeling ( Inst . ) ) Various Artists 3 : 34 11 . `` Kill Me '' Various Artists 2 : 26 12 . `` I Am Shin Se - gi '' Various Artists 3 : 39 13 . `` Beyond Recollection '' Various Artists 3 : 58 14 . `` Freak '' Various Artists 2 : 17 15 . `` Childhood '' Various Artists 2 : 01 16 . `` Who Are You ? '' Various Artists 2 : 37 17 . `` Driving to the Past '' Various Artists 3 : 40 18 . `` I Am Cha Do - hyun '' Various Artists 2 : 16 19 . `` Heal Me '' Various Artists 2 : 46 Ratings ( edit ) In the table below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . NR denotes that the drama did not rank in the top 20 daily programs on that date . Episode # Original broadcast date Average audience share TNmS Ratings AGB Nielsen Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area January 7 , 2015 8.7 % ( 20th ) 11.1 % ( 12th ) 9.2 % ( 15th ) 10.3 % ( 13th ) January 8 , 2015 8.0 % ( NR ) 11.2 % ( 10th ) 8.9 % ( 17th ) 9.6 % ( 16th ) January 14 , 2015 8.5 % ( NR ) 11.3 % ( 9th ) 10.3 % ( 14th ) 11.2 % ( 8th ) January 15 , 2015 8.4 % ( NR ) 10.4 % ( 19th ) 9.4 % ( 18th ) 10.8 % ( 10th ) 5 January 21 , 2015 8.6 % ( 20th ) 11.3 % ( 10th ) 9.5 % ( 16th ) 10.5 % ( 11th ) 6 January 22 , 2015 9.2 % ( 17th ) 12.3 % ( 8th ) 9.9 % ( 14th ) 10.9 % ( 10th ) 7 January 28 , 2015 9.4 % ( 18th ) 12.0 % ( 7th ) 9.6 % ( 14th ) 10.6 % ( 10th ) 8 January 29 , 2015 9.8 % ( 14th ) 12.3 % ( 7th ) 11.5 % ( 11th ) 12.5 % ( 6th ) 9 February 4 , 2015 10.2 % ( 16th ) 12.5 % ( 6th ) 10.5 % ( 12th ) 11.3 % ( 9th ) 10 February 5 , 2015 10.9 % ( 14th ) 13.5 % ( 6th ) 11.0 % ( 11th ) 12.2 % ( 6th ) 11 February 11 , 2015 11.2 % ( 12th ) 14.7 % ( 5th ) 10.9 % ( 12th ) 12.0 % ( 6th ) 12 February 12 , 2015 10.2 % ( 14th ) 14.1 % ( 6th ) 11.4 % ( 9th ) 12.3 % ( 7th ) 13 February 18 , 2015 11.0 % ( 10th ) 14.1 % ( 5th ) 10.3 % ( 9th ) 11.1 % ( 7th ) 14 February 19 , 2015 10.1 % ( 9th ) 13.2 % ( 4th ) 9.4 % ( 7th ) 9.6 % ( 4th ) 15 February 25 , 2015 11.2 % ( 10th ) 14.6 % ( 6th ) 10.5 % ( 9th ) 11.3 % ( 8th ) 16 February 26 , 2015 10.7 % ( 13th ) 12.8 % ( 8th ) 10.4 % ( 11th ) 11.2 % ( 9th ) 17 March 4 , 2015 12.1 % ( 8th ) 15.0 % ( 6th ) 11.5 % ( 9th ) 12.5 % ( 6th ) 18 March 5 , 2015 10.6 % ( 10th ) 13.0 % ( 7th ) 9.8 % ( 15th ) 11.0 % ( 8th ) 19 March 11 , 2015 10.7 % ( 11th ) 13.4 % ( 7th ) 9.2 % ( 16th ) 10.0 % ( 13th ) 20 March 12 , 2015 10.5 % ( 13th ) 13.1 % ( 7th ) 9.4 % ( 17th ) 10.6 % ( 11th ) Average 10.0 % 12.8 % 10.1 % 11.1 % Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 2015 51st Baeksang Arts Awards Best Drama Kill Me , Heal Me Nominated Best Director ( TV ) Kim Jin - man Nominated Best Actor ( TV ) Ji Sung Nominated Best Screenplay ( TV ) Jin Soo - wan Nominated Most Popular Actor ( TV ) Ji Sung Nominated Park Seo - joon Nominated Most Popular Actress ( TV ) Hwang Jung - eum Nominated 10th Seoul International Drama Awards Best Actor Ji Sung Nominated Excellent Korean Drama Kill Me , Heal Me Won Outstanding Korean Actress Hwang Jung - eum Won 8th Korea Drama Awards Grand Prize / Daesang Ji Sung Nominated Best Drama Kill Me , Heal Me Nominated Best Production Director Kim Jin - man Nominated Top Excellence Award , Actress Hwang Jung - eum Nominated Best Original Soundtrack `` Auditory Hallucination '' by Jang Jae - in ( feat . NaShow ) Won 4th APAN Star Awards Top Excellence Award , Actor in a Miniseries Ji Sung Nominated Excellence Award , Actor in a Miniseries Park Seo - joon Nominated MBC Drama Awards Grand Prize / Daesang ( Determined through fan votes ) Ji Sung Won Hwang Jung - eum Nominated Drama of the Year Kill Me , Heal Me ( Kim Jin - man ) Won PD Choice Award Hwang Jung - eum Won Top Excellence Award , Actor in a Miniseries Ji Sung Won Top Excellence Award , Actress in a Miniseries Hwang Jung - eum Won Excellence Award , Actor in a Miniseries Park Seo - joon Won Top 10 Stars Ji Sung Won Hwang Jung - eum Won Park Seo - joon Won Popularity Award , Actor Ji Sung Nominated Park Seo - joon Won Popularity Award , Actress Hwang Jung - eum Won Best Couple Award Ji Sung and Hwang Jung - eum Nominated Ji Sung and Park Seo - joon Won 2016 4th Annual DramaFever Awards Best Actor Ji Sung Won International broadcasts ( edit ) Philippines - GMA Network - The Series aired on May 10 , 2016 and it finished in July 20 , 2016 from Mondays - Wednesdays ( 22 : 00 - 23 : 15 ) under the title , `` Love Me , Heal Me '' . Myanmar - MRTV Entertainment - The drama aired on everyday schedule with Burmese / Myanmar subtitle , under the title `` စေလိုရာစေ '' , started from July 2016 and ended in the same month . Singapore - Channel U - the drama series aired in 2018 with English / Chinese subs with Korean / Chinese audio . Remake ( edit ) A Chinese remake , A Seven - Faced Man aired on Tencent in 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jung , Yeawon ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Ji Sung and Hwang Jung Eum Confirmed as Leads for Kill Me Heal Me '' . enewsWorld . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ahn , Woorim ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Leading Roles Of Drama Kill Me , Heal Me Are Confirmed '' . BNTNews . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kim , Min - jin ( December 6 , 2014 ) . `` Ji Sung , Hwang Jung - eum to reunite through Kill Me , Heal Me '' . K - Pop Herald . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hwang Jung Eum and Ji Sung reunite during script reading for Kill Me , Heal Me '' . Allkpop . December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Yousun ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Kill Me , Heal Me starring Ji Sung and Hwang Jung - eum releases four posters '' . Asia Today . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hea , Jung - min ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` ( Photo ) Ji Sung , Hwang Jung Eum , Park Seo Joon and More Get Set for Kill Me Heal Me '' . enewsWorld . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hwang Jung - eum Reunites with Ji Sung for New TV Series '' . The Chosun Ilbo . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jung , Yeawon ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ji Sung and Hwang Jung Eum Enjoy Taking Sticker Pictures for Kill Me Heal Me '' . enewsWorld . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hong , Grace Danbi ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Kill Me , Heal Me Reveals Ji Sung and Hwang Jung Eum 's Rap Battle Was Ad - libbed '' . enewsWorld . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nawael , Khelil ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Two Days Left Until Kill Me , Heal Me First Airing '' . BNTNews . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kill Me , Heal Me Hwang Jeong - eum and Ji Seong at ending party '' . TV Report via Hancinema . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Kill Me , Heal Me '' Writer Receives Touching Fan Letter from America `` . Soompi . March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sung , So - young ( December 6 , 2014 ) . `` Hwang and Ji together again '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2017/08/30/0200000000AEN20170830013700315.html Jump up ^ http://www.koreandrama.today/recap/kill-me-heal-me-15-16-identity-theft/ Jump up ^ `` Ji Sung Talks About Adopting Multiple Identities '' . The Chosun Ilbo . March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.koreandrama.today/recap/kill-me-heal-me-15-16-identity-theft/ Jump up ^ Kim , Yeon - ji ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Hwang speaks candidly on Kill Me '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TNmS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNmS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ko , Ji - seon ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Lee Min - ho , Lee Joon - gi , Hwang Jeong - eum get top honors at 10th Seoul Drama Awards '' . K - Pop Herald . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 지성 - 황정음 장혁 - 오연서 , ' MBC 연기 대상'에서 미리 보는 꿀 케미 ? '' . BreakNews . Jump up ^ Yonhapnews , Yonhapnews ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Ji Sung , Park Bo - young chosen best Korean TV actors '' . Yonhapnews . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Korean ) Kill Me , Heal Me at MBC Global Media Kill Me , Heal Me at HanCinema Kill Me , Heal Me on IMDb MBC 's Wednesday -- Thursday dramas 1990s Eyes of Dawn Did We Really Love ? Goodbye My Love Into the Sunlight 2000 -- 2004 All About Eve Mr. Duke Secret Delicious Proposal Hotelier Four Sisters Ruler of Your Own World Trio First Love of a Royal Prince Ireland 2005 -- 2009 Sad Love Story Super Rookie My Lovely Sam Soon Autumn Shower Princess Hours Dr. Kkang One Fine Day Over the Rainbow What 's Up Fox 90 Days , Time to Love Prince Hours Thank You Merry Mary Time Between Dog and Wolf The Legend New Heart Who Are You ? Spotlight Beethoven Virus The Return of Iljimae Cinderella Man Triple Soul Hero 2010 -- 2014 The Woman Who Still Wants to Marry Personal Taste Road No. 1 Playful Kiss Home Sweet Home My Princess Royal Family The Greatest Love Heartstrings Ca n't Lose Me Too , Flower ! Moon Embracing the Sun The King 2 Hearts I Do , I Do Arang and the Magistrate Missing You 7th Grade Civil Servant When a Man Falls in Love The Queen 's Classroom Two Weeks Medical Top Team Miss Korea Cunning Single Lady A New Leaf Fated to Love You My Spring Days Mr. Back 2015 -- 2019 Kill Me , Heal Me Angry Mom Warm and Cozy The Scholar Who Walks the Night She Was Pretty Sweet , Savage Family One More Happy Ending Goodbye Mr. Black Lucky Romance Shopping King Louie Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok - joo Missing 9 Radiant Office The Emperor : Owner of the Mask Man Who Dies to Live Hospital Ship I 'm Not a Robot Hold Me Tight Come and Hug Me Time My Secret Terrius Red Moon , Blue Sun ( working title ) Spring Must Be Coming ( working title ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kill_Me,_Heal_Me&oldid=860710717 '' Categories : 2015 South Korean television series debuts 2015 South Korean television series endings 2010s South Korean television series Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation television dramas Korean - language television programs South Korean medical television series South Korean suspense television series Dissociative identity disorder in television Television series by Pan Entertainment Television series by Huace Media Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles containing Korean - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Articles with Korean - language external links HanCinema drama ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2018 , at 14 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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when did the spanish came to the caribbean

History of the Caribbean

history of the caribbean

The history of the Caribbean reveals the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers since the 15th century . In the 20th century the Caribbean was again important during World War II , in the decolonization wave during the post-war period , and in the tension between Communist Cuba and the United States . Genocide , slavery , immigration and rivalry between world powers have given Caribbean history an impact disproportionate to the size of this small region .

= = Before An Arawak stone carving uncovered in Guadeloupe . The oldest evidence of human settlement in the Caribbean has been found at Ortoiroid sites on Trinidad dating to the mid-6th millennium BC . They had reached Hispaniola and Cuba by the mid-5th millennium BCE , where their society is also known as the Casirimoid . The hunter - gatherer Guanahatabey present in western Cuba at the time of Columbus 's arrival may have represented a continuation of their culture or more recent arrivals from southern Florida or the Yucatan . The islands were then repopulated by successive waves of invaders travelling south to north from initial bases in the Orinoco River valley . Between 400 and 200 BC , the Saladoid spread north from Trinidad , introducing agriculture and ceramic pottery . Sometime after AD 250 , the Barrancoid followed and replaced them on Trinidad . This society 's settlements in the Orinoco collapsed around 650 and another group , the Arauquinoid ( the later `` Taíno '' or `` Arawaks '' ) , expanded into the area and northward along the island chain . Around 1200 or 1300 , a fourth group , the Mayoid ( the later `` Caribs '' ) , entered Trinidad . They remained dominant until the Spanish conquest . At the time of the European arrival , three major Amerindian indigenous peoples lived on the islands : the Taíno in the Greater Antilles , The Bahamas and the Leeward Islands ; the Island Caribs and Galibi in the Windward Islands ; and the Ciboney in western Cuba . The Taínos are subdivided into Classic Taínos , who occupied Hispaniola and Puerto Rico , Western Taínos , who occupied Cuba , Jamaica , and the Bahamian archipelago , and the Eastern Taínos , who occupied the Leeward Islands . Trinidad was inhabited by both Carib speaking and Arawak - speaking groups . New scientific DNA studies have changed some of the traditional beliefs about pre-Columbian indigenous history . Juan Martinez Cruzado , a geneticist from the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez designed an island - wide DNA survey of Puerto Rico 's people . According to conventional historical belief , Puerto Ricans have mainly Spanish ethnic origins , with some African ancestry , and distant and less significant indigenous ancestry . Cruzado 's research revealed surprising results in 2003 . It found that , in fact , 61 percent of all Puerto Ricans have Amerindian mitochondrial DNA , 27 percent have African and 12 percent Caucasian . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial era 1.1 Spanish conquest 1.2 Other European powers 1.3 Slaves in the Caribbean 1.3. 1 Marriage , separation , and sale together 1.4 Colonial laws 2 Impact of colonialism on the Caribbean 2.1 Economic exploitation 2.2 Wars 2.3 Slave rebellions 2.3. 1 Caribbean slave uprisings ( 1522 -- 1844 ) 3 Independence 4 Islands currently under European or United States administration 5 History of relations with the US 6 Economic change in the 20th century 6.1 Tourism 6.2 Financial services 6.3 Shipping 7 Notes 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Colonial era ( edit ) Ruins of a plantation in Saint Lucy , Barbados . Soon after the voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas , both Portuguese and Spanish ships began claiming territories in Central and South America . These colonies brought in gold , and other European powers , most specifically England , the Netherlands , and France , hoped to establish profitable colonies of their own . Imperial rivalries made the Caribbean a contested area during European wars for centuries . Spanish conquest ( edit ) See also : Spanish colonization of the Americas Spanish Caribbean Islands in the American Viceroyalties 1600 . The Piazza ( or main square ) in central Havana , Cuba , in 1762 , during the Seven Years ' War . During the first voyage of the explorer Christopher Columbus ( mandated by the Spanish crown to conquer ) contact was made with the Lucayans in the Bahamas and the Taíno in Cuba and the northern coast of Hispaniola , and a few of the native people were taken back to Spain . Small amounts of gold were found in their personal ornaments and other objects such as masks and belts . The Spanish , who came seeking wealth , enslaved the native population and rapidly drove them to near - extinction . To supplement the Amerindian labor , the Spanish imported African slaves . ( see also Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies ) Although Spain claimed the entire Caribbean , they settled only the larger islands of Hispaniola ( 1493 ) , Puerto Rico ( 1508 ) , Jamaica ( 1509 ) , Cuba ( 1511 ) , and Trinidad ( 1530 ) , although the Spanish made an exception in the case of the small ' pearl islands ' of Cubagua and Margarita off the Venezuelan coast because of their valuable pearl beds which were worked extensively between 1508 and 1530 . Other European powers ( edit ) The other European powers established a presence in the Caribbean after the Spanish Empire declined , partly due to the reduced native population of the area from European diseases . The Dutch , the French , and the British followed one another to the region and established a long - term presence . They brought with them millions of slaves imported from Africa to support the tropical plantation system that spread through the Caribbean islands . Francis Drake was an English privateer who attacked many Spanish Spain carib San Juan harbour in 1595 . His most celebrated Caribbean exploit was the capture of the Spanish Silver Train at Nombre de Dios in March , 1573 . British colonisation of Bermuda began in 1612 . British West Indian colonisation began with St. Kitts in 1623 and Barbados in 1627 . The former was used as a base for British colonisation of neighbouring Nevis ( 1628 ) , Antigua ( 1632 ) , Montserrat ( 1632 ) , Anguilla ( 1650 ) and Tortola ( 1672 ) . French colonisation too began on St. Kitts , the British and the French splitting the island amongst themselves in 1625 . It was used as a base to colonise the much larger Guadeloupe ( 1635 ) and Martinique ( 1635 ) , St. Martin ( 1648 ) , St Barts ( 1648 ) , and St Croix ( 1650 ) , but was lost completely to Britain in 1713 . From Martinique the French colonised St. Lucia ( 1643 ) , Grenada ( 1649 ) , Dominica ( 1715 ) , and St. Vincent ( 1719 ) . The English admiral William Penn seized Jamaica in 1655 and it remained under British rule for over 300 years . Piracy in the Caribbean was widespread during the early colonial era , especially between 1640 and 1680 . The term `` buccaneer '' is often used to describe a pirate operating in this region . In 1625 French buccaneers established a settlement on Tortuga , just to the north of Hispaniola , that the Spanish were never able to permanently destroy despite several attempts . The settlement on Tortuga was officially established in 1659 under the commission of King Louis XIV . In 1670 Cap François ( later Cap Français , now Cap - Haïtien ) was established on the mainland of Hispaniola . Under the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick , Spain officially ceded the western third of Hispaniola to France . The Dutch took over Saba , Saint Martin , Sint Eustatius , Curaçao , Bonaire , Aruba , Tobago , St. Croix , Tortola , Anegada , Virgin Gorda , Anguilla and a short time Puerto Rico , together called the Dutch West Indies , in the 17th century . Denmark - Norway first ruled part , then all of the present U.S. Virgin Islands since 1672 , Denmark later sold sovereignty over the Danish West Indies in 1917 to the United States which still administers them . Slaves in the Caribbean ( edit ) Further information : Afro - Caribbean history A 19th century lithograph by Theodore Bray showing a sugarcane plantation . On right is `` white officer '' , the European overseer , watching plantation workers . To the left is a flat - bottomed vessel for cane transportation . The slaves brought to the caribbean lived in inhumane conditions . Above are examples of slave huts in Bonaire provided by Dutch colonialists . About 5 feet tall and 6 feet wide , between 2 and 3 slaves slept in these after working in nearby salt mines . The development of agriculture in the Caribbean required a large workforce of manual labourers , which the Europeans found by taking advantage of the slave trade in Africa . The Atlantic slave trade brought African slaves to British , Dutch , French , Portuguese and Spanish colonies in the Americas , including the Caribbean . Slaves were brought to the Caribbean from the early 16th century until the end of the 19th century . The majority of slaves were brought to the Caribbean colonies between 1701 and 1810 . Also in 1816 there was a slave revolution in the colony of Barbados . The following table lists the number of slaves brought into some of the Caribbean colonies : Caribbean colonizer 1492 -- 1700 1701 -- 1810 1811 -- 1870 Total number of slaves imported British Caribbean 263,700 1,401,300 -- 1,665,000 Dutch Caribbean 40,000 460,000 -- 500,000 French Caribbean 155,800 1,348,400 96,000 1,600,200 Abolitionists in the Americas and in Europe became vocal opponents of the slave trade throughout the 19th century . The importation of slaves to the colonies was often outlawed years before the end of the institution of slavery itself . It was well into the 19th century before many slaves in the Caribbean were legally free . The trade in slaves was abolished in the British Empire through the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act in 1807 . Men , women and children who were already enslaved in the British Empire remained slaves , however , until Britain passed the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833 . When the Slavery Abolition Act came into force in 1834 , roughly 700,000 slaves in the British West Indies immediately became free ; other enslaved workers were freed several years later after a period of forced apprenticeship . Slavery was abolished in the Dutch Empire in 1814 . Spain abolished slavery in its empire in 1811 , with the exceptions of Cuba , Puerto Rico , and Santo Domingo ; Spain ended the slave trade to these colonies in 1817 , after being paid ₤ 400,000 by Britain . Slavery itself was not abolished in Cuba until 1886 . France abolished slavery in its colonies in 1848 . Marriage , separation , and sale together ( edit ) `` The official plantocratic view of slave marriage sought to deny the slaves any loving bonds or long - standing relationships , thus conveniently rationalising the indiscriminate separation of close kin through sales . '' `` From the earliest days of slavery , indiscriminate sales and separation severely disrupted the domestic life of individual slaves . '' Slaves could be sold so that spouses could be sold separately . `` Slave couples were sometimes separated by sale ... They lived as single slaves or as part of maternal or extended families but considered themselves ' married . ' '' Sale of estates with `` stock '' to pay debts , more common in the late period of slavery , was criticized as separating slave spouses . William Beckford argued for `` families to be sold together or kept as near as possible in the same neighbourhood '' and `` laws were passed in the late period of slavery to prevent the breakup of slave families by sale , ... ( but ) these laws were frequently ignored '' . `` Slaves frequently reacted strongly to enforced severance of their emotional bonds '' , feeling `` sorrow and despair '' , sometimes , according to Thomas Cooper in 1820 , resulting in death from distress . John Stewart argued against separation as leading slave buyers to regret it because of `` despair ( , ) ... utter despondency ( , ) or ' put ( ting ) period to their lives ' '' . Separated slaves often used free time to travel long distances to reunite for a night and sometimes runaway slaves were married couples . However , `` sale of slaves and the resulting breakup of families decreased as slave plantations lost prosperity . '' Colonial laws ( edit ) European plantations required laws to regulate the plantation system and the many slaves imported to work on the plantations . This legal control was the most oppressive for slaves inhabiting colonies where they outnumbered their European masters and where rebellion was persistent , such as Jamaica . During the early colonial period , rebellious slaves were harshly punished , with sentences including death by torture ; less serious crimes such as assault , theft or persistent escape attempts were commonly punished with mutilations , such as the cutting off of a hand or a foot . Under British rule , slaves could only be freed with the consent of their master , and therefore freedom for slaves was rare . British colonies were able to establish laws through their own legislatures , and the assent of the local island governor and the Crown . British law considered slaves to be property , and thus did not recognize marriage for slaves , family rights , education for slaves , or the right to religious practises such as holidays . British law denied all rights to freed slaves , with the exception of the right to a jury trial . Otherwise , freed slaves had no right to own property , vote or hold office , or even enter some trades . The French Empire regulated slaves under the Code Noir ( Black Code ) which was in force throughout the empire , but which was based upon French practises in the Caribbean colonies . French law recognized slave marriages , but only with the consent of the master . French law , like Spanish law , gave legal recognition to marriages between European men and black or Creole women . French and Spanish laws were also significantly more lenient than British law in recognizing manumission , or the ability of a slave to purchase their freedom and become a `` freeman '' . Under French law , free slaves gained full rights to citizenship . The French also extended limited legal rights to slaves , for example the right to own property , and the right to enter contracts . Impact of colonialism on the Caribbean ( edit ) A medallion showing the Capture of Trinidad and Tobago by the British in 1797 . Sir Ralph Abercromby , Commander of the British forces that captured Trinidad and Tobago . Economic exploitation ( edit ) The exploitation of the Caribbean landscape dates back to the Spanish conquistadors around 1600 who mined the islands for gold which they brought back to Spain . The more significant development came when Christopher Columbus wrote back to Spain that the islands were made for sugar development . The history of Caribbean agricultural dependency is closely linked with European colonialism which altered the financial potential of the region by introducing a plantation system . Much like the Spanish enslaved indigenous Indians to work in gold mines , the 17th century brought a new series of oppressors in the form of the Dutch , the English , and the French . By the middle of the 18th century sugar was Britain 's largest import which made the Caribbean that much more important as a colony . Sugar was a luxury in Europe prior to the 18th century . It became widely popular in the 18th century , then graduated to becoming a necessity in the 19th century . This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes . Caribbean islands with plentiful sunshine , abundant rainfalls and no extended frosts were well suited for sugarcane agriculture and sugar factories . Following the emancipation of slaves in 1833 in the United Kingdom , many liberated Africans left their former masters . This created an economic chaos for British owners of Caribbean sugar cane plantations . The hard work in hot , humid farms required a regular , docile and low - waged labour force . The British looked for cheap labour . This they found initially in China and then mostly in India . The British crafted a new legal system of forced labour , which in many ways resembled enslavement . Instead of calling them slaves , they were called indentured labour . Indians and southeast Asians began to replace Africans previously brought as slaves , under this indentured labour scheme to serve on sugarcane plantations across the British empire . The first ships carrying indentured labourers for sugarcane plantations left India in 1836 . Over the next 70 years , numerous more ships brought indentured labourers to the Caribbean , as cheap and docile labor for harsh inhumane work . The slave labor and indentured labor - both in millions of people - were brought into Caribbean , as in other European colonies throughout the world . Cane cutters in Jamaica , 1880s . The New World plantations were established in order to fulfill the growing needs of the Old World . The sugar plantations were built with the intention of exporting the sugar back to Britain which is why the British did not need to stimulate local demand for the sugar with wages . A system of slavery was adapted since it allowed the colonizer to have an abundant work force with little worry about declining demands for sugar . In the 19th century wages were finally introduced with the abolition of slavery . The new system in place however was similar to the previous as it was based on white capital and colored labor . Large numbers of unskilled workers were hired to perform repeated tasks , which made if very difficult for these workers to ever leave and pursue any non farming employment . Unlike other countries , where there was an urban option for finding work , the Caribbean countries had money invested in agriculture and lacked any core industrial base . The cities that did exist offered limited opportunities to citizens and almost none for the unskilled masses who had worked in agriculture their entire lives . The products produced brought in no profits for the countries since they were sold to the colonial occupant buyer who controlled the price the products were sold at . This resulted in extremely low wages with no potential for growth since the occupant nations had no intention of selling the products at a higher price to themselves . The result of this economic exploitation was a plantation dependence which saw the Caribbean nations possessing a large quantity of unskilled workers capable of performing agricultural tasks and not much else . After many years of colonial rule the nations also saw no profits brought into their country since the sugar production was controlled by the colonial rulers . This left the Caribbean nations with little capital to invest towards enhancing any future industries unlike European nations which were developing rapidly and separating themselves technologically and economically from most impoverished nations of the world . Wars ( edit ) Battle of the Saintes by Thomas Mitchell . This 1782 battle between the British and French navies took near Guadeloupe . The Caribbean region was war - torn throughout much of colonial history , but the wars were often based in Europe , with only minor battles fought in the Caribbean . Some wars , however , were borne of political turmoil in the Caribbean itself . Thirty Years ' War between the Netherlands and Spain . The First , Second , and Third Anglo - Dutch Wars were battles for supremacy . Nine Years ' War between the European powers . The War of Spanish Succession ( European name ) or Queen Anne 's War ( American name ) spawned a generation of some of the most infamous pirates . The War of Jenkins ' Ear ( American name ) or The War of Austrian Succession ( European name ) Spain and Britain fought over trade rights ; Britain invaded Spanish Florida and attacked the citadel of Cartagena de Indias in present - day Colombia . The Seven Years ' War ( European name ) or the French and Indian War ( American name ) was the first `` world war '' between France , her ally Spain , and Britain ; France was defeated and was willing to give up all of Canada to keep a few highly profitable sugar - growing islands in the Caribbean . Britain seized Havana toward the end , and traded that single city for all of Florida at the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . In addition France ceded Grenada , Dominica , and St. Vincent to Britain . The American Revolution saw large British and French fleets battling in the Caribbean again . American independence was assured by French naval victories in the Caribbean , but all the British islands that were captured by the French were returned to Britain at the end of the war . The French Revolutionary War enabled the creation of the newly independent Republic of Haiti . In addition in the Treaty of Amiens in 1802 Spain ceded Trinidad to Britain . Following the end of the Napoleonic War in 1814 France ceded Saint Lucia to Britain . The Spanish -- American War ended Spanish control of Cuba ( which soon became independent ) and Puerto Rico ( which became a US colony ) , and heralded the period of American dominance of the islands . Piracy in the Caribbean was often a tool used by the European empires to wage war unofficially against one another . Gold plundered from Spanish ships and brought to Britain had a pivotal effect on European interest in colonizing the region . Slave rebellions ( edit ) Illustration circa 1815 showing `` Incendie du Cap '' ( Burning of Cape Francais ) during the Haitian Revolution . The caption reads : `` General revolt of the Blacks . Massacre of the Whites '' . The plantation system and the slave trade that enabled its growth led to regular slave resistance in many Caribbean islands throughout the colonial era . Resistance was made by escaping from the plantations altogether , and seeking refuge in the areas free of European settlement . Communities of escaped slaves , who were known as Maroons , banded together in heavily forested and mountainous areas of the Greater Antilles and some of the islands of the Lesser Antilles . The spread of the plantations and European settlement often meant the end of many Maroon communities , although they survived on Saint Vincent and Dominica , and in the more remote mountainous areas of Jamaica , Hispaniola , Guadeloupe and Cuba . Violent resistance broke out periodically on the larger Caribbean islands . Many more conspiracies intended to create rebellions were discovered and ended by Europeans before they could materialize . Actual violent uprisings , involving anywhere from dozens to thousands of slaves , were regular events , however . Jamaica and Cuba in particular had many slave uprisings . Such uprisings were brutally crushed by European forces . Caribbean slave uprisings ( 1522 -- 1844 ) ( edit ) The following table lists slave rebellions that resulted in actual violent uprisings : Caribbean island Year of slave uprising Antigua 1701 , 1831 Bahamas 1830 , 1832 -- 34 Barbados 1816 Cuba 1713 , 1729 , 1805 , 1809 , 1825 , 1826 , 1830 -- 31 , 1833 , 1837 , 1840 , 1841 , 1843 Curaçao 1795 Dominica 1785 - 90 , 1791 , 1795 , 1802 , 1809 - 14 Grenada 1765 , 1795 Guadeloupe 1656 , 1737 , 1789 , 1802 Jamaica 1673 , 1678 , 1685 , 1690 , 1730 -- 40 , 1760 , 1765 , 1766 , 1791 -- 92 , 1795 -- 96 , 1808 , 1822 -- 24 , 1831 -- 32 Marie Galante 1789 Martinique 1752 , 1789 -- 92 , 1822 , 1833 Montserrat 1776 Puerto Rico 1527 Domingue 1791 Saint John 1733 - 34 Saint Kitts 1639 Saint Lucia 1795 - 96 Saint Vincent 1769 - 73 , 1795 -- 96 Santo Domingo 1522 Tobago 1770 , 1771 , 1774 , 1807 Tortola 1790 , 1823 , 1830 Trinidad 1837 Independence ( edit ) Map of Antilles / Caribbean in 1843 . Haiti , the former French colony of Saint - Domingue on Hispaniola , was the first Caribbean nation to gain independence from European powers in 1804 . This followed 13 years of warfare which commenced as a slave uprising in 1791 and quickly became the Haitian Revolution under the leadership of Toussaint l'Ouverture , where the former slaves defeated the French army ( twice ) , the Spanish army , and the British army , before becoming the world 's first and oldest black republic , and also the second - oldest republic in the Western Hemisphere after the United States . This is additionally notable as being the only successful slave uprising in history . The remaining two - thirds of Hispaniola were conquered by Haitian forces in 1821 . In 1844 , the newly formed Dominican Republic declared its independence from Haiti . The nations bordering the Caribbean in Central America gained independence with the 1821 establishment of the First Mexican Empire -- which at that time included the modern states of Mexico , Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica . The nations bordering the Caribbean in South America also gained independence from Spain in 1821 with the establishment of Gran Colombia -- which comprised the modern states of Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , and Panama . Cuba and Puerto Rico remained a Spanish colonies until the Spanish -- American War in 1898 , after which Cuba attained its independence in 1902 , and Puerto Rico became an unincorporated territory of the United States , being the last of the Greater Antilles under colonial control . Between 1958 and 1962 most of the British - controlled Caribbean was integrated as the new West Indies Federation in an attempt to create a single unified future independent state -- but it failed . The following former British Caribbean island colonies achieved independence in their own right ; Jamaica ( 1962 ) , Trinidad & Tobago ( 1962 ) , Barbados ( 1966 ) , Bahamas ( 1973 ) , Grenada ( 1974 ) , Dominica ( 1978 ) , St. Lucia ( 1979 ) , St. Vincent ( 1979 ) , Antigua & Barbuda ( 1981 ) , St. Kitts & Nevis ( 1983 ) . In addition British Honduras in Central America became independent as Belize ( 1981 ) , British Guiana in South America became independent as Guyana ( 1966 ) , and Dutch Guiana also in South America became independent as Suriname ( 1975 ) . Islands currently under European or United States administration ( edit ) A carriage on a street in Martinique , one of the Caribbean islands that has not become independent . It is an overseas region of France , and its citizens are full French citizens . It should be noted that as of the early 21st century , not all Caribbean islands have become independent . Several islands continue to have government ties with European countries , or with the United States . French overseas departments and territories include several Caribbean islands . Guadeloupe and Martinique are French overseas regions , a legal status that they have had since 1946 . Their citizens are considered full French citizens with the same legal rights . In 2003 , the populations of St. Martin and St. Barthélemy voted in favour of secession from Guadeloupe in order to form separate overseas collectivities of France . After a bill was passed in the French Parliament , the new status took effect on 22 February 2007 . Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands are officially insular areas of the United States , but are sometimes referred to as `` protectorates '' of the United States . They are administered by the Office of Insular Affairs ( OIA ) within the United States Department of Interior . British overseas territories in the Caribbean include : Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Aruba , Curaçao , and Sint Maarten are all presently separate constituent countries , formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles . Along with Netherlands , they form the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Citizens of these islands have full Dutch citizenship . History of relations with the US ( edit ) United States ' rescue effort at St. Vincent , 1902 , following an eruption of the volcano at La Soufrière . Since the Monroe Doctrine , the United States gained a major influence on most Caribbean nations . In the early part of the twentieth century this influence was extended by participation in The Banana Wars . Areas outside British or French control became known in Europe as `` America 's tropical empire '' . Victory in the Spanish -- American War and the signing of the Platt amendment in 1901 ensured that the United States would have the right to interfere in Cuban political and economic affairs , militarily if necessary . After the Cuban revolution of 1959 relations deteriorated rapidly leading to the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the Cuban Missile Crisis and successive US attempts to destabilise the island . The US invaded and occupied Hispaniola ( present day Dominican Republic and Haiti ) for 19 years ( 1915 -- 34 ) , subsequently dominating the Haitian economy through aid and loan repayments . The US invaded Haiti again in 1994 and in 2004 were accused by CARICOM of arranging a coup d'état to remove elected Haitian leader Jean - Bertrand Aristide . In 1965 , 23,000 US troops were sent to the Dominican Republic to quash a local uprising against military rule . President Lyndon Johnson had ordered the invasion to stem what he claimed to be a `` Communist threat '' , however the mission appeared ambiguous and was roundly condemned throughout the hemisphere as a return to gunboat diplomacy . In 1983 the US invaded Grenada to remove populist left - wing leader Maurice Bishop . The US maintains a naval military base in Cuba at Guantanamo Bay . The base is one of five unified commands whose `` area of responsibility '' is Latin America and the Caribbean . The command is headquartered in a Miami , Florida office building . As an arm of the economic and political network of the Americas , the influence of the United States stretches beyond a military context . In economic terms , the United States represents a primary market for the export of Caribbean goods . Notably , this is a recent historical trend . The post-war era reflects a time of transition for the Caribbean basin when , as colonial powers sought to disentangle from the region ( as part of a larger trend of decolonization ) , the US began to expand its hegemony throughout the region . This pattern is confirmed by economic initiatives such as the Caribbean Basin Initiative ( CBI ) , which sought to congeal alliances with the region in light of a perceived Soviet threat . The CBI marks the emergence of the Caribbean basin as a geopolitical area of strategic interest to the US . This relationship has carried through to the 21st century , as reflected by the Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act . The Caribbean Basin is also of strategic interest in regards to trade routes ; it has been estimated that nearly half of US foreign cargo and crude oil imports are brought via Caribbean seaways . During wartime , these figures only stand to increase . It is important to note that the US is also of strategic interest to the Caribbean . Caribbean foreign policy seeks to strengthen its participation in a global free market economy . As an extension of this , Caribbean states do not wish to be excluded from their primary market in the US , or be bypassed in the creation of `` wider hemispheric trading blocs '' that stand to drastically alter trade and production in the Caribbean Basin . As such , the US has played an influential role in shaping the Caribbean 's role in this hemispheric market . Likewise , building trade relationships with the US has always figured in strongly with the political goal of economic security in post-independence Caribbean states . Economic change in the 20th century ( edit ) The mainstay of the Caribbean economy , sugar , has declined gradually since the beginning of the 20th century , although it is still a major crop in the region . Caribbean sugar production became relatively expensive in comparison to other parts of the world that developed their own sugar cultivation industries , making it difficult for Caribbean sugar products to compete . Caribbean economic diversification into new activities became essential to the islands . Tourism ( edit ) A 1906 advertisement in the Montreal Medical Journal , showing the United Fruit Company selling trips to Jamaica . By the beginning of the 20th century , the Caribbean islands enjoyed greater political stability . Large - scale violence was no longer a threat after the end of slavery in the islands . The British - controlled islands in particular benefited from investments in the infrastructure of colonies . By the beginning of World War I , all British - controlled islands had their own police force , fire department , doctors and at least one hospital . Sewage systems and public water supplies were built , and death rates in the islands dropped sharply . Literacy also increased significantly during this period , as schools were set up for students descended from African slaves . Public libraries were established in large towns and capital cities . These improvements in the quality of life for the inhabitants also made the islands a much more attractive destination for visitors . Tourists began to visit the Caribbean in larger numbers by the beginning of the 20th century , although there was a tourist presence in the region as early as the 1880s . The United States - owned United Fruit Company operated a fleet of `` banana boats '' in the region that doubled as tourist transportation . The United Fruit Company also developed hotels for tourist accommodations . It soon became apparent , however , that this industry was much like a new form of colonialism ; the hotels operated by the company were fully staffed by Americans , from chefs to waitresses , in addition to being owned by Americans , so that the local populations saw little economic benefit . The company also enforced racial discrimination in many policies for its fleet . Black passengers were assigned to inferior cabins , were sometimes denied bookings , and were expected to eat meals early before white passengers . The most popular early destinations were Jamaica and the Bahamas ; the Bahamas remains today the most popular tourist destination in the Caribbean . Post-independence economic needs , particularly in the aftermath of the end of preferential agricultural trade ties with Europe , led to a boom in the development of the tourism industry in the 1980s and thereafter . Large luxury hotels and resorts have been built by foreign investors in many of the islands . Cruise ships are also regular visitors to the Caribbean . Some islands have gone against this trend , such as Cuba and Haiti , whose governments chose not to pursue foreign tourism , although Cuba has developed this part of the economy very recently . Other islands lacking sandy beaches , such as Dominica , missed out on the 20th century tourism boom , although they have recently begun to develop eco-tourism businesses , thus diversifying tourism options in the Caribbean . Financial services ( edit ) The development of offshore banking services began during the 1920s . The close proximity of the Caribbean islands to the United States has made them an attractive location for branches of foreign banks . Clients from the United States take advantage of offshore banking services to avoid U.S. taxation . The Bahamas entered the financial services industry first , and continues to be at the forefront of financial services in the region . The Cayman Islands , the British Virgin Islands , and the Netherlands Antilles have also developed competitive financial services industries . Shipping ( edit ) A container ship docked in the deep water harbour of Bridgetown , Barbados , which opened in 1961 . Ports both large and small were built throughout the Caribbean during the colonial era . The export of sugar on a large scale made the Caribbean one of the world 's shipping cornerstones , as it remains today . Many key shipping routes still pass through the region . The development of large - scale shipping to compete with other ports in Central and South America ran into several obstacles during the 20th century . Economies of scale , high port handling charges , and a reluctance by Caribbean governments to privatize ports put Caribbean shipping at a disadvantage . Many locations in the Caribbean are suitable for the construction of deep water ports for commercial ship container traffic , or to accommodate large cruise ships . The deep water port at Bridgetown , Barbados , was completed by British investors in 1961 . A more recent deep water port project was completed by Hong Kong investors in Grand Bahama in the Bahamas . Some Caribbean islands take advantage of flag of convenience policies followed by foreign merchant fleets , registering the ships in Caribbean ports . The registry of ships at `` flag of convenience '' ports is protected by the Law of the Sea and other international treaties . These treaties leave the enforcement of labour , tax , health and safety , and environmental laws under the control of the registry , or `` flag '' country , which in practical terms means that such regulations seldom result in penalties against the merchant ship . The Cayman Islands , Bahamas , Antigua , Bermuda and St. Vincent are among the top 11 flags of convenience in the world . However , the flag of convenience practice has been a disadvantage to Caribbean islands as well , since it also applies to cruise ships , which register outside the Caribbean and thus can evade Caribbean enforcement of the same territorial laws and regulations . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plantocratic , of a political order dominated by plantation owners See also ( edit ) History of Latin America Territorial evolution of the Caribbean Influx of disease in the Caribbean References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rouse , Irving . The Tainos : Rise and Decline of the People who Greeted Columbus , p. 63 . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05181 - 0 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Nicholas . The Peoples of the Caribbean : an Encyclopedia of Archeology and Traditional Culture , p. 13 . ABC - CLIO , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 701 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rouse , Irving . The Tainos : Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus ISBN 0 - 300 - 05696 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kearns , Rick ( Jun 2003 -- Jun 2004 ) . `` Indigenous Puerto Rico : DNA evidence upsets established history '' . Issues in Caribbean Amerindian Studies . V ( 2 ) . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Huxtable Elliott , Empires of the Atlantic World : Britain and Spain in America , 1492 -- 1830 ( Yale University Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tony Martin , Caribbean History : From Pre-colonial Origins to the Present ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Adapted from the works of Colville Petty O.B.E and Nik Douglas . ( 2009 ) . `` History & Culture '' . anguilla-vacation.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . The government of the Cayman Islands . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Hispaniola '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dominican Republic 2014 '' . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Haggerty , Richard A. ( 1989 ) . `` Haiti , A Country Study : French Settlement and Sovereignty '' . US Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Aruba - History and Heritage '' . Smithsonian.com . November 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Herbert S. Klein and Ben Vinson , African slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean ( Oxford University Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Hilary Beckles , Black rebellion in Barbados : The struggle against slavery , 1627 - 1838 ( Antilles Publishing , 1984 ) Jump up ^ King , Russell ( 2010 ) . People on the Move : An Atlas of Migration . Berkeley , Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 26151 - 8 . Jump up ^ Charles H. Wesley , `` The Negro in the West Indies , slavery and freedom . '' Journal of Negro History ( 1932 ) : 51 - 66 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Bush , Barbara ( 1990 ) , Slave Women in Caribbean Society : 1650 -- 1838 , Bloomington , Ind. : Indiana University Press ( ISBN 0 - 85255 - 057 - X & 0 - 253 - 21251 - 0 ) , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Bush ( 1990 ) , Slave Women in Caribbean Society , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Morrissey , Marietta ( 1989 ) , Slave Women in the New World : Gender Stratification in the Caribbean , Lawrence , Kans. : University Press of Kansas ( ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0394 - 8 ) , p. 85 and see p. 99 ( author assoc . prof . sociology , Univ. of Toledo ) . ^ Jump up to : Bush ( 1990 ) , Slave Women in Caribbean Society , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Bush ( 1990 ) , Slave Women in Caribbean Society , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Morrissey ( 1989 ) , Slave Women in the New World , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Rogozinski , Jan ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . London : Penguin . pp. 132 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28193 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rogozinski ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . p. 133 . Jump up ^ Cross , Malcolm ( 1979 ) , Urbanization and Urban Growth in the Caribbean , New York : Cambridge University Press , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Cross ( 1979 ) , Urbanization and Urban Growth in the Caribbean , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Sidney Mintz ( 1986 ) . Sweetness and Power : The Place of Sugar in Modern History . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 009233 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hugh Tinker ( 1993 ) . `` New System of Slavery '' . London : Hansib Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 870518 - 18 - 5 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Forced Labour '' . The National Archives , Government of the United Kingdom . 2010 . Jump up ^ K. Laurence ( 1994 ) . `` A Question of Labour : Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad & British Guiana , 1875 - 1917 '' . St Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 12172 - 3 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` St. Lucia 's Indian Arrival Day '' . Caribbean Repeating Islands . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indian indentured labourers '' . The National Archives , Government of the United Kingdom . 2010 . Jump up ^ Cross ( 1979 ) , Urbanization and Urban Growth in the Caribbean , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Cross ( 1979 ) , Urbanization and Urban Growth in the Caribbean , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Cross ( 1979 ) , Urbanization and Urban Growth in the Caribbean , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Cross ( 1979 ) , Urbanization and Urban Growth in the Caribbean , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Rogozinski ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . pp. 159 -- 160 . ^ Jump up to : Rogozinski ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . pp. 161 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Rogozinski ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . p. 349 . Jump up ^ Rogozinski ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . p. 197 . Jump up ^ Duval , David Timothy ( 2004 ) . Tourism in the Caribbean : trends , development , prospects . Psychology Press . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30362 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rogozinski ( 2000 ) . A Brief History of the Caribbean . pp. 343 -- 344 . Jump up ^ Jessen , Anneke ; Ennio Rodríguez Céspedes ; Inter-American Development Bank . Integration , Trade , and Hemispheric Issues Division ( 1999 ) . The Caribbean Community : Facing the Challenges of Regional and Global Integration . BID - INTAL . pp. 35 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 950 - 738 - 080 - 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Duval , David Timothy ( 2004 ) . Tourism in the Caribbean : Trends , Development , Prospects . Psychology Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30362 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Bush , Barbara . Slave Women in Caribbean Society : 1650 -- 1838 ( 1990 ) Cromwell , Jesse . `` More than Slaves and Sugar : Recent Historiography of the Trans - imperial Caribbean and Its Sinew Populations . '' History Compass ( 2014 ) 12 # 10 pp 770 -- 783 . Cox , Edward Godfrey ( 1938 ) . `` West Indies '' . Reference Guide to the Literature of Travel . 2 : New World . Seattle : University of Washington -- via Hathi Trust . de Kadt , Emanuel ( editor ) , 1972 . Patterns of foreign influence in the Caribbean , London , New York , published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs by Oxford University Press . Dunn , Richard . Sugar and Slaves : The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies , 1624 -- 1713 1972 ) . Higman , Barry W. A Concise History of the Caribbean . ( 2011 ) Klooster , Wim , 1998 . Illicit riches . Dutch trade in the Caribbean , 1648 - 1795 , KITLV . Kurlansky , Mark . 1992 . A Continent of Islands : Searching for the Caribbean Destiny . Addison - Wesley Publishing . Martin , Tony , Caribbean History : From Pre-colonial Origins to the Present ( 2011 ) Morse , J. ( 1797 ) . `` West Indies '' . The American Gazetteer . Boston , Massachusetts : S. Hall , and Thomas & Andrews . Moya Pons , F. History of the Caribbean : Plantations , Trade , and War in the Atlantic World ( 2007 ) Palmié , Stephan and Francisco Scarano , eds . The Caribbean : A History of the Region and Its Peoples ( U of Chicago Press , 2011 ) 660 pp Rogozinski , Jan . A Brief History of the Caribbean ( 2000 ) . Sheridan , Richard . Sugar and Slavery : An Economic History of the British West Indies , 1623 -- 1775 ( 1974 ) Stinchcombe , Arthur . Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment : The Political Economy of the Caribbean World ( 1995 ) External links ( edit ) `` The History of the Caribby - Islands '' from 1666 Caribbean settlement in Britain History of the Caribbean Greater Antilles Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Haiti Jamaica Puerto Rico Leeward Antilles Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Federal Dependencies of Venezuela Leeward Islands Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda British Virgin Islands Guadeloupe Montserrat Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin U.S. Virgin Islands Saint Kitts and Nevis Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Windward Islands Dominica Grenada Martinique Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Other islands Barbados Bahamas Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Continental coasts Belize Bermuda Colombia Costa Rica French Guiana Guatemala Guyana Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Suriname Venezuela History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Caribbean articles History Timeline Taíno -- Arawak Spanish Caribbean ( 1492 -- 1898 ) Dutch Caribbean ( 1554 -- 1863 ) British Caribbean ( 1586 -- 1834 ) French Caribbean ( 1625 -- 1817 ) Baltic - German Caribbean ( 1654 - 1689 ) Danish Caribbean ( 1672 -- 1917 ) German Caribbean ( 1685 - 1693 ) Swedish Caribbean ( 1784 -- 1878 ) By topic Afro - Caribbean Territorial evolution Geography Regions Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Caribbean Basin Caribbean Lowlands Caribbean Plate Caribbean Sea Caribbean South America Southern Caribbean By topic Bioregion Earthquakes Extreme points Islands by area Metropolitan areas Mountains Rivers Ultras sovereign states dependent territories Politics African - Caribbean leftism Caribbean Community CARIFORUM Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Sovereign states and dependent territories Western Caribbean Zone Economy Airlines Airports Central banks and currencies Citrus Fishing Stock exchanges Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange Sugar in Cuba in the Danish West Indies Telecommunications Tourism Culture Afro - Caribbean Art Beer Cuisine Literature Music People Sport Stadiums Television stations Demographics Immigration Languages Pre-Arawakan Population Diseases Religion Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Caribbean&oldid=803311005 '' Categories : History of North America History of the Caribbean History by region Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Čeština Dansk Español Français עברית Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 18 : 59 . 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what does it mean to expunge a misdemeanor

In the common law legal system , an expungement proceeding is a type of lawsuit in which a first time offender of a prior criminal conviction seeks that the records of that earlier process be sealed , making the records unavailable through the state or Federal repositories . If successful , the records are said to be `` expunged '' . Black 's Law Dictionary defines `` expungement of record '' as the `` Process by which record of criminal conviction is destroyed or sealed from the state or Federal repository . '' While expungement deals with an underlying criminal record , it is a civil action in which the subject is the petitioner or plaintiff asking a court to declare that the records be expunged .

Expungement

expungement

In the common law legal system , an expungement proceeding is a type of lawsuit in which a first time offender of a prior criminal conviction seeks that the records of that earlier process be sealed , making the records unavailable through the state or Federal repositories . If successful , the records are said to be `` expunged '' . Black 's Law Dictionary defines `` expungement of record '' as the `` Process by which record of criminal conviction is destroyed or sealed from the state or Federal repository . '' While expungement deals with an underlying criminal record , it is a civil action in which the subject is the petitioner or plaintiff asking a court to declare that the records be expunged .

A very real distinction exists between an expungement and a pardon . When an expungement is granted , the person whose record is expunged may , for most purposes , treat the event as if it never occurred . A pardon ( also called `` executive clemency '' ) does not `` erase '' the event ; rather , it constitutes forgiveness . In the United States , an expungement can be granted only by a judge ; while a pardon can be granted only by the President of the United States for federal offenses , and the state governor , certain other state executive officers , or the State Board of Pardons and Paroles ( varies from state to state ) for state offenses . Each jurisdiction whose law allows expungement has its own definitions of expungement proceedings . Generally , expungement is the process to `` remove from general review '' the records pertaining to a case . In many jurisdictions , however , the records may not completely `` disappear '' and may still be available to law enforcement , to sentencing judges on subsequent offenses , and to corrections facilities to which the individual may be sentenced on subsequent convictions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 United Kingdom 3 United States 3.1 Eligibility for expungement 3.1. 1 State expungement 3.1. 2 Federal expungement 3.2 Benefits of expungement 3.3 Limits of expungement 3.4 Firearm rights restoration 3.5 California 3.5. 1 Petition for expungement 3.5. 2 Certificate of rehabilitation 3.5. 3 Juvenile records 3.5. 4 DUI expungement 3.5. 5 Reduction of a felony to a misdemeanor 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Australia ( edit ) Criminal records in each state of Australia are covered by state law . In New South Wales , the relevant legislation is the Criminal Records Act 1991 . Under the Act , an offender 's criminal record may become spent if they do not re-offend for a period of 10 years . Offenses resulting in a prison term of more than six months will not become spent . Additionally , for certain employment occupations ( e.g. education or child services ) , a `` full disclosure '' check is required , and spent convictions are still visible . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom the term `` spent conviction '' is used . The relevant legislation is the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 . In the data retention model of the Police National Computer , arrests which do not lead to a finding of guilt `` step down '' as soon as the relevant decision is made ( typically a `` not guilty '' verdict or a dismissal of charges ) and become visible to law enforcement only . Records of cautions and minor convictions do not step down and remain on the PNC and on enhanced CRB checks until the offender 's 100th birthday . Since the passing of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 , people convicted for homosexual acts between consenting adults under section 12 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 can apply to have the conviction totally removed from their criminal record . Clause 86 confirms the effect of a successful application would ensure the person is considered as having not committed , nor been charged , prosecuted or convicted of a homosexual act . United states ( edit ) Main article : Expungement in the United States In the United States , most states allow for expungement of criminal records , though laws vary significantly by state . The availability of expungement and the type of charge or conviction that may be expunged will depend upon the laws of the state in which the case was prosecuted . In some states , once sealed or expunged , all records of an arrest and / or subsequent court case are removed from the public record , and the individual may legally deny or fail to acknowledge ever having been arrested for or charged with any crime which has been expunged . Even after expungement , other states may maintain a public or confidential record of the charge and its disposition . Eligibility for expungement ( edit ) State expungement ( edit ) Eligibility for an expungement of an arrest , investigation , detention , or conviction record will be based on the law of the jurisdiction in which the record was made . Ordinarily , only the subject of the record may ask that the record be expunged . Often , the subject must meet a number of conditions before the request will be considered . Some jurisdictions allow expungement for the deceased . Requirements may include one or more of the following : Fulfilling a waiting period between the incident and expungement ; Having no intervening incidents ; Having no more than a specified number of prior incidents ; That the conviction be of a nature not considered to be too serious ; That all terms of the sentence be completely fulfilled ; That no proceedings be pending ; That the incident was disposed without a conviction ; and That the petitioner complete probation without any incidents . Types of convictions that are often not eligible for expungement include : Murder Felonies and first degree misdemeanors in which the victim is under 18 years of age Rape Sexual battery Corruption of a minor Sexual imposition Obscenity or pornography involving a minor Serious weapons charges Most jurisdictions have laws that allow - and in some states even require - the expungement of juvenile records once the juvenile reaches a certain age . In some cases , the records are destroyed ; sometimes they simply are `` sealed . '' The purpose of these laws is to allow a minor who was accused of criminal acts , or in the language of many juvenile courts , `` delinquent acts , '' to erase his record , typically at the age of 17 or 18 . The idea is to allow the juvenile offender to enter adulthood with a `` clean slate , '' shielding him or her from the negative effects of having a criminal record . States have taken significantly different approaches when it comes to expungement for controlled substance violations such as marijuana and hashish . Typically , only convictions of possession or possession with the intent to distribute are eligible for expungement . Factors such as the weight / amount of the particular substance , age of the offender , and the number of offenses may impact eligibility for expungement as well . For example , in New Jersey , the threshold is 25 grams for marijuana and 5 grams for hashish if the offense occurred when the offender was 21 years of age or younger . Procedures for obtaining an expungement are different in each state , but tend to follow a similar process : The petitioner verifies his or her eligibility for expungement under state law ; The petitioner prepares a petition for expungement , often using a standard petition form ; The petitioner files the petition with the court where the conviction occurred , and serves copies of the petition on other interested parties such as the prosecutor 's office ; The court holds a hearing on the petition to verify that the petitioner is eligible for expungement and that the grant of expungement is proper ; The court issues an order either granting or denying the petition . Federal expungement ( edit ) There is no post-conviction relief available in the federal system , other than a presidential pardon . Congressman Charles B. Rangel proposed the Second Chance Act in 2007 , 2009 , and 2011 , which was intended to `` ( amend ) the federal criminal code to allow an individual to file a petition for expungement of a record of conviction for a nonviolent criminal offense '' . Benefits of expungement ( edit ) In some jurisdictions , all records on file within any court , detention or correctional facility , law enforcement or criminal justice agency concerning a person 's detection , apprehension , arrest , detention , trial or disposition of an offense within the criminal justice system can be expunged . Each state sets its own guidelines for what records can be expunged , or for whether expungements are available at all . The petitioner requesting an expungement of all or part of their record will have to complete forms and instructions to submit to the appropriate authority . The petitioner may choose to hire an attorney to guide them through the process , or he / she can decide to represent themselves . This is called appearing pro se . Limits of expungement ( edit ) A criminal record can only be expunged by the jurisdiction in which it was created . The federal government can not order the expungement of state criminal records . States can not order the expungement of records from other states or jurisdictions . When applying for a state professional license or job that is considered a public office or high security ( such as security guard , law enforcement , or related to national security ) , you must often disclose that you have an expunged conviction . Failure to disclose an expunged criminal charge may result in denial of a license or denial of a security clearance by the Department of Justice . Some criminal convictions may warrant automatic denials of licensure , whether expunged or not . Firearm rights restoration ( edit ) One of the major benefits for the individual of expunging a criminal record is that there is a chance the individual may regain their right to possess a firearm . Federal laws deprive individuals with felony and domestic violence offenses of their firearm rights . Some states also have statutes depriving individuals of certain gun rights , usually for a definitive period of time . Expungement may restore gun rights in some states but will not be sufficient to restore firearms rights in others . Seeking restoration of firearm rights may requires that the petitioner specifically request restoration of those rights , or may require that the petitioner obtain a pardon that fully restores his or her civil rights . California ( edit ) Petition for expungement ( edit ) California 's expungement law permits someone convicted of a crime to file a Petition for Dismissal with the court to re-open the case , set aside the plea , and dismiss the case . In order for one to qualify for expungement , the petitioner must have completed probation , paid all fines and restitution , and not currently be charged with a crime . If the requirements are met for eligibility , a court may grant the petition if it finds that it would be in the interest of justice to do so . A successful expungement will not erase the criminal record , but rather the finding of guilt will be changed to a dismissal . The petitioner then can honestly and legally answer to a question about their criminal history , with some exceptions , that they have not been convicted of that crime . What is actually stated on the record of the case is that the case was dismissed after conviction . If the petitioner is later convicted of the same crime again , then the expungement may be reversed . Certificate of Rehabilitation ( edit ) For persons who serve sentences in the state prison system ( felons ) , they must apply to the Superior Court for a Certificate of Rehabilitation ( CR ) . The CR does not remove or expunge anything negative from the individual 's record ; however , it places something positive on it . Among other requirements , the applicant must live in California and have done so for at least 5 consecutive years prior to applying , and been law - abiding for 7 years starting from the sooner of their release from prison or court supervision . After they meet all requirements and receive a CR , certain of their rights are restored . and a request for a pardon is automatically sent to the governor . Juvenile records ( edit ) Juvenile criminal court records remain unless the individual petitions to have them sealed . This may be done when they reach their 18th birthday , even though some states provide for automatic expungement of certain juvenile records regardless of age . DUI expungement ( edit ) There is not much that can be done to remove or conceal a DUI record , but in the state of California , it can be expunged . California Penal Code 1203.4 allows most types of convictions may be expunged . To qualify , the person must have completed probation , satisfied all financial obligations , not currently be facing charges or court supervision , and not have been sentenced to prison or parole . Reduction of a felony to a misdemeanor ( edit ) In states like California , state laws allow an individual to reduce a `` wobbler '' offense from felony to misdemeanor , which will effectively restore firearm rights , provided that the individual has not been convicted of another felony or has not lost their firearm rights for another reason . See also ( edit ) Pardon Record sealing Rehabilitation Policy Martin v. Hearst Corporation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Black 's Law Dictionary , p. 582 ( 6th ed. 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Cameron Pledges Pardons for ' Outdated ' U.K. Gay - Sex Convictions '' . Bloomberg. 14 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Restoration of Rights Project '' . Collateral Consequences Resource Center . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Shah , Riya Saha ; Fine , Lauren ( 2014 ) . `` Juvenile Records - A National Review of State Laws on Confideniality , Sealing and Expungement '' ( PDF ) . Juvenile Law Center . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wu , Stella . `` NJ Rev Stat § 2C : 52 - 5 ( 2013 ) '' . Justia US Law . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron ( 24 August 2016 ) . `` How to Seal or Expunge a Criminal Record '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dietrich , Sharon ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` Why we need a federal expungement law '' . Collateral Consequences Resource Center . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Form CR - 180 Petition for Dismissal ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 10 . California Penal Code section 1203.4 Jump up ^ California Penal Code § 4852.01 - 4852.21 Jump up ^ CDCR Quick Reference Guide for CRs & Pardons Jump up ^ How to Apply for a Pardon Archived 2010 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Calif . Courts Self Help -- Juvenile records Archived 2010 - 09 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` California Penal Code Sections 1191 - 1210.5 '' . CA.gov . State of California . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://stage-ips.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/shared/DA%20Discretion%20Final%20Report.pdf Further reading ( edit ) Margaret Colgate Love , Relief From the Collateral Consequences of a Criminal Conviction : A State - By - State Resource Guide ( June 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expungement&oldid=802474548 '' Categories : Expungement Criminal procedure Criminal records Legal terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2013 Pages in non-existent country centric categories All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Polski Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 11 : 13 . About Wikipedia

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where do i go from here paul williams

Where Do I Go from Here

where do i go from here

Where Do I Go from Here or Where Do I Go from Here ? may refer to :

Where Do I Go from Here ( The Supremes song ) , 1975 , The Supremes song . Where Do I Go from Here ( England Dan & John Ford Coley song ) , 1977 , England Dan & John Ford Coley song , also covered by Barry Manilow and The Carpenters . Where Do I Go from Here ( Paul Williams song ) , 1972 song for Paul Williams 's album `` Life Goes On '' ( ending title of `` Thunderbolt and Lightfoot '' 1973 ) also covered by Elvis Presley 's 1973 album Elvis ( Where Do I Go from Here ? ) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Where Do I Go from Here . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Do_I_Go_from_Here&oldid=733964157 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2016 , at 07 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when a female animal displays flehmen she is likely doing this because

Flehmen response

flehmen response

The flehmen response ( / ˈfleɪmən / ; German : ( ˈfleːmən ) ) , also called the flehmen position , flehmen reaction , flehming , or flehmening , is a behavior in which an animal curls back its upper lip exposing its front teeth , inhales with the nostrils usually closed , and then often holds this position for several seconds . It may be performed over a site or substance of particular interest to the animal or may be performed with the neck stretched and the head held high in the air .

Flehmen is performed by a wide range of mammals including ungulates and felids . The behavior facilitates the transfer of pheromones and other scents into the vomeronasal organ ( VNO , or Jacobson 's organ ) located above the roof of the mouth via a duct which exits just behind the front teeth of the animal . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Description 3 Function 3.1 Intraspecific communication 3.2 Interspecific communication 4 Physiology 4.1 Chemical cues 5 Mammals exhibiting flehmen 6 Similar responses 7 References 8 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) Flehmen response in the Sumatran tiger The word originates from the German verb flehmen , to bare the upper teeth . It comes from the Upper Saxon German flemmen , `` to look spiteful '' . The word was introduced by Karl Max Schneider , director of the Leipzig zoo and an authority on big cats in captivity . Description ( edit ) An animal may perform the flehmen response when investigating sites of particular interest , or perhaps ( more generally ) odors or tastes . This response is characterised by the animal curling back its top lip exposing the front teeth and gums , then inhaling and holding the posture for several seconds . The behavior may be performed over particular locations , in which case the animal may also lick the site of interest , or may perform the flehmen with the neck stretched and head held high in the air for a more general gustatory or taste - related investigation . The flehmen response often gives the appearance that the animal is grimacing , smirking or laughing . Function ( edit ) Intraspecific communication ( edit ) The main reason for , or function of flehmen is intraspecific , or within - species communication . By transferring air containing pheromones and other scents to the vomeronasal organ ( VNO ) , an olfactory - chemosensory organ located between the roof of the mouth and the palate , animals can gather chemical `` messages '' . These scents tell an animal about other members of their species in some of the following ways : Identifying reproductive status - male individuals commonly use the flehmen response as an olfactory mechanism for identifying the reproductive state of females of the same species based on pheromones in the female 's urine or genitals . This is exhibited in the reproductive behavior of sheep . The ram often exhibits flehmen after sniffing the ewes ' external genital region , but this occurs most frequently on the day before estrus when the ewes are sexually receptive . Reproductive synchrony - flehmen behavior also plays a role in reproductive synchrony between females . In the sable antelope , the frequency of flehmen changed seasonally , with the highest levels just prior to conception . Female antelopes associate closely with other females in the same reproductive state . Flehmen rates between females anticipated birth synchrony . Additionally , the level of synchrony was predicted by the frequency of female urine sampling during the previous year . Flehmen is a mechanism used by female sable antelopes to manipulate the timing of both conception and birth of offspring . In the American bison , flehmen behavior in females has also been shown to stimulate the onset of estrus and copulation synchronization . Flehmen response in a New Forest pony Post-parturition - In horses , mares commonly show a peak in flehmen response during the first few hours after giving birth . Smelling the newborn foal and the amniotic fluids associated with birth often produces the reaction . Immature animals - in young horses , both colts ( males ) and fillies ( females ) exhibit flehmen behavior towards other conspecifics with neither sex performing the behavior more than the other . However , it has been reported that young colts flehmen up to five times more frequently than fillies , and fillies flehmen more frequently than mature mares . Young elephants also have a flehmen response to stimulants . The VNO of newborn elephants displays a structural maturity similar to adults , which supports the conclusion that flehmen at only six weeks of age is used to deliver chemical pheromones to a functional VNO . Interspecific communication ( edit ) The flehmen response is not limited to intraspecific communication . Goats have been tested for their flehmen response to urine from 20 different species , including several non-mammalian species . This study suggests there is a common element in the urine of all animals , an interspecific pheromone , which elicits flehmen behavior . Specifically , chemical pheromone levels of a modified form of androgen , a sex hormone , were associated with the response in goats . Physiology ( edit ) The flehmen response draws air into the VNO or Jacobson 's organ , an auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals . It was discovered by Frederik Ruysch and described later by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813 . This organ plays a role in the perception of certain scents and pheromones . The vomeronasal organ is named for its closeness to the vomer and nasal bones , and is particularly well developed in animals such as cats and horses . The VNO is found at the base of the nasal cavity . It is encompassed inside a bony or cartilaginous capsule which opens into the base of the nasal cavity . Animals that exhibit flehmen have a papilla located behind the incisors and ducts which connect the oral cavity to the VNO with horses being an exception . Horses exhibit flehmen but do not have an incisive duct communication between the nasal and oral cavity because they do not breathe through their mouths ; instead , the VNOs connect to the nasal passages by the nasopalatine duct . Chemical cues ( edit ) The chemical cue obtained by an animal exhibiting the flehmen response is the presence of a non-volatile organic compound . In contrast to volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) , non-volatile organic compounds are those carbon compounds that do not participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions or evaporate under normal atmospheric conditions . The VNO detects non-VOCs , which must have direct contact with the odor source . Sources of non-VOCs relevant to the flehmen response include pheromones and hormones excreted from the genital regions or urine of animals . Mammals exhibiting flehmen ( edit ) A wide range of mammals exhibit flehmen including both predatory and non-predatory species . The response is perhaps most easily observed in domestic cats and horses ; both exhibit a strong flehmen response to odors . Stallions usually smell the urine of mares in estrus whereas the male giraffe 's flehmen response includes actually tasting the female 's urine . Elephants perform a flehmen response but also transfer chemosensory stimuli to the vomeronasal opening in the roof of their mouths using the prehensile structure , sometimes called a `` finger '' , at the tips of their trunks . Other animals which exhibit the flehmen response include buffalo , tigers , tapirs , lions , giraffes , goats , llamas , kobs , hedgehogs , rhinoceros , giant pandas , and hippopotami . Flehmen response in a tapir Flehmen response in an elk Flehmen response in a goat Flehmen response in a zebra Similar responses ( edit ) A grimace similar to the flehmen response may also be seen in association with pain . In horses , it is often associated with low - grade abdominal pain . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` flehmen '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hart , Benjamin L ( 1983 ) . `` Flehmen Behavior and Vomeronasal Organ Function '' . In Müller - Schwarze , Dietland ; Silverstein , Robert M. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 3 . Springer . p. 87 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4757 - 9652 - 0_5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4757 - 9654 - 4 . Jump up ^ Crowell - Davis , Sharon ; Houpt , Katherine A ( 1985 ) . `` The ontogeny of flehmen in horses '' . Animal Behaviour. 33 ( 3 ) : 739 . doi : 10.1016 / S0003 - 3472 ( 85 ) 80005 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bland , K.P. ; Jubilan , B.M. `` Correlation of flehmen by male sheep with female behavior and oestrus '' . 1987 . Animal Behavior 35 ( 3 ) : 735 -- 8 Jump up ^ Thompson , K.V. `` Flehmen and birth synchrony among female sable antelope , Hippotragus - niger '' . 1995 . Animal Behavior 50 : 475 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Wolff , J.O. Breeding strategies , mate choice , and reproductive success in American bison `` . 1998 . Oikos 83 ( 3 ) : 529 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flehmen : ' What 's My Horse Doing with His Lip ? ' '' ( PDF ) . Kentucky Equine Research , Inc . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weeks , J.W. ; Cromwell - Davis , S.L. ; Heusner , G. `` Preliminary study of the development of the Flehmen response in Equus caballus. 2002 . Applied Animal Behavior Science 78 ( 2 ) : 329 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Johnson , E.W. ; Rasmussen , L. `` Morphological characteristics of the vomeronasal organ of the newborn Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ) '' . 2002 . Anatomical Record 267 ( 3 ) : 252 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Sasada , H. ; Kanomata , K. ; Fukuoka , T. `` Flehmen induction with goats by the urine of twenty animal species '' . 1988 . 11th International Congress on Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination , University College Dublin , Irelend , June 26 -- 30 , 1988 . Volume 4 . Brief Communications . Jump up ^ Jacobson , L. ( 1813 ) . `` Anatomisk Beskrivelse over et nyt Organ i Huusdyrenes Næse '' . Veterinær = Selskapets Skrifter ( in Danish ) 2,209 -- 246 . Jump up ^ `` The Vomeronasal Organ '' . fsu.edu . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Karen ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Equine Sense of Smell '' . The Horse . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Volatile Organic Compounds ( VOCs ) : Technical Overview . United States Environmental Protection Agency . http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc2.html#2 . Updated April 10 , 2012 . Accessed May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flehmening in cats '' . Catsguru.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to the social system of giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) '' . August 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Verne A. Simon , `` Adaptations in the Animal Kingdom '' , Xlibris Corp. ( 2010 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` Plains Bison Flehmen '' . Alaskan Alpine Treks.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Enrichment - SCENT '' . Minnesota Zoo . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's `` flehmen '' at you ! `` . The Tapir Preservation Fund . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lion Flehmen Display '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Caring for pygmy goats '' . Henry and Joey : Pet Pygmy Goats . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Llama body language '' . The Llama Question and Answer Page . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan White - Eared Kob Animal Profile '' . Great Migrations - National Geographic Channel . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anointing and the flehmen response '' . Peerless Pinto Hedgehogs . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis ) '' . Wildscreen Arkive . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis ) '' . Wildscreen Arkive . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swaisgood , R.R. ; Lindburg , D.G. ; White , A.M. ; Hemin , Z. ; Xiaoping , Z . `` Chemical Communication in Giant Pandas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zapico , Thomas A. , `` First Documentation of Flehmen in a Common Hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibius ) . '' Zoo Biology , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Facial Expression '' . The Royal ( Dick ) School of Veterinary Studies at The University of Edinburgh . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flehmen response . Swaisgood , Ronald R. ; Lindburg , Donald G. ; Xiaoping Zhou ; Owen , Megan A. ( August 2000 ) . `` The effects of sex , reproductive condition and context on discrimination of conspecific odors by giant pandas '' . Anim . Behav. 60 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 237 . doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 2000.1464 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flehmen_response&oldid=865687311 '' Categories : Olfactory system Ethology Hidden categories : All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 14 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when did oops i did it again come out

`` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' Single by Britney Spears from the album Oops ! ... I Did It Again B - side `` Deep in My Heart '' Released March 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 27 ) Format Cassette single CD single 12 '' Recorded November 1999 Cheiron Studios ( Stockholm ) Battery Studios ( New York ) Genre Teen pop dance - pop Length 3 : 31 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Max Martin Rami Producer ( s ) Max Martin Rami Britney Spears singles chronology `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( 2000 ) `` Lucky '' ( 2000 ) `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( 2000 ) `` Lucky '' ( 2000 ) Music video `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' on YouTube

March 27 , 2000

Oops ! ... I Did It Again ( song )

oops!... i did it again ( song )

`` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' is a song by American singer Britney Spears , from her second album of the same name . It was released on March 27 , 2000 , by Jive Records as the lead single from the album . The song was written and produced by Max Martin and Rami Yacoub . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' is a song that lyrically speaks of a female who views love as a game , and she decides to use that to her advantage by playing with her lover 's emotions . Its bridge features a dialogue which references the blockbuster film Titanic ( 1997 ) .

Upon its release , `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' received positive reviews from music critics , who noted similarities to her debut single `` ... Baby One More Time '' . It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance during the 2001 ceremony . Commercially , the track peaked at number nine on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . It went to the top of more than 15 countries , and remains one of the best - selling singles of all time , with over 4 million copies sold . An accompanying music video was directed by Nigel Dick . It depicts Spears on Mars , where she addresses an astronaut who has fallen in love with her . She is dressed in a red catsuit . It went on to receive three nominations at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards . Spears has performed the track during her Oops ! ... I Did It Again Tour , Dream Within a Dream Tour , The Onyx Hotel Tour and Britney : Piece of Me . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Cover versions and usage in media 7 Track listings and formats 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References Background and composition ( edit ) `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' A 22 - second sample of `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' by Britney Spears , in which she sings about playing with her lover 's emotions and claims `` I 'm not that innocent '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After attaining huge success with her debut album ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) and its singles `` ... Baby One More Time '' , `` Sometimes '' , `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' , `` Born to Make You Happy '' , and `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' , Spears recorded much of her follow - up record Oops ! ... I Did It Again ( 2000 ) in November 1999 at the Cheiron Studios in Stockholm , Sweden . Its title track was written and produced by Max Martin and Rami Yacoub , while background vocals were provided by Martin and Nana Hedin . The track was released on March 27 , 2000 , by JIVE Records as the lead single from the record . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' is a song that lasts for a duration of three minutes and thirty seconds . It is composed in the key of C ♯ minor and is set in time signature of common time , with a moderate tempo of 94 beats per minute . The song has a basic sequence of C ♯ m -- A-G ♯ as its chord progression , and features a vocal range spanning from C ♯ to C ♯ . Lyrically , the track discusses a female who toys with her lover 's emotions , who mistakes Spears ' flirtatiousness with a serious romantic interest . During its bridge , Spears delivers a spoken - word dialogue that references the blockbuster film Titanic ( 1997 ) . Critical reception ( edit ) Upon its release , `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' received generally favorable reviews from music critics . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , David Browne called it `` ludicrously derivative '' of Spears ' debut single `` ... Baby One More Time '' , and commented that it `` amounts to nothing so much as a jailbait manifesto '' . Lennat Mak of the Asian division of MTV complimented the song as `` a perfect 10 on the `` wow '' scale , with the wacky `` Jack - Rose '' dialogue `` , referencing the Titanic spoken lyrics . A reviewer from NME compared the structure of the recording to 1980s - style riffs of Michael Jackson and further described the track as a `` harder , carbon copy '' of `` ... Baby One More Time '' that is `` easily as good as her breakthrough single '' . Robert Christgau recognized `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' and Spears ' rendition of `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' as his `` choice cuts '' from the parent album , Writing for Rolling Stone , Rob Sheffield compared the track musically to Barbra Streisand 's `` Woman in Love '' and lyrically to The Smiths ' `` I Started Something I Could n't Finish '' , and complimented it for being `` terrific '' and displaying `` a violently ambivalent sexual confusion her audience can relate to '' . Andy Battaglia of Salon described the track as a `` sweetly sadistic companion piece to the masochism lite lurking beneath her debut ' ... Baby One More Time ' '' . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2001 ceremony , but lost to `` I Try '' by Macy Gray . The track was additionally nominated for the Favorite Song at the 2001 Kids ' Choice Awards broadcast on Nickelodeon , but lost to `` Who Let the Dogs Out ? '' by the Baha Men . Chart performance ( edit ) Spears performing `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' at Dream Within a Dream Tour . In the United States , `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 . It additionally peaked at numbers 1 and 27 on the Billboard Pop Songs and Adult Pop Songs component charts . In Canada , the track topped the Canadian Hot 100 for six weeks . It topped the singles charts in both Australia and New Zealand , and was certified platinum in the former country for reaching sales of 70,000 copies . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' enjoyed success throughout Europe , and peaked atop the European Hot 100 Singles chart . It also peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart , and was certified Gold for exceeding sales of 400,000 copies . As of June 2015 , the song has sold 476,000 copies in the country . The song reached number two in Austria , where it was additionally recognized with platinum certification for sales of 15,000 units . It respectively peaked at numbers one and three on the Wallonia and Flanders charts in Belgium , and also respectively reached numbers one and two in Denmark and Finland . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' reached number four in France , and number two in both Germany and Ireland . In Germany , the single additionally received a gold certification , signifying sales of 250,000 units . It additionally topped singles charts in Italy , the Netherlands , Norway , Spain , Sweden , and Switzerland . The song was awarded gold certifications in the Netherlands and Switzerland , respectively marking sales of 40,000 and 15,000 copies , and attained platinum certification in Sweden for reaching sales of 20,000 units . Music video ( edit ) Spears dances around wearing a red jumpsuit while surrounded by dancers in futuristic outfits during the music video . An accompanying music video for `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' was directed by Nigel Dick and was filmed on March 17 -- 18 , 2000 in Universal City , California . During its production , Spears was struck in the head by a falling camera and began bleeding . Spears ' mother Lynne ( who was present ) suggested that she might have suffered from a concussion , though she received four stitches and continued work after resting for four hours . Spears created the concept for the clip , commenting that `` ( she wanted ) to be on Mars , dancing on Mars '' and `` ( wanted ) to be in a red jumpsuit '' . The final product premiered on April 10 , 2000 , on an episode of MTV 's Making the Video . The music video begins with a brief scene of an astronaut on Mars uncovering a stone slate featuring the cover of the album Oops ! ... I Did It Again . A scientist back on Earth sees it through a video transmitter and says , `` Cute . What is it ? '' As the astronaut replies , `` Oh , it 's cute alright . It could n't be ... '' , the ground begins to shake as a large stage rises from the ground . Spears then descends from a platform onto a stage in a red catsuit as the track begins to play . As she continues to sing and dance , she suspends the astronaut mid-air above her . Interspersed throughout the video are scenes of Spears wearing a short white top and skirt , lying barefoot on a white web pad with dancers on the ground around her . During its bridge , Spears does a flip in the air to where the astronaut is and appears in a white jacket , short black leather skirt , and leather boots . As a symbol of his love for her , the astronaut gifts Spears with the Heart of the Ocean , the blue diamond from the blockbuster film Titanic ( 1997 ) . She questions that she `` thought the old lady ( Rose ) dropped it into the ocean in the end '' , to which he responds , `` Well , baby , I went down and got it for you '' . Spears comments `` Oh , you should n't have '' and walks away , the astronaut shrugs and leaves . The video concludes as Spears and her performers continue to dance . At the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards , the music video for `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' was nominated for the Best Female Video , Best Dance Video , the Best Pop Video , and the Viewer 's Choice . However , she lost in each of the four categories . Live performances ( edit ) Spears ( left ) and her dancers during The Onyx Hotel Tour , 2004 . The first performance of `` Oops I Did It Again '' was on March 8 , 2000 , during the Crazy 2k Tour in Pensacola , Florida . In May 2000 , Spears performed `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' during several television performances , including All That , The Rosie O'Donnell Show , Saturday Night Live , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Total Request Live , and the two - hour concert special Britney Live . The following month , she appeared in an additional television special , titled Britney Spears in Hawaii . In collaboration with McDonald 's , Spears and ' N Sync filmed a commercial for the fast food chain , where they lip - synced to `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' and `` Bye Bye Bye '' , respectively . On September 7 , Spears performed `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' and her rendition of `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' by The Rolling Stones at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards , where she notably tore off her black suit to unveil a more provocative , flesh - colored piece . Entertainment Weekly included the performance on its end - of - the - decade `` best - of '' list , describing `` the pre-breakdown pop tart , then just 19 years old , writhing and shaking her moneymaker in nude - colored rhinestone spandex '' to be `` pure kitsch bliss '' . Spears has performed `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' on three of her eight concert tours . She premiered the song on the Crazy 2k Tour and later included the track as the encore to her Oops ! ... I Did It Again Tour in 2000 , where it was performed with special effects involving fire . In 2002 , it was featured as the opening to her Dream Within a Dream Tour in 2002 . In 2004 , Spears sang `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' during The Onyx Hotel Tour , held in support of her fourth studio album In the Zone . The track was reworked with `` ... Baby One More Time '' as a jazz - style performance . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' would not be performed by Spears for nine years until it was included on the setlist of her Las Vegas residency show Britney : Piece of Me at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino . Cover versions and usage in Media ( edit ) Since its release , `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' has been covered on numerous occasions . In 2001 , German singer Max Raabe recorded a cabaret version of the song with Palast Orchester for their album Super Hits . Finnish melodic death metal band Children of Bodom also recorded a cover of the song for their album Skeletons in the Closet ( 2009 ) , while Rochelle released three eurodance hi - NRG renditions of the track . Richard Thompson covered the song on his album 1000 Years of Popular Music ( 2006 ) , and in addition included a medieval - style version titled `` Marry , Ageyn Hic Hev Donne Yt '' . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' has been featured on several television series . In 2004 , it was included on the soundtrack for the sitcom Will & Grace . Irish pop rap duo Jedward performed the song live during the sixth series of the British version of The X Factor in 2009 . During the episode `` Britney / Brittany '' for Glee in 2010 , Brittany Pierce ( portrayed by Heather Morris ) mimicked Spears as she danced in a red catsuit while performing her later single `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' . The song itself was later performed by Rachel Berry ( portrayed by Lea Michele ) during the episode `` Britney 2.0 '' in 2012 . While of tour with her band The Scene , Selena Gomez covered `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' during their We Own the Night Tour in 2011 . In February , 2013 , the song was used as a `` lip sync for your life '' on Season 5 , episode 4 of RuPaul 's Drag Race ; resulting in a double - elimination of Drag Race contestants Honey Mahogany and Vivienne Pinay . Cover versions of the song appear on the video games Dance Dance Revolution Extreme 2 ( 2005 ) , Karaoke Revolution Volume 3 ( 2004 ) , and Just Dance 4 ( 2012 ) , while Spears ' original version is included on Singstar as DLC and her own video game Britney 's Dance Beat . In 2005 , the comedy website Super Master Piece released parody version of `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' titled `` Oops I Did It Again ! : The Original '' , which they jokingly labeled as the original recording by Louis Armstrong on April 1932 in Chicago , Illinois ; their version was actually recorded by Shek Baker . The track has also been parodied under the title `` Oops ! I Farted Again '' by producer Bob Rivers . In 2013 , it was reported that `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' and `` ... Baby One More Time '' have been used by the British Navy to scare off pirates near Somalia . The song was featured in Fox animated series The Simpsons episode `` Dude , Where 's My Ranch ? '' . Track listings and formats ( edit ) European CD single `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Deep in My Heart '' -- 3 : 34 European , Australian and Japanese CD maxi single `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 29 `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( Ospina 's Millennium Funk Mix ) -- 3 : 29 `` Deep in My Heart '' -- 3 : 34 UK CD maxi single `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Deep in My Heart '' -- 3 : 34 `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( Ospina 's Millennium Funk Mix ) -- 3 : 29 UK cassette single `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 29 `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( Ospina 's Millennium Funk Mix ) -- 3 : 29 CD maxi single -- Remixes `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Rodney Jerkins Remix ) -- 3 : 07 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Crossover Mix ) -- 3 : 15 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Riprock ' n ' Alex G. Oops ! We Remixed Again ! ) ( Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 54 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Deep Club Mix ) -- 6 : 05 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Riprock ' n ' Alex G. Oops ! We Remixed Again ! ) ( Club Mix ) -- 4 : 52 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Instrumental Dub ) -- 6 : 05 12 '' vinyl `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Rodney Jerkins Remix ) -- 3 : 07 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Music Breakdown Mix ) -- 3 : 16 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Crossover Mix ) -- 3 : 15 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Jack D. Elliot Club Mix ) -- 6 : 24 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Riprock ' n ' Alex G. Oops ! We Remixed Again ! ) -- 4 : 52 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Deep Edit ) -- 3 : 24 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Oops ! ... I Did It Again . Britney Spears -- lead vocals , background vocals Max Martin -- songwriting , producer , mixing , programming , keyboard , background vocals Rami Yacoub -- songwriting , producer , mix engineer , programming , keyboard John Amatiello -- pro tools engineer Esbjörn Öhrwall -- guitar Johan Carlberg -- guitar Thomas Lindberg -- bass guitar Nana Hedin -- background vocals Chatrin Nyström -- crowd noise Jeanette Stenhammar -- crowd noise Johanna Stenhammar -- crowd noise Charlotte Björkman -- crowd noise Therese Ancker -- crowd noise Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( ABPD ) 7 Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 27 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) 35 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 31 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 15 Italy ( FIMI ) 34 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Taiwan ( Hito Radio ) 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 55 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 40,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 476,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone 2000s portal Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States March 27 , 2000 Mainstream radio JIVE Austria April 25 , 2000 CD single Bertelsmann Germany Switzerland United Kingdom May 1 , 2000 Austria June 14 , 2000 CD single ( Remixes ) Germany Switzerland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears - ... 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If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Britney on tour and closer to Prince William '' . canoe.ca . Jump up ^ `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again : Amazon.de : Musik '' . amazon.de . Jump up ^ `` Oops ! I Did It Again : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again - Remixes : Amazon.de : Musik '' . amazon.de . ( hide ) Britney Spears songs Discography ... Baby One More Time `` ... Baby One More Time '' `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' `` Sometimes '' `` Born to Make You Happy '' `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' `` The Beat Goes On '' Oops ! ... I Did It Again `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' `` Stronger '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' `` Do n't Let Me Be the Last to Know '' `` Lucky '' `` You Got It All '' Britney `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' `` Overprotected '' `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Anticipating '' `` Boys '' In the Zone `` Me Against the Music '' `` Toxic '' `` Outrageous '' `` Everytime '' Greatest Hits : My Prerogative `` My Prerogative '' `` ( I 've Just Begun ) Having My Fun '' `` Do Somethin ' '' Blackout `` Gimme More '' `` Piece of Me '' `` Radar '' `` Break the Ice '' Circus `` Womanizer '' `` Circus '' `` Out from Under '' `` Kill the Lights '' `` Shattered Glass '' `` If U Seek Amy '' `` Unusual You '' `` Mmm Papi '' `` Radar '' The Singles Collection `` 3 '' Femme Fatale `` Till the World Ends '' `` Hold It Against Me '' `` Inside Out '' `` I Wanna Go '' `` ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful '' `` Big Fat Bass '' `` Criminal '' Britney Jean `` Alien '' `` Work Bitch '' `` Perfume '' `` Passenger '' Glory `` Make Me ... '' `` Private Show '' `` Clumsy '' `` Do You Wanna Come Over ? 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are there any original members of the little river band

Little River Band have undergone numerous personnel changes , with over 30 members since their formation . None of the musicians now performing as Little River Band are original members , nor did they contribute to the success the band had in the 1970s . In the 1980s , members included John Farnham , David Hirschfelder , Stephen Housden , Wayne Nelson and Steve Prestwich . Currently the line - up is Nelson with Rich Herring , Greg Hind , Chris Marion and Ryan Ricks . Two former members have died , Barry Sullivan in October 2003 ( aged 57 ) and Steve Prestwich in January 2011 ( aged 56 ) .

Little River Band

little river band

Little River Band ( LRB ) are a rock band originally formed in Melbourne , Australia , in March 1975 . The band achieved commercial success in both Australia and the United States . They have sold more than 30 million records ; six studio albums reached the top 10 on the Australian Kent Music Report albums chart including Diamantina Cocktail ( April 1977 ) and First Under the Wire ( July 1979 ) , which both peaked at No. 2 . Nine singles appeared in the top 20 on the related singles chart , with `` Help Is on Its Way '' ( 1977 ) as their only number - one hit . Ten singles reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 with `` Reminiscing '' their highest , peaking at No. 3 . Only First Under the Wire appeared in the top 10 albums on the Billboard 200 .

Early members were Beeb Birtles , Ric Formosa , Graeham Goble , Roger McLachlan , Derek Pellicci and Glenn Shorrock . Most of the group 's 1970s and 1980s material was written by Goble and / or Shorrock , Birtles and David Briggs ( who replaced Formosa ) . Little River Band have received many music awards in Australia . In May 2001 the Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) , as part of its 75th anniversary celebrations , named `` Cool Change '' , written by Shorrock , as one of the Top 30 Australian songs of all time . The 1976 line - up of Birtles , Briggs , Goble , Pellicci , Shorrock and George McArdle ( who replaced McLachlan ) , were inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) Hall of Fame at the 18th Annual ARIA Music Awards of 2004 . Little River Band have undergone numerous personnel changes , with over 30 members since their formation . None of the musicians now performing as Little River Band are original members , nor did they contribute to the success the band had in the 1970s . In the 1980s , members included John Farnham , David Hirschfelder , Stephen Housden , Wayne Nelson and Steve Prestwich . Currently the line - up is Nelson with Rich Herring , Greg Hind , Chris Marion and Ryan Ricks . Two former members have died , Barry Sullivan in October 2003 ( aged 57 ) and Steve Prestwich in January 2011 ( aged 56 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1975 -- 76 : Early years 1.2 1976 -- 82 : Success and changes of personnel 1.3 1982 -- 87 : John Farnham years 1.4 1987 -- 98 : Shorrock 's return 1.5 1998 -- present : Recent years 2 Legacy 3 Discography 3.1 Top 20 U.S. singles 4 Personnel 4.1 Current members 4.2 Former members 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 APRA Awards 5.2 ARIA Awards 5.3 Australian Rock Music Awards 5.4 Grammy Awards 5.5 TV Week King of Pop Awards 5.6 TV Week / Countdown Music Awards 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) 1975 -- 76 : early years ( edit ) Little River Band was formed in March 1975 in Melbourne as a harmony rock group with Glenn Shorrock on lead vocals , Beeb Birtles on guitar and vocals , Graeham Goble on guitar and vocals , Derek Pellicci on drums and session players Graham Davidge on lead guitar and Dave Orams on bass guitar . Upon formation they were an Australian super group , with Birtles , Goble , Pellicci and Shorrock each from prominent local bands . Birtles had been the bass guitarist in the 1960s pop - rock band Zoot ( which launched the career of singer - guitarist Rick Springfield ) . Goble had led Adelaide - formed folk rock group Allison Gros before forming the harmony country rock band Mississippi ( joined by Birtles and Pellicci ) which had chart success in Australia and built up a strong following on the concert and festival circuit . During 1971 -- 72 the original members of Mississippi also recorded as a studio band under the pseudonym Drummond . They achieved a number - one hit , for eight consecutive weeks , on the Go - Set National Top 40 with a novelty cover version of the Rays ' song `` Daddy Cool '' . Shorrock had been the lead singer of a 1960s pop band , the Twilights , and an early 1970s country rock group , Axiom ( alongside singer - songwriter Brian Cadd ) . Both Axiom and Mississippi had tried to break into the United Kingdom record market without success . Axiom disbanded after moving to the UK , and Shorrock sang for a short period with a more progressive rock outfit , Esperanto . In 1974 Birtles , Goble , Pellicci and Shorrock met in London with Glenn Wheatley ( ex-The Masters Apprentices ) . With Wheatley as manager , they agreed to reconvene in Melbourne in early 1975 . Due to the indifferent reception they had each received in the UK , they decided their new band would establish itself in the United States . Wheatley 's first - hand experiences of the rip - offs in the 1960s music scene , combined with his experience working in music management in the UK and the US in the early 1970s , allowed him to help the Little River Band become the first Australian group to enjoy consistent commercial and chart success in the US . After their return to Australia , the members began rehearsing in February 1975 , still using the name of Mississippi . In Wheatley 's autobiography , Paper Paradise ( 1999 ) , he described how they obtained their name : `` It was now time to get out of the rehearsal room and play to a live audience -- somewhere without any fanfare , somewhere out of the way . I booked the Golfview Hotel in Geelong for the Saturday night of 1 March 1975 . While travelling to the venue down the Geelong Road from Melbourne , we passed the turn - off for Little River . From the back of the truck , Glenn Shorrock shouted , ' What about the Little River Band ' ? And so , that night the Golfview Hotel witnessed the first performance of the Little River Band , albeit advertised on the marquee as Mississippi . '' On 20 March 1975 they played their first official gig under their new name at Martini 's Hotel in Carlton . They played a return gig at the Golfview Hotel five days later . Little River Band had recorded their first track , a cover version of the Everly Brothers ' song `` When Will I Be Loved '' in February 1975 , at Armstrong Studios , but Linda Ronstadt 's version appeared in March 1975 -- so LRB did not release theirs . Before the group began playing concerts , Graham Davidge was replaced by Ric Formosa on guitar , and Dave Orams by Roger McLachlan on bass guitar and backing vocals . In May 1975 they signed with EMI Records and started recording their debut self - titled album ( November 1975 ) at Armstrong Studios in June . The album was co-produced by Birtles , Goble , Shorrock and Wheatley . Tony Catterall of The Canberra Times described it as `` one of those flawed creations that inevitably draws a more - in - sorrow - than - in - anger response . '' Little River Band peaked at No. 17 on the Kent Music Report Albums Chart . Their debut single , `` Curiosity ( Killed the Cat ) '' , had appeared in September , reaching No. 15 on the related Kent Music Report Singles Chart . Two more singles followed , `` Emma '' ( January 1976 ) and `` It 's a Long Way There '' ( November 1976 ) . Wheatley had travelled to Los Angeles in December 1975 and touted the group to various record companies until Rupert Perry of Capitol Records signed them on Christmas Eve . Little River Band issued their second album , After Hours , in May 1976 on EMI . It was produced by the band but was not issued in the US until 1980 and then first as a CD in 1997 on One Way Records , with three bonus tracks . After Hours peaked at No. 5 and provided the single `` Everyday of My Life '' , in May , which reached the top 30 . 1976 -- 82 : success and changes of personnel ( edit ) During August 1976 , both Formosa and McLachlan were replaced : David Briggs joined on guitar ( ex-Cycle , The Avengers , Ram Band ) and George McArdle on bass guitar ( also ex-Ram Band ) . Formosa ( according to Wheatley 's aforementioned book ) not enthusiastic about touring outside of Australia , left the group to pursue other musical interests , working as a session musician and as a composer and arranger . And at the same time , the group decided to also replace bassist Roger McLachlan , who also became a sessions player and subsequently joined the Australian country rock group Stars Formosa remained in touch with LRB : he conducted and wrote string parts for several tracks on subsequent albums . Encouraged by their Australian success , the band undertook their first international tour . They flew to the UK on 17 September 1976 to play a show in London 's Hyde Park supporting Queen . They then opened shows in the rest of Europe for the Hollies during September and October . Birtles advised fellow Australian bands that `` It 's so much easier when you have a product to sell ... And the money you make on the club circuit in Australia while establishing yourself is better than anything you can make in Britain , where there is so much competition . '' In October 1976 they performed their first US concert , at James Madison University ( then called Madison College ) in Harrisonburg , Virginia , as the opening act for Average White Band . Due to their US appearances and support from FM stations , `` It 's a Long Way There '' reached No. 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 . This galvanised the commitment of the band members to tackle the US record market . Little River Band performing in 1977 ( left to right ) : David Briggs , George McArdle , Glenn Shorrock , Derek Pellicci , Beeb Birtles and Graeham Goble Little River Band 's second album , After Hours , was passed over in the US by Capitol . The label selected tracks from it and from their third Australian one , Diamantina Cocktail ( April 1977 ) , to create Capitol 's second US album , also titled Diamantina Cocktail ( June 1977 ) . The Australian version was co-produced by the group with John Boylan -- who stayed on to co-produce their next two studio albums . During the recording there were `` frictions and competition between the band members '' such that Birtles , Goble and Shorrock each `` recorded separately in the studio ... as much as possible . '' The Canberra Times ' Julie Meldrum caught their performance in May 1977 , which `` moved along at a rapid pace and slowed down only once with a few laid - back tracks towards the middle of the set '' and they were `` tightly disciplined musicians . All the instruments were played clearly and it was obvious that collectively or individually there was nothing that was not world class . '' Meldrum also reviewed the album , which had `` no references to Australia and it is obvious that the band is trying to ensconce itself in the Los Angeles scene ... ( its ) most dominating influences are David Crosby and Graham Nash , and Little Feat . '' Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic felt the US release was `` laidback , sweet country - rock , the album has a similar sound to the band 's debut , but the melodies are a little sharper and catchier , making the album a better , more fully - rounded collection . '' In Australia Diamantina Cocktail became their highest charting album , peaking at No. 2 ; the US version reached the top 50 on the Billboard 200 . In January 1978 it was certified gold by RIAA for sales of 500,000 copies ; and they were the first Australian band to do so . The lead single , `` Help Is on Its Way '' reached No. 1 in Australia . Both it and the fourth single , `` Happy Anniversary '' , peaked in the top 20 on the US Hot 100 . During 1977 the group toured consistently , mostly in the US , headlining in smaller venues , and appearing in stadiums on larger multi-billed shows supporting The Doobie Brothers , Supertramp and America . In August 1977 they co-headlined day two of the Reading Music Festival alongside Thin Lizzy . In November Little River Band supported Fleetwood Mac and Santana at the Rockarena concerts in Sydney and Melbourne . Their fourth studio album , Sleeper Catcher ( May 1978 ) , peaked at No. 4 in Australia and No. 16 in the US . By May in the following year it was certified platinum by RIAA for sales of 1,000,000 copies , and was the first Australian recorded album to achieve that feat . AllMusic 's Mike DeGagne praised Shorrock 's vocals , which give the album `` the perfect MOR sound , draping the tracks with his cool , breezy style that is much more apparent and effectual here than on the band 's earlier efforts . '' Sleeper Catcher provided four singles with `` Shut Down Turn Off '' ( April 1978 ) their highest charting in Australia at No. 16 , however in the US the highest charting was `` Reminiscing '' ( June 1978 ) , which peaked at No. 3 . The album 's last single , `` Lady '' ( December 1978 ) , reached No. 10 in the US in early 1979 . After Pellicci was hospitalised in May 1978 due to severe burns from an exploding gas grill cylinder , Geoff Cox ( ex-Brian Cadd , Bootleg Family Band , Avalanche ) substituted on drums , rather than the group cancelling shows for their next US tour . On that tour they supported Boz Scaggs , Jimmy Buffett and the Eagles . Cox remained with the group through mid-1978 and played alongside Pellicci , after the latter joined the tour at a show supporting the Eagles at C.N.E. Stadium in Toronto on 6 August 1978 , until he was healed enough to continue on his own . Mal Logan ( ex-the Dingoes , Renée Geyer Band ) joined on keyboards for another US tour which began in late December 1978 . Logan stayed on as their touring keyboardist through the end of 1981 . By February 1978 `` frictions inside the band continued to brew , relieved a little by a sideline album '' . Birtles & Goble was a side project formed as a duo to showcase their tracks rejected for LRB releases . They issued three singles , `` Lonely Lives '' ( March 1978 ) , `` I 'm Coming Home '' ( March 1979 ) and `` How I Feel Tonight '' ( June 1980 ) and an album , The Last Romance ( May 1980 ) . `` I 'm Coming Home '' reached No. 8 in Australia . Shorrock had a solo single with a cover version of Bobby Darin 's `` Dream Lover '' ( April 1979 ) , which reached the Australian top 10 . First Under the Wire was issued as LRB 's fifth studio album in July 1979 , which reached No. 2 in Australia -- equal highest position with Diamantina Cocktail . It was also their highest charting album on the Billboard 200 -- reaching No. 10 . In November 1979 it was certified by RIAA as a platinum album . AllMusic 's Mark Allan described how , with their `` mix of harmony - drenched pop tunes and unthreatening rockers , they appealed to a wide audience . '' Both singles , `` Lonesome Loser '' ( July 1979 ) and `` Cool Change '' ( October 1979 ) peaked in the US top 10 . Briggs wrote `` Lonesome Loser '' and Shorrock wrote `` Cool Change '' . McArdle left in late January 1979 to enrol in a Bible college and became a Christian minister . In July of that year Barry Sullivan ( ex-Chain , Renée Geyer Band ) took over on bass guitar . He was replaced , in turn , by Wayne Nelson ( ex-Jim Messina Band ) , later LRB 's lead singer , who joined in April 1980 . The group 's two 1980 Australian live releases , Backstage Pass and Live in America , were released in the US as a double set , also called Backstage Pass . Goble was also the producer for Australian pop singer John Farnham 's solo album , Uncovered ( September 1980 ) . Goble wrote or co-wrote nine of its ten tracks and provided vocals . Other LRB alumni used were Briggs , Formosa , Logan , Nelson , Pellicci and Sullivan . Farnham had signed with Wheatley 's management company . The line - up of Birtles , Briggs , Goble , Nelson , Pellicci and Shorrock recorded Little River Band 's sixth studio album , Time Exposure ( August 1981 ) , in Montserrat with George Martin ( the Beatles ) producing . The Canberra Times ' Garry Raffaele felt that the `` essence of it all is that it 's easy listening , no demands , easing up , slowing down , getting older . '' By the time it had appeared , Stephen Housden ( ex-Stevie Wright Band , the Imports ) replaced Briggs on lead guitar . It reached No . 9 in Australia and No. 21 in the US ; and in November it was certified gold by RIAA . In August Nelson provided lead vocals for Time Exposure 's lead single , `` The Night Owls '' , which peaked at No. 18 in Australia and No. 6 in the US . Raffaele described the track as `` the punchiest thing LRB has done for some time but it 's still middle - of - the - road pap , hummable . '' Nelson also shared vocal duties with Shorrock on the second single , `` Take It Easy on Me '' ( November 1981 ) . According to Australian music journalist Ed Nimmervoll , Nelson 's presence was `` adding to the problems within the band '' ; Nimmervoll opined that Goble `` agitated within the band to replace Glenn Shorrock with John Farnham . '' 1982 -- 87 : John Farnham years ( edit ) In February 1982 Shorrock left Little River Band and resumed his solo career but did not achieve chart success in the US . Farnham replaced Shorrock on lead vocals and `` Man on Your Mind '' , the third single from Time Exposure ( with Shorrock 's vocals ) , reached No. 14 in the US . In his 2017 autobiography , Every Day of My Life , Beeb Birtles described the parting of ways with Shorrock and Briggs , `` David 's confidence had escalated to the extent where he became adamant about what needed to be done . I remember a couple of embarrassing moments in the studio where he was quite rude to George Martin , insisting that his way was better and that he did n't need to be told how or what to play . After our return from recording in Montserrat , during a meeting at Glenn Wheatley 's house , Graeham was quite vocal about David 's conduct . He confronted Dave and virtually fired him . With Glenn , I would go overboard trying to please him but rarely got anything back from him . I found him hard to read at times as he 's a man of few words . After he took his frustration out on me one day during a rehearsal , I spoke my mind and told him in no uncertain terms how I felt and in a meeting with Glenn , Graeham and Wheatley , I said I could n't work with Glenn anymore . Graeham , who had always been at opposite poles to Shorrock , agreed with me and Wheatley started freaking out saying he thought it was a big mistake . What was Capital Records going to say ? But in hindsight , I believe he was right on the money and to me this would be the mistake that cut Little River Band 's throat . '' In September 1982 Farnham told Susan Moore of The Australian Women 's Weekly , `` Fitting in with the guys has n't been hard , they have made it so easy for me ... But recording and on stage things are quite different from what I 've been used to . '' On covering the previous LRB repertoire he said , `` We 've had to change the key with a lot of things because Glenn sang in a different register from me . '' The first single with Farnham as lead vocalist , `` The Other Guy '' ( one of two new offerings on their Greatest Hits album ) , was released in November 1982 , which reached No. 18 in Australia and No. 11 in the US . The other track , `` Down on the Border '' , peaked at No. 7 in Australia . The next single , `` We Two '' , from their seventh studio album , The Net ( May 1983 ) , reached No. 22 in the US . It had been co-produced by the group and Ernie Rose ( Mississippi , Rénee Geyer , Stars ) . DeGagne reviewed the album , which `` failed to capture the same success they experienced with Shorrock at the helm . The same type of soft rock fluidity and laid - back charm has been replaced with a sound that seems forced and somewhat strained . '' In 1983 `` You 're Driving Me Out of My Mind '' became the group 's last single to reach the US Top 40 . The band moved towards a more 1980s style sound and added a keyboardist , David Hirschfelder ( ex-Peter Cupples Band , who had earlier in the year guested on The Net and at some of LRB 's shows ) , in September 1983 . The pressures of success and constant touring took their toll on the band as line - up changes continued . Birtles left in October because he did not like the harder , more progressive musical path that Goble was taking the group and because he had preferred Shorrock 's vocals . Birtles contributed to soundtracks for feature films , From Something Great ( 1985 ) and Boulevard of Broken Dreams ( 1988 ) ; he also worked as a session musician , eventually relocating to the US and releasing a solo album , Driven By Dreams , in 2000 . Pellicci left in February 1984 for similar reasons and Steve Prestwich ( ex-Cold Chisel ) was his replacement on drums . Pellicci also became a session musician : including working for Brian Cadd . Their eighth studio album , Playing to Win , was released in January 1985 , which delivered a harder sound with producer Spencer Proffer . The change in sound , along with the unofficial shortening of their name to LRB , confused fans and radio programmers . Australian musicologist Ian McFarlane felt it was `` a strong album but it failed to halt the band 's slide in popularity . '' It reached No. 38 in Australia and No. 75 on the US charts . It is the group 's last charting album on the Billboard 200 . The title track made No. 59 on the Australian singles chart , No. 15 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart and No. 60 on Hot 100 . The second single , `` Blind Eyes '' , failed to enter the charts . In July 1985 Little River Band performed for the Oz for Africa benefit concert ( part of the global Live Aid program ) including : `` Do n't Blame Me '' , `` Full Circle '' , `` Night Owls '' , and `` Playing to Win '' . They were broadcast in Australia ( on both Seven Network and Nine Network ) and on MTV in the US . American Broadcasting Company broadcast `` Do n't Blame Me '' and `` Night Owls '' during their Live Aid telecast ( `` Night Owls '' was only partially transmitted ) . Farnham left the group following the completion of their short Australian tour in April 1986 , which had Malcolm Wakeford drumming in Prestwich 's place . Their ninth studio album , No Reins , recorded when Farnham was still aboard , appeared in May 1986 and was produced by Richard Dodd . It reached the Kent Music Report top 100 . Farnham explained to Pollyanna Sutton of The Canberra Times why he left , `` I was up front and had to be the most liked . There was a lot of pressure because it was n't , perhaps , working as it should , although there were other contributing things like the membership changes and perhaps the material . '' Nimmervoll wrote of the Farnham years , `` The experiment had never worked . Whatever John 's talents , America longed for Glenn Shorrock . At the end of 1985 , while LRB was seriously contemplating its future , Farnham took the initiative to start work on another solo album . '' Farnham continued to be managed by Wheatley -- who had also left LRB -- and his solo career took off with his next album , Whispering Jack ( October 1986 ) . Hirschfelder , McLachlan , Nelson and Pellicci contributed to the album or the related tour . 1987 -- 98 : Shorrock 's return ( edit ) After Farnham 's departure , Little River Band were essentially in limbo until 1987 when Pellicci and Shorrock returned at the request of Irving Azoff , the head of MCA Records , who wanted the band on his label . The line - up of Goble , Housden , Nelson , Pellicci and Shorrock established a holding company , We Two Pty. Ltd , with all members as directors in equal share . In July 1988 Pellicci described the albums after he had left LRB : `` It was an overstatement to say the response to No Reins and Playing to Win was lukewarm -- there was no response at all . '' The revamped Little River Band , augmented by keyboardist James Roche , performed at the opening of World Expo 88 in Brisbane on 30 April , where they were joined by the Eagles ' Glenn Frey , who accompanied them that year on tour . The group released their tenth studio album , Monsoon , on MCA in June 1988 , which peaked at No. 9 on the Kent Music Report and at No. 13 on the ARIA Albums Chart in Australia . It was co-produced by Boylan and Goble . The Canberra Times ' Lisa Wallace was disappointed , `` I fear the album may not live up to expectations ... I was one of the silly ones who expected something more , something new ... Pleasant it is , technically precise and solid - gold Top 40 stuff , but nothing 's changed . The band is no better , and no worse , than it was all those years ago . '' Its lead single , `` Love Is a Bridge '' , co-written by Goble and Housden was released in May and peaked at No. 7 on the Kent Music Report and at No. 11 on the ARIA Singles Chart . It was their second highest charting single in the Australian market , and a moderate Adult Contemporary radio hit in the US . In 1989 the group recorded the Tom Kelly and Billy Steinberg song `` Listen to Your Heart '' for the movie The Karate Kid Part III . The eleventh studio album , Get Lucky ( February 1990 ) , made the top 60 in Australia -- their last charting studio album in Australia . Mike Boehm of Los Angeles Times caught their gig in May , where `` Lead singer Glenn Shorrock was stiff and seemed stuck for words between songs . But he knew what to do when the music started , singing in a comfortably husky voice that resembled Phil Collins in tone and easy pop appeal . Wayne Nelson , the group 's Californian , generated more heat in his two lead vocal turns . The three - part harmonies behind Shorrock were exemplary , although the CS&N parallels were unmistakable . Lead guitarist Stephen Housden reinforced the emphasis on melody with his clean , lyrical lines . '' MCA released a compilation album , Worldwide Love , of tracks from the previous two LPs on their Curb Records imprint in June 1991 . Both Get Lucky and Worldwide Love peaked in the top 40 on the Swiss Hitparade ; with the latter album also appearing on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Goble had ceased touring with the group in 1989 and left altogether by 1992 as well as signing away his rights to the band 's name . Peter Beckett ( ex-Player ) joined in 1989 to take Goble 's place in the line - up . The group went through a series of keyboard players , including Tony Sciuto ( 1990 -- 1992 , 1993 -- 1997 ) and Richart Bryant ( 1992 -- 1993 , ex-Doobie Brothers ) . Shorrock left again in 1996 ; he was offered the option to buy out the remaining members of We Two Pty. Ltd He took a one - third share of the monetary value of the company as he did not want to commit to the band 's US touring schedule . Shorrock was replaced on lead vocals by Melbourne singer Steve Wade ( ex-Dolphin Street ) . Nelson also left in 1996 and New Zealander Hal Tupea came in on bass guitar . This line - up lasted until late 1997 , when everyone , except Wade , started to leave , including Pellicci , who left again early in 1998 . The departure of all original members left Housden as the sole owner of We Two Pty. Ltd and the Little River Band trademark . 1998 -- present : recent years ( edit ) LRB performing at the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Hollywood in October 2006 In 1998 Housden re-established Little River Band with Wade and new contracted members Paul Gildea on vocals and guitars ; Kevin Murphy on vocals , drums and percussion ; and Adrian Scott on vocals and keyboards ( ex-Air Supply ) and brought back Roger McLachlan , who returned after 22 years , on bass guitar . McLachlan 's second tenure was short lived ; both he and Scott departed after a year , not accustomed to the band 's touring schedule . Nelson returned in early 1999 and Glenn Reither joined on keyboards , sax and backing vocals . Gildea and Wade left next in early 2000 with Australian Greg Hind joining on vocals and guitars and Nelson taking over as lead singer . The line - up of Hind , Housden , Nelson , Murphy and Reither recorded two studio albums , Where We Started From ( November 2000 ) and Test of Time ( June 2004 ) . In March 2002 Birtles Shorrock Goble were formed as a soft rock trio , initially as `` The Original Little River Band '' or `` The Voices of Little River Band '' ; They undertook a series of reunion concerts performing the group 's earlier material . By July 2002 a legal dispute over the use of the name `` Little River Band '' was settled out of court with the agreement that Housden had the naming rights due to his sole ownership of We Two Pty Ltd. and the Little River Band trademark . Only a photocopy of a document was presented and accepted in court as evidence by Housden . When asked to produce the document on television in 2015 Housden stated : `` I have the signatures somewhere at home . I have a photocopy of it but I could n't find it today to show up on the screen . '' Of the same court case former band manager Glenn Wheatley said : `` I ca n't even remember signing that document that was presented in court . On the last day , all of a sudden , this photocopy of a document that had my name on it - signature . '' Founding member Beeb Birtles affirmed : `` No . I did not . I still have the piece of paper , as a matter of fact , that I was asked to sign . '' A further legal case , which was also settled out of court in mid-2005 , allowed the trio to advertise their Little River Band connection but not to perform under that name . Goble , Birtles and Shorrock have shared their frustration through song ; Goble recorded `` Someone 's Taken Our History '' , Birtles recorded `` Revolving Door '' and Shorrock put forth `` Hear My Voice '' . At the end of 2004 , Murphy and Reither left the current version of LRB and Chris Marion joined on keyboards , while Kip Raines temporarily took on drumming duties until replaced by Billy Thomas in early 2005 . Housden left the touring band in 2006 , although he still participates in the band 's recordings and management . Rich Herring took over lead guitar on tour and Mel Watts replaced Thomas , who had suffered a shoulder injury , on drums in 2007 . Ryan Ricks subsequently replaced Watts in 2012 . The latter day lineup plays tracks written by Birtles , Goble and / or Shorrock as well as newer material . A review of Little River Band was posted in February 2013 on the Leigh Valley music page when the band toured Pennsylvania . Reviewer John Moser wrote : `` Little River Band played the hits , for sure , in a 14 - song , 75 - minute show . Not a single one of the songs it played was released after 1985 . But when it tried to update the songs , which was often , it diminished them , and when it tried to play them true to the originals , it fell short . '' In August 2013 the current line - up of LRB , Nelson , Hind , Marion , Herring and Ricks , put out the album Cuts Like a Diamond on the Frontiers Music Srl label . An appearance by Little River Band , scheduled for 12 January 2015 on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , was cancelled after complaints from earlier members concerning its promotion as a 40th anniversary performance . Permission for any songs written by Birtles , Briggs , Goble or Shorrock was refused . `` We 've just had enough of it , '' Shorrock said . `` They 've been living off our coat - tails for years . '' `` They are promoting a newly recorded album of their own material , or whatever material they have got . They should do that rather than pretend they are the band that sold 30 million albums . '' In a Facebook announcement titled ' Does the truth hurt ? ' on January 19th 2015 , Current keyboardist Chris Marion offered his side of the story and exclaimed ; `` Heck , I 've now been in the band longer than Beeb Birtles . '' Little River Band founding member and hit songwriter Graeham Goble responded `` LRB 's current keys player Chris Marion 's facebook rant is full of inaccuracies , too many for me to address . I just want to make one retort , concerning his comment that he 's now been in LRB longer than Beeb Birtles . As if length of tenure is any claim to talent or anything . Beeb has a timbre to his voice & a vocal harmony talent that maybe 5 guys in music history can equal . I say the same about Glenn Shorrock 's voice . There are millions of Chris Marions in this World and five of them are in the current touring LRB . In March 2015 an appearance by the group in Winston - Salem , North Carolina , was cancelled after the venue received a cease and desist order from the earlier members regarding the use of their recordings in advertising and the subsequent demands of the present line - up to be paid in full before performing . The venue described this demand as `` not only unreasonable , but uncustomary '' . In March 2015 the controversy over use of the name Little River Band was featured in the Australian current affairs program Sunday Night . Housden , the legal owner of the Little River Band name , told the Sunday Night program that he would not allow the original members to perform as Little River Band `` in this lifetime '' . In September 2015 , Little River Band were named as `` Casino Musical Entertainer of the Year '' at the Annual G2E Awards ceremony at the Hard Rock Hotel in Las Vegas . As of 2017 , the Little River Band continued to tour , mostly in the US , performing more than 80 concerts annually , re-recording the original members ' material and using original members ' images and recordings in promotional material . The current lineup 's press releases recount the original members ' achievements and awards as if they were their own . No current members live in Australia ; Greg Hind is an Australian citizen but no longer resides in Australia . The Vinyl District reviewed Little River Band 's The Hits - Revisited album . On March 15 , 2017 , reviewer Michael Little wrote : `` There are many reasons I gave this album an F. It 's repulsive , reprehensible , repugnant , and retch inducing . And those are its good qualities . It instills horror of the sort that arises when one discovers that one 's beloved has a vestigial tail . A ghastly moment , that . Enough to cause the hair at the nape of one 's neck to stand up as if the National Anthem were being played by a band of lunatics on plastic kazoos . '' In 2017 Little River Band blocked all of Australia from viewing its website . They cited Russia and Africa as also being blocked for ' different reasons ' . On November 13th 2017 Founding member Beeb Birtles was interviewed on Australian news program ' Studio 10 ' . When asked if the original band would ever reunite he said ; `` I do n't think that 's going to happen . We ca n't do it without the name , that 's the problem . We played some shows as ' Birtles , Shorrock , Goble ' and had some success with that . Once that folded we all realised it was n't going to go any further than that . It 's unfortunate how we lost the name and everything , but if its ruled in the court that way all you can do is walk away from it . '' Shorrock offered to bury the hatchet in 2015 ; `` Let 's get up on stage and play some music . Forget about all this bullshit . '' , when asked to respond to an Little River Band reunion featuring original members current owner of the name and trademark Stephen Housden responded ; `` Not in this lifetime . '' On December 12th 2017 , the Little River Band headlined the first annual Carols by Candlelight show in Nashville . Even though they had geo blocked Australia from viewing their websites and social media pages Wayne Nelson stated : `` We 're going to Facebook it live to the world , including to our friends in Australia , because Carols by Candlelight is an Australian tradition . It was started their many years ago during the depression ... '' In February 2018 , in an interview with Everyone Loves Guitar guitarist Rich Herring stated : `` We actually re-recorded all the hits and I 'll say without any shame that I tried to make it sound as close to the originals as possible . By bringing in background singers that actually sounded like those guys did 30 - 40 years ago . I 'm pretty proud of it , it 's glorified karaoke ... '' Legacy ( edit ) Former members of Little River Band performing at their induction into the ARIA Hall of Fame , 17 October 2004 The Little River Band are considered to be among Australia 's most significant bands . As of September 2004 they have sold more than 30 million records and scored 13 American Top 40 hits . In May 2001 the Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) , as part of its 75th anniversary celebrations , named `` Cool Change '' as one of the Top 30 Australian songs of all time . At that ceremony Goble and Shorrock reconnected after ten years ; they proposed a reunion with Birtles to perform their earlier material , which became the trio Birtles Shorrock Goble . At the ARIA Music Awards of 2004 , the 1976 to 1978 line - up of the band -- Birtles , Shorrock , Goble , Pellicci , Briggs and McArdle -- were inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) Hall of Fame . They performed `` Help Is on Its Way '' at the ceremony on 17 October . Shorrock had previously been inducted in 1991 for his work with the Twilights , Axiom and his solo career . Farnham , who had been inducted in 2003 for his solo work , was not included in the 2004 induction of Little River Band . The current touring band claims this achievement as their own . With more than five million plays , `` Reminiscing '' , written by Goble , was recognised by BMI as one of the most frequently played songs in the history of American radio , the highest achievement of any Australian pop song internationally . `` Lady '' has also accumulated more than three million plays . According to Albert Goldman 's biography , John Lennon named `` Reminiscing '' as one of his favourite songs . May Pang , Lennon 's erstwhile girlfriend , said they considered `` Reminiscing '' as `` our song '' . LRB were mentioned in the 2010 film The Other Guys , when the character portrayed by Will Ferrell played `` Reminiscing '' while driving . The character portrayed by Mark Wahlberg threw the CD out the window , but Ferrell 's character played it again later on and said that he always had six identical LRB CDs in his car . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Little River Band discography Little River Band ( 1975 ) After Hours ( 1976 ) Diamantina Cocktail ( 1977 ) Sleeper Catcher ( 1978 ) First Under the Wire ( 1979 ) Time Exposure ( 1981 ) The Net ( 1983 ) Playing to Win ( 1985 ) No Reins ( 1986 ) Monsoon ( 1988 ) Get Lucky ( 1990 ) Where We Started From ( 2000 ) Test of Time ( 2004 ) Re-arranged ( 2006 ) We Call It Christmas ( 2007 ) A Little River Band Christmas ( 2011 ) Cuts Like a Diamond ( 2013 ) `` The Hits - Revisited '' ( 2016 ) Top 20 US singles ( edit ) Little River Band had ten Top 20 singles in the Billboard charts between 1977 and 1983 . Song Highest position Date reached Weeks on chart Lead singer Songwriter ( s ) `` Reminiscing '' 28 October 1978 20 Glenn Shorrock Graeham Goble `` The Night Owls '' 6 7 November 1981 21 Wayne Nelson Graeham Goble `` Lonesome Loser '' 6 29 September 1979 18 Glenn Shorrock David Briggs `` Take It Easy on Me '' 10 6 March 1982 19 Glenn Shorrock Graeham Goble `` Cool Change '' 10 19 January 1980 18 Glenn Shorrock Glenn Shorrock `` Lady '' 10 7 April 1979 20 Glenn Shorrock Graeham Goble `` The Other Guy '' 11 5 February 1983 18 John Farnham Graeham Goble `` Man on Your Mind '' 14 29 May 1982 16 Glenn Shorrock Glenn Shorrock , Kerryn Tolhurst `` Help Is on Its Way '' 14 19 November 1977 22 Glenn Shorrock Glenn Shorrock `` Happy Anniversary '' 16 11 March 1978 18 Glenn Shorrock Beeb Birtles , David Briggs Personnel ( edit ) Main article : List of Little River Band members Current members ( edit ) Wayne Nelson -- bass guitar ( 1980 -- 96 , 1999 -- present ) , lead vocals ( 2000 -- present ) Greg Hind -- guitar , vocals ( 2000 -- present ) Chris Marion -- keyboards , vocals ( 2004 -- present ) Rich Herring -- guitar , vocals ( 2006 -- present ) Ryan Ricks -- drums , vocals ( 2012 -- present ) Former members ( edit ) Beeb Birtles -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 83 ) Graham Davidge -- lead guitar ( 1975 ) Graeham Goble -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 92 ) Dave Orams -- bass guitar ( 1975 ) Derek Pellicci -- drums ( 1975 -- 84 , 1987 -- 98 ) Glenn Shorrock -- vocals ( 1975 -- 82 , 1987 -- 96 ) Ric Formosa -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 76 ) Roger McLachlan -- bass guitar ( 1975 -- 76 , 1998 -- 99 ) David Briggs -- guitar ( 1976 -- 81 ) George McArdle -- bass guitar ( 1976 -- 79 ) Geoff Cox -- drums ( 1978 ) Mal Logan -- keyboards ( 1978 -- 82 ) Barry Sullivan -- bass guitar ( 1979 -- 80 ; died 2003 ) Stephen Housden -- guitar ( 1981 -- 2006 ) John Farnham -- vocals ( 1982 -- 86 ) David Hirschfelder -- keyboards , synthesisers , backing vocals ( 1983 -- 86 ) Steve Prestwich -- drums ( 1984 -- 86 ; died 2011 ) Malcolm Wakeford -- drums ( 1986 ) James Roche -- keyboards ( 1988 -- 89 ) Peter Beckett -- guitar , vocals ( 1989 -- 97 ) Tony Sciuto -- keyboards , guitar , vocals ( 1990 -- 92 , 1993 -- 97 ) Richard Bryant -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1992 -- 93 ) Steve Wade -- lead vocals , guitar ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Hal Tupea -- bass guitar ( 1996 -- 97 ) Kevin Murphy -- drums , vocals ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Paul Gildea -- guitar , vocals ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Adrian Scott -- keyboards , vocals ( 1998 -- 99 ) Glenn Reither -- keyboards , saxophone , backing vocals ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Kip Raines -- drums ( 2004 -- 05 ) Billy Thomas -- drums ( 2005 -- 07 ) Mel Watts -- drums ( 2007 -- 12 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) For recording sales certifications , see Little River Band discography . APRA Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1982 `` Reminiscing '' -- Graeham Goble Gold Award Won `` Cool Change '' -- Glenn Shorrock Gold Award Won 1984 `` The Other Guy '' - Graeham Goble Most Played Australasian Popular Work Won 1985 Special Award Won `` Cool Change '' -- Glenn Shorrock Top 30 Australian songs listed ARIA Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result Little River Band Hall of Fame inductee Australian Rock Music Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1978 Little River Band Best Live Rock Act Won Best Recording Group Won Most Popular Group Won Glenn Shorrock Best Male Singer Won Best Composer Nominated Rock Hero Won Beeb Birtles Best Composer Nominated David Briggs Best Guitarist Nominated George McArdle Best Bassist Nominated Derek Pellicci Best Drummer Nominated Diamantina Cocktail Best Album Cover Won Best Album Won Glenn Wheatley Manager of the Year Nominated `` Help Is on Its Way '' Best Single Won Grammy Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1979 `` Lonesome Loser '' Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus Nominated TV Week King of Pop Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1977 `` Help Is on Its Way '' Australian Record of the Year Won Little River Band Best Australian International Performers Won Glenn Shorrock Best Australian Songwriter Won 1978 `` Reminiscing '' Australian Record of the Year Won `` Help Is on Its Way '' on Paul Hogan Show Best Australian TV Performer Won Sleeper Catcher Most Popular Australian Album Won TV Week / Countdown Music Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1979 First Under the Wire Best Australian Album Won `` Lonesome Loser '' Best Australian Singles Nominated Little River Band Most Outstanding Achievement Won Most Popular Group Won Book : Little River Band References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McFarlane , Ian ( 1999 ) . `` Encyclopedia entry for ' Little River Band ' '' . Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop . St Leonards , NSW : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86508 - 072 - 1 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2004 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Little River Band related entries at Australian Rock Database : Little River Band : Holmgren , Magnus ; Reboulet , Scott ; Warnqvist , Stefan ; Birtles , Beeb ; Sciuto , Tony . `` Little River Band '' . passagen.se . Australian Rock Database ( Magnus Holmgren ) . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Beeb Birtles ( 1975 -- 83 ) : Holmgren , Magnus ; McCarthy , Ken ; Warnqvist , Stefan . `` Beeb Birtles '' . passagen.se . Australian Rock Database ( Magnus Holmgren ) . Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . David Briggs ( 1976 -- 81 ) : Holmgren , Magnus . `` David Briggs '' . passagen.se . Australian Rock Database ( Magnus Holmgren ) . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . John Farnham ( 1982 -- 86 ) : Holmgren , Magnus ; Reboulet , Scott ; Albury , Lyn ; Birtles , Beeb ; Warnqvist , Stefan ; Medlin , Peter . `` John Farnham '' . passagen.se . Australian Rock Database ( Magnus Holmgren ) . Archived from the original on 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Graeham Goble / Graham Goble ( 1975 -- 1992 ) : Holmgren , Magnus ; Reboulet , Scott ; Warnqvist , Stefan ; McCarthy , Ken . `` Graham Goble '' . passagen.se . Australian Rock Database ( Magnus Holmgren ) . Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Stephen Housden ( 1981 -- 2006 ) : Holmgren , Magnus ; Warnqvist , Stefan ; Stephen , Housden . `` Stephen Housden '' . passagen.se . Australian Rock Database ( Magnus Holmgren ) . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Mal Logan ( 1978 -- 1982 ) : Holmgren , Magnus . `` Mal Logan '' . passagen.se . Australian Rock Database ( Magnus Holmgren ) . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Roger McLachlan ( 1975 -- 76 , 1998 -- 99 ) : Holmgren , Magnus ; McLachlan , Roger . `` Roger McLachlan '' . passagen.se . Australian Rock Database ( Magnus Holmgren ) . Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Derek Pellicci ( 1975 -- 84 , 1987 -- 98 ) : Holmgren , Magnus . `` Derek Pellicci '' . passagen.se . Australian Rock Database ( Magnus Holmgren ) . Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Steve Prestwich ( 1984 -- 86 ) : Holmgren , Magnus ; Prestwich , Steve ; Hooper , Craig . `` Steve Prestwich '' . passagen.se . Australian Rock Database ( Magnus Holmgren ) . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Glenn Shorrock ( 1975 - 82 , 1988 - 96 ) : Holmgren , Magnus ; Warnqvist , Stefan . `` Glenn Shorrock '' . passagen.se . Australian Rock Database ( Magnus Holmgren ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Exclusive with Wayne Nelson about why Little River Band was forced to take extreme measures to avert constant website hacking -- The Daily Banner '' . The Daily Banner. 2017 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Studio 10 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) , Beeb Birtles Talks ' Little River Band ' Studio 10 , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 Jump up ^ `` Little River Band , no more '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Little River Band , no more '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Donna Nolan - Wilson ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) , Little River Band streaming WORLDWIDE to Australia , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 Jump up ^ EveryoneLovesGuitar ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) , Rich Herring Interview - Little River Band - Everyone Loves Guitar # 156 , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 Jump up ^ `` Little River Band Top Songs '' . musicvf.com . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kruger , Debbie ( 2 May 2001 ) . `` The songs that resonate through the years '' ( PDF ) . Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA 2008 Hall of Fame inductees listing '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Archived from the original on 2 August 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Little River Band About Little River Band '' . www.littleriverband.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kruger , Debbie ( March 2001 ) . `` Graeham Goble 's long way here '' . APRAP . Australasian Performing Right Association ( 1 ) : 4 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 London Awards : Song List '' . bmi.com. 17 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvelous May ... '' ncf.ca. 23 September 2003 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Little River Band chart history '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimball , Duncan ( 2002 ) . `` Obituaries -- Barry ' Big Goose ' Sullivan '' . Milesago : Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964 -- 1975 . Ice Productions . Archived from the original on 15 March 2009 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last wave of summer for Cold Chisel drummer Steve Prestwich '' . The Australian . News Corp Australia . 18 January 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Little River Band at the APRA Music Awards : 1982 : `` 1982 Music Awards '' . Australasian Performing Right Association . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . 1984 : `` 1984 Music Awards '' . Australasian Performing Right Association . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . 1985 : `` 1985 Music Awards '' . Australasian Performing Right Association . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Australian Rock Music Awards of 1977 : Nominations : `` Rock music awards on 2CC '' . The Canberra Times . National Library of Australia . 8 December 1977 . p. 22 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Winners : `` Timespan Australian rock - music awards '' . The Canberra Times . National Library of Australia . 10 December 1977 . p. 11 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Atkinson , Ann ; Linsay Knight ; Margaret McPhee ( 1996 ) . The dictionary of performing arts in Australia . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86373 - 898 - 9 . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Music Awards '' . Ron Jeff . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website Little River Band holdings in the National Film and Sound Archive `` Little River Band , No More '' by Rahni Sadler ( 15 March 2015 ) , Sunday Night . `` Little River Band : ' L.A. was home to so many great bands and musicians ' '' Interview with Wayne Nelson on Yuzu Melodies , 10 January 2014 . Little River Band Wayne Nelson Greg Hind Chris Marion Rich Herring Ryan Ricks Graeham Goble Beeb Birtles Derek Pellicci Glenn Shorrock Roger McLachlan Graham Davidge Ric Formosa David Briggs George McArdle Geoff Cox Mal Logan Barry Sullivan Stephen Housden John Farnham David Hirschfelder Steve Prestwich Malcolm Wakeford James Roche Peter Beckett Tony Sciuto Richard Bryant Steve Wade Hal Tupea Paul Gildea Kevin Murphy Adrian Scott Glenn Reither Kip Raines Billy Thomas Mel Watts Studio albums Little River Band After Hours Diamantina Cocktail Sleeper Catcher First Under the Wire Time Exposure The Net Playing to Win No Reins Monsoon Get Lucky Where We Started From Live albums Backstage Pass Live Classics Compilation albums Greatest Hits Too Late to Load Worldwide Love The Definitive Collection Videos & DVDs Live Exposure Singles `` Help Is on Its Way '' `` Reminiscing '' `` Lady '' `` Cool Change '' `` Take It Easy on Me '' `` Man on Your Mind '' `` The Other Guy '' Related articles Members Discography Birtles Shorrock Goble Birtles & Goble Mississippi Book John Farnham Studio albums Sadie Everybody Oughta Sing a Song Looking Through a Tear Christmas Is ... Johnny Farnham Johnny Together Johnny Farnham Sings the Shows Hits Magic & Rock ' N Roll Johnny Farnham Sings Hits from the Movies J.P. Farnham Sings Uncovered Whispering Jack Age of Reason Chain Reaction Then Again ... Romeo 's Heart 331⁄3 The Last Time I Remember When I Was Young : Songs from the Great Australian Songbook Jack Friends for Christmas Live albums Johnny Farnham Sings The Big Hits Of ' 73 Live ! Full House Live At The Regent Theatre Highlights from The Main Event John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert The Acoustic Chapel Sessions Two Strong Hearts Live Compilation albums The Best of Johnny Farnham Johnny Farnham 's Greatest Hits Anthology 1 : Greatest Hits 1986 -- 1997 Anthology 2 : Classic Hits 1967 -- 1985 ( Recorded Live ) Anthology 3 : Rarities Love Songs One Voice : The Greatest Hits The Essential The Essential 3.0 Videos & DVDs The Main Event Anthology - The Videos An Audience with John Farnham The Last Time One Voice : The Greatest Clips John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert Classic Jack Live ! Chain Reaction Live in Concert With The Sydney Symphony Live at the Sydney Opera House Two Strong Hearts Live EPs & Singles `` Sadie ( The Cleaning Lady ) '' `` Underneath the Arches '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` One '' `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' `` Help ! '' `` You 're the Voice '' `` Pressure Down '' `` A Touch of Paradise '' `` Reasons '' `` Age Of Reason '' `` Two Strong Hearts '' `` Beyond the Call '' `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` Everytime You Cry '' `` The Last Time '' `` We Will Rock You '' `` Downhearted '' `` Even When I 'm Sleeping '' Related articles Discography Awards Little River Band Darryl Sambell Glenn Wheatley GND : 5531325 - 5 MusicBrainz : 0b5df3f3 - 7f4c - 4ffb - 9279 - dbab6cd9bea5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_River_Band&oldid=835543185 '' Categories : Little River Band APRA Award winners ARIA Award winners Victoria ( Australia ) musical groups Australian rock music groups Australian soft rock music groups Musical groups established in 1975 ARIA Hall of Fame inductees 1975 establishments in Australia Hidden categories : CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from November 2017 Use Australian English from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Nederlands Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 09 : 51 . 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what climate type(s) is/are associated with a tropical rainforest biome

Tropical rainforests are located around and near the equator , therefore having what is called an equatorial climate characterized by three major climatic parameters : temperature , rainfall , and dry season intensity . Other parameters that affect tropical rainforests are carbon dioxide concentrations , solar radiation , and nitrogen availability . In general , climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall . However , the abundance of rainfall changes throughout the year creating distinct moist and dry seasons . Tropical forests are classified by the amount of rainfall received each year , which has allowed ecologists to define differences in these forests that look so similar in structure . According to Holdridge 's classification of tropical ecosystems , true tropical rainforests have an annual rainfall greater than 2 m and annual temperature greater than 24 degrees Celsius , with a potential evapotranspiration ratio ( PET ) value of < 0.25 . However , most lowland tropical forests can be classified as tropical moist or wet forests , which differ in regards to rainfall . Tropical forest ecology - dynamics , composition , and function - are sensitive to changes in climate especially changes in rainfall .

an equatorial climate characterized by three major climatic parameters : temperature , rainfall , and dry season intensity

Tropical rainforest

tropical rainforest

An area of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil . The tropical rainforests of South America contain the largest diversity of species on Earth . Tropical rainforest climate zones ( Af ) . Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season -- all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm -- and may also be referred to as lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest . True rainforests are typically found between 10 degrees north and south of the equator ( see map ) ; they are a sub-set of the tropical forest biome that occurs roughly within the 28 degree latitudes ( in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn ) . Within the World Wildlife Fund 's biome classification , tropical rainforests are a type of tropical moist broadleaf forest ( or tropical wet forest ) that also includes the more extensive seasonal tropical forests . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 History 1.2 Other types of tropical forest 2 Forest structure 2.1 Forest floor 2.2 Understory layer 2.3 Canopy layer 2.4 Emergent layer 3 Ecology 3.1 Climate 3.2 Soils 3.2. 1 Soil types 3.2. 2 Nutrient recycling 3.2. 3 Buttress roots 3.3 Forest succession 4 Biodiversity and speciation 4.1 Interspecific competition 4.2 Pleistocene refugia 5 Human dimensions 5.1 Habitation 5.2 Indigenous peoples 5.3 Resources 5.3. 1 Cultivated foods and spices 5.4 Ecosystem services 5.5 Tourism 6 Conservation 6.1 Threats 6.1. 1 Deforestation 6.1. 1.1 Mining and drilling 6.1. 1.2 Conversion to agricultural land 6.1. 2 Climate change 6.2 Protection 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Overview Amazon River rain forest in Peru Tropical rainforests can be characterized in two words : hot and wet . Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) during all months of the year . Average annual rainfall is no less than 1,680 mm ( 66 in ) and can exceed 10 m ( 390 in ) although it typically lies between 1,750 mm ( 69 in ) and 3,000 mm ( 120 in ) . This high level of precipitation often results in poor soils due to leaching of soluble nutrients in the ground . Tropical rainforests exhibit high levels of biodiversity . Around 40 % to 75 % of all biotic species are indigenous to the rainforests . Rainforests are home to half of all the living animal and plant species on the planet . Two - thirds of all flowering plants can be found in rainforests . A single hectare of rainforest may contain 42,000 different species of insect , up to 807 trees of 313 species and 1,500 species of higher plants . Tropical rainforests have been called the `` world 's largest pharmacy '' , because over one quarter of natural medicines have been discovered within them . It is likely that there may be many millions of species of plants , insects and microorganisms still undiscovered in tropical rainforests . Tropical rainforests are among the most threatened ecosystems globally due to large - scale fragmentation as a result of human activity . Habitat fragmentation caused by geological processes such as volcanism and climate change occurred in the past , and have been identified as important drivers of speciation . However , fast human driven habitat destruction is suspected to be one of the major causes of species extinction . Tropical rain forests have been subjected to heavy logging and agricultural clearance throughout the 20th century , and the area covered by rainforests around the world is rapidly shrinking . History Tropical rainforests have existed on earth for hundreds of millions of years . Most tropical rainforests today are on fragments of the Mesozoic era supercontinent of Gondwana . The separation of the landmass resulted in a great loss of amphibian diversity while at the same time the drier climate spurred the diversification of reptiles . The division left tropical rainforests located in five major regions of the world : tropical America , Africa , Southeast Asia , Madagascar , and New Guinea , with smaller outliers in Australia . However , the specifics of the origin of rainforests remain uncertain due to an incomplete fossil record . Other types of tropical forest Main article : Tropical forest Several biomes may appear similar - to , or merge via ecotones with , tropical rainforest : Moist seasonal tropical forest Daintree `` rainforest '' in Queensland is actually a seasonal tropical forest . Moist seasonal tropical forests receive high overall rainfall with a warm summer wet season and a cooler winter dry season . Some trees in these forests drop some or all of their leaves during the winter dry season , thus they are sometimes called `` tropical mixed forest '' . They are found in parts of South America , in Central America and around the Caribbean , in coastal West Africa , parts of the Indian subcontinent , and across much of Indochina . Montane rainforests These are found in cooler - climate mountainous areas , becoming known as cloud forests at higher elevations . Depending on latitude , the lower limit of montane rainforests on large mountains is generally between 1500 and 2500 m while the upper limit is usually from 2400 to 3300 m . Flooded rainforests Tropical freshwater swamp forests , or `` flooded forests '' , are found in Amazon basin ( the Várzea ) and elsewhere . Forest structure Rainforests are divided into different strata , or layers , with vegetation organized into a vertical pattern from the top of the soil to the canopy . Each layer is a unique biotic community containing different plants and animals adapted for life in that particular strata . Only the emergent layer is unique to tropical rainforests , while the others are also found in temperate rainforests . Forest floor Western lowland gorilla The forest floor , the bottom-most layer , receives only 2 % of the sunlight . Only plants adapted to low light can grow in this region . Away from riverbanks , swamps and clearings , where dense undergrowth is found , the forest floor is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration . This more open quality permits the easy movement of larger animals such as : ungulates like the okapi ( Okapia johnstoni ) , tapir ( Tapirus sp . ) , Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis ) , and apes like the western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla ) , as well as many species of reptiles , amphibians , and insects . The forest floor also contains decaying plant and animal matter , which disappears quickly , because the warm , humid conditions promote rapid decay . Many forms of fungi growing here help decay the animal and plant waste . Understory layer Main article : Understory The understory layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor . The understory is home to a number of birds , small mammals , insects , reptiles , and predators . Examples include leopard ( Panthera pardus ) , poison dart frogs ( Dendrobates sp . ) , ring - tailed coati ( Nasua nasua ) , boa constrictor ( Boa constrictor ) , and many species of Coleoptera . The vegetation at this layer generally consists of shade - tolerant shrubs , herbs , small trees , and large woody vines which climb into the trees to capture sunlight . Only about 5 % of sunlight breaches the canopy to arrive at the understory causing true understory plants to seldom grow to 3 m ( 10 feet ) . As an adaptation to these low light levels , understory plants have often evolved much larger leaves . Many seedlings that will grow to the canopy level are in the understory . The canopy at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia Canopy layer Main article : Canopy ( ecology ) The canopy is the primary layer of the forest forming a roof over the two remaining layers . It contains the majority of the largest trees , typically 30 -- 45 m in height . Tall , broad - leaved evergreen trees are the dominant plants . The densest areas of biodiversity are found in the forest canopy , as it often supports a rich flora of epiphytes , including orchids , bromeliads , mosses and lichens . These epiphytic plants attach to trunks and branches and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants . The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer , but more diverse . It is suggested that the total arthropod species richness of the tropical canopy might be as high as 20 million . Other species habituating this layer include many avian species such as the yellow - casqued wattled hornbill ( Ceratogymna elata ) , collared sunbird ( Anthreptes collaris ) , grey parrot ( Psitacus erithacus ) , keel - billed toucan ( Ramphastos sulfuratus ) , scarlet macaw ( Ara macao ) as well as other animals like the spider monkey ( Ateles sp . ) , African giant swallowtail ( Papilio antimachus ) , three - toed sloth ( Bradypus tridactylus ) , kinkajou ( Potos flavus ) , and tamandua ( Tamandua tetradactyla ) . Emergent layer The emergent layer contains a small number of very large trees , called emergents , which grow above the general canopy , reaching heights of 45 -- 55 m , although on occasion a few species will grow to 70 -- 80 m tall . Some examples of emergents include : Balizia elegans , Dipteryx panamensis , Hieronyma alchorneoides , Hymenolobium mesoamericanum , Lecythis ampla and Terminalia oblonga . These trees need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas . Several unique faunal species inhabit this layer such as the crowned eagle ( Stephanoaetus coronatus ) , the king colobus ( Colobus polykomos ) , and the large flying fox ( Pteropus vampyrus ) . However , stratification is not always clear . Rainforests are dynamic and many changes affect the structure of the forest . Emergent or canopy trees collapse , for example , causing gaps to form . Openings in the forest canopy are widely recognized as important for the establishment and growth of rainforest trees . It 's estimated that perhaps 75 % of the tree species at La Selva Biological Station , Costa Rica are dependent on canopy opening for seed germination or for growth beyond sapling size , for example . Ecology Climate Artificial tropical rainforest in Barcelona Tropical rainforests are located around and near the equator , therefore having what is called an equatorial climate characterized by three major climatic parameters : temperature , rainfall , and dry season intensity . Other parameters that affect tropical rainforests are carbon dioxide concentrations , solar radiation , and nitrogen availability . In general , climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall . However , the abundance of rainfall changes throughout the year creating distinct moist and dry seasons . Tropical forests are classified by the amount of rainfall received each year , which has allowed ecologists to define differences in these forests that look so similar in structure . According to Holdridge 's classification of tropical ecosystems , true tropical rainforests have an annual rainfall greater than 2 m and annual temperature greater than 24 degrees Celsius , with a potential evapotranspiration ratio ( PET ) value of < 0.25 . However , most lowland tropical forests can be classified as tropical moist or wet forests , which differ in regards to rainfall . Tropical forest ecology - dynamics , composition , and function - are sensitive to changes in climate especially changes in rainfall . Soils Soil types Soil types are highly variable in the tropics and are the result of a combination of several variables such as climate , vegetation , topographic position , parent material , and soil age . Most tropical soils are characterized by significant leaching and poor nutrients , however there are some areas that contain fertile soils . Soils throughout the tropical rainforests fall into two classifications which include the ultisols and oxisols . Ultisols are known as well weathered , acidic red clay soils , deficient in major nutrients such as calcium and potassium . Similarly , oxisols are acidic , old , typically reddish , highly weathered and leached , however are well drained compared to ultisols . The clay content of ultisols is high , making it difficult for water to penetrate and flow through . The reddish color of both soils is the result of heavy heat and moisture forming oxides of iron and aluminium , which are insoluble in water and not taken up readily by plants . Soil chemical and physical characteristics are strongly related to above ground productivity and forest structure and dynamics . The physical properties of soil control the tree turnover rates whereas chemical properties such as available nitrogen and phosphorus control forest growth rates . The soils of the eastern and central Amazon as well as the Southeast Asian Rainforest are old and mineral poor whereas the soils of the western Amazon ( Ecuador and Peru ) and volcanic areas of Costa Rica are young and mineral rich . Primary productivity or wood production is highest in western Amazon and lowest in eastern Amazon which contains heavily weathered soils classified as oxisols . Additionally , Amazonian soils are greatly weathered , making them devoid of minerals like phosphorus , potassium , calcium , and magnesium , which come from rock sources . However , not all tropical rainforests occur on nutrient poor soils , but on nutrient rich floodplains and volcanic soils located in the Andean foothills , and volcanic areas of Southeast Asia , Africa , and Central America . Oxisols , infertile , deeply weathered and severely leached , have developed on the ancient Gondwanan shields . Rapid bacterial decay prevents the accumulation of humus . The concentration of iron and aluminium oxides by the laterization process gives the oxisols a bright red color and sometimes produces minable deposits ( e.g. , bauxite ) . On younger substrates , especially of volcanic origin , tropical soils may be quite fertile . Nutrient recycling This high rate of decomposition is the result of phosphorus levels in the soils , precipitation , high temperatures and the extensive microorganism communities . In addition to the bacteria and other microorganisms , there are an abundance of other decomposers such as fungi and termites that aid in the process as well . Nutrient recycling is important because below ground resource availability controls the above ground biomass and community structure of tropical rainforests . These soils are typically phosphorus limited , which inhibits net primary productivity or the uptake of carbon . The soil contains microbial organisms such as bacteria , which break down leaf litter and other organic matter into inorganic forms of carbon usable by plants through a process called decomposition . During the decomposition process the microbial community is respiring , taking up oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide . The decomposition rate can be evaluated by measuring the uptake of oxygen . High temperatures and precipitation increase decomposition rate , which allows plant litter to rapidly decay in tropical regions , releasing nutrients that are immediately taken up by plants through surface or ground waters . The seasonal patterns in respiration are controlled by leaf litter fall and precipitation , the driving force moving the decomposable carbon from the litter to the soil . Respiration rates are highest early in the wet season because the recent dry season results in a large percentage of leaf litter and thus a higher percentage of organic matter being leached into the soil . Buttress roots A common feature of many tropical rainforests is the distinct buttress roots of trees . Instead of penetrating to deeper soil layers , buttress roots create a widespread root network at the surface for more efficient uptake of nutrients in a very nutrient poor and competitive environment . Most of the nutrients within the soil of a tropical rainforest occur near the surface because of the rapid turnover time and decomposition of organisms and leaves . Because of this , the buttress roots occur at the surface so the trees can maximize uptake and actively compete with the rapid uptake of other trees . These roots also aid in water uptake and storage , increase surface area for gas exchange , and collect leaf litter for added nutrition . Additionally , these roots reduce soil erosion and maximize nutrient acquisition during heavy rains by diverting nutrient rich water flowing down the trunk into several smaller flows while also acting as a barrier to ground flow . Also , the large surface areas these roots create provide support and stability to rainforests trees , which commonly grow to significant heights . This added stability allows these trees to withstand the impacts of severe storms , thus reducing the occurrence of fallen trees . Forest succession Succession is an ecological process that changes the biotic community structure over time towards a more stable , diverse community structure after an initial disturbance to the community . The initial disturbance is often a natural phenomenon or human caused event . Natural disturbances include hurricanes , volcanic eruptions , river movements or an event as small as a fallen tree that creates gaps in the forest . In tropical rainforests , these same natural disturbances have been well documented in the fossil record , and are credited with encouraging speciation and endemism . Biodiversity and speciation This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Young orangutan at Bukit Lawang , Sumatra Tropical rainforests exhibit a vast diversity in plant and animal species . The root for this remarkable speciation has been a query of scientists and ecologists for years . A number of theories have been developed for why and how the tropics can be so diverse . Interspecific competition Interspecific competition results from a high density of species with similar niches in the tropics and limited resources available . Species which `` lose '' the competition may either become extinct or find a new niche . Direct competition will often lead to one species dominating another by some advantage , ultimately driving it to extinction . Niche partitioning is the other option for a species . This is the separation and rationing of necessary resources by utilizing different habitats , food sources , cover or general behavioral differences . A species with similar food items but different feeding times is an example of niche partitioning . Pleistocene refugia The theory of Pleistocene refugia was developed by Jürgen Haffer in 1969 with his article Speciation of Amazonian Forest Birds . Haffer proposed the explanation for speciation was the product of rainforest patches being separated by stretches of non forest vegetation during the last glacial period . He called these patches of rainforest areas refuges and within these patches allopatric speciation occurred . With the end of the glacial period and increase in atmospheric humidity , rainforest began to expand and the refuges reconnected . This theory has been the subject of debate . Scientists are still skeptical of whether or not this theory is legitimate . Genetic evidence suggests speciation had occurred in certain taxa 1 -- 2 million years ago , preceding the Pleistocene . Human dimensions Habitation Tropical rainforests have harboured human life for many millennia , with many Indian tribes in South - and Central America , who belong to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas , the Congo Pygmies in Central Africa , and several tribes in South - East Asia , like the Dayak people and the Penan people in Borneo . Food resources within the forest are extremely dispersed due to the high biological diversity and what food does exist is largely restricted to the canopy and requires considerable energy to obtain . Some groups of hunter - gatherers have exploited rainforest on a seasonal basis but dwelt primarily in adjacent savanna and open forest environments where food is much more abundant . Other people described as rainforest dwellers are hunter - gatherers who subsist in large part by trading high value forest products such as hides , feathers , and honey with agricultural people living outside the forest . Indigenous peoples Main article : Indigenous peoples Members of an uncontacted tribe encountered in the Brazilian state of Acre in 2009 . A variety of indigenous people live within the rainforest as hunter - gatherers , or subsist as part - time small scale farmers supplemented in large part by trading high - value forest products such as hides , feathers , and honey with agricultural people living outside the forest . Peoples have inhabited the rainforests for tens of thousands of years and have remained so elusive that only recently have some tribes been discovered . These indigenous peoples are greatly threatened by loggers in search for old - growth tropical hardwoods like Ipe , Cumaru and Wenge , and by farmers who are looking to expand their land , for cattle ( meat ) , and soybeans , which are used to feed cattle in Europe and China . On 18 January 2007 , FUNAI reported also that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil , up from 40 in 2005 . With this addition , Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes . The province of Irian Jaya or West Papua in the island of New Guinea is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups . The pygmy peoples are hunter - gatherer groups living in equatorial rainforests characterized by their short height ( below one and a half meters , or 59 inches , on average ) . Amongst this group are the Efe , Aka , Twa , Baka , and Mbuti people of Central Africa . However , the term pygmy is considered pejorative so many tribes prefer not to be labeled as such . Some notable indigenous peoples of the Americas , or Amerindians , include the Huaorani , Ya̧nomamö , and Kayapo people of the Amazon . The traditional agricultural system practiced by tribes in the Amazon is based on swidden cultivation ( also known as slash - and - burn or shifting cultivation ) and is considered a relatively benign disturbance . In fact , when looking at the level of individual swidden plots a number of traditional farming practices are considered beneficial . For example , the use of shade trees and fallowing all help preserve soil organic matter , which is a critical factor in the maintenance of soil fertility in the deeply weathered and leached soils common in the Amazon . There is a diversity of forest people in Asia , including the Lumad peoples of the Philippines and the Penan and Dayak people of Borneo . The Dayaks are a particularly interesting group as they are noted for their traditional headhunting culture . Fresh human heads were required to perform certain rituals such as the Iban `` kenyalang '' and the Kenyah `` mamat '' . Pygmies who live in Southeast Asia are , amongst others , referred to as `` Negrito '' . Resources Cultivated foods and spices Yam , coffee , chocolate , banana , mango , papaya , macadamia , avocado , and sugarcane all originally came from tropical rainforest and are still mostly grown on plantations in regions that were formerly primary forest . In the mid-1980s and 1990s , 40 million tons of bananas were consumed worldwide each year , along with 13 million tons of mango . Central American coffee exports were worth US $3 billion in 1970 . Much of the genetic variation used in evading the damage caused by new pests is still derived from resistant wild stock . Tropical forests have supplied 250 cultivated kinds of fruit , compared to only 20 for temperate forests . Forests in New Guinea alone contain 251 tree species with edible fruits , of which only 43 had been established as cultivated crops by 1985 . Ecosystem services Main article : ecosystem services In addition to extractive human uses , rain forests also have non-extractive uses that are frequently summarized as ecosystem services . Rain forests play an important role in maintaining biological diversity , sequestering and storing carbon , global climate regulation , disease control , and pollination . Tourism Canopy walkway for seeing the diverse tropical forest in Costa Rica Despite the negative effects of tourism in the tropical rainforests , there are also several important positive effects . In recent years ecotourism in the tropics has increased . While rainforests are becoming increasingly rare , people are travelling to nations that still have this diverse habitat . Locals are benefiting from the additional income brought in by visitors , as well areas deemed interesting for visitors are often conserved . Ecotourism can be an incentive for conservation , especially when it triggers positive economic change . Ecotourism can include a variety of activities including animal viewing , scenic jungle tours and even viewing cultural sights and native villages . If these practices are performed appropriately this can be beneficial for both locals and the present flora and fauna . An increase in tourism has increased economic support , allowing more revenue to go into the protection of the habitat . Tourism can contribute directly to the conservation of sensitive areas and habitat . Revenue from park - entrance fees and similar sources can be utilised specifically to pay for the protection and management of environmentally sensitive areas . Revenue from taxation and tourism provides an additional incentive for governments to contribute revenue to the protection of the forest . Tourism also has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with the environment . Such increased awareness can induce more environmentally conscious behavior . Tourism has had a positive effect on wildlife preservation and protection efforts , notably in Africa but also in South America , Asia , Australia , and the South Pacific . Conservation Threats Deforestation Further information : Rainforest § Deforestation Mining and drilling The Ok Tedi Mine in southwestern Papua New Guinea Deposits of precious metals ( gold , silver , coltan ) and fossil fuels ( oil and natural gas ) occur underneath rainforests globally . These resources are important to developing nations and their extraction is often given priority to encourage economic growth . Mining and drilling can require large amounts of land development , directly causing deforestation . In Ghana , a West African nation , deforestation from decades of mining activity left about 12 % of the country 's original rainforest intact . Conversion to agricultural land With the invention of agriculture , humans were able to clear sections of rainforest to produce crops , converting it to open farmland . Such people , however , obtain their food primarily from farm plots cleared from the forest and hunt and forage within the forest to supplement this . The issue arising is between the independent farmer providing for his family and the needs and wants of the globe as a whole . This issue has seen little improvement because no plan has been established for all parties to be aided . Agriculture on formerly forested land is not without difficulties . Rainforest soils are often thin and leached of many minerals , and the heavy rainfall can quickly leach nutrients from area cleared for cultivation . People such as the Yanomamo of the Amazon , utilize slash - and - burn agriculture to overcome these limitations and enable them to push deep into what were previously rainforest environments . However , these are not rainforest dwellers , rather they are dwellers in cleared farmland that make forays into the rainforest . Up to 90 % of the typical Yanamomo diet comes from farmed plants . Some action has been taken by suggesting fallow periods of the land allowing secondary forest to grow and replenish the soil . Beneficial practices like soil restoration and conservation can benefit the small farmer and allow better production on smaller parcels of land . Climate change Main article : Climate change The tropics take a major role in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide . The tropics ( most notably the Amazon rainforest ) are called carbon sinks . As major carbon reducers and carbon and soil methane storages , their destruction contributes to increasing global energy trapping , atmospheric gases . Climate change has been significantly contributed to by the destruction of the rainforests . A simulation was performed in which all rainforest in Africa were removed . The simulation showed an increase in atmospheric temperature by 2.5 to 5 degrees Celsius . Protection Efforts to protect and conserve tropical rainforest habitats are diverse and widespread . Tropical rainforest conservation ranges from strict preservation of habitat to finding sustainable management techniques for people living in tropical rainforests . International policy has also introduced a market incentive program called Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation ( REDD ) for companies and governments to outset their carbon emissions through financial investments into rainforest conservation . See also International Tropical Timber Organization List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions Palaeogeography Rainforest Temperate rain forest Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Tropical rainforest climate Tropical Africa Tropical vegetation References Jump up ^ Why the Amazon Rainforest is So Rich in Species Archived 25 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Earthobservatory.nasa.gov ( 5 December 2005 ) . Retrieved on 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Why The Amazon Rainforest Is So Rich In Species . ScienceDaily.com ( 5 December 2005 ) . Retrieved on 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Olson , David M. ; Dinerstein , Eric ; Wikramanayake , Eric D. ; Burgess , Neil D. ; Powell , George V.N. ; Underwood , Emma C. ; d'Amico , Jennifer A. ; Itoua , Illanga ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World : A New Map of Life on Earth '' ( PDF ) . BioScience. 51 ( 11 ) : 933 -- 938 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2001 ) 051 ( 0933 : TEOTWA ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Susan . Tropical broadleaf Evergreen Forest : The rainforest . Archived 25 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 14 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Arnold ( 2002 ) . Tropical Rainforest : Our Most Valuable and Endangered Habitat With a Blueprint for Its Survival Into the Third Millennium ( 2 ed . ) . Checkmark . ISBN 0816039739 . Jump up ^ `` Rainforests.net -- Variables and Math '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ The Regents of the University of Michigan . The Tropical Rain Forest . Retrieved on 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Rainforests Archived 8 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Animalcorner.co.uk ( 1 January 2004 ) . Retrieved on 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ The bite that heals . Ngm.nationalgeographic.com ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Sahney , S. , Benton , M.J. & Falcon - Lang , H.J. ( 2010 ) . `` Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica '' . Geology. 38 ( 12 ) : 1079 -- 1082 . Bibcode : 2010Geo ... 38.1079 S . doi : 10.1130 / G31182. 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brazil : Deforestation rises sharply as farmers push into Amazon , The Guardian , 1 September 2008 Jump up ^ China is black hole of Asia 's deforestation , Asia News , 24 March 2008 ^ Jump up to : Corlett , R. & Primack , R. ( 2006 ) . `` Tropical Rainforests and the Need for Cross-continental Comparisons '' . Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 21 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 110 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2005.12. 002 . Jump up ^ Bruijnzeel , L.A. & Veneklaas , E.J. ( 1998 ) . `` Climatic Conditions and Tropical Montane Forest Productivity : The Fog Has Not Lifted Yet '' . Ecology. 79 ( 1 ) : 3 . doi : 10.1890 / 0012 - 9658 ( 1998 ) 079 ( 0003 : CCATMF ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bourgeron , Patrick S. ( 1983 ) . `` Spatial Aspects of Vegetation Structure '' . In Frank B. Golley . Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems . Structure and Function . Ecosystems of the World ( 14A ed . ) . Elsevier Scientific . pp. 29 -- 47 . ISBN 0 - 444 - 41986 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erwin , T.L. ( 1982 ) . `` Tropical forests : Their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species '' ( PDF ) . The Coleopterists Bulletin . 36 : 74 -- 75 . JSTOR 4007977 . Jump up ^ `` Sabah '' . Eastern Native Tree Society . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ King , David A. & Clark , Deborah A. ( 2011 ) . `` Allometry of Emergent Tree Species from Saplings to Above - canopy Adults in a Costa Rican Rain Forest '' . Journal of Tropical Ecology. 27 ( 6 ) : 573 -- 79 . doi : 10.1017 / S0266467411000319 . Jump up ^ Denslow , JS ( 1987 ) . `` Tropical Rainforest Gaps and Tree Species Diversity '' . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 18 : 431 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. es. 18.110187. 002243 . ^ Jump up to : Malhi , Yadvinder & Wright , James ( 2004 ) . `` Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical rainforest regions '' . The Royal Society Biological Sciences . 359 ( 1443 ) : 311 -- 329 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2003.1433 . PMC 1693325 . ^ Jump up to : Aragao , L.E.O.C. ( 2009 ) . `` Above - and below - ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils '' . Biogeosciences. 6 ( 12 ) : 2759 -- 2778 . doi : 10.5194 / bg - 6 - 2759 - 2009 . Jump up ^ Moreira , A. ; Fageria , N.K. ; Garcia y Garcia , A. ( 2011 ) . `` Soil Fertility , Mineral Nitrogen , and Microbial Biomass in Upland Soils of the Central Amazon under Different Plant Covers '' . Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis . 42 ( 6 ) : 694 -- 705 . doi : 10.1080 / 00103624.2011. 550376 . Jump up ^ Environmental news and information . mongabay.com . Retrieved on 28 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cleveland , Cory C. & Townsend , Alan R. ( 2006 ) . `` Nutrient additions to a tropical rain forest drive substantial soil carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere '' . PNAS. 103 ( 27 ) : 10316 -- 10321 . Bibcode : 2006PNAS ... 10310316C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0600989103 . PMC 1502455 . PMID 16793925 . ^ Jump up to : Tang , Yong ; Yang , Xiaofei ; Cao , Min ; Baskin , Carol C. ; Baskin , Jerry M. ( 2010 ) . `` Buttress Trees Elevate Soil Heterogeneity and Regulate Seedling Diversity in a Tropical Rainforest '' ( PDF ) . Plant and Soil. 338 : 301 -- 309 . doi : 10.1007 / s11104 - 010 - 0546 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sahney , S. , Benton , M.J. and Ferry , P.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Links between global taxonomic diversity , ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land '' ( PDF ) . Biology Letters. 6 ( 4 ) : 544 -- 547 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.1024 . PMC 2936204 . PMID 20106856 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Haffer , J. ( 1969 ) . `` Speciation in Amazonian Forest Birds '' . Science . 165 ( 131 ) : 131 . Bibcode : 1969Sci ... 165 ... 131H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 165.3889. 131 . Jump up ^ Moritz , C. ; Patton , J.L. ; Schneider , C.J. ; Smith , T.B. ( 2000 ) . `` DIVERSIFICATION OF RAINFOREST FAUNAS : An Integrated Molecular Approach '' . Annu. Rev. Ecol . Syst. 31 : 533 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 31.1. 533 . ^ Jump up to : Barton , Huw ; Denham , Tim ; Neumann , Katharina ; Arroyo - Kalin , Manuel ( 2012 ) . `` Long - term perspectives on human occupation of tropical rainforests : An introductory overview '' . Quaternary International . 249 : 1 -- 3 . Bibcode : 2012QuInt. 249 ... 1B . doi : 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2011.07. 044 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , R.C. , Head , G. , Jenike , M. , Owen , B. , Rechtman , R. , Zechenter , E. ( 1989 ) . `` Hunting and gathering in tropical rainforest : is it possible '' . American Anthropologist. 91 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 82 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1989.91. 1.02 a00040 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ' They 're killing us ' : world 's most endangered tribe cries for help . The Guardian ( 22 April 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sibaja , Marco ( 6 June 2012 ) Brazil 's Indigenous Awa Tribe At Risk . Huffington Post Jump up ^ González - Ruibal , Alfredo ; Hernando , Almudena ; Politis , Gustavo ( 2011 ) . `` Ontology of the self and material culture : Arrow - making among the Awá hunter -- gatherers ( Brazil ) '' . Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 30 : 1 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaa. 2010.10. 001 . Jump up ^ Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes . Reuters.com ( 17 January 2007 ) . Retrieved on 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ BBC : First contact with isolated tribes ? survivalinternational.org ( 25 January 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` People of the Congo Rainforest '' . Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Forest peoples in the central African rain forest : focus on the pygmies . fao.org Jump up ^ Dufour , D.R. ( 1990 ) . `` Use of tropical rainforest by native Amazonians '' ( PDF ) . BioScience. 40 ( 9 ) : 652 -- 659 . doi : 10.2307 / 1311432 . JSTOR 1311432 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Rafael ; Jordan , Carl F. ; Medina , Ernesto & Klinge , Hans ( 1981 ) . `` How Human Activities Disturb the Nutrient Cycles of a Tropical Rainforest in Amazonia '' . 10 ( 2 / 3 , MAB : A Special Issue ) : 109 -- 114 . JSTOR 4312652 . Jump up ^ Ewel , JJ ( 1986 ) . `` Designing Agricultural Ecosystems for the Humid Tropics '' . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 17 : 245 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. es. 17.110186. 001333 . JSTOR 2096996 . Jump up ^ Jessup , T.C. & Vayda , A.P. ( 1988 ) . `` Dayaks and forests of interior Borneo '' ( PDF ) . Expedition. 30 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Myers , N. ( 1985 ) . The primary source , W.W. Norton and Co. , New York , pp. 189 -- 193 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 30262 - 8 Jump up ^ Foley , Jonathan A. ; Asner , Gregory P. ; Costa , Marcos Heil ; Coe , Michael T. ; Defries , Ruth ; Gibbs , Holly K. ; Howard , Erica A. ; Olson , Sarah ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Amazonia revealed : forest degradation and loss of ecosystem goods and services in the Amazon Basin '' . Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 5 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 32 . doi : 10.1890 / 1540 - 9295 ( 2007 ) 5 ( 25 : ARFDAL ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Stronza , A. & Gordillo , J. ( 2008 ) . `` Community views of ecotourism : Redefining benefits '' ( PDF ) . Annals of Tourism Research . 35 ( 2 ) : 448 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annals. 2008.01. 002 . Jump up ^ Fotiou , S. ( October 2001 ) . Environmental Impacts of Tourism . Retrieved 30 November 2007 , from Uneptie.org Archived 28 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ismi , A. ( 1 October 2003 ) , Canadian mining companies set to destroy Ghana 's forest reserves , Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives Monitor , Ontario , Canada . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Philip L. ; Sugiyama , Larry and Chacon , Richard ( 1998 ) `` Diet , Dental Health , and Cultural Change among Recently Contacted South American Indian Hunter - Horticulturalists '' , Ch. 17 in Human Dental Development , Morphology , and Pathology . University of Oregon Anthropological Papers , No. 54 Jump up ^ Tomich , P.T. , Noordwijk , V.M. , Vosti , A.S. , Witcover , J ( 1998 ) . `` Agricultural development with rainforest conservation : methods for seeking best bet alternatives to slash - and - burn , with applications to Brazil and Indonesia '' . Agricultural Economics . 19 : 159 -- 174 . doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 5150 ( 98 ) 00032 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ De Jong , Wil ; Freitas , Luis ; Baluarte , Juan ; Van De Kop , Petra ; Salazar , Angel ; Inga , Erminio ; Melendez , Walter ; Germaná , Camila ( 2001 ) . `` Secondary forest dynamics in the Amazon floodplain in Peru '' . Forest Ecology and Management . 150 : 135 -- 146 . doi : 10.1016 / S0378 - 1127 ( 00 ) 00687 - 3 . Jump up ^ Semazzi , F.H. , Song , Y ( 2001 ) . `` A GCM study of climate change induced by deforestation in Africa '' . Climate Research . 17 : 169 -- 182 . Bibcode : 2001ClRes ... 17 ... 169S . doi : 10.3354 / cr017169 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Varghese , Paul ( August 2009 ) . `` An Overview of REDD , REDD Plus and REDD Readiness '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 23 November 2009 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tropical rainforests . Rainforest Action Network Rain Forest Info from Blue Planet Biomes Passport to Knowledge Rainforests Biogeographic regionalisations Biomes Terrestrial biomes Polar / montane Tundra Taiga Montane grasslands and shrublands Temperate Coniferous forests Broadleaf and mixed forests Deciduous forests Grasslands , savannas , and shrublands Tropical and subtropical Coniferous forests Moist broadleaf forests Dry broadleaf forests Grasslands , savannas , and shrublands Dry Mediterranean forests , woodlands , and scrub Deserts and xeric shrublands Wet Flooded grasslands and savannas Riparian Wetland Aquatic biomes Pond Littoral Intertidal Mangroves Kelp forests Coral reefs Neritic zone Pelagic zone Benthic zone Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Demersal zone Other biomes Endolithic zone Biogeographic realms Terrestrial Afrotropical Antarctic Australasian Nearctic Palearctic Indomalayan Neotropical Oceanian Marine Arctic Temperate Northern Pacific Tropical Atlantic Western Indo - Pacific Central Indo - Pacific Tropical Eastern Pacific Subdivisions Biogeographic provinces Bioregions Ecoregions List of ecoregions Global 200 ecoregions See also Ecological land classification Floristic kingdoms Vegetation classifications Zoogeographic regions GND : 4061016 - 0 NDL : 00568116 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_rainforest&oldid=857868146 '' Categories : Tropical rainforests Rainforests Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Tropical flora Ecosystems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sardu සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2018 , at 15 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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our lady queen of the missions school salt lake kolkata

Our Lady Queen of the Missions school

our lady queen of the missions school

Our Lady Queen of the Missions School is a higher secondary school located in the satellite township of Salt Lake City , Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal . The school is an accredited examination centre for the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE ) by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations ( CISCE ) . The school was opened on 1 August 1946 by the Congregation of Our Lady of the Missions with just 5 students . The foundation stone of the Our Lady Queen Of The Missions School in Salt Lake was laid on 9 February 1997 and the school started functioning in 2001 . The school is recognised by the Education Department of West Bengal and is affiliated to CISCE Board , New Delhi .

References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_Queen_of_the_Missions_School&oldid=803376136 '' Categories : Catholic schools in India Primary schools in West Bengal High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal Girls ' schools in West Bengal Christian schools in West Bengal Schools in Kolkata Educational institutions established in 1946 1946 establishments in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2014 Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles lacking sources from October 2011 All articles lacking sources Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox school with unsupported parameters Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 03 : 55 . About Wikipedia

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what kind of room is not a house

Gregory House

gregory house

Gregory House , M.D. , commonly referred to by his surname House , is the title character of the American medical drama series House . Created by David Shore and portrayed by English actor Hugh Laurie , he leads a team of diagnosticians as the Head of Diagnostic Medicine at the fictional Princeton - Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in Princeton , New Jersey ( based on the real - life Yale -- New Haven Hospital in New Haven , Connecticut ) .

House 's character has been described as a misanthrope , cynic , narcissist , and curmudgeon , the last of which was named one of the top television words of 2005 in honor of the character . He is the only character to appear in all 177 episodes and , except for Wilson 's brief appearance , is the only regular character to appear in the season six premiere . In the series , the character 's unorthodox diagnostic approaches , radical therapeutic motives , and stalwart rationality have resulted in much conflict between him and his colleagues . House is also often portrayed as lacking sympathy for his patients , a practice that allots him time to solve pathological enigmas . The character is partly inspired by Sherlock Holmes . A portion of the show 's plot centers on House 's habitual use of Vicodin to manage pain stemming from a leg infarction involving his quadriceps muscle some years earlier , an injury that forces him to walk with a cane . This addiction is also one of the many parallels to Holmes , who was a habitual user of cocaine . Throughout the series ' run , the character received generally positive reviews and was included in several best lists . Tom Shales of The Washington Post called House `` the most electrifying character to hit television in years '' . For his portrayal , Laurie has won various awards , including two Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama , two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Actor from Drama Series , two Satellite Awards for Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama , two TCA Awards for Individual Achievement in Drama , and a total of six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character history 2 Personality 2.1 Social behavior 3 Development 3.1 Conception 3.2 Casting 3.3 Parallels to Sherlock Holmes 4 Reception 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 External links Character history ( edit ) Gregory House was born to John and Blythe House ( R. Lee Ermey and Diane Baker ) on June 11 , 1959 , or May 15 , 1959 . House is a `` military brat '' ; his father served as a Marine Corps aviator and transferred often to other bases during House 's childhood . House presumably picked up his affinity for languages during this period and shows a level of understanding of Spanish , Portuguese , Japanese , and Mandarin . One place in which his father was stationed was Egypt , where House developed a fascination with archaeology and treasure - hunting , which led him to keep his treasure - hunting tools well into adulthood . Another station was Japan , where , at age 14 , House discovered his vocation after a rock climbing incident with his friend . He witnessed the respect given to a buraku doctor who solved the case no other doctor could . He also spent some time in the Philippines , where he received dental surgery . House loves his mother but hates his father , who he claims has an `` insane moral compass '' , and deliberately attempts to avoid both parents . At one point , House tells a story of his parents leaving him with his grandmother , whose punishments constituted abuse . However , he later confesses it was his father who abused him . Due to this abuse , House never believed John House was his biological father ; at the age of 12 , he inferred that a friend of his family with the same birthmark as himself was his real father . In the season 5 episode `` Birthmarks '' , House discovers that his `` father '' was not his biological father after he ordered a DNA test that compared his DNA against John 's . After a second DNA test was performed in the season 8 episode `` Love Is Blind '' , House discovers the man he thought was his biological father , Thomas Bell , was not either . The identity of his real father remains unknown . House studied both as an undergraduate earning a BS in physics and a medical student at Johns Hopkins University . House first attended Johns Hopkins University as an undergraduate . Before fully committing to medicine as his discipline , he considered getting a Ph. D. in Physics , researching dark matter . He was accepted to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and excelled during his time there . He was a front runner for a prestigious and competitive internship at the Mayo Clinic ; however , another student , Philip Weber , caught him cheating , resulting in his expulsion from Johns Hopkins and rejection from the internship . While appealing his expulsion , he studied at the University of Michigan Medical School , and worked at a bookstore , where he met his future employer and love interest Lisa Cuddy ( Lisa Edelstein ) , with whom he shared a night when `` he gave her everything she asked for '' . After the appeal process , he was denied re-entry into Johns Hopkins . During a medical convention in New Orleans , House first saw his eventual best friend Dr. James Wilson ( Robert Sean Leonard ) . Wilson , who was going through his first divorce at the time , broke a mirror in frustration and started a bar fight after a man repeatedly played `` Leave a Tender Moment Alone '' on a jukebox . Out of sheer boredom with the convention and to `` have somebody to drink with , '' House paid for the damage , bailed him out , and hired an attorney to clear his name ( who failed to do so ) , starting their professional and personal relationship . House eventually became a Board - certified internist with a double specialty in infectious disease and nephrology . Approximately ten years before the beginning of the series , House entered into a relationship with Stacy Warner ( Sela Ward ) , a constitutional lawyer , after she shot him during a `` Lawyers vs. Doctors '' paintball match . Five years later , during a game of golf , he suffered an infarction in his right leg which went misdiagnosed for three days due to doctors ' concerns - House would eventually diagnose the infarction himself : An aneurysm in his thigh had clotted leading to an infarction and causing his quadriceps muscle to become necrotic . House had the dead muscle bypassed to restore circulation to the remainder of his leg , risking organ failure and cardiac arrest . He was unwilling to allow an amputation opting instead to endure excruciating post-operative pain to retain the use of his leg . However , after he was put into a chemically induced coma to sleep through the worst of the pain , Stacy , House 's medical proxy , and Dr. Lisa Cuddy who was House 's doctor at the time , acted against his wishes and authorized a safer surgical middle - ground procedure between amputation and a bypass by removing just the dead muscle . This resulted in the partial loss of use in his leg and left House with a lesser , but still serious , level of pain for the rest of his life . House could not forgive Stacy for making the decision after he obviously did n't want it and this was eventually the reason Stacy left him . House now suffers chronic pain in his thigh and uses a cane ( which he uses for more than walking ; he often wields it for protection or to push aside privacy curtains , or for knocking on doors ) to aid his walking . He also frequently takes Vicodin , a moderate to severe painkiller , to relieve his pain . House does briefly break his dependency with psychiatric help , after he suffers a psychotic break . When Warner makes her first appearance in season 1 , she is married to a high school guidance counselor named Mark Warner . Although she and House have a brief , intimate encounter during the second season , House eventually tells Stacy to go back to her husband , devastating her . In the season two finale `` No Reason '' one of House 's former patients shoots him twice . At the beginning of season three , House temporarily regains his ability to walk and run after receiving ketamine treatment for his gunshot injuries . However , the chronic pain in his leg comes back and House , who seems depressed because of the returning pain , takes painkillers and uses his cane once again . The other doctors speculate his cane and opiate re-usage are due to his psychological tendencies . On a routine clinic visit , a police detective , Michael Tritter , is seen by House . Tritter observes House taking Vicodin for his pain and blames this for House 's being rude and a bully . Tritter , believing doctors should be more responsible while practicing medicine , decides to take it upon himself to take legal action to free House of his addiction by launching an investigation into suspected drug abuse . The investigation slowly involves Cuddy , Wilson and House 's diagnostics team , with Tritter using extreme measures to get information . House , being forcibly weaned off Vicodin to take a deal where he would keep his medical license , goes to extreme lengths to manage his pain by stealing Oxycodone from a cancer patient of Wilson 's who had just died , giving Tritter what he needed to bring House to trial . At the pretrial hearing , the Judge decides House is not a danger to society and that his pain management for his leg is not as serious as Tritter made it seem . This conclusion is reached when Cuddy manufactures evidence and perjures herself to keep House out of jail . During season five , House once again regains his ability to walk without pain after taking methadone but soon stops after nearly killing a patient due to an uncharacteristic medical error . At the end of season five , House 's use of Vicodin reaches a level in which House starts hallucinating about a former fellowship candidate who is also Wilson 's dead girlfriend Amber Volakis and a relationship with Cuddy . When House comes to the conclusion Vicodin is making him hallucinate and taking over his life , he checks himself into Mayfield Psychiatric Hospital . At the start of season six , after spending time in Mayfield , House stops taking pain medications and with the help of Dr. Darryl Nolan , finds other ways to deal with his pain and other aspects of his life . During his stay it is revealed by Dr. Nolan that House suffers from clinical depression , has antisocial tendencies , an inflated ego and severe trust issues . Dr. Nolan at one point even took House to a gathering in an effort to make House open up to people . To help manage his pain House finds a short - lived hobby in cooking . Thirteen ( Remy Hadley ) , Cuddy , and Wilson discover House is very good at his new hobby , attributing this to House thinking of ingredients in terms of chemistry . House eventually finds the one thing that seems to help the pain go away : practicing medicine . After he diagnoses a patient online for his team ( without their knowledge ) , and shows Dr. Nolan how this reduces his pain , Nolan suggests House resume his practice . In season seven , when Cuddy , who is House 's girlfriend at this point , has a brush with death , House goes back on Vicodin in order to cope with the fear of losing her . Near the end of season seven , House finds out the experimental drug he had been using caused fatal cancerous tumors in all of the lab rats in the experiment . He gets a CT scan of his leg and finds three tumors close to the surface of the skin in his leg . He goes home , cleans his bathroom , and attempts to perform surgery on himself to extract the tumors in his bathtub . In season eight , House finds himself in jail after running his car into Cuddy 's house . There he finds his need for Vicodin is a weakness when an inmate makes House steal twenty pills of Vicodin or be killed . Throughout season eight , House 's therapeutic use of Vicodin becomes more habitual , similar to his use before season five . The final season 's opening episode partly explores what path an imprisoned House would take aside from practicing medicine , revealing physics as his other forté . The episode `` Body & Soul '' makes a nod to this with a reference to a particle physics text amongst his books , as mentioned by his then - wife Dominika Petrova ( Karolina Wydra ) . House fakes his own death in the series finale , thus giving up his ability to practice medicine again , in order to spend time with Wilson ( Robert Sean Leonard ) , who has five months left to live . He does this in order to avoid being sent back to prison for destroying an MRI machine in a prank gone wrong . The series ends with House and Wilson riding off into the countryside on motorcycles , as Dr. Robert Chase ( Jesse Spencer ) takes over House 's department . Personality ( edit ) `` Dr. House is a fascinating and daringly cantankerous enigma , the proverbial bitter pill who also happens to be a highly intuitive medical genius . He despises interacting with patients and prefers dealing with diseases -- with medical mysteries that leave other doctors scratching their heads in befuddlement . '' -- Tom Shales describing the character . House frequently shows off his cunning and biting wit , and enjoys picking people apart and mocking their weaknesses . House accurately deduces people 's motives and histories from aspects of their personality , appearance , and behavior . His friend and colleague Wilson says that while some doctors have the `` Messiah complex '' ( they need to `` save the world '' ) , House has the `` Rubik 's complex '' ( he needs to `` solve the puzzle '' ) . House typically waits as long as possible before meeting his patients . When he does , he shows an unorthodox bedside manner and uses unconventional treatments . However , he impresses them with rapid and accurate diagnoses after seemingly not paying attention . This skill is demonstrated in a scene where House diagnoses an entire waiting room full of patients in little over one minute on his way out of the hospital clinic . House , although rarely visiting his patients , demonstrates that he is more than capable of using practical medical skills . For example , occasionally taking part in operations and reacting quickly when a patient has a cardiac arrest in front of him . Critics have described the character as `` moody '' , `` bitter '' , `` antagonistic '' , `` misanthropic '' , `` cynical '' `` grumpy '' , `` maverick '' , `` anarchist '' , `` sociopath '' , and a `` curmudgeon '' . The Global Language Monitor chose the word `` curmudgeon '' as the best way to describe the character . Laurie describes House as a character who refuses to `` obey the usual pieties of modern life '' and expects to find a rare diagnosis when he is treating his patient . Many aspects of his personality are the antithesis of what might be expected from a doctor . Executive producer Katie Jacobs views House as a static character who is accustomed to living in misery . Jacobs has said that Dr. Wilson , his only friend in the show , and House both avoid mature relationships , which brings the two closer together . Leonard has said that Dr. Wilson is one of the few who voluntarily maintains a relationship with House , because he is free to criticize him . Although House 's crankiness is commonly misattributed to the chronic pain in his leg , both Stacy and Cuddy have said that he was the same before the infarction . To handle the chronic pain in his leg , House takes Vicodin every day , and as a result has developed an addiction to the drug . He refuses to admit that he has an addiction ( `` I do not have a pain management problem , I have a pain problem '' ) . However , after winning a bet from Cuddy by not taking the drug for a week , he concedes that he has an addiction , but says that it is not a problem because it does not interfere with his work or life . In the 2009 season House goes through detox and his addiction goes into remission , so to say . However , it does seem that House may have gotten over his addiction in the season 6 premiere . House creator David Shore told the Seattle Times in 2006 that Vicodin is `` becoming less and less useful a tool for dealing with his pain , and it 's something ( the writers ) are going to continue to deal with , continue to explore '' . House openly talks about , and makes references to , pornography . In `` Lines in the Sand '' , he returns the flirtations of an underage female who is a daughter of a clinic patient . He regularly engages the services of prostitutes , of which his former female diagnostic team member Dr. Allison Cameron ( Jennifer Morrison ) , who once had a crush on him , is aware . He also likes to gamble , frequently making wagers . House speaks multiple languages , demonstrating fluency in English , Spanish , Russian , Portuguese , Hindi , and Mandarin . He listens to jazz , plays the piano ( as does Hugh Laurie ) and has an interest in vintage electric guitars . House has often credited guitarist / songwriter Eric Clapton and composer Giacomo Puccini as his biggest musical influences , drawing parallels to those of Hugh Laurie 's . He is an avid video gamer , is known to attend monster truck pulls with Wilson , and watch the soap operas General Hospital and the fictional Prescription Passion . House is a fan of the Philadelphia Phillies and Philadelphia Flyers . He is also ( as is Laurie ) a motorcyclist , riding a Honda CBR1000RR Repsol Edition , license plate Y91 , as seen in `` Swan Song '' , `` Help Me '' , `` Deception '' and `` Post Mortem '' ; otherwise , he drives a Dodge Dynasty sedan . House is an atheist . He openly and relentlessly mocks colleagues and patients who express any belief in religion , deeming such beliefs as illogical . He does not believe in an afterlife because he finds it is better to believe life `` is n't just a test '' . However , in the season four episode `` 97 Seconds '' , he expresses sufficient interest in the possibility of an afterlife to electrocute himself in an effort to find out ; he is dissatisfied with the results and denounces the possibility of an afterlife . This is also an example of House 's tendency to self - experiment and submit to risky medical procedures in the name of truth . Over the course of the series , he disproves the effectiveness of a migraine cure by self - inducing a migraine and controlling the effects through drugs , undergoes a blood transfusion to assist with a diagnosis , and overdoses on physostigmine to improve his memory after sustaining head injuries , subsequently causing his heart to stop beating , then undergoes deep brain stimulation soon after . In `` The Fix '' , he steals experimental medicine only tested in rats to try and regrow his thigh muscle , eliminating his pain . In the following episode , `` After Hours '' , he finds out that the medicine cause tumors , and operated on himself in his bathtub based on a CT scan . Ultimately he is unable to continue and eventually brought in Cuddy , who sends him to the hospital . `` ( House ) enjoys pursuing the truth , and he knows we all see the world through our own lenses . He 's constantly trying to strip himself of those biases , to get a clean , objective view of things . '' -- Shore to Variety . House frequently says , `` Everybody lies '' , but jokingly remarked he was lying when he said it . House criticizes social etiquette for lack of rational purpose and usefulness . Dr. Cameron states in the first episode of the first season `` House does n't believe in pretense ... so he just says what he thinks '' . In the season three episode `` Lines in the Sand '' , he explains how he envies an autistic patient because society allows the patient to forgo the niceties that he must suffer through . In the same episode , Dr. Wilson suggests House might have Asperger syndrome , which is characterized by a number of traits found in House , such as difficulty accepting the purpose of social rules , lack of concern for his physical appearance , and resistance to change ; though he later reveals to House that he does not truly believe this , and that claiming this was a part of a ploy to soften Cuddy 's opinion of House . House is a strong nonconformist and has little regard for how others perceive him . Throughout the series , he displays sardonic contempt for authority figures . House shows an almost constant disregard for his own appearance , possessing a permanent stubble and dressing informally in worn jeans , wrinkled shirts over rumpled T - shirts , and sneakers . He avoids wearing the standard white lab coat to avoid patients recognizing him as a doctor , preferring a shabby blazer or , less frequently , a motorcycle jacket . Social behavior ( edit ) House does not have much of a social life , and his only real friend is Dr. James Wilson . Wilson knew House before the infarction and looked after him when House 's relationship with Stacy ended . Dr. Wilson 's moving into House 's apartment after his failed marriage in `` Sex Kills '' symbolizes his taking emotional refuge in his friend . Although they frequently analyze and criticize each other 's motives , Wilson has risked his career to protect House , including having his job terminated in the first season as an effort of Edward Vogler to dismiss House , and having his practice damaged by Detective Michael Tritter in an investigation of House 's narcotics consumption . House has quietly admitted , at several instances , that he is grateful for Wilson 's presence , including referring to Wilson as his best friend . When Wilson resigns and moves away from both New Jersey and House 's friendship in the season 5 premiere , House is desperate to have his friend back , and hires a private investigator ( Michael Weston ) to spy on him . The two ultimately reconcile at House 's father 's funeral in a scene similar to their first meeting , only this time Wilson breaks a stained glass window with what appears to be a bottle of wine or alcohol in a moment of anger directed at House . In the series finale , House fakes his death both to get out of going to prison and to spend five remaining months with Wilson before he dies of cancer , after having spent the past third of the season helping him through difficult , risky and ultimately unsuccessful treatments and reckless `` bucket list '' wishes . Lisa Edelstein has said that despite his sardonic personality , House is a character who is reliant on people surrounding him . Edelstein says this characteristic is portrayed on several occasions in the third season , during which House 's medical career is in jeopardy due to investigations by Det . Michael Tritter ( David Morse ) , who arrests him for possessing narcotics . House 's legal trouble ends when Edelstein 's character , Lisa Cuddy , commits perjury during his hearing . In Season 5 , a relationship with Cuddy begins to blossom , as they are unable to deny feelings between each other . They share a kiss in episode six `` Joy '' which sparked an ongoing romantic tension between them . When Cuddy 's office is destroyed by a gunman and is being renovated , she moves into House 's office in what Wilson believes to be an attempt to get closer to House . The two try to drive each other away , doing things to each other 's office to make them worse , but in an uncharacteristically nice move , House has Cuddy 's mother send her medical school desk for her new office as a surprise . Cuddy is touched by what he did , but is devastated when she spots him with a prostitute he hired , not knowing he had done so only to mess with Kutner and Taub . In the season finale `` Both Sides Now '' it is confirmed that House wishes to pursue a romantic relationship with Cuddy . In this same episode he believes he has slept with Cuddy and informs Dr. James Wilson the following morning . This however is revealed to be a psychosis , which is a side effect of his Vicodin abuse . The House - Cuddy story culminates in the season 6 finale , `` Help Me '' , when Cuddy cancels her engagement to Lucas to face the inevitable realization of her loving House all along ; they share a passionate kiss , thus hinting on mutual willingness to try to develop a real relationship . However , in season 7 , this relationship is ended when House starts taking Vicodin again when he is faced with Cuddy possibly having a terminal illness . House has also been known to act as a mooch at times , frequently stealing food from Wilson . In `` You Do n't Want to Know '' , while House is searching for the cause of Thirteen 's twitching , he claims to have stolen money from her wallet . In the same episode , Wilson later observes that House 's blood type is AB , the universal recipient , reflecting his desire to take whatever he can . In another episode , he reveals to Wilson that he 's been borrowing larger and larger sums of money from him without paying him back , just to see at what point Wilson would turn him down . Development ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) `` The title diagnostician of the show would be as smart a physician as Dr. Kildare and as sharp a sleuth as Gil Grissom of CSI , it was important to us that he be damaged , both emotionally and physically . '' -- Shore on House 's creation . While the show was originally set to be a medical procedural , the idea changed when the writers started to explore the possibilities of a curmudgeonly title character . Shore traced the concept for the title character to his background as a patient at a teaching hospital . Shore recalled that `` I knew , as soon as I left the room , they would be mocking me relentlessly ( for my cluelessness ... ) and I thought that it would be interesting to see a character who actually did that before they left the room '' . Shore also based the character partly on himself : in a 2006 interview with Macleans he explained that he has a `` cynical and cold attitude lurking within '' him , and almost always agrees with House 's point of view . A central part of the show 's premise was that the main character would be disabled in some way . The initial idea was for House to use a wheelchair , inspired by the 1960s police drama Ironside , but Fox turned down this interpretation ( for which the crew was later grateful ) . The wheelchair became a scar on House 's face , which later turned into a bad leg necessitating the use of a cane . House usually holds his cane on the same side as his injured leg ; Shore explained : `` Some people feel more comfortable with the cane in the dominant arm , and that is acceptable '' . The cane tricks that are seen throughout the series are created by Laurie himself . Cathy Crandall , costume designer for the show , created a look for the character that made it seem like he did not care about his clothing . She designed House with a wrinkled T - shirt , a blazer that is one size too short , faded and worn - in jeans and heather - gray rag socks . It was Laurie 's idea to have the character wear sneakers , because he thought `` a man with a cane needs functional shoes '' ; the Fox studios ' wardrobe department kept thirty - seven pairs of Nike Shox on hand . House has worn T - shirts designed by famous designers such as Barking Irons and Lincoln Mayne , but also by less known designers such as Andrew Buckler and Taavo . The shirts are usually kept tied in a ball overnight to get them to wrinkle . Casting ( edit ) When casting for the part started , Shore was afraid that in `` the wrong hands '' , House would `` just be hateful '' . The casting directors were looking for someone who could , as Shore described , `` do these horrible things and be somehow likable without just , you know , petting a kitten '' . When Laurie was asked to audition for the role of House , he was filming Flight of the Phoenix in Namibia . Laurie had no big expectations for the show , thinking that it would only `` run for a few weeks '' . He planned to audition for the roles of both James Wilson and Gregory House . However , when he read that Wilson was a character with a `` handsome open face '' , he decided to audition solely for the role of House . Laurie chose not to change his clothing , but to remain in the costume he wore for the film ; he also decided not to shave his beard . He put together an audition tape of his own in a Namibian hotel bathroom , the only place with enough light , while his Flight of the Phoenix co-stars Jacob Vargas and Scott Michael Campbell held the camera . He improvised by using an umbrella for a cane . Laurie initially believed that James Wilson would be the protagonist of the show after reading the brief description of the character and did not find out that House was the main character until he read the full script of the pilot episode . After he had watched casting tapes for the pilot episode , Bryan Singer grew frustrated and refused to consider any more British actors because of their flawed American accents . Although Singer compared Laurie 's audition tape to an `` Osama bin Laden video '' , he was impressed with Laurie 's acting and , not knowing who he was , Singer was fooled by his American accent . He commented on how well the `` American actor '' was able to grasp the character , not knowing about Laurie 's British nationality . Although Laurie 's appearance was very different from the way Shore pictured House , when he watched the audition tape , he was equally impressed as Singer . More famous ( in the American market ) actors such as Denis Leary , Rob Morrow and Patrick Dempsey were also considered , but Singer , Shore , and executive producers Paul Attanasio and Katie Jacobs all thought Laurie was the best option and decided to cast him for the part . Laurie was the final actor to join the cast of House . After he was chosen for the part , Laurie , whose father Ran Laurie was a doctor himself , said he felt guilty for `` being paid more to become a fake version of my own father '' . While Laurie has used an American accent before in the Stuart Little films , he found it difficult to adopt for his role , saying that words such as `` coronary artery '' are particularly tricky to pronounce . Parallels to Sherlock Holmes ( edit ) House and Wilson 's relationship mirrors Holmes and Watson 's ( pictured ) relationship . Similarities between House and the famous fictional detective Sherlock Holmes appear throughout the series ; Shore explained that he was always a Sherlock Holmes fan , and found the character 's traits of indifference to his clients unique . The resemblance is evident in various elements of the series ' plot , such as House 's reliance on psychology to solve a case , his reluctance to accept cases he does not find interesting and House 's home address , 221B Baker Street , which is the same as Holmes ' . Other similarities between the two characters are drug use ( House battled a Vicodin addiction for years and Holmes was a recreational user of cocaine ) , successful detoxification ( which proves to be only temporary in House 's case ) , playing an instrument ( Holmes plays the violin and House plays the guitar , piano , organ and harmonica ) and a talent for accurately deducing people 's motives and histories from aspects of their personality and appearance . Shore has also explained that the name `` House '' is a play on the name `` Holmes '' via its phonetic similarity to the word `` homes '' . The pun does not extend to the meaning of the names , as the surname `` Holmes '' actually denotes that its initial bearers lived near or worked with holly or holm - oak trees , such that `` Holl ( e ) y '' or `` Oak ( e ) s '' would be a more literal equivalent . Both Holmes and House each have one true friend , Dr. John Watson and Dr. James Wilson , respectively . Leonard has said that House and his character were originally intended to play the roles of Holmes and Watson in the series although he believes that House 's team has assumed the Watson role . Shore has also said that Dr. House draws inspiration from Dr. Marc Chamberlain , a professor of neurology at the University of Washington , Seattle , and Dr. Joseph Bell ( who was a teacher of Arthur Conan Doyle 's and thus a chief source of inspiration for the creation of Holmes ) , who could `` walk into a waiting room and diagnose people without speaking to them '' . In the season two finale `` No Reason '' , House is shot by a man named Jack Moriarty , a name that coincides with Sherlock Holmes ' adversary , Professor James Moriarty ; likewise , in the fifth season , Wilson uses Irene Adler as the name for an imaginary love interest of House , the same name as the only female adversary Holmes ever encountered . Reception ( edit ) Throughout the series ' run , the character received positive reviews . Tom Shales of The Washington Post called House `` the most electrifying character to hit television in years '' . House was featured on several best lists . In 2008 , House was voted by BuddyTV second sexiest TV doctor ever , behind Dr. Doug Ross ( George Clooney ) from ER . TV Overmind named House the best TV character of the last decade . In June 2010 , Entertainment Weekly also named him one of the 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years . He also appeared in Entertainment Weekly 's `` 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . He was elected TV 's Most Crushworthy Male Doctor over Doug Ross of ER in a poll held by Zap2it . Fox News placed the character among the Best TV Doctors For Surgeon General . For his portrayal , Hugh Laurie has won various awards , including two Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama , two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Actor from Drama Series , two Satellite Awards for Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama , and two TCA Awards for Individual Achievement in Drama . Laurie has also earned a total of six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Holtz , Andrew ( 2006 ) . The Medical Science of House , M.D . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 21230 - 1 . Holtz , Andrew ( 2011 ) . House M.D. vs. Reality : Fact and Fiction in the Hit Television Series . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 23893 - 6 . Hockley , L. ; Gardner , L. ( 2010 ) . House The Wounded Healer on Television : Jungian and Post-Jungian Reflections . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 47913 - 4 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` House , M.D '' . Tioti.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Refugee ' Tops ' Desperation ' and ' Camp Cupcake ' as Top Television Buzzword of the 2005 '' . The Global Language Monitor . June 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kristine , Diane ( 2007 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Ending Season Three With a Bang ? An Interview with House Writer Lawrence Kaplow '' . Blog Critics . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ O'Hare , Kate ( 2005 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Builder keeps adding on to `` House '' for Fox `` . seattletimes . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` House and Holmes parallels '' . Radio Times . BBC Magazines . January 2006 . p. 57 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jericho , Arachne ( May 31 , 2008 ) . `` A House , MD and Sherlock Holmes Special : Predicting House Season Five Based On the Sherlock Holmes Canon '' . Holmesian Derivations , A 21st century look at Sherlock Holmes . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Hugh ( November 20 , 2004 ) . `` Dr. Laurie has viewers of US TV in stitches '' . The Daily Telegraph . p . N9 . ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( November 16 , 2004 ) . `` There 's a doctor worth watching in ' House ' '' . USA Today . p . D1 . Retrieved December 30 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Shales , Tom ( November 16 , 2004 ) . `` ' House ' : Watching Is the Best Medicine '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ No Reason , S02E24 - after being shot , House is hospitalized . His hospital bracelet displays DOB as 06 / 11 / 1959 Jump up ^ S07E22 a medicine bottle lists his DOB as 05 / 15 / 1959 ^ Jump up to : `` Daddy 's Boy '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 5 . 2005 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ His knowledge of Mandarin is evidenced in Risky Business , S08E04 in conversation with his patient . Jump up ^ `` Clueless '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 15 . 2006 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Son of Coma Guy '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Episode 7 . 2006 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Day , One Room '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Episode 12 . 2007 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birthmarks '' . House , M.D. Season 5 . Episode 4 . 2008 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Love Is Blind '' . House , M.D . Season 8 . Episode 14 . 2012 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twenty Vicodin '' . House , M.D . Season 8 . Episode 1 . October 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Distractions '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 12 . 2006 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Humpty Dumpty '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 3 . 2005 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top Secret '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Episode 16 . 2007 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Occam 's Razor '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 2 . 2004 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three Stories '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 21 . 2005 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pilot '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 1 . 2004 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honeymoon '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 22 . 2005 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Meaning '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 1 . 2006 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Informed Consent '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Episode 3 . 2006 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ TV Guide House recaps Archived October 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . episode 5 , 15 Jump up ^ `` After Hours '' . House , M.D . Season 7 . Episode 22 . 2011 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Body & Soul '' . House , M.D . Season 8 . Episode 18 . 2012 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Everybody Dies '' . House , M.D . Season 8 . Episode 22 . 2012 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( November 22 , 2004 ) . `` Scorn is the Best Medicine '' . Time . Time Inc . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Holland , Roger ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` House : Season Four Premiere '' . PopMatters . Retrieved September 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Burnett , Barbara ( October 30 , 2007 ) . `` Dr. Gregory House : Romantic Hero '' . Blogcritics . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved February 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Sue ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Find better bedside manner '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Medicine '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 12 . 2005 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( November 15 , 2004 ) . `` Network meddling by Fox execs starts the deathwatch for ' House ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Neil ( April 5 , 2007 ) . `` Dr. Feelbad '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wright , Mark ( November 6 , 2007 ) . `` Top 5 Grumpy TV Doctors ( amended ) '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burana , Lily ( May 27 , 2007 ) . `` Stalking Dr. House '' . Salon.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeff ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` Full ' House ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . pp. 44 -- 47 . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Winters , Rebecca ( 2005 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Doctor Is in ... a Bad Mood '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kristine , Diane ( 2005 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Behind `` Half - Wit '' and Beyond : An Interview with House Executive Producer Katie Jacobs `` . Blog Critics . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` ' House ' - a-palooza : On Omar Epps ' Emmy bid , Wilson 's messed - up life and stupid cane tricks '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Need to Know '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 11 . 2005 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kristine , Diane ( 2005 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Constructing House : An Interview With House , M.D. Writer Lawrence Kaplow '' . Blog Critics . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Detox '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 11 . 2005 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Words and Deeds '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Episode 10 . 2007 - 01 - 01 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Broken '' . House , M.D . Season 6 . Episode 01 . 2009 - 09 - 21 . Fox . Jump up ^ Holston , Noel ( February 22 , 2006 ) . `` Doctors find little humor in TV 's handling of painkillers '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Babies & Bathwater '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 18 . 2005 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lines in the Sand '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Episode 4 . 2006 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Hochman , David ( February 2009 ) . `` Playboy Interview : Hugh Laurie '' . Playboy . pp. 31 -- 36 + 105 . Jump up ^ `` Que Sera Sera '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Jump up ^ `` Fall From Grace '' . House , M.D . Season 7 . Episode 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fidelity '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 7 . Jump up ^ `` Sleeping Dogs Lie '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 18 . Jump up ^ `` 97 Seconds '' . House , M.D . Season 4 . Episode 3 . 2007 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ; Hass , Sara ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) . `` You Do n't Want To Know '' . House , M.D . Season 4 . Episode 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Shore , David ; Blake , Peter ; Egan , Doris ; Friend , Russel ; Lerner , Garett ; Foster , David ( 2008 - 05 - 12 ) . `` House 's Head '' . House , M.D . Season 4 . Episode 15 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Wilson 's Heart '' . House , M.D . Season 4 . Episode 16 . 2008 - 05 - 19 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Werts , Diane ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` Fox 's medical marvel stays on top '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 15 , 2004 ) . `` House Review '' . Variety . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Control '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 14 . 2005 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Challen , p. 38 Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` ' House ' - a-palooze , Part 3 : Katie Jacobs '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Whac - a-Mole '' . House , M.D.. 2006 - 11 - 21 . No. 8 , season 3 . Jump up ^ `` Not Cancer '' . House , M.D . Season 5 . Episode 2 . 2008 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Fools for Love '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Episode 5 . October 31 , 2006 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` Joy '' . House , M.D . Season 5 . Episode 6 . 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Yaitanes , Greg ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Help Me '' . House , M.D . Season 6 . Episode 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' House ' exclusive : Huddy fans -- your time has come ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved Aug 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frum , Linda ( March 14 , 2006 ) . `` Q&A with ' House ' creator David Shore '' . Macleans. Rogers Publishing . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` Dr. Feelbad '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ( 2006 ) . `` Developing The Concept '' . Hulu.com . The Paley Center for Media . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ; Jacobs , Katie ( 2006 ) . `` House 's Disability '' . Hulu.com . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Challen , Paul ( October 2008 ) . The House that Hugh Laurie Built . ECW Press . p. 106 . ISBN 1 - 55022 - 803 - X . ^ Jump up to : Hochman , David ( March 5 , 2007 ) . `` House Rules '' . TV Guide . pp. 22 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tee Time '' . TV Guide . March 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Romero , Michelle ( May 13 , 2008 ) . `` ' House ' : Head Case '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne , Bridget ( 2004 - 11 - 23 ) . `` British actor set for U.S. fame with offbeat M.D. role '' . The Press Enterprise . Riverside , California : Press - Enterprise Company . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Laurie , Hugh ( 2004 ) . House , Season 1 , Casting Session with Hugh Laurie ( DVD ) . Universal . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Clune , Richard ( October 28 , 2007 ) . `` Man about the House '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Keveney , Bill ( November 16 , 2004 ) . `` Hugh Laurie gets into ' House ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeLeon , Kris ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` How Hugh Laurie Got into ' House ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Laurie Interview '' . Inside the Actor 's Studio . Season 12 . Episode 189 . 2006 - 07 - 31 . BRAVO Network . Jump up ^ Cina , Mark ( October 30 , 2007 ) . `` House 's Hugh Laurie Battling `` Mild Depression '' `` . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( November 14 , 2004 ) . `` Compelling ' House ' Doctor '' . Toronto Sun . p . TV2 . Jump up ^ Challen , p. 39 Jump up ^ Richmond , Ray ( June 12 , 2006 ) . `` Casting About '' . The Hollywood Reporter . pp. S18 -- S24 . Jump up ^ Slate , Libby ( April 17 , 2006 ) . `` Hugh Laurie and Cast Make a House Call '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Remorse '' . House , M.D. 2010 - 01 - 25 . No. 12 , season 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Julia ( October 31 , 2006 ) . `` You ca n't have House without a Holmes '' . TV Squad . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . 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who discovered the source of the nile river

Europeans began to learn about the origins of the Nile in the 15th and 16th centuries , when travelers to Ethiopia visited Lake Tana and the source of the Blue Nile in the mountains south of the lake . Although James Bruce claimed to be the first European to have visited the headwaters , modern writers give the credit to the Jesuit Pedro Páez . Páez 's account of the source of the Nile is a long and vivid account of Ethiopia . It was published in full only in the early 20th century , although it was featured in works of Páez 's contemporaries , including Baltazar Téllez , Athanasius Kircher and by Johann Michael Vansleb .

Jesuit Pedro Páez

Nile

nile

The Nile River ( Arabic : النيل ‎ , Egyptian Arabic en - Nīl , Standard Arabic an - Nīl ; Coptic : ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ , P ( h ) iaro ; Ancient Egyptian : Ḥ'pī and Jtrw ; Biblical Hebrew : הַיְאוֹר ‬ , Ha - Ye'or or הַשִׁיחוֹר ‬ , Ha - Shiḥor ) is a major north - flowing river in northeastern Africa , and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world , though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest . The Nile , which is 6,853 km ( 4,258 miles ) long , is an `` international '' river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries , namely , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Kenya , Ethiopia , Eritrea , South Sudan , Republic of the Sudan and Egypt . In particular , the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan .

The Nile River has two major tributaries , the White Nile and Blue Nile . The White Nile is considered to be the headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself . The Blue Nile , however , is the source of most of the water and silt . The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa , with the most distant source still undetermined but located in either Rwanda or Burundi . It flows north through Tanzania , Lake Victoria , Uganda and South Sudan . The Blue Nile ( Amharic : ዓባይ , ʿĀbay ) begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into Sudan from the southeast . The two rivers meet just north of the Sudanese capital of Khartoum . The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt , then ends in a large delta and flows into the Mediterranean Sea . Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river since ancient times . Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan , and nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt are found along riverbanks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and Names 2 Courses 2.1 Sources 2.2 In Uganda 's Nile River 2.3 In South Sudan 's Nile River 2.4 In Sudan 2.5 In Egypt 3 Tributaries of Nile 3.1 Atbara River 3.2 Blue Nile 3.3 Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat River 3.4 Yellow Nile 4 History 4.1 Eonile 4.2 Integrated Nile 4.3 Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization 4.4 Search for the source of the Nile 4.5 Since 1950 5 Water sharing dispute 6 Modern achievements and exploration 6.1 White Nile 6.2 Blue Nile 7 Crossings 7.1 Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea 7.2 Crossings from Rwanda to Khartoum 8 Images and media of the Nile 9 Annotated bibliography 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology and names ( edit ) In the ancient Egyptian language , the Nile is called Ḥ'pī or Iteru ( Hapy ) , meaning `` river '' . In Coptic , the word ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ , pronounced piaro ( Sahidic ) or phiaro ( Bohairic ) , means `` the river '' ( lit . p ( h ). iar - o `` the. canal - great '' ) , and comes from the same ancient name . The English name Nile and the Arabic names en - Nîl and an - Nîl both derive from the Latin Nilus and the Ancient Greek Νεῖλος . Beyond that , however , the etymology is disputed . Hesiod at his Theogony refers that Nilus ( Νεῖλος ) was one of the Potamoi ( river gods ) , son of Oceanus and Tethys . Another possible etymology derives it from a Semitic Nahal , meaning `` river '' . The standard English names `` White Nile '' and `` Blue Nile '' , to refer to the river 's source , derive from Arabic names formerly applied only to the Sudanese stretches which meet at Khartoum . Courses ( edit ) See also : White Nile The Nile at Dendera , as seen from the SPOT satellite The Nile 's watershed The Nile near Beni Suef Composite satellite image of the White Nile Above Khartoum , the Nile River is also known as the White Nile , a term also used in a limited sense to describe the section between Lake No and Khartoum . At Khartoum the river is joined by the Blue Nile . The White Nile starts in equatorial East Africa , and the Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia . Both branches are on the western flanks of the East African Rift . The drainage basin of the Nile covers 3,254,555 square kilometers ( 1,256,591 sq mi ) , about 10 % of the area of Africa . The Nile basin is complex , and because of this , the discharge at any given point along the mainstem depends on many factors including weather , diversions , evaporation and evapotranspiration , and groundwater flow . Sources ( edit ) The source of the Nile River is sometimes considered to be Lake Victoria , but the lake has feeder rivers of considerable size . The Kagera River , which flows into Lake Victoria near the Tanzanian town of Bukoba , is the longest feeder , although sources do not agree on which is the longest tributary of the Kagera and hence the most distant source of the Nile River itself . It is either the Ruvyironza , which emerges in Bururi Province , Burundi , or the Nyabarongo , which flows from Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda . The two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the Rwanda - Tanzania border . The source of the Nile from an underwater spring at the neck of Lake Victoria , Jinja In 2010 , an exploration party went to a place described as the source of the Rukarara tributary , and by hacking a path up steep jungle - choked mountain slopes in the Nyungwe forest found ( in the dry season ) an appreciable incoming surface flow for many kilometres upstream , and found a new source , giving the Nile a length of 6,758 km ( 4,199 mi ) . Gish Abay is reportedly the place where the `` holy water '' of the first drops of the Blue Nile develop . In Uganda 's Nile river ( edit ) The Nile River leaves Lake Nyanza ( Victoria ) at Ripon Falls near Jinja , Uganda , as the Victoria Nile . It flows north for some 130 kilometers ( 81 mi ) , to Lake Kyoga . The last part of the approximately 200 kilometers ( 120 mi ) river section starts from the western shores of the lake and flows at first to the west until just south of Masindi Port , where the river turns north , then makes a great half circle to the east and north until Karuma Falls . For the remaining part it flows merely westerly through the Murchison Falls until it reaches the very northern shores of Lake Albert where it forms a significant river delta . The lake itself is on the border of DR Congo , but the Nile River is not a border river at this point . After leaving Lake Albert , the river continues north through Uganda and is known as the Albert Nile . In South Sudan 's Nile river ( edit ) The Nile river flows into South Sudan just south of Nimule , where it is known as the Bahr al Jabal ( `` Mountain River '' ) . Just south of the town it has the confluence with the Achwa River . The Bahr al Ghazal , itself 716 kilometers ( 445 mi ) long , joins the Bahr al Jabal at a small lagoon called Lake No , after which the Nile becomes known as the Bahr al Abyad , or the White Nile , from the whitish clay suspended in its waters . When the Nile floods it leaves a rich silty deposit which fertilizes the soil . The Nile no longer floods in Egypt since the completion of the Aswan Dam in 1970 . An anabranch river , the Bahr el Zeraf , flows out of the Nile 's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile . The flow rate of the Bahr al Jabal at Mongalla , South Sudan is almost constant throughout the year and averages 1,048 m / s ( 37,000 cu ft / s ) . After Mongalla , the Bahr Al Jabal enters the enormous swamps of the Sudd region of South Sudan . More than half of the Nile 's water is lost in this swamp to evaporation and transpiration . The average flow rate of the White Nile at the tails of the swamps is about 510 m / s ( 18,000 cu ft / s ) . From here it soon meets with the Sobat River at Malakal . On an annual basis , the White Nile upstream of Malakal contributes about fifteen percent of the total outflow of the Nile River . The average flow of the White Nile at Lake Kawaki Malakal , just below the Sobat River , is 924 m / s ( 32,600 cu ft / s ) ; the peak flow is approximately 1,218 m / s ( 43,000 cu ft / s ) in October and minimum flow is about 609 m / s ( 21,500 cu ft / s ) in April . This fluctuation is due to the substantial variation in the flow of the Sobat , which has a minimum flow of about 99 m / s ( 3,500 cu ft / s ) in March and a peak flow of over 680 m / s ( 24,000 cu ft / s ) in October . During the dry season ( January to June ) the White Nile contributes between 70 percent and 90 percent of the total discharge from the Nile . In Sudan ( edit ) Below Renk the White Nile enters Sudan , it flows north to Khartoum and meets the Blue Nile . The course of the Nile in Sudan is distinctive . It flows over six groups of cataracts , from the sixth at Sabaloka just north of Khartoum northward to Abu Hamed . Due to the tectonic uplift of the Nubian Swell , the river is then diverted to flow for over 300 km south - west following the structure of the Central African Shear Zone embracing the Bayuda Desert . At Al Dabbah it resumes its northward course towards the first Cataract at Aswan forming the ' S ' - shaped Great Bend of the Nile already mentioned by Eratosthenes . In the north of Sudan the river enters Lake Nasser ( known in Sudan as Lake Nubia ) , the larger part of which is in Egypt . In Egypt ( edit ) Below the Aswan High Dam , at the northern limit of Lake Nasser , the Nile resumes its historic course . North of Cairo , the Nile splits into two branches ( or distributaries ) that feed the Mediterranean : the Rosetta Branch to the west and the Damietta to the east , forming the Nile Delta . Tributaries of Nile ( edit ) Atbara river ( edit ) Below the confluence with the Blue Nile the only major tributary is the Atbara River , roughly halfway to the sea , which originates in Ethiopia north of Lake Tana , and is around 800 kilometers ( 500 mi ) long . The Atbara flows only while there is rain in Ethiopia and dries very rapidly . During the dry period of January to June , it typically dries up . It joins the Nile approximately 300 kilometers ( 200 mi ) north of Khartoum . Blue Nile ( edit ) Main article : Blue Nile The Blue Nile Falls fed by Lake Tana near the city of Bahir Dar , Ethiopia Nile Delta from space Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea , with a dust storm The Blue Nile ( Ge'ez ጥቁር ዓባይ Ṭiqūr ʿĀbbāy ( Black Abay ) to Ethiopians ; Arabic : النيل الأزرق ‎ ; transliterated : an - Nīl al - Azraq ) springs from Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands . The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 kilometres to Khartoum , where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the Nile . Ninety percent of the water and ninety - six percent of the transported sediment carried by the Nile originates in Ethiopia , with fifty - nine percent of the water from the Blue Nile ( the rest being from the Tekezé , Atbarah , Sobat , and small tributaries ) . The erosion and transportation of silt only occurs during the Ethiopian rainy season in the summer , however , when rainfall is especially high on the Ethiopian Plateau ; the rest of the year , the great rivers draining Ethiopia into the Nile ( Sobat , Blue Nile , Tekezé , and Atbarah ) have a weaker flow . In harsh and arid seasons and droughts the blue Nile dries out completely . The flow of the Blue Nile varies considerably over its yearly cycle and is the main contribution to the large natural variation of the Nile flow . During the dry season the natural discharge of the Blue Nile can be as low as 113 m / s ( 4,000 cu ft / s ) , although upstream dams regulate the flow of the river . During the wet season the peak flow of the Blue Nile often exceeds 5,663 m / s ( 200,000 cu ft / s ) in late August ( a difference of a factor of 50 ) . Before the placement of dams on the river the yearly discharge varied by a factor of 15 at Aswan . Peak flows of over 8,212 m / s ( 290,000 cu ft / s ) occurred during late August and early September , and minimum flows of about 552 m / s ( 19,500 cu ft / s ) occurred during late April and early May . Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat river ( edit ) The Bahr al Ghazal and the Sobat River are the two most important tributaries of the White Nile in terms of discharge . The Bahr al Ghazal 's drainage basin is the largest of any of the Nile 's sub-basins , measuring 520,000 square kilometers ( 200,000 sq mi ) in size , but it contributes a relatively small amount of water , about 2 m / s ( 71 cu ft / s ) annually , due to tremendous volumes of water being lost in the Sudd wetlands . The Sobat River , which joins the Nile a short distance below Lake No , drains about half as much land , 225,000 km ( 86,900 sq mi ) , but contributes 412 cubic meters per second ( 14,500 cu ft / s ) annually to the Nile . When in flood the Sobat carries a large amount of sediment , adding greatly to the White Nile 's color . Yellow Nile ( edit ) The Yellow Nile is a former tributary that connected the Ouaddaï Highlands of eastern Chad to the Nile River Valley c. 8000 to c. 1000 BC . Its remains are known as the Wadi Howar . The wadi passes through Gharb Darfur near the northern border with Chad and meets up with the Nile near the southern point of the Great Bend . History ( edit ) Further information : Sahara § Climate history Reconstruction of the Oikoumene ( inhabited world ) , an ancient map based on Herodotus ' description of the world , circa 450 BC The Nile ( iteru in Ancient Egyptian ) has been the lifeline of civilization in Egypt since the Stone Age , with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt resting along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan . However , the Nile used to run much more westerly through what is now Wadi Hamim and Wadi al Maqar in Libya and flow into the Gulf of Sidra . As sea level rose at the end of the most recent ice age , the stream which is now the northern Nile pirated the ancestral Nile near Asyut , this change in climate also led to the creation of the current Sahara desert , around 3400 BC . Eonile ( edit ) The present Nile is at least the fifth river that has flowed north from the Ethiopian Highlands . Satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile . An Eonile canyon , now filled by surface drift , represents an ancestral Nile called the Eonile that flowed during the later Miocene ( 23 -- 5.3 million years before present ) . The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean ; several natural gas fields have been discovered within these sediments . During the late - Miocene Messinian salinity crisis , when the Mediterranean Sea was a closed basin and evaporated to the point of being empty or nearly so , the Nile cut its course down to the new base level until it was several hundred metres below world ocean level at Aswan and 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) below Cairo . This created a very long and deep canyon which was filled with sediment when the Mediterranean was recreated . At some point the sediments raised the riverbed sufficiently for the river to overflow westward into a depression to create Lake Moeris . Lake Tanganyika drained northwards into the Nile until the Virunga Volcanoes blocked its course in Rwanda . The Nile was much longer at that time , with its furthest headwaters in northern Zambia . Integrated Nile ( edit ) There are two theories about the age of the integrated Nile . One is that the integrated drainage of the Nile is of young age , and that the Nile basin was formerly broken into series of separate basins , only the most northerly of which fed a river following the present course of the Nile in Egypt and Sudan . Rushdi Said postulated that Egypt itself supplied most of the waters of the Nile during the early part of its history . The other theory is that the drainage from Ethiopia via rivers equivalent to the Blue Nile and the Atbara and Takazze flowed to the Mediterranean via the Egyptian Nile since well back into Tertiary times . Salama suggested that during the Paleogene and Neogene Periods ( 66 million to 2.588 million years ago ) a series of separate closed continental basins each occupied one of the major parts of the Sudanese Rift System : Mellut rift , White Nile rift , Blue Nile rift , Atbara rift and Sag El Naam rift . The Mellut Rift Basin is nearly 12 kilometers ( 7.5 mi ) deep at its central part . This rift is possibly still active , with reported tectonic activity in its northern and southern boundaries . The Sudd swamps which form the central part of the basin may still be subsiding . The White Nile Rift System , although shallower than the Bahr el Arab rift , is about 9 kilometers ( 5.6 mi ) deep . Geophysical exploration of the Blue Nile Rift System estimated the depth of the sediments to be 5 -- 9 kilometers ( 3.1 -- 5.6 mi ) . These basins were not interconnected until their subsidence ceased , and the rate of sediment deposition was enough to fill and connect them . The Egyptian Nile connected to the Sudanese Nile , which captures the Ethiopian and Equatorial headwaters during the current stages of tectonic activity in the Eastern , Central and Sudanese Rift Systems . The connection of the different Niles occurred during cyclic wet periods . The River Atbara overflowed its closed basin during the wet periods that occurred about 100,000 to 120,000 years ago . The Blue Nile connected to the main Nile during the 70,000 -- 80,000 years B.P. wet period . The White Nile system in Bahr El Arab and White Nile Rifts remained a closed lake until the connection of the Victoria Nile to the main system some 12,500 years ago . Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization ( edit ) A felucca traversing the Nile near Aswan The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that `` Egypt was the gift of the Nile '' . An unending source of sustenance , it provided a crucial role in the development of Egyptians civilization . Silt deposits from the Nile made the surrounding land fertile because the river overflowed its banks annually . The Ancient Egyptians cultivated and traded wheat , flax , papyrus and other crops around the Nile . Wheat was a crucial crop in the famine - plagued Middle East . This trading system secured Egypt 's diplomatic relationships with other countries , and contributed to economic stability . Far - reaching trade has been carried on along the Nile since ancient times . Water buffalo were introduced from Asia , and Assyrians introduced camels in the 7th century BC . These animals were killed for meat , and were domesticated and used for ploughing -- or in the camels ' case , carriage . Water was vital to both people and livestock . The Nile was also a convenient and efficient means of transportation for people and goods . The Nile was an important part of ancient Egyptian spiritual life . Hapy was the god of the annual floods , and both he and the pharaoh were thought to control the flooding . The Nile was considered to be a causeway from life to death and the afterlife . The east was thought of as a place of birth and growth , and the west was considered the place of death , as the god Ra , the Sun , underwent birth , death , and resurrection each day as he crossed the sky . Thus , all tombs were west of the Nile , because the Egyptians believed that in order to enter the afterlife , they had to be buried on the side that symbolized death . As the Nile was such an important factor in Egyptian life , the ancient calendar was even based on the 3 cycles of the Nile . These seasons , each consisting of four months of thirty days each , were called Akhet , Peret , and Shemu . Akhet , which means inundation , was the time of the year when the Nile flooded , leaving several layers of fertile soil behind , aiding in agricultural growth . Peret was the growing season , and Shemu , the last season , was the harvest season when there were no rains . Search for the source of the Nile ( edit ) John Hanning Speke c. 1863 . Speke was the Victorian explorer who first reached Lake Victoria in 1858 , returning to establish it as the source of the Nile by 1862 . Henry Morton Stanley in 1872 . Stanley circumnavigated the lake and confirmed Speke 's observations in 1875 . Owing to their failure to penetrate the sudd wetlands of South Sudan , the upper reaches of the Nile remained largely unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans . Various expeditions failed to determine the river 's source . Agatharcides records that in the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus , a military expedition had penetrated far enough along the course of the Blue Nile to determine that the summer floods were caused by heavy seasonal rainstorms in the Ethiopian Highlands , but no European of antiquity is known to have reached Lake Tana . The Tabula Rogeriana depicted the source as three lakes in 1154 . Europeans began to learn about the origins of the Nile in the 15th and 16th centuries , when travelers to Ethiopia visited Lake Tana and the source of the Blue Nile in the mountains south of the lake . Although James Bruce claimed to be the first European to have visited the headwaters , modern writers give the credit to the Jesuit Pedro Páez . Páez 's account of the source of the Nile is a long and vivid account of Ethiopia . It was published in full only in the early 20th century , although it was featured in works of Páez 's contemporaries , including Baltazar Téllez , Athanasius Kircher and by Johann Michael Vansleb . Europeans had been resident in Ethiopia since the late 15th century , and one of them may have visited the headwaters even earlier without leaving a written trace . The Portuguese João Bermudes published the first description of the Tis Issat Falls in his 1565 memoirs , compared them to the Nile Falls alluded to in Cicero 's De Republica . Jerónimo Lobo describes the source of the Blue Nile , visiting shortly after Pedro Páez . Telles also used his account . The White Nile was even less understood . The ancients mistakenly believed that the Niger River represented the upper reaches of the White Nile . For example , Pliny the Elder wrote that the Nile had its origins `` in a mountain of lower Mauretania '' , flowed above ground for `` many days '' distance , then went underground , reappeared as a large lake in the territories of the Masaesyli , then sank again below the desert to flow underground `` for a distance of 20 days ' journey till it reaches the nearest Ethiopians . '' A merchant named Diogenes reported that the Nile 's water attracted game such as buffalo . A map of the Nile c. 1911 , a time when its entire primary course ran through British occupations , condominiums , colonies , and protectorates Lake Victoria was first sighted by Europeans in 1858 when the British explorer John Hanning Speke reached its southern shore while traveling with Richard Francis Burton to explore central Africa and locate the great lakes . Believing he had found the source of the Nile on seeing this `` vast expanse of open water '' for the first time , Speke named the lake after the then Queen of the United Kingdom . Burton , recovering from illness and resting further south on the shores of Lake Tanganyika , was outraged that Speke claimed to have proved his discovery to be the true source of the Nile when Burton regarded this as still unsettled . A very public quarrel ensued , which sparked a great deal of intense debate within the scientific community and interest by other explorers keen to either confirm or refute Speke 's discovery . British explorer and missionary David Livingstone pushed too far west and entered the Congo River system instead . It was ultimately Welsh - American explorer Henry Morton Stanley who confirmed Speke 's discovery , circumnavigating Lake Victoria and reporting the great outflow at Ripon Falls on the Lake 's northern shore . European involvement in Egypt goes back to the time of Napoleon . Laird Shipyard of Liverpool sent an iron steamer to the Nile in the 1830s . With the completion of the Suez Canal and the British takeover of Egypt in the 1870s , more British river steamers followed . The Nile is the area 's natural navigation channel , giving access to Khartoum and Sudan by steamer . The Siege of Khartoum was broken with purpose - built sternwheelers shipped from England and steamed up the river to retake the city . After this came regular steam navigation of the river . With British Forces in Egypt in the First World War and the inter-war years , river steamers provided both security and sightseeing to the Pyramids and Thebes . Steam navigation remained integral to the two countries as late as 1962 . Sudan steamer traffic was a lifeline as few railways or roads were built in that country . Most paddle steamers have been retired to shorefront service , but modern diesel tourist boats remain on the river . Village on the Nile , 1891 Since 1950 ( edit ) The confluence of the Kagera and Ruvubu rivers near Rusumo Falls , part of the Nile 's upper reaches Dhows on the Nile The Nile passes through Cairo , Egypt 's capital city . The Nile has long been used to transport goods along its length . Winter winds blow south , up river , so ships could sail up river , and down river using the flow of the river . While most Egyptians still live in the Nile valley , the 1970 completion of the Aswan High Dam ended the summer floods and their renewal of the fertile soil , fundamentally changing farming practices . The Nile supports much of the population living along its banks , enabling Egyptians to live in otherwise inhospitable regions of the Sahara . The rivers 's flow is disturbed at several points by the Cataracts of the Nile , which are sections of faster - flowing water with many small islands , shallow water , and rocks , which form an obstacle to navigation by boats . The Sudd wetlands in Sudan also forms a formidable navigation obstacle and impede water flow , to the extent that Sudan had once attempted to canalize ( the Jonglei Canal ) to bypass the swamps . Nile cities include Khartoum , Aswan , Luxor ( Thebes ) , and the Giza -- Cairo conurbation . The first cataract , the closest to the mouth of the river , is at Aswan , north of the Aswan Dam . This part of the river is a regular tourist route , with cruise ships and traditional wooden sailing boats known as feluccas . Many cruise ships ply the route between Luxor and Aswan , stopping at Edfu and Kom Ombo along the way . Security concerns have limited cruising on the northernmost portion for many years . A computer simulation study to plan the economic development of the Nile was directed by H.A.W. Morrice and W.N. Allan , for the Ministry of Hydro - power of the Republic of the Sudan , during 1955 -- 1957 Morrice was their Hydrological Adviser , and Allan his predecessor . M.P. Barnett directed the software development and computer operations . The calculations were enabled by accurate monthly inflow data collected for 50 years . The underlying principle was the use of over-year storage , to conserve water from rainy years for use in dry years . Irrigation , navigation and other needs were considered . Each computer run postulated a set of reservoirs and operating equations for the release of water as a function of the month and the levels upstream . The behavior that would have resulted given the inflow data was modeled . Over 600 models were run . Recommendations were made to the Sudanese authorities . The calculations were run on an IBM 650 computer . Simulation studies to design water resources are discussed further in the article on hydrology transport models , that have been used since the 1980s to analyze water quality . Despite the development of many reservoirs , drought during the 1980s led to widespread starvation in Ethiopia and Sudan , but Egypt was nourished by water impounded in Lake Nasser . Drought has proven to be a major cause of fatality in the Nile River basin . According to a report by the Strategic Foresight Group around 170 million people have been affected by droughts in the last century with half a million lives lost . From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012 , 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia , Sudan , South Sudan , Kenya and Tanzania . Water sharing dispute ( edit ) The Nile 's water has affected the politics of East Africa and the Horn of Africa for many decades . Countries including Uganda , Sudan , Ethiopia and Kenya have complained about Egyptian domination of its water resources . The Nile Basin Initiative promotes a peaceful cooperation among those states . Several attempts have been made to establish agreements between the countries sharing the Nile waters . It is very difficult to have all these countries agree with each other given the self - interest of each country and their political , strategic , and social differences . On 14 May 2010 at Entebbe , Ethiopia , Rwanda , Tanzania and Uganda signed a new agreement on sharing the Nile water even though this agreement raised strong opposition from Egypt and Sudan . Ideally , such international agreements should promote equitable and efficient usage of the Nile basin 's water resources . Without a better understanding about the availability of the future water resources of the Nile River , it is possible that conflicts could arise between these countries relying on the Nile for their water supply , economic and social developments . Modern achievements and exploration ( edit ) White Nile ( edit ) In 1951 , the American John Goddard together with two French explorers became the first to successfully navigate the entire Nile river from its source in Burundi at the potential headsprings of the Kagera River in Burundi to its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea , a journey of approximately 6800 kilometers . Their 9 - month journey is described in the book ' Kayaks down the Nile ' . The White Nile Expedition , led by South African national Hendrik Coetzee , navigated the White Nile 's entire length of approximately 3,700 kilometres ( 2,300 mi ) . The expedition began at the White Nile 's beginning at Lake Victoria in Uganda , on 17 January 2004 and arrived safely at the Mediterranean in Rosetta , four and a half months later . On the 30th of April 2005 a team led by South Africans Peter Meredith and Hendrik Coetzee , following again in the footsteps of John Goddard , navigated the major remote source of the White Nile , the Akagera river that starts as the Ruvyironza in Bururi Province , Burundi , and ends at Lake Victoria , Uganda . In April 2006 , the Ascend the Nile Expedition including two explorers from Britain and one from New Zealand ascended the river from its mouth at Rosetta to one of its sources in Rwanda 's Nyungwe Forest . The Team including Cam McLeay , Neil McGrigor and Garth MacIntyre spent 70 days travelling to the Rwandese source of the Nile covering approximately 6800 kilometres . During the Expedition they were ambushed by the LRA ( Lord 's Resistance Army ) lead by the notorious Joseph Kony , however post-attack six months later they returned to complete the expedition . They measured the length of the river with the help of GPS and claimed to have found the furthest source . Due to the unscientific approach of their expedition , their reluctance to release the GPS data , and not having measured the other contender for the true source of the Nile in Burundi , controversy has ensued . Blue Nile ( edit ) The Blue Nile Expedition , led by geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner , kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown became the first people to descend the entire Blue Nile , from Lake Tana in Ethiopia to the beaches of Alexandria on the Mediterranean . Their approximately 5,230 kilometres ( 3,250 mi ) journey took 114 days : from 25 December 2003 to 28 April 2004 . Though their expedition included others , Brown and Scaturro were the only ones to complete the entire journey . Although they descended whitewater manually the team used outboard motors for much of their journey . On 29 January 2005 Canadian Les Jickling and New Zealander Mark Tanner completed the first human powered transit of Ethiopia 's Blue Nile . Their journey of over 5,000 kilometres ( 3,100 mi ) took five months . They recount that they paddled through two war zones , regions notorious for bandits , and were arrested at gunpoint . Crossings ( edit ) Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea ( edit ) The following bridges cross the Blue Nile and connect Khartoum to Khartoum North : Mac Nimir Bridge Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge Burri Bridge Elmansheya Bridge Soda bridge The following bridges cross the White Nile and connect Khartoum to Omdurman : White Nile Bridge Fitayhab Bridge Al Dabbaseen Bridge ( under construction ) Omhuraz Bridge ( proposed ) the following bridges cross from Omdurman : to Khartoum North : Shambat Bridge Halfia Bridge The following bridges cross to Tuti from Khartoum states three cities Khartoum - tuti Bridge Omdurman - Tuti Suspension Bridge ( proposed ) Khartoum North - tuti Bridge ( proposed ) Other bridges Shandi Bridge , Shendi Atbarah Bridge , Atbarah Merowe Dam , Merowe Merowe Bridge , Merowe Aswan Bridge , Aswan Luxor Bridge , Luxor Suhag Bridge , Suhag Assiut Bridge , Assiut Al Minya Bridge , Minya Al Marazeek Bridge , Helwan First Ring Road Bridge ( Moneeb Crossing ) , Cairo Abbas Bridge , Cairo University Bridge , Cairo Qasr al - Nil Bridge , Cairo 6th October Bridge , Cairo Abu El Ela Bridge , Cairo ( removed in 1998 ) New Abu El Ela Bridge , Cairo Imbaba Bridge , Cairo Rod Elfarag Bridge , Cairo Second Ring Road Bridge , Cairo Banha Bridge , Banha Samanoud Bridge , Samanoud Mansoura 2 Bridges , Mansoura Talkha Bridge , Talkha Shirbine high Bridge Shirbine Bridge Kafr Sad -- Farscor Bridge International Coastal Road Bridge Damietta high Bridge , Damietta Damietta Bridge , Damietta Kafr El Zayat Bridges , Kafr El Zayat Zefta Bridge , Zefta This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Crossings from Rwanda to Khartoum ( edit ) Nalubaale Bridge , Jinja , Uganda ( Formerly Owen Falls Bridge ) Karuma Bridge , Karuma , Uganda Pakwach Bridge , Uganda This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Images and media of the Nile ( edit ) Riverboat on the Nile , Egypt 1900 Marsh along the Nile A river boat crossing the Nile in Uganda Murchison Falls in Uganda , between Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga The Nile in Luxor The river Nile flows through Cairo , here contrasting ancient customs of daily life with the modern city of today . Annotated bibliography ( edit ) The following is an annotated bibliography of key written documents for the Western exploration of the Nile . 17th century Historia da Ethiopia , Pedro Páez ( aka Pero Pais ) , Portugal , 1620 A Jesuit missionary who was sent from Goa to Ethiopia in 1589 and remained in the area until his death in 1622 . Credited with being the first European to view the source of the Blue Nile which he describes in this volume . Voyage historique d'Abissinie , Jerónimo Lobo ( aka Girolamo Lobo ) , Piero Matini , Firenze ; 1693 One of the most important and earliest sources on Ethiopia and the Nile . Jerónimo Lobo ( 1595 -- 1687 ) , a Jesuit priest , stayed in Ethiopia , mostly in Tigre , for 9 years and travelled to Lake Tana and the Blue Nile , reaching the province of Damot . When the Jesuits were expelled from the country , he too had to leave and did so via Massaua and Suakin . `` He was the best expert on Ethiopian matters . After Pais , Lobo is the second European to describe the sources of the Blue Nile and he did so more exactly than Bruce '' ( transl. from Henze ) . 18th century Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile in the Years -- 1768 , 1770 , 1771 , 1772 , and 1773 , James Bruce of Kinnaird . J. Ruthven for G. GJ. and J. Robinson et al. , Edinburgh , 1790 ( 5 Volumes ) With time on his hands and at the urging of a friend , Bruce composed this account of his travels on the African continent , including comments on the history and religion of Egypt , an account of Indian trade , a history of Abyssinia , and other material . Although Bruce would not be confused with `` a great scholar or a judicious critic , few books of equal compass are equally entertaining ; and few such monuments exist of the energy and enterprise of a single traveller '' ( DNB ) . `` The result of his travels was a very great enrichment of the knowledge of geography and ethnography '' ( Cox II , p. 389 . ) Bruce was one of the earliest westerners to search for the source of the Nile . In November 1770 he reached the source of the Blue Nile , and though he acknowledged that the White Nile was the larger stream , he claimed that the Blue Nile was the Nile of the ancients and that he was thus the discoverer of its source . The account of his travels was written twelve years after his journey and without reference to his journals , which gave critics grounds for disbelief , but the substantial accuracy of the book has since been amply demonstrated . 1800 -- 1850 Egypt And Mohammed Ali , Or Travels In The Valley of The Nile , James Augustus St. John , Longman , London , 1834 St. John traveled extensively in Egypt and Nubia in 1832 -- 33 , mainly on foot . He gives a very interesting picture of Egyptian life and politics under Mohammed Ali , a large part of volume II deals with the Egyptian campaign in Syria . Travels in Ethiopia Above the Second Cateract of the Nile ; Exhibiting the State of That Country and Its Various Inhabitants Under the Dominion of Mohammed Ali ; and Illustrating the Antiquities , Arts , and History of the Ancient Kingdom of Meroe , G.A. Hoskins . Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , Green , & Longman , London ; 1835 . Modern Egypt and Thebes : Being a Description of Egypt ; Including Information Required for Travelers in That Country , Sir Gardner Wilkinson , John Murray , London , 1843 The first known English travelers guide to the Lower Nile Basin . 1850 -- 1900 Lake Regions of Central Equatorial Africa , with Notices of The Lunar Mountains and the Sources of the White Nile ; being The Results of an Expedition Undertaken under the Patronage of Her Majesty 's Government and the Royal Geographical Society of London , In the Years 1857 -- 1859 , Sir Richard Burton . W. Clowes , London ; 1860 Sir Richard Burton 's presentation of his expedition with John Speke . Ultimately , Burton 's view of the sources of the Nile failed and Speke 's prevailed . Travels , researches , and missionary labours , during eighteen years ' residence in eastern Africa . Together with journeys to Jagga , Usambara , Ukambani , Shoa , Abessinia , and Khartum ; and a coasting voyage from Mombaz to Cape Delgado . With an appendix respecting the snow - capped mountains of eastern Africa ; the sources of the Nile ; the languages and literature of Abessinia And eastern Africa , etc. etc. , Rev Dr. J. Krapf , Trubner and Co , London ; 1860 ; Ticknor and Fields , Boston ; 1860 Krapf went to East Africa in the service of the English Church Missionary Society , arriving at Mombasa , Kenya in 1844 and staying in East Africa until 1853 . While stationed there he was the first to report the existence of Lake Baringo and a sighting of the snow - clad Kilimanjaro . Krapf , during his travels , collected information from the Arab traders operating inland from the coast . From the traders Krapf and his companions learned of great lakes and snow - capped mountains , which Krapf claimed to have seen for himself , much to the ridicule of English explorers who could not believe the idea of snow on the equator . However , Krapf was correct and had seen Mounts Kilimanjaro and Kenya , the first European to do so . Egypt , Soudan and Central Africa : With Explorations From Khartoum on the White Nile to the Regions of the Equator , Being Sketches from Sixteen Years ' Travel , John Petherick . William Blackwood , Edinburgh ; 1861 Petherick was a well known Welsh traveler in East Central Africa where he had adopted the profession of mining engineer . This work describes sixteen years of his travel throughout Africa . In 1845 , he entered the service of Mehemet Ali , and was employed in examining Upper Egypt , Nubia , the Red Sea coast and Kordofan in an unsuccessful search for coal . In 1848 , he left the Egyptian service and established himself at El Obeid as a trader and was , at the same time made British Consul for the Sudan . In 1853 , he removed to Khartoum and became an ivory trader . He traveled extensively in the Bahr - el - Ghazal region , then almost unknown , exploring the Jur , Yalo and other affluents of the Ghazal and in 1858 he penetrated the Niam - Niam country . Petherick 's additions to the knowledge of natural history were considerable , being responsible for the discovery of a number of new species . In 1859 , he returned to England where he became acquainted with John Speke , then arranging for an expedition to discover the source of the Nile . While in England , Petherick married and published this account of his travels . He got the idea to join Speke in his travels , and in this volume is an actual subscription and list of subscribers to raise money to send Petherick to join Speke . His subsequent adventures as a consul in Africa were published in a later work . Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile , John Hanning Speke . William Blackwood , Edinburgh , 1863 ; Harper & Brothers , New York ; 1864 Speke had previously made an expedition with Sir Richard Burton under the auspices of the Indian government , during which Speke was convinced that he had discovered the source of the Nile . Burton , however , disagreed and ridiculed Speke 's account . Speke set off on another expedition , recounted here , in the company of Captain Grant . During the course of this expedition he not only produced further evidence for his discoveries but he also met ( later Sir ) Samuel and Florence Baker . Speke and Burton provided them with essential information which helped Baker in the discovery of the Albert Nyanza . The importance of Speke 's discoveries can hardly be overestimated . In discovering the source reservoir of the Nile he succeeded in solving the problem of all ages ; he and Grant were the first Europeans to cross Equatorial Eastern Africa and gained for the world a knowledge of about 800 km ( 500 mi ) of a portion of Eastern Africa previously totally unknown . See also ( edit ) Africa portal Geography portal Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station Egyptian Public Works Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station Water politics in the Nile Basin Merowe Dam Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station Orders of magnitude Vid Flumina , a river of liquid methane and ethane on Saturn 's moon Titan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nile River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Amazon Longer Than Nile River , Scientists Say Archived 15 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oloo , Adams ( 2007 ) . `` The Quest for Cooperation in the Nile Water Conflicts : A Case for Eritrea '' ( PDF ) . African Sociological Review . 11 ( 1 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary `` Teleconnection , Modeling , Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin '' . Canada : University of Alberta . 2012 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 Jump up ^ BGN / PCGN . `` Romanization System for Amharic Archived 13 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . '' . 1967 . Hosted at the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency , 2013 . Accessed 28 Feb 2014 . Jump up ^ See also : BGN / PCGN romanization . Jump up ^ The river 's outflow from that lake occurs at 12 ° 02 ′ 09 '' N 37 ° 15 ′ 53 '' E  /  12.03583 ° N 37.26472 ° E  / 12.03583 ; 37.26472 Jump up ^ `` What 's the Blue Nile and the White Nile ? -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nile '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Nile § Name '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 693 . Jump up ^ An overview is given by : Carles Múrcia ( 2006 ) . ( 1 ) Greek : Νεῖλος : El nom grec del riu Nil pot ser d'origen amazic ? Archived 4 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Aula Orientalis 24 : 269 -- 292 Jump up ^ `` Τηθὺς δ _̓ Ὠκεανῷ Ποταμοὺς τέκε δινήεντας , Νεῖλόν τ _̓ Ἀλφειόν τε καὶ Ἠριδανὸν βαθυδίνην '' ( Hesiod , `` Theogony '' , 337 - 8 ) . Jump up ^ `` Nile '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Nile '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 695 . Jump up ^ `` The Nile River '' . Nile Basin Initiative . 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ EarthTrends : The Environmental Information Portal Archived 27 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McLeay , Cam ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` The Truth About the Source of R. Nile '' . New Vision . Archived from the original on 9 April 2011 . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nile River '' . Archived from the original on 10 January 2007 . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team Reaches Nile 's ' True Source ' '' . BBC News . 31 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Described in Joanna Lumley 's Nile , 7 pm to 8 pm , ITV , Sunday 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Journey to the source of the Nile '' . Telegraph . Archived from the original on 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Next on Egypt 's to - do : Ethiopia and the Nile Archived 9 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Arabic bahr can refer to either seas or large rivers . Jump up ^ Template : Cites web Jump up ^ J.V. Sutcliffe & Y.P. Parks ( 1999 ) . `` 12 '' . The Hydrology of the Nile ( PDF ) . IAHS Special Publication no . 5 . p. 161 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Stern , Mohamed Gamal Abdelsalam : The Origin of the Great Bend of the Nile from SIR - C / X-SAR Imaginary . In : Science , New Series , Vol. 274 , Issue 5293 ( Dec. 6 , 1996 ) , pp. 1696 -- 1698 Jump up ^ as per Strabos Geographika book XVII Jump up ^ Egyptian Dust Plume , Red Sea Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Blue Nile River river , Africa '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall et al. , `` Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana , source of the Blue Nile '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2006 . ( 247 KB ) , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Two Niles Meet : Image of the Day '' . earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 26 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Shahin , Mamdouh ( 2002 ) . Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa . Springer . pp. 276 , 287 -- 288 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0866 - X . ; online at Google Books Archived 14 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sobat River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Keding , Birgit ( 2000 ) . `` New Data on the Holocene Occupation of the Wadi Howar Region ( Eastern Sahara / Sudan ) '' . Studies in African Archaeology. 7 : 89 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Carmignani , Luigi ; Salvini , Riccardo ; Bonciani , Filippo ( 2009 ) . `` Did the Nile River flow to the Gulf of Sirt during the late Miocene ? '' ( PDF ) . Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana ( Italian Journal of Geoscience ) . 128 ( 2 ) : 403 -- 408 . doi : 10.3301 / IJG. 2009.128. 2.403 . Jump up ^ Salvini , Riccardo ; Carmignani , Luigi ; Francionib , Mirko ; Casazzaa , Paolo ( 2015 ) . `` Elevation modelling and palaeo - environmental interpretation in the Siwa area ( Egypt ) : Application of SAR interferometry and radargrammetry to COSMO - SkyMed imagery '' . Catena. 129 : 46 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. catena. 2015.02. 017 . Jump up ^ Although the ancestral Sahara Desert initially developed at least 7 million years ago , it grew during interglacial periods and shrank during glacial ones . The growth of the current Sahara began about 6,000 years ago . Schuster , Mathieu ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` The age of the Sahara desert '' ( PDF ) . Science . 311 ( 5762 ) : 821 -- 821 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1120161 . Jump up ^ Warren , John ( 2006 ) . Evaporites : Sediments , Resources and Hydrocarbons . Berlin : Springer . p. 352 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 26011 - 0 . Jump up ^ Said , R. ( 1981 ) . The geological evolution of the River Nile . Springer Verlag . Jump up ^ Williams , M.A.J. ; Williams , F. ( 1980 ) . Evolution of Nile Basin . In M.A.J. Williams and H. Faure ( eds ) . The Sahara and the Nile . Balkema , Rotterdam , pp 207 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Salama , R.B. ( 1987 ) . `` The evolution of the River Nile , The buried saline rift lakes in Sudan '' . J. African Earth Sciences . 6 ( 6 ) : 899 -- 913 . doi : 10.1016 / 0899 - 5362 ( 87 ) 90049 - 2 . Jump up ^ Salama , R.B. ( 1997 ) . Rift Basins of Sudan . African Basins , Sedimentary Basins of the World . 3 . Edited by R.C. Selley ( Series Editor K.J. Hsu ) pp. 105 -- 149 . ElSevier , Amsterdam . ^ Jump up to : Springer , Lisa ; Neil Morris ( 15 January 2010 ) . Art and Culture of Ancient Egypt . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4358 - 3589 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , p. 698 . Jump up ^ Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile Jump up ^ History of Ethiopia , circa 1622 Jump up ^ Historia geral da Ethiopia a Alta , 1660 Jump up ^ Mundus Subterraneus , 1664 Jump up ^ The Present State of Egypt , 1678 . Jump up ^ S. Whiteway , editor and translator , The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1441 -- 1543 , 1902 . ( Nendeln , Liechtenstein : Kraus Reprint , 1967 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Natural History , 5.10 Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 , p. 693 . Jump up ^ Shahin , Mamdouh ( 2002 ) . Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa . Springer . pp. 286 -- 287 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0866 - X . ; online at Google Books Archived 14 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Big Canal To Change Course of Nile River '' Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... October 1933 . Popular Science ( short article on top - right of page with map ) . Jump up ^ H.A.W. Morrice and W.N. Allan , Planning for the ultimate hydraulic development of the Nile Valley , Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers , 14 , 101 , 1959 . doi : 10.1680 / iicep. 1959.11963 Jump up ^ M.P. Barnett , Comment on the Nile Valley Calculations , Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , Series B , vol. 19 , 223 , 1957 . JSTOR 2983815 Jump up ^ D.F. Manzer and M.P. Barnett , Analysis by Simulation : Programming Techniques for a High - Speed Digital Computer , in Arthur Maas et al , Design of Water Resource Systems , pp. 324 -- 390 , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Blue Peace for the Nile , 2009 Archived 8 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. ; Report by Strategic Foresight Group Jump up ^ The Nile Basin Initiative Archived 27 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cambanis , Thanassis ( 25 September 2010 ) . `` Egypt and Thirsty Neighbors Are at Odds Over Nile '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ National Geographic wrote an article about this trip in its Magazine issue dated May , 1955 . Jump up ^ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/439857.Kayaks_down_the_Nile . Jump up ^ National Geographic released a feature film about the expedition in late 2005 entitled The Longest River . Jump up ^ They chronicled their adventure with an IMAX camera and two handheld video cams , sharing their story in the IMAX film Mystery of the Nile released in 2005 , and in a book of the same title . Jump up ^ Mark Tanner , Paddling the Blue Nile in Flood Archived 1 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 1 November 2014 Jump up ^ Dorothy Middleton , ' Baker , Florence Barbara Maria , Lady Baker ( 1841 -- 1916 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 accessed 11 Sept 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Jeal , Tim ( 2011 ) . Explorers of the Nile : The Triumph and Tragedy of a Great Victorian Adventure . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14935 - 7 Tvedt , Terje , ed . The River Nile in the Post-Colonial Age : Conflict and Cooperation Among the Nile Basin Countries ( I.B. Tauris , 2010 ) 293 pages ; studies of the river 's finite resources as shared by multiple nations in the post-colonial era ; includes research by scholars from Burundi , Congo , Egypt , Ethiopia , Kenya , Rwanda , Sudan , Tanzania , and Uganda . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nile . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nile . 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hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqat ( she - camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Non-related Ḥimār ( domesticated donkey or wild ass ) Qaswarah ( ' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Angels Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Jibrīl ( Gabriel ) Mīkāl ( Michael ) ' Izrā'īl Malakul - Mawt ( Azrael , Angel of Death ) Riḍwān Munkar Nakir Harut and Marut Kirāman Kātibīn ( Honourable Scribes ) Raqib Atid Jinn ' Ifrīt ( `` Strong one '' ) Jann Mārid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Iblīs the Shayṭān ( Devil ) Other Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrā'īl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūt ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamū'īl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua , companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jālūt ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah , cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abī Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'at Fir'awn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyān ibn Al - Walīd ) ) Wife of ' Azīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as - Sabt ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aṣḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣḥāb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) ' Ajam Ar - Rūm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banī Isrā'īl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'tafikāt ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yūnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayt ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kāfirūn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kitāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Holy Land '' ) ' Blessed ' Land In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāt al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāt Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Al - Jannah ( Paradise , literally `` The Garden '' ) Jahannam ( Hell ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Baḥrayn Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Sacred Grove '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Farthest Place - of - Prostration '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubā ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Plant matter Baṣal ( Onion ) Fūm ( Garlic or wheat ) Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits ' Adas ( Lentil ) Baql ( Herb ) Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Qith - thá ' ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes , trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender palm tree ) Nakhl ( date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidrat al - Muntahā Zaqqūm Texts Al - Injīl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ān ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrāhīm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) At - Tawrāt ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mūsā ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabūr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kitāb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāt Al - ' Uzzá Manāt Jibt and Ṭāghūt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawākib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharāb ( Drink ) Events Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Mabit Mubahala Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah ' Umrah al - Qaza Yawm ad - Dār Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) GND : 4042339 - 6 NARA : 10038761 NDL : 00628842 VIAF : 129365562 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile&oldid=845905900 '' Categories : Nile International rivers of Africa Nile basin Rivers of Egypt Rivers of Sudan Rivers of South Sudan Rivers of Uganda Geography of ancient Egypt Hebrew Bible rivers National parks of Egypt Water transport in Egypt Rivers of Africa Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles containing Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Coptic - language text Articles containing Amharic - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Incomplete lists from August 2008 Incomplete lists from April 2009 Use dmy dates from October 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Languages Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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who did i will always love you first

The song , `` I Will Always Love You '' was originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer - songwriter Dolly Parton . Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one - time partner and mentor of seven years , Porter Wagoner , following Parton 's decision to pursue a solo career .

Dolly Parton

I Will Always Love You

i will always love you

The song , `` I Will Always Love You '' was originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer - songwriter Dolly Parton . Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one - time partner and mentor of seven years , Porter Wagoner , following Parton 's decision to pursue a solo career .

Parton 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' was a commercial success . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart twice . It first reached number one in June 1974 , and then in October 1982 , with her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , making Parton the first singer ever to achieve the number one position twice with the same song . Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard . Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best - selling singles of all time . It also holds the record for being the best - selling single by a woman in music history . Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death , making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 in separate chart runs . The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dolly Parton original version 1.1 Background and composition 1.2 Reception 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Track listing 1.5 Credits and personnel 1.6 Charts 1.7 Controversy 2 Whitney Houston cover version 2.1 Background 2.2 Reception 2.3 Commercial performance 2.4 Critical reception 2.5 Accolades 2.6 Music video 2.7 Formats and track listings 2.8 Credits and personnel 2.9 Charts 2.10 All - time charts 2.11 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts 2.12 Certifications 2.13 Tributes 2.13. 1 Jennifer Hudson 2.13. 2 Beyoncé 2.13. 3 Will Ferrell 3 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Dolly Parton original version ( edit ) Background and composition ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' An 18 second sample of Parton 's 1982 recording of `` I Will Always Love You '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A-side label of the original 1974 45 rpm release Country music singer - songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one - time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner , from whom she was separating professionally after a seven - year partnership . She recorded it in RCA 's Studio B in Nashville on June 13 , 1973 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was issued on June 6 , 1974 , as the second single from Parton 's thirteenth solo studio album , Jolene ( 1974 ) . In 1982 , Parton re-recorded the song , when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas . In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album , Parton 's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese 's film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore , and the 1996 film It 's My Party . The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards . Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song `` speaks about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil , but instead envisions parting with respect -- because of the initiative of the woman '' . According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation , the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute . ( Larghetto / Adagio ) Although Parton found much success with the song , many people are unaware of its origin ; during an interview , Parton 's manager Danny Nozel said that `` one thing we found out from American Idol is that most people do n't know that Dolly Parton wrote ( the track ) '' . Reception ( edit ) During its original release in 1974 , `` I Will Always Love You '' reached number four in Canada on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974 . When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs -- making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song . After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 for the album Something Special , `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the Billboard chart and peaked at number 15 . Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema . When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts , Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song . Parton was interested until Presley 's manager , Colonel Tom Parker , told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded . Parton refused . She recalls : I said , ' I 'm really sorry , ' and I cried all night . I mean , it was like the worst thing . You know , it 's like , Oh , my God ... Elvis Presley . ' And other people were saying , ' You 're nuts . It 's Elvis Presley . ' ... I said , ' I ca n't do that . Something in my heart says , ' Do n't do that . And I just did n't do it ... He would have killed it . But anyway , so he did n't . Then when Whitney ( Houston 's version ) came out , I made enough money to buy Graceland . Critical reception ( edit ) In Curtis W. Ellison 's book Country Music Culture : From Hard Times to Heaven ( 1995 ) , he stated : `` In the early 1990s , when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women , this song demonstrates Dolly Parton 's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market . '' Ken Knight , author of The Midnight Show : Late Night Cable - TV `` Guy - Flicks '' of the ' 80s ( 2008 ) , commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing `` I Will Always Love You '' and `` make it memorable '' . Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer , stating that the track was only written to `` soften the blow '' of Parton and Wagoner 's split . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 2 : 53 `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' -- 3 : 09 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Dolly Parton -- vocals , guitar Jimmy Colvard -- guitar Chip Young -- guitar Stu Basore -- pedal steel guitar Bobby Dyson -- bass Larrie Londin -- drums Ralph Gallant -- drums Buck Trent -- banjo Bobby Thompson -- banjo Mack Magaha -- fiddle Johnny Gimble -- fiddle Hargus `` Pig '' Robbins -- piano Dolores Edgin -- background vocals Hershel Winginton -- background vocals Joe Babcock -- background vocals June Page -- background vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 1982 ) Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 72 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 1995 ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 22 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Controversy ( edit ) After Whitney Houston 's recording of the song became a hit in 1992 , the tabloid press began reporting on a ' feud ' between the two performers , stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of months while Houston 's version was on the charts , so as not to compete with Houston 's recording . However , both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors , speaking glowingly of one another in interviews . Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song . In return , Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process . Dolly Parton also gave a live interview , confirming this . When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording , Parton ( along with David Foster ) presented her with the award . In a statement to Billboard on the day of Houston 's death in February 2012 , Parton said : Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston . I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart , ' Whitney , I will always love you . You will be missed . ' Whitney Houston cover version ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' US CD single Single by Whitney Houston from the album The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album B - side `` Jesus Loves Me '' ( all singles ) `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ( 12 - inch & CD singles ) Released November 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 03 ) Format CD single cassette single 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Recorded Spring 1992 Genre Soul Length 4 : 31 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) David Foster Whitney Houston singles chronology `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` I Will Always Love You '' on YouTube The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album track listing `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1 ) `` I Have Nothing '' ( 2 ) Background ( edit ) In 1992 , R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of `` I Will Always Love You '' for the soundtrack to The Bodyguard , her film debut . The song has a saxophone solo by Kirk Whalum . She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin 's `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' as the lead single from The Bodyguard . However , when it was discovered the song was to be used for Fried Green Tomatoes , Houston requested a different song . It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested `` I Will Always Love You '' , playing her Linda Ronstadt 's 1975 version from her album Prisoner in Disguise . Producer David Foster re-arranged the song as a soul ballad . Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful ; however , Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it . When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt 's recording as a template , she called Foster to give him the final verse , which was missing from the Ronstadt recording , as she felt it was important to the song . The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum . Whitney Houston 's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie . In a scene where she dances with Kevin Costner , a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox . Whitney Houston covered the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard , in which she starred with Kevin Costner . Houston 's version appears at No. 9 on NME 's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list . In 2004 , Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' finished at # 65 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . It was also ranked at number 22 on The Guardian 's list of Britain 's favorite 100 songs , published in May 2002 . In February 2014 , the song was placed at number six on Billboard 's list of the Top 50 ' Love ' Songs of All Time . A live performance was included on the 1999 release Divas Live ' 99 , and on the 2014 CD / DVD release of Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances , a 1994 performance of the song was included as well . Reception ( edit ) The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 , which at the time was a record . It became Houston 's longest run at number one , surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the `` Greatest Love of All '' in 1986 . It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album . It debuted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and became Houston 's tenth number one entry two weeks later . It also dominated other Billboard charts , spending 14 weeks at the top of Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart , and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time ; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks . It became Arista Records ' biggest hit . The song was number one on the Hot 100 , Adult Contemporary , and R&B chart simultaneously for a record - equaling five weeks ; Ray Charles ' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts . The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993 , making it the first time Billboard did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year . Houston 's `` I Will Always Love You '' was also the year - end single of 1993 in the US . Similarly , in the UK , Houston 's version was ranked the number one single of 1992 , and then made the countdown again in 1993 where it was ranked number nine , marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year - end review two years in a row . In Australia , it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993 . Houston 's single was also an international success , peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries , including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , where it spent 13 weeks at the top . The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia , five weeks in Austria , seven weeks for Belgium , eight weeks in France , six weeks in Germany , eight weeks in Ireland , two weeks in Italy , six weeks in Netherlands , 11 weeks in New Zealand , nine weeks in Norway , one week in Spain , six weeks in Sweden , eight weeks in Switzerland , and ten weeks in the United Kingdom . Houston 's 10 - week reign in the UK set the record for the longest run at the top by a solo female artist in the history of the British singles chart . It is the only single to have topped the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australian singles charts for at least ten weeks . Only a few hours after Houston 's death on February 11 , 2012 , `` I Will Always Love You '' topped the US iTunes charts . Also , in the week following her death , the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years , debuting at number 7 , and becoming a posthumous top - ten single for Houston , the first one since 2001 . The song eventually peaked at No. 3 , two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since `` The Twist '' by Chubby Checker . It debuted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number 3 on the chart dated February 25 , 2012 , with over 195,000 copies downloaded . In the United Kingdom , the song charted at number 10 the week of Houston 's death . Commercial performance ( edit ) Houston 's single sold approximately 400,000 copies in its second week at the top of the charts , making it the best - selling song in a single week surpassing Bryan Adams ' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . It broke its own record in the following three weeks , peaking at 632,000 copies in the week ending December 27 , 1992 . The January 9 , 1993 issue of Billboard reported it had broken its own record for most copies sold in a single week for any song in the Nielsen SoundsScan era . This record was broken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 / Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' , which sold 3.4 million in the final week of September 1997 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was certified four times Platinum in the US for shipments of over 4 million copies by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 12 , 1993 , making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in RIAA history . According to Nielsen SoundScan , as of 2009 , the single had sold 4,591,000 copies , and had become the second best - selling physical single in US alone , only behind Elton John 's single in 1997 . In the United Kingdom , the single sold over 1,550,000 copies , becoming the tenth best - selling single of the 1990s , and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on January 1 , 1993 . It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) in Germany . In Japan , `` I Will Always Love You '' sold over 810,000 copies , staying for 27 weeks on the chart , and became the best - selling single by a foreign female artist at the time , despite not topping the charts . Critical reception ( edit ) Houston 's version was later called her `` signature song '' . Stephen Holden of The New York Times said it was a `` magnificent rendition '' , commenting Houston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop - gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover . Her voice breaking and tensing , she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full - out declamation . Along the way , her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental . Writing for USA Today on November 17 , 1992 , James T. Jones IV called it a `` tour - de-force '' , and added `` ( Houston ) gives a 3 ​ ⁄ - star ( out of four ) performance . Where Dolly Parton 's original ' I Will Always Love You ' was plaintive and tear - stained , Houston 's is gospel - infused and dramatic . '' Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times stated : `` Houston has the goods to deliver on the tune 's haunting beauty and resists overpowering it -- until the finale , when the key change and stratospheric notes drain all the heart - rending sadness out of the song and make it sound like just another anthem of survival . '' Amy Linden of Entertainment Weekly wrote Houston 's version `` is artistically satisfying and uncharacteristically hip for the MOR songbird . '' Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston 's cover `` repulsively overwrought ... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self - approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton 's song is lost in the mire '' . Accolades ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year , and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988 . During the Grammy Award telecast , the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster . The single topped the 1993 Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B Singles year - end charts simultaneously , becoming the first single by a female artist and the second overall to achieve that feat behind Prince 's `` When Doves Cry '' in 1984 . In addition , it received Favorite Pop / Rock Single and Favorite Soul / R&B Single awards at the 21st American Music Awards , which was the first record by a solo female artist to win both categories , and the third overall in AMA history behind `` Endless Love '' by Lionel Richie & Diana Ross in 1982 and `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson in 1984 . `` I Will Always Love You '' won two Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year , and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units . In 2015 , `` I Will Always Love You '' was named the # 1 Song of the Rock Era in the book The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era : 1955 - 2015 . Year Awards ceremony Award description ( s ) Results The 19th People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Music Video Won The 7th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B / Soul Single , Female Won The 7th Japan Gold Disc Awards Song of the Year ( International ) Won The 2nd MTV Movie Awards Best Song from a Movie Won The 4th Billboard Music Awards # 1 Hot 100 Single ( Hot 100 Single of the Year ) Won # 1 Hot R&B Single ( R&B Single of the Year ) Won Special Award : Single Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) Won No. 1 World Single Won No. 1 Hot 100 Singles Sales Won No. 1 Hot R&B Singles Sales Won 1994 The 21st American Music Awards Favorite Pop / Rock Single Won Favorite Soul / R&B Single Won 36th Grammy Awards Record of the Year Won Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Won The 8th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B Song of the Year Won The 8th Japan Gold Disc Awards Special Award Won Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video , is credited to Alan Smithee ( Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video ) , and produced by Rob Newman . It begins with the performance of the song Houston gives at the end of The Bodyguard . The video then cuts to Houston in a dark blue suit sitting in an empty theater with the spotlight shining on her , singing of her love . The video is inter-cut with scenes from The Bodyguard and gives the viewer the experience of reliving the moments with the singer . At the time of the video 's shooting Houston was pregnant with her daughter Bobbi Kristina so is shown only sitting in the theater scenes . Formats and track listings ( edit ) ' UK / Europe 12 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 4 : 31 B1 `` Jesus Loves Me '' -- 5 : 11 B2 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' -- 3 : 31 UK / Europe / US 7 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 4 : 31 B `` Jesus Loves Me '' -- 5 : 11 US / Europe Maxi - CD single `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 4 : 31 `` Jesus Loves Me '' -- 5 : 11 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' -- 3 : 31 Maxi - CD singles ( 1999 Remixes ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 50 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector 12 '' Club Mix ) -- 9 : 51 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Anthem Dub Mix ) -- 5 : 44 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Performed by Whitney Houston Produced and arranged by David Foster Vocal arrangement -- Whitney Houston Directed by Rickey Minor Keyboards -- David Foster Sax solo -- Kirk Whalum Drums -- Ricky Lawson Guitars -- Dean Parks , Michael Landau Bass -- Neil Stubenhaus Synth programmers -- Tony Smith , Claude Gaudette String arrangements -- Ronn Huff Recording engineers -- Bill Schnee , Dave Reitzas , Peter J. Yianilos Mixing engineer -- Dave Reitzas Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 ) Canada ( RPM ) Denmark ( IFPI ) Europe ( European Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Greece ( Pop + Rock ) Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Portugal ( AFP ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 10 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 17 France ( SNEP ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Luxembourg ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 12 Portugal ( Billboard ) Russia ( Russia Top 10 ) Scotland ( The Official Charts Company ) 19 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 23 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 Weekly chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 132 Weekly chart ( 2014 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 68 Weekly chart ( 2015 ) France ( SNEP ) 83 Weekly chart ( 2016 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 182 Year - end chart ( 1992 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 17 Canadian Adult Contemporary Tracks 97 Dutch Top 40 61 Italian Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart Year - end chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 8 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 16 Canadian Singles Chart Canadian Adult Contemporary Singles 7 Dutch Top 40 13 Dutch Single Top 100 5 Finnish Singles Chart 5 Japanese Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary 18 US Hot Pop Singles US Hot R&B Singles Year - end chart ( 2012 ) Position Spanish Singles Chart 49 Decade - end chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position Dutch Top 40 14 UK Singles Chart 10 US Billboard Hot 100 7 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Rank As of Year US Billboard Hot 100 51 2015 US Billboard Hot 100 ( Women ) 16 2018 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts ( edit ) Year Title Category Position Source 1998 Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 The Top 10 Remakes No. 2 The Top 10 `` Love '' Songs No. 2 Billboard The Hot 100 of the Hot 100 : Top Songs of Four Decades No. 6 The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs No. 1 Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) No. 2 2008 Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 68 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 2013 Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 49 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 332,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 15,000 Japan 810,080 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 75,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,638,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,591,000 Digital Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,016,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Tributes ( edit ) Since Houston 's death in 2012 , many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer 's version of the song . Jennifer Hudson ( edit ) Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston , who received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer Lifetime Achievement spanning over 25 years in the industry . The 2010 BET Honors Awards was held at the Warner Theatre in Washington , D.C. and aired on February 1 , 2010 . On February 12 , 2012 , Hudson performed the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards , the day after Houston 's death , alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012 , including Amy Winehouse and Etta James . The song was played at Houston 's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church . Parton complimented Hudson on her performance , saying , I was brought to tears again last night , as I 'm sure many were , when Jennifer Hudson sang `` I Will Always Love You '' on the Grammys in memory of Whitney . Like everybody else , I am still in shock . But I know that Whitney will live forever in all the great music that she left behind . I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world . Rest in peace , Whitney . Again , we will always love you . Beyoncé ( edit ) In 2012 , following Whitney Houston 's death , American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City , New Jersey at the Revel resort . She began the performance of her song `` Halo '' singing the first verse of `` I Will Always Love You '' a cappella . Later , in 2013 , during her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour , Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of `` I Will Always Love You '' prior to the performance of `` Halo '' as the final song of the tour . Will Ferrell ( edit ) At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California , Will Ferrell sang `` I Will Always Love You '' to the graduating class . See Washington Post commentary : Other versions ( edit ) In 1997 Kenny Rogers recorded a version of the song on his best selling tv - advertised collection of love songs , via QVC . Previous to this ; in 1983 , Rogers released an album called Eyes That See In The Dark which features a song called `` I Will Always Love You '' but this is a different song of the same name . The album also featured Islands In The Stream , a hit duet between Rogers & Parton . In 2002 , English pop singer Rik Waller took his own version of `` I Will Always Love You '' into the Top Ten in the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 6 . It was the first single released from his debut studio album From Now ... following him taking part in the Pop Idol series . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole included the song on their album Great Women of Country ( 2014 ) . `` Forever Country '' , released in September 2016 , is a medley of the song along with `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' and `` On the Road Again '' . See also ( edit ) List of Australian number - one hits of 1993 List of Austrian number - one hits of 1993 List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Belgium Flanders ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1992 List of RPM number - one singles of 1993 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1992 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1993 List of European number - one hits of 1992 List of European number - one hits of 1993 List of French number - one hits of 1993 Number - one hits of 1993 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1992 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 1992 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles in 1992 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles in 1993 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1993 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 1990s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 1990s List of number - one R&B singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) R&B number - one hits of 1993 ( USA ) List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 1990s in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles by year ( UK ) List of UK top 10 singles in 1992 List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1992 in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1993 in Australia Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1993 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1990s ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2012 List of top 10 singles in 2012 ( France ) List of best - selling singles in Japan List of best - selling singles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ellison 1995 , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : I Will Always Love You ( 7 vinyl liner notes ) . 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Enter Whitney Houston in the field Interpret . Enter I Will Always Love You in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' `` . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or '' . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Whitney Houston ; ' I Will Always Love You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . ^ Jump up to : レコード 協会 調べ 1 月度 有料 音楽 配信 認定 ( Record Association report : February 2014 digital music download certifications ( Abbreviation : 2013 Certifications ) ) . RIAJ ( in Japanese ) . February 2014 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Whitney Houston '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Will Always Love You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` These are the UK 's 20 biggest selling love ballads of all time '' . Official Charts Company . 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External links ( edit ) I Will Always Love You at Discogs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dolly Parton version Preceded by `` Pure Love '' by Ronnie Milsap Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single June 8 , 1974 Succeeded by `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' by Charlie Rich Preceded by `` Yesterday 's Wine '' by Merle Haggard and George Jones Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single October 16 , 1982 Succeeded by `` He Got You '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` What 's Forever For '' by Michael Martin Murphey RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 23 -- 30 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Let It Be Me '' by Willie Nelson Whitney Houston version Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Australian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' by Sonia Dada Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Austrian Singles Chart number - one single January 24 -- February 7 , 1993 February 21 -- 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Highland '' by One More Time `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Belgian Singles Chart number - one single January 9 -- 15 , 1993 January 23 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` It 's OK , All Right '' by Def Dames Dope Preceded by `` Song Instead of a Kiss '' by Alannah Myles Canadian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Steam '' by Peter Gabriel Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Dutch Singles Chart number - one single Dutch Top 40 December 12 , 1992 -- February 19 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mockin ' Bird Hill '' by Roots Syndicate Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 13 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy French Singles Chart number - one single January 30 -- March 20 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Alison '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie German Singles Chart number - one single January 25 -- March 7 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Irish Singles Chart number - one single December 3 , 1992 -- January 23 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` This Time '' by Christy Moore Preceded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by Felix Italian Singles Chart number - one single December 5 -- 18 , 1992 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie New Zealand Singles Chart number - one single December 18 , 1992 -- March 25 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` In the Still of the Nite ( I 'll Remember ) by Boyz II Men Preceded by `` Wheel of Fortune by Ace of Base Norwegian Singles Chart number - one single 53rd week , 1992 -- 8th week , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Spanish Singles Chart number - one single February 20 , 1993 Succeeded by `` I Feel You '' by Depeche Mode Preceded by `` House of Love '' by East 17 Swedish Singles Chart number - one single January 13 -- February 23 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Die da ! ? '' by Die Fantastischen Vier Swiss Singles Chart number - one single January 17 -- March 13 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Somebody Dance with Me by DJ BoBo Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie UK Singles Chart number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 12 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single November 28 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 14 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` To Love Somebody '' by Michael Bolton US Adult Contemporary number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- January 16 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Top 40 / Mainstream number - one single December 12 , 1992 -- February 6 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ordinary World '' by Duran Duran Preceded by `` If I Ever Fall In Love '' by Shai US R&B Singles number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 13 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hip Hop Hooray '' by Naughty by Nature Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Category The Bodyguard Soundtrack `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' `` Someday ( I 'm Coming Back ) '' Related Musical Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' Book Category Portal Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Book : Vince Gill UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1990s `` Saviour 's Day '' ( Cliff Richard , 1990 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Queen , 1991 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston , 1992 ) `` Mr Blobby '' ( Mr Blobby , 1993 ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( East 17 , 1994 ) `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson , 1995 ) `` 2 Become 1 '' ( Spice Girls , 1996 ) `` Too Much '' ( Spice Girls , 1997 ) `` Goodbye '' ( Spice Girls , 1998 ) `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( Westlife , 1999 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis , Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis , Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1980 -- 1999 ) 1980 : `` Call Me '' -- Blondie 1981 : `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Kim Carnes 1982 : `` Physical '' -- Olivia Newton - John 1983 : `` Every Breath You Take '' -- The Police 1984 : `` When Doves Cry '' -- Prince 1985 : `` Careless Whisper '' -- Wham ! featuring George Michael 1986 : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Dionne & Friends 1987 : `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles 1988 : `` Faith '' -- George Michael 1989 : `` Look Away '' -- Chicago 1990 : `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` End of the Road '' -- Boyz II Men 1993 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1994 : `` The Sign '' -- Ace of Base 1995 : `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- Coolio featuring L.V. 1996 : `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río 1997 : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' -- Elton John 1998 : `` Too Close '' -- Next 1999 : `` Believe '' -- Cher Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Always_Love_You&oldid=832592010 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Dolly Parton songs Lara Fabian songs Whitney Houston songs Vince Gill songs 1973 songs 1974 singles 1982 singles 1992 singles 1995 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Belgium Number - one singles in Denmark RPM Top Singles number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Country ballads Pop ballads Contemporary R&B ballads Songs written by Dolly Parton RCA Records Nashville singles Columbia Records singles Music videos directed by Alan Smithee Song recordings produced by Bob Ferguson ( music ) Song recordings produced by David Foster Arista Records singles 1970s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 22 : 08 . 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who sings turn back o man in godspell

Godspell

godspell

Godspell is a musical , composed by Stephen Schwartz with the spoken parts by John - Michael Tebelak . It opened off Broadway on May 17 , 1971 , and has played in various touring companies and revivals many times since , including a 2011 revival which played on Broadway from October 13 , 2011 , to June 24 , 2012 . Several cast albums have been released over the years and one of its songs , `` Day by Day '' from the original cast album , reached # 13 on the Billboard pop singles chart in the summer of 1972 .

The structure of the musical is that of a series of parables , mostly based on the Gospel of Matthew ( three of the featured parables are recorded only in the Gospel of Luke ) . The parables are interspersed with a variety of modern music set primarily to lyrics from traditional hymns , with the passion of Christ treated briefly near the end of the performance . It started as a college project performed by students at Carnegie Mellon University and moved to La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in Greenwich Village . It was then re-scored for an off - Broadway production which became a long - running success . A junior one - act version with some songs and monologues removed has also been made under the title Godspell Junior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Characters 3 Synopsis 3.1 Act One 3.2 Intermission 3.3 Act Two 4 Songs 4.1 Prologue : `` Tower of Babble '' 4.2 `` Beautiful City '' 5 Productions 5.1 Carnegie Mellon University ( CMU ) ( 1970 ) 5.2 Original LaMama and Off - Broadway ( 1971 ) 5.3 Melbourne ( 1971 ) 5.4 London ( 1971 ) 5.5 Washington DC ( 1972 ) 5.6 Toronto ( 1972 ) 5.7 Maseru ( Lesotho , Southern Africa ) ( 1973 ) 5.8 Broadway ( 1976 ) 5.9 Off - Broadway ( 1988 ) 5.10 Off - Broadway ( 2000 ) 5.11 Broadway ( 2011 ) 5.12 Brazil ( 2016 ) 6 Godspell Junior 7 Film 8 In popular culture 9 Controversy 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Original Broadway production 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) The show originated in 1970 as Tebelak 's master 's thesis project , under the direction of Lawrence Carra , at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . A version was performed at Carnegie Mellon in 1970 , with several of the cast members from the CMU Music Department . Tebelak then directed the show , with much of the student cast , for a two - week , ten performance run at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club ( also known as Cafe la Mama ) , New York City , opening February 24 , 1971 . It was brought to the attention of producers Edgar Lansbury ( brother of Angela Lansbury ) , Joseph Beruh , and Stuart Duncan by Carnegie alumnus Charles Haid ( associate producer ) , who wanted to open it Off - Broadway . The producers hired Stephen Schwartz , another alumnus of Carnegie Mellon 's theater department , to write a new song score . Schwartz 's songs incorporated a variety of musical styles , from pop to folk rock , gospel , and vaudeville . One song , `` By My Side '' , written by CMU students Jay Hamburger and Peggy Gordon , was kept from the original score . As with the original score , most of the non-Schwartz lyrics were from the Episcopal Hymnal ( see also the 1971 Off - Broadway run ) . Characters ( edit ) The script assigns the following names and traits to the eight non-biblical characters who act out the parables and sing : Gilmer ( silly and a great storyteller ) , Herb ( goofy and entertaining ) , Jeffrey ( happy and excited ) , Joanne ( eager and enthusiastic ) , Lamar ( clumsy and unintentionally funny ) , Peggy ( shy and loyal ) , and Sonia ( dramatic with a put - on sensuality ) . In the original script licensed through Theatre Maximus , the characters of the `` Christ '' figure and the `` John '' and `` Judas '' role are assigned the names of original performers Stephen and David . In the revised script that reflects the 2011 Broadway revival , the names of the cast are again assigned to the roles of the soloists , and are each given a brief description of character traits : Nick , Telly , George , Anna Maria , Lindsay , Uzo , Morgan , and Celisse . All ten actors are on stage throughout the show . Synopsis ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Act one ( edit ) The show begins with God 's Voice , spoken by Jesus , declaring his supremacy : `` My name is Known : God and King . I am most in majesty , in whom no beginning may be and no end . '' ( `` Opening ( Monologue ) '' ) . The company then enters and takes the role of various philosophers throughout the ages ( as noted above , sometimes this section of the play is excluded ) . They sing fragments of their respective philosophies , first as solos , and then in cacophonous counterpoint ( `` Prologue : Tower of Babble '' ) . In response to these philosophers , John the Baptist enters blowing a shofar to call the community to order . He then beckons them to `` Prepare Ye , The Way of the Lord ! '' , and baptizes the company ( `` Prepare Ye '' ) . The company then exits the stage and John then gives a small sermon as Jesus watches quietly . He then announces his presence to John , and says he too wishes to be baptized . John responds by , instead , asking to be baptized by Jesus . Jesus explains that `` We do well now to conform with all that God requires . '' and is baptized by John . The company comes back on stage as they sing with Jesus . ( `` Save the People '' . ) In his first parable , Jesus explains to the company that he has come `` not to abolish the law and the prophets , but to complete '' . ( In the original production , the company donned clown makeup and face paint at this point . Subsequent productions may instead use some object -- a pin , a scarf , a badge , or a flower , for example -- to denote that the company has become followers of Jesus . ) Jesus explains to the company that those who adhere to the law of God will earn the highest place in the `` Kingdom of Heaven . '' He tells them the parable of the Widow and the Judge . God is a just jurist who will support those who cry out to him . The company begins to understand Jesus and his teachings , and they take it upon themselves to tell the story of the Pharisees and the tax gatherer praying in the temple : `` Every man who humbles himself shall be exalted ! '' As Jesus teaches of the law regarding the offering of gifts at the altar , the company makes offerings -- themselves . They are taught that to approach God 's altar , they must be pure of heart and soul . Then , they act out the story of a master and a servant who owes him a debt . The servant asks his master for pity in repaying the debt , and the master absolves it . The servant then turns to a fellow servant who `` owed him a few dollars '' and demands that it be paid in full . The master , hearing this , then condemns the servant to prison . Jesus explains the moral : `` Forgive your brothers from your heart . '' The member of the company telling the parable sings `` Day by Day '' , and the company joins in . After the song , Jesus teaches that if one part of you offends God , it is better to lose it than to have the whole of the body thrown into hell . The company then plays charades ( in the current production , with members from the audience ) to finish several statements posed by Jesus , including `` If a man sues you for your shirt ... '' and `` If a man asks you to go one mile with him ... '' . Then , a cast member comes forward after charades saying : `` You wan na see a show ? '' The company performs the Parable of the Good Samaritan in the form of a play - within - a-play . Jesus explains the need to `` love your enemies '' , and `` not make a show of religion before men '' . He goes on to say : `` God will reward a good deed done in secret . '' ( `` Shhh ! It 's a secret ! '' ) The parable of Lazarus and the rich man is next tackled by the company , who are quickly learning how to work together . On earth , the rich man feasts , and Lazarus begs and is ignored . Upon dying , Lazarus is rewarded with Heaven , while the rich man is in Hell . We are told to `` Learn Your Lessons Well '' , or be faced with eternal damnation . When the rich man asks Abraham if he would send Lazarus back from the dead to warn his brothers of their impending doom , Abraham tells him no : `` If they do not listen to Moses and the Prophets , they will not be convinced even if someone should rise from the dead . '' Jesus teaches that no man can serve two masters -- God and money . A member of the company tells a story of a man who spent a lifetime acquiring the good things in life , then dies before he has the time to enjoy them . She sings `` Bless the Lord , '' then Jesus tells them not to worry about tomorrow : `` Tomorrow will take care of itself . Today has problems of its own . '' In an antiphonic chorus , the company recites the Beatitudes . Judas , however , directs the final beatitude regarding persecution at Jesus , and Jesus quickly changes the subject . ( `` Did I ever tell you that I used to read feet ? '' ) However , with this Jesus persuades the company that it is `` All for the Best '' ; heaven contains the ultimate reward . Judas sings a verse , and the two do a soft shoe and a vaudevillian joke . The company , and chorus if used , join in the final verse ( sung in counterpoint ) to bring the song to conclusion . This is followed by the parable of the Sower of the Seeds , which Jesus tells them represent the Word of God . `` All Good Gifts '' is sung to further illustrate the point . The action to this point , while amusing and entertaining , has been to do one thing -- create from this rag - tag company a community of love and caring . At this point in the musical , they have formed this community and they now march as soldiers in the military , signifying their ability to think as one unit . With Jesus as the drill sergeant , they segue into the famous Parable of the Prodigal Son . They sing `` Light of the World '' about Christ 's Light and how it should shine in each of us . Intermission ( edit ) Jesus thanks the audience for coming and announces a 10 - minute intermission . During the intermission , a couple of things happen involving the audience . In the original production , the cast joined the audience for wine and bread . In the most recent Broadway production , wine was offered to the audience on stage . Then the second act opens with one or more cast members singing `` Learn Your Lessons Well '' to call the audience back into the hall . Act two ( edit ) After the reprise of `` Learn Your Lessons Well '' , a member of the community sings `` Turn Back , O Man '' , in which she implores mankind to give up its temporal pursuits and to turn to God . Then , Jesus says : `` This is the beginning . '' At this point , several members of the community begin to question Jesus 's authority , and he responds with yet another parable . He is asked , `` What is the greatest commandment ? '' and responds , `` You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and all your soul ... And the second is like it : ' You shall love your neighbor as yourself . ' '' The Pharisees continue to question him , and he laments `` Alas for You '' , and calls them hypocrites . Members of the community gather and join in his song , and throw garbage at the Pharisees . Jesus predicts that he will not be seen for quite a while , while standing at the `` Wailing Wall '' , and predicts great wars and famines . He reminds us of the time of Noah , and teaches that faith can calm the storm . The community is told : `` Keep awake , then . For the Son of Man will come at a time when you least expect it . '' One woman is cast out as an adulteress . Jesus says : `` Let the one of you who is faultless cast the first stone . '' Her accusers then bow their heads and walk away . Jesus walks over to her and asks : `` Woman ... where are they now ? Has no one condemned you ? '' The woman answers : `` No one , sir . '' He tells her : `` Then nor shall I. You may go , but do not sin again . '' As she watches Jesus walk from her , she entreats him to remain `` By My Side '' . During this song , Judas foretells his upcoming betrayal of Jesus . In one of the lighter moments in the second act , Jesus tells how he will separate men as a shepherd separates his flock into sheep and goats . The sheep will enter heaven while the goats must suffer eternal damnation . `` We Beseech Thee '' cry the goats , begging for mercy . After the song , the community reminds each other to take things `` Day By Day '' , as they remove their clown makeup ( or other accoutrement ) . They assemble for the Last Supper , and Jesus tells them that one of them will betray him . Each member of the community asks , `` Is it I ? '' ending with Judas : `` Rabbi ... can you mean me ? '' Jesus tells him to do quickly what he must do , and Judas runs off . Jesus breaks the bread and shares the wine and tells his followers that they will dine together in the Kingdom of Heaven . The band sings `` On the Willows '' , which is about what has been sacrificed . In the song , Jesus says goodbye to the company members . He asks that they wait for him as he goes into the Garden of Gethsemane to pray . In the garden , Jesus implores God that if there is another way , to let the burden be lifted from his shoulders . Jesus returns to his followers to find them all asleep ; he begs them to stay awake , but they all fall asleep again , and Jesus warns them they will all betray him three times ( a reference to the apostle Peter ) . Jesus then prays to God that if his death can not pass him by , then His will must be done . He is then tempted by Satan ( usually played by the apostles ) , but orders him away . Judas returns to betray Jesus , but has a moment where he can not bring himself to do it , but finds himself boxed in by invisible walls , except for one path which leads to Jesus . Jesus encourages Judas to do what he has come to do , and Judas grabs Jesus to bring him to be crucified . The community starts to attack Judas , while Jesus tells them to stop , as all who live by the sword will one day die by it . Judas ( usually just him alone and as a representation of the others arresting Jesus ) ties Jesus upon an electric fence - representative of the cross - as Jesus berates him for arresting him at night , but then says that it had to happen to fulfill the prophets ' writings . The `` Finale '' begins , loud and in B - minor , with Jesus wailing , `` Oh , God , I 'm bleeding , '' and the community answers : `` Oh , God , You 're bleeding . '' Jesus dies and the music comes to a rest . The women of the company sing `` Long Live God '' , and the men join in with `` Prepare Ye the Way of the Lord '' in counterpoint , as they remove Jesus from the fence and carry him out ( either offstage or through the aisles of the auditorium ) . There is controversy over the fact that there is no obvious Resurrection of Jesus present in the show , although it can be interpreted that either the singing of `` Prepare Ye '' in the finale or the curtain call ( where all including Jesus return to the stage ) is representative of the resurrection . Some productions have placed the song `` Beautiful City '' after the finale to show the Resurrection . However , in the MTI script , it states that while either view is valid , both miss the point , claiming the show is about love , not whether or not Jesus himself is resurrected . Songs ( edit ) Act I Prologue : Tower of Babble - Company as philosphers ‡ Prepare Ye The Way of the Lord - John the Baptist and Company Save the People - Jesus and Company Day By Day - Robin and Company Learn Your Lessons Well - Gilmer , Jesus , and Company O Bless the Lord - Joanne and Company All for the Best - Jesus , Judas , and Company All Good Gifts - Lamar and Company Light of the World - Herb , Judas , Peggy , Jeffrey , Robin , and Company Act II Learn Your Lessons Well ( Reprise ) - Lamar ‡ Turn Back , O Man - Sonia and Company Alas for You - Jesus By My Side - Peggy and Company - Written by Peggy Gordon and Jay Hamburger Beautiful City - Jesus † We Beseech Thee - Jeffrey and Company Day By Day ( Reprise ) - Company On The Willows - Judas / The Band § Finale - Jesus and Company ‡ These songs were not part of the original cast album . † See notes below on `` Beautiful City '' § In various scripts and programs , `` On The Willows '' is sung by the live band . In the 2011 revival , it was sung by the actor playing Judas . Prologue : `` Tower of Babble '' ( edit ) `` Tower of Babble '' is the opening number of the show , and is often seen as omittable . Many community productions leave out the number due to lack of ability or simply because they do n't view it as necessary to the story and message of `` Godspell '' and find it confusing . The song consists of the 8 disciples ( or soloists ) acting out as philosophers , each singing their various philosophical view - points , as they grow increasingly more irritated with each other , they sing in contradiction and eventually run out of words , and `` Prepare Ye '' begins . In the original productions the philosophers were as follows : Socrates ; Thomas Aquinas ; Martin Luther ; Leonardo da Vinci ; Edward Gibbon ; Jean - Paul Sartre ; Friedrich Nietzsche ; and Buckminster Fuller . In the 2001 revival , Luther , Gibbon , Nietzsche , and Fuller were replaced by Galileo Galilei , Jonathan Edwards , L. Ron Hubbard , and Marianne Williamson , respectively . The 2011 revival retains Galilei , Hubbard , and Williamson , but restores Gibbon and replaces da Vinci with Georg Hegel . On many early cast recordings ( such as the Original Off - Broadway recording and the Original London recording ) , the Prologue was left out to produce an album which would cross over and would sell as a pop album . This was done for marketing purposes , and was not meant to diminish the importance of the number , as Stephen Schwartz has said numerous times . That as a consequence has given the impression that the number was later added into the score . `` Beautiful City '' ( edit ) `` Beautiful City '' was written in 1972 as part of the film and re-written in 1993 after the Rodney King riots in Los Angeles . Its position in the film follows after `` Alas for You '' and `` By My Side '' , omitting the parable typically found in - between . This sequence begins with the scene where Jesus overturns the tables at the Temple before the Pharisees . Fearful of reprisals for what he has done , he then flees , followed by the disciples , who ask , `` Where are you going ? Can you take me with you ? '' and they are reunited with Jesus , and sing `` Beautiful City '' . Many theatrical directors choose to use it in place of the `` Day by Day '' reprise . `` Beautiful City '' has also been used at the very end of the musical , in an additional dialogue - free scene that depicts the Resurrection , which was not depicted in the original . Another popular option is replacing `` Tower of Babble '' with `` Beautiful City '' to start the show . In their Broadway Junior series -- popular musicals edited to one act and appropriate for middle school -- Music Theater International supplies `` Beautiful City '' as part of the show . This version contains much of the first act and very little of the second : `` By My Side '' is omitted entirely . `` Beautiful City '' is at a point in the beginning of the traditional second act , but followed quickly by the Last Supper , the Betrayal , and the Crucifixion . The 2011 Broadway revival places `` Beautiful City '' between `` We Beseech Thee '' and the Last Supper , sung as a slow ballad by Jesus to his followers . This rendition uses the revised lyrics and is included , along with a cover by John Ondrasik , of the band Five For Fighting , on the revival 's cast recording . In some versions , Jesus sings it ; in others , it is given to Judas , a soloist , or not included at all . Productions ( edit ) Carnegie Mellon University ( CMU ) ( 1970 ) ( edit ) The first Godspell cast at CMU in 1970 , listed in speaking order : Andrew Rohrer , Mary Mazziotti , Martha Jacobs , Robin Lamont , Robert Miller , Sonia Manzano , Stanley King , Randy Danson , James Stevens , David Haskell . Original LaMama and off - Broadway ( 1971 ) ( edit ) The show was first presented at Cafe LaMama as a non-musical play . Songs were added by Schwartz and it then opened as a musical at the Cherry Lane Theatre on May 17 , 1971 , transferred to the Promenade Theatre three months later , and closed on June 13 , 1976 , after 2124 performances . Directed by Tebelak , the original cast included Lamar Alford , Peggy Gordon , David Haskell , Joanne Jonas , Robin Lamont , Sonia Manzano , Gilmer McCormick , Jeffrey Mylett , Stephen Nathan , and Herb Simon . The band consisted of Jesse Cutler on guitar and bass , Richard La Bonte on bass , Stephen Reinhardt on keyboards , and Ricky Shutter on drums and percussion . In late 1971 , La Bonte was replaced by bassist , Steve Manes . Melbourne ( 1971 ) ( edit ) The first local production , after the Off - Broadway show , opened at the Playbox Theatre , Melbourne on 15 November 1971 . The cast included Colleen Hewett , Collette Mann , Christopher Pate and George Spartels . The producers , Aztec Services and Williamson Edgley Theatres , launched a second production in Sydney , opening 10 April 1972 , with Peta Toppano , John Waters and Marty Rhone . Melbourne played 504 performances and Sydney 507 , before the two companies went on tour performing another 700 shows . London ( 1971 ) ( edit ) Godspell opened at the Roundhouse Theatre in Chalk Farm , London on 17 November 1971 , starring Johanna Cassidy , Julie Covington , David Essex , Neil Fitzwilliam , Jeremy Irons , Verity - Anne Meldrum , Deryk Parkin , Tom Saffery , Gay Soper and Marti Webb . After a very successful run it transferred to the Wyndhams Theatre on 26 January 1972 . Washington dc ( 1972 ) ( edit ) The Washington DC production of Godspell at Ford 's Theater ran from 1972 - 1973 . Toronto ( 1972 ) ( edit ) The Toronto production in 1972 -- 1973 , which opened at the Royal Alexandra Theatre , was expected to be a run of a few dozen performances for what was largely an audience of subscribers to the theater 's season . The Toronto run had a cast drawn entirely from local performers instead of from a touring company . After an enthusiastic response from the audience , the show moved uptown to the Bayview Playhouse in Leaside after its scheduled run at the Royal Alex ended and ran until August 1973 , setting what was then a record run of 488 performances . The Toronto production provided the first regular acting jobs for several notable performers , including Victor Garber , Eugene Levy , Andrea Martin , Gilda Radner , Dave Thomas , and Martin Short , and the show 's musical director Paul Shaffer . Howard Shore played saxophone for this production . Maseru ( Lesotho , southern Africa ) ( 1973 ) ( edit ) Godspell opened in Maseru , Lesotho in 1973 and ran there for 5 months . When Des and Dawn Lindberg brought it to South Africa to open at the University of the Witwatersrand ( Johannesburg ) Great Hall , it was immediately banned , ostensibly on the grounds of `` blasphemy '' . This banning was widely and immediately recognised as a political smoke - screen for the real issue of racial mixing , a direct challenge to the Apartheid laws of the government of the day . The Lindbergs challenged the banning in the Supreme Court , and won their case . As a result , Godspell toured South Africa for two years , and succeeded in opening doors to all races on both sides of the footlights wherever it played . It was a theatrical triumph , and a political and legal breakthrough . Broadway ( 1976 ) ( edit ) The first Broadway production opened on June 22 , 1976 , at the Broadhurst Theatre . It was directed by John Michael Tebelak , musical director Steve Reinhardt , costumes by Susan Tsu , lighting by Spencer Mosse , and sound by Robert Minor . The opening cast featured Lamar Alford , Laurie Faso , Lois Foraker , Robin Lamont , Elizabeth Lathram , Bobby Lee , Tom Rolfing , Don Scardino , Marley Sims , and Valerie Williams . Alternates were Kerin Blair , Bob Garrett , Michael Hoit , and Kitty Ray . The band consisted of Paul Shaffer ( Keyboards , Conductor ) , Mark Zeray ( Guitar ) , Chris Warwin ( Bass ) , and Michael Redding ( Percussion ) . The musical transferred to the Plymouth Theatre and later to the Ambassador Theatre , where it closed on September 4 , 1977 , after 527 performances and five previews . Off - Broadway ( 1988 ) ( edit ) This revival at the Lamb 's Theatre ran from June 12 -- December 31 , 1988 . It was directed by Don Scardino , music director Steven M. Alper , assistant music direct Doug Besterman , new musical arrangements by Steven M. Alper and Doug Besterman , costumes by David C. Woolard , lighting by Phil Monat , and sound by T. Richard Fitzgerald . The cast included Trini Alvarado , Anne Bobby ( credited as Anne Marie Bobby ) , Bill Damaschke , Laura Dean ( actress ) , Angel Jemmott , Eddie Korbich , Mia Korf , Robert McNeill , Harold Perrineau , ( credited as Harold Perrineau , Jr . ) , and Jeffrey Steefel . Off - Broadway ( 2000 ) ( edit ) Godspell was revived Off - Broadway at the York Theatre from August 2 , 2000 , to October 7 , 2000 . Cast members included Shoshana Bean , Will Erat , Barrett Foa , Capathia Jenkins , Chad Kimball , Mia Korf , Robert McNeill , Lucia Giannetta , Leslie Kritzer and Jeffrey Steefel . Broadway ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Corbin Bleu took over in the starring role , as Jesus . The first Broadway revival began performances on October 13 , 2011 at the Circle in the Square Theatre and officially opened on November 7 , 2011 to mixed to positive reviews . Theatre review aggregator Curtain Critic gave the production a score of 63 out of 100 based on the opinions of 18 critics . Starring Hunter Parrish , Wallace Smith , Anna Maria Perez de Tagle , Celisse Henderson , Telly Leung , George Salazar , Morgan James , Uzo Aduba , Nick Blaemire and Lindsay Mendez , it was directed by Daniel Goldstein , choreographed by Christopher Gattelli , and produced by Ken Davenport . On April 17 , 2012 , Corbin Bleu took over in the starring role , as Jesus . The 2011 cast recording was released digitally on December 20 , 2011 , and was released in stores on January 31 , 2012 . The production closed on June 24 , 2012 . Brazil ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Godspell was revived in Brazil in August 2016 for a brief run . The production adopted a scenario composed of woods and irons in different planes and featured a broader ensemble than the traditional ten lead roles . Leonardo Miggiorin filled the role of Jesus and Beto Sargentelli filled the role of Judas . Godspell Junior ( edit ) As part of Music Theater International 's Broadway Junior series , Godspell Junior is a revised script meant to be performed by a younger cast . In this 60 minute one - act , four songs were cut from the script , including `` Turn Back , O Man '' , `` Alas for You '' , `` By My Side '' , and `` On the Willows . '' However , `` Beautiful City '' with its updated lyrics is a part of the show . It is sung by one of the soloists at the point in what is the beginning of the traditional second act , and followed quickly by the Last Supper , the Betrayal , and the Crucifixion . Godspell Junior contains much of the first act and very little of the second . Film ( edit ) Main article : Godspell ( film ) A film version of the musical was released in 1973 , set in modern New York and starring Victor Garber ( of the first Canadian cast ) as Jesus , David Haskell ( of the original cast ) as John the Baptist / Judas , and Lynne Thigpen in her first film role . John - Michael Tebelak co-wrote the screenplay and served as the creative consultant . The song `` Beautiful City '' was written for and first included in the film . `` Prologue / Tower Of Babel '' was left out , and `` Learn Your Lessons Well '' and `` We Beseech Thee '' were reduced to minor musical interludes . Original cast members Robin Lamont , Gilmer McCormick , Joanne Jonas , and Jeffrey Mylett also appear . In popular culture ( edit ) Poster for Godspell by David Byrd in the Cherry Lane Theatre In the film `` Gone Girl '' , Nick asks his college girlfriend where she had been for the past few days and she says she has been in rehearsal for a production of `` Godspell . '' In the film Meet the Parents , Greg ( Ben Stiller ) recites `` Day by Day '' when asked to say grace over his first meal with the family . In the book The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , Ford Prefect keeps a couple of scripts in his bag , including Godspell , to pass himself off as an actor . In the film Wet Hot American Summer , `` Day by Day '' is performed at the camp talent show . On the MTV sketch comedy show The State , the first sketch to feature the recurring characters The Jew , The Italian , and the Red - Head Gay ( episode 301 ) concludes with a musical number that parodies the costumes of Godspell ; one member of the company , for example , Ben Garant , wears an Afro wig , Superman T - shirt and suspenders . ( But note that on the reverse of the album 's CD case , the `` S '' on the Superman shirt has been replaced by the number five ( `` 5 '' ) . ) On their album Jesus Freak , Christian rock band dc Talk sings a cover version of `` Day by Day '' . On their album F ♯ A ♯ ∞ , the band Godspeed You ! Black Emperor used a sample of the opening line of `` By My Side '' for the song `` Providence '' . In the King of the Hill episode `` Kidney Boy and Hamster Girl : A Love Story , '' Bobby Hill passes himself off as a high school student and is overjoyed to find that the students are putting on the musical , which has been banned at the middle school he normally attends . During `` Church Hopping , '' a later episode from the same series , the Hills leave their Methodist church and visit several others . When they open the door of one church and hear `` Day by Day '' being played inside , they immediately leave . In the film , Scotland , PA , the characters sing `` Day by Day '' in homage to the 1970s . In the novel , How I Paid for College , the main character stars as Jesus in a school production of Godspell . In an episode of Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law , the employees of Harvey 's law firm are so overjoyed at the seeming resurrection of their boss that they break into a song that reprises Godspell . In an episode of `` So You Think You Can Dance ( Season 4 ) '' , contestants Joshua Allen and Katee Shean danced to `` All for the Best '' , choreographed by Tyce Diorio . In the novel `` Fall Musical '' of the Drama Club series , the school play is Godspell . One character says , `` As you know , it 's about Jesus , but you do n't have to be a Christian . Stephen Schwartz wrote it , and he 's Jewish . Actually , so was Jesus . '' In the second season , first episode of Doctor , Doctor , a character sings a variation of `` Day by Day '' , while playing a cello like a guitar . In the fourth season , eighth episode of Ally McBeal , a character sings `` Turn Back , O Man '' in a bar scene . In the second season , fourth episode of The New Adventures of Old Christine , called `` Oh God , Yes '' , Christine permits Ritchie to attend church . Matthew accompanies Ritchie to his Sunday school class , where Matthew and the teacher break into a rendition of `` Day by Day '' after Matthew reveals that he had been Jesus ' understudy for a production of Godspell . In season two , episode twenty - three of That ' 70s Show , during the credits , Leo , played by Tommy Chong , and Pastor Dave , played by Kevin McDonald , sing `` Day by Day '' in front of the church congregation . In South Park season 15 episode 11 , Broadway Bro Down , Randy takes Sharon to see Godspell when he surprises her with a trip to New York Controversy ( edit ) The hippie garb that the cast wears in the play has historically been controversial . In `` Notes on the Script '' ( 1999 ) , Stephen Schwartz wrote , `` There are often misconceptions about the concept of the clown analogy in Godspell . For instance , sometimes cast members are thought to be ' hippies ' or ' flower children ' . The concept was derived by John - Michael Tebelak from a book by Harvey Cox , a professor at Harvard Divinity School , entitled Feast of Fools . '' There has also been some controversy , or confusion over Godspell 's lack of featuring a `` resurrection scene '' . Rather than resurrect , Jesus dies in `` Finale '' and the cast is commonly directed to lift his body over their heads and walk off through the audience to end the show before their bows . Most do not seem to understand why this is so . Stephen Schwartz has made a note of this in the script saying , Over the years , there has been comment from some about the lack of an apparent Resurrection in the show . Some choose to view the curtain call , in which JESUS appears , as symbolic of the resurrection ; others point to the moment when the cast raise JESUS above their heads . While either view is valid , both miss the point . GODSPELL is about the formation of a community which carries on JESUS ' teachings after he has gone . In other words , it is the effect JESUS has on the OTHERS which is the story of the show , not whether or not he himself is resurrected . Therefore , it is very important at the end of the show that it be clear that the OTHERS have come through the violence and pain of the crucifixion sequence and leave with a joyful determination to carry on the ideas and feelings they have learned during the course of the show . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award ceremony Nominee Result 1977 Tony Award Best Original Score Stephen Schwartz Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ charts. xls , spreadsheet of complete pops charts through 2013 , available for download as RAR archive from Bullfrogs Pond Jump up ^ `` Godspell Jr '' ( PDF ) . www.stephenschwartz.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ An Interview with Stephen Schwartz geocities.com , 1998 Jump up ^ Schwartz , Stephen . `` Godspell Songs : Stephen Schwartz Answers Questions about the Godspell Score '' ( PDF ) . www.stephenschwartz.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Godspell Notes For Performers '' ( PDF ) . Stephenschwartz.com . Jump up ^ Tebelak , John - Michael , and Stephen Schwartz . Godspell . Original ed. , Theatre Maximus , 1972 . Jump up ^ `` Godspell 2012 '' . Jump up ^ Waterman , Matthew . `` ' GODSPELL ' Modern touches added to IFT 's ' Godspell ' '' . Herald Times . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Godspell Inside The Playbill on Broadway - Information , Cast , Crew , Synopsis and Photos - Playbill Vault '' . playbillvault.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Godspell Inside The Playbill on Broadway - Information , Cast , Crew , Synopsis and Photos - Playbill Vault '' . playbillvault.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.stephenschwartz.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/godspell-notes-for-directors-and-musicians1.pdf Jump up ^ `` History '' musicalschwartz.com Jump up ^ Green , Stanley and Green , Kay. `` ' Godspell ' '' Broadway Musicals , Show By Show ( 1996 ) , Hal Leonard Corporation , ISBN 0 - 7935 - 7750 - 0 , p. 233 Jump up ^ Green , Stanley . `` Chapter Thirty , Sherman Edwards , Gretchen Cryer , et al , '' The World of Musical Comedy ( 1984 ) , Da Capo Press , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80207 - 4 , p. 361 ^ Jump up to : `` ' Godspell ' , 1971 - 1976 '' Internet Off - Broadway Database , accessed October 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' Stephen Schwartz in Oz ' '' www.stagewhispers.com.au Jump up ^ `` ' Godspell ' '' thebeautifulchanges.co.uk Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto 's Legendary Production of GODSPELL '' . godspell1972.wordpress.com . Jump up ^ `` Des & Dawn Lindberg : Cabaret and Theatre '' . desdawn.co.za . Jump up ^ `` ' Godspell ' Broadway listing '' , 1976 - 1977 '' Internet Broadway Database , accessed October 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` OB Godspell To Close Oct. 7 , Transfer Expected '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Godspell '' . Curtain Critic . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` People of Godspell - The Producers and Investors of Godspell on Broadway '' . peopleofgodspell.com . Jump up ^ `` Godspell Broadway Revival Cast Album Released Digitally Dec. 20 - Playbill.com '' . playbill.com . Archived from the original on 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Revival of Godspell Will End Run June 24 - Playbill.com '' . playbill.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.godspellmusical.com.br Jump up ^ `` Godspell JR . Music Theater International '' . www.mtishows.com . MTI . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Stephen . `` FAQ -- Stephen Schwartz '' . StephenSchwartz.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Cox , Harvey Gallagher ( 1969 ) . The feast of fools : a theological essay on festivity and fantasy . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674295250 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) . Stephen Schwartz http://www.stephenschwartz.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/godspell-notes-for-directors-and-musicians1.pdf . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Godspell ( musical ) . Godspell at musicalschwartz.com : Cast album details , lyrics , history , stories from Stephen Schwartz Internet Broadway database listing Godspell plot and production information at guidetomusicaltheatre Godspell at the Music Theatre International website Script notes directors notes ( 2 ) ( hide ) Stephen Schwartz Music and lyrics Godspell Pippin The Magic Show The Baker 's Wife Working Children of Eden Wicked Captain Louie Séance on a Wet Afternoon The Prince of Egypt Lyrics MASS Rags Der Glöckner von Notre Dame Film work Butterflies Are Free ( title song ) Pocahontas ( lyrics ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( lyrics ) The Prince of Egypt ( songs ) Enchanted ( lyrics ) Television Geppetto ( music and lyrics ) Johnny and the Sprites ( theme song ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godspell&oldid=815848897 '' Categories : 1971 musicals Off - Broadway musicals Broadway musicals Rock musicals Musicals based on religious traditions Musicals based on the Bible Musicals based on the Gospels Cultural depictions of John the Baptist Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Français Norsk Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 16 : 01 . 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when does cory meet topanga in boy meets world

Boy Meets World ( season 1 )

boy meets world ( season 1 )

The first season of the television comedy series Boy Meets World aired between September 24 , 1993 and May 13 , 1994 , on ABC in the United States . The season was produced by Michael Jacobs Productions and Touchstone Television with series creator Michael Jacobs as executive producer . It was broadcast as part of the ABC comedy block TGIF on Friday evening , airing at 8 : 30 between Family Matters and Step by Step . The pilot debuted to ratings of 16.5 million viewers .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 References 4 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ben Savage as Cory Matthews William Daniels as Mr. George Feeny Betsy Randle as Amy Matthews Will Friedle as Eric Matthews Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter Lee Norris as Stuart Minkus Lily Nicksay as Morgan Matthews William Russ as Alan Matthews Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Fishel as Topanga Lawrence Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Boy Meets World episodes This season consists of 22 episodes . Boy Meets World Season 1 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` Pilot '' John Tracy Michael Jacobs & April Kelly September 24 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 24 ) B601 Middle school begins for Cory Matthews and his best friend , Shawn Hunter . They talk to their teacher , Mr. Feeny , and Cory questions candy for breakfast . They soon begin their class discussions and Mr. Feeny is teaching William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , and how two students will portray those roles . Meanwhile , Cory is not paying attention and is listening to the Philadelphia Phillies game . Cory gets caught and argues with Mr. Feeny that it is an important thing . Cory and his older brother , Eric , planned to go to the game but he dumped him in order to bring a girl out on a date . Later , Cory told his parents , Amy and Alan , but they do not show sympathy that he had detention on the day of the game . Cory feels that his parents do n't care about him and he moves himself into his tree house . While there , he spots Mr. Feeny talking to someone in the phone and is eating alone for a dinner made for two . Cory goes back into the house and Amy tells him that when people grow up they get different interest . After this talk , Cory is ready to face detention . The next day , Cory tells Mr. Feeny that he saw him eating alone , and Mr. Feeny gives him a speech about `` the power of love '' , and uses the Matthews family as an example . Cory later moves out of the tree house and back at home . Meanwhile , Eric returns from the game and tells everyone how miserable he was on the date . Cory then convinces Eric to call the girl back because he said , `` I 'm told love is worth it '' . In the post-credits , Cory is having a tea - party with his little sister Morgan and tells her that he will never ditch her for a girl . Mr. Feeny then asks a teacher out for dinner , and reveals that the night Cory saw him having dinner alone , was supposed to be with him and his sister who cancelled at the last minute . Guest stars : Cynthia Mace as Evelyn , Krystin Moore as Vanessa Absent : Lee Norris as Stuart Minkus `` On the Fence '' David Trainer Jeff C. Sherman October 1 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 01 ) B603 Cory and his friends are having a talk about who is the best superhero . This leads to an ultimate water - gun fight . Cory 's best friend , Shawn Hunter , shot Stuart Minkus ( a nerdy kid ) with the water - gun , and Cory feels left out because he is the only one who does n't have one yet . Minkus then gets annoyed with how Cory and Shawn are treating him so he gets out his brand - new water - gun and retaliates by shooting Cory and his friends . Cory then tries to convince Amy and Alan to buy him a water - gun which is worth $50 but they refuse , so he turns to Eric and asks him to buy the water - gun for him . Eric also refuses and even shows off his new watch to Cory . After hearing that Eric got the money from his job at Alan 's supermarket , Cory asks Alan if he could work there . Alan refuses and tells him that he is to young and that there are no job openings . Alan talks to Cory about enjoying his youth time but he gets angry that he ca n't have his water - gun . Cory then goes to Mr. Feeny , who offers to pay him $50 to paint his fence for him . Cory airbrushes the paint and is proud of what he has done , but he then sees that the paint went to shutter slats and went onto the white fence . Cory 's friends that have a water - gun fight with him , and he asks them to help him repaint the fence . They do so , but give up . Cory returns to the house , soaking wet but is very happy . Meanwhile , Eric returns from work and is terribly exhausted and questions how Alan can work such long hours and still do work at home . From a distance , Cory sees Alan painting the fence and says that his dad is `` Superman '' . During dinner , Cory starts a water - fight between their family and he sold his $50 water - gun for two smaller pistols , and he gave one to Alan so he can `` revisit '' being a kid . In the post-credits , Morgan calls the cops and says that the Matthews are outside `` fighting '' , and they `` just shot the neighbor '' ! Guest star : DeJuan Guy as Ellis `` Father Knows Less '' David Trainer April Kelly October 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 08 ) B604 Alan and Cory are making a sandwich to take to the Blue Angels navy flight demonstration . Unfortunately , the supermarket assistant manager , Lenny Spinelli , comes bringing bad news to Alan that there is chaos and broken shelves . Because he is the manager of the supermarket , Alan is forced to cancel his plans with Cory but promises to make it up to him . Later on , Alan wakes up Cory and lets him watch the end of the Philadelphia Phillies game , even though it is late . In the class the next morning , Cory falls asleep and fails the test Mr. Feeny gave . Cory tries to explain to Mr. Feeny why he was sleepy , but he refuses to accept an excuse . Cory then tells Alan and Amy , and Alan talks to Mr. Feeny . Mr. Feeny understands , but he refuses to change Cory 's grade . Alan and Mr. Feeny get into an argument and Alan tells him that he does n't understand because he does n't have a son . Then , Lenny Spinelli returns to the Matthews household delivering more bad news . Cory then accidentally throws a ball in Mr. Feeny 's yard and is caught trying to get it . Mr. Feeny invites Cory and talks him . He reveals that he wanted to spend time with his dad when he was younger to listen to President Truman 's speech . But , Mr. Feeny 's father refused , not because he had school the next day , but because he did n't want Mr. Feeny to be near his drinking buddies . Mr. Feeny then tells Cory that it is important that a boy spends time with his father . Alan returns from dealing with the small fire at the supermarket , and sees Mr. Feeny and Cory talking . Alan then sends Cory to bed and assures Mr. Feeny that Cory will go to bed on time . Cory then asks Amy why adults change who is right , and she tells him that two adults can think differently about something . Even though he is confused , Cory is sure what Alan meant that he go to sleep on time . Alan them promises to Cory that he 'll be there for him if he misses something . Guest stars : Willie Garson as Lenny Spinelli , Thomas Brown IV as TV Announcer `` Cory 's Alternative Friends '' David Trainer Patricia Forrester October 15 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 15 ) B606 Shawn and Cory are partners for a presentation about air pollution in Mr. Feeny 's class , but turn it into an off - topic discussion about the Philadelphia Phillies . Mr. Feeny blames himself for letting Cory and Shawn become partners . For their next assignment , Mr. Feeny assigns the partners . Shawn is partnered up with Minkus and is thrilled because he will do all of the work . Meanwhile , Cory is not so thrilled with his partner Topanga Lawrence , a hippie nerd who it part of the `` out - cast '' group and sits with the `` weird - kids '' at lunch . Cory tries to persuade Mr. Feeny , but he made his decision . At lunch , Cory hears some girls talking about a `` total Brillo - head '' and thought that they were talking about him . Later , Topanga goes to Cory 's house to make him sign a petition to stop the librarian from retiring . When Topanga leaves , Cory informs Shawn about his `` hair problem '' , and they call Shawn 's sister and get something to straighten his hair . Cory and Topanga then work on their project with Cory wanting a quick presentation , while Topanga wants to go to the performing arts route . Topanga them performs a poem and tells Cory that he should n't be embarrassed to show his true self . Topanga then tells Cory that she does n't care when people make fun of her , and that Cory blends in well . Cory then tricks Topanga into leaving . Cory and Shawn then check his hair and are shock when his hair turns out different because they left the chemicals in to long . Cory decides not to go to school , but Alan and Amy refuse . At school , everyone makes fun of and laughs at Cory 's hair and he sat at the `` Weird - Kids lunch table '' . Cory then helps Topanga and her friends to get their petition for the school librarian . Despite he is embarrassed of his hair , Cory does n't want to let Topanga and his new friends down . After the finished their goal , Minkus and everyone else left , while Cory and Topanga shared their first kiss ever with Cory on a locker . Cory is so embarrassed and shocked . Cory 's hair then returns back to normal and confronts the girls who were talking about him , and realize they were talking about another boy . Topanga and Cory then share a look , with Topanga showing off her new red baseball cap . Guest stars : Danielle Fishel as Topanga , Marla Sokoloff as Paige , Megan Parlen as Barbara , Katie Jane Johnston as Hillary , Marty York as Larry , Sam Horrigan as Student # 1 , Chris Owen as Ned Note : Danielle Fishel as Topanga Lawrence ( later Matthews ) , is a recurring character for the first season , but starting in season 2 , Danielle Fishel joined the main cast as Topanga , and is credited in the opening credits . 5 5 `` Killer Bees '' David Trainer Susan Estelle Jansen October 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 22 ) B602 In the geography test , Minkus scores the highest score once again . Cory did not do to well ( he got a C ) , and he actually studies , but he blames the out - of - date textbooks . Mr. Feeny agrees with Cory but tells him that the Board of Education does n't have enough money . Mr. Feeny also tells him that if he paid attention in class , he might have done a bit better . Mr. Feeny then informs the class about the upcoming Regional Geography Tournament . Minkus always enters and wins . The whole is not paying attention until Mr. Feeny announces that the winner will get to be the batboy at the upcoming World Series . Everyone , but Minkus , loves the prize . Cory tries to convince Mr. Feeny into letting him compete , but he knows Cory 's motives . Later , Cory and his friends ambush and take Minkus to the Matthews house . Meanwhile , Eric is continuously arguing with Amy about a concert he is going to . Eric is bringing a date to the Aerosmith concert and is embarrassed to be near Alan and Amy . On the other hand , Cory tries to convince Minkus to withdraw from the Geography tournament . Minkus agrees to Cory 's bargain under one condition - they will not throw balls at him during gym class . Because of Minkus ' resignation , Mr. Feeny has no one else but Cory . Mr. Feeny does n't want to enter thinking Cory will humiliate him . Cory then hits the books and is confidant for the tournament . Unfortunately , he and Mr. Feeny lost the tournament , and gets even more angry learning that the girl who won is n't even interested in the prize . Meanwhile , Eric and Heather come home early from the concert due to Eric being embarrassed . Heather , though , thinks that Amy and Alan are cool . Eric then starts appreciating his parents for who they are after getting a talk . For Cory , even though he did n't win the geography tournament , he got an A on his geography test . In the post-credits , it show Cory watching the World Series and the announcers get into a geography discussion after the bat - girl runs onto the field with a protest - banner . Guest stars : DeJuan Guy as Ellis , Nikki Cox as Heather , Gisele MacKenzie as Loudspeaker Voice , Branelle Dahl as Contestant # 5 , Laurel Liskin Contestant # 6 , Thomas Brown IV as Announcer Ed , Tom Kelly as Announcer John 6 6 `` Boys II Mensa '' David Trainer Janette Kotichas Burleigh October 29 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 29 ) B607 It 's near Halloween and Cory 's dresses up like a clown taking the phrase `` Class Clown '' to literally . Mr. Feeny then returns graded book reports . Cory attempts to protest his grade comparing himself to Minkus . This lands Cory to get himself into detention . Shawn and Cory both are in detention and come across an I.Q. answer key . Cory cheats and memorizes the scores and gets a high grade on the test . Mr. Feeny gets suspicious because Cory scored even higher than Minkus ( who always scores the highest ) . He sends home a note for Alan and Amy , but Shawn convinces Cory to keep up his act . His parents know the truth , but refuse to accuse Cory in hopes that he will admit the truth . Meanwhile , Eric bought Morgan a Halloween costume as a Zombie . Amy disagrees with the costume , Morgan , Alan , and Eric are enthusiastic about it . Cory then tells Shawn that he is starting to become guilty for lying to his parents . At school , Mr. Feeny gives Cory a final chance to admit the truth before telling him he would be transferred to a school full of prodigies and no sports . Cory does n't admit and Mr. Feeny tells him that he 'll get what he deserves . After school , a woman from the gifted school gives Cory a test , and Shawn tells him to fail the test on purpose so he wo n't have to go to the school . Cory then admits to his parents that he cheated on the I.Q. test . Alan and Amy ground Cory for two weeks but let him go trick - or - treating and advises his not to be something he is not . Cory then gives up the title of class clown to Mr. Feeny , and realizes why he his harder on Cory than on students who score the same on tests . In the post-credits , Mr. Feeny went to the Matthews house to ask for some candy , and two boys who a trick - or - treating tell Mr. Feeny that he is the best teacher ever . Mr. Feeny is convinced that it is Cory but is mistaken . After he leaves , the two boys are revealed to be Cory and Shawn , and Cory says `` And they think I 'm not a genius ! '' Guest stars : Jane Carr as Mrs. Bertram , Marty York as Costumed Kid # 1 , Sam Horrigan as Costumed Kid # 2 , Dusty Gould as Costumed Kid # 3 7 7 `` Grandma was a Rolling Stone '' David Trainer Ed Decter & John J. Strauss November 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 12 ) B609 Cory and Shawn find themselves removing snails from Mr. Feeny 's garden for bait in their upcoming fishing trip with Alan . Alan tells Cory that Eric will not be joining them due to his interest in girls . Eric then teaches Morgan to be his `` wing - man '' in front of girls . Meanwhile , Alan 's mother , Bernice , arrives and brings gifts for Morgan and Eric ; giving Morgan a shrunken head and Eric a bull - whip . She gives Amy and Alan a dried - up cactus . While there , Bernice promises to get Morgan new clothes at the mall , bring Eric to see bikini girls , and get Cory a Cal Ripken baseball card autographed by the `` man in the picture . '' Later , Mr. Feeny seeks Eric to help entertain his niece , Jessica . Eric brings out Morgan to use her as his wing - man . Mr. Feeny gets annoyed knowing that Eric is using Morgan to get on a date with Jessica . Morgan then invites Jessica to the carnival with her and Eric . Meanwhile , Cory realizes that Bernice wo n't show up and decides to spend the Sunday afternoon with Shawn . Much to his surprise , Shawn is out fishing with Alan . Cory is terribly disappointed that both Alan and Bernice abandoned him . Later on , Morgan , Jessica , and Eric return and share a kiss - but get caught by Shawn and Alan . Cory and Alan then talk about how Bernice shows her weird way of love . Mr. Feeny then comes over , confronts Eric , about taking out Jessica after dark , but Bernice returns and covers up for Eric . In the end - credits , Shawn admires Cory card , while Cory understands the worth of it . Special guest star : Rue McClanahan as Bernice Matthews Guest star : Keri Russell as Jessica Absent : Lee Norris as Stuart Minkus 8 8 `` Teacher 's Bet '' David Trainer April Kelly November 19 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 19 ) B610 Cory and Minkus get into a conversation where Cory thinks Mr. Feeny gets overpaid , while Minkus thinks he gets underpaid . Meanwhile , after so many cracks , Mr. Feeny calls Cory after class and decides to make a bet with him . The challenge is Cory will teach the class , and if more kids pass than usual , he wins the bet and gets 1 / 5 of Mr. Feeny 's paycheck ; but if less kids pass , Mr. Feeny gets Cory 's brand new bike . Eric brings home his new girlfriend named Linda , and Morgan gets a liking to her especially when she gave her a gift of a Japanese lantern . Later , Cory informs his parents about the bet but are not so enthusiastic . During his first day , Cory names himself as the teacher and is called `` Hey , Dude . '' He becomes to nice and the class gets out of control . Cory then decides to give up . At home , Cory then realizes that racial prejudice still exists after Linda get called a racial slur at their local mall . Cory then gives a speech to the class , and gets their attention . Mr. Feeny then tells Cory that the same amount of people passed except Shawn - he got a B ( he always gets a C ) . In the post-credits , Linda is showing off her cheerleader moves to Eric and Amy . Guest stars : Danielle Fishel as Topanga , Lindsay Price as Linda 9 9 `` Class Pre-Union '' David Trainer Ed Decter & John J. Strauss November 26 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 26 ) B611 Cory is making a video about being the middle child and interviews every member in the Matthews family . Amy gave Morgan a gold necklace , and Alan tells Cory not to break the video camera , but he does . In class , Mr. Feeny assigns a project titled `` Preunion '' , to see how much has changed when they see each other of their 20th high school reunion , with the personal details that led up to it . Shawn decides to become a salesman because that is what his father does . Meanwhile , Cory is helping Amy create the props for the Preunion . Morgan tells Amy that she traded her gold necklace for a fake one . Amy tries to talk to the girl 's mother but she refuses to give it back . The next day , Minkus is dressed as an entrepreneur and is settled to take over Microsoft , and is married to Topanga . Then it becomes Cory 's turn to turn in a presentation , but due to lack of research Mr. Feeny gives Cory an `` incomplete '' grade . Unfortunately , Cory takes this personally and feels his dream of becoming a professional baseball player is crushed . Cory disposes all of his baseball souvenirs and posters and even brings Eric to become sad due to his sour attitude . Meanwhile , Amy invites Stephanie ( the girl who Morgan gave the necklace ) and her mother , and Morgan tricks Stephanie into giving her back their stuff , but including her mother 's car keys . Eric and Cory then cheer up when Alan invited professional baseball player Jim Abbott . Jim Abbott gives Cory advice not to give up on his dream , but also the power of an education . Mr. Feeny then throws all of Cory 's baseballs on the Matthews side of the fence . In the post-credits , Alan wonders if Amy regrets marrying him because he did n't pursue his dream to become an engineer . Special guest star : Jim Abbott as himself Guest stars : Danielle Fishel as Topanga , Christine Heavy as Jane , Marty York as Larry , Brittany English Stephen as Stephanie , Kristopher Kyer as TV Voice # 1 , Lisa E. Wilcox as TV Voice # 2 , Matt Kirkwood as TV Voice # 3 10 10 `` Santa 's Little Helper '' David Trainer Susan Estelle Jansen December 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 12 - 10 ) B612 Shawn 's father loses his job , and Cory vows that Shawn will have a Christmas gift this year . Guest stars : Danielle Fishel as Topanga , Tom LaGrua as Elf Note : This episode is titled `` Santa 's Little Helper '' and should not be mistaken for `` Santa 's Little Helpers '' from the sixth season . 11 11 `` The Father / Son Game '' David Trainer Bill Lawrence December 17 , 1993 ( 1993 - 12 - 17 ) B608 It is a Friday morning in the Matthews household , and Cory is annoyed that Morgan ate all of the sugar cereal . Eric tries to convince Amy and Alan to have a later curfew so that he could spend more time with his date . Alan then excitedly informs Eric and Cory about the annual father / son softball game . Cory and Eric , though , do not share the same enthusiasm as Alan for the softball game . At school , Cory 's class recited the Pledge of Allegiance , except Topanga . Cory then laughs about Topanga getting in trouble and finds out that Mr. Feeny asked Topanga not to say the Pledge of Allegiance to start the lesson of the day . He used Cory and Topanga as examples for the social debate : Pledge Vs. Protest . Topanga is defending the right to protest and Cory thinks it 's not worth it to protest . Meanwhile , Cory sees Alan practicing for the father / son game and feels guilty about telling him that he does n't want to play . Eric and Cory try to make Amy help them not be in the softball game . Eric and Cory try to give Alan excuses and he tells them that the game has been cancelled . Cory then finds out that the game was played from Topanga . Eric and Cory then try to make it up to Alan by throwing him a barbecue . In the class , Cory then tells the class that no matter what tradition anyone is doing they should respect it . Cory and Eric then tell Alan to have a re-match father / son softball game by challenging the bookstore to another match . In the post-credits , they come back victorious . Guest stars : Danielle Fishel as Topanga , Willie Garson as Lenny Spinelli 12 12 `` Once in Love with Amy '' David Trainer Ken Kuta January 7 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 07 ) B613 While Cory is working on a difficult math problem , he chances upon another conundrum : he accidentally discovers provocative clothing in his mother 's bag , and assumes that she is having an affair . Guest star : Danielle Fishel as Topanga 13 13 `` She Loves Me , She Loves Me Not '' David Trainer April Kelly January 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 14 ) B614 Topanga develops a crush on Eric , but Cory gets the impression that her affections are directed at him . Guest stars : Danielle Fishel as Topanga , Krystee Clark as Nebula , Breanne O'Donnell as The Girl 14 14 `` The B - Team of Life '' David Trainer Jeff Menell January 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 28 ) B605 Cory and Minkus are assigned to the basketball `` B - Team '' at school , and rarely get to play . However , Cory also gets the feeling that he is on the `` B - Team '' with his own family . Guest stars : Ahmad Stoner as Harris , Hugh Dane as Coach , Phil Proctor as TV Voice # 1 , Robert Clotworthy as TV Voice # 2 15 15 `` Model Family '' David Trainer Ed Decter & John J. Strauss February 4 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 04 ) B615 Cory learns that there is no such thing as `` a perfect family '' when he is assigned to get in a group with Shawn , Topanga and Minkus and work together as a family . Special guest star : Kathy Ireland as Alexis Guest stars : Danielle Fishel as Topanga , Jason Marsden as Jason , Kelly Packard as Tracy , Stephanie Dicker as Erin , Matt Kirkwood as Photographer , Kristopher Kyer as Mall Announcer 16 16 `` Risky Business '' David Trainer Ken Kuta February 11 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 11 ) B617 Cory and Shawn bet on racehorses for a school project , but they soon learn -- the hard way -- that there are things in life that are not worth risking . Guest stars : Danielle Fishel as Topanga , Thomas Brown IV as Sports Announcer , Trevor Denman as Track Announcer 17 17 `` The Fugitive '' David Trainer Jeff C. Sherman February 25 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 25 ) B618 When Shawn blows up a mailbox at Alan 's grocery store with a cherry bomb , he stays in Cory 's room to avoid going home . Cory tries to keep this secret as long as he can but soon learns what it means to be a true friend and helps Shawn to face what he did . Guest star : Danielle Fishel as Topanga 18 18 `` It 's a Wonderful Night '' David Trainer Susan Estelle Jansen March 11 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 11 ) B616 At school , Shawn informs Cory that he rented an ' R ' - rated movie and tells him that they will watch the horror film in the Matthews household . Amy and Alan do not allow any type of material like that inside their home and ban it . Shawn and Cory attempt to smuggle it since his parents will be out for the evening . Meanwhile , Judy , the Matthews regular babysitter , cancelled due to a skin condition . Eric then takes his drivers test but fails . Eric and his friend have dates and he decides to drive anyway so that he wo n't disappoint his date . Desperate to find a babysitter , Eric convinces Mr. Feeny to step - in as the babysitter so that his plans will not be cancelled . Mr. Feeny then becomes the babysitter and plays tea party with Morgan and wears a floppy hat much to his detriment . Cory and Shawn initially fool Mr. Feeny telling him that they 're watching a nature film . Later , the car Eric was driving gets towed and he is unable to retrieve it because he does not have a license . Troubles arises as Mr. Feeny discovers that Cory and Shawn smuggled an inappropriate movie . Mr. Feeny then finds out that Eric got his car towed . And if that was n't enough , Amy and Alan return home and find out about the happenings . In consequence of the happenings , Amy and Alan ground Cory for two weeks only letting him watch educational television , and make Eric retake his driver 's test so that he can drive Morgan and Eric wherever they want . Guest stars : Jason Marsden as Jason , Don Gibb as Tony , Kelly Packard as Tracy , Stephanie Dicker as Erin , Kristopher Kyer as TV Voice # 1 , Kevin Thompson as TV Voice # 2 , Lisa E. Wilcox as TV Voice # 3 Absent : Lee Norris as Stuart Minkus 19 19 `` Kid Gloves '' David Trainer Jeff Menell March 25 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 25 ) B620 Cory , Shawn , Minkus , and Topanga are required to choose an extra curricular activity and they all wind up in SCUBA diving . The next day , Cory is celebrating his 12th birthday and Alan bestows to him a gift . Cory realizes that the gift is just a worthless necklace of silver mittens , but he pretends to love it in order not to hurt Alan 's feelings . Alan becomes disappointed knowing that Cory does n't like his gift . Meanwhile , Morgan is persistently whining that she did n't get a gift like before during Cory and Eric 's birthday . During the SCUBA class , Cory and Shawn are making jokes about each other 's swimsuits until they are left speechless seeing Topanga in her bathing suit . They are excited to meet the SCUBA instructor but are shocked that it is Mr. Feeny . Later , Cory realizes that he lost Alan 's necklace and goes SCUBA diving alone in an attempt to find it . Alan then explains to Cory that he got it while he was in the U.S. Navy . During dinner , Eric poorly covers up for Cory when he tells their parents that he went to Shawn 's house for dinner because Shawn is at the Matthews house . Alan and Amy then realize that Cory is missing . While searching for Alan 's necklace , Cory is caught by Mr. Feeny and is immediately brought home . Mr. Feeny then tells Cory he found the necklace . Cory gives it to Alan telling him that he is not worthy of that kind of a gift . In the end credits , Alan secretly gives Morgan a toy horse but tells her not to tell Amy . He tells her that he won it in the Navy . Guest star : Danielle Fishel as Topanga 20 20 `` The Play 's the Thing '' David Trainer Ed Decter & John J. Strauss April 29 , 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 29 ) B621 Cory 's class is making a play about William Shakespeare 's Hamlet , and Cory gets the lead role with Topanga and Minkus as his `` co-stars '' . At home , Cory tries to practice for his annual golf game with Alan , Amy , and Eric . Eric then tells Cory that he throw the game off for the price of $5 . While Cory 's class is rehearsing for the play , Cory tries to convince Mr. Feeny to make changes to make it more exciting . Later , Topanga gives Cory his costume as Hamlet which includes a doublet and tights . Cory calls it a `` miniskirt and pantyhose '' and refuses to ware it . Cory then decides to quit the play and tells Shawn about his hidden motive and thinks that if he quits , Mr. Feeny will be forced to accept his suggestions . However , Minkus replaces Cory as Hamlet . At home , Cory finds out that Alan 's job cut his salary by 5 % which means they can not afford to go the Jersey Shore golf tournament . In the school , Shawn got Minkus ' former role and begs Cory to return because Minkus is a poor substitute . Cory tries to convince Mr. Feeny to let him have his part back , but he refuses and teaches Cory a lesson not to let people down who are counting on him . In the Matthews household , Cory finds out that they made their own golfing tournament in the backyard . In the play , Cory is spear carrier and his co-spear carrier starts a fight in the stage which leaves everyone but Cory left . Guest stars : Danielle Fishel as Topanga , Ryan Tomlinson as Spear Carrier 21 21 `` Boy Meets Girl '' David Trainer Janette Kotichas Burleigh May 6 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 06 ) B622 Cory and Shawn 's class watch a video about puberty , which disgusts them . Shortly after , Shawn 's eyes are caught by a beautiful classmate named Hilary . Shawn asks out Hilary despite his agreement with Cory that they 'll stay twelve until they are forty - two . In an attempt to keep up with his buddy , Cory asks Topanga out on a date , not knowing what dating really means . Cory then asks Minkus for advice on dating and he gives Cory the answer to date the `` girl in the dress '' , meaning Topanga . Meanwhile , Amy and Alan are excited knowing that Cory is out on his first date with Topanga . Cory becomes nervous and decides to fake being sick so that his date with Topanga will not pursue . The next day , Topanga went to the Matthews house to bring Cory some bancha tea . To Cory 's surprise , Topanga is understanding why he faked ill . Cory and Topanga then play a game with their laundry , and they chat about their Mother 's Day gifts . In school , Cory explains to Topanga that them hanging out was not a date . Cory then asks Topanga how she knows a lot about women , to her reply she says that she will become a `` woman '' one day . Before heading into class , she fixes Cory collar but he annoyingly fixes back . In the post-credits , Cory and Shawn discuss about their first dates and always promise to stick together despite the coming of second dates , proms , engagements , and marriage . Later , Hilary says hi to Shawn and the same goes for Topanga to Cory . Guest stars : Danielle Fishel as Topanga , Breanne O'Donnell as Hilary , Gisele MacKenzie as Narrator Voice , Gil Stratton , Jr. as TV Announcer 22 22 `` I Dream of Feeny '' David Trainer Mark Fink May 13 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 13 ) B619 Cory and Shawn are worrying over a geography test that they have not studied for . Cory wishes that Mr. Feeny will get a `` sick day '' so that the test will be cancelled . The day of the test arrives , and Cory 's wish came true ; Mr. Feeny was sent to the hospital . This causes Cory to believe that he has the power to make people sick , and thinks of it as a `` gift '' . Meanwhile , Topanga tries to convince Shawn that the `` power of mind '' should not be taken so lightly . Minkus becomes extremely worried about Mr. Feeny that he even does n't have the power of trade insults with Shawn . Shawn is now worried about Cory 's powers , and Topanga informs him that he will received karma for his actions . The conscience is now haunting in his dreams as he sees Mr. Feeny 's `` ghost '' haunting him and continuously telling Cory that the `` killed '' him . The next day , Cory goes to the hospital to visit Mr. Feeny to make sure he 's okay . Cory gives Mr. Feeny a geranium , and he plans it as a metaphor for growth . In the end - credits , Topanga is performing a experiment with Minkus , Cory , and Shawn in trying to power a light bulb with their minds . Guest stars : Danielle Fishel as Topanga , Janet Carroll as Nurse Jill , Juliette Jeffers as Karen Chase Note : This is the last episode to credit Lee Norris as a regular cast member and his last appearance on the show until the Season 5 finale , `` Graduation '' . Absent : Lily Nicksay as Morgan Matthews References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) List of Boy Meets World episodes on IMDb Boy Meets World season 1 episodes at TV.com hide Boy Meets World Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' 5 6 7 Characters Cory Matthews Eric Matthews Shawn Hunter Related articles Girl Meets World episodes characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boy_Meets_World_(season_1)&oldid=845769509 '' Categories : 1993 American television seasons 1994 American television seasons Boy Meets World seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Add links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 00 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who did the voice for mcdonald's i'm loving it

McDonald 's advertising

mcdonald's advertising

corporate.mcdonalds.com/mcd.html www.mcdonalds.com/us/en-us.html

This box : view talk edit McDonald 's maintains an extensive advertising campaign . In addition to the usual media such as television , radio and newspaper ads , the company makes significant use of billboards and signage , and sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games . The company also makes coolers of orange drink with their logo available for local events of all kinds . However , television ads remain the primary form of advertisement . McDonald 's has used 23 different slogans to advertise in the United States , as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions . At times , it has run into trouble with its campaigns . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 India 1.2 Controversies 1.3 Racial diversity 2 Current campaign 3 Promotional partners 3.1 Cross promotions 3.2 Celebrity spokespeople 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) There have been many McDonald 's advertising campaigns and slogans over the years . The company is one of the most prevalent fast food advertisers , especially in the United States , where it spends the most advertising money of any fast - food restaurant and the fourth-most of any advertiser in the country . McDonald 's Canada 's corporate website states that the commercial campaigns have always focused on the `` overall McDonald 's experience '' , rather than just product . The purpose of the image has always been `` portraying warmth and a real slice of everyday life . '' Its TV ads , showing various people engaging in popular activities , usually reflect the season and time period . Finally , rarely in their advertising history have they used negative or comparison ads pertaining to any of their competitors ; the ads have always focused on McDonald 's alone , one exception being a 2008 billboard advertising the new McCafe espresso . The billboard read `` four bucks is dumb '' , a shot at competitor Starbucks . India ( edit ) McDonald 's began operations in India in 1996 . It retained Leo Burnett ( India ) to provide authentic Indian insights in years of study and planning to meet local conditions with special concern regarding local favorite items , religious - based food taboos and India 's strong vegetarian tradition . Its hamburgers are made of lamb or chicken , not beef . It adapted local favorites into items such as McAloo Tikki , a breaded potato pancake on a bun . It divided its kitchens in the vegetarian and nonvegetarian zones making sure that food did not cross the line . Its advertising told Indians that its bright , inviting restaurants did not mean high prices . Its strategy was profits through high volume and low prices . Locally it sponsored sports programs and donations to visible charities . Controversies ( edit ) See also : McDonald 's legal cases In 1996 , the British adult comic magazine Viz accused McDonald 's of plagiarizing the name and format of its longstanding Top Tips feature , in which readers offer sarcastic tips . McDonald 's had created an advertising campaign of the same name , which suggested the Top Tips ( and then the alternative -- save money by going to McDonald 's ) . Some of the similarities were almost word - for - word : Save a fortune on laundry bills . Give your dirty shirts to Oxfam . They will wash and iron them , and then you can buy them back for 50p . -- Viz Top Tip , published May 1989 . Save a fortune on laundry bills . Give your dirty shirts to a second - hand shop . They will wash and iron them , and then you can buy them back for 50p . -- McDonald 's advert , 1996 . The case was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum , which was donated to the charity Comic Relief . However , many Viz readers believed that the comic had given permission for their use , leading to Top Tips submissions such as : `` Geordie magazine editors . Continue paying your mortgage and buying expensive train sets ... by simply licensing the Top Tips concept to a multinational burger corporation . '' In 2003 , a ruling by the UK Advertising Standards Authority determined that the corporation had acted in breach of the codes of practice in describing how its French fries were prepared . A McDonald 's print ad stated that `` after selecting certain potatoes '' `` we peel them , slice them , fry them and that 's it '' . It showed a picture of a potato in a McDonald 's fries box . In fact the product was sliced , pre-fried , sometimes had dextrose added , was then frozen , shipped , and re-fried and then had salt added . In 2013 , McDonald 's encountered controversy around negative racial stereotypes when the fast - food restaurant tested one of its ads in Germany for the resident Mexican population . The title of the commercial was `` Los Wochos , '' a made - up word for the Spanish translation of the word `` week '' in German . This word is offensive because it is not a common expression for the people , but rather a bad attempt to make a German word sound Spanish . The commercial went on to say , `` When you turn ketchup into ' salsa picante , ' your buddy into a ' muchacho ' and your burger into ' chili con carne , ' that means The Wochos are here '' . ' Olé . ' '' The problem was that not all of these terms are of Mexican origin ; rather , `` olé '' is a typical expression of southern Spain , while chile con carne is a Texan dish . The commercial also featured mariachi players , a luchador ( wrestler ) , men wearing sombreros , women with red flowers in their hair , and many Mexican flags in the background . In 2015 , McDonald 's met further controversy around Mexican stereotypes when it attempted to promote its McBurrito in Mexico . The advertisement was a picture of the burrito with the words , `` Tamales are a thing of the past . McBurrito Mexicana also comes wrapped . '' The ad was revealed just a day after la Día de la Candelaria , a holiday many celebrate with eating tamales , a traditional Mexican dish eaten during most holidays . The Tex - Mex burrito was perceived by many as an insult to one of Mexico 's most traditional and popular meals . Racial diversity ( edit ) In the 1970s , McDonald 's began to diversify their target audience towards the back end of the civil rights movement at the time . To modern audiences , the advertising style in this given campaign appears stereotypical and is a clear example of tokenism . However , at the time it was seen as a huge step forward in terms of overcoming racial issues . In order to appeal to African - American people , McDonald 's exclusively used images of African - American people enjoying a McDonald 's meal in their ads . They also adopted linguistic features which were `` typical '' in that particular culture , such as `` g - dropping '' for example `` Makin ' it '' or `` Dinnertimin ' '' . Additionally , McDonald 's also introduced the `` Get Down '' campaign which was a popular dance move in the African American culture at the time . As McDonald 's was mainly a `` white - dominated '' agency at the time , it seemed that even though they were attempted to make good with these ad campaigns , they only really achieved appearing `` racially naive '' and also heavily relied on fraught stereotypes rather than actual information . ( Charlton McIlwain 2015 ) Another notion , coined by Tom Burrell ( 2003 : 240 ) , was `` positive realism '' which `` depicted African - Americans using consumer products in a manner that was authentic and relevant . '' This term is thought to have influenced and encouraged the depiction of African - Americans in advertising . Current campaign ( edit ) i 'm lovin ' it is a branding campaign by McDonald 's Corporation . It was created by Heye & Partner , McDonald 's agency based in Unterhaching , Germany , near Munich , and a member of the DDB Worldwide Communications Group , Inc . It was the company 's first global advertising campaign and was launched in Munich , Germany on September 2 , 2003 , under the German title ich liebe es . This is only used in Germany ; in Austria , Switzerland , and Liechtenstein , the English slogan is used . The English part of the campaign was launched in Australia on September 21 , 2003 , the UK on September 17 , 2003 , and in the USA on September 29 , 2003 with the music of Tom Batoy and Franco Tortora ( Mona Davis Music ) and vocals by Justin Timberlake , in which the slogan appears . The motion logo at the time ( featuring the `` M '' zooming out and shining and the `` i 'm lovin ' it '' ( in different languages , usually in English ) zooming to the `` M '' , leaving a trail ) was produced by using Adobe After Effects and Adobe InDesign . Also , by September 3 , 2003 , McDonald 's selected more than 30 people to appear in new packaging for McDonald 's products , starting with a photoshoot taking place from September 3 , 2003 until November 2003 . They unveiled new `` i 'm lovin ' it '' -- themed packaging on December 8 , 2003 and rolled it out worldwide throughout 2004 with the final delivery date being November 20 , 2004 . In January 2007 , after a public casting call which received 15,000 submissions , McDonald 's selected 24 people to appear as part of the campaign . Images of those chosen , taken from September to December 2006 , who had submitted a story and digital photograph which `` captured ... themes of inspiration , passion and fun , '' appeared on McDonald 's paper bags and cups worldwide . In early 2008 , McDonald 's underwent the first phase of their new image and slogan : ' What we 're made of . ' This was to promote how McDonald 's products are made . Packaging was tweaked a little to feature this new slogan . In November 2008 , McDonald 's introduced new packaging , eliminating the previous design stated above ( except for the Philippines and a few countries , where the previous design is used in tandem with newer packaging and in Fiji , where the previous design is still current ) with new , inspirational messages , the `` i 'm lovin it '' slogan ( appearing only once on most packages ) . McDonald 's also updated their menu boards with darker , yet warmer colors , more realistic photos of the products featured on plates and the drinks in glasses . From 2009 to 2010 , McDonald 's introduced new packaging worldwide . However as of 2017 , McDonald 's continues to have the `` i 'm lovin it '' slogan appear on most all of its product packaging ; and has made no major announcement that the company will use any other slogan exclusively in place of this one any time in the near future . Promotional partners ( edit ) Cross promotions ( edit ) FIFA World Cup McDonald 's has been an official sponsor of the World Cup since the 1994 FIFA World Cup . National Football League In late 2012 , McDonald 's signed a multi-year deal to become the official restaurant sponsor of the NFL . It was the presenting sponsor of the 2013 Pro Bowl , and was able to use the NFL shield and logos of all 32 teams in its campaigns . NASCAR Starting in 2010 , McDonald 's sponsored Jamie McMurray 's Bass Pro Shops - sponsored Chip Ganassi Racing # 1 Chevrolet as a part - time / secondary sponsor , and later becoming the primary sponsor for the # 1 car in 2013 . Over time , McDonald 's has sponsored numerous NASCAR cars , including Bill Elliott , Jimmy Spencer , Andy Houston , Kasey Kahne , and 2010 Daytona 500 winner Jamie McMurray . McDonald 's racing not only sponsors NASCAR cars but also sponsors other racing series / divisions , including the # 02 McDonald 's - sponsored car of Graham Rahal in the IndyCar Series . Elliott Sadler 's # 19 Dodge NASCAR Sprint Cup Series car Bobby Hamilton , Jr. 's # 35 car in the Busch Series Kasey Kahne 's # 9 Dodge car in the NEXTEL Cup Series Bill Elliott Hut Stricklin # 27 Winston Cup ( now Monster Energy Cup ) car Jimmy Spencer Andy Houston NBA ( fast food partner ) Olympics ( official fast - food restaurant ) IndyCar Series Graham Rahal 's # 02 car Rolex Sports Car Series Doran Enterprises # 77 Ford Dallara Celebrity spokespeople ( edit ) Michael Jordan Kobe Bryant Larry Bird Charles Barkley Jamie McMurray Venus Williams Yao Ming ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Destiny 's Child ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2003 ) Ashanti ( 2003 ) Cecil and Prince Fielder ( 1992 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1972 ) Prince and Woody Allen ( 1999 ) See also ( edit ) Burger King advertising Fast food advertising List of McDonald 's ad programs McDonaldland McDonald 's Ronald McDonald House References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bomkamp , Samantha ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Mcdonald 's HQ Move Is Boldest Step Yet in Effort to Transform Itself '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Form 10 - K : McDonald 's Corporation ( McDonald 's Corporation 2016 Annual Report ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Securities and Exchange Commission . Commission File Number 1 - 5231 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gael Fashingbauer Cooper ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` McDonald 's orange drink '' . Gen X-Tinct . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's slogans used around the world , past and present '' . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Meet America 's 25 biggest advertisers . AdAge . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marketing '' . McDonald 's Canada . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Starbucks wo n't slug it out in ad wars , by Andrea James , in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer ; published December 10 , 2008 ; retrieved April 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ William M. O'Barr , `` Advertising in India . '' Advertising & Society Review 9 # 3 ( 2008 ) : 1 - 33 . Jump up ^ End of story for one fast food ad Archived 2006 - 10 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mallen , Patricia Rey . `` McDonald 's Racist Ad : ' Los Wochos ' Offends Mexican Community In Germany . '' Latin Times . N.p. , 02 May 2013 . Web . 19 Feb. 2017 . Jump up ^ Woolf , Nicky . `` McDonald 's Eats Its Words after Tamales Facebook Ad Sparks Backlash in Mexico . '' The Guardian . Guardian News and Media , 04 Feb. 2015 . Web . 19 Feb. 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cruz , Lenika . `` ' Dinnertimin ' and ' No Tipping ' : How Advertisers Targeted Black Consumers in the 1970s '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ MacDonough , J. , Egolf , K. , & Reid , J. ( 2003 ) . The Advertising age encyclopedia of advertising ( 1st ed . ) . New York , N.Y. , ( etc . ) : Fitzroy Dearborn . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's press release '' . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's renews as FIFA World Cup Sponsor until 2014 '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ QSRweb.com ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` McDonald 's named official sponsor of the NFL '' . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 20 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ( hide ) McDonald 's History Advertising ad programs Countries with franchises Legal cases Product list International availability People Richard and Maurice McDonald Ray Kroc Joan Kroc Ralph Alvarez Charlie Bell Al Bernardin Jim Cantalupo George Cohon Dan Coudreaut Steve Easterbrook Janice L. Fields Den Fujita Don Gorske Jack M. Greenberg Eikō Harada June Martino Herb Peterson Michael R. Quinlan Ed Rensi Willard Scott James A. Skinner Donald N. Smith Harry J. Sonneborn Don Thompson Fred L. Turner Company Hamburger University Leaps and Bounds McBarge McCafé McDonald 's # 1 Store Museum McDonald 's ( Will Rogers Turnpike ) Oldest McDonald 's restaurant Rock N Roll McDonald 's Ronald McDonald House Charities Products Beef Big Mac Big N ' Tasty Deluxe line Kiwiburger Quarter Pounder ( McRoyal ) Chicken Chicken McNuggets McChicken Other Deli Choices Filet - O - Fish Georgie Pie Happy Meal McArabia McGriddles McMuffin McRib Premium line Shamrock Shake Former Arch Deluxe McAfrika Advertising Campaigns Changeables Global Gladiators Golden Arches Mac Tonight McDonaldland McDonald 's Monopoly McDonald 's Treasure Land Adventure M.C. Kids McKids Ronald McDonald Teenie Beanies The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald Sponsorships Kyle Larson ( NASCAR ) Jamie McMurray ( NASCAR ) Graham Rahal ( IndyCar Series ) McDonald 's All - American Game McDonald 's Championship McDonald 's Championship ( golf ) McDonald 's Cycle Center McDonald 's Gospelfest McDonald 's Olympic Swim Stadium Related Burger wars Donald Land Fast food advertising Mac and Me ( 1988 film ) McDonald 's sign ( Pine Bluff , Arkansas ) Supersize Branches Canada Israel New Zealand Criticism Fast Food Nation ( film ) McDonaldization McDonald 's Videogame McJob McRefugee McLibel Maxime , McDuff & McDo Super Size Me Do n't Eat This Book Legal cases Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants Magee v. McDonald 's McDonald 's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald 's Corp . Related McDelivery Big Mac Index Bill Elliott McDonald 's Young Entertainers McWords San Ysidro McDonald 's massacre `` Seriously McDonalds '' Sydney River McDonald 's murders Taiwan McDonald 's bombings Urban legends Boom , Like That The Founder ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McDonald%27s_advertising&oldid=808970779 '' Categories : McDonald 's advertising Slogan lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 10 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who was considered as the poet of american revolution

American literature

american literature

American literature is literature written or produced in the United States and its preceding colonies ( for specific discussions of poetry and theater , see Poetry of the United States and Theater in the United States ) . Before the founding of the United States , the British colonies on the eastern coast of the present - day United States were heavily influenced by English literature . The American literary tradition thus began as part of the broader tradition of English literature .

The revolutionary period is notable for the political writings of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine . Thomas Jefferson 's United States Declaration of Independence solidified his status as a key American writer . It was in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that the nation 's first novels were published . An early example is William Hill Brown 's The Power of Sympathy published in 1791 . Brown 's novel depicts a tragic love story between siblings who fall in love without knowing they are related . With an increasing desire to produce uniquely American literature and culture , a number of key new literary figures emerged , perhaps most prominently Washington Irving and Edgar Allan Poe . In 1836 , Ralph Waldo Emerson started an influential movement known as Transcendentalism . Inspired by that movement , Henry David Thoreau wrote Walden , which celebrates individualism and nature and urges resistance to the dictates of organized society . The political conflict surrounding abolitionism inspired the writings of William Lloyd Garrison and Harriet Beecher Stowe in her famous novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin . These efforts were supported by the continuation of the slave narratives such as Frederick Douglass 's Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , an American Slave . In the mid-nineteenth century , Nathaniel Hawthorne published his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter , a novel about adultery . Hawthorne influenced Herman Melville , who is notable for the books Moby - Dick and Billy Budd . America 's greatest poets of the nineteenth century were Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson . Mark Twain ( the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens ) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast . Henry James put American literature on the international map with novels like The Portrait of a Lady . At the turn of the twentieth century a strong naturalist movement emerged that comprised writers such as Edith Wharton , Stephen Crane , Theodore Dreiser , and Jack London . American writers expressed disillusionment following WW I . The stories and novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald capture the mood of the 1920s , and John Dos Passos wrote too about the war . Ernest Hemingway became famous with The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms ; in 1954 , he won the Nobel Prize in Literature . William Faulkner became one of the greatest American writers with novels like The Sound and the Fury . American poetry reached a peak after World War I with such writers as Wallace Stevens , T.S. Eliot , Robert Frost , Ezra Pound , and E.E. Cummings . American drama attained international status at the time with the works of Eugene O'Neill , who won four Pulitzer Prizes and the Nobel Prize . In the mid-twentieth century , American drama was dominated by the work of playwrights Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller , as well as by the maturation of the American musical . Depression era writers included John Steinbeck , notable for his novel The Grapes of Wrath . Henry Miller assumed a distinct place in American Literature in the 1930s when his semi-autobiographical novels were banned from the US . From the end of World War II until the early 1970s many popular works in modern American literature were produced , like Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird . America 's involvement in World War II influenced works such as Norman Mailer 's The Naked and the Dead ( 1948 ) , Joseph Heller 's Catch - 22 ( 1961 ) and Kurt Vonnegut Jr. 's Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1969 ) . The main literary movement since the 1970s has been postmodernism , and since the late twentieth century ethnic and minority literature has sharply increased . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial literature 1.1 Topics of early writing 1.2 Revolutionary period 2 Post-independence 2.1 The First American Novel 3 Unique American style 4 Early American poetry 5 Realism , Twain and James 6 Beginning of the 20th century 6.1 1920s 7 The rise of American drama 8 Depression - era literature 9 Post -- World War II 9.1 The postwar novel 9.2 Short fiction and poetry 10 Contemporary American literature 11 Minority literatures 12 Nobel Prize in Literature winners ( American authors ) 13 American literary awards 14 Literary theory and criticism 15 See also 15.1 Additional genres 15.2 Regional and minority focuses in American literature 16 Notes and references 17 Bibliography 18 External links Colonial literature ( edit ) Because of the large immigration to Boston in the 1630s , the articulation of Puritan ideals , and the early establishment of a college and a printing press in Cambridge , the New England colonies have often been regarded as the center of early American literature . However , the first European settlements in North America had been founded elsewhere many years earlier . Towns older than Boston include the Spanish settlements at Saint Augustine and Santa Fe , the Dutch settlements at Albany and New Amsterdam , as well as the English colony of Jamestown in present - day Virginia . During the colonial period , the printing press was active in many areas , from Cambridge and Boston to New York , Philadelphia , and Annapolis . The dominance of the English language was not inevitable . The first item printed in Pennsylvania was in German and was the largest book printed in any of the colonies before the American Revolution . Spanish and French had two of the strongest colonial literary traditions in the areas that now comprise the United States , and discussions of early American literature commonly include texts by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Samuel de Champlain alongside English language texts by Thomas Harriot and John Smith . Moreover , we are now aware of the wealth of oral literary traditions already existing on the continent among the numerous different Native American groups . Political events , however , would eventually make English the lingua franca for the colonies at large as well as the literary language of choice . For instance , when the English conquered New Amsterdam in 1664 , they renamed it New York and changed the administrative language from Dutch to English . From 1696 to 1700 , only about 250 separate items were issued from the major printing presses in the American colonies . This is a small number compared to the output of the printers in London at the time . London printers published materials written by New England authors , so the body of American literature was larger than what was published in North America . However , printing was established in the American colonies before it was allowed in most of England . In England , restrictive laws had long confined printing to four locations , where the government could monitor what was published : London , York , Oxford , and Cambridge . Because of this , the colonies ventured into the modern world earlier than their provincial English counterparts . Back then , some of the American literature were pamphlets and writings extolling the benefits of the colonies to both a European and colonist audience . Captain John Smith could be considered the first American author with his works : A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Noate as Hath Happened in Virginia ... ( 1608 ) and The Generall Historie of Virginia , New England , and the Summer Isles ( 1624 ) . Other writers of this manner included Daniel Denton , Thomas Ash , William Penn , George Percy , William Strachey , Daniel Coxe , Gabriel Thomas , and John Lawson . Topics of early writing ( edit ) The religious disputes that prompted settlement in America were important topics of early American literature . A journal written by John Winthrop , The History of New England , discussed the religious foundations of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Edward Winslow also recorded a diary of the first years after the Mayflower 's arrival . `` A modell of Christian Charity '' by John Winthrop , the first governor of Massachusetts , was a Sermon preached on the Arbella ( the flagship of the Winthrop Fleet ) in 1630 . This work outlined the ideal society that he and the other Separatists would build in an attempt to realize a `` Puritan utopia '' . Other religious writers included Increase Mather and William Bradford , author of the journal published as a History of Plymouth Plantation , 1620 -- 47 . Others like Roger Williams and Nathaniel Ward more fiercely argued state and church separation . And still others , like Thomas Morton , cared little for the church ; Morton 's The New English Canaan mocked the religious settlers and declared that the Native Americans were actually better people than the British . Puritan poetry was highly religious , and one of the earliest books of poetry published was the Bay Psalm Book , a set of translations of the biblical Psalms ; however , the translators ' intention was not to create literature , but to create hymns that could be used in worship . Among lyric poets , the most important figures are Anne Bradstreet , who wrote personal poems about her family and homelife ; pastor Edward Taylor , whose best poems , the Preparatory Meditations , were written to help him prepare for leading worship ; and Michael Wigglesworth , whose best - selling poem , The Day of Doom ( 1660 ) , describes the time of judgment . It was published in the same year that anti-Puritan Charles II was restored to the British throne . He followed it two years later with God 's Controversy With New England . Nicholas Noyes was also known for his doggerel verse . Other late writings described conflicts and interaction with the Indians , as seen in writings by Daniel Gookin , Alexander Whitaker , John Mason , Benjamin Church , and Mary Rowlandson . John Eliot translated the Bible into the Algonquin language . Of the second generation of New England settlers , Cotton Mather stands out as a theologian and historian , who wrote the history of the colonies with a view to God 's activity in their midst and to connecting the Puritan leaders with the great heroes of the Christian faith . His best - known works include the Magnalia Christi Americana , the Wonders of the Invisible World and The Biblia Americana . Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield represented the Great Awakening , a religious revival in the early 18th century that emphasized Calvinism . Other Puritan and religious writers include Thomas Hooker , Thomas Shepard , John Wise , and Samuel Willard . Less strict and serious writers included Samuel Sewall ( who wrote a diary revealing the daily life of the late 17th century ) , and Sarah Kemble Knight . New England was not the only area in the colonies with a literature : southern literature was also growing at this time . The diary of William Byrd and The History of the Dividing Line described the expedition to survey the swamp between Virginia and North Carolina but also comments on the differences between American Indians and the white settlers in the area . In a similar book , Travels through North and South Carolina , Georgia , East and West , William Bartram described the Southern landscape and the Indian tribes he encountered ; Bartram 's book was popular in Europe , being translated into German , French and Dutch . As the colonies moved toward independence from Britain , an important discussion of American culture and identity came from the French immigrant J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur , whose Letters from an American Farmer addresses the question `` What is an American ? '' by moving between praise for the opportunities and peace offered in the new society and recognition that the solid life of the farmer must rest uneasily between the oppressive aspects of the urban life and the lawless aspects of the frontier , where the lack of social structures leads to the loss of civilized living . This same period saw the beginning of black literature , through the poet Phillis Wheatley and the slave narrative of Olaudah Equiano , The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano . At this time American Indian literature also began to flourish . Samson Occom published his A Sermon Preached at the Execution of Moses Paul and a popular hymnbook , Collection of Hymns and Spiritual Songs , `` the first Indian best - seller '' . Revolutionary period ( edit ) The Revolutionary period also contained political writings , including those by colonists Samuel Adams , Josiah Quincy , John Dickinson , and Joseph Galloway , the last being a loyalist to the crown . Two key figures were Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine. Franklin 's Poor Richard 's Almanac and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin are esteemed works with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding American identity . Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense and The American Crisis writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political tone of the time . During the Revolutionary War , poems and songs such as `` Yankee Doodle '' and `` Nathan Hale '' were popular . Major satirists included John Trumbull and Francis Hopkinson . Philip Morin Freneau also wrote poems about the War . During the 18th century , writing shifted from the Puritanism of Winthrop and Bradford to Enlightenment ideas of reason . The belief that human and natural occurrences were messages from God no longer fit with the new human - centered world . Many intellectuals believed that the human mind could comprehend the universe through the laws of physics as described by Isaac Newton . One of these was Cotton Mather . The first book published in North America that promoted Newton and natural theology was Mather 's The Christian Philosopher ( 1721 ) . The enormous scientific , economic , social , and philosophical , changes of the 18th century , called the Enlightenment , impacted the authority of clergyman and scripture , making way for democratic principles . The increase in population helped account for the greater diversity of opinion in religious and political life as seen in the literature of this time . In 1670 , the population of the colonies numbered approximately 111,000 . Thirty years later it was more than 250,000 . By 1760 , it reached 1,600,000 . The growth of communities and therefore social life led people to become more interested in the progress of individuals and their shared experience in the colonies . These new ideas can be seen in the popularity of Benjamin Franklin 's Autobiography . Even earlier than Franklin was Cadwallader Colden ( 1689 - 1776 ) , whose book The History of the Five Indian Nations , published in 1727 was one of the first texts critical of the treatment of the Iroquois in upstate New York by the English . Colden also wrote a book on botany , which attracted the attention of Linnaeus , and he maintained a long term correspondence with Benjamin Franklin . Post-independence ( edit ) In the post-war period , Thomas Jefferson established his place in American literature through his authorship of the United States Declaration of Independence , his influence on the United States Constitution , his autobiography , his Notes on the State of Virginia , and his many letters . The Federalist essays by Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , and John Jay presented a significant historical discussion of American government organization and republican values . Fisher Ames , James Otis , and Patrick Henry are also valued for their political writings and orations . Early American literature struggled to find a unique voice in existing literary genre , and this tendency was reflected in novels . European styles were frequently imitated , but critics usually considered the imitations inferior . The first American novel ( edit ) In the late 18th and early 19th centuries , the first American novels were published . These fictions were too lengthy to be printed as manuscript or public reading . Publishers took a chance on these works in hopes they would become steady sellers and need to be reprinted . This scheme was ultimately successful because male and female literacy rates were increasing at the time . Among the first American novels are Thomas Attwood Digges ' `` Adventures of Alonso '' , published in London in 1775 and William Hill Brown 's The Power of Sympathy published in 1791 . Brown 's novel depicts a tragic love story between siblings who fell in love without knowing they were related . In the next decade important women writers also published novels . Susanna Rowson is best known for her novel , Charlotte : A Tale of Truth , published in London in 1791 . In 1794 the novel was reissued in Philadelphia under the title , Charlotte Temple . Charlotte Temple is a seduction tale , written in the third person , which warns against listening to the voice of love and counsels resistance . She also wrote nine novels , six theatrical works , two collections of poetry , six textbooks , and countless songs . Reaching more than a million and a half readers over a century and a half , Charlotte Temple was the biggest seller of the 19th century before Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Although Rowson was extremely popular in her time and is often acknowledged in accounts of the development of the early American novel , Charlotte Temple is often criticized as a sentimental novel of seduction . Hannah Webster Foster 's The Coquette : Or , the History of Eliza Wharton was published in 1797 and was also extremely popular . Told from Foster 's point of view and based on the real life of Eliza Whitman , the novel is about a woman who is seduced and abandoned . Eliza is a `` coquette '' who is courted by two very different men : a clergyman who offers her a comfortable domestic life and a noted libertine . Unable to choose between them , she finds herself single when both men get married . She eventually yields to the artful libertine and gives birth to an illegitimate stillborn child at an inn . The Coquette is praised for its demonstration of the era 's contradictory ideas of womanhood . even as it has been criticized for delegitimizing protest against women 's subordination . Washington Irving and his friends at Sunnyside Both The Coquette and Charlotte Temple are novels that treat the right of women to live as equals as the new democratic experiment . These novels are of the Sentimental genre , characterized by overindulgence in emotion , an invitation to listen to the voice of reason against misleading passions , as well as an optimistic overemphasis on the essential goodness of humanity . Sentimentalism is often thought to be a reaction against the Calvinistic belief in the depravity of human nature . While many of these novels were popular , the economic infrastructure of the time did not allow these writers to make a living through their writing alone . Charles Brockden Brown is the earliest American novelist whose works are still commonly read . He published Wieland in 1798 , and in 1799 published Ormond , Edgar Huntly , and Arthur Mervyn . These novels are of the Gothic genre . The first writer to be able to support himself through the income generated by his publications alone was Washington Irving . He completed his first major book in 1809 entitled A History of New - York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty . Of the picaresque genre , Hugh Henry Brackenridge published Modern Chivalry in 1792 - 1815 ; Tabitha Gilman Tenney wrote Female Quixotism : Exhibited in the Romantic Opinions and Extravagant Adventure of Dorcasina Sheldon in 1801 ; Royall Tyler wrote The Algerine Captive in 1797 . Other notable authors include William Gilmore Simms , who wrote Martin Faber in 1833 , Guy Rivers in 1834 , and The Yemassee in 1835 . Lydia Maria Child wrote Hobomok in 1824 and The Rebels in 1825 . John Neal wrote Logan , A Family History in 1822 , Rachel Dyer in 1828 , and The Down - Easters in 1833 . Catherine Maria Sedgwick wrote A New England Tale in 1822 , Redwood in 1824 , Hope Leslie in 1827 , and The Linwoods in 1835 . James Kirke Paulding wrote The Lion of the West in 1830 , The Dutchman 's Fireside in 1831 , and Westward Ho ! in 1832 . Robert Montgomery Bird wrote Calavar in 1834 and Nick of the Woods in 1837 . James Fenimore Cooper was also a notable author best known for his novel , The Last of the Mohicans written in 1826 . George Tucker produced in 1824 the first fiction of Virginia colonial life with The Valley of Shenandoah . He followed in 1827 with one of the country 's first science fictions , A Voyage to the Moon : With Some Account of the Manners and Customs , Science and Philosophy , of the People of Morosofia , and Other Lunarians . Unique American style ( edit ) Edgar Allan Poe After the War of 1812 , there was an increasing desire to produce a uniquely American literature and culture , and a number of literary figures emerged , among them Washington Irving , William Cullen Bryant , and James Fenimore Cooper . Irving wrote humorous works in Salmagundi and the satire A History of New York , by Diedrich Knickerbocker ( 1809 ) . Bryant wrote early romantic and nature - inspired poetry , which evolved away from their European origins . Cooper 's Leatherstocking Tales about Natty Bumppo ( which includes The Last of the Mohicans ) were popular both in the new country and abroad . In 1832 , Edgar Allan Poe began writing short stories -- including `` The Masque of the Red Death '' , `` The Pit and the Pendulum '' , `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' , and `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' -- that explore previously hidden levels of human psychology and push the boundaries of fiction toward mystery and fantasy . Humorous writers were also popular and included Seba Smith and Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber in New England and Davy Crockett , Augustus Baldwin Longstreet , Johnson J. Hooper , Thomas Bangs Thorpe , and George Washington Harris writing about the American frontier . The New England Brahmins were a group of writers connected to Harvard University and Cambridge , Massachusetts . They included James Russell Lowell , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , and Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr . Ralph Waldo Emerson In 1836 , Ralph Waldo Emerson , a former minister , published his essay Nature , which argued that men should dispense with organized religion and reach a lofty spiritual state by studying and interacting with the natural world . Emerson 's work influenced the writers who formed the movement now known as Transcendentalism , while Emerson also influenced the public through his lectures . Among the leaders of the Transcendental movement was Henry David Thoreau , a nonconformist and a close friend of Emerson . After living mostly by himself for two years in a cabin by a wooded pond , Thoreau wrote Walden , a memoir that urges resistance to the dictates of society . Thoreau 's writings demonstrate a strong American tendency toward individualism . Other Transcendentalists included Amos Bronson Alcott , Margaret Fuller , George Ripley , Orestes Brownson , and Jones Very . As one of the great works of the Revolutionary period was written by a Frenchman , so too was a work about America from this generation . Alexis de Tocqueville 's two - volume Democracy in America described his travels through the young nation , making observations about the relations between American politics , individualism , and community . The political conflict surrounding abolitionism inspired the writings of William Lloyd Garrison and his paper The Liberator , along with poet John Greenleaf Whittier and Harriet Beecher Stowe in her world - famous Uncle Tom 's Cabin . These efforts were supported by the continuation of the slave narrative autobiography , of which the best known examples from this period include Frederick Douglass 's Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , an American Slave and Harriet Jacobs 's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl . At the same time , American Indian autobiography develops , most notably in William Apess 's A Son of the Forest and George Copway 's The Life , History and Travels of Kah - ge - ga - gah - bowh . Moreover , minority authors were beginning to publish fiction , as in William Wells Brown 's Clotel ; or , The President 's Daughter , Frank J. Webb 's The Garies and Their Friends , Martin Delany 's Blake ; or , The Huts of America and Harriet E. Wilson 's Our Nig as early African American novels , and John Rollin Ridge 's The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta : The Celebrated California Bandit , which is considered the first Native American novel but which also is an early story about Mexican American issues . Nathaniel Hawthorne In 1837 , the young Nathaniel Hawthorne ( 1804 -- 1864 ) collected some of his stories as Twice - Told Tales , a volume rich in symbolism and occult incidents . Hawthorne went on to write full - length `` romances '' , quasi-allegorical novels that explore the themes of guilt , pride , and emotional repression in New England . His masterpiece , The Scarlet Letter , is a drama about a woman cast out of her community for committing adultery . Hawthorne 's fiction had a profound impact on his friend Herman Melville ( 1819 -- 1891 ) , who first made a name for himself by turning material from his seafaring days into exotic sea narrative novels . Inspired by Hawthorne 's focus on allegories and psychology , Melville went on to write romances replete with philosophical speculation . In Moby - Dick , an adventurous whaling voyage becomes the vehicle for examining such themes as obsession , the nature of evil , and human struggle against the elements . In the short novel Billy Budd , Melville dramatizes the conflicting claims of duty and compassion on board a ship in time of war . His more profound books sold poorly , and he had been long forgotten by the time of his death . He was rediscovered in the early 20th century . Anti-transcendental works from Melville , Hawthorne , and Poe all comprise the Dark Romanticism sub-genre of popular literature at this time . American dramatic literature , by contrast , remained dependent on European models , although many playwrights did attempt to apply these forms to American topics and themes , such as immigrants , westward expansion , temperance , etc . At the same time , American playwrights created several long - lasting American character types , especially the `` Yankee '' , the `` Negro '' and the `` Indian '' , exemplified by the characters of Jonathan , Sambo and Metamora . In addition , new dramatic forms were created in the Tom Shows , the showboat theater and the minstrel show . Among the best plays of the period are James Nelson Barker 's Superstition ; or , the Fanatic Father , Anna Cora Mowatt 's Fashion ; or , Life in New York , Nathaniel Bannister 's Putnam , the Iron Son of ' 76 , Dion Boucicault 's The Octoroon ; or , Life in Louisiana , and Cornelius Mathews 's Witchcraft ; or , the Martyrs of Salem . History of modern literature By decade List of years in literature Early modern by century 16th 17th Mid-modern by century 18th 19th 20th -- 21st century Modernism Structuralism Deconstruction Poststructuralism Postmodernism Post-colonialism Hypertexts By region Africa Nigerian South African Americas American Argentine Brazilian Canadian Colombian Cuban Jamaican Mexican Peruvian Asia Bengali Bangladeshi English Chinese Gujarati Hindi Indian Indian English Japanese Kannada Kashmiri Korean Malayalam Marathi Pakistani Pakistani English Pashto Punjabi Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu Vietnamese Australasia Australian New Zealand Europe Related topics History of science fiction Literature by country History of theater History of ideas Intellectual history Literature portal Early American poetry ( edit ) See also : American poetry Walt Whitman , 1856 The Fireside Poets ( also known as the Schoolroom or Household Poets ) were some of America 's first major poets domestically and internationally . They were known for their poems being easy to memorize due to their general adherence to poetic form ( standard forms , regular meter , and rhymed stanzas ) and were often recited in the home ( hence the name ) as well as in school ( such as `` Paul Revere 's Ride '' ) , as well as working with distinctly American themes , including some political issues such as abolition . They included Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , William Cullen Bryant , John Greenleaf Whittier , James Russell Lowell , and Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr ... Longfellow achieved the highest level of acclaim and is often considered the first internationally acclaimed American poet , being the first American poet given a bust in Westminster Abbey 's Poets ' Corner . Walt Whitman ( 1819 -- 1892 ) and Emily Dickinson ( 1830 -- 1886 ) , two of America 's greatest 19th - century poets could hardly have been more different in temperament and style . Walt Whitman was a working man , a traveler , a self - appointed nurse during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , and a poetic innovator . His magnum opus was Leaves of Grass , in which he uses a free - flowing verse and lines of irregular length to depict the all - inclusiveness of American democracy . Taking that motif one step further , the poet equates the vast range of American experience with himself without being egotistical . For example , in Song of Myself , the long , central poem in Leaves of Grass , Whitman writes : `` These are really the thoughts of all men in all ages and lands , they are not original with me ... '' In his words Whitman was a poet of `` the body electric '' . In Studies in Classic American Literature , the English novelist D.H. Lawrence wrote that Whitman `` was the first to smash the old moral conception that the soul of man is something ' superior ' and ' above ' the flesh . '' By contrast , Emily Dickinson lived the sheltered life of a genteel unmarried woman in small - town Amherst , Massachusetts . Her poetry is ingenious , witty , and penetrating . Her work was unconventional for its day , and little of it was published during her lifetime . Many of her poems dwell on the topic of death , often with a mischievous twist . One , `` Because I could not stop for Death '' , begins , `` He kindly stopped for me . '' The opening of another Dickinson poem toys with her position as a woman in a male - dominated society and an unrecognized poet : `` I 'm nobody ! Who are you ? / Are you nobody too ? '' American poetry arguably reached its peak in the early - to - mid-20th century , with such noted writers as Wallace Stevens and his Harmonium ( 1923 ) and The Auroras of Autumn ( 1950 ) , T.S. Eliot and his The Waste Land ( 1922 ) , Robert Frost and his North of Boston ( 1914 ) and New Hampshire ( 1923 ) , Hart Crane and his White Buildings ( 1926 ) and the epic cycle , The Bridge ( 1930 ) , Ezra Pound , William Carlos Williams and his epic poem about his New Jersey hometown , Paterson , Marianne Moore , E.E. Cummings , Edna St. Vincent Millay and Langston Hughes , in addition to many others . Realism , Twain and James ( edit ) Mark Twain , 1907 Mark Twain ( the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens , 1835 -- 1910 ) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast -- in the border state of Missouri . His regional masterpieces were the memoir Life on the Mississippi and the novels Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . Twain 's style -- influenced by journalism , wedded to the vernacular , direct and unadorned but also highly evocative and irreverently humorous -- changed the way Americans write their language . His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American , using local dialects , newly invented words , and regional accents . Other writers interested in regional differences and dialect were George W. Cable , Thomas Nelson Page , Joel Chandler Harris , Mary Noailles Murfree ( Charles Egbert Craddock ) , Sarah Orne Jewett , Mary E. Wilkins Freeman , Henry Cuyler Bunner , and William Sydney Porter ( O. Henry ) . A version of local color regionalism that focused on minority experiences can be seen in the works of Charles W. Chesnutt ( African American ) , of María Ruiz de Burton , one of the earliest Mexican American novelists to write in English , and in the Yiddish - inflected works of Abraham Cahan . William Dean Howells also represented the realist tradition through his novels , including The Rise of Silas Lapham and his work as editor of The Atlantic Monthly . Henry James ( 1843 -- 1916 ) confronted the Old World - New World dilemma by writing directly about it . Although he was born in New York City , James spent most of his adult life in England . Many of his novels center on Americans who live in or travel to Europe . With its intricate , highly qualified sentences and dissection of emotional and psychological nuance , James 's fiction can be daunting . Among his more accessible works are the novellas Daisy Miller , about an American girl in Europe , and The Turn of the Screw , a ghost story . Realism began to influence American drama , partly through Howells , but also through Europeans such as Ibsen and Zola . Although realism was most influential in set design and staging -- audiences loved the special effects offered up by the popular melodramas -- and in the growth of local color plays , it also showed up in the more subdued , less romantic tone that reflected the effects of the Civil War and continued social turmoil on the American psyche . The most ambitious attempt at bringing modern realism into the drama was James Herne 's Margaret Fleming , which addressed issues of social determinism through realistic dialogue , psychological insight , and symbolism . The play was not successful , and both critics and audiences thought it dwelt too much on unseemly topics and included improper scenes , such as the main character nursing her husband 's illegitimate child onstage . Beginning of the 20th century ( edit ) Ernest Hemingway in World War I uniform At the beginning of the 20th century , American novelists were expanding fiction to encompass both high and low life and sometimes connected to the naturalist school of realism . In her stories and novels , Edith Wharton ( 1862 -- 1937 ) scrutinized the upper - class , Eastern - seaboard society in which she had grown up . One of her finest books , The Age of Innocence , centers on a man who chooses to marry a conventional , socially acceptable woman rather than a fascinating outsider . At about the same time , Stephen Crane ( 1871 -- 1900 ) , best known for his Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage , depicted the life of New York City prostitutes in Maggie : A Girl of the Streets . And in Sister Carrie , Theodore Dreiser ( 1871 -- 1945 ) portrayed a country girl who moves to Chicago and becomes a kept woman . Hamlin Garland and Frank Norris wrote about the problems of American farmers and other social issues from a naturalist perspective . Political writings discussed social issues and the power of corporations . Edward Bellamy 's Looking Backward outlined other possible political and social orders , and Upton Sinclair , most famous for his muck - raking novel The Jungle , advocated socialism . Other political writers of the period included Edwin Markham and William Vaughn Moody . Journalistic critics , including Ida M. Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens , were labeled `` The Muckrakers '' . Henry Brooks Adams 's literate autobiography , The Education of Henry Adams also depicted a stinging description of the education system and modern life . Race was a common issue as well , as seen in the work of Pauline Hopkins , who published five influential works from 1900 to 1903 . Similarly , Sui Sin Far wrote about Chinese - American experiences , and Maria Cristina Mena wrote about Mexican - American experiences . 1920s ( edit ) F. Scott Fitzgerald , photographed by Carl van Vechten , 1937 The 1920s brought sharp changes to American literature . Many writers had direct experience of the First World War , and they used it to frame their writings . Experimentation in style and form soon joined the new freedom in subject matter . In 1909 , Gertrude Stein ( 1874 -- 1946 ) , by then an expatriate in Paris , published Three Lives , an innovative work of fiction influenced by her familiarity with cubism , jazz , and other movements in contemporary art and music . Stein labeled a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s the `` Lost Generation '' . The poet Ezra Pound ( 1885 -- 1972 ) was born in Idaho but spent much of his adult life in Europe . His work is complex , sometimes obscure , with multiple references to other art forms and to a vast range of literature , both Western and Eastern . He influenced many other poets , notably T.S. Eliot ( 1888 -- 1965 ) , another expatriate . Eliot wrote spare , cerebral poetry , carried by a dense structure of symbols . In The Waste Land , he embodied a jaundiced vision of post -- World War I society in fragmented , haunted images . Like Pound 's , Eliot 's poetry could be highly allusive , and some editions of The Waste Land come with footnotes supplied by the poet . In 1948 , Eliot won the Nobel Prize in Literature . Henry James , Stein , Pound , and Eliot demonstrate the growth of an international perspective in American literature . American writers had long looked to European models for inspiration , but whereas the literary breakthroughs of the mid-19th century came from finding distinctly American styles and themes , writers from this period were finding ways of contributing to a flourishing international literary scene , not as imitators but as equals . Something similar was happening back in the States , as Jewish writers ( such as Abraham Cahan ) used the English language to reach an international Jewish audience . William Faulkner in 1954 American writers also expressed the disillusionment following upon the war . The stories and novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 1896 -- 1940 ) capture the restless , pleasure - hungry , defiant mood of the 1920s . Fitzgerald 's characteristic theme , expressed poignantly in The Great Gatsby , is the tendency of youth 's golden dreams to dissolve in failure and disappointment . Fitzgerald also elucidates the collapse of some key American Ideals , such as liberty , social unity , good governance and peace , features which were severely threatened by the pressures of modern early 20th century society . Sinclair Lewis and Sherwood Anderson also wrote novels with critical depictions of American life . John Dos Passos wrote about the war and also the U.S.A. trilogy which extended into the Depression . Ernest Hemingway ( 1899 -- 1961 ) saw violence and death first - hand as an ambulance driver in World War I , and the carnage persuaded him that abstract language was mostly empty and misleading . He cut out unnecessary words from his writing , simplified the sentence structure , and concentrated on concrete objects and actions . He adhered to a moral code that emphasized grace under pressure , and his protagonists were strong , silent men who often dealt awkwardly with women . The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms are generally considered his best novels ; in 1954 , he won the Nobel Prize in Literature . William Faulkner ( 1897 -- 1962 ) won the Nobel Prize in 1949 : Faulkner encompassed an enormous range of humanity in Yoknapatawpha County , a Mississippian region of his own invention . He recorded his characters ' seemingly unedited ramblings in order to represent their inner states , a technique called `` stream of consciousness '' . ( In fact , these passages are carefully crafted , and their seemingly chaotic structure conceals multiple layers of meaning . ) He also jumbled time sequences to show how the past -- especially the slave - holding era of the Deep South -- endures in the present . Among his great works are Absalom , Absalom ! , As I Lay Dying , The Sound and the Fury , and Light in August . The rise of American drama ( edit ) See also : Theater of the United States Although the American theatrical tradition can be traced back to the arrival of Lewis Hallam 's troupe in the mid-18th century and was very active in the 19th century , as seen by the popularity of minstrel shows and of adaptations of Uncle Tom 's Cabin , American drama attained international status only in the 1920s and 1930s , with the works of Eugene O'Neill , who won four Pulitzer Prizes and the Nobel Prize . In the middle of the 20th century , American drama was dominated by the work of playwrights Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller , as well as by the maturation of the American musical , which had found a way to integrate script , music and dance in such works as Oklahoma ! and West Side Story . Later American playwrights of importance include Edward Albee , Sam Shepard , David Mamet , August Wilson and Tony Kushner . Depression - era literature ( edit ) Further information : List of writers of the Lost Generation Depression era literature was blunt and direct in its social criticism . John Steinbeck ( 1902 -- 1968 ) was born in Salinas , California , where he set many of his stories . His style was simple and evocative , winning him the favor of the readers but not of the critics . Steinbeck often wrote about poor , working - class people and their struggle to lead a decent and honest life . The Grapes of Wrath , considered his masterpiece , is a strong , socially - oriented novel that tells the story of the Joads , a poor family from Oklahoma and their journey to California in search of a better life . Other popular novels include Tortilla Flat , Of Mice and Men , Cannery Row , and East of Eden . He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1962 . Steinbeck 's contemporary , Nathanael West 's two most famous short novels , Miss Lonelyhearts , which plumbs the life of its eponymous antihero , a reluctant ( and , to comic effect , male ) advice columnist , and the effects the tragic letters exert on it , and The Day of the Locust , which introduces a cast of Hollywood stereotypes and explores the ironies of the movies , have come to be avowed classics of American literature . In non-fiction , James Agee 's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men observes and depicts the lives of three struggling tenant - farming families in Alabama in 1936 . Combining factual reporting with poetic beauty , Agee presented an accurate and detailed report of what he had seen coupled with insight into his feelings about the experience and the difficulties of capturing it for a broad audience . In doing so , he created an enduring portrait of a nearly invisible segment of the American population . Henry Miller assumed a unique place in American Literature in the 1930s when his semi-autobiographical novels , written and published in Paris , were banned from the US . Although his major works , including Tropic of Cancer and Black Spring , would not be free of the label of obscenity until 1962 , their themes and stylistic innovations had already exerted a major influence on succeeding generations of American writers , and paved the way for sexually frank 1960s novels by John Updike , Philip Roth , Gore Vidal , John Rechy and William Styron . Post -- World War II ( edit ) The postwar novel ( edit ) Norman Mailer , photographed by Carl Van Vechten , 1948 The period in time from the end of World War II up until , roughly , the late 1960s and early 1970s saw the publication of some of the most popular works in American history such as To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee . The last few of the more realistic modernists along with the wildly Romantic beatniks largely dominated the period , while the direct respondents to America 's involvement in World War II contributed in their notable influence . Though born in Canada , Chicago - raised Saul Bellow would become one of the most influential novelists in America in the decades directly following World War II . In works like The Adventures of Augie March and Herzog , Bellow painted vivid portraits of the American city and the distinctive characters that peopled it . Bellow went on to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1976 . From J.D. Salinger 's Nine Stories and The Catcher in the Rye to Sylvia Plath 's The Bell Jar , the perceived madness of the state of affairs in America was brought to the forefront of the nation 's literary expression . Immigrant authors such as Vladimir Nabokov , with Lolita , forged on with the theme , and , at almost the same time , the beatniks took a concerted step away from their Lost Generation predecessors , developing a style and tone of their own by drawing on Eastern theology and experimenting with recreational drugs . The poetry and fiction of the `` Beat Generation '' , largely born of a circle of intellects formed in New York City around Columbia University and established more officially some time later in San Francisco , came of age . The term Beat referred , all at the same time , to the countercultural rhythm of the Jazz scene , to a sense of rebellion regarding the conservative stress of post-war society , and to an interest in new forms of spiritual experience through drugs , alcohol , philosophy , and religion , and specifically through Zen Buddhism . Allen Ginsberg set the tone of the movement in his poem Howl , a Whitmanesque work that began : `` I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness ... '' Among the most representative achievements of the Beats in the novel are Jack Kerouac 's On the Road ( 1957 ) , the chronicle of a soul - searching travel through the continent , and William S. Burroughs 's Naked Lunch ( 1959 ) , a more experimental work structured as a series of vignettes relating , among other things , the narrator 's travels and experiments with hard drugs . Regarding the war novel specifically , there was a literary explosion in America during the post -- World War II era . Some of the best known of the works produced included Norman Mailer 's The Naked and the Dead ( 1948 ) , Joseph Heller 's Catch - 22 ( 1961 ) and Kurt Vonnegut Jr. 's Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1969 ) . The Moviegoer ( 1962 ) , by Southern author Walker Percy , winner of the National Book Award , was his attempt at exploring `` the dislocation of man in the modern age . '' John Updike In contrast , John Updike approached American life from a more reflective but no less subversive perspective . His 1960 novel Rabbit , Run , the first of four chronicling the rising and falling fortunes of Harry `` Rabbit '' Angstrom over the course of four decades against the backdrop of the major events of the second half of the 20th century , broke new ground on its release in its characterization and detail of the American middle class and frank discussion of taboo topics such as adultery . Notable among Updike 's characteristic innovations was his use of present - tense narration , his rich , stylized language , and his attention to sensual detail . His work is also deeply imbued with Christian themes . The two final installments of the Rabbit series , Rabbit is Rich ( 1981 ) and Rabbit at Rest ( 1990 ) , were both awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction . Other notable works include the Henry Bech novels ( 1970 -- 98 ) , The Witches of Eastwick ( 1984 ) , Roger 's Version ( 1986 ) and In the Beauty of the Lilies ( 1996 ) , which literary critic Michiko Kakutani called `` arguably his finest . '' Frequently linked with Updike is the novelist Philip Roth . Roth vigorously explores Jewish identity in American society , especially in the postwar era and the early 21st century . Frequently set in Newark , New Jersey , Roth 's work is known to be highly autobiographical , and many of Roth 's main characters , most famously the Jewish novelist Nathan Zuckerman , are thought to be alter egos of Roth . With these techniques , and armed with his articulate and fast - paced style , Roth explores the distinction between reality and fiction in literature while provocatively examining American culture . His most famous work includes the Zuckerman novels , the controversial Portnoy 's Complaint ( 1969 ) , and Goodbye , Columbus ( 1959 ) . Among the most decorated American writers of his generation , he has won every major American literary award , including the Pulitzer Prize for his major novel American Pastoral ( 1997 ) . In the realm of African - American literature , Ralph Ellison 's 1952 novel Invisible Man was instantly recognized as among the most powerful and important works of the immediate post-war years . The story of a black Underground Man in the urban north , the novel laid bare the often repressed racial tension that still prevailed while also succeeding as an existential character study . Richard Wright was catapulted to fame by the publication in subsequent years of his now widely studied short story , `` The Man Who Was Almost a Man '' ( 1939 ) , and his controversial second novel , Native Son ( 1940 ) , and his legacy was cemented by the 1945 publication of Black Boy , a work in which Wright drew on his childhood and mostly autodidactic education in the segregated South , fictionalizing and exaggerating some elements as he saw fit . Because of its polemical themes and Wright 's involvement with the Communist Party , the novel 's final part , `` American Hunger , '' was not published until 1977 . Perhaps the most ambitious and challenging post-war American novelist was William Gaddis , whose uncompromising , satiric , and large novels , such as The Recognitions ( 1955 ) and JR ( 1975 ) are presented largely in terms of unattributed dialog that requires almost unexampled reader participation . Gaddis 's primary themes include forgery , capitalism , religious zealotry , and the legal system , constituting a sustained polyphonic critique of modern American life . Gaddis 's work , though largely ignored for years , anticipated and influenced the development of such ambitious `` postmodern '' fiction writers as Thomas Pynchon , Joseph McElroy , and Don DeLillo . Another neglected and challenging postwar American novelist , albeit one who wrote much shorter works , was John Hawkes , whose surreal visionary fiction addresses themes of violence and eroticism and experiments audaciously with narrative voice and style . Among his most important works is the short nightmarish novel The Lime Twig ( 1961 ) . Short fiction and poetry ( edit ) In the postwar period , the art of the short story again flourished . Among its most respected practitioners was Flannery O'Connor , who developed a distinctive Southern gothic esthetic in which characters acted at one level as people and at another as symbols . A devout Catholic , O'Connor often imbued her stories , among them the widely studied `` A Good Man is Hard to Find '' and `` Everything That Rises Must Converge '' , and two novels , Wise Blood ( 1952 ) ; The Violent Bear It Away ( 1960 ) , with deeply religious themes , focusing particularly on the search for truth and religious skepticism against the backdrop of the nuclear age . Other important practitioners of the form include Katherine Anne Porter , Eudora Welty , John Cheever , Raymond Carver , Tobias Wolff , and the more experimental Donald Barthelme . Among the most respected of the postwar American poets are John Ashbery , the key figure of the surrealistic New York School of poetry , and his celebrated Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror ( Pulitzer Prize for Poetry , 1976 ) ; Elizabeth Bishop and her North & South ( Pulitzer Prize for Poetry , 1956 ) and `` Geography III '' ( National Book Award , 1970 ) ; Richard Wilbur and his Things of This World , winner of both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award for Poetry in 1957 ; John Berryman and his The Dream Songs , ( Pulitzer Prize for Poetry , 1964 , National Book Award , 1968 ) ; A.R. Ammons , whose Collected Poems 1951 - 1971 won a National Book Award in 1973 and whose long poem Garbage earned him another in 1993 ; Theodore Roethke and his The Waking ( Pulitzer Prize for Poetry , 1954 ) ; James Merrill and his epic poem of communication with the dead , The Changing Light at Sandover ( Pulitzer Prize for Poetry , 1977 ) ; Louise Glück for her The Wild Iris ( Pulitzer Prize for Poetry , 1993 ) ; W.S. Merwin for his The Carrier of Ladders ( Pulitzer Prize for Poetry , 1971 ) and The Shadow of Sirius ( Pulitzer Prize for Poetry , 2009 ) ; Mark Strand for Blizzard of One ( Pulitzer Prize for Poetry , 1999 ) ; Robert Hass for his Time and Materials , which won both the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award for Poetry in 2008 and 2007 respectively ; and Rita Dove for her Thomas and Beulah ( Pulitzer Prize for Poetry , 1987 ) . In addition , in this same period the confessional , whose origin is often traced to the publication in 1959 of Robert Lowell 's Life Studies , and beat schools of poetry enjoyed popular and academic success , producing such widely anthologized voices as Allen Ginsberg , Charles Bukowski , Gary Snyder , Anne Sexton , and Sylvia Plath , among many others . Contemporary American literature ( edit ) Though its exact parameters remain debatable , from the early 1970s to the present day the most salient literary movement has been postmodernism . Thomas Pynchon , a seminal practitioner of the form , drew in his work on modernist fixtures such as temporal distortion , unreliable narrators , and internal monologue and coupled them with distinctly postmodern techniques such as metafiction , ideogrammatic characterization , unrealistic names ( Oedipa Maas , Benny Profane , etc . ) , absurdist plot elements and hyperbolic humor , deliberate use of anachronisms and archaisms , a strong focus on postcolonial themes , and a subversive commingling of high and low culture . In 1973 , he published Gravity 's Rainbow , a leading work in this genre , which won the National Book Award and was unanimously nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction that year . His other major works include his debut , V. ( 1963 ) , The Crying of Lot 49 ( 1966 ) , Mason & Dixon ( 1997 ) , and Against the Day ( 2006 ) . Toni Morrison , recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature , writing in a distinctive lyrical prose style , published her controversial debut novel , The Bluest Eye , to critical acclaim in 1970 . Coming on the heels of the signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1965 , the novel , widely studied in American schools , includes an elaborate description of incestuous rape and explores the conventions of beauty established by a historically racist society , painting a portrait of a self - immolating black family in search of beauty in whiteness . Since then , Morrison has experimented with lyric fantasy , as in her two best - known later works , Song of Solomon ( 1977 ) and Beloved ( 1987 ) , for which she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction ; along these lines , critic Harold Bloom has drawn favorable comparisons to Virginia Woolf , and the Nobel committee to `` Faulkner and to the Latin American tradition ( of magical realism ) . '' Beloved was chosen in a 2006 survey conducted by The New York Times as the most important work of fiction of the last 25 years . Writing in a lyrical , flowing style that eschews excessive use of the comma and semicolon , recalling William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway in equal measure , Cormac McCarthy seizes on the literary traditions of several regions of the United States and includes multiple genres . He writes in the Southern Gothic aesthetic in his Faulknerian 1965 debut , The Orchard Keeper , and Suttree ( 1979 ) ; in the Epic Western tradition , with grotesquely drawn characters and symbolic narrative turns reminiscent of Melville , in Blood Meridian ( 1985 ) , which Harold Bloom styled `` the greatest single book since Faulkner 's As I Lay Dying , '' calling the character of Judge Holden `` short of Moby Dick , the most monstrous apparition in all of American literature '' ; in a much more pastoral tone in his celebrated Border Trilogy ( 1992 -- 98 ) of bildungsromans , including All the Pretty Horses ( 1992 ) , winner of the National Book Award ; and in the post-apocalyptic genre in the Pulitzer Prize - winning The Road ( 2007 ) . His novels are noted for achieving both commercial and critical success , several of his works having been adapted to film . Don DeLillo , who rose to literary prominence with the publication of his 1985 novel , White Noise , a work broaching the subjects of death and consumerism and doubling as a piece of comic social criticism , began his writing career in 1971 with Americana . He is listed by Harold Bloom as being among the preeminent contemporary American writers , in the company of such figures as Philip Roth , Cormac McCarthy , and Thomas Pynchon . His 1997 novel Underworld chronicles American life through and immediately after the Cold War and is usually considered his masterpiece . It was also the runner - up in a survey that asked writers to identify the most important work of fiction of the last 25 years . Among his other important novels are Libra ( 1988 ) , Mao II ( 1991 ) and Falling Man ( 2007 ) . Jonathan Franzen at the 2008 Brooklyn Book Festival Seizing on the distinctly postmodern techniques of digression , narrative fragmentation and elaborate symbolism , and strongly influenced by the works of Thomas Pynchon , David Foster Wallace began his writing career with The Broom of the System , published to moderate acclaim in 1987 . His second novel , Infinite Jest ( 1997 ) , a futuristic portrait of America and a playful critique of the media - saturated nature of American life , has been consistently ranked among the most important works of the 20th century , and his final novel , unfinished at the time of his death , The Pale King ( 2011 ) , has garnered much praise and attention . In addition to his novels , he also authored three acclaimed short story collections : Girl with Curious Hair ( 1989 ) , Brief Interviews with Hideous Men ( 1999 ) and Oblivion : Stories ( 2004 ) . Jonathan Franzen , Wallace 's friend and contemporary , rose to prominence after the 2001 publication of his National Book Award - winning third novel , The Corrections . He began his writing career in 1988 with the well - received The Twenty - Seventh City , a novel centering on his native St. Louis , but did not gain national attention until the publication of his essay , `` Perchance to Dream , '' in Harper 's Magazine , discussing the cultural role of the writer in the new millennium through the prism of his own frustrations . The Corrections , a tragicomedy about the disintegrating Lambert family , has been called `` the literary phenomenon of ( its ) decade '' and was ranked as one of the greatest novels of the past century . In 2010 , he published Freedom to great critical acclaim . Other notable writers at the turn of the century include Michael Chabon , whose Pulitzer Prize - winning The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay ( 2000 ) tells the story of two friends , Joe Kavalier and Sam Clay , as they rise through the ranks of the comics industry in its heyday ; Denis Johnson , whose 2007 novel Tree of Smoke about falsified intelligence during Vietnam both won the National Book Award and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and was called by critic Michiko Kakutani `` one of the classic works of literature produced by ( the Vietnam War ) '' ; and Louise Erdrich , whose 2008 novel The Plague of Doves , a distinctly Faulknerian , polyphonic examination of the tribal experience set against the backdrop of murder in the fictional town of Pluto , North Dakota , was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize , and her 2012 novel The Round House , which builds on the same themes , was awarded the 2012 National Book Award . Minority literatures ( edit ) Sandra Cisneros best known for her first novel The House on Mango Street ( 1984 ) and her subsequent short story collection Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories ( 1991 ) . She is the recipient of numerous awards including a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship , and is regarded as a key figure in Chicana literature . One of the developments in late - 20th - century American literature was the increase of literature written by and about ethnic minorities beyond African Americans and Jewish Americans . This development came alongside the growth of the Civil Rights movements and its corollary , the Ethnic Pride movement , which led to the creation of Ethnic Studies programs in most major universities . These programs helped establish the new ethnic literature as worthy objects of academic study , alongside such other new areas of literary study as women 's literature , gay and lesbian literature , working - class literature , postcolonial literature , and the rise of literary theory as a key component of academic literary study . After being relegated to cookbooks and autobiographies for most of the 20th century , Asian American literature achieved widespread notice through Maxine Hong Kingston 's fictional memoir , The Woman Warrior ( 1976 ) , and her novels China Men ( 1980 ) and Tripmaster Monkey : His Fake Book . Chinese - American author Ha Jin in 1999 won the National Book Award for his second novel , Waiting , about a Chinese soldier in the Revolutionary Army who has to wait 18 years to divorce his wife for another woman , all the while having to worry about persecution for his protracted affair , and twice won the PEN / Faulkner Award , in 2000 for Waiting and in 2005 for War Trash . Indian - American author Jhumpa Lahiri won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her debut collection of short stories , Interpreter of Maladies ( 1999 ) , and went on to write a well - received novel , The Namesake ( 2003 ) , which was shortly adapted to film in 2007 . In her second collection of stories , Unaccustomed Earth , released to widespread commercial and critical success , Lahiri shifts focus and treats the experiences of the second and third generation . Other notable Asian - American novelists include Amy Tan , best known for her novel , The Joy Luck Club ( 1989 ) , tracing the lives of four immigrant families brought together by the game of Mahjong , and Korean American novelist Chang - Rae Lee , who has published Native Speaker , A Gesture Life , and Aloft . Such poets as Marilyn Chin and Li - Young Lee , Kimiko Hahn and Janice Mirikitani have also achieved prominence , as has playwright David Henry Hwang . Equally important has been the effort to recover earlier Asian American authors , started by Frank Chin and his colleagues ; this effort has brought Sui Sin Far , Toshio Mori , Carlos Bulosan , John Okada , Hisaye Yamamoto and others to prominence . Hispanic literature also became important during this period , starting with acclaimed novels by Tomás Rivera ( ... y no se lo tragó la tierra ) and Rudolfo Anaya ( Bless Me , Ultima ) , and the emergence of Chicano theater with Luis Valdez and Teatro Campesino . Latina writing became important thanks to authors such as Sandra Cisneros , an icon of an emerging Chicano literature whose 1984 bildungsroman The House on Mango Street is taught in schools across the United States , Denise Chavez 's The Last of the Menu Girls and Gloria Anzaldúa 's Borderlands / La Frontera : The New Mestiza . Dominican - American author Junot Díaz , received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his 2007 novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao , which tells the story of an overweight Dominican boy growing up as a social outcast in Paterson , New Jersey . Another Dominican author , Julia Alvarez , is well known for How the García Girls Lost Their Accents and In the Time of the Butterflies . Cuban American author Oscar Hijuelos won a Pulitzer for The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love , and Cristina García received acclaim for Dreaming in Cuban . Celebrated Puerto Rican novelists who write in English and Spanish include Giannina Braschi , author of the Spanglish classic Yo - Yo Boing ! and Rosario Ferré , best known for `` Eccentric Neighborhoods '' Puerto Rico has also produced important playwrights such as René Marqués , Luis Rafael Sánchez , and José Rivera and New York based poets such as Julia de Burgos , Giannina Braschi and Pedro Pietri , as well as various members of the Nuyorican Poets Café . Spurred by the success of N. Scott Momaday 's Pulitzer Prize -- winning House Made of Dawn , Native American literature showed explosive growth during this period , known as the Native American Renaissance , through such novelists as Leslie Marmon Silko ( e.g. , Ceremony ) , Gerald Vizenor ( e.g. , Bearheart : The Heirship Chronicles and numerous essays on Native American literature ) , Louise Erdrich ( Love Medicine and several other novels that use a recurring set of characters and locations in the manner of William Faulkner ) , James Welch ( e.g. , Winter in the Blood ) , Sherman Alexie ( e.g. , The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven ) , and poets Simon Ortiz and Joy Harjo . The success of these authors has brought renewed attention to earlier generations , including Zitkala - Sa , John Joseph Mathews , D'Arcy McNickle and Mourning Dove . More recently , Arab American literature , largely unnoticed since the New York Pen League of the 1920s , has become more prominent through the work of Diana Abu - Jaber , whose novels include Arabian Jazz and Crescent and the memoir The Language of Baklava . Nobel Prize in Literature winners ( American authors ) ( edit ) Further information : Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 : Sinclair Lewis ( novelist ) 1936 : Eugene O'Neill ( playwright ) 1938 : Pearl S. Buck ( biographer and novelist ) 1948 : T.S. Eliot ( poet and playwright ) 1949 : William Faulkner ( novelist ) 1954 : Ernest Hemingway ( novelist ) 1962 : John Steinbeck ( novelist ) 1976 : Saul Bellow ( novelist ) 1978 : Isaac Bashevis Singer ( novelist , wrote in Yiddish ) 1987 : Joseph Brodsky ( poet and essayist , wrote in English and Russian ) 1993 : Toni Morrison ( novelist ) 2016 : Bob Dylan ( songwriter ) American literary awards ( edit ) See also : Category : American literary awards American Academy of Arts and Letters Pulitzer Prize ( Fiction , Drama and Poetry , as well as various non-fiction and journalist categories ) National Book Award ( Fiction , Non-Fiction , Poetry and Young - Adult Fiction ) American Book Awards PEN literary awards ( multiple awards ) United States Poet Laureate Bollingen Prize Pushcart Prize O. Henry Award Literary theory and criticism ( edit ) See also : Category : American literary critics Edgar Allan Poe : Dark Romanticism , Short - Story Theory T.S. Eliot : Modernism Harold Bloom : Aestheticism Susan Sontag : Against Interpretation , On Photography John Updike : Literary realism / modernism and aestheticist critic M.H. Abrams : The Mirror and the Lamp ( study of Romanticism ) F.O. Matthiessen : originated the concept `` American Renaissance '' Perry Miller : Puritan studies Henry Nash Smith : founder of the `` Myth and Symbol School '' of American criticism Leo Marx : The Machine in the Garden ( study of technology and culture ) Leslie Fiedler : Love and Death in the American Novel Stanley Fish : Pragmatism Henry Louis Gates : African American literary theory Gerald Vizenor : Native American literary theory William Dean Howells : Literary realism Stephen Greenblatt : New Historicism Geoffrey Hartman : Yale school of deconstruction John Crowe Ransom : New Criticism Cleanth Brooks : New Criticism Kenneth Burke : Rhetoric studies Elaine Showalter : Feminist criticism Sandra M. Gilbert : Feminist criticism Susan Gubar : Feminist criticism J. Hillis Miller : Deconstruction Edward Said : Postcolonial criticism Jonathan Culler : Critical theory , deconstruction Judith Butler : Post-structuralist feminism Gloria E. Anzaldúa : Latina literary theory Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick : Queer theory Fredric Jameson : Marxist criticism See also ( edit ) American Literature ( academic discipline ) List of 20th - century American writers by birth year Additional genres ( edit ) Short story Detective fiction Horror fiction Nature writing Romance novel Science fiction and fantasy Western fiction Regional and minority focuses in American literature ( edit ) Literature of New England Chicago literature Southern literature Literature of Southern states : Alabama ; Arkansas ; Florida ; Georgia ; Kentucky ; Louisiana ; Maryland ; Mississippi , North Carolina ; South Carolina ; Tennessee ; Texas ; Virginia ; West Virginia Literature in Hawaii LGBT literature Deaf American literature American Catholic literature American literature in Spanish Ethnic minority literature articles and lists Armenian American literature African American literature List of African American writers Jewish American literature List of Jewish American writers List of Arab American writers List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas Native American Renaissance Asian American literature Chinese American literature Korean American writers List of Asian American writers Hispanic American writers Chicano literature Chicano poetry Puerto Rican literature List of Puerto Rican writers List of Cuban American writers List of Mexican American writers Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Baym , Nina , ed . The Norton Anthology of American Literature . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2007 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Skipp , Francis E. American Literature , Barron 's Educational , 1992 . Jump up ^ Gray , Richard . A History of American Literature . Blackwell , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Patricia L. `` Charlotte Temple by Susanna Rowson . '' The English Journal . 65.1 : ( 1976 ) 59 - 60 . JSTOR . Web . 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Schweitzer , Ivy . `` Review . '' Early American Literature. 23.2 : ( 1988 ) 221 - 225 . JSTOR . Web . 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Kristie . `` An Assault on the Will : Republican Virtue and the City in Hannah Webster Foster 's ' The Coquette ' . '' Early American Literature. 24.2 : ( 1989 ) 135 - 151 . JSTOR . Web . 1 March 2010 Jump up ^ Joudrey , Thomas J. `` Maintaining Stability : Fancy and Passion in ' The Coquette ' . '' New England Quarterly . 86.1 ( 2013 ) : 60 - 88 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Donna M. `` The Early American Novel : Introductory Notes . '' Literary Movements. 14 July 2008 . 1 March 2010 . http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/earamnov.htm Jump up ^ Rutherford , Mildred . American Authors . Atlanta : The Franklin Printing and Publishing Co. , 1902 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Guy . `` The Winning of the West : Washington Irving 's ' A Tour on the Prairies ' . '' The Yearbook of English Studies . 34 : ( 2004 ) 88 - 99 . JSTOR . Web . 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gura , Philip F. American Transcendentalism : A History . New York : Hill and Wang , 2007 : 7 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 3477 - 2 Jump up ^ `` A Brief Guide to the Fireside Poets '' at Poets.org . Accessed 10 - 07 - 2015 Jump up ^ `` Emily Dickinson Archive '' . 2018 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hazel Hutchison , The War That Used Up Words : American Writers and the First World War ( Yale University Press , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Noel Stock , The Life of Ezra Pound ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Hugh Kenner , The invisible poet : TS Eliot ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Meyers , Scott Fitzgerald : A Biography ( HarperCollins , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Maxwell Geismar , American moderns , from rebellion to conformity ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Keith Ferrell , Ernest Hemingway : The Search for Courage ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2014 ) Jump up ^ John T. Matthews , William Faulkner : seeing through the South ( Wiley , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Kimball , Roger Existentialism , Semiotics and Iced Tea , Review of Conversations with Walker Percy New York Times , August 4 , 1985 , Accessed September 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( January 12 , 1996 ) . `` Seeking Salvation On the Silver Screen '' . The New York Times Books . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Groundbreaking Book : Life Studies by Robert Lowell ( 1959 ) Accessed May 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold : How to Read and Why , page 269 . Touchstone Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prize Nobel Prize Award Ceremony Speech '' . Nobelprize.org. 19 Aug 2010 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` What Is the Best Work of American Fiction of the Last 25 Years ? '' . The New York Times . May 21 , 2006 . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Harold Bloom on Blood Meridian '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold ( September 24 , 2003 ) . `` Dumbing down American readers '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time 100 Novels : The Complete List '' . Time Magazine . October 16 , 2005 . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Lev ( August 12 , 2010 ) . `` Jonathan Franzen : Great American Novelist '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` A Family Full of Unhappiness , Hoping for Transcendence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tanenhaus , Sam ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Peace and War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( 2007 - 08 - 31 ) . `` In Vietnam : Stars and Stripes , and Innocence Undone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 National Book Awards '' . National Book Foundation . November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Madsen 2000 , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` Giannina Braschi '' . National Book Festival . Library of Congress . 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . ' Braschi : one of the most revolutionary voices in Latin America today ' ^ Jump up to : Ilan Stavans ( 2011 ) . `` Norton Anthology of Latino Literature '' . Norton . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bercovitch , Sacvan ( 1994 -- 2005 ) . The Cambridge History of American Literature . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` American Literature '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Gray , Richard ( 2011 ) . A History of American Literature . Malden : Wiley - Blackwell . Müller , Timo ( 2017 ) . Handbook of the American Novel of the Twentieth and Twenty - First Centuries . Boston : de Gruyter . 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which of the following statements best describes the theme of top of the food chain

Great chain of being

great chain of being

The great chain of being is a strict hierarchical structure of all matter and life , thought in medieval Christianity to have been decreed by God . The chain starts with God and progresses downward to angels , demons ( fallen / renegade angels ) , stars , moon , kings , princes , nobles , commoners , wild animals , domesticated animals , trees , other plants , precious stones , precious metals and other minerals .

The great chain of being ( Latin : scala naturae , `` ladder of being '' ) is a concept derived from Plato , Aristotle ( in his Historia animalium ) , Plotinus and Proclus . Further developed during the Middle Ages , it reached full expression in early modern Neoplatonism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Divisions 2 Subdivisions 3 The Chain 3.1 God 3.2 Angelic beings 3.3 Humanity 3.4 Animals 3.5 Plants 3.6 Minerals 4 Natural science 4.1 From Aristotle to Linnaeus 4.2 Scala naturae in evolution 5 Politics 6 Adaptations and similar concepts 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Divisions ( edit ) The chain of being is composed of a great number of hierarchical links , from the most basic and foundational elements up through the very highest perfection , in other words , God . God sits at the top of the chain , and beneath him sit the angels , both existing wholly in spirit form . Earthly flesh is fallible and ever - changing , mutable . Spirit , however , is unchanging and permanent . This sense of permanence is crucial to understanding this conception of reality . It is generally impossible to change the position of an object in the hierarchy . ( One exception might be in the realm of alchemy , where alchemists attempted to transmute base elements , such as lead , into higher elements , either silver or , more often , gold -- the highest element . ) In the natural order , earth ( rock ) is at the bottom of the chain ; this element possesses only the attribute of existence . Each link succeeding upward contains the positive attributes of the previous link and adds at least one other . Rocks possess only existence ; the next link up is plants which possess life and existence . Animals add motion and appetite as well . Man is both mortal flesh , as those below him , and also spirit , as those above . In this dichotomy , the struggle between flesh and spirit becomes a moral one . The way of the spirit is higher , more noble ; it brings one closer to God . The desires of the flesh move one away from God . The Christian fall of Lucifer is thought of as especially terrible , as angels are wholly spirit , yet Lucifer defied God ( who is the ultimate perfection ) . Subdivisions ( edit ) Each link in the chain might be divided further into its component parts . In medieval secular society , for example , the king is at the top , succeeded by the aristocratic lords and the clergy , and then the peasants below them . Solidifying the king 's position at the top of humanity 's social order is the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings . The implied permanent state of inequality became a source of popular grievance , and led eventually to political change as in the French Revolution . In the family , the father is head of the household ; below him , his wife ; below her , their children . Milton 's Paradise Lost ranked the angels ( c.f. Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 's ranking of angels ) , and Christian culture conceives of angels in orders of archangels , seraphim , and cherubim , among others . Subdivisions are equally apparent among animals . At the top of the animals are wild beasts ( such as lions ) , which were seen as superior as they defied training and domestication . Below them are domestic animals , further sub-divided so that useful animals ( such as dogs and horses ) are higher than docile creatures ( such as sheep ) . Birds are also sub-divided , with eagles above pigeons , for example . Fish come below birds and are subdivided between actual fish and other sea creatures . Below them come insects , with useful insects such as spiders and bees and attractive creatures such as ladybirds and dragonflies at the top , and unpleasant insects such as flies and beetles at the bottom . At the very bottom of the animal sector are snakes , which are relegated to this position as punishment for the serpent 's actions in the Garden of Eden . Below animals comes the division for plants , which is further subdivided . Trees are at the top , with useful trees such as oaks at the top , and the traditionally demonic yew tree at the bottom . Food - producing plants such as cereals and vegetables are further subdivided . At the very bottom of the chain are minerals . At the top of this section are metals ( further sub-divided , with gold at the top and lead at the bottom ) , followed by rocks ( with granite and marble at the top ) , soil ( subdivided between nutrient - rich soil and low - quality types ) , sand , grit , dust , and dirt at the very bottom of the entire great chain . The central concept of the chain of being is that everything imaginable fits in somewhere , giving order and meaning to the universe . The chain ( edit ) St Thomas Aquinas classified all beings by rank . God ( edit ) God is at the top of the chain and is also external to creation . God is believed to exist outside the physical limitations of time and space . He possessed the spiritual attributes of reason , love , and imagination , like all spiritual beings , but he alone possessed the divine attributes of omnipotence , omniscience , and omnipresence . God serves as the model of authority for the strongest , most virtuous , most excellent type of being within any category . Angelic beings ( edit ) Angels were beings of pure spirit who had no physical bodies of their own . In order to affect the physical world , angels were thought to build temporary bodies for themselves out of particles of air . Medieval and Renaissance theologians believed angels to possess reason , love , imagination , and , like God , to stand outside the physical limitations of time . They possessed sensory awareness unbound by physical organs , and they possessed language . They lacked , however , the divine attributes of omnipotence , omniscience , and omnipresence of God , and they simultaneously lacked the physical passions experienced by humans and animals . Depending upon the author , the class of angels was further subdivided into three , seven , nine , or ten ranks , variously known as triads , orders , or choirs . Each rank had greater power and responsibility than the entities below them . The most common classification is that of St. Thomas Aquinas . Seraphim ( seraph is the primate , or superior type of angel ) Cherubim Thrones ( Ophanim ) Dominions Virtues Powers Principalities Archangels Angels Humanity ( edit ) The mediaeval scala naturae as a staircase , implying the possibility of progress : Ramon Lull 's Ladder of Ascent and Descent of the Mind , 1305 For Medieval and Renaissance thinkers , humans occupied a unique position on the chain of being , straddling the world of spiritual beings and the world of physical creation . Humans were thought to possess divine powers such as reason , love , and imagination . Like angels , humans were spiritual beings , but unlike angels , human souls were `` knotted '' to a physical body . As such , they were subject to passions and physical sensations -- pain , hunger , thirst , sexual desire -- just like other animals lower on the chain of being . They also possessed the powers of reproduction unlike the minerals and rocks lowest on the chain of being . Humans had a particularly difficult position , balancing the divine and the animalistic parts of their nature . For instance , an angel is only capable of intellectual sin such as pride ( as evidenced by Lucifer 's fall from heaven in Christian belief ) . Humans , however , were capable of both intellectual sin and physical sins such as lust and gluttony if they let their animal appetites overrule their divine reason . Humans also possessed sensory attributes : sight , touch , taste , hearing , and smell . Unlike angels , however , their sensory attributes were limited by physical organs . ( They could only know things they could discern through the five senses . ) The highest - ranking human being was the king . Animals ( edit ) Animals , like humans higher on the chain , were animated ( capable of independent motion ) . They possessed physical appetites and sensory attributes , the number depending upon their position within the chain of being . They had limited intelligence and awareness of their surroundings . Unlike humans , they were thought to lack spiritual and mental attributes such as immortal souls and the ability to use logic and language . The primate of all animals ( the `` king of beasts '' ) was variously thought to be either the lion or the elephant . However , each subgroup of animals also had its own primate , an avatar superior in qualities of its type . Mammalian primate : lion or elephant Wild animals ( large cats , etc . ) `` Useful '' domesticated animals ( horse , dog , etc . ) `` Tame '' domesticated animals ( housecat , etc . ) Avian primate : eagle Birds of prey ( hawks , owls , etc . ) Carrion birds ( vultures , crows ) `` Worm - eating '' birds ( robin , etc . ) `` Seed - eating '' birds ( sparrow , etc . ) Note that avian creatures , linked to the element of air , were considered superior to aquatic creatures linked to the element of water . Air naturally tended to rise and soar above the surface of water , and analogously , aerial creatures were placed higher in the chain . Piscine primate : whale Aquatic mammals Sharks Fish of various sizes and attributes The chart would continue to descend through various reptiles , amphibians , and insects . The higher up the chart one went , the more noble , mobile , strong , and intelligent the creature in Renaissance belief . At the very bottom of the animal section , we find sessile creatures like the oysters , clams , and barnacles . Like the plants below them , these creatures lacked mobility , and were thought to lack various sensory organs such as sight and hearing . However , they were still considered superior to plants because they had tactile and gustatory senses ( touch and taste ) . Plants ( edit ) Plants , like other living creatures , possessed the ability to grow in size and reproduce . However , they lacked mental attributes and possessed no sensory organs . Instead , their gifts included the ability to eat soil , air , and `` heat . '' Plants did have greater tolerances for heat and cold , and immunity to the pain that afflicts most animals . At the very bottom of the botanical hierarchy , fungi and mosses , lacking leaf and blossom , were so limited in form that Renaissance thinkers thought them scarcely above the level of minerals . However , each plant was also thought to be gifted with various edible or medicinal virtues unique to its own type . Trees , with the primate : the oak tree Shrubs Bushes `` Crops '' ( such as wheat ) Herbs Ferns Weeds Mosses Fungi Minerals ( edit ) Creations of the earth , the lowest of elements , all minerals lacked the plant 's basic ability to grow and reproduce . They also lacked mental attributes and sensory organs found in beings higher on the chain . Their unique gifts , however , were typically their unusual solidity and strength . Many minerals , in fact , were thought to possess magical powers , particularly gems . The mineral primate is the diamond . Lapidarical primate : diamond Diamonds Rubies Emeralds Sapphires , etc . Metallic primate : gold Gold Silver Iron ( and steel ) Bronze Copper , etc . Geological primate : marble Marble Granite Sandstone Limestone , etc . Minute particles ( gravel , sand , soil , etc . ) Natural science ( edit ) From Aristotle to Linnaeus ( edit ) Linnaeus ' classification of animals with mammals ( `` Quadrupedia '' ) first and worms ( `` Vermes '' ) last , echoing the scala naturae The basic idea of a ranking of the world 's organisms goes back to Aristotle 's biology . In his History of Animals , where he ranked animals over plants based on their ability to move and sense , and graded the animals by their reproductive mode and possession of blood ( he ranked all invertebrates as `` bloodless '' ) . Aristotle 's non-religious concept of higher and lower organisms was taken up by natural philosophers during the Scholastic period to form the basis of the Scala Naturae . The scala allowed for an ordering of beings , thus forming a basis for classification where each kind of mineral , plant and animal could be slotted into place . In medieval times , the great chain was seen as a God - given ordering : God at the top , dirt at the bottom , every grade of creature in its place . Just as rock never turns to flowers and worms never turn to lions , humans never turn to angels . This was not our lot in life . In the Northern Renaissance , the scientific focus shifted to biology . The threefold division of the chain below humans formed the basis for Linnaeus 's Systema Naturæ from 1737 , where he divided the physical components of the world into the three familiar kingdoms of minerals , plants and animals . Scala naturae in evolution ( edit ) The human pedigree back to amoeba shown as a reinterpreted chain of being with living and fossil animals . From a critique of Ernst Haeckel 's theories , 1873 . The set nature of species , and thus the absoluteness of creatures ' places in the great chain , came into question during the 18th century . The dual nature of the chain , divided yet united , had always allowed for seeing creation as essentially one continuous whole , with the potential for overlap between the links . Radical thinkers like Jean - Baptiste Lamarck saw a progression of life forms from the simplest creatures striving towards complexity and perfection , a schema accepted by zoologists like Henri de Blainville . The very idea of an ordering of organisms , even if supposedly fixed , laid the basis for the idea of transmutation of species , for example Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution . The idea of the great chain of being continued to be part of metaphysics in 19th century education , and the concept was well known . The geologist Charles Lyell used it as a metaphor in his 1851 Elements of Geology description of the geological column , where he used the term `` missing links '' in relation to missing parts of the continuum . The term `` missing link '' later came to signify transitional fossils , particularly those bridging the gulf between man and beasts . The idea of the great chain as well as the derived `` missing link '' was abandoned in early 20th century science , as the notion of modern animals representing ancestors of other modern animals was abandoned in biology . The idea of a certain sequence lingers in practice , as entry level textbooks and courses sometimes teach invertebrates before moving on to vertebrates and finishing with mammals . Politics ( edit ) Allenby and Garreau propose the Catholic Church 's narrative of the Great Chain of Being kept the peace for centuries in Europe . The very concept of rebellion simply lay outside the reality within which most people lived for to defy the King was to defy God . King James I himself wrote , `` The state of monarchy is the most supreme thing upon earth : for kings are not only God 's Lieutenants upon earth , and sit upon God 's throne , but even by God himself they are called Gods . '' The Enlightenment broke this divine plan and fought the last vestiges of feudal hierarchy by creating secular governmental structures that vested power into the hands of ordinary citizens rather than divinely ordained monarchs . Adaptations and similar concepts ( edit ) The American spiritual writer and philosopher Ken Wilber uses a concept called the `` Great Nest of Being '' which is similar to the great chain of being , and which he claims to belong to a culture - independent `` perennial philosophy '' traceable across 3000 years of mystical and esoteric writings . Wilber 's system corresponds with other concepts of transpersonal psychology . In the 1977 book A Guide for the Perplexed , British philosopher and economist E.F. Schumacher wrote that fundamental gaps exist between the existence of minerals , plants , animals and humans , where each of the four classes of existence is marked by a level of existence not shared by that below . Clearly influenced by the great chain of being , but lacking the angels and God , he called his hierarchy the `` levels of being '' . In the book , he claims that science has generally avoided seriously discussing these discontinuities , because they present such difficulties for strictly materialistic science , and they largely remain mysteries . See also ( edit ) Christian angelology History of biology Holon ( philosophy ) The Ladder of Divine Ascent Natural history Orthogenesis Plane ( esotericism ) Sphere of fire References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Arthur O. Lovejoy ( 1964 ) ( 1936 ) , The Great Chain of Being : A Study of the History of an Idea , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 36153 - 9 Jump up ^ `` This idea of a great chain of being can be traced to Plato 's division of the world into the Forms , which are full beings , and sensible things , which are imitations of the Forms and are both being and not being . Aristotle 's teleology recognized a perfect being , and he also arranges all animals by a single natural scale according to the degree of perfection of their souls . The idea of the great chain of being was fully developed in Neoplatonism and in the Middle Ages . '' , Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy , p. 289 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Edward P. Mahoney , `` Lovejoy and the Hierarchy of Being '' , Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 48 , No 2 , pp. 211 - 230 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , ( 1964 ) . This theme permeates the book , but see e.g.p. 59 Jump up ^ Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution . Penn State Press . 2001 . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 04013 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thomas Aquinas . Summa Theologica ( PDF ) -- via Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Jump up ^ Ruse , Michael ( 1996 ) . Monad to man : the Concept of Progress in Evolutionary Biology . Harvard University Press . pp. 21 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03248 - 4 . Jump up ^ Robishaw , Andrew ( 2015 ) . The Esoteric Codex : Esoteric Cosmology . lulu.com . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 1329053083 . Jump up ^ Singer , Charles . A short history of biology : A General Introduction to the Study of Living Things . Oxford 1931 . Jump up ^ Allen Debus , Man and Nature in the Renaissance ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Linnaeus , Carolus ( 1758 ) . Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis ( in Latin ) ( 10th edition ed . ) . Stockholm : Laurentius Salvius . Jump up ^ Appel , T.A. ( 1980 ) . `` Henri De Blainville and the Animal Series : A Nineteenth - Century Chain of Being '' . Journal of the History of Biology . 13 ( 2 ) : 291 -- 319 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00125745 . JSTOR 4330767 . Jump up ^ `` Why the term `` missing links '' is inappropriate `` . Hoxful Monsters. 10 June 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , S . `` The Great Chain of Being '' . faculty.grandview.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Anthony ( 2006 ) . `` A Daniel Come to Judgement ? Dennett and the Revisioning of Transpersonal Theory '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Consciousness Studies . 13 ( 3 ) : 95 -- 109 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Joseph ( 2008 ) . `` The Education of E.F. Schumacher '' . God Spy . Further reading ( edit ) Arthur O. Lovejoy : The Great Chain of Being : A Study of the History of an Idea , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press ( 1936 ) E.M.W. Tillyard : The Elizabethan World Picture ( 1942 ) External links ( edit ) Dictionary of the History of Ideas -- Chain of Being The Great Chain of Being reflected in the work of Descartes , Spinoza & Leibniz Peter Suber , Earlham College , Indiana The Chain of Being : Tillyard in a Nutshell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_chain_of_being&oldid=821577228 '' Categories : Esotericism Obsolete biological theories Metaphysics of religion Hierarchy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2014 CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 09 : 44 . 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why is ackee and saltfish jamaican national dish

Ackee and saltfish

ackee and saltfish

Ackee and saltfish is a traditional Jamaican dish .

The ackee fruit was imported to The Caribbean from Ghana before 1725 , as Ackee or Aki is another name for the Akan tribe , Akyem . It is also known as Blighia sapida . The scientific name honours Captain William Bligh who took the fruit from Jamaica to the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew , England in 1793 and introduced it to science . Because parts of the fruit are toxic , there are shipping restrictions when being imported to countries such as the United States . To prepare the dish , salt cod ( salt fish should be soaked overnight to eliminate most of the salt ) is sautéed with boiled ackee , onions , Scotch Bonnet peppers ( optional ) , tomatoes , and spices , such as black pepper and pimiento . It can be garnished with bacon and tomatoes , and is usually served as breakfast or dinner alongside breadfruit , hard dough bread , dumplings , fried plantain , or boiled green bananas . Ackee and saltfish can also be eaten with rice and peas or plain white rice . When seasonings ( onion , escallion , thyme , garlic ) and saltfish are combined with plain rice it is often called seasoned rice which is a one pot meal that is usually eaten on Fridays as an inexpensive meal for dinner . Preparation ( edit ) Ackee pods are ready to be picked from the tree once the pods start to open . This is due to the fact that the unopened pods are toxic and can lead to death . The fruits are then extracted from the open pods and the pods discarded . The fruits are then deseeded and cleaned . The fruits are now ready to be added to a pot of boiling water appropriate in size to the amount of ackee to be cooked . Salt may or may not be added to the water depending on the dish being prepared . For example , if ackee and saltfish is the desired meal , then salt is not added as the salt fish contains sufficient salt . The ackee is cooked for 15 - 20 minutes , or until it is tender . See also ( edit ) List of Jamaican dishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.nlj.gov.jm/FeastingontheHeritage/ackee.htm Jump up ^ http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_64.html Cod , haddock and pollock True cod Gadus Atlantic cod Pacific cod Greenland cod Alaska pollock Norway pollock Cod - like Arctic cod East Siberian cod Eucla cod Blue ling Common ling Pelagic cod Polar cod Poor cod Rock cod Saffron cod Small - headed cod Other cod Blue cod Eastern freshwater cod Mary River cod Murray cod Potato cod Sleepy cod Trout cod Nototheniidae Antarctic cod Black cod Maori cod True pollock Pollachius Atlantic pollock Saithe ( pollock ) Fisheries Bottom trawling Cod boat Cod fisheries Cod fishing in Newfoundland Cod Wars Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery Fishing stage Harold Innis and the cod fishery Food Cod as food Ackee and saltfish Arbroath smokie Bacalaíto Boknafisk Cabbie claw Cod liver oil Crappit heid Cullen skink Dried and salted cod Finnan haddie Fish and brewis Fish and chips Fish ball Fishcake Fish finger Fish fry Fish pie Fried fish Lutefisk Pescado frito Scrod Stockfish Taramasalata Traditional Grimsby smoked fish Other topics Banks dory Cajón de rumba Cod worm Fish flake Isinglass Sacred Cod Whitefish Whiting Seafood Fish Anchovy Barramundi Billfish Carp Catfish Cod Eel Flatfish Flounder Herring Mackerel Salmon Sardine Shark Sturgeon Swordfish Tilapia Trout Tuna Whitebait Shellfish Abalone Cockles Crab meat Crayfish Geoduck Krill Lobster Mussels Oysters Scallops Shrimp Sea urchins Crustaceans Molluscs Other seafood Edible seaweed Jellyfish Marine mammals Octopus Sea cucumber Squid Whale meat Sea vegetables Algae List of seafoods more ... Processed seafood Caviar Dried fish Canned fish Cod liver oil Cured fish Fermented fish Fish fillet Fish head Fish oil Fish sauce Fish paste Fish steak Fish stock Lutefisk Salted fish Salted seafood Salted squid Shark liver oil Shrimp paste Smoked fish Stockfish Surimi Roe more ... Seafood dishes List of seafood dishes List of crab dishes List of fish dishes Bisque Chowder Fish and chips Fish pie Fish soup Fried fish Raw fish Seafood boil Shark fin soup Sushi more ... Health hazards Ciguatera Fish diseases and parasites Mercury in fish Metagonimiasis Scombroid food poisoning Shellfish poisoning Advisory services Seafood mislabelling Sustainable seafood Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification Animal welfare Declawing of crabs Eyestalk ablation Eating live seafood Live fish trade Pain in fish Pain in crustaceans Shark finning Related topics Fish preservation Fish processing Gathering seafood by hand History of seafood History of sushi List of seafood companies Raw bar Salmon cannery Seafood restaurant Umami Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ackee_and_saltfish&oldid=808585737 '' Categories : Jamaican cuisine Fish dishes National dishes Food combinations Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Español Patois 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 19 : 55 . 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where was south australia proclaimed as a self governing colony

South Australia became a self - governing colony in 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament . A bicameral parliament was elected on 9 March 1857 , by which time 109,917 people lived in the province .

History of South Australia

history of south australia

The history of South Australia refers to the history of the Australian State of South Australia and its preceding Indigenous and British colonial societies . Aboriginal Australians have lived in South Australia for tens of thousands of years , while British colonists arrived in the 19th century to establish a free colony , with no convict settlers . European explorers were sent deep into the interior , discovering some pastoral land but mainly large tracts of desert terrain .

The colony became a cradle of democratic reform in Australia . The Parliament of South Australia was formed in 1857 , when the colony was granted self - government . Women were granted the vote in the 1890s . South Australia became a State of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 following a vote to federate with the other British colonies of Australia . While it has a smaller population than the eastern States , South Australia has often been at the vanguard of political and social change in Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aboriginal settlement 2 European exploration 3 British preparation for establishing a colony 3.1 South Australian Association 3.2 Proclamation of South Australia ( 1836 ) 4 Expansion of the colony 4.1 First agriculture : Sheep , wheat and wine 4.2 Self - governing colony ( 1856 ) 5 Twentieth century 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography Aboriginal settlement ( edit ) Main article : Prehistory of Australia Aboriginal Family Travelling by W.A. Cawthorne . The first people to occupy the area now known as South Australia were Australian Aborigines . Their presence in northern Australia began around 40,000 to 60,000 years ago with the arrival of the first of their ancestors by land - bridge from what is now Indonesia . Their descendants moved south and , though never large in numbers , occupied all areas of Australia , including the future South Australia . Evidence for human activity in South Australia dates back more than 65,000 years ago with ceremonial sites and rock art in the Flinders Ranges and flint mining activity and rock art in the Koonalda Cave on the Nullarbor Plain . In addition wooden spears and tools were made in an area now covered in peat bog in the South East . Kangaroo Island was inhabited long before the island was cut off by rising sea levels . Temporary campsites in the Roxby dunefields have been dated to 19,000 years ago , and Aboriginal people have continuously occupied South Australia deserts since that time . By the time immediately prior to the British settlement of Australia , there were a large number of distinct societies and language groups in what is now South Australia . It is possible to speak of at least two dominant cultures present in South Australia prior to European contact , although there were many distinct societies within each of these cultures . The first was dubbed the `` Lakes Group '' by early anthropologists Elkin and Howitt . The `` Lakes Group '' culture stretches north of the Mount Lofty Ranges , up into the Flinders Ranges to around Lake Eyre , and across the Eyre Peninsula . This cultural grouping spoke at least somewhat mutually intelligible languages , which are known collectively as Thura - Yura languages . They also shared rituals . The second major group was ( and remains ) the `` Western Desert group '' , or the Western Desert cultural bloc . This group of cultures encapsulates the land north and west of Lake Eyre , and the land west of the Eyre Peninsula . It extends well beyond South Australia into Western Australia and the Northern Territory . The Western Desert cultures speak largely mutually intelligible languages , so much so that some linguists believe the separate languages should be called dialects of a wider `` Western Desert language '' . These languages are among the healthiest Aboriginal languages in modern Australia , including Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara . Many other cultures existed in South Australia at this time that do not fit neatly into the above groupings , such as the various societies that had been established along the River Murray , as well as the Ngarrindjeri of the Coorong and Lake Alexandrina area , and the various societies that existed to the southeast . European exploration ( edit ) The first recorded European sighting of the South Australian coast was in 1627 when the Dutch ship ' t Gulden Zeepaerdt ( The Golden Seahorse ) , skippered by François Thijssen , examined the coastline . Thijssen named his discovery `` Pieter Nuyts Land '' , after the highest ranking individual on board . In 1801 - 02 Matthew Flinders led the first circumnavigation of Australia aboard the HMS Investigator , a Royal Navy survey ship . French Captain Nicolas Baudin was also on a survey mission in 1802 , independently charting the southern coast of the Australian continent with the French naval ships the Géographe and the Naturaliste . The British and French expeditions sighted each other , and despite France and Britain being at war at the time , they met peacefully at Encounter Bay to the south east of the Fleurieu Peninsula . Baudin referred to the land as `` Terre Napoléon '' . On the same voyage , Baudin named the Fleurieu Peninsula after Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu , a French explorer and statesman . In 1802 Flinders named Mount Lofty but recorded little of the area which is now Adelaide . Both missed the Port Adelaide River inlet , whose position was first accurately located and charted by William Light in 1836 . Charles Sturt led an expedition from New South Wales in 1829 , which followed first the Murrumbidgee River into a ' broad and noble river ' , which he named the Murray River . His party then followed this river to its junction with the Darling River and continued down river on to Lake Alexandrina , where the Murray meets the sea in South Australia . Suffering greatly , the party had to then row back upstream hundreds of kilometres for the return journey . British preparation for establishing a colony ( edit ) Main articles : European settlement of South Australia and History of Adelaide 1835 advertisement A group in Britain led by Edward Gibbon Wakefield were looking to start a colony based on free settlement rather than convict labour . Wakefield suggested that instead of granting free land to settlers as had happened in other colonies , the land should be sold . The money from land purchases would be used solely to transport labourers to the colony free of charge , who were responsible and skilled workers rather than paupers and convicts . Land prices needed to be high enough so that workers who saved to buy land of their own remained in the workforce long enough to avoid a labour shortage . In 1830 Charles Sturt explored the Murray River and was impressed with what he briefly saw while passing through Lake Alexandrina , later writing : Hurried ... as my view of it was , my eye never fell on a country of more promising aspect , or of more favourable position , than that which occupies the space between the lake and the ranges of St. Vincent 's Gulf , and , continuing northerly from Mount Barker , stretches away , without any visible boundary . -- Charles Sturt , Expeditions into Southern Australia Captain Collet Barker , sent by New South Wales Governor Ralph Darling , conducted a more thorough survey of the area in 1831 , as recommended by Sturt . After swimming the mouth of the Murray River , Barker was killed by natives who may have had contact with sealers and escaped convicts in the region . Despite this , his more detailed survey led Sturt to conclude in his 1833 report : ... it would appear that a spot has , at length , been found upon the south coast of New Holland , to which the colonist might venture with every prospect of success , and in whose valleys the exile might hope to build for himself and for his family a peaceful and prosperous home . All who have ever landed upon the eastern shore of St. Vincent 's Gulf , agree as to the richness of its soil , and the abundance of its pasture . -- Charles Sturt , Expeditions into Southern Australia South Australian Association ( edit ) In 1834 the South Australian Association , with the aid of such figures as George Grote , William Molesworth and the Duke of Wellington persuaded British Parliament to pass the South Australia Act , 1834 . The Act stated that 802,511 square kilometres would be allotted to the colony and to be convict - free . The plan for the colony to be the ideal embodiment of the best qualities of British society , that is , no religious discrimination or unemployment . The province and its capital were named prior to settlement . The Act further specified that it was to be self - sufficient ; £ 20,000 surety had to be created and £ 35,000 worth of land had to be sold in the new colony before any settlement was permitted . These conditions were fulfilled by the close of 1835 . While New South Wales , Tasmania and ( although not initially ) Western Australia were established as convict settlements , the founders of South Australia had a vision for a colony with political and religious freedoms , together with opportunities for wealth through business and pastoral investments . The South Australia Act ( 1834 ) reflected these desires and included a promise of representative government when the population reached 50,000 people . South Australia thus became the only colony authorised by an Act of Parliament , and which was intended to be developed at no cost to the British government . Transportation of convicts was forbidden , and ' poor Emigrants ' , assisted by an Emigration Fund , were required to bring their families with them . Significantly , the 1836 Letters Patent enabling the South Australia Act included a guarantee of the rights of ' any Aboriginal Natives ' and their descendants to lands they ' now actually occupied or enjoyed ' . The western and eastern boundaries of the colony were set at 132 ° and 141 ° East of Greenwich , and to the north at the Tropic of Capricorn , ( 23 ° 26 ′ South ) . The western and eastern boundary points were chosen as they marked the extent of coastline first surveyed by Matthew Flinders in 1802 ( Nicolas Baudin 's priority being ignored ) . In 1836 , the John Pirie and the Duke of York of the South Australia Land Company set sail for South Australia to establish the first settlement on Kangaroo Island . Proclamation of South Australia ( 1836 ) ( edit ) Province of South Australia British Crown Colony ← 1836 -- 1901 → → Flag ( from 1876 ) Government Self - governing colony Monarch 1834 - 1837 William IV first 1837 - 1901 Victoria last Governor 1836 - 1838 John Hindmarsh first 1899 - 1901 Hallam Tennyson last History Independence from the Colony of New South Wales 1836 Federation of Australia 1901 The Proclamation of South Australia 1836 , Charles Hill . Colonel William Light . Royal Navy Rear - Admiral John Hindmarsh was selected to be South Australia 's first governor . The first settlers and officials set sail in early 1836 . A total of nine ships consisting of 636 people set sail from London for South Australia . The ships in the fleet included the Cygnet ( carrying Colonel William Light 's surveyors ) , Africaine , Tam O'Shanter , Rapid , and HMS Buffalo ( carrying Hindmarsh ) . After an eight - month voyage around the world , most of the ships took supplies and settlers to Kangaroo Island . They landed at Kingscote to await official decisions on the location and administration of the new colony . Surveyor Colonel William Light was given two months to locate the most advantageous location for the main colony . He was required to find a site with a harbour , arable land , fresh water , ready internal and external communications , building materials and drainage . Light rejected potential locations for the new main settlement , including Kangaroo Island , Port Lincoln and Encounter Bay . Light decided that the Adelaide plains were the best location for settlement . Most of the settlers were moved from Kangaroo Island to Holdfast Bay with Governor Hindmarsh arriving on 28 December 1836 to proclaim the province of South Australia . The Port River was sighted and deemed to be a suitable harbour , but there was no fresh water available nearby . The River Torrens was discovered to the south and Light and his team set about determining the city 's precise location and layout . The survey was completed on 11 March 1837 . Light 's poorly paid and ill - equipped surveying team were expected to begin another massive task of surveying at least 405 km2 of rural land . Light , despite slowly succumbing to tuberculosis , managed to survey 605.7 km2 by June 1838 . Most other colonies had been founded by Governors with near total authority . In South Australia power was initially divided between the Governor and the Resident Commissioner so that government could not interfere with the business affairs or freedom of religion of the settlers . Relation between Hindmarsh and the Resident Commissioner quickly broke down . Expansion of the colony ( edit ) Until 1851 , the Governor ruled with the assistance of an appointed Executive Council of paid officials . Land development and settlement was the basis of the Wakefield vision . Land law and regulations governing it were fundamental to the foundation of the Province and allowed for land to be bought at a uniform price per acre ( regardless of quality ) , with auctions for land desired by more than one buyer , and leases made available on unused land . Proceeds from land were to fund the Emigration Fund to assist poor settlers to come as tradesmen and labourers . Agitation for representative government quickly emerged . Most other colonies had been founded by Governors with near total authority , but in South Australia , power was initially divided between the Governor and the Resident Commissioner , so that government could not interfere with the business affairs or freedom of religion of the settlers . From 1843 to 1851 , the colony was governed by a legislative council of seven appointed members . By 1851 the colony was experimenting with a partially elected council , with 16 of 24 members of the South Australian Legislative Council being elected that year and the remainder appointed . First agriculture : sheep , wheat and wine ( edit ) The first sheep and other livestock in South Australia were brought in from Tasmania . Sheep were overlanded from New South Wales from 1838 , with the wool industry forming the basis of South Australia 's economy for the first few years . Vast tracts of land were leased by `` Squatters '' until required for agriculture . Once the land was surveyed it was put up for sale and the Squatters had to buy their runs or move on . Most bought their land when it came up for sale , disadvantaging farmers who had a hard time finding good and unoccupied land . Farms took longer to establish than sheep runs and were expensive to set up . Despite this by 1860 wheat farms ranged from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north . The punitive expedition to the Coorong after 25 survivors of the shipwreck Maria were massacred by Aborigines in 1840 . In 1840 , the brigantine Maria was shipwrecked near Cape Jaffa after leaving Port Adelaide for Hobart . All 25 people aboard were massacred by Aborigines along the Coorong . The wine growing regions of McLaren Vale and the Barossa Valley were established in the 1840s. Port Pirie was founded in 1845 . Copper was discovered near Kapunda in 1842 . In 1845 even larger deposits of copper were discovered at Burra which brought wealth to the Adelaide shopkeepers who invested in the mine . John Ridley invented a reaping machine in 1843 which changed farming methods throughout South Australia and the nation at large . By 1843 , 93 km2 of land was growing wheat ( compared to 0.08 km2 in 1838 ) . Toward the end of the century South Australia would become known as the `` granary of Australia '' . Gold discoveries in Victoria in 1851 brought a severe labour shortage in Adelaide which was created by the exodus of workers leaving to seek their fortunes on the goldfields . However , this also created high demand for South Australian wheat . The situation improved when prospectors returned with their gold finds . During the 1850s over 5,400 hard working Germans settled in South Australia . Many started off the wine industry in the Barossa Valley and they opened the first Lutheran church in Hahndorf . South Australians were keen to establish trade links with Victoria and New South Wales , but overland transport was too slow . A £ 4,000 prize was offered in 1850 by the South Australian government for the first two people to navigate the River Murray in an iron steamboat as far as its junction with the Darling River . In 1853 William Randell of Mannum and Francis Cadell of Adelaide , unintentionally making the attempt at the same time , raced each other to Swan Hill with Cadell coming in first . Saint Mary Mackillop ( 1842 - 1909 ) co-founded an order of nuns in rural South Australia in 1866 and became the first Australian saint of the Catholic Church in 2010 . South Australian suffragette Catherine Helen Spence ( 1825 - 1910 ) . In 1895 women in South Australia were among the first in the world to attain the vote and were the first to be able to stand for parliament . By the mid 19th century , there was a strong desire for representative and responsible government in the colonies of Australia . In 1840 , the Adelaide City Council was established as the first city council in the Australian colonies . The Australian Colonies Government Act ( 1850 ) was a landmark development which granted representative constitutions to New South Wales , Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state . In 1850 and elections for legislative councils were held in the colonies of Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania . In 1855 , limited self - government was granted by London to New South Wales , Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania . An innovative secret ballot was introduced in Victoria , Tasmania and South Australia in 1856 , in which the government supplied voting paper containing the names of candidates and voters could select in private . This system was adopted around the world , becoming known as the `` Australian Ballot '' . 1855 also saw the granting of the right to vote to all male British subjects 21 years or over in South Australia . In 1877 , it became the first part of the British Empire to legalise Trade Unions and in 1891 , four United Labor Party candidates were elected to Parliament , becoming the first endorsed Labor members in Australia . Further copper discoveries were made in 1859 at Wallaroo and in 1861 at Moonta . South Australia was a haven for religious refugees leaving Europe over this period . German Lutherans established the influential Hermmannsberg Mission in Central Australia in 1870 . David Unaipon who was to become a preacher and Australia 's first Aboriginal author was born at Point McLeay Mission in South Australia in 1872 . The son of Australia 's first Aboriginal pastor , he is today honoured on the Australian $50 note . Saint Mary Mackillop co-founded the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart in rural South Australia in 1866 . Dedicated to the education of the children of the poor , it was the first religious order to be founded by an Australian . Mackillop established schools , orphanages and welfare institutions throughout the colonies . She became the first Australian to be honoured by canonisation as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church in 2010 . During John McDouall Stuart 's 1862 expedition to the north coast of Australia he discovered 200,000 km2 of grazing territory to the west of Lake Torrens and Lake Eyre . Stuart succeeded in traversing Central Australia from south to north . His expedition mapped out the route which was later followed by the Australian Overland Telegraph Line . South Australia was made responsible for the administration of the Northern Territory , which was previously part of New South Wales . In the 1890s Australia was affected by a severe economic depression . Financial institutions in Melbourne and banks in Sydney closed . The national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle . The value of South Australia 's exports nearly halved . Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems with some families leaving for Western Australia . Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold - rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne , and silver and lead discoveries at Broken Hill provided some relief . Self - governing colony ( 1856 ) ( edit ) South Australia became a self - governing colony in 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament . A bicameral parliament was elected on 9 March 1857 , by which time 109,917 people lived in the province . South Australia 's 1856 constitution was among the most democratic in the world -- more so than the other Australian colonies , the United Kingdom and most European countries at that time . It provided for : Adult male suffrage ( including indigenous men ) ; Secret ballot voting ; one man , one vote ; no property qualifications for Members of its House of Assembly and a relatively low property qualification for Members of its Legislative Council . Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in 1861 . In the Constitutional Amendment Act 1894 , all women became eligible to vote for the Parliament of South Australia when they won the same voting rights as men , and they did so in South Australia 's 1895 elections . The Constitutional Amendment Act 1894 was also the first legislation in the world permitting women also to stand for election to political office and , in 1897 , Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate for political office , unsuccessfully standing for election as a delegate to the Federal Convention on Australian Federation . By the 1890s , several new factors were drawing the Australian colonies towards political union and South Australians voted by referendum to join the Commonwealth of Australia . Twentieth century ( edit ) On 1 January 1901 , following a proclamation by Queen Victoria , South Australia ceased to be a self - governing colony and became a state of the Commonwealth of Australia . In 1906 , South Australia 's first uranium mine was opened at Radium Hill . In 1910 , the government of John Verran served as the first complete Labor party government in the world . 28,000 South Australians volunteered to fight during Australia 's involvement in the First World War . Adelaide enjoyed a post-war boom but with the return of droughts , entered the depression of the 1930s , later returning to prosperity with strong government leadership . Secondary industries helped reduce the state 's dependence on primary industries . The 1933 census recorded the state population at 580,949 , which was less of an increase than other states due to the state 's economic limitations . After the second world war , the Woomera rocket range was established in 1947 as part of the Anglo - Australian Joint Project -- at that time one of only four rocket ranges in the world . Busy through the 1950s , Woomera played an important role in the development of space technologies . With US assistance , Wresat 1 , the first Australian satellite , was launched from Woomera , in November 1967 -- a joint project of the Weapons Research Establishment and the University of Adelaide . The project made Australia only the 4th country to launch its own satellite from its own territory -- and a landmark in Australian science . The 1925 Murray Bridge rail bridge over the Murray River , linking Adelaide to Melbourne . Rocket launches largely ceased from the early 1970s , though some space related activity has continued into the 21st century and the base is now controlled by the Royal Australian Airforce . The University of Adelaide has a long history of scientific research and scholarship of international significance , and five Nobel Laureates have been associated with the University : Sir William Henry Bragg ( Physics 1915 ) ; Sir William Lawrence Bragg ( Physics 1915 ) ; Sir Howard Walter Florey ( Physiology or Medicine 1945 ) ; J.M. Coetzee ( Literature 2003 ) ; Robin Warren ( Physiology or Medicine 2005 ) . After World War II , an assisted migration scheme brought 215,000 emigrants of all nationalities to South Australia between 1947 and 1973 . Murray Bridge , earlier known as Mobilong and then Edward 's Crossing , was given its current name in the 1920s . It is now the fourth most populous region in South Australia , preceded by Adelaide , Mount Gambier and Whyalla . The 1960s and 1970s saw the introduction of a series of landmark Australian legislative `` firsts '' in South Australia , including : the 1966 Prohibition of Discrimination Act , which prohibited discrimination on the grounds of race , colour , or country of origin ; and 1975 The Sex Discrimination Act , which made discrimination on the grounds of gender , marital status , or sexuality unlawful . In 1975 Parliament `` decriminalised '' homosexual acts ; and in 1976 rape in marriage was made a criminal offence . Construction of the Adelaide Festival Centre began in 1970 and South Australia 's Sir Robert Helpmann became director of the Adelaide Festival of Arts . The South Australian Film Corporation ( SAFC ) was established by the Don Dunstan government in 1972 and played a significant role in the revival of Australian cinema , with such critically acclaimed works as Picnic at Hanging Rock and Breaker Morant . In 1976 , the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act gave the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara Aboriginal peoples inalienable freehold title over 100,000 km of their land . That same year , South Australia appointed the first Aboriginal governor of an Australian state when Sir Douglas Nicholls was made Governor of South Australia . In 1987 , copper , gold , and silver production began at the Olympic Dam mine . Olympic Dam also possesses the world 's largest known deposit of uranium . During the commercial property boom of the 1980s the State Bank of South Australia was the fastest growing bank in Australia -- but in 1991 , the bank collapsed and Labor Premier John Bannon announced that , due to bad debts , the bank would have to be rescued by the taxpayers -- subsequently , the bank 's book debt rose to $3 billion . A Royal Commission was called and Premier Bannon resigned after appearing before it . See also ( edit ) South Australia portal History portal Australian Overland Telegraph Line British nuclear tests at Maralinga Goyder 's Line List of cities and towns in South Australia Proclamation Day South Australia - Victoria border dispute Stobie pole Timeline of South Australian history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey ; A Very Short History of the World ; Penguin Books ; 2004 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 300559 - 9 Jump up ^ Marwick , Ben ; Hiscock , Peter ; Sullivan , Marjorie ; Hughes , Philip ( July 2017 ) . `` Landform boundary effects on Holocene forager landscape use in arid South Australia '' . Journal of Archaeological Science : Reports . doi : 10.1016 / j. jasrep. 2017.07. 004 . Jump up ^ Gibbney , H.J. Sturt , Charles ( 1795 -- 1869 ) . Australian Dictionary of Biography . National Centre of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Sturt , Charles ( 1834 ) . Two expeditions into the interior of southern Australia : during the years 1828 , 1829 , 1830 , and 1831 : with observations on the soil , climate , and general resources of the colony of New South Wales ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Smith , Elder . p. 230 . Jump up ^ Sturt , Charles ( 1834 ) . Two expeditions into the interior of southern Australia : during the years 1828 , 1829 , 1830 , and 1831 : with observations on the soil , climate , and general resources of the colony of New South Wales ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Smith , Elder . p. 246 . Jump up ^ South Australia Act , or Foundation Act , of 1834 ( UK ) . Documenting a Democracy . Retrieved on 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia 19 February 1836 ( UK ) . Documenting a Democracy . Retrieved on 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ South Australian Association , South Australia : Outline of the Plan of a Proposed Colony to be Founded on the South Coast of Australia , London , Ridgway , 1834 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Henry Capper and William Light , South Australia : Extracts from the Official Dispatches of Colonel Light , ... letters of settlers ... ( and ) the proceedings of the South Australian Company , London , H. Capper , 1837 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Africaine , boundforsouthaustralia.com.au Africaine ( Barque ) - Colonists to South Australia in 1836 , www.geni.com Jump up ^ Tam O'Shanter , boundforsouthaustralia.com.au ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Margaret Goyder Colonial Dynasty Rigby Limited , Adelaide 1980 ISBN 0 7270 1097 2 Jump up ^ South Australian Commission Land Sale Regulations 1835 ( issued by the Commissioners in the UK ) Archived 2 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Documenting a Democracy . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ 1834 - 1851 - Colonial Government . Parliament of South Australia . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Legislative Council 1843 - 1856 . Parliament of South Australia . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Famous Wreck '' . The Evening News . Sydney : National Library of Australia . 5 October 1895 . p. 1 Supplement : Evening News Supplement . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . This reference quite credibly states the bodies were stuffed down wombat holes , where others coyly refer to `` shallow graves '' . It is also one of the few to touch on the contentious possibility of cannibalism . Jump up ^ The Right to Vote in Australia . Australian Electoral Commission . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 28 January 2011 ) . Australia 's major electoral developments Timeline : 1788 - 1899 . Australian Electoral Commission . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Democracy and human rights in the 19th century . Parliament of South Australia . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Nic Klaassen . `` Hermannsburg Aboriginal mission on the Finke River Northern Territory '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( 20 December 2009 ) . MacKillop to become Australia 's first saint . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Tim Flannery ; The Explorers ; Text Publishing 1998 Jump up ^ Women 's Suffrage Petition 1894 : parliament.sa.gov.au Jump up ^ `` AEC.gov.au '' . AEC.gov.au. 25 Oct 2007 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Constitution ( Female Suffrage ) Act 1895 ( SA ) Archived 3 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Documenting a Democracy . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Radium Hill Historical Association . Archived from the original on 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Democracy and human rights in the 20th century . Parliament of South Australia . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 18 July 2007 ) . Woomera recognised for historic value . ABC Science . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 29 November 2007 ). 40th anniversary of Australia 's first satellite . University of Adelaide . Media Release . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Denise Chow ( 26 March 2010 ) . New Hypersonic Rocket Test Launched in Australia . space.com . TechMediaNetwork.com . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 25 October 2011 ) . Nobel Laureates . The University of Adelaide . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ History Archived 29 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Adelaide Festival Centre . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Sir Robert Helpmann -- a Knight to Remember Archived 17 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Helpmann Awards . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Sir Douglas Nicholls Archived 3 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Civics and Citizenship Education . Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Wright ( 29 May 2008 ) . Top 10 Financial Moments That Shaped SA Archived 10 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on 21 March 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Susan Marsden ' South Australia ' in G Davison , J Hirst , S MacIntyre , eds , The Oxford Companion to Australian History , Oxford University Press , Melbourne ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 553597 - 9 Elizabeth Kwan Living in South Australia : A Social History Volume 1 : From Before 1836 to 1914 ( 1987 ) Derek Whitelock Adelaide : From Colony to Jubilee ( 1985 ) Dorothy Jauncey , Bardi Grubs and Frog Cakes -- South Australian Words , Oxford University Press ( 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 551770 - 9 South Australia Topics History Government Flag Culture Transport Rail transport Education Geography Geology South Australian English Sport Country Fire Service Regions Adelaide Hills Barossa Valley Clare Valley Eyre Peninsula Far North Fleurieu Peninsula Flinders Ranges Limestone Coast Mid North Murraylands Nullarbor Plain Riverland Yorke Peninsula Cities and towns Adelaide Mount Gambier Murray Bridge Port Augusta Port Lincoln Port Pirie Victor Harbor Whyalla South Australia portal History of Australia States New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Territories Australian Capital Territory Jervis Bay Territory Northern Territory External territories Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Australia&oldid=841118837 '' Categories : States and territories established in 1836 States and territories disestablished in 1901 History of South Australia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from July 2015 Use Australian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 04 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when do damon and elena fall in love again

Damon Salvatore

damon salvatore

Damon Salvatore is a fictional character in The Vampire Diaries novel series . He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series . Initially , Damon is the main antagonist in the beginning of the show and later became a protagonist . After the first few episodes , Damon begins working alongside his younger brother , Stefan Salvatore , to resist greater threats and gradually Elena begins to consider him a friend . His transition was completed after his younger brother Stefan , who is also a vampire , convinces him to drink blood . Damon , angry that Katherine chose to turn Stefan as well , vows to make his brother 's life sorrowful -- thus further causing a century - long rift between the two brothers . Elena Gilbert chooses to be with Damon in the finale episode .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 1.1 Casting 2 Television series 2.1 Background 2.2 Season 1 2.3 Season 2 2.4 Season 3 2.5 Season 4 2.6 Season 5 2.7 Season 6 3 Relationships 3.1 Stefan Salvatore 3.2 Elena Gilbert 3.3 Alaric Saltzman 3.4 Bonnie Bennett 4 References 5 External links Character development ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Ian Somerhalder was cast as Damon Salvatore at the end of March 2009 , six months before the premiere of the series . The initial casting call for the character required an actor in his early - to mid-twenties to play a `` darkly handsome , strong , charming , and smug vampire who can go from casual and playful to pure evil in less than a heartbeat . '' Somerhalder had not read the books until filming began . Television series ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Damon Salvatore is a vampire , turned by Katherine Pierce 145 years prior to the series ' debut . He is the son of late Giuseppe Salvatore , ripper Lily Salvatore and older brother of Stefan Salvatore . He is portrayed as a charming , handsome and snarky person who loves tricking humans , and takes pleasure in feeding on them and killing them during the early episodes of the first season , unlike his brother , Stefan . Damon and Stefan bite humans to keep them alive since they 're vampires . Season 1 ( edit ) In the first season , Damon appears as the frightening older brother to Stefan Salvatore , and plays as the main antagonist for the first initial episodes with a hidden agenda . Slowly , Damon begins to be kinder to the other characters , showing brief moments of compassion such as erasing Jeremy 's memory of vampires and removing his `` suffering '' so Jeremy gets his life back on track . Damon apologizes for turning Vicki Donovan into a vampire and admits it was wrong . Later at the Gilbert house , Elena returns home . Damon admits that he came to the town wanting to destroy it but actually found himself wanting to protect it after everything that happened at the Founder 's Day celebrations and says he 's not a hero and does n't do good , saying it 's not in him - those traits are reserved for Stefan , Elena and Bonnie . The two begin to kiss passionately before getting interrupted - it is later revealed that it was n't Elena he kissed , but Katherine Pierce . Later in the season , it also implies that he actually feels human emotions , such as pain and love , which helps the viewer sympathize toward his character in some situations . But mostly , he likes to take care of himself and do the dirty work , in his own sadistic ways . Season 2 ( edit ) In season two , Katherine tells Damon that she never loved him and that it was always Stefan . Elena says something similar later , leaving Damon heartbroken . As an expression of his anger , pain , and hopelessness , he snaps Jeremy Gilbert 's neck , not realizing he is wearing a ring which reverses damage done by supernatural creatures or forces . Jeremy survives because of the ring , but Damon 's action incurs Elena 's wrath and pain . When Bonnie also discovers it was his blood that enabled Caroline Forbes to become a vampire , the two declare their hatred for him , leaving angrier than ever . After saving Elena with Stefan in episode 8 of season 2 , Damon shows up in Elena 's room with the vervain necklace that was ripped from her neck earlier in the episode . Before he gives it back , he tells Elena that he is in love with her , and because he is in love with her , he can not be selfish with her . He also states that he does n't deserve her , but that his brother does . He kisses her forehead and says he wishes she could remember this , but she ca n't . As the camera shows a close up of Damon 's eye as he is compelling Elena to forget , a tear slips . Elena blinks and her vervain necklace is back around her neck , Damon is gone and her window is open with the curtains blowing . She had no recollection as to how the necklace was returned to her . In one episode , Damon joins Rose to find out why the originals are after Elena ; after some time and clever banter , the two have sex , stating that they could rid themselves of emotion . However , when Rose , Damon 's old friend who turned Katerina , suffers from a werewolf bite , he gives her the memory of her life prior to becoming a vampire , and helps her remember how good it felt to be able to walk and feel the sunlight , without it burning her . During this meaningful moment , Damon mercifully kills her , leaving him to mourn the death of his one of very few friends . Elena and Damon then begin to mend fences , and Elena gives him an affectionate hug to help comfort him after Rose 's death . Damon begins showing another side of himself in small acts that help build what once was an impossible friendship between Elena and himself , after she clearly stated that he has lost her forever . After he spares Caroline 's mother , Elena says how that was the person she was once friends with . And it 's hard for Damon to accept that he has to change to have her in his life , which he explains to Andy Star , his compelled girlfriend a few more episodes in . Damon is bitten by Tyler the werewolf at the end of the season . Elena takes care of him , and right before he is cured by the blood of Klaus , the original hybrid , she gives him a `` goodbye '' kiss , because she was sure he was going to die . She even forgives him , telling him that she cares for him through grief - stricken tears . Season 3 ( edit ) In the third season , Damon helps Elena in bringing his brother , Stefan , back to Mystic Falls after Stefan becomes Klaus ' henchman . The arrangement transpired after a bargain for his blood that would cure Damon of the werewolf bite he had received from Tyler . At first , he is reluctant to involve Elena in the rescue attempts , employing Alaric Saltzman , Elena 's guardian , instead as Klaus does not know that Elena is alive after the sacrifice which frees Klaus ' hybrid side . However , Elena involves herself , desperate to find Stefan . Damon , though hesitant at first , is unable to refuse her because of his love for her . He also points out to her that she once turned back from finding Stefan since she knew Damon would be in danger , clearly showing that she also has feelings for him . He tells her that `` when ( he ) drag ( s ) ( his ) brother from the edge to deliver him back to ( her ) , ( he ) wants her to remember the things ( she ) felt while he was gone . '' When Stefan finally returns to Mystic Falls , his attitude is different from that of the first and second seasons . This causes a rift between Elena and Stefan whereas the relationship between Damon and Elena becomes closer and more intimate . A still loyal Elena , however , refuses to admit her feelings for Damon . In ' Dangerous Liaisons ' , Elena , frustrated with her feelings for him , tells Damon that his love for her may be a problem , and that this could be causing all their troubles . This incenses Damon , causing him to revert to the uncaring and reckless Damon seen in the previous seasons . The rocky relationship between the two continues until the sexual tension hits the fan and in a moment of heated passion , Elena -- for the first time in the three seasons -- kisses Damon of her own accord . This kiss finally causes Elena to admit that she loves both brothers and realize that she must ultimately make her choice as her own ancestress , Katherine Pierce , who turned the brothers , once did . In assessment of her feelings for Damon , she states this : `` Damon just sort of snuck up on me . He got under my skin and no matter what I do , I ca n't shake him . '' In the season finale , a trip designed to get her to safety forces Elena to make her choice : to go to Damon and possibly see him one last time ; or to go to Stefan and her friends and see them one last time . She chooses the latter when she calls Damon to tell him her decision . Damon , who is trying to stop Alaric , accepts what she says and she tells him that maybe if she had met Damon before she had met Stefan , her choice may have been different . This statement causes Damon to remember the first night he did meet Elena which was , in fact , the night her parents died - before she had met Stefan . Not wanting anyone to know he was in town and after giving her some advice about life and love , Damon compels her to forget . He remembers this as he fights Alaric and seems accepting of his death when Alaric , whose life line is tied to Elena 's , suddenly collapses in his arms . Damon is grief - stricken , knowing that this means that Elena has also died and yells , `` No ! You are not dead ! '' A heartbroken Damon then goes to the hospital demanding to see Elena when the doctor , Meredith Fell , tells him that she gave Elena vampire blood . The last shot of the season finale episode shows Elena in transition . Season 4 ( edit ) Damon starts season 4 at Elena 's bedside after finding out about her dying with vampire blood in her system , causing her to start the transition to Vampire . Damon decides to firstly try to kill Rebekah with a White Oak Stake , yet she overpowers him . Rebekah is shot at through the Window and Damon escapes . Later in part of a plan with the Sheriff and Meredith Fell , Damon uses Matt as bait to draw out the deputies and Pastor Young . After dispatching the deputies , Damon decides to take out some aggression on Matt and is about to snap his neck when stopped by the new vampire Elena . After Elena and Stefan go hunting on animals the next morning and Elena has her first feed on a deer she pukes the blood out . Meanwhile , it seems a new vampire hunter is in town . Elena goes to Damon for help , he pulls her with him to the bathroom and makes her drink his blood because he says `` You need warm blood from the vein , so maybe this 'll do the trick . '' He says it 's personal and Elena wonders why but no answer was given . She drinks his blood but pukes hours later . When Stefan finds out Damon has feed Elena his blood he 's very angry and hits Damon who just got in a fight with the vampire hunter . Damon has decided to leave town , but through the early episodes of Season 4 seems to be looking for reasons to stay . Meredith Fell seems to be one who convinces him in ' The Rager ' to stay to help Elena with her transition to Vampire . Indeed , a renewed conflict over ideology and what sort of Vampire Elena will become drives Damon and Stefan apart . The Five , shows Damon tasking Stefan with learning more about the Vampire Hunter , Connor while Damon decides to accompany both Bonnie and Elena to College . This trip is ostensibly about teaching Elena the ' hunt ' : how to catch , feed and erase . After some initial problems , Elena has a Frat Party gets success and seems to enjoy herself causing friction with Bonnie . She leaves the party and later states that she does n't want to be like Damon . In the next episode , she begins to believe that Stefan is lying to her and takes things into her own hands to kill the vampire hunter who is holding her brother , Matt , and April captive . She does , and begins to suffer from hallucinations at the end of the episode . After asking Stefan why he wants to cure Elena , Damon tells him that he loves Elena as a vampire or human . In the episode ' We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes ' , Damon helps Elena in dealing with her hallucinations and saves her from committing suicide . He also helps uncover the mystery about the hunter 's curse with the help of Bonnie and Professor Shane . At the end of the episode , he reveals the truth about the cure to Elena and explains how Stefan has been lying to her only to find this possible cure for vampirism . However , Elena breaks up with Stefan at the end of the episode after confessing her gradually growing feelings for Damon . In the following episode `` My Brother 's Keeper '' , Elena tells Damon he is the reason she and Stefan broke up and at the end of the episode Damon and Elena finally have sex . After that it turns out Elena is sired with Damon , first they think it is the reason why Elena loves Damon , but in episode `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' they found out that it only affects how you act , not how you feel . The sire - bond can only be broken when Damon leaves Elena and tells her to stop caring about him according to a witch in New Orleans named Nandi . In the following episode Damon goes with Elena to her family 's lake house to help with Jeremy 's Hunter instincts . In the episode Elena tries to act like a couple with Damon , but he refuses to even kiss her out of his guilt about the sire bond and worry that he 's taking advantage of her . In the end of the episode Damon invokes the sire bond telling Elena to return to Mystic Falls while he trains Jeremy `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' . Elena kisses him goodbye . In ' After School Special ' , Damon is at the Lake House training Jeremy , along with Matt Donovan . Klaus shows up and threatens Damon , wanting him to get Jeremy 's mark completed earlier rather than later . Damon is shown to be reluctant , not wanting to hurt innocents for Elena 's sake , but Klaus follows through with his plans regardless . Later in the episode Elena calls Damon and confesses she 's in love with him and it 's the ' most real thing she 's ever felt in her entire life ' , in a moment of weakness Damon tells her to come see him . Afterward Damon is confronted with a bar of newly turned vampires for Jeremy to kill concedes that it 's the quickest way , however balks when Klaus takes control and compels the newly turned vamps to kill Matt Donovan . In Catch Me If You Can Damon tells the boys to run since Jeremy is n't ready to take on all these vampires . Later when Elena arrives her and Damon argue over the killing of innocents and tells her to take Matt home while he and Jeremy take care of Klaus 's newly turned vampires . However Kol shows up and has killed all the vampires , determined to stop them from finding the cure & waking Silas , and threatens Jeremy 's life . Kol compels Damon to stake himself and later to kill Jeremy and to forget what Kol compelled him to do . Upon arriving back in Mystic Falls Damon begins to seek out Jeremy due to the compulsion , however when he sees him in the grill he realizes what Kol compelled him to do and tells Jeremy to run . Damon chases Jeremy throughout Mystic Falls and advises Jeremy that he is compelled and he needs to kill him . Jeremy shoots Damon in the head and when Damon awakens later starts cursing the youngest Gilbert , calling him stupid for not killing him . At the end of the episode Damon catches up with Jeremy Elena follows and urges Damon to fight it because `` You love me and I love you '' , but he tells her that he ca n't , falls to his knees and urges Jeremy to kill him . Stefan shows up just in time to break Damon 's neck and lock him up until they can take care of Kol . Damon spends the next episode locked up and bled dry by a jealous and snarky Stefan and engages in a conversation with Klaus about Caroline , Rebekah and Elena . When the group goes to the mysterious island to find the Cure , Damon continues to be suspicious of Professor Shane . When Jeremy goes missing and Bonnie and Shane stay behind to try a locator spell , Damon stays to keep an eye on Shane . He later begins torturing Shane for information , but Shane starts analyzing Damon and telling him Elena will go back to Stefan once she 's cured . Elena interrupts the torture session and Damon storms out and Elena follows . She tells Damon that she 's sure her feelings for him are real and asks him to become human with her , however Damon tells her he has no desire to be human and that human / vampire relationships are doomed and stalks off . Afterward he is captured by Vaughn , another member of the Five , who tortures Damon and leads him around with a noose around his neck . Damon goes with Vaughn to the cavern close to where Silas is buried and eventually overpowers him , but not before Vaughn injures Rebekah . Elena and Stefan come across the injured Damon and Rebekah , Stefan stays while Elena rushes to find Jeremy . Damon urges Stefan to go get the cure for Elena , uncaring that there is only enough for one , because he wants it for the girl he loves . After Stefan leave Rebekah comments that Damon did something selfless and remarks that he will always love Elena . An exhausted Damon admits that he ca n't control everything and is tired . After Katherine kills Jeremy in ' Down the Rabbit Hole ' Damon stays behind determined to find the missing Bonnie , telling Stefan he ca n't come home without her . Eventually he finds Bonnie , hugging her in relief , but when the two arrive back in Mystic Falls in informs Stefan Bonnie has lost her mind . Elena , who had been in denial about Jeremy 's death , comes into reality and demands Damon bring Jeremy 's body downstairs . When Elena starts breaking down Stefan urges Damon to help her , indicating he should invoke the sire bond to take away her pain , however instead Damon tells Elena to shut off her emotions . In the next episode Damon begins trying to track Katherine in order to find the cure while Rebekah attempts to tag along . He finds an old friend from his past , Will , dying from a werewolf bite and kills him out of mercy . He arrives back home just in time to stop Elena from killing Caroline and takes her with to New York . While in NY Damon begins investigating Katherine 's whereabouts and tries to keep that he 's looking for the cure from Elena . Elena finds out and attempts to play him all the while Damon tells her and Rebekah about his time here in the 1970s . He admits that he had his emotions off and Lexi had come to help him on Stefan 's behalf , however he tricks her into believing he fell in love with her only to leave her trapped on the roof during the day as revenge . He reveals that the reason he killed Lexi in season one was out of the guilt she stirred in him . Elena kisses Damon and attempts to steal Katherine 's address out of his pocket , however Damon was aware she was trying to play him the entire time , and attempts to convince her to turn her emotions back on . Rebekah shows up and snaps his neck . He then calls Stefan and the brothers attempt to track down Elena . The decide to give up on the cure after Elena kills a waitress and threatens to kill people . In ' Pictures of You ' Damon , along with Stefan , decide they 're going to try making Elena turn her emotions back on . The Salvatore brothers decide to take Elena to the prom , where Damon asks Elena why she told him she was in love with him and it 's the most real thing she ever felt . Elena tells Damon that she only said it because of the sire bond and she feels nothing for him . However , later when Bonnie nearly kills Elena , she cries out for Damon to help her and he locks her up in the Salvatore basement . Damon then manipulates Elena 's dreams in an attempt to remind how much she loves her friends in family , however when it does n't work the Salvatore brothers ( per Stefan 's advice ) try torturing Elena to get her to feel emotion . Elena however calls their bluff and attempts to kill herself , knowing Damon would never really hurt her and let her die . Damon realizes that Elena is smart and that torture will not work . After Katherine frees Elena Damon comes up with a plan , killing Matt in front of her ( while he wore the Gilbert ring ) and it works to get Elena 's emotions back on . When Elena focuses her hate on Katherine Damon tells Elena where Katherine is , but tells her she should n't try and kill her . Damon admits he hates Katherine , however he knows once Elena kills her all her other emotions ( grief & guilt ) will all come flooding back in . Elena stakes Damon in the stomach when he attempts to stop her . In the season finale ' Graduation ' , he tries to give the cure to Elena , but Elena refuses , which tells him that there is no more sire bond . He gets shot by Vaughn with a bullet laced with werewolf venom , and almost dies , but Klaus comes back to Mystic Falls and saves him . At the end of the episode , Elena proclaims her love for him stating that of all the decisions she has made choosing him will prove to be the worse one . Season 5 ( edit ) Not aware of Stefan 's absence and Bonnie 's death , Damon and Elena are having the time of their lives before Elena leaves for Whitmore college . College brings a lot of ups and downs to the on screen romance . Katherine begs Damon to protect her as she feels someone is after her , Damon by the help of Jeremy 's vampire hunter instincts that Silas is possessing as Stefan . Silas gives Damon a crash course on why he looks like Stefan and tells where was he the whole summer , shocked to know about this he starts to search Stefan with the help of Stefan . Silas mind - controlled Elena to kill Damon but Elena resists it by thinking about her worries for Stefan . Both Elena and Damon , with the help of Sheriff Forbes , finds the safe where Stefan was drowning the whole summer , but only to find a dead body . Due to both Elena and Katherine having same nightmare of Stefan all three , Damon , Elena and Katherine search for Stefan . Damon finally finds Stefan inside a hut where he is tied up in the chair and Qetsiyah makes a link of Stefan with Silas which fries Stefan 's brain . Qetsiyah reveals to Damon that his relationship with Elena is doomed . Damon and Elena take Stefan where both of them finds out that he has memory loss and ca n't remember anything . Damon , to make Stefan remember about his past life , gives him his journals and spends quality time with him . Jeremy tells Damon that Bonnie is dead and Damon finally tells Elena about Bonnie . At Bonnie 's funeral , Damon consoles Elena . Damon wants to help Silas so that Silas can do a spell to swap his life with Bonnie as Silas wants to die . Silas had seen Qetsiyah going to the party therefore both Damon and Silas goes to the ball party at Whitmore College . Silas needs Damon to kill Stefan , so that he can get back his power . Stefan , after waking up , tricked Damon and snapped his neck . At Salvatore 's mansion they bring a desiccated Silas , to trade Silas 's life with Bonnie he must become mortal ( witch ) . The only way is by the cure so Elena and Damon calls Katherine who has the cure in her blood and after she arrives her blood is drained by Silas , but still Katherine lived . Amara is then awakened and revealed to be the mystic anchor . She then cures herself of her immortality by feeding off Silas . Season 6 ( edit ) At the beginning of season 6 , Damon is still trapped in the 1994 snapshot with Bonnie , forced to relive the same day over and over again . As the season progresses , the duo meet Kai Parker who 's provides them with clues on how to get back home . In a truly selfless act , Bonnie manages to send Damon back while she remains in 1994 with Kai . Back home , things are n't as Damon expected them to be . Elena has compelled her memories of their time together and moved on . After a few initial set backs , Damon sets his mind to wooing her back . As the season progresses , Elena falls for Damon all over again as they search for a way to free Bonnie and she becomes a large part of his support as his good friend Liz Forbes becomes more and more ill with cancer . Kai , who escaped the Prison World without Bonnie and merged with Luke , has absorbed some of Luke 's qualities and is now moved by guilt to help free Bonnie . With his help , he , along with Damon , Elena , and Jeremy , are able to visit the Prison World and remind Bonnie that there is still magic residing in Qetsiyah 's headstone in Nova Scotia . After the death of Liz , Caroline is unable to bear the pain of losing her mother and chooses to turn off her humanity just as Bonnie returns . Bonnie brought back with her a strange video she 'd caught while leaving a second Prison World she 'd been moved to set in October 31 , 1903 . She shows the video to Damon and he recognizes his own mother , Lillian Salvatore , standing in the background . Troubled with the news that his mother is still alive after believing she 'd been dead since 1858 , Damon 's informed by Kai that his mother was placed in a Prison World due to being a Ripper and the heinous number of deaths she 'd caused . Unfortunately , Stefan is forced by Caroline to turn off his humanity and Kai , Bonnie , Damon , and Elena have to travel to Lily 's 1903 Prison World to retrieve her and use her as a means to get Stefan back . Damon is disturbed to learn when he gets to Lily that she has been trapped with other vampires and they allowed her to drink their portions of blood to stay alive . She is reluctant to leave without them , but Damon threatens to leave her behind if she does n't go . Bonnie , Damon , and Elena leave with Lily , leaving Kai behind . When they return , Bonnie gives Damon a gift she 'd gotten for him during her trip to Nova Scotia in the 1994 Prison World : the cure to vampirism . He struggles with whether or not to give it to Elena and provide her with the life she 'd been robbed of . After using Lily to get Stefan 's humanity back and he is used to bring Caroline back , Lily is adamant about returning to her Prison World to retrieve what she considers to be her family . Damon confronts Bonnie , who had taken the Ascendant , and tells her that Lily is threatening to destroy the cure if he does n't return with the means to get her `` family '' back . However , when he decides to let Bonnie destroy the Ascendant , he comes home to find that Lily had actually given the cure to Elena instead . He confesses that he was selfish and afraid of losing her but agrees that she should take it and that he 'll take it with her . Elena takes the cure and , unexpectedly , her memories return and she remembers when she 'd traveled to Nova Scotia with Damon in search of the cure the first time , he 'd told her that he used to miss being human , but , now , he could n't imagine anything more miserable . She tells him he needs to think about it before making that decision and enlists Stefan to try to make sure Damon is certain of his choice to become human . Damon almost decides he 'd rather stay a vampire until he witnesses an interaction between an older couple . Before Jo and Ric 's wedding , he tells Elena he 'd made his choice to live one lifetime with her . During the wedding , Kai shows up and stabs Jo before causing an explosion . The second to last episode ends with Elena lying unconscious on the ground . In the last episode of the 6th season titled `` I 'm Thinking Of You All The While '' Damon rushes Elena to the hospital after vampire blood fails to heal and awaken her . At the hospital the doctors tell him that she is medically healthy and they see no reason why she 's not awake . Kai stumbles into the hospital injured . After consuming Lily 's blood and killing himself , Kai 's ability to siphon magic allowed him to become another Heretic ( vampire with witch - like power ) , but he was soon bitten by a transforming Tyler , who had re-triggered his werewolf curse . Kai tells Damon and he 's linked Elena 's life to Bonnie 's and as long as Bonnie lives , Elena will remain asleep but perfectly healthy . He also tells him that the spell is permanent and any attempt to find a loophole in the spell will result in the death of both Bonnie and Elena . Damon returns to the wedding to find Bonnie badly injured on the floor and Kai 's reminder that letting Bonnie die will allow Elena to regain consciousness . Damon tells Bonnie he 's sorry and leaves the room . Kai is irritated that his plan to torture Damon with an impossible choice had failed and , while he 's distracted , Damon decapitates him from behind . Damon saves Bonnie 's life and they go to the Salvatore boarding house to say their goodbyes to Elena , deciding that they will allow Bonnie to live her life and , when she dies , Elena will wake . Damon allows himself to enter Elena 's subconscious to say his goodbye , dancing with her and telling her that he 'll never be ready to live the next 60 years of his life without her . Stefan and Damon move the coffin holding Elena to a crypt and have Bonnie seal the door magically to keep away those seeking the Cure . The season ends with the impression that quite a bit of time has passed . Mystic Falls is desolate and run down after the return of the other Heretics , Lily 's `` family '' . The last scene shows Damon looking torn standing on the clock tower he once sat on with Elena . Relationships ( edit ) At the start of season 1 , Damon was a self - proclaimed loner , often keeps to himself . Despite his initially antagonistic relationships with humans such as Alaric Saltzman and Sheriff Elizabeth Forbes , Caroline 's mother . Damon gradually involved himself into the lives of many people in Mystic Falls by developing friendships with several humans . After spending time with Elena Gilbert , Damon becomes more empathetic and falls deeply , madly and passionately in love with her . He always puts her safety first before anyone else , even his . Somerhalder with his Vampire Diaries co-stars Paul Wesley ( Stefan ) and Nina Dobrev ( Elena ) at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International Damon 's most prominent love , aside from Elena , was Rose . He met her while searching for Klaus and hooked up with her shortly after . Unfortunately Damon ticked off Jules , a werewolf , and she showed up on a full moon for revenge . Stefan Salvatore ( edit ) Damon has had a challenging relationship with his younger brother Stefan Salvatore for over a century . Before they became vampires , they both loved the vampire Katherine Pierce . Damon shows that he has nurtured a long - standing desire to reunite with Katherine throughout the first season . In the first season , we learn that it was Stefan who convinced Damon to feed and complete his transformation after Katherine turned both brothers into vampires . Despite the feud between the Salvatore brothers , both Damon and Stefan always have each other 's backs . Damon is always there for Stefan when it really matters , e.g. , saving him from being tortured , helping him through withdrawal , and working with him to kill common enemies . And Stefan will still give up his own life for Damon 's survival . They both actually love each other but wo n't admit it , however : Elena Gilbert ( edit ) After learning of Katherine 's deceit , Damon starts to fall for , Elena . In general , Damon is fiercely protective of Elena and always puts her safety ahead of all else . Damon comes to Elena 's rescue at the Miss Mystic Falls pageant when Elena is left stranded without a partner , and the two dance . In the episode `` Rose '' , Damon confesses his love for her only to compel her to forget about it because he does n't believe he is worthy of her . Throughout the third season his relationship with Elena grows ; she learns to fully trust him , and they begin to rely on each other as a team . They share two passionate kisses , but Elena remains in denial about her feelings for him . After a long struggle , Elena still chooses Stefan much to Damon 's dismay . In the following season , however , Elena realizes that her feelings for Damon can not be denied any longer . She and Stefan break up , and in the following episode Damon and Elena finally get together and have sex . Damon and Elena then both individually discover that Elena is sired to Damon , making Elena 's feelings unfortunately known ; however , Elena insists that her love for Damon is the most real thing that she 's ever felt in her entire life . Damon remains doubtful , so in `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' he sets her `` free '' . In an interview before the season finale , Julie Plec stated that `` This year , she 's had a very traumatic roller coaster of life experience and it 's changed her irrevocably -- and at the center of it all was the diehard belief that she loved Damon , that she loved him more than she 'd ever loved anyone . '' In `` Graduation '' , after the sire bond is broken and there remains no doubt about Elena 's feelings , she reveals that she is in love with Damon . Damon and Elena spend the next few months together , having the summer of their lives . When Elena has to leave for college , Damon stays behind in Mystic Falls and they have a functional long distance relationship . However , in the episode `` Original Sin '' , Tessa , who is revealed to be Qetsiyah , tells Damon that the doppelgangers are fated to fall in love and that he is only a bump in the road that makes their story interesting . Damon refuses to believe in this and assures Elena that he will fight for her and their future together as she is his life . It is later revealed that there is nothing fated about Stefan and Elena , but that they were merely drawn together by a spell . After a tumultuous , back and forth relationship , Damon and Elena get back together at the end of the season , and they choose to sacrifice themselves together to save Stefan and Alaric and their other friends on the Other Side . When Elena makes it back but Damon is trapped on the collapsing Other Side , Elena is devastated . Damon says his last goodbye to Elena , telling her that she is by far the best thing that has ever happened to him , and that being loved by her is `` the epitome of a fulfilled life '' , as Elena sobs inconsolably . In season 6 , Elena is unable to move on from Damon 's death months later . She pretends to be happy , but she is secretly taking witch herbs to hallucinate Damon . When the herbs make her dangerous to humans , Elena decides to have Alaric compel away her memories of Damon , because she will never be able to move on otherwise . When Damon returns , he attempts to help her remember their love story , but the compulsion will not break . Not remembering any of the good things about Damon , Elena still decides to give him another chance . She slowly falls in love with him again , ultimately declaring that no matter whether she has memories of him or not , she always finds her way back to him . When Bonnie returns from the prison world , she gifts Damon with the cure for vampirism , knowing that he wanted to give it to Elena . However , Damon is afraid that this will mean losing Elena . They discuss what a human life together would be like . Elena initially rejects the cure , but Damon decides to take it with her so that they can have a human life together , including children . Damon always wanted Elena to have the human life she always dreamed of . Elena takes the cure , which breaks the compulsion , and her memories of Damon return to her . She recalls a memory from season 4 , where Damon declares that there would be nothing more miserable than becoming human again . Elena is afraid that Damon would regret taking the cure , so she challenges him to think it through carefully . Stefan attempts to convince Damon that becoming human would be a bad decision , but Damon ultimately realizes that one lifetime with Elena is infinitely better than an immortal one without her , and confidently believes her to be his soulmate . Damon and Elena excitedly anticipate the beginning of their human future together , until Kai puts Elena under a sleeping spell , tied to Bonnie 's life . Damon spends the next two seasons devoted to Elena , waiting for her to wake up . He repeatedly states that he is miserable without her , and will spend the next 60 or so years unhappily until Bonnie dies . However , Damon is committed to staying true to Elena , and doing right by her . Elena is shown to be Damon 's moral compass , and his guiding force throughout the two seasons . When Damon is in the Phoenix Stone 's version of hell , a vision of Stefan asks Damon `` What would Elena do ? '' and this prompts Damon to forgive his mother , freeing him from hell . The phoenix stone 's influence remains , and Damon accidentally lights Elena 's coffin on fire ( or so he thinks ) . Believing that he has unwittingly killed the love of his life , Damon becomes suicidal . When confronted with the hunter Rayna , Damon commands her to kill him because he is already in hell in a world without Elena . Enzo then reveals to Damon that Elena is still alive , renewing Damon 's hope . When Damon realizes that he is a potential danger to his friends and family because he does not believe he is good without Elena , he decides to desiccate himself next to her . He write to Alaric that before Elena , he did n't know what it was like to be happy , fulfilled or complete , and that he does n't want to continue living without that feeling . After Stefan wakes Damon from his desiccation , Damon continues to be devoted to his future with Elena . At the end of season 7 , he is lured into a trap by a siren , hearing Elena 's voice calling out to him . When the siren takes control of Damon 's mind in season 8 , Damon spends a significant amount of time sleeping , seeking refuge in dreams of his memories of Elena . When Sybil erases Elena from Damon 's consciousness only to insert herself into their memories , Damon fights back , instinctively drawn back to Elena . His love for her prevails , and he breaks the siren 's mind control , regaining his memories of Elena . Julie Plec stated that `` I think the only hope that he 's holding on to is the idea of the two of them living in Tribeca in their brownstone and raising kids and having a life together as humans when this is all said and done . '' After Stefan gives Damon the cure to vampirism , turning him into a human , and Bonnie unbreaks the spell on Elena , Damon and Elena finally reunite . They begin their life together , getting married while Elena goes to medical school and becomes a doctor . Eventually they return to Mystic Falls to grow old together , where they died together of old age . We last see them walking hand in hand in the afterlife before reuniting with their respective families . Alaric Saltzman ( edit ) Alaric is a vampire hunter looking to avenge his wife by killing the vampire that killed her . It is soon revealed that the vampire that Alaric is hunting is actually Damon . Before killing Alaric , he confesses that he did n't kill Isobel but turned her . Alaric is brought back to life by the Gilbert ring . The two remain enemies but work together on occasion . Eventually , the two become best friends and drinking buddies . Even after Alaric is turned into a vampire who kills other vampires , Damon does his best to ensure that they do n't have to kill him . But with Elena 's death , Alaric dies as well while Damon holds him . In the episode , `` Memorial '' , it 's clear that Damon still misses his friend as he talks to Alaric at his grave . Unknown to him , Alaric listens to the whole thing and even responds with `` I miss you too , buddy '' . Damon 's best friend . Bonnie Bennett ( edit ) Bonnie first saw Damon in Friday Night Bites when he dropped Caroline off at cheerleading practice . They first interacted in Haunted , when Damon learned that Bonnie had come into possession of the Bennett Talisman . He needed this to open the tomb which Katherine was locked in ( for 145 years or so he believed ) . At first , Bonnie did n't want to have anything to do with Damon , saving his life only for Elena 's sake and soon blaming him for Caroline 's transition into a vampire . However , as time went on , Bonnie was put into situations where she had to work with Damon to achieve what they both wanted ( albeit reluctantly at first ) . Their teamwork has often proved to be beneficial for the both of them . Their relationship has even come to a point where Damon is visibly worried for Bonnie 's well - being and was devastated when he found out about her death . The improvement of their relationship is seen in Damon 's efforts to help bring Bonnie back from the dead . However , their unique friendship hit a speed bump when Damon reverted to his old ways . Finally , they stood side by side with each other as The Other Side collapsed , holding each other 's hand and at peace with what is to come for the both of them . They later discover that they are trapped in a 1994 Prison World . During that time , they start to bond and form a close alliance to take down Kai . Before sending Damon back home , she mentions that he 's not exactly the last person she would wan na be stuck with . When Damon returns home , he does everything he can to find a way to bring Bonnie back , including a long road trip to Oregon to seek the Gemini Coven , and also compelling Alaric to steal the Ascendant from Jo . They finally reunite at the Salvatore Boarding House with a hug after Sheriff Forbes 's funeral . It 's shown that Damon and Bonnie genuinely care about each other and have made sacrifices for each other . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Somerhalder joins ' Vampire Diaries ' by Michael Schneider of Variety , March 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Meet The Cast -- Vampire Diaries Casting Calls by Matej Jelic of Spoilers Guide , June 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ian Somerhalder talks ' Vampire Diaries ' by Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly , September 17 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : The Vampire Diaries episode `` 162 Candles '' aired November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Haunted '' aired October 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Vampire Diaries episode `` '' aired May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Katerina '' aired November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` The Departed , '' aired May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Do Not Go Gentle , '' aired April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Kill or Be Killed , '' aired October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` 1912 , '' aired March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Masquerade , '' aired October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` As I Lay Dying , '' aired May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/ca/news/418990/the-vampire-diaries-finale-julie-plec-teases-elena-s-choice-bonnie-s-sacrifice-and-dynasty-style-fight Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/the-vampire-diaries-spoilers-damon-elena-human/ External links ( edit ) Official website of the show The Vampire Diaries at TV.com hide The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damon_Salvatore&oldid=845271368 '' Categories : Characters in American novels of the 20th century Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Fictional American Civil War veterans Fictional mass murderers Fictional people of the Confederate States of America Fictional vampires The Vampire Diaries characters Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Português Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 17 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon%20Salvatore